Xinyuan Real Estate Co Ltd Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F(Mark One) ¨REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR xANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For The Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018. OR ¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR ¨SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report Commission file number: 001-33863 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD.(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) N/A(Translation of Registrant’s name into English) Cayman Islands(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 27/F, China Central Place, Tower II79 Jianguo Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing 100025People’s Republic of China(Address of principal executive offices) Xuefeng LiXinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd.27F, China Central Place, Tower II,79 Jianguo Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing 100025People’s Republic of ChinaTel: (86-10) 8588-9255Fax: (86-10) 8588-9300(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredAmerican Depositary Shares, each representing two common shares, par value US$0.0001 per share New York Stock Exchange Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None(Title of Class) Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None(Title of Class) Indicate the number of issued and outstanding shares of each of the Issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered bythe annual report. 119,805,636 common shares, par value US$0.0001 per share, as of December 31, 2018. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.¨ Yes x No If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934.¨ Yes x No Note - Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of1934 from their obligations under those Sections. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filingrequirements for the past 90 days.x Yes ¨ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 ofRegulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).¨ Yes x No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. Seedefinitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ¨Accelerated filer xNon-accelerated filer ¨ Emerging growth company ¨ If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has electednot to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of theExchange Act. ¨ † The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its AccountingStandards Codification after April 5, 2012. Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. GAAP xInternational Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ¨Other ¨ If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected tofollow.¨ Item 17 ¨ Item 18 If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).¨ Yes x No (APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.¨ Yes ¨ No TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PART I ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS3ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE3ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION3 A.Selected financial data3 B.Capitalization and Indebtedness6 C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds6 D.Risk Factors6ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY36 A.History and Development of the Company36 B.Business Overview37 C.Organizational Structure77 D.Property, plant and equipment77ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS77ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS77 A.Operating Results78 B.Liquidity and Capital Resources117 C.Research and Development, Patent and Licenses, etc.126 D.Trend Information126 E.Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements126 F.Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations128 G.Safe Harbor129ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES130 A.Directors and Senior Management130 B.Compensation132 C.Board Practices140 D.Employees142 E.Share Ownership143ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS145 A.Related Party Transactions145 B.Interests of Experts and Counsel145 C.Major Shareholders146ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION147 A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information147 B.Significant Changes147ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING147 A.Offer and Listing Details147 B.Plan of Distribution147 C.Markets147 D.Selling Shareholders148 E.Dilution148 F.Expenses of the Issue148ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION148 A.Share Capital148 B.Memorandum and Articles of Association148 C.Material Contracts150 D.Exchange Controls151 E.Taxation152 i F.Dividends and Paying Agents157 G.Statement by Experts157 H.Documents on Display157 I.Subsidiary Information157ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK157ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES159 PART II ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES161ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS161ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES161 PART III ITEM 16. RESERVED163ITEM 16A.AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT163ITEM 16B.CODE OF ETHICS163ITEM 16C.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES163ITEM 16D.EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES164ITEM 16E.PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS164ITEM 16F.CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT165ITEM 16G.CORPORATE GOVERNANCE165ITEM 16H.MINE SAFETY166ITEM 17.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS166ITEM 18.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS166ITEM 19.EXHIBITS167 ii INTRODUCTION Unless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to: ●“we,” “us,” “our company,” “our,” “the Group” or “Xinyuan” refers to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., its predecessor entities and its subsidiaries; ●“shares” or “common shares” refers to our common shares, par value US$0.0001 per share; ●“ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, each of which represents two common shares, and “ADRs” refers to the American depositaryreceipts that evidence our ADSs; ●“China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purposes of this Form 20-F only, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau; ●“U.S.” or “United States” refers to the United States of America; ●“GFA” refers to gross floor area. The amounts for “total GFA” in this annual report are the amounts of total saleable residential and commercial GFAand are derived on the following basis: ●for properties that are sold, the stated GFA is based on the sales contracts relating to such property; GFA may be adjusted based on final examinationupon delivery of the property; ○for unsold properties that are completed or under construction, the stated GFA is calculated based on the detailed construction blueprint and thecalculation method approved by the PRC government for saleable GFA, after necessary adjustments; and ○for properties that are under planning, the stated GFA is based on the land grant contract and our internal projection; ●“RMB” or “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of China and “US$” or “U.S. dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States; and ●“sq.m” refers to square meters used as unit of area. At present, there is no uniform standard to categorize the different types and sizes of cities in China. In this annual report, we refer to certain larger andmore developed cities as tier I, tier II and tier III cities based on the categorization developed by China Business Network Co., Ltd., a financial media group.Their ranking system relies on commercial data from over 170 brands, customer behavior data from 19 internet companies, as well as big data from relevantstatistics institutions. Facts and statistics in this annual report relating to China, the Chinese economy and the China property development industry are sourced from variouspublicly available government and official sources, as indicated herein and may include projections based on a number of assumptions. We believe that thesources of this information are appropriate sources for such information. However, we cannot independently verify such information. Further, if one or moreof the assumptions underlying the market data turn out to be incorrect, the actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. This annual report includes our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 and as of December 31,2017 and 2018. Our financial statements and other financial data included in this annual report are presented in U.S. dollars. Our business and operations areprimarily conducted in China through our PRC subsidiaries. The functional currency of our PRC subsidiaries is RMB. The functional currency of our U.S.subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. The financial statements of our PRC subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars, using published exchange rates in China,based on (i) year-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and (ii) average yearly exchange rates for revenues and expenses. Capital accounts are translatedat historical exchange rates when the transactions occurred. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are included as a component ofaccumulated other comprehensive income in our shareholders’ equity. We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, orcould be, converted into U.S. dollar or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. 1 The RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currency. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through directregulation of the conversion of the RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. Since 2005, the People’s Bank of China (the“PBOC”), has allowed the RMB to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of foreign currencies, according to market demand andsupply conditions. Our common shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”), in the form of ADSs under the symbol “XIN.” Each ADS represents twocommon shares. The closing price of our ADSs on the NYSE as of April 26, 2019 was US$4.51 per ADS. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This annual report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts areforward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results,performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “is expected to,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,”“intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “potential,” “continue,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions or negatives of such expressions. These forward-lookingstatements include, among others, statements about: ●our anticipated growth strategies; ●our future business development, results of operations and financial condition; ●our expectations with respect to our ability to acquire adequate suitable land use rights for future development; and ●our belief with respect to market opportunities in, and growth prospects of, our target markets. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that webelieve may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. However, a number of known and unknown risks,uncertainties and other factors could affect the accuracy of these statements. Among the important factors to consider in evaluating our forward-lookingstatements are: ●our ability to continue to implement our business model successfully; ●our ability to secure adequate financing for our project developments; ●our ability to successfully sell or complete our property projects under construction and planning; ●our ability to enter into new geographic markets or new lines of business and expand our operations; ●the marketing and sales ability of our third-party sales agents; 2 ●the performance of our third party contractors; ●laws, regulations and policies relating to real estate developers and the real estate industry in the markets in which we operate; ●our ability to obtain permits and licenses to carry on our business in compliance with applicable laws and regulations; ●competition from other real estate developers; ●the growth of the real estate industry in the markets in which we operate; and ●fluctuations in general economic and business conditions in the markets in which we operate. You should read thoroughly this annual report and the documents that we refer to herein with the understanding that our actual future results may bematerially different from and/or worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Other sectionsof this annual report include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance, including the risks outlined under“Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors.” Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is notpossible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, orcombination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relateonly to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise anyforward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by applicable securities laws. PART I ITEM 1.IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS Not Applicable. ITEM 2.OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE Not Applicable. ITEM 3.KEY INFORMATION A.Selected financial data Our Selected Consolidated Financial Data The following selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income and other financial data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and2018, other than earnings per ADS data, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been derived from our auditedconsolidated financial statements which are included elsewhere in this annual report. Our audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared andpresented in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. Except for changes in operating subsidiaries, ourconsolidated financial statements have been prepared as if our current corporate structure had been in existence throughout the relevant periods. 3 Our selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income data for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 and our selected consolidatedbalance sheet data as of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in prior years’annual reports. The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, our audited consolidatedfinancial statements and related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report Years ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ (in thousands except share, per share and per ADS data) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Total revenue 919,748 1,164,324 1,561,625 1,976,907 2,217,551 Total costs of revenue (677,582) (891,334) (1,203,636) (1,517,279) (1,602,073)Selling and distribution expenses (39,494) (52,126) (58,214) (75,724) (83,592)General and administrative expenses (105,622) (115,329) (120,416) (136,845) (156,456)Operating income 97,050 105,535 179,359 247,059 375,430 Net income 48,496 66,481 79,463 80,111 105,952 Net loss/(income) attributable to non-controlling interest 19 1 (6,485) (16,483) (32,917)Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders 48,515 66,482 72,978 63,628 73,035 Earnings per share -Basic 0.32 0.47 0.55 0.49 0.57 -Diluted 0.29 0.45 0.53 0.48 0.57 Shares used in computation -Basic 151,935,765 142,625,427 133,261,510 128,704,610 127,129,478 -Diluted 177,118,235 146,487,949 137,653,029 131,605,868 129,140,830 Earnings per ADS (1) -Basic 0.64 0.93 1.10 0.99 1.14 -Diluted 0.58 0.91 1.06 0.97 1.14 (1)Earnings per ADS are calculated based on each ADS representing two common shares. Years ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Cash dividends declared per ADS 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.40 Years ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other Operating Data Number of projects launched 9 6 4 5 17 Aggregate GFA delivered (1) (m 2 ) 374,615 560,232 1,278,492 1,200,222 644,378 (1)Delivery occurs when we have obtained all the completion acceptance certificates required by the PRC government in respect of the apartment anddeliver full access to the apartment, such as the keys, to the buyer. 4 The following table presents a summary of our consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018: As of December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ (in thousands except share, per share and per ADS data) Consolidated Balance Sheet Data (1) Cash and cash equivalents 140,495 387,528 578,244 894,551 674,142 Restricted cash 368,874 363,137 328,499 566,676 511,875 Deposits for land use rights 299,739 46,199 153,252 103,716 42,254 Real estate property under development (2) 1,714,575 1,887,322 1,719,135 1,996,001 4,068,716 Total current assets 3,070,459 3,262,964 3,931,445 5,070,212 6,691,222 Total assets 3,231,526 3,561,387 4,236,445 6,384,434 8,033,713 Total current liabilities 1,592,633 1,650,883 2,060,609 3,674,819 5,069,869 Long-term bank loans 52,296 13,860 235,885 11,019 720,039 Other long-term debt 576,204 910,008 974,791 1,404,814 1,040,455 Common shares 15,831 15,835 16,051 16,314 16,399 Total Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders’ equity 960,631 935,970 900,260 992,572 680,370 (1)Financial information for PRC subsidiaries is first prepared in RMB and then translated into U.S. dollars for assets and liabilities at the year-endexchange rate and, for revenues and expenses at the yearly average exchange rate. The rates used are set forth in the table below. Capital accounts aretranslated at their historical exchange rates when the transactions occurred. As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Period-end US$: RMB exchange rate 6.1190 6.4936 6.9370 6.5342 6.8632 Period average US$: RMB exchange rate 6.1424 6.2272 6.6401 6.7547 6.6118 As of April 26, 2019, the US$: RMB exchange rate was 6.7307. (2)Includes real estate property under development recorded under current assets and non-current assets. 5 B.Capitalization and Indebtedness Not Applicable. C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not Applicable. D.Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Business We are a holding company that depends on dividend payments from our subsidiaries for funding. We are a holding company established in the Cayman Islands and operate most of our business and operations through our subsidiaries in China. Ourability to pay dividends to our shareholders and to service our indebtedness outside of China depends significantly upon dividends that we receive from oursubsidiaries in China. To the extent our U.S., Malaysia and UK operations continue to grow, we may in the future also depend on dividends from our U.S.,Malaysia and UK subsidiaries. If our subsidiaries incur indebtedness or losses, such indebtedness or losses may impair their ability to pay dividends or otherdistributions to us. As a result, our ability to pay dividends and to service our indebtedness will be restricted. Regulations in China currently permit paymentof dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Each of our PRC subsidiaries,including wholly foreign-owned enterprises and domestic companies, is required to set aside at least 10.0% of its after-tax profit based on PRC accountingstandards each year to its statutory capital reserve fund until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50.0% of its respective registered capital and,with the approval of a shareholder meeting or general shareholder meeting, a PRC subsidiary may set aside a certain amount of after-tax profit to its generalreserves. As of December 31, 2018, our statutory reserves amounted to US$166.5 million. Our statutory reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.Dividends paid by the PRC subsidiaries may also be subject to PRC withholding tax. In addition, restrictive covenants in bank credit facilities, bonds, otherlong-term debt agreements, joint venture agreements or other agreements that we or our subsidiaries currently have or may enter into in the future may alsorestrict the ability of our subsidiaries to make contributions to us and our ability to receive distributions. Therefore, these restrictions on the availability andusage of our major source of funding may impact our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders and to service our indebtedness. Our business requires access to substantial financing. Our failure to obtain adequate financing in a timely manner could severely adversely restrict ourability to complete existing projects, expand our business, or repay our obligations and affect our financial performance and condition. Our property development business is capital intensive. To date, we have funded our operations primarily through bank borrowings, proceeds from salesand pre-sales of our properties and proceeds from issuance of equity and debt securities. We obtain commercial bank financing for our projects through creditlines extended on a case-by-case basis. Our ability to secure sufficient financing for land use rights acquisition and property development and repayment ofour existing onshore and offshore debt obligations depends on a number of factors that are beyond our control, including lenders’ perceptions of ourcreditworthiness, sufficiency of collateral, if any, market conditions in the capital markets, investors’ perception of our securities, the PRC economy and PRCgovernment regulations that affect the availability and cost of financing for real estate companies or property purchasers. Since 2003, PRC commercial banks have been prohibited, under the guidelines of the PBOC, from advancing loans to fund the payment of land userights. We generate significant cash flow through pre-sales, which are subject to government restrictions. In particular, PRC regulations on the pre-sales ofproperties generally provide that the proceeds from the pre-sales of a real estate project may only be used for the construction of such project. Any additionalpotential government restrictions on pre-sales could significantly increase our financing needs. Moreover, our ability to move cash through inter-companytransfers or transfer funds from onshore subsidiaries to our offshore parent company is limited by PRC government regulations, which limits our ability to useexcess cash resources in one subsidiary to fund the obligations of another subsidiary or our offshore parent company. In addition, reserve requirementapplicable to PRC commercial banks generally limit, and any increases in such reserve requirements could further limit, the amount of commercial bankcredit available to businesses in China, including us. 6 Furthermore, various other PRC regulations restrict our ability to raise capital through external financing and other methods, including, withoutlimitation, the following: ● we cannot borrow from a PRC bank for a particular project if we do not have the land use rights certificate for that project; ● we cannot pre-sell uncompleted residential units in a project prior to achieving certain development milestones specified in related regulations; ● we cannot borrow from a PRC bank for a particular project unless we fund at least 35% of the total investment amount of that project from our owncapital; ● property developers are strictly restricted from using the proceeds from a loan obtained from a local bank to fund property developments outside theregion where that bank is located; and ● PRC banks are prohibited from accepting properties that have been vacant for more than three years as collateral for loans. On February 13, 2017, the Asset Management Association of China issued the Administrative Rules for the Filing of Private Equity and AssetManagement Plans by Securities and Futures Institutions No. 4 — Investment in Real Estate Developers and Projects by Private Equity and AssetManagement Plans (“Rule 4”). Rule 4 provides that the Asset Management Association of China will temporarily suspend accepting any private equity andasset management plan which makes a direct or indirect investment in any ordinary residential property project located in specified cities where the propertyprices are considered to have risen too fast, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Suzhou, Tianjin, Wuhan, Zhengzhou, Jinan and Chengdu, where theCompany operates. In addition, a private equity and asset management plan may not be used to finance any real estate developer, whether in the form of bankentrusted loans, trust plans or transfers of beneficial interests in assets, for the purpose of acquiring land use rights or supplementing working capital. In the United States, we currently have three development projects in the Brooklyn, Manhattan and Queens boroughs of New York City. Pre-saleproceeds (i.e., deposits and other sales proceeds received before the conveyance of title to the buyer) cannot be used to finance project construction underlocal laws and regulations applicable to the New York projects, so we are financing their development through internal funds and bank loans, causing us toutilize more of our own funds to undertake larger construction debt obligations and to bear higher borrowing costs. As of December 31, 2018, our contractual obligations amounted to US$5,283.8 million, primarily arising from contracted construction costs or othercapital commitments for future property developments and debt obligations. Of this amount, US$2,615.1 million was due within one year. There can be no assurance that our internally generated cash flow and external financing will be sufficient for us to meet our contractual and financingobligations in a timely manner. Due to the current measures imposed by the PRC government (as well as other measures that may be imposed in the future)which limit our access to additional capital, as well as restrictions imposed on our conduct under existing debt arrangements, we cannot assure you that wewill be able to obtain sufficient funding to finance intended purchases of land and land use rights, develop future projects or meet other capital needs as andwhen required at a commercially reasonable cost or at all. Our failure to obtain adequate financing in a timely manner and on reasonable terms could severelyadversely (1) restrict our ability to complete existing projects, expand our business, or repay our obligations and (2) affect our cash flow, liquidity, financialperformance and condition. 7 If we are unable to manage successfully our expansion into other cities in China, we will not be able to execute our business plan. A key aspect of our historical business plan has been to expand our residential property development operations into high growth cities in China, fromour initial focus on Zhengzhou. We plan to expand into new cities as suitable opportunities arise. The development of real estate projects in other cities willimpose significant demands on our management and other operational resources. Moreover, we will face additional competition and will need to establishbrand recognition and market acceptance for our developments in these new markets. Each city has its unique market conditions, customer requirements andlocal regulations related to the local real estate industry. If we are unable to successfully develop and sell projects outside of our existing markets, our futuregrowth may be limited and we may not generate adequate returns to cover our investments in these new markets. In addition, if we expand our operations toother cities with higher land prices, our costs may increase, which may lead to a decrease in our profit margin, or impairments resulting from land valuedecreases. We are in the early stages of expanding into markets outside of China in which we have limited or no development experience and which may require us tospend significant resources, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to succeed in any such market. While our primary focus continues to be residential real estate markets in high-growth cities in China, we have begun expanding into other markets onan opportunistic basis. In the US, we currently have a completed project in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York (“New York OostenProject”), an ongoing residential ground-up development project in Manhattan, New York, and an early stage project in the Flushing neighborhood ofQueens, New York. Any change in federal income tax laws that increase the effective costs of owning a home would have an adverse effect on the demand forhomes in the United States which could negatively affect any properties we may develop in the United States. In 2014, we acquired 100% of the shares of a Malaysian company, which owns offshore landfill development rights for a total area of 170 acres(approximately 687,966 square meters). As of the end of 2018, around 30 acres of the land has been reclaimed size up the schedule of contract. We anticipatethat the entirety of the reclamation work will be completed in the first half of 2020. We have no development experience in Malaysia, nor have we everengaged in landfill reclamation projects. All of our prior operations have involved real estate development undertaken on raw land, and we cannot assure youthat we will be able to complete successfully the required landfill reclamation. In 2018, we acquired a 50% equity stake in MDL, the developer of the Madison Project, a 0.38 hectare (approximately 0.94 acre) development locatedadjacent to Canary Wharf, in London, United Kingdom. Given the uncertainties relating to Britain leaving the European Union, the London real estatemarket is unstable and it is difficult to estimate the impact to real estate business. Given our limited experience in markets outside of China market, it may be difficult for us to forecast accurately our future revenues and expenses relatedto existing and future projects in the United States, the UK, or Malaysia. Further, locating appropriate future projects in those and other non-China marketsand generating future revenues from such projects may require us to expend significant capital and management resources. In addition, we may not be able to develop a successful property development business in any given market. Our ability to develop a successful propertydevelopments business in any given market will depend on a number of factors including many outside of our control, such as the status of thecountry's/region's economy in general and in our target markets, consumer confidence levels, unemployment levels, interest rates and the ability of potentialpurchasers to obtain mortgage financing. 8 Our business is sensitive to the general economic conditions in the countries, city and specific target markets in which we operate. A severe or prolongeddownturn in the global economy generally and particularly in the countries or regions in which we have development projects could materially andadversely affect our revenues and results of operations. The real estate market is sensitive to general economic conditions, financial conditions, including interest rates, availability of capital, employmentrates, and other economic and financial conditions in the local market and the broader region or country as well as global economic conditions. Significantdownturns and instability in the global economy or in the country and local markets in which we operate or the perception that they could occur, coulddepress economic activity and restrict our access to capital. In addition, any such events could negatively affect our customers in one or more markets,including their access to financing or willingness to engage in a major financial transaction, such as purchasing a home. As a result, our business, financialcondition and results of operations could be negatively affected and affect our operations. In our China markets, any slowdown in China’s economic development could lead to tighter credit markets, increased market volatility, sudden drops inbusiness and consumer confidence and dramatic changes in business and consumer behaviors. In response to their perceived uncertainty in economicconditions, consumers might delay, reduce or cancel purchases of homes, and our homebuyers may also defer, reduce or cancel purchases of our units. Wehave experienced volatilities in demand from time to time in the recent years due to the strict mortgage policy and other measures taken by the PRCgovernment to slow down the rapid increase in housing prices. To the extent any fluctuations in the Chinese economy significantly affect homebuyers’demand for our units or change their spending habits, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. The PRC economy also faces challenges in the short to medium term. Continued turbulence in the international markets and prolonged declines inconsumer spending, including home purchases, as well as any slowdown of economic growth in China, may adversely affect our liquidity and financialcondition. Our US property developments are sensitive to the general economic conditions in the United States and the condition of the U.S. housing market inparticular. The U.S. housing industry is highly cyclical and is significantly affected by changes in industry conditions, as well as in global and localeconomic conditions, such as changes in employment and income levels, availability of financing for buyers, interest rates, levels of new and existing homesfor sale demographic, trends and housing demand. Deterioration in industry conditions in the United States or in broader economic conditions could haveadditional material adverse effects on our business expansion in the United States and financial results. There have been significant changes and proposed changes to U.S. trade policies, treaties, tariffs and taxes, including trade policies and tariffs regardingChina, which have created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China, as well as other countries, includingwith respect to the trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs that could apply to trade with those countries. We may be unable to acquire desired development sites at commercially reasonable costs. Our revenue depends on the completion and sale of our projects, which in turn depends on our ability to acquire development sites. Our land costs are amajor component of our cost of real estate sales and increases in such costs could diminish our gross margin. In China, the PRC government controls thesupply of land and regulates land sales and transfers in the secondary market. As a result, the policies of the PRC government, including those related to landsupply and urban planning, affect our ability to acquire, and our costs of acquiring, land use rights for our projects. In recent years, the PRC government hasintroduced various measures attempting to moderate investment in the property market in China. Although we believe that these measures are generallytargeted at the luxury property market and speculative purchases of land and properties, we cannot assure you that the PRC government will not introduceother measures in the future that would adversely affect our ability to obtain land for development. We currently acquire our development sites primarily bybidding for government land, supplemented in some instances by direct negotiations with local governments prior to land auctions or by acquisition of localdevelopers or by investment in an entity that holds land use rights. Under current regulations, land use rights acquired from government authorities forcommercial and residential development purposes must be purchased through a public tender, auction or listing-for-sale. Competition in these biddingprocesses has resulted in higher land use rights costs for us over the past few years, and we may not successfully obtain desired development sites due to theincreasingly intense competition in the bidding processes. Moreover, the supply of potential development sites in any given city will diminish overtime, andwe may find it increasingly difficult to identify and acquire attractive development sites at commercially reasonable costs in the future. 9 We rely on third-party contractors who may not perform at acceptable quality levels or in a timely manner. Substantially all of our project construction and related work are outsourced to third-party contractors their performance may not meet our level ofstandards or specifications. Negligence, delay or poor work quality by contractors may result in defects in our buildings or residential units, which could inturn cause us to suffer financial losses, harm our reputation or expose us to third-party claims. If the performance of any third party contractor is notsatisfactory or is delayed, we may need to replace such contractor or take other actions to remedy the situation, which could adversely affect the cost andconstruction progress of our projects, and which could cause the completion of our property developments to be delayed. We work with multiple contractorson different projects and cannot guarantee that we can effectively monitor their work at all times. Although our construction and other contracts containprovisions designed to protect us, we may be unable to successfully enforce these rights and, even if we are able to successfully enforce these rights, the third-party contractors may not have sufficient financial resources to compensate us. Moreover, the contractors may undertake projects from other propertydevelopers, engage in risky undertakings or encounter financial or other difficulties, such as supply shortages, labor disputes or work accidents, which maycause delays in the completion of our property projects or increases in our costs. In addition, consistent with what we believe is the customary industrypractice in China, our contractors typically do not maintain insurance coverage on our properties under construction. We may be unable to complete our property developments on time or at all. The progress and costs for a development project can be adversely affected by many factors, including, without limitation: ●delays in obtaining necessary licenses, permits or approvals from government agencies or authorities; ●shortages of materials, equipment, contractors and skilled labor or increased labor or raw material costs; ●disputes with our third-party contractors; ●failure by our third-party contractors to comply with our designs, specifications or standards; ●difficult geological situations or other geotechnical issues; ●onsite labor disputes or work accidents; and ●natural catastrophes or adverse weather conditions, including strong winds, storms, floods, and earthquakes. Any construction delays, or failure to complete a project according to our planned specifications or budget, may delay our property sales, which couldadversely affect our revenues, cash flows and our reputation.Under PRC laws and regulations and our pre-sale contracts, we are required to compensate purchasers for late delivery of or failure to complete our pre-sold units. If the delay extends beyond the contractually specified period, the purchasers may become entitled to terminate the pre-sale contracts and claimdamages. Proceeds from pre-sale of our properties are an important source of financing for our property developments. Under PRC laws, we are not permitted tocommence pre-sales until we have completed certain stages of the construction process for a project. Consequently, a significant delay in the construction ofa project could restrict our ability to pre-sell our properties, which could extend the recovery period for our capital outlay. This, in turn, could have anadverse effect on our cash flow, business and financial position. 10 Changes of laws and regulations with respect to pre-sales may adversely affect our cash flow position and performance. We depend on cash flows from pre-sale of properties as an important source of funding for our property development projects. Under current PRC lawsand regulations, property developers must fulfill certain conditions before they can commence pre-sale of the relevant properties and may only use pre-saleproceeds to finance the construction of the specific developments. In addition, a number of cities in which we are operating business, such as Tianjin,Sichuan and Shandong, have established local rules and conditions for the pre-sale permits application, especially for the custody of pre-sale funds. Suchlocal regulatory measures have not materially affected or restricted our operation or our use of pre-sale funds yet. However, we cannot assure you that the PRCnational government or the local governmental authorities will not implement further restrictions on the pre-sale of properties, which may affect our cash flowposition and force us to seek alternative sources of funding for much of our property development business. The results of our operations may fluctuate from period to period as we derive our revenue principally from the sale of properties and we rely on our unsoldinventory of units. We derive the majority of our revenue from the sale of properties that we have developed. Our results of operations tend to fluctuate from period toperiod due to a combination of factors, including the overall schedule of our property development projects, the timing of the sale of properties that we havedeveloped, the size of our land bank, our revenue recognition policies and changes in costs and expenses, such as land acquisition and construction costs.The number of properties that we can develop or complete during any particular period is limited due to the size of our land bank, the substantial capitalrequired for land acquisition and construction, as well as the development periods required before positive cash flows may be generated. For real estate salescontracts for which we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognized over time by measuring the progresstowards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation. Otherwise, revenue is recognized at a point in time when the customer obtains control of theasset. In addition, several properties that we have developed or that are under development are large scale and developed in multiple phases over the courseof one to several years. The selling prices of the residential units in larger scale property developments tend to change over time, which may impact our salesproceeds and, accordingly, our revenues for any given period. The recognition of our real estate revenue and costs is dependent upon our estimation of our total project revenue and costs. For real estate sales contracts for which we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognized over time bymeasuring the progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation. Otherwise, revenue is recognized at a point in time when the customerobtains control of the asset. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — A. Operating Results — Critical Accounting Policies.” Under bothmethods, revenue and costs are calculated based on an estimation of total project costs and total project revenues, which are revised on a regular basis as thework progresses. Any material deviation between actual and estimated total project revenues and costs may result in an increase, a reduction or anelimination of reported revenues or costs from period to period, which will affect our gross profit and net income. We face risks related to our back-to-back loans. With our operations in the U.S. markets and now other non-PRC jurisdictions, we have seen and expect to continue to experience an increasing need ofnon-RMB financings with respect to project developments and future expansions. We currently satisfy our non-RMB denominated financing requirementsthrough four ways: dividends distributions from our PRC subsidiaries, which are subject to 10% withholding tax payment, back-to-back loan arrangements,high yield bond issuances and construction loan financing from local banks. Under back-to-back loan arrangements, our PRC subsidiaries make depositsdenominated in RMB into banks in China as collateral to request the banks in China to issue standby letters denominated in U.S. dollars or other currenciesin the same amount as the RMB collateral to their outbound branches, and our project companies outside the PRC enter into loans denominated in U.S.dollars or other currencies with such outbound branches in the same amount specified in such standby letters in accordance with to the Provisions on theAdministration of Foreign Exchange for Cross-border Guarantee issued by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the People’s Republic of China(the “SAFE”), effective June 1, 2014. SAFE registration requirements apply to overseas back-to-back loan arrangements and the use of proceeds of such loansmust comply with certain requirements. Any change in laws or regulations to restrict or forbid back-to-back loan transactions in the future may adverselyaffect our non-PRC companies’ financing. In addition, we are exposed to exchange rate fluctuation and foreign exchange control risks under the currentback-to-back loan model, which may adversely affect our business condition and results of operation. 11 We are subject to certain restrictive covenants and risks normally associated with debt financing which may limit our ability to take certain corporateactions, including incurring additional debt, which could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. We are subject to certain restrictive covenants in our loan agreements with certain commercial banks. Certain loan agreements contain covenantsproviding that, among other matters, we or our relevant PRC operating subsidiaries may not enter into mergers, joint ventures or restructurings, decrease ourregistered share capital, transfer material assets, including shares of subsidiaries, engage in material investments, liquidate, change our shareholding, ordistribute dividends without the relevant lenders’ prior written consent or unless we fully settle the outstanding amounts under the relevant loan agreements.In addition, certain of our loan agreements contain cross- default clauses. If any cross default occurs, these banks are entitled to accelerate payment of all orany part of the loan under their relevant loan agreements and to enforce all or any of the security for such loans. Further, the onshore corporate bonds issuedby Xinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd. (“Xinyuan China”), our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, contain restrictions on certain business activities of XinyuanChina when in default on payment of interest or principal, including, among others, limitations on distributions of net income, limitations on certainexpenditures, or business combination transactions. Our future bank and other borrowings may contain similar restrictions or cross-default provisions. Our outstanding debt securities also contain certain covenants that restrict our ability to take other corporate actions. The indentures governing ourSenior Secured Notes contain covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability and our restricted subsidiaries' abilites (as defined in the relevantindenture) to incur additional debt or issue preferred stock, to make certain payments or investments, to pay dividends, to purchase or redeem capital stock,sell assets, or make certain other payments, subject to certain qualifications and exemptions and satisfaction of certain conditions. As a result of any such covenants in current or future financing documents, our ability to pay dividends or other distributions on our common shares andADSs may be limited. Such covenants may also restrict our ability to raise additional capital in the future through bank borrowings, mortgage financings, anddebt and equity issuances and may restrict our ability to engage in some transactions that we believe to be of benefit to us. The occurrence of any of theabove events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results, as well as cash flow and cash that is available fordistributions. In addition, our obligations under our Senior Secured Notes are guaranteed by various of our subsidiaries, and the guarantee by our wholly-ownedsubsidiary, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., or Xinyuan Ltd, which indirectly holds all of our assets and operations in China is secured by a pledge of our shares ofthe other guarantor subsidiaries subject to limited exceptions. If we default under any of the Senior Secured Notes, the holders thereof may enforce theirclaims against those shares. In such an event, the holders of the Notes could gain ownership of the shares of Xinyuan Ltd., and, as a result, own and control allof our subsidiaries in China. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China, and if we default under any of the Notes, we could lose control orownership of our assets and operations in China. We rely on our key management members. We depend on the services provided by key management members. Competition for management talent is intense in the property development sector. Inparticular, we are highly dependent on Mr. Yong Zhang, our founder and Chairman. We do not maintain key employee insurance. In the event that we losethe services of any key management member, we may be unable to identify and recruit suitable successors in a timely manner or at all, which will adverselyaffect our business and operations. Moreover, we may need to employ and retain more management personnel to support an expansion into high growth citieson a much larger geographical scale as well as our expansion in the United States, Malaysia, England and other areas. If we cannot attract and retain suitablepersonnel, especially at the management level, our business and future growth will be adversely affected. 12 We provide guarantees for the mortgage loans of our customers in China which expose us to risks of default by our customers. We pre-sell properties before actual completion and, in accordance with PRC industry practice, our customers’ mortgage banks require us to guaranteeour customers’ mortgage loans. Typically, we provide guarantees to PRC banks with respect to loans procured by the purchasers of our properties for the totalmortgage loan amount until the completion of the registration of the mortgage with the relevant mortgage registration authorities, which generally occurswithin six to 12 months after the purchasers take possession of the relevant properties. In line with what we believe to be industry practice, we rely on thecredit evaluation conducted by mortgagee banks and do not conduct our own independent credit checks on our customers. The mortgagee banks typicallyrequire us to maintain, as restricted cash, up to 10% of the mortgage proceeds paid to us as security for our obligations under such guarantees. If a purchaserdefaults on its payment obligations during the term of our guarantee, the mortgagee bank may deduct the delinquent mortgage payment from the securitydeposit. If the delinquent mortgage payments exceed the security deposit, the banks may require us to pay the excess amount. If multiple purchasers defaulton their payment obligations, we will be required to make significant payments to the banks to satisfy our guarantee obligations. Factors such as a significantdecrease in housing prices, increase in interest rates or the occurrence of natural catastrophes, among others, could result in a purchaser defaulting on itsmortgage payment obligations. If we are unable to resell the properties underlying defaulted mortgages on a timely basis or at prices higher than the amountsof our guarantees and related expenses, we will suffer financial losses. We paid US$1,820,324, and US$788,644, and US$1,659,652 to satisfy guaranteeobligations related to customer defaults for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, our outstanding guarantees in respect of our customers’ mortgage loans amounted to US$1,569.8 million and US$1,988.6 million, respectively. If substantial defaults by our customers occur and we are called upon to honor our guarantees, our financial condition, cashflow and results of operations will be materially adversely affected. Our level of indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, diminish our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operationsand limit our ability to explore business opportunities. As of December 31, 2018, the outstanding balance of our total indebtedness amounted to US$ 3,452.1 million. Our level of indebtedness could have anadverse effect on us. For example, it could: ●require us to dedicate a large portion of our cash flow from operations as well as the proceeds of certain financings and asset dispositions tofund payments on our debt, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other generalcorporate purposes; ●make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations under our debt securities and other indebtedness; ●increase our vulnerability to adverse general economic or industry conditions; ●limit our flexibility in planning for, or relating to, changes in our business or the industry in which we operate; ●limit our ability to raise additional debt or equity capital in the future or increase the cost of such funding; ●restrict us from making strategic acquisitions, exploring business opportunities or selling assets; ●place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to any competitors that have less debt; and ●make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our debt. 13 Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, which in turn is dependenton various factors. For a discussion of these factors, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — A. Operating Results — Principal FactorsAffecting Our Results of Operations.” Our financing costs are subject to changes in interest rates. The rates of interest payable on our PRC long-term bank loans are adjustable based on the range of 100% to 206.32% of the PBOC benchmark rate,which fluctuates from time to time. As of December 31, 2018, the principal amount of our aggregate outstanding variable rate debt was US$1,033.5 million. Ahypothetical 1% increase in annual interest rates would increase our interest expenses by US$10.3 million based on our debt level at December 31, 2018. Inconnection with our U.S. projects and UK projects, we entering into U.S. dollar and British pound denominated loans, which will subject us to additionalinterest rate fluctuation risks, including fluctuations of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). We are subject to potential environmental liability. We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations concerning the protection of health and the environment. The particular environmental laws andregulations that apply to any given development site vary significantly according to the site’s location and environmental condition, the present and formeruses of the site and the nature of the adjoining properties. Environmental laws and conditions may result in delays, may cause us to incur substantialcompliance and other costs and can prohibit or severely restrict project development activity in environmentally-sensitive regions or areas. Although theenvironmental investigations conducted by local PRC environmental authorities have not revealed any environmental liability related to our China projectsthat we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations to date, it is possible that theseinvestigations did not reveal all environmental liabilities and that there are material environmental liabilities of which we are unaware. We cannot assure youthat future environmental investigations will not reveal material environmental liability. Also, we cannot assure you that the PRC, United States, Malaysianor UK governments will not change the existing laws and regulations or impose additional or stricter laws or regulations, the compliance of which may causeus to incur significant capital expenditure. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Environmental Matters.” Our business expansion and business diversification requires proper allocation of our management resources and qualified employees. In recent years, we expanded our operations into the U.S., Malaysia and the UK while also expanding our operations in China. Such expansion, withmore diversified business focuses in terms of market regions and types of business, demand proper allocation of our management resources. In addition, ourMalaysia acquisition, which involves land reclamation activities in which we have no prior experience and which presents risks we have not previouslyencountered or dealt with, may require additional skill sets on the part of our management. If our management fails to satisfy these increased demands, wemay not be able to carry out our business expansion and project development successfully. In addition, if we are unable to recruit or retain a sufficientnumber of qualified employees for the continuation and expansion of our business, our business and prospects may be adversely affected. New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks. From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantialrisks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. There may be license and compliancerequirements regarding new lines of business, including special requirements for foreign-invested enterprises. The development and marketing of new lines ofbusiness or new products and services could distract our management from our core business. In addition, we may invest significant time and resources intothese new lines of business or new products and services. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business or new products andservices may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitivealternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service.Furthermore, any new line of business or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal control. Failureto successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverseeffect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. 14 Failure to maintain the security of our information and technology networks, including personally identifiable and customer information and proprietarybusiness information, could significantly adversely affect us. Security breaches and other disruptions of our information and technology networks could compromise our information and expose us to liability,reputational harm and significant remediation costs, which could cause material harm to our business and financial results. In the ordinary course of ourbusiness, we collect and store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information, and information relating to our customers and information of ouremployees, contractors and vendors, in our on our networks. Despite our security measures, and those of our third-party service providers, our informationtechnology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by third parties or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. A significanttheft, loss, corruption, exposure, fraudulent use or misuse of customer, employee or other personally identifiable or proprietary business data, noncompliancewith our contractual or other legal obligations regarding such data could result in significant remediation and other costs, fines, litigation or regulatoryactions against us. Such an event could additionally disrupt our operations, harm our relationships with contractors and vendors, damage our reputation,result in the loss of a competitive advantage, which could adversely affect our business, revenues, competitive position and investor confidence.Additionally, we rely on third parties to support our information and technology networks, and as a result have less direct control over our data andinformation technology systems. Such third parties are also vulnerable to security breaches and compromised security systems, for which we may not beindemnified and which could materially adversely affect us. Interruption or failure of our information technology, communications systems or data services could impair our ability to operate our business effectively,which could damage our reputation and materially harm our operating results. Our business requires the continued operation of information technology and communication systems and network infrastructure. Our informationtechnology and communications systems are vulnerable to damage or disruption from fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, system malfunctions,computer viruses, cyber-attacks, natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and floods, acts of war or terrorism, employee errors or malfeasance, or otherevents which are beyond our control. We may be a target of cyberattacks and viruses, which could expose us to liability, reputational harm and significantremediation costs and cause material harm to our business and financial results. In addition, the operation and maintenance of our systems and networks is insome cases dependent on third-party service providers for which there is no certainty of uninterrupted availability. Any of these events could cause systeminterruption, delays and loss, corruption or exposure of critical data or intellectual property and may also disrupt our ability to interact with our customers,contractors and vendors. Further, any such event could result in substantial recovery and remediation costs and liability to customers and third parties. We may fail to obtain or maintain, or may experience material delays in obtaining, necessary government approvals for any major property development,which will adversely affect our business. The real estate industry in China is strictly regulated by the PRC government. Property developers in China must abide by various laws and regulations,including implementation rules implemented by local governments to enforce these laws and regulations. Before commencing, and during the course of,development of a property project, we need to apply for or renew various licenses, permits, certificates and approvals, including but not limited to, land userights certificates, construction site planning permits, construction work planning permits, construction permits, pre-sale permits and completion acceptancecertificates. We need to satisfy various requirements to obtain these approval certificates and permits, and to meet specific conditions in order for thegovernment authorities to renew relevant approval certificates and permits. We cannot guarantee that we will not encounter serious delays or difficulties inthe future. In the event that we fail to obtain the necessary governmental approvals for any of our major property projects, or a serious delay occurs in thegovernment’s examination and approval process, we may not be able to maintain our development schedule and our business and cash flows may beadversely affected. 15 Regulations in the United States, Malaysia and the United Kingdom could increase the cost and limit the availability of our project development in thesejurisdictions and adversely affect our business or financial results. As we expand our business in the U.S., Malaysia and UK markets, we will continue to be subject to extensive and complex regulations in thesejurisdictions that affect land development and home construction, including zoning, density restrictions, building design and building standards, as well asenvironmental laws. These regulations often provide broad discretion to the administering governmental authorities as to the conditions we must meet priorto being approved, if approved at all. We are subject to determinations by these authorities as to the adequacy of water and sewage facilities, roads and otherlocal services. New housing developments may also be subject to various assessments for public improvements. The project in Malaysia is at the stage of landreclamation, which is subject to environment impact assessment and conditions imposed thereon by the regulatory bodies. Any of these regulatory issues canlimit or delay construction and increase our operating costs. We are also subject to a variety of local, state and/or federal laws and regulations concerningprotection of health, safety and the environment. These matters may result in delays, may cause us to incur substantial compliance, remediation, mitigationand other costs or subject us to costs from fines, penalties and related litigation. These laws and regulations can also prohibit or severely restrict developmentand homebuilding activity in environmentally sensitive areas. Increases in the price of raw materials or labor costs may increase our cost of sales and reduce our earnings. We outsource the design and construction of our projects under development to third-party service providers. Our third-party contractors are responsiblefor providing labor and procuring almost all of the raw materials used in our project developments. Our PRC construction contracts typically provide forfixed or capped payments, but the payments are subject to changes in PRC government-suggested prices for certain raw materials we use, such as steel andcement. In addition, China’s overall economy and the average wage in China have increased in recent years and are expected to grow in the near future. Theaverage wage level for the employees has also increased for the past periods. Any increase in raw materials costs, labor costs or other costs which may result inadjustments in payments under any of our construction contracts could result in an increase in our construction costs. In the event that the price of any rawmaterials, including cement, concrete blocks and bricks, or labor cost increase in the future, such increase could be passed on to us by our contractors, and ourconstruction costs would increase accordingly. Passing such increased costs to our customers may result in reduced sales and delay our ability to completesales for our projects. Any input cost increase could reduce our earnings to the extent we are unable to pass these increased costs to our customers. Retail and commercial investment properties and properties held for sale are generally illiquid investments and the lack of alternative uses of suchproperties could limit our ability to respond to changes in the performance of our properties. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 86,951, 116,288, 12,187, 18,936 and 3,904 square meters of retail investment properties in Zhengzhou,Xi’an, Changsha Chengdu and Kunshan, in China, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we also have three projects under construction at which we plan todevelop commercial property for lease with a planned GFA of approximately 199,855 square meters. We anticipate that we may prudently and graduallyincrease our retail and commercial investment properties as appropriate opportunities arise in the future. Any form of real estate investment is difficult toliquidate and, as a result, our ability to sell our properties in response to changing economic, financial and investment conditions is limited. In addition, wemay also need to incur operating and capital expenditures to manage and maintain our properties, or to correct defects or make improvements to theseproperties before selling them. We cannot assure you that we can obtain financing at a reasonable cost for such expenditures, or at all. Furthermore, aging of retail and commercial investment properties or properties held for sale, changes in economic and financial conditions or changesin the competitive landscape in the PRC or U.S. property markets, may adversely affect the amounts of rentals and revenue we generate from, as well as thefair value of, these properties. However, our ability to convert any of these properties to alternative uses is limited as such conversion requires extensivegovernmental approvals in the PRC or may require zoning or other approvals in the United States and involves substantial capital expenditures for thepurpose of renovation, reconfiguration and refurbishment. We cannot assure you that such approvals and financings can be obtained when needed. These andother factors that impact our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our retail and commercial investment properties, as well as propertiesheld for sale, may adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flow and results of operations. 16 We may engage in joint ventures, which could result in unforeseen expenses or disruptive effects on our business. From time to time, we have engaged and may consider engaging in joint ventures with other businesses to develop a property. Any joint venture that wedetermine to pursue will be accompanied by a number of risks. We may not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the jointventures. We may not be able to control the quality of products produced by the joint venture. Depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement, wemay require the consent of our joint venture partners for the joint venture to take certain actions, such as making distributions to the partners. A joint venturepartner may encounter financial difficulties and become unable to meet obligations with regard to funding of the joint venture. In addition, our joint venturepartners and the joint ventures themselves may hold different views or have different interests from ours, and therefore may compete in the same market withus, in which case our interest and future development may be materially adversely affected. Any future acquisitions could expose us to unforeseen risks or place additional strain on the management and other resources. As part of our business strategy, we regularly evaluate investments in, or acquisitions of, subsidiaries, joint ventures, and we expect that we willcontinue to make such investments and acquisitions in the future. Any potential future acquisition may be accompanied by a number of risks, including risksrelating to the evolving legal landscape in China. An acquired business may underperform relative to expectations or may expose us to unexpectedliabilities. Acquisitions of entities that own real estate may involve risks in addition to the risks inherent in a real estate acquisition, because the acquisitionof an entity generally includes all of the liabilities of the entity — known and unknown, fixed and contingent — rather than only the liabilities related to thereal estate. These liabilities, which could be material, may include liabilities not disclosed by the seller of the entity or not discovered during our duediligence. In addition, the integration of any acquisition could require substantial management attention and resources. If we were unable to successfullymanage the integration and ongoing operations, or hire and retain additional personnel necessary for the running of the expanded business, the results of ouroperations and financial performance could be adversely affected. Acquisitions may result in the incurrence and inheritance of debts and other liabilities, assumption of potential legal liabilities in respect of the acquiredbusinesses, and incurrence of impairment charges related to goodwill and other intangible assets, any of which could harm our businesses, financial conditionand results of operations. In particular, if any of the acquired businesses fails to perform as we expect, we may be required to recognize a significantimpairment charge, which may materially and adversely affect our businesses, financial condition and results of operations. As a result, there can be noassurance that we will be able to achieve the strategic purpose of any acquisition, the desired level of operational integration or our investment return target. Our failure to successfully manage our business expansion, would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and prospects. Our expansion has created, and will continue to place, substantial demand on our resources. Managing our growth and integrating the acquired businesseswill require us to, among other things: ●comply with the laws, regulations and policies applicable to the acquired businesses, including obtaining timely approval for the real estateconstruction as required under the PRC law; ●maintain adequate control on our business expansion to prevent, among other things, project delays or cost overruns; ●manage relationships with employees, customers and business partners during the course of our business expansion; 17 ●attract, train and motivate members of our management and qualified workforce to support successful business expansion; ●access debt, equity or other capital resources to fund our business expansion, which may divert financial resources otherwise available for otherpurposes; ●divert significant management attention and resources from our other businesses; and ●strengthen our operational, financial and management controls, particularly those of our newly acquired subsidiaries, to maintain the reliability ofour reporting processes. Any difficulty meeting the foregoing or similar requirements could significantly delay or otherwise constrain our ability to implement our expansionplans, or result in failure to achieve the expected benefits of the combination or acquisition or write-offs of acquired assets or investments, which in turnwould limit our ability to increase operational efficiency, reduce costs or otherwise strengthen our market position. Failure to obtain the intended economicbenefits from the business expansion could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, we may alsoexperience mixed results from our expansion plans in the short term. Regulations in the PRC may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions. A number of PRC laws and regulations have established procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities in China byforeign investors more time-consuming and complex, including the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors,or the M&A Rules, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and was amended on June 22, 2009, and the Implementing Rules Concerning SecurityReview on the Mergers and Acquisitions by Foreign Investors of Domestic Enterprises, or the Security Review Rules issued by the Ministry of Commerce ofthe People’s Republic of China (the “MOFCOM”) in August 2011. These laws and regulations impose requirements in some instances that MOFCOM mustbe notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. In addition, the Anti-Monopoly Law of PRC requires that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. Moreover, theSecurity Review Rules specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors involved in an industry related to national security are subject to strictreview by MOFCOM. These rules also prohibit any transactions attempting to bypass such security review, including by controlling entities throughcontractual arrangements. We believe that our business is not in an industry related to national security. However, we cannot preclude the possibility thatMOFCOM or other government agencies may publish interpretations contrary to our understanding or broaden the scope of such security review in thefuture. Although we have no current plans to do so, we may elect to grow our business in the future in part by directly acquiring complementary businesses inChina. Our development plan may be adversely affected in the event that relocation issues related to government housing expropriations are not successfullysettled by the relevant PRC governmental authorities. We acquire property for development through bidding, auctions and listing procedures held by the government or through acquisitions of third parties.Some of the property we acquire from the government may have been made available through expropriation. On January 21, 2011, the PRC State Councilissued the Regulations on the Expropriation and Compensation of Houses on State-owned Land, which provides that government entities at the city andcounty level are responsible for overseeing housing expropriation and compensation within their respective administrative regions. The regulations mandatethat a compensation agreement be entered into between the relevant housing expropriation department and the entities or individuals whose houses havebeen expropriated addressing, among others things, the mode of payment and the amount of compensation, the period of payment, the removal expenses,temporary placement or transitional housing expenses, losses from the closure of business operations, the time period within which the entities or individualsmust vacate the expropriated premises, the type of transitional accommodation and the period of transition. The compensation payable may not be less thanthe market value of property of a similar nature as of the date when the expropriation notice was issued. Under the regulations, property developers areprohibited from participating in the relocation arrangements. Given the fact that the completion of the relocation procedures is the condition precedent forthe relevant PRC governmental authorities to grant land use rights, any failure of the PRC governmental authorities in handling the relocation issues maycause substantial delays in the granting process of land use rights. If we cannot obtain the land use rights from the relevant governmental authorities in time,our development plan may be delayed and we may not be able to complete the development and sell the property according to plan. This will, in turn,adversely affect our business operations. 18 We do not have insurance to cover potential losses and claims. We do not maintain insurance policies for properties that we have delivered to our customers, and we maintain only limited insurance coverage againstpotential losses or damages with respect to our properties in the PRC before their delivery to customers. Although we require our contractors to carryinsurance, we believe most of our contractors do not comply with this requirement. Our contractors may not be sufficiently insured themselves or have thefinancial ability to absorb any losses that arise with respect to our projects or pay our claims. In addition, there are certain types of losses, such as losses dueto earthquakes, which are currently uninsurable in China. While we believe that our practice is in line with the general practice in the PRC propertydevelopment industry, there may be instances when we will have to internalize losses, damages and liabilities because of the lack of insurance coverage,which may in turn adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, while we carry limited insurance on our operations in theUnited States, Malaysia and the UK, such insurance may not be adequate to compensate us for any losses, damages and liabilities we might incur with regardto our properties. We may suffer a penalty or even forfeit land to the PRC government if we fail to comply with procedural requirements applicable to land grants from thegovernment or the terms of the land use rights grant contracts. According to the relevant PRC laws and regulations, if we fail to develop a property project according to the terms of the land use rights grant contract,including those relating to the payment of land premiums, specified use of the land and the time for commencement and completion of the propertydevelopment, the PRC government may issue a warning, may impose a penalty or may order us to forfeit the land. Specifically, under current PRC laws andregulations, if we fail to pay land premiums in accordance with the payment schedule set forth in the relevant land use rights grant contract, the relevant PRCland bureau may issue a warning notice to us, impose late payment penalties or even require us to forfeit the related land to the PRC government. The latepayment penalties are usually calculated based on the overdue days for the land premium payments.. Furthermore, if we fail to commence developmentwithin one year after the commencement date stipulated in the land use rights grant contract, the relevant PRC land bureau may issue a warning notice to usand impose an idle land fee on the land of up to 20% of the land premium. If we fail to commence development within two years, the land will be subject toforfeiture to the PRC government, unless the delay in development is caused by government actions or force majeure. Even if the commencement of the landdevelopment is compliant with the land use rights grant contract, if the developed GFA on the land is less than one-third of the total GFA of the project thatshould have been under construction and development or the total capital invested is less than one-fourth of the total investment of the project and thesuspension of the development of the land continues for more than one year without government approval, the land will also be treated as idle land and besubject to penalty or forfeiture We cannot assure you that circumstances leading to significant delays in our own land premium payments or development schedules or forfeiture ofland will not arise in the future. If we pay a substantial penalty, we may not be able to meet pre-set investment targeted returns for a given project and ourfinancial conditions could be adversely affected. If we forfeit land, we will not only lose the opportunity to develop the property projects on such land, butmay also lose a significant portion of the investment in such land, including land premium deposits and the development costs incurred. Any non-compliant GFA of our uncompleted and future property developments will be subject to governmental approval and additional payments. The local government authorities inspect property developments after their completion and issue the completion acceptance certificates if thedevelopments are in compliance with the relevant laws and regulations. If the total constructed GFA of a property development exceeds the GFA originallyauthorized in the relevant land grant contracts or construction permit, or if the completed property contains built-up areas that do not conform with the planauthorized by the construction permit, the property developer may be required to pay additional amounts or take corrective actions with respect to such non-compliant GFA before a completion acceptance certificate can be issued to the property development. 19 We have obtained completion acceptance certificates for all of our completed properties as of December 31, 2018. However, we cannot be certain thatlocal government authorities will not determine that the total constructed GFA upon completion of our existing projects under development or any futureproperty developments exceed the relevant authorized GFA. Any such non-compliance could lead to additional payments or penalty, which would adverselyaffect our financial condition. We have not incurred material amounts of any such payments or penalties since the founding of our company. We may not be able to continue obtaining qualification certificates, which will adversely affect our business. Real estate developers in the PRC must obtain a formal qualification certificate in order to carry on a property development business in the PRC.According to the PRC regulations issued on the qualifications of property developers, a newly established property developer must first apply for a temporaryqualification certificate with a one-year validity, which can be renewed for not more than two years. If, however, the newly established property developerfails to commence a property development project within the one-year period during which the temporary qualification certificate is in effect, it will not beallowed to renew its temporary qualification certificate. All qualification certificates are subject to renewal on an annual basis. Under governmentregulations, developers must fulfill all statutory requirements before they may obtain or renew their qualification certificates. In accordance with theprovisions of the rules on the administration of qualifications, the real estate developer qualifications are classified into four classes and the approval systemfor each class is tiered. A real estate developer may only engage in the development and sale of real estate within the scope of its qualification certificate. See“Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulation — China — Regulations on Qualifications of Developer.” There can be no assurance that some of our project companies that are in the process of applying for or renewing proper qualification certificates will beable to obtain such certificates on a timely basis to commence their planned real estate projects development on schedule. There can be no further assurancethat we and our project companies will continue to be able to extend or renew the qualification certificates or be able to successfully upgrade the currentqualification class to a higher qualification. If we or our project companies are unable to obtain or renew qualification certificates, the PRC government willrefuse to issue pre-sale and other permits necessary for the conduct of the property development business, and our results of operations, financial conditionand cash flows will be adversely affected. In addition, if any of our project companies engages in the development and sale of real estate outside the scope ofits qualification certificate, it may be ordered to rectify such conduct within a prescribed period, be fined up to RMB100,000, or even have its qualificationcertificate and business license revoked. Our failure to assist our customers in applying for property ownership certificates in a timely manner may lead to compensatory liabilities to our customers. We are statutorily required to meet various PRC regulation requirements within 90 days after delivery of property, or such other period contracted withour customers, in order for our customers to apply for their property ownership certificates, including passing various governmental clearances, formalitiesand procedures. Under our typical sales contract, we are liable for any delay in the submission of the required documents as a result of our failure to meet suchrequirements, and are required to compensate our customers for delays. In the case of delays of submission of required documents, we are required undercontracts with our customers to pay compensation to our customers and our reputation and results of operations may be adversely affected. The property development business is subject to claims under statutory quality warranties. Under PRC law, all property developers in the PRC must provide certain quality warranties for the properties they construct or sell. We are required toprovide these warranties to our customers. Generally, we receive quality warranties from our third-party contractors with respect to our property projects. If asignificant number of claims were brought against us under our warranties and if we were unable to obtain reimbursement for such claims from third-partycontractors in a timely manner or at all, or if the money retained by us to cover our payment obligations under the quality warranties was not sufficient, wecould incur significant expenses to resolve such claims or face delays in remedying the related defects, which could in turn harm our reputation, andmaterially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 20 We may become involved in legal and other proceedings from time to time and may suffer significant liabilities or other losses as a result. We have in the past, and may in future, become involved in disputes with various parties relating to the acquisition of land use rights, the developmentand sale of our properties or other aspects of our business and operations. These disputes may lead to legal or other proceedings and may result in substantialcosts and diversion of resources and management’s attention. Disputes and legal and other proceedings may require substantial time and expense to resolve,which could divert valuable resources, such as management time and working capital, delay our planned projects and increase our costs. Third parties that arefound liable to us may not have the resources to compensate us for our incurred costs and damages. We could also be required to pay significant costs anddamages if we do not prevail in any such disputes or proceedings. In addition, we may have disagreements with regulatory bodies in the course of ouroperations, which may subject us to administrative proceedings and unfavorable decrees that result in pecuniary liabilities and cause delays to our propertydevelopments. See “Item 8. Financial Information — A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information — Legal Proceedings.” The relevant PRC tax authorities may challenge the basis on which we have been paying our land appreciation tax obligations and our results ofoperations and cash flows may be affected. Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries engaging in property development are subject to land appreciation tax (“LAT”), which is leviedby the local tax authorities. All taxable gains from the sale or transfer of land use rights, buildings and their attached facilities in the PRC are subject to LATat progressive rates ranging from 30% to 60%. Exemptions are available for the sale of ordinary residential properties if the appreciation values do not exceedcertain thresholds specified in the relevant tax laws. Gains from the sale of commercial properties, luxury residential properties and villas are not eligible forthis exemption. We have accrued LAT payable on our property sales and transfers in accordance with the progressive rates specified in relevant tax laws, less amountspreviously paid under the levy method applied by relevant local tax authorities. However, provision for LAT requires our management to use a significantamount of judgment with respect to, among other things, the anticipated total proceeds to be derived from the sale of the entire phase of the project or theentire project, the total appreciation of project value and the various deductible items. Given the time gap between the point at which we make provisions forand the point at which we settle the full amount of LAT payable, the relevant tax authorities may not necessarily agree with our apportionment of deductibleexpense or other bases on which we calculate LAT. As a result, our LAT expenses as recorded in our financial statements of a particular period may requiresubsequent adjustments. If the LAT provisions we have made are substantially lower than the actual LAT amounts assessed by the tax authorities in thefuture, our results of operations and cash flows will be materially and adversely affected. For a range of reasonably possible losses in excess of the amounts wehave accrued for LAT, to the extent such estimates are determinable, see Note 14 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. Our operations may be affected by the real property taxes to be imposed by the PRC government. In another attempt to cool the real estate market, the PRC government has been considering imposing real property tax on a nationwide scale and hasdesignated Shanghai and Chongqing as trial regions. In response, on January 27, 2011, both Shanghai and Chongqing implemented local rules regarding theimposition of real property tax, with these rules taking effect on January 28, 2011, with Chongqing amending its rules on January 13, 2017. On February 20,2013, the PRC State Council, in an executive meeting, stated a new policy regarding the real property tax that the government would select more trial regionsfor the real property tax that year. However, no other trial region has been publicized yet. Real property tax regulations may eventually be officiallyimplemented at the national level; any such regulation could significantly impact the real estate market. In light of these developments, we cannot guaranteethat our operations will not be adversely affected. 21 Dividends we receive from our PRC subsidiaries located in the PRC may be subject to PRC withholding tax. The PRC Corporate Income Tax Law, or the CIT Law became effective as of January 1, 2008 and was amended on February 24, 2017 and December 29,2018, and the Implementation for the CIT Law issued by the PRC State Council became effective as of January 1, 2008. The CIT Law provides that amaximum income tax rate of 20% may be applicable to dividends payable to non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” to the extent suchdividends are derived from sources within the PRC, and the State Council has reduced such rate to 10% through the Implementation for the CIT Law. We area Cayman Islands holding company and substantially all of our income may be derived from dividends we receive from our PRC subsidiaries. Thus,dividends paid to us by our subsidiaries in China may be subject to the 10% income tax if we are considered a “non-resident enterprise” under the CIT Law. Ifwe are required under the CIT Law to pay income tax for any dividends we receive from our PRC subsidiaries, it will materially and adversely affect theamount of dividends received by us from our PRC subsidiaries. We may be deemed a PRC resident enterprise under the CIT Law and be subject to the PRC taxation on our worldwide income. The CIT Law also provides that enterprises established outside of China whose “de facto management bodies” are located in China are considered“resident enterprises” and are generally subject to the uniform 25% corporate income tax rate as to their worldwide income (including dividend incomereceived from subsidiaries). Under the Implementation for the CIT Law, “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material and overallmanagement and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and treasury, and acquisition anddisposition of properties and other assets of an enterprise. Under the Notice on the Issues Regarding Recognition of Overseas Incorporated DomesticallyControlled Enterprises as PRC Resident Enterprises Based on the De Facto Management Body Criteria, or Circular 82, which was retroactively effective asof January 1, 2008, an overseas incorporated, domestically-controlled enterprise will be recognized as a PRC resident enterprise if it satisfies certainconditions. Further, the State Administration of Taxation (the “SAT”) issued the Administrative Measures of Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-controlledOffshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or Bulletin 45, which became effective on September 1, 2011, and was amended on April 17, 2015 andJune 28, 2016 , to provide further guidance on the implementation of Circular 82. Bulletin 45 clarified certain issues relating to the determination of PRC taxresident enterprise status, post-determination administration and the authorities responsible for determining offshore-incorporated PRC tax resident enterprisestatus. Bulletin 45 specifies that when provided with a copy of a Chinese tax resident determination certificate issued by the in-charge tax authorities from anoffshore-incorporated PRC tax resident enterprise, the payer should not withhold 10% income tax when paying Chinese-sourced dividends, interest androyalties to the offshore incorporated PRC tax resident enterprise. However, as Circular 82 and Bulletin 45 only apply to enterprises incorporated under lawsof foreign jurisdictions that are controlled by PRC enterprises or groups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine thelocation of “de facto management bodies” for overseas incorporated enterprises that are controlled by individual PRC residents or non-PRC enterprises suchas our company. It is still unclear whether PRC tax authorities would require us to be treated as a PRC resident enterprise. If we are treated as a residententerprise for PRC tax purposes, we will be subject to PRC tax on our worldwide income at the 25% uniform tax rate, which could have an impact on oureffective tax rate and an adverse effect on our net income and results of operations, although dividends distributed from our PRC subsidiaries to us could beexempt from Chinese dividend withholding tax, since such income is exempted under the new CIT Law to a PRC resident recipient. Dividends payable by us to our non-PRC investors and gain on the sale of our ADSs may become subject to taxes under PRC tax laws. Under the Implementation for the CIT Law, a PRC income tax rate of 10% is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-residententerprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business but the relevantincome is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends have their sources within the PRC. Similarly,any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs by such investors is also subject to 10% PRC income tax if such gain is regarded as income derived from sourceswithin the PRC. For non-PRC individual investors, under the PRC Individual Income Law, there could be a PRC income tax at a rate of 20% for suchdividends or gains. If we are considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” it is unclear whether dividends we pay with respect to our ADSs, or the gain you mayrealize from the transfer of our ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and be subject to PRC tax. If we are required under theImplementation for the CIT Law to withhold PRC income tax on dividends payable to our non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” or non-PRCindividuals, or if you are required to pay PRC income tax on the transfer of our ADSs, the value of your investment in our ADSs may be materially andadversely affected. 22 Indirect Transfers of Equity Interests in PRC Tax Resident Enterprises by Non-resident Enterprises May Cause Uncertainty on Tax Liabilities. In accordance with the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on the IndirectTransfers of Properties by Non-Resident Enterprises, which is issued by the State Administration on Taxation on February 3, 2015 and amended on October17, 2017 and December 29, 2017, or Circular 7, where a non-resident enterprise indirectly transfers equity interests or other properties of PRC tax residententerprises, or PRC Taxable Property, to avoid its tax liabilities by implementing arrangements without reasonable commercial purpose, such indirect transfershall be recharacterized and recognized as a direct transfer of PRC Taxable Property. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer and attributable toPRC Taxable Property may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. In the case of an indirect transfer of “property of establishments” of aforeign enterprise in the PRC, the applicable tax rate would be 25%. In addition, as a general principle, the State Administration on Taxation also issued theAdministration of General Anti-Tax Avoidance (Trial Implementation), or GATA, which became effective on February 1, 2015 and empowers the PRC taxauthorities to apply special tax adjustments for “tax avoidance arrangements.” There is uncertainty as to the application of Circular 7 and GATA. For example, it may be difficult to evaluate whether or not the transaction has areasonable commercial purpose, and such evaluation may be based on ambiguous criteria which have not been formally declared or stated by tax authorities.As a result, any of our disposals or acquisitions of the equity interests of non-PRC entities which indirectly hold PRC Taxable Property or any offshoretransaction related to PRC Taxable Property, including potential overseas restructuring, might be deemed an indirect transfer under PRC tax regulations.However, since Circular 7 specifies that it does not apply if a non-resident enterprise obtains the proceeds from indirect transfer of Chinese taxable propertyby trading stocks of a listed foreign enterprise in the open market, for most of our investors, who either are not enterprises, or are non-resident enterprises butonly trade stocks in the open market, they will not be required to pay tax under Circular 7, or GATA. If the value of our brand or image diminishes, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We intend to continue promoting the “Xinyuan” brand in selected cities in our target markets by delivering quality products and attentive real estate-related services to our customers. Our brand is integral to our sales and marketing efforts. Our continued success in maintaining and enhancing our brand andimage depends to a large extent on our ability to satisfy customer needs by further developing and maintaining the quality of our services across ouroperations, as well as our ability to respond to competitive pressures. If we are unable to satisfy customer needs or if our public image or reputation wereotherwise hindered, our business transactions with our customers may decline, which could in turn adversely affect our results of operations. We may be required to record impairment charges in the future. If the projected profitability of a given project deteriorates due to a decline in the pace of unit sales, a decline in selling prices, or some other factor, suchproject is reviewed for possible impairment by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cash flows for the project to its carrying value. If the estimatedfuture undiscounted cash flows are less than the project’s carrying value, the project is written down to its estimated fair value. If business conditionsdeteriorate, there is a potential risk that impairment charges will be recorded, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operation. 23 Any unauthorized use of our brand or trademark may adversely affect our business. We own trademarks for “鑫苑” in the form of Chinese characters and our company logo in the PRC, United States, UK, EU, New Zealand, Australia,Singapore and Korea. We rely on those countries’ intellectual property and anti-unfair competition laws and contractual restrictions to protect brand nameand trademarks. We believe our brand, trademarks and other intellectual property rights are important to our success. Any unauthorized use of our brand,trademarks and other intellectual property rights could harm our competitive advantages and business. Historically, China has not protected intellectualproperty rights to the same extent as the United States or the Cayman Islands, and infringement of intellectual property rights continues to pose a serious riskof doing business in China. Monitoring and preventing unauthorized use is difficult. The measures we take to protect our intellectual property rights may notbe adequate. Furthermore, the application of laws governing intellectual property rights in China and abroad is uncertain and evolving, and could involvesubstantial risks to us. If we are unable to adequately protect our brand, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, our reputation may be harmed andour business may be adversely affected. In the PRC, the registration and protection of a company’s corporate name is regional and limited to its related industry. Although we have registeredour corporate name “Xinyuan” in certain provinces where we operate, we cannot prevent others from registering the same corporate name in other provincesor in other industries. If another company is the first to register “Xinyuan” as its corporate name in a province other than Beijing, Tianjin, Henan Province,Shandong Province, Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, Sichuan Province, Hunan Province, and Shaanxi Province or in another industry, we will have toadopt another corporate name if we plan to enter that market or industry. We may be subject to additional payments of statutory employee benefits. According to PRC laws and local regulations, we are required to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medicalinsurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and childbearing insurance to designated government agents for the benefit of all ouremployees. From time to time, we have utilized seller-financed contracts (under which a homebuyer may pay the purchase price for a residential unit ininstallment payments) as a competitive advantage, and we expect to continue to do so in the foreseeable future. We perform credit checks on homebuyers towhom we offer seller-financed arrangements. However, there is no assurance that the data provided will be completely accurate or current. Moreover, there islimit as to the extensiveness of the investigation we are able to conduct with respect to each homebuyer. Our checks in the past may not have revealed andany checks in the future may not reveal all the matters that an in-depth independent investigation performed by a bank or specialist whose primary businessis credit review could uncover. Our risk of monetary loss under any seller-financed agreement is mitigated by the homebuyer’s deposit we hold as collateral and our retention ofpossession and title to the apartments until the purchase price is paid in full. However, if any homebuyer to whom we have offered seller-financedarrangement defaults, our ability to recognize revenue from the sale of the affected apartment will be delayed, we may incur additional expenses in selling theapartment and our financial results could be adversely affected. Our property development schedule may be delayed and our development costs may increase as a result of delayed governmental demolition andresettlement processes if we were to acquire land requiring demolition of existing properties. According to the Regulations on the Expropriation and Compensation of Houses on State-owned Land, local PRC governments are responsible for theexpropriation and compensation of houses on State-owned land and may authorize entities like us to carry out the expropriation and compensation work.However, in practice, we may be required to pay the corresponding demolition and resettlement costs. If the party subject to expropriation is not satisfiedwith the compensation, an administrative reconsideration or an administrative action can be brought, which may delay the project. Our practice generally hasbeen to acquire land where demolition of existing properties and resettlement of residents is not required. However, if we were to acquire land where suchactions are required, issues in the demolition and resettlement processes may affect our reputation, increase our costs and delay the pre-sales of the relevantproject, which may in turn adversely affect our business, financial position and operational performance. 24 To the extent demolition and resettlement are required in any of our future property developments, we may be required to compensate existing residentsan amount calculated in accordance with local resettlement compensations standards. These local standards may change from time to time without advancenotice. If such compensation standards are changed to increase the compensation we are required to pay, our land acquisition costs may increase, which couldadversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In respect of projects in which the resettlement cost are borne by us, if we or the localgovernment fail to reach an agreement over the amount of compensation with any existing owner or resident, any party may apply to the relevant authoritiesfor a ruling on the compensation amount. Dissenting owners and residents may also refuse to relocate or even initiate legal proceedings to challenge our landuse rights, permits or approvals. Any administrative process, legal proceedings, resistance or refusal to relocate may delay our future project developmentschedules, and an unfavorable final ruling may result in us paying more than the amount required by the local standards or even losing the relevantcertificates, permits or approvals. Any occurrence of the above factors may result in increases in our future development costs or delay the developmentschedule of the relevant project which can adversely affect our cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. We could be adversely affected by potential violations of the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, generally prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments topublic officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Our internal policies mandate compliance with these anti-corruption laws. We operate andretain employees in China, the United States, Malaysia and the UK, and we rely on our management structure, regulatory and legal resources and effectiveoperation of our compliance program to direct, manage and monitor the activities of our employees. Despite our training, oversight and complianceprograms, we cannot assure you that our internal control policies and procedures always will protect us from deliberate, reckless or inadvertent acts of ouremployees or agents that contravene on compliance policies or violate applicable laws. Our continued expansion in China and the United States couldincrease the risk of such violations in the future. Expansion into other countries could expose us to additional anti-bribery or anticorruption laws, and wecould face additional risks if expand our operations into countries where the compliance culture is less robust. Violations of the FCPA, or allegations of suchviolations, could disrupt our business and result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Risks Relating to the Residential Property Industry in China Our operations are highly subject to government policies and regulations in the real estate market. Since 2010 the PRC government has been tightening its control of the real estate market with the aim of curbing increases in property prices while also,since early 2015, trying to stimulate the market to reduce inventory. A number of rules and regulations have been set forth by various PRC authoritiesconcerning the real estate market. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulation — China” for more details on some ofthe PRC regulations. Since 2016, the local governments of several cities in the PRC have implemented a series of measures designed to stabilize the growth of the propertymarket on a more sustainable level. Such tightening measures have affected some of the cities where we operate, including Zhengzhou, Suzhou, Chengdu,Jinan, Tianjin, Beijing, Xi’an and Changsha. These measures regulate various aspects of the property market, including: (i) land acquisition financing (forexample, increase in land bidding deposits in Zhengzhou to 100%), (ii) pre-sale management, (iii) sale price restriction (for example, Suzhou requiresdevelopers to file sale prices at the price filing systems of relevant authorities), (iv) purchaser qualification (for example, a Jinan regulation provides thatlocal residents are eligible to purchase no more than two residential properties while qualified non-residents are eligible to purchase only one residentialproperty) and (v) purchaser financing (for example, Zhengzhou and Suzhou have both raised down-payment ratios for the first and second home owners).These local measures may also cause adverse and material impacts on our business operations and financial results. 25 However, the full effect and extent of these policies on the real estate industry and our business will depend in large part on the implementation andinterpretation of the circulars by governmental agencies, local governments and banks in the real estate industry. The PRC government’s policies andregulatory measures on the PRC real estate sector could limit our access to required financing and other capital resources, adversely affect the propertypurchasers involved’ ability to obtain mortgage financing or significantly increase the cost of mortgage financing, reduce market demand for our propertiesand increase our operating costs. We cannot be certain that the PRC government will not issue additional and more stringent regulations or measures or thatagencies and banks will not adopt restrictive measures or practices in response to PRC governmental policies and regulations, which could substantiallyreduce pre-sales of our properties and cash flow from operations and substantially increase our financing needs, which would in turn materially and adverselyaffect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The PRC government has adopted various measures to regulate foreign investment in the property development industry and may adopt further restrictivemeasures in the future. The PRC government has implemented a number of regulations and measures governing foreign investment in the property development industry. In July 2006, the MOHURD, the National Development and Reform Commission (the “NDRC”), the PBOC, the State Administration for Industry andCommerce, or the SAIC, and the SAFE, issued the Opinions on Regulating the Entry and Administration of Foreign Investment in the Real Estate Market ,which impose significant requirements on foreign investment in the PRC real estate sector. For instance, these opinions set forth requirements for theprocedures to set up an FIREE and the thresholds for a FIREE to borrow domestic or overseas loans. In addition, since June 2007, a FIREE approved by localauthorities is required to file such approvals with the MOFCOM or its provincial branches. We cannot assure that any FIREE that we establish, or whoseregistered capital we increase, will be able to complete the filing procedures with MOFCOM in time or otherwise fully comply with those specificrequirements set for FIREEs. The regulatory restrictions imposed on foreign investment in real estate projects has been and continues to be evolving. Currently, under the SpecialAdministrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2018 Edition), or the List 2018, promulgated by the MOFCOM and the NDRC,which took effect on July 28, 2018, there are no specific restrictions for foreign investment in the real estate industry. However, on March 15, 2019, theNational People's Congress adopted the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, or the FIL, which will become effective on January 1, 2020. The FIL grantsnational treatment to foreign invested entities, except for those foreign invested entities that operate in industries deemed to be either “restricted” or“prohibited” in the “negative list” to be published. As the “negative list” under the FIL has yet to be published, it is unclear as to whether it will differ fromthe List 2018. The PRC government’s restrictive regulations and measures could increase our operating costs in adapting to these regulations and measures, limit ouraccess to capital resources or even restrict our business operations. We cannot be certain that the PRC government will not issue additional and morestringent regulations or measures, which could further adversely affect our business and prospects. We face intense competition from other real estate developers. The property industry in the PRC is highly competitive. In the high-growth tier I and tier II cities we focus on, local and regional property developers areour major competitors, and an increasing number of large state-owned and private national property developers have started entering these markets. Many ofour competitors, especially the state-owned and private national property developers, are well capitalized and have greater financial, marketing and otherresources than we have. Some also have larger land banks, greater economies of scale, broader name recognition, a longer track record and more establishedrelationships in certain markets. In addition, the PRC government’s recent measures designed to reduce land supply has further increased competition forland among property developers. Competition among property developers may result in increased costs for the acquisition of land for development, increased costs for raw materials,shortages of skilled contractors, oversupply of properties, decrease in property prices in certain parts of the PRC, a slowdown in the rate at which newproperty developments will be approved and/or reviewed by the relevant government authorities and an increase in administrative costs for hiring orretaining qualified personnel, any of which may adversely affect our business and financial condition. Furthermore, property developers that are bettercapitalized than we are may be more competitive in acquiring land through the auction process. If we cannot respond to changes in market conditions aspromptly and effectively as our competitors or effectively compete for land acquisitions through the auction systems, our business and financial conditionwill be adversely affected. 26 In addition, risk of property over-supply is increasing in parts of China, where property investment, trading and speculation have become overly active.We are exposed to the risk that in the event of actual or perceived over-supply, property prices may fall drastically, and our revenue and profitability will beadversely affected. Our sales, revenues and operations will be affected if our customers are not able to secure mortgage financing on attractive terms, if at all. A majority of the purchasers of our residential properties rely on mortgages to fund their purchases. If the availability or attractiveness of mortgagefinancing is reduced or limited, many of our prospective customers may not desire or be able to purchase our properties and, as a result, our business, liquidityand results of operations could be adversely affected. Among other factors, the availability and cost of mortgage financing may be affected by changes inPRC regulations or policies or changes in interest rates. The circulars issued by the PRC State Council and related measures taken by local governments andbanks have restricted and may continue to restrict the ability of purchasers to qualify for or obtain mortgage financing. On March 30, 2015, the PBOC, the MOHURD and the CBRC jointly issued the Circular on Issues concerning Individual Residential Mortgage Policiesin an effort to stimulate the market. The circular specifies the minimum down payment is 20% for purchasers of a first residential property for their householdswith their housing fund loans and 40% for the purchasers of a second residential household property with housing fund loans with outstanding mortgageswho apply for another mortgage. On August 27, 2015, the MOHURD, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC (the “MOF”) and the PBOC jointly issued theCircular on Adjusting the Minimum Down Payment for the Purchase of Houses by Individuals with the Housing Fund Loans, which provides that thepurchasers of a second residential household property with housing fund loans are only required to pay a minimum down payment of 20% if all loans aresettled on their first residential property. We cannot predict how long these policies will continue or what other action, if any, the banks in cities in which we operate may take. In addition, from2013, PRC banks have tightened the conditions on which mortgage loans are extended to homebuyers by comparing the anticipated monthly repayment ofthe mortgage loan with the individual borrower’s monthly income and other measures. Therefore, mortgage loans for home buyers have been subject tolonger processing periods or even denied by the banks. We monitor our homebuyers’ outstanding mortgage loans on an ongoing basis via our managementreporting procedures and have taken the position that contracts with underlying mortgage loans with processing periods exceeding one year cannot berecognized as revenue on an over time basis. As a result, we reversed contracted sales of the amounts related to apartments for which mortgage loans withprocessing periods exceeding one year when recognizing revenue on an over time basis. Risks Relating to China PRC economic, political and social conditions as well as government policies can affect our business. The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many aspects, including: ●political structure; ●degree of government involvement; ●degree of development; ●level and control of capital reinvestment; ●control of foreign exchange; and 27 ●allocation of resources. The PRC economy has been transitioning from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. For more than two decades, the PRCgovernment has implemented economic reform measures emphasizing utilization of market forces in the development of the PRC economy. Although webelieve these reforms will have a positive effect on China’s overall and long-term development, we cannot predict whether changes in the PRC economic,political and social conditions, laws, regulations and policies will have any adverse effect on our current or future business, financial condition or results ofoperations. Changes in foreign exchange regulations may adversely affect our ability to transfer funds and subsequently impact the results of our operations. We currently receive most of our revenues from operations in the PRC and such revenues are denominated in RMB. The PRC government regulates theconversion between RMB and foreign currencies. Over the years, the PRC government has significantly reduced its control over routine foreign exchangetransactions under current accounts, including trade and service related foreign exchange transactions and payment of dividends. However, foreign exchangetransactions by our PRC subsidiaries under capital accounts continue to be subject to significant foreign exchange controls and require the approval of, orregistration with, PRC governmental authorities. There can be no assurance that these PRC laws and regulations on foreign investment will not castuncertainties on our financing and operating plans in China. Under current foreign exchange regulations in China, subject to the relevant registration at theSAFE, we will be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies, without prior approval from the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements.However, there can be no assurance that the current PRC foreign exchange policies regarding debt service and payment of dividends in foreign currencieswill continue in the future. Changes in PRC foreign exchange policies might have a negative impact on our ability to service our foreign currency-denominated indebtedness and to distribute dividends to our shareholders in foreign currencies. On March 30, 2015, the SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming the Administration Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement ofForeign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Circular 19 provides that, the conversion of the Renminbi capital fromforeign currency registered capital of foreign-invested enterprises may be at foreign-invested enterprises’ discretion, which means that the foreign currencyregistered capital of foreign-invested enterprises for which the rights and interests of monetary contribution has been confirmed by the local foreign exchangebureau (or the book-entry of monetary contribution has been registered) can be settled at the banks based on the actual operational needs of the enterprises. On June 9, 2016, the SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the control over Foreign Exchange Settlements under CapitalAccounts, or Circular 16. Circular 16 provides that domestic enterprises may go through foreign exchange settlement formalities for their foreign debts attheir discretion. However, Circular 19 and Circular 16 do not materially influence the restriction on the use of foreign currency registered capital for foreign-invested enterprises, including prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using Renminbi capital converted from its foreign currencyregistered capital for expenditures beyond its business scope. PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents limit our ability to inject capital into our PRCsubsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute profits to us or otherwise adversely affect us. On July 4, 2014, the SAFE issued the Circular on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Issues Related to Overseas Investment, Financing andRoundtrip Investment by Domestic Residents through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles , or the Circular 37, which replaced the former circular commonlyknown as “Circular 75” implemented on October 21, 2005. The Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with the competent local SAFE branch inconnection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore special purpose vehicle, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing,with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests. The Circular 37 further requiresamendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capitalcontribution by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests ina special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from makingprofit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may berestricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirementsdescribed above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. 28 Additionally, as a result of uncertainty concerning the reconciliation of these notices with other approval or registration requirements, it remains unclearhow these notices, and any future legislation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevantgovernment authorities. We believe that all of our shareholders who were PRC citizens or residents at the time of our initial public offering completed theirrequired registrations with the SAFE in accordance with Circular 75 before the promulgation of Circular 37 prior to, and immediately after, the completion ofour initial public offering. As a publicly traded company in the United States, we may not at all times know of the identities of all of our beneficial ownerswho are PRC citizens or residents, and we may have little control over either our present or prospective direct or indirect PRC resident beneficial owners orthe outcome of such registration procedures. We cannot assure that the SAFE registrations of our present beneficial owners or future beneficial owners whoare PRC citizens or residents have been or will be amended to reflect, among others, the shareholding information or equity investments required by theCircular 37 and other SAFE requirements, at all times. The failure or inability of these PRC resident beneficial owners to comply with applicable SAFEregistration requirements may subject us to the sanctions described above, including sanctions which may impede our ability to contribute the additionalcapital from our proceeds of any future offerings to our PRC subsidiaries, and our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or distribute profits to us. Interpretation of PRC laws and regulations involves uncertainty. Our core business is conducted within China and is governed by PRC laws and regulations. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes, and priorcourt decisions can only be used as a reference. Since 1979, the PRC government has implemented laws and regulations in relation to economic matters suchas foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade, with a view to developing a comprehensive system ofcommercial law, including laws relating to property ownership and development. However, due to the fact that these laws and regulations have not been fullydeveloped, and because of the limited volume of published cases and the non-binding nature of prior court decisions, interpretation of PRC laws andregulations involves a degree of uncertainty. Some of these laws may be changed without being immediately published or may be amended with retroactiveeffect. Depending on the government agency or how an application or case is presented to such agency, we may receive less favorable interpretations of lawsand regulations than our competitors, particularly if a competitor has long been established in the locality of, and has developed a relationship with, suchagency. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. All theseuncertainties may cause difficulties in the enforcement of our land use rights, entitlements under its permits, and other statutory and contractual rights andinterests. The PRC national and regional economies may be adversely affected by a recurrence of epidemic. Certain areas of China, including the high growth cities where we operate, are susceptible to epidemics such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(“SARS”), avian or swine influenza. A recurrence of SARS, avian or swine influenza or any epidemic in these cities or other areas of China could result inmaterial disruptions to our property developments, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. 29 We may face PRC regulatory risks relating to our equity compensation plans. On February 15, 2012, the SAFE implemented the Notice on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Matters for Domestic Individuals Participating inthe Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Notice. Under the Stock Option Notice, if a PRC resident participates in anyemployee stock incentive plan of an overseas listed company, a qualified domestic PRC agent or the PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company must,among other things, file, on behalf of such individual, an application with the SAFE or its local counterpart to obtain approval for an annual allowance withrespect to the foreign exchange in connection with the stock holding, unit holding, share option exercises, or the holding of other types of equities permittedby PRC law. Concurrently, the qualified domestic PRC agent or the PRC subsidiary must also obtain approval from the SAFE or its local counterpart to opena special foreign exchange account at a PRC domestic bank to hold the funds required in connection with the stock acquisition or option exercise, anyreturned principal or profits upon the sale of shares, any dividends issued on the stock and any other income or expenditures approved by the SAFE or itslocal counterpart. In addition, the PRC agent or the PRC subsidiary is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock options or otherawards granted if there is any material change to the stock options or other awards, the PRC agent or the PRC subsidiary, the overseas listed company, or anyother material changes. If we, or any of these persons mentioned above, fail to comply with the relevant rules or requirements, we may be subject to penalties,and may become subject to more stringent review and approval processes with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as our PRC subsidiaries’dividend payment to us or borrowing foreign currency loans, all of which may adversely affect our business and financial condition. Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is not permitted to be subject to full inspection by the PublicCompany Accounting Oversight Board, and as such, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection. Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the U.S. Securities and ExchangeCommission (the “SEC”) as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company AccountingOversight Board (United States) (the “PCAOB”) is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess itscompliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditor is located in China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB iscurrently unable to conduct full inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditor, like other independent registered public accountingfirms operating in China, is currently not subject to regular full inspections by the PCAOB. Inspection of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and qualitycontrol procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future auditor quality. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct fullinspections of independent registered public accounting firms operating in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s auditprocedures or quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of the PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence inour reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements. We may be adversely affected by the settlement order between the SEC and certain PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registeredpublic accounting firm. In December 2012, the SEC instituted proceedings under Rule 102(e)(1)(iii) of the SEC’s Rules of Practice against five PRC-based accounting firms,including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that these firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulationsthereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ work papers related to their audits of certain PRC-based companies that are publicly traded in theUnited States. Rule 102(e)(1)(iii) grants the SEC the authority to deny to any person, temporarily or permanently, the ability to practice before the SEC whois found by the SEC, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, to have willfully violated any such laws or rules and regulations. On January 22, 2014, aninitial administrative law decision was issued, censuring these accounting firms and suspending four of the five firms from practicing before the SEC for aperiod of six months. Four of these PRC-based accounting firms appealed to the SEC against this decision and, on February 6, 2015, each of the four PRC-based accounting firms agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC.The firms’ ability to continue to serve all their respective clients is not affected by the settlement. The settlement requires the firms to follow detailedprocedures to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the CRSC. If the firms do not follow these procedures, the SECcould impose penalties such as suspensions, or it could restart the administrative proceedings. The settlement did not require the firms to admit to anyviolation of law and preserves the firms’ legal defenses in the event the administrative proceeding is restarted. We are not involved in the proceedingsbrought by the SEC against the accounting firms. However, our independent registered public accounting firm is one of the four accounting firms subject tothe settlement order. We may therefore be adversely affected by any failure of our independent registered public accounting firm to satisfy its obligations inaccordance with the settlement, along with other U.S.-listed companies audited by them. 30 In addition, on May 26, 2015, the MOF issued Notice on the Interim Provisions on the Audits Conducted by Accounting Firms concerning the OverseasListing of Chinese Domestic Companies, or Circular 9, which became effective on July 1, 2015. In accordance with Circular 9, auditors based outside ofChina, including our independent registered public accounting firm, are required to cooperate with mainland Chinese auditors with requisite qualificationsand enter into written arrangements with mainland Chinese auditors in order to conduct audit work for overseas listed mainland Chinese companies, andauditors based outside of China shall undertake the auditing responsibilities which may be incurred. Hence, our independent registered public accountingfirm may need to establish appropriate arrangements with mainland Chinese auditors in order to continue to audit our financial statements, which may bedifficult in light of the SEC’s administrative proceedings and the settlement described above. If our auditor were unable to have alternate support orcooperation arrangements or otherwise were unable to address issues related to the production of documents in accordance with the settlement order in theSEC proceedings and we were unable to timely find another independent registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financialstatements, our financial statements could be determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended(the “Exchange Act”). Such a determination could ultimately lead to delisting of our ADSs from the NYSE or deregistration from the SEC, or both. Risks Related to Our ADSs The market price for our ADSs may be volatile. The market price for our ADSs may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors such as actual or anticipated fluctuations in ourquarterly operating results, changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts, changes in the economic performance or market valuations of otherreal estate developers, announcements by us or our competitors of material acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments,fluctuations of exchange rates between RMB and the U.S. dollar, release of transfer restrictions on our outstanding shares or ADSs, and economic or politicalconditions in China. In addition, the performance and fluctuation in market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China thathave listed their securities in the United States may affect the volatility in the price of and trading volumes of our ADSs. Furthermore, the securities markethas from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. Thesemarket fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. We may raise additional capital through the sale of additional equity or debt securities, which could result in additional dilution to our shareholders, orimpose upon us additional financial obligations. We may require additional cash resources to finance our continued growth or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions wemay decide to pursue. The amount and timing of such additional financing needs will vary depending on the timing of our property developments,investments and/or acquisitions, and the amount of cash flow from our operations. If our resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we mayseek to sell additional equity or debt securities. Sales of additional equity or convertible securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. Theincurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict ouroperations, including our ability to pay dividends or redeem stock. We cannot guarantee that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptableto us, if at all. 31 Substantial future sales or the perception of sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline. Sales of our ADSs or common shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs todecline. As of December 31, 2018, we had 119,805,636 common shares outstanding, including 70,190,346 common shares represented by 35,095,173 ADSs.All ADSs are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “Securities Act”), other thanthose held by affiliates which are subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rule 144 under the Securities Act. The remaining commonshares outstanding are available for sale, subject to any volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rule 144. According to an amended Schedule 13Dfiled by TPG Asia in February 2019, as of such time, TPG Asia held 7,130,648 of our outstanding common shares. We have filed a resale registrationstatement covering the resale in the United States of ADS representing the common shares issued to TPG Asia. The sale or perceived sale of a substantialamount of our ADSs by any principal shareholder could adversely affect the prevailing market price for our ADSs. Such sales or perceived sales also mightmake it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. To the extent that commonshares (in the form of ADSs) are sold into the market, the market price of our ADSs could decline. The interests of our major shareholders may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders. As of April 1, 2019, Mr. Yong Zhang, Chairman of our board of directors, and Ms. Yuyan Yang, also a board member, beneficially owned 26.1% and23.7%, respectively of our share capital. Accordingly, they each have substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers,consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. This concentration ofownership by our major shareholders may result in actions being taken even if opposed by our other shareholders. In addition, it may discourage, delay orprevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale ofour company and might reduce the price of our ADSs. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results orprevent fraud. We are subject to reporting obligations under U.S. securities laws, including the SEC's disclosure rules relating to an effective system of internal controlsover financial reporting and of disclosure controls. If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, our management andour independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting at a reasonableassurance level. Moreover, effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and is important to help preventfraud. As a result, our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability ofour financial statements, which in turn could harm our business and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we have incurred andexpect to continue to incur considerable costs and devote significant management time and efforts and other resources to comply with Section 404 of theSarbanes-Oxley Act. We are a foreign private issuer with the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S.domestic public companies. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations inthe United States that are applicable to United States domestic issuers, including: ●the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current report on Form 8-K; ●the section of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations respect of a security registered under the ExchangeAct; 32 ●the section of the Exchange Act requiring directors, officers and 10% holders to file public reporting of their stock ownership and trading activitiesand imposing liability on insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; ●the selective disclosure rules under Regulation FD restricting issuers from selectively disclosing material nonpublic information. Accordingly, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC is less extensive and less frequent compared to that required to be filedwith the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. We are a foreign private issuer for purposes of the NYSE corporate governance requirements, as a result of which public investors may not have as manyprotections as they would if we were a U.S. domestic public company. As a foreign private issuer, we may rely on home country corporate governance practices instead of certain of the NYSE corporate governancerequirements. We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Under Cayman Islands law we are not required to adopt or maintain certain of theNYSE corporate governance rules. The NYSE requirements with which we are not required to comply include rules requiring that: ●a majority of our board of directors consist of independent directors; ●our compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors; ●our governance and nominating committee be composed entirely of independent directors; ●the members of our audit committee satisfy certain independence criteria in addition to those of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act; ●our shareholders approve the adoption or material revision of any equity compensation plan; and ●our shareholders approve certain issuances of our equity securities. We are currently following home country practice on the requirements described above. Accordingly, a majority of our board of directors is composed ofmanagement or former management directors. Each of our compensation committee and governance and nominating committee include non-independentdirectors. In addition, we are not required to put forward for a shareholder vote new equity plans or change to existing equity plans or other significant shareissuance. For a more detailed discussion of the ways in which our corporate governance differs from that of a U.S. domestic company listed on the NYSE, see“Item 16G. Corporate Governance.” As a result of our use of the “home country practice” exception from the NYSE corporate governance rules, you do nothave same shareholder protections as you would if we were a U.S. domestic public company. We are not required to follow customary practices applicable to U.S. domestic companies with respect to determining and disclosing executivecompensation. As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to many of the corporate governance requirements and disclosure requirements relating to executivecompensation matters under the U.S. securities laws. Under our compensation committee charter, only 50% of members of the committee at any time (lessthan a majority) must be independent of management, while a U.S. domestic issuer is required to form a compensation committee composing entirely ofindependent directors. We are also not required to and do not report compensation of senior management or directors on an individual basis. As a result,investors are not able to access for themselves appropriateness or reasonableness of the amount or form of compensation for individual executives. The SEChas a new adopted rule for disclosure of a chief executive officer pay relative to that of the median total compensation for employees, does not apply toforeign private issuers. 33 We have entered into agreements that provide for the payment of annual bonuses based on a percentage of net income to certain of our executiveofficers. In other cases we have made arrangements or established bonus plans that provide for the payment of performance bonuses to employees, includingexecutive officers, based on assessment of their contributions to our business development, improvement of operation management, and fund financingactivities. These accrual and payments could result in a decrease of our net profit attributable to public shareholders. You may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our common shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise your rightto vote. Holders of our ADSs will not be able to exercise voting rights attaching to the underlying common shares represented by our ADSs on an individualbasis. Holders of our ADSs appoint the depositary or its nominee as their representative to exercise the voting rights attaching to the common sharesrepresented by the ADSs. Holders of ADSs may not receive voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote, and it is possible that you, or personswho hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote. As soon as practicable after thedepositary receives from us a notice of a shareholders’ meeting, the depositary will distribute to registered holders of ADRs a notice stating (a) suchinformation as is contained in such notice and any solicitation materials, (b) that each registered holder on the record date set for such purpose will, subject toany applicable provisions of Cayman Islands law, be entitled to instruct the depositary as to the exercise of the voting rights and (c) the manner in which suchinstructions may be given, including instructions to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us. The depositary will not itself exercise anyvoting discretion in respect of any common shares nor will it provide any instructions with respect to the common shares represented by any ADSs for whichvoting instructions were not timely and properly received. There can be no guarantee that registered holders of ADRs will receive the notice described abovewith sufficient time to enable them to return any voting instructions to the depositary in a timely manner. To the extent you hold your ADSs through a bank,broker or other nominee, you will be relying upon such institutions with respect to voting matters. You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing original actions in China based on UnitedStates or other foreign law against us or our management named in the annual report. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands and conduct substantially all of our operations in China through our wholly-owned subsidiaries in China.Most of our assets are located in China. In addition, many of our directors and senior executive officers reside within China and some or all of the assets ofthose persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may not be possible to effect service of process within the United States or elsewhereoutside China upon our directors and senior executive officers, including with respect to matters arising under U.S. federal securities law or applicable statesecurities law. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the respective law of the Cayman Islands and China may render you unable toenforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. Although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands ofjudgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement orrecognition of such judgments), the courts of the Cayman Islands will, at common law, recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court ofcompetent jurisdiction without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreigncourt imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the liquidated sum for which such judgment has been given, provided such judgment (i) is finaland conclusive, (ii) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty; and (iii) was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which iscontrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained fromthe U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to giverise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrentproceedings are being brought elsewhere. Moreover, the PRC does not have treaties with the United States or many other countries providing for thereciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgment of courts. 34 You may not be able to participate in rights offerings and may experience dilution of your holdings as a result. We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, thedepositary will not offer those rights to ADS holders unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registeredunder the Securities Act or are exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file aregistration statement with respect to any such rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Inaddition, we may not be able to take advantage of any exemptions from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, holders of our ADSs may beunable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in their holdings as a result. You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when itdeems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSsgenerally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deem it advisable to do so because of anyrequirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason. We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and, because judicial precedent regarding the rights of shareholders is more limited under Cayman Islandslaw than under U.S. law, you may have less protection of your shareholder rights than you would under U.S. law. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association and by the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands, as amended fromtime to time, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against our directors and us, actions by minorityshareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of theCayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well asfrom English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and thefiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in theUnited States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States, and provide significantly lessprotection to investors. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action before the federal courts ofthe United States. In mergers and consolidations where the merged company or consolidated company will continue to be a Cayman Islands entity, dissentingshareholders have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands courts)if they follow required procedures, subject to certain exceptions. However, these rights have never been tested before the Cayman Islands court and as aresult, they may not be comparable to the appraisal rights that would ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of a U.S. company. As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against our management,directors or major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States. Our articles of association may contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our common sharesand ADSs. Our amended and restated articles of association contain provisions limiting the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us toengage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at apremium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction.For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix theirdesignations, powers, preferences, privileges and relative participating, optional or special rights and their qualifications, limitations or restrictions,including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rightsassociated with our common shares, in the form of ADSs or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent achange in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of ourADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our common shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. 35 We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to U.S. holdersof our ADSs or common shares. The rules governing passive foreign investment companies (“PFICs”) can have adverse effects for United States federal income tax purposes. The testsfor determining PFIC status for a taxable year depend upon the relative values of certain categories of assets and the relative amounts of certain kinds ofincome. The determination of whether we are a PFIC depends on the particular facts and circumstances (such as the valuation of our assets, includinggoodwill and other intangible assets) and may also be affected by the application of the PFIC rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. Based onour estimated gross income, the average value of our assets, including goodwill and the nature of our business, although not free from doubt, we do notbelieve that we were classified as a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ending December 31, 2018. If we are a PFIC, U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs would be subject to adverse United States federal income tax consequences, such asineligibility for any preferred tax rates on capital gains or on actual or deemed dividends, interest charges on certain taxes treated as deferred, and additionalreporting requirements under United States federal income tax laws and regulations. A U.S. Holder of our ordinary shares or ADSs may be able to mitigatesome of the adverse United States federal income tax consequences described above with respect to owning the ordinary shares or ADSs if we are classified asa PFIC, provided that such U.S. Holder is eligible to make, and validly makes, a “mark-to-market” election. In certain circumstances, a U.S. Holder can make a“qualified electing fund” election to mitigate some of the adverse tax consequences described with respect to an ownership interest in a PFIC by including inincome its share of the PFIC’s income on a current basis. However, we do not currently intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable a U.S.Holder to make a qualified electing fund election. See “Item 10. Additional Information — E. Taxation — U.S. Federal Income Taxation — Passive Foreign Investment Company.” ITEM 4.INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY A.History and Development of the Company We are a Cayman Islands holding company and conduct business primarily through our operating subsidiaries in China and, as to certain operations,non-PRC based subsidiaries. Our company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on March 26, 2007 as an exempted company. Our company operates under Cayman IslandsCompanies Laws (2018 Revision). Our registered address is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, GrandCayman, KY1-1104 Cayman Islands. Our principal executive offices are located at 27/F, China Central Place, Tower II, 79 Jianguo Road, Chaoyang District,Beijing 100025, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is (86) 10 8588-9200. For a discussion of our capital expenditures for the last three fiscal years, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — B. Liquidity andCapital Resources — Capital Expenditures.” The SEC maintains a web site at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants,including us, that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system, Our website is www.xyre.com. The information contained on our websitedoes not form part of this annual report. 36 B.Business Overview We are a real estate developer that strategically focuses on selected high growth cities in China and the United States. Our standardized and scalablemodel emphasizes rapid asset turnover, efficient capital management and strict cost control. We focus on developing large scale quality residential projects, which typically consist of multiple residential buildings that include multi-layerapartment buildings, sub-high-rise apartment buildings or high-rise apartment buildings. Several of our projects include auxiliary services and amenities suchas retail outlets, leisure and health facilities, kindergartens and schools. We also develop small-scale residential properties. Our China developments aim atproviding middle-class consumers with a comfortable and convenient community life. In addition, we provide property management services for ourdevelopments and other real estate-related services to our customers. We acquire development sites in China primarily through public auctions ofgovernment land and acquisitions of entities. We have expanded our business and operations significantly during the past three years. The number of projects we had under construction increasedfrom 21 projects with a total GFA of 4,356,707 square meters as of December 31, 2015, to 29 projects with a total GFA of 4,480,111 square meters as ofDecember 31, 2018. We have 13 additional projects with a total GFA of 3,061,712 square meters under planning as of December 31, 2018. As of December31, 2018, we have completed 52 projects with a total GFA of approximately 7,824,687 square meters and comprising a total of 91,786 units, more than 97.4%of which have been sold. For the three years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, our revenues were US$1,561.6 million, US$1,976.9 million, andUS$2,217.6 million respectively. Our net income for the same periods was US$79.5 million, US$80.1 million, and US$106.0 million respectively. While our primary focus has been in China, we see potential opportunities for residential real estate development in other jurisdictions that might beattractive to both Chinese and U.S. buyers. In 2012, we acquired a 8,094 square meters parcel of land in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, NewYork, for US$54.2 million, on which we built 216 condominium units with a net saleable floor area of approximately 30,855 square meters, the New YorkOosten Project. Our New York Oosten Project started construction in November 2013 and delivered it in December 2016. As of December 31, 2018, theproject has recognized a total revenue of about US$259.3 million from the sales of 176 units out of 216 total units. In January 2016, we also acquired a parcelof land in midtown Manhattan, New York, for US$57.5 million. The land allows for approximately 10,235 square meters gross buildable development. OurHudson Garden project in Manhattan, New York has completed construction up to 6th floor. With design drawing optimization, the total number of unitsincreased from 82 to 92. A total of 29 thousand square feet out of the 38 thousand square feet of commercial space has been leased to the U.S. departmentstore retailer Target with a 20-year lease. In August 2016, we acquired a parcel of land in the Flushing neighborhood of Queens, New York for US$66.0million. The land allows for a mixed use development comprising approximately 30,112 square meters with approved plans. We continue to execute onplanning, governmental approvals, and pre-development of our ground-up development project in Flushing, New York. There is a landmarked theatre on thisland. After the Landmark Protection Committee’s approval on our landmark protection plan, we were awarded with a Certificate of Appropriateness. In 2014, we acquired 100% share of a Malaysian company, which is engaged in land reclamation development for a total of 170 acres (approximately687,966 square meters). The reclamation work was formally commenced in July 2018 and is expected to be completed in the first half of 2020. On March 21, 2018, we acquired from ED Group, a 50% equity stake in MDL, the developer of the Madison Project, via our wholly-owned subsidiaryXinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited for a total consideration of GBP29.5 million equivalent to US$41.4 million. The MadisonProject site extends to 0.38 hectares (or approximately 0.94 acres) and is located adjacent to Canary Wharf, one of Europe’s largest commercial centers.Permission was granted in March 2015 to develop a 53-story building comprised of 423 residential apartments, including 319 private apartments and 104affordable apartments, with approximately 425 square meters of community facilities. Construction is currently underway and completion of the project isexpected to occur during for the third quarter of 2020. As of December 31, 2018, all of the 104 affordable apartments have been pre-sold. Of the remaining319 apartments, 133 apartments have been sold, representing 41.7% of the total number of units. We will continue to seek for high-growth opportunitiesglobally. 37 We also plan to retain and develop commercial portions of some of our properties such as shopping malls, supermarkets or hotels and to lease andmanage those properties ourselves. As of the date of this annual report, we have completed seven of such projects, including Xinyuan Priority LifestyleShopping Center with a total GFA of approximately 47,000 square meters, located in Zhengzhou city, Henan Province, Xi’an Xinyuan MetropolitanShopping Center with a total GFA of approximately 116,000 square meters, located in Xi’an city, Shaanxi Province, Xingyang Xindo Park Shopping Centerwith a total GFA of approximately 15,000 square meters, located in Xingyang city, Henan Province, Changsha Xindo Park Shopping Center with a total GFAof approximately 12,000 square meters, located in Changsha city, Hunan Province, Chengdu Xindo Park Shopping Center with a total GFA of approximately19,000 square meters, located in Chengdu city, Sichuan Province, Zhengzhou Xindo Park Shopping Center with a total GFA of approximately 24,000 squaremeters, located in Zhengzhou city, Henan Province, and Kunshan Xindo Park Shopping Center with a total GFA of approximately 4,000 square meters,located in Kunshan city, Jiangsu Province. As of the date of this annual report, we have three projects under construction in which we will retainapproximately 200,000 square meters of GFA for development as commercial properties held for lease. Our Markets We currently operate in 18 markets in China - Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chengdu in Sichuan Province, Hefei in Anhui Province, Jinan and Qingdao inShandong Province, Suzhou, Kunshan and Xuzhou in Jiangsu Province, Zhengzhou in Henan Province, Changsha in Hunan Province, Sanya in HainanProvince, Xi’an in Shaanxi Province, Zhuhai in Guangdong Province, Dalian in Liaoning Province, Wuhan in Hubei Province and Huzhou in ZhejiangProvince. During 2018, we also operated in three locations in the United States - Irvine, California; Reno, Nevada; the neighborhoods of Williamsburg,Brooklyn and Flushing, Queens, New York; and in Malaysia. 38 The following table sets forth the numbers of our projects and the total GFA in each location indicated as of December 31, 2018: PropertiesunderConstruction(m 2) Propertiesunderplanning (m 2) Propertiesheld forsale (m 2) Completedprojects (m 2) Totalnumberof projects TotalGFA (m 2) China Beijing – 102,300 – 133,096 2 235,396 Chengdu 742,626 – – 651,419 4 1,394,045 Zhengzhou 2,127,366 1,813,800 – 3,208,998 46 7,150,164 Jinan 566,496 – – 1,191,703 7 1,758,199 Hefei – – – 145,455 1 145,455 Suzhou 88,504 75,100 – 781,456 9 945,060 Kunshan 107,919 – – 867,536 4 975,455 Xuzhou 130,657 – – 101,762 2 232,419 Sanya – – – 117,583 1 117,583 Shanghai – – – 57,770 1 57,770 Changsha 163,408 – – 251,057 3 414,465 Xi’an – 226,000 – 285,997 2 511,997 Zhuhai – 70,000 – – 1 70,000 Tianjin 283,753 – – – 2 283,753 Qingdao 155,202 380,000 – – 2 535,202 Dalian 103,945 44,500 – – 2 148,445 Wuhan – 185,000 – – 1 185,000 Huzhou – 134,900 – – 1 134,900 Sub Total 4,469,876 3,031,600 – 7,793,832 91 15,295,308 United States Irvine (1) – – 2,865 – 1 2,865 Nevada (2) – – N/A – 1 N/A New York 10,235 30,112 – 30,855 3 71,202 Total 4,480,111 3,061,712 2,865 7,824,687 96 15,369,375 (1)The finished condominium project is located in Irvine, California, United States. We acquired 15 units with a total GFA of 2,865 square meters of thetotal 72 units from a major United States developer in August 2012. All units were sold as of December 31, 2015. (2)Northern Nevada Land Portfolio is a project portfolio comprised of 325 finished lots and 185 acres of undeveloped land at eight different sites in thenorthern Nevada region near the Reno-Spark metropolitan area. All lots and acres were sold as of December 31, 2015. 39 For a discussion of revenues from each geographical segment in each of 2016, 2017 and 2018, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review andProspects — A. Operating Results — Discussion of Segment Operations.” Our Property Projects Overview We offer the following four main types of real estate property products: ●multi-layer apartment buildings, which, in China, are typically 6 stories or less and normally require 9 to 12 months to construct after we obtain therelated construction permit; ●sub-high-rise apartment buildings, which, in China, are typically to 11 stories and normally require 12 to 18 months to construct after we obtain therelated construction permit; ●high-rise apartment buildings, which, in China, are typically 12 to 33 stories and normally require 18 to 24 months to construct after we obtain therelated construction permit; and ●offices, mixed-use and commercial properties which we have offered since 2012. Our projects are in one of the following five stages: ●properties under construction, comprising properties for which the construction permits have been obtained; ●properties under planning, comprising properties for which we have entered into land grant contracts and are in the process of obtaining therequired permits to begin construction; ●completed projects, comprising projects for which construction has been completed; ●properties held for lease, comprising projects for which construction has been completed and which we plan to hold and manage and; ●properties held for sale, comprising land and properties which we purchase and hold for sale. 40 Properties under Construction and Properties under Planning The following table sets forth each of our properties currently under construction or planning as of December 31, 2018: Project Name Location Type ofProducts (1) ConstructionCommencementDate Pre-saleCommencementDate (2) TotalSite Area (m 2) TotalGFA (m 2) TotalNumber OfUnits (3) Number OfUnits Sold GFASold (m 2) Xingyang Splendid II Zhengzhou MU 12/2014 12/2014 60,556 137,076 1,575 1,286 83,550 Jinan Royal Palace Jinan H 02/2014 06/2014 140,155 449,482 6,512 5,059 427,171 Xuzhou Colorful City Xuzhou M/H 06/2013 11/2013 45,046 130,657 1,453 1,248 121,563 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I Tianjin M/H 10/2015 10/2015 131,021 139,173 1,050 1,045 131,242 Zhengzhou International New City I Zhengzhou H 08/2016 09/2016 89,088 360,714 3,135 3,046 338,454 Henan Xin Central II Zhengzhou H 09/2016 10/2016 37,126 109,521 1,360 1,128 103,827 Xingyang Splendid III Zhengzhou H 06/2017 06/2017 47,709 121,143 1,518 1,051 115,842 Changsha Mulian Royal Palace Changsha H 05/2017 08/2017 32,158 91,151 694 694 91,151 Zhengzhou International New City II Zhengzhou H 07/2017 08/2017 41,821 176,038 1,558 1,495 163,234 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (North) Zhengzhou C 05/2017 10/2017 30,175 108,724 3,070 2,357 84,651 Zhengzhou International New City III A Zhengzhou H 11/2017 12/2017 22,225 96,018 864 862 95,379 Hudson Garden project New York S 07/2017 04/2019 2,323 10,235 92 - - Changsha Furong Thriving Family Changsha MU 07/2017 07/2018 23,418 72,257 705 701 71,824 Kunshan Xinyu Jiayuan Kunshan MU 12/2017 09/2018 18,068 107,919 874 230 23,669 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace II Tianjin M/H 10/2015 01/2018 133,499 144,580 1,076 417 53,076 Zhengzhou International New City III B Zhengzhou H 11/2017 04/2018 26,102 118,780 1,336 1,320 116,223 Zhengzhou International New City III D Zhengzhou H/C 08/2017 06/2018 15,119 46,074 448 443 43,693 Zhengzhou Hangmei International WisdomCity I Zhengzhou H 03/2018 05/2018 73,300 133,524 1,538 691 65,129 Chengdu Xinyuan City Chengdu MU 06/2018 09/2018 200,906 742,626 TBD 590 74,093 Xingyang Splendid IV Zhengzhou H 05/2018 09/2018 9,976 22,032 254 239 20,749 Qingdao Royal Dragon Bay Qingdao MU 08/2018 11/2018 64,442 155,202 506 136 20,512 Jinan Royal Spring Bay Jinan M/H 09/2018 12/2018 69,587 117,014 1,925 151 18,217 Xinyuan Golden Water View City Zhengzhou H/C 10/2017 11/2018 45,067 338,759 6,558 395 32,643 Zhengzhou Fancy City III Zhengzhou H 03/2018 10/2018 27,599 80,625 747 430 16,774 Zhengzhou International New City III C Zhengzhou H 06/2018 10/2018 27,231 79,920 1,749 1,022 28,551 Zhengzhou International New City IV Zhengzhou H 09/2018 12/2018 50,964 198,418 1,710 81 9,267 Suzhou Galaxy Bay Suzhou H/C 07/2018 12/2018 21,183 76,546 718 241 24,350 Suzhou Gusu Shade I Suzhou M 09/2018 11/2018 10,063 11,958 78 1 123 Dalian International Health TechnologyTown I Dalian M/H 10/2018 12/2018 58,740 103,945 933 8 900 Subtotal 1,554,667 4,480,111 44,036 26,367 2,375,857 41 Tongzhou Xinyuan Royal Palace Beijing H TBD TBD 46,769 102,300 TBD – – Xinyuan Chang’an Royal Palace Xi'an MU TBD TBD 80,673 226,000 TBD – – Zhengzhou International New City (pending staging) Zhengzhou TBD TBD TBD 206,728 1,393,100 TBD – – Zhuhai Xin World Zhuhai MU TBD TBD 14,107 70,000 TBD – – Lingshan Bay Dragon Seal Qingdao M/H TBD TBD 340,400 380,000 TBD – – Zhengzhou Hangmei Project (pending staging) Zhengzhou TBD TBD TBD 205,201 192,700 TBD – – Wuhan Canglong Royal Palace Wuhan MU TBD TBD 53,787 185,000 TBD – – Suzhou Gusu Shade II Suzhou M TBD TBD 10,219 12,100 TBD – – Dalian International Health Technology Town II Dalian M/H TBD TBD 37,078 44,500 TBD – – Huzhou Silk Town* Huzhou MU TBD TBD 84,166 134,900 TBD – – Xingyang Splendid New Project Zhengzhou H TBD TBD 34,308 228,000 TBD – – Suzhou Suhe Bay ** Suzhou H TBD TBD 16,627 63,000 TBD – – Flushing Project New York MU TBD TBD 3,895 30,112 TBD – – Subtotal 1,133,958 3,061,712 Total 2,688,625 7,541,823 44,036 26,367 2,375,857 (1)“ M ” refers to multi-layer buildings, “ H ” refers to high-rise buildings, “ S ” refers to sub-high-rise buildings, “ C ” refers to commercial properties and “MU ” refers to office, mixed-use and commercial properties. (2)Pre-sale commencement dates refer to dates on which we began or expect to begin pre-sale activities after receiving the relevant pre-sale permits. (3)“ TBD ” refers to “to be determined” as of December 31, 2018. *The Company owns 78.46% equity interest in a joint venture, Huzhou Xinhong Town Construction and Development Co., Ltd. which develops HuzhouSilk Town. The Company accounts for its investment under the equity method. **The Company owns 16.66% equity interest in a joint venture, Suzhou Hengwan Real Estate Co., Ltd. which develops Suzhou Suhe Bay. The Companyaccounts for its investment under the equity method. 42 Properties under Construction Zhengzhou, Henan Province Xingyang Splendid II. The land is located south of Zhengshang Road in Xingyang. This project covers a site area of 60,556 square meters and isexpected to have a total GFA of 137,076 square meters, of which 120,027 square meters are for high-rise buildings and 17,049 square meters are for retailstores. We acquired the site of 7,577 square meters in November 2013 and 52,979 square meters in August 2014, commenced construction of this project inDecember 2014, and began to deliver units in 2017. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,575 units. We started pre-sales in December 2014, and asof December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,286 units with a total GFA of 83,550 square meters. Xingyang Splendid III. The land is located south of Zhengshang Road in Xingyang. This project covers a site area of 47,709 square meters and isexpected to have a total GFA of 121,143 square meters, of which 117,535 square meters are for high-rise buildings and 3,608 square meters are for retailstores. We acquired the site in September 2013, commenced construction in June 2017, and expect to deliver units in August 2019. This project, whencompleted, will consist of 1,518 units. We started pre-sales in June 2017. As of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,051 units with a total GFA of 115,842square meters. Henan Xin Central II. The land is located south of Bairong Road and Xingyuan Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 37,126 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 109,521 square meters, of which 92,686 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 3,947 square meters are forretail stores, 1,654 square meters are for basements and 11,234 square meters are for public rental housing. We acquired the site in December 2014,commenced construction in September 2016, and expect to deliver units in 2018. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,360 units. We started pre-sales in October 2016, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,128 units with a total GFA of 103,827 square meters. Zhengzhou Fancy City II (North). The land is located west of Songshan Road within the 4th Ring Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of30,175 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 108,724 square meters, of which 100,380 square meters are for multi-layer buildings and 8,344square meters are for retail stores. We acquired the site in April 2016, commenced construction in May 2017, and expect to deliver units in 2019. Thisproject, when completed, will consist of 3,070 units. We started pre-sales in October 2017, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 2,357 units with a totalGFA of 84,651 square meters. Zhengzhou International New City I. The land is located within the south 3rd Ring Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 89,088 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 360,714 square meters, of which 292,330 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 21,896 square meters are forretail stores , 36,789 for public rental housing and 9,699 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in February 2016, commenced construction inAugust 2016, and expect to deliver units in 2018. This project, when completed, will consist of 3,135 units. We started pre-sales in September 2016, and as ofDecember 31, 2018, we had sold 3,046 units with a total GFA of 338,454 square meters. Zhengzhou International New City II. The land is located within the south 3rd Ring Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 41,821 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 176,038 square meters, of which 159,563 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 12,708 square meters are forretail stores and 3,767 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in July 2016, commenced construction in July 2017, and expect to deliver unitsin 2019. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,558 units. We started pre-sale in August 2017, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,495 unitswith a total GFA of 163,234 square meters. Zhengzhou International New City III A. The land is located within the south 3rd Ring Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 22,225square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 96,018 square meters, of which 95,504 square meters are for high-rise buildings and 514 square metersare for retail stores. We acquired the site in May 2017, commenced construction in November 2017, and expect to deliver units in 2020. This project, whencompleted, will consist of 864 units. We started pre-sale in December 2017, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 862 units with a total GFA of 95,379square meters. 43 Zhengzhou International New City III B. The land is located within the south 3rd Ring Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 26,102square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 118,780 square meters, of which 118,780 square meters are for high-rise buildings. We acquired the sitein May 2017, commenced construction in November 2017, and expect to deliver units in 2020. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,336 units. Westarted pre-sale in April 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,320 units with a total GFA of 116,223 square meters. Zhengzhou International New City III D. The land is located within the south 3rd Ring Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 15,119square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 46,074 square meters, of which 44,293 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 885 square meters arefor retail stores, and 896 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in August 2016, commenced construction in August 2017, and expect todeliver units in 2020. This project, when completed, will consist of 448 units. We started pre-sale in June 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold443 units with a total GFA of 43,693 square meters. Zhengzhou Hangmei International Wisdom City I. The land is located in Xinzheng District in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 73,300 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 133,524 square meters, of which 133,524 square meters are for high-rise buildings. We acquired the site inDecember 2017, commenced construction in March 2018, and expect to deliver units in 2020 This project, when completed, will consist of 1,538 units. Westarted pre-sale in May 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 691 units with a total GFA of 65,129 square meters. Xingyang Splendid IV. The land is located southwest of Guangwu Road and Wangcun Road in Xingyang. This project covers a site area of 9,976 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 22,032 square meters, of which 22,032 square meters are for high-rise buildings. We acquired the site inSeptember 2014, commenced construction in May 2018, and expect to deliver units in 2021. This project, when completed, will consist of 254 units. Westarted pre-sales in September 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we had sold 239 units with a total GFA of 20,749 square meters. Xinyuan Golden Water View City. The land is located Heizhuzhuang of Jinshui District in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 45,067 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 338,759 square meters, of which 299,930 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 24,322 square meters are forpublic rental housing, 3,113 square meters are for retail stores, and 11,394 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in June 2017, commencedconstruction in October 2017, and expect to deliver units in 2021. This project, when completed, will consist of 6,558 units. We started pre-sales inNovember 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we had sold 395 units with a total GFA of 32,643 square meters. Zhengzhou Fancy City III. The land is located west of Songshan Road within the 4th Ring Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 27,599square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 80,625 square meters, of which 78,075 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 1,060 square meters arefor retail stores, and 1,490 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in December 2017, commenced construction in March 2018, and expect todeliver units in 2020. This project, when completed, will consist of 747 units. We started pre-sales in October 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we had sold430 units with a total GFA of 16,774 square meters. Zhengzhou International New City III C. The land is located within the south 3rd Ring Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 27,231square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 79,920 square meters, of which 74,327 square meters are for high-rise buildings, and 5,593 square metersare for retail stores. We acquired the site in February 2017, commenced construction in June 2018, and expect to deliver units in 2021. This project, whencompleted, will consist of 1,749 units. We started pre-sale in October 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,022 units with a total GFA of 28,551square meters. Zhengzhou International New City IV. The land is located within the south 3rd Ring Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 50,964 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 198,418 square meters, of which 192,533 square meters are for high-rise buildings, and 5,885 square meters arefor retail stores. We acquired the site in May 2018, commenced construction in September 2018, and expect to deliver units in 2021. This project, whencompleted, will consist of 1,710 units. We started pre-sale in December 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 81 units with a total GFA of 9,267square meters. 44 Jinan, Shandong Province Jinan Royal Palace. The land is located south of Qingyuan Road and east of Lashanhe Road in the Huaiyin District in Jinan. This project covers a sitearea of 140,155 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 449,482 square meters, of which 399,888 square meters are for high-rise buildings,26,081 square meters are for retail stores and 23,513 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in November 2013, commenced construction ofthis project in February 2014, and began to deliver units in 2016. This project, when completed, will consist of 6,512 units. We started pre-sales in June 2014,and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 5,059 units with a total GFA of 427,171 square meters. Jinan Royal Spring Bay. The land is located in Zhangqiu District in Zhangqiu. This project covers a site area of 69,587 square meters and is expected tohave a total GFA of 117,014 square meters, of which 83,484 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 27,778 square meters are for multi-layer buildings, 987square meters are for retail stores and 4,765 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in June 2018, commenced construction of this project inSeptember 2018, and expect to deliver units in 2020. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,925 units. We started pre-sales in December 2018, and asof December 31, 2018, we had sold 151 units with a total GFA of 18,217 square meters. Qingdao, Shandong Province Qingdao Royal Dragon Bay. The land is located in Huangdao District in Qingdao. This project covers a site area of 64,442 square meters and is expectedto have a total GFA of 155,202 square meters, of which 119,124 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 2,823 square meters are for retail stores, and 33,255square meters are for multi-layer buildings. We acquired the site in July 2018, commenced construction in August 2018, and expect to deliver units in 2021.This project, when completed, will consist of 506 units. We started pre-sales in November 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 136 units with atotal GFA of 20,512 square meters. Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province Xuzhou Colorful City. The land is located south of Kuangshan Road in the Quanshan District in Xuzhou. This project covers a site area of 45,046 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 130,657 square meters, of which 17,600 square meters are for multi-layer buildings, 93,514 square meters are forhigh-rise buildings, 7,024 square meters are for retail stores and 12,519 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in December 2011, commencedconstruction of this project in June 2013, and began to deliver units in 2016. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,453 units. We started pre-sales inNovember 2013, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,248 units with a total GFA of 121,563 square meters. Kunshan, Jiangsu Province Kunshan Xinyu Jiayuan. The land is located in Huaqiao District South of Kunshan. This project covers a site area of 18,068 square meters and isexpected to have a total GFA of 107,919 square meters, of which 103,035 square meters are for high-rise buildings, and 4,884 square meters are for officebuildings. We acquired the site in July 2017, commenced construction of this project in December 2017, and expect to deliver units in 2020. This project,when completed, will consist of 874 units. We started pre-sales in September 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 230 units with a total GFA of23,669 square meters. Suzhou, Jiangsu Province Suzhou Galaxy Bay. The land is located in Taicang District in Suzhou. It will cover a site area of 21,183 square meters and is expected to have a totalGFA of 76,546 square meters, of which 73,452 square meters are for high-rise buildings, and 3,094 square meters are for retail stores. We acquired the site inDecember 2017, commenced construction of this project in July 2018, and expect to deliver units in 2020. This project, when completed, will consist of 718units. We started pre-sales in December 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 241 units with a total GFA of 24,350 square meters. 45 Suzhou Gusu Shade I. The land is located in Gusu District in Suzhou. It will cover a site area of 10,063 square meters and is expected to have a total GFAof 11,958 square meters, of which 11,958 square meters are for multi-layer buildings. We acquired the site in March 2018, commenced construction of thisproject in September 2018, and expect to deliver units in 2020. This project, when completed, will consist of 78 units. We started pre-sales in November2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1 units with a total GFA of 123 square meters. Changsha, Hunan Province Changsha Mulian Royal Palace project. The land is located in the Yuhua District of Changsha. This project covers a site area of 32,158 square metersand is expected to have a total GFA of 91,151 square meters, of which 57,111 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 32,432 square meters are for multi-layer building and 1,608 square meters are for retail stores. We acquired the site in October 2016, commenced construction in May 2017, and expect todeliver units in August 2019. This project consisted of 694 units. We started pre-sales in August 2017, and all of the 694 units have been sold. Changsha Furong Thriving Family. The land is located in Shanmu Road of East Coast Town in Changsha. This project covers a site area of 23,418square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 72,257 square meters of which 69,729 square meters are for high-rise buildings, and 2,528 square metersare for retail stores. We acquired the site in January 2017, commenced construction of the project in July 2017, and expect to deliver units in 2020. Thisproject, when completed, will consist of 705 units. We started pre-sales in July 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 701 units with a total GFA of71,824 square meters. Tianjin Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I. The land is located in Sicundian Town in the Wuqing District of Tianjin. This project covers a site area of 131,021 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 139,173 square meters, of which 73,383 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 4,902 square meters are forretail stores, and 60,888 square meters are for multi-layer buildings. We acquired the site in November 2014, commenced construction in October 2015, andbegan to deliver units in 2017. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,050 units. We started pre-sales in October 2015, and as of December 31, 2018,we had sold 1,045 units with a total GFA of 131,242 square meters. Tianjin Spring Royal Palace II. The land is located in Sicundian Town in the Wuqing District of Tianjin. This project covers a site area of 133,499square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 144,580 square meters, of which 71,602 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 1,290 square metersare for retail stores, and 71,688 square meters are for multi-layer buildings. We acquired the site in November 2014, commenced construction in October2015, and expect to deliver units in 2020. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,076 units. We started pre-sales in January 2018, and as of December31, 2018, we had sold 417 units with a total GFA of 53,076 square meters. Chengdu, Sichuan Province Chengdu Xinyuan City. The land is located in Pidu District in Chengdu. This project covers a site area of 200,906 square meters and is expected to havea total GFA of 742,626 square meters, of which 709,340 square meters are for high-rise buildings, and 33,286 square meters are for retail stores. We acquiredthe site in December 2017, commenced construction in June 2018, and expect to deliver units in 2020. We started pre-sales in September 2018, and as ofDecember 31, 2018, we had sold 590 units with a total GFA of 74,093 square meters. Dalian, Liaoning Province Dalian International Health Technology Town I. The land is located in Lvshunkou District in Dalian. This project covers a site area of 58,740 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 103,945 square meters, of which 68,793 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 5,112 square meters are forretail stores, 27,075 square meters are for multi-layer buildings and 2,965 square meters are for public rental housing. We acquired the site in August 2018,commenced construction in October 2018, and expect to deliver units in 2020. This project, when completed, will consist of 933 units. We started pre-salesin December 2018, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 8 units with a total GFA of 900 square meters. 46 U.S. Hudson Garden project. The land is located on 10th Avenue and between 44th Street and 45th Street in Manhattan, New York. This project is expectedto have a total GFA of 10,235 square meters. We acquired the site in April 2016 and commenced construction in July 2017. This project, when completed,will consist of 92 units. We anticipate starting pre-sales in the second half of 2019. Properties under Planning Tongzhou Xinyuan Royal Palace. The land is located in Liyuan Town in the southern area of Tongzhou District in Beijing, and is currently underplanning. It will cover a site area of 46,769 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 102,300 square meters. We acquired the site in April 2016. Xinyuan Chang’an Royal Palace. The land is located southwest corner of Shenzhou 3th Road and Aerospace Middle Road in Xi’an Aerospace Base, andis currently under planning. It will cover a site area of 80,673 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 226,000 square meters. We acquired thesite in May 2017. Zhengzhou International New City (pending staging). The land is located within the south 3rd Ring Road in Zhengzhou, and is currently underplanning. It will cover a site area of 206,728 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 1,393,100 square meters. We acquired the site in 2017. Zhuhai Prince Project. The land is located in Jida of Xiangzhou District in Zhuhai. It will cover a site area of 14,107 square meters and is expected tohave a total GFA of 70,000 square meters. We acquired the site in June 2017. Lingshan Bay Dragon Seal. The land is located in Huangdao District in Qingdao. It will cover a site area of 340,400 square meters and is expected tohave a total GFA of 380,000 square meters. We acquired the site in July 2017. Zhengzhou Hangmei Project (pending staging). The land is located in Xinzheng District in Zhengzhou. It will cover a site area of 205,201 square metersand is expected to have a total GFA of 192,700 square meters. We acquired the site in December 2017. Wuhan Canglong Royal Palace. The land is located in Jiangxia District in Wuhan. It will cover a site area of 53,787 square meters and is expected tohave a total GFA of 185,000 square meters. We acquired the site in May 2018. Suzhou Gusu Shade II. The land is located in Gusu District in Suzhou. It will cover a site area of 10,219 square meters and is expected to have a totalGFA of 12,100 square meters. We acquired the site in April 2018. Dalian International Health Technology Town II. The land is located in Lvshunkou District in Dalian. It will cover a site area of 37,078 square metersand is expected to have a total GFA of 44,500 square meters. We acquired the site in August 2018. Huzhou Silk Town. The land is located in Wuxing District in Huzhou. It will cover a site area of 84,166 square meters and is expected to have a total GFAof 134,900 square meters. We acquired the site in November 2018. Xingyang Splendid New Project. The land is located in Wangcun Road in Xingyang. It will cover a site area of 34,308 square meters and is expected tohave a total GFA of 228,000 square meters. We acquired the site in November 2018. 47 Suzhou Suhe Bay. The land is located in Wujiang District in Suzhou. It will cover a site area of 16,627 square meters and is expected to have a total GFAof 63,000 square meters. We acquired the site in October 2017. U.S. Flushing Project. The land is located at 135-35 Northern Blvd in Flushing, Queens, New York, and is currently under planning. It is expected tohave a total GFA of 30,112 square meters. We acquired the site in August 2016. 48 Completed Projects The following table sets forth each of our completed projects as of December 31, 2018. Project Name Location Type ofProducts CompletionDate Total SiteArea (m 2 ) TotalGFA (m 2 ) TotalNumber ofUnits Numberof UnitsSold GFASold (m 2 ) Zhengzhou Longhai Star Garden Zhengzhou M/H/S 12/2000 11,719 39,975 239 239 39,975 Zhengzhou Xinyuan Splendid: Zhengzhou Xinyuan Splendid 1A Zhengzhou M/S 07/2002 35,444 62,623 484 484 62,623 Zhengzhou Xinyuan Splendid 1B Zhengzhou M 04/2004 21,800 43,673 333 333 43,673 Zhengzhou Xinyuan Splendid 2A Zhengzhou M 04/2003 23,460 39,996 271 271 39,996 Zhengzhou Xinyuan Splendid 2B Zhengzhou M 06/2004 19,295 27,041 86 86 27,041 Zhengzhou Xinyuan Splendid 2C Zhengzhou S 04/2004 9,968 21,748 132 132 21,748 Zhengzhou Xinyuan Splendid 3A3B3C Zhengzhou M/S 08/2005 51,014 114,774 792 792 114,774 Zhengzhou Xinyuan Splendid Haojinge Zhengzhou H 11/2004 8,298 31,089 166 166 31,089 Zhengzhou Xinyuan Splendid CityHomestead Zhengzhou M 08/2005 23,606 45,378 369 369 45,378 Zhengzhou Xinyuan Splendid Subtotal 192,885 386,322 2,633 2,633 386,322 Zhengzhou City Manor Zhengzhou M 03/2006 63,089 118,716 1,633 1,633 118,716 Zhengzhou City Family Zhengzhou M 12/2006 21,380 39,226 720 720 39,226 Zhengzhou Central Garden-East Zhengzhou M/H/S 09/2007 60,849 165,206 1,624 1,624 165,206 Zhengzhou Central Garden-West Zhengzhou M/H/S 09/2007 79,464 190,384 1,796 1,796 190,384 Jinan City Family Jinan M 11/2007 47,411 61,065 785 785 61,065 Suzhou Lake Splendid Suzhou M/H/S 01/2009 130,945 198,113 2,326 2,326 198,113 Hefei Wangjiang Garden Hefei M/H 04/2009 51,939 145,455 1,649 1,649 145,455 Suzhou Colorful Garden Suzhou M/H 04/2009 41,365 81,506 970 970 81,506 Jinan Elegant Scenery Jinan H/S 06/2009 61,502 100,386 1,127 1,127 100,386 Zhengzhou Finance Square Zhengzhou H 06/2009 8,410 67,225 917 917 67,225 Zhengzhou Yipin Xiangshan Phase I Zhengzhou M/S 12/2009 57,289 94,249 979 979 94,249 Jinan International City Garden Jinan H/S 01/2010 93,928 263,771 4,672 4,639 262,689 Zhengzhou Xinyuan Colorful Garden Zhengzhou M/H 01/2010 74,462 191,781 2,233 2,233 191,781 Xuzhou Colorful Garden Xuzhou M/H 01/2012 46,777 101,762 858 858 101,762 Suzhou International City Garden Suzhou H 12/2011 119,089 204,872 2,436 2,435 204,147 Chengdu Xinyuan Splendid I Chengdu H 06/2011 34,007 231,032 4,081 4,081 231,032 Chengdu Xinyuan Splendid II Chengdu H 10/2012 30,497 217,009 2,782 2,782 217,009 Zhengzhou Modern City Zhengzhou H/S 12/2012 60,556 231,780 2,934 2,934 231,780 Kunshan International City Garden Kunshan M/H 12/2012 200,008 497,939 5,133 5,132 497,939 Zhengzhou Yipin Xiangshan Phase II Zhengzhou M/S 01/2013 81,345 200,158 2,209 2,209 200,158 Zhengzhou Century East A Zhengzhou M/H 12/2013 22,418 76,579 765 764 76,398 Zhengzhou Century East B Zhengzhou H 08/2013 51,372 166,462 1,709 1,707 166,462 Zhengzhou Royal Palace Zhengzhou M/H 06/2014 45,716 135,920 2,061 2,061 135,920 Suzhou Xin City Suzhou H 09/2015 51,246 127,291 1,334 1,334 127,291 Jinan Xinyuan Splendid Jinan M/H 10/2015 200,180 572,071 7,387 7,371 564,678 Beijing Xindo Park Beijing MU 11/2015 57,862 133,096 1,446 1,397 124,023 Zhengzhou Xin City Zhengzhou H 03/2016 61,078 210,724 2,639 2,518 206,631 Xingyang Splendid I Zhengzhou H 03/2016 40,782 115,431 1,427 1,102 106,967 Zhengzhou Thriving Family Zhengzhou H 04/2016 44,169 131,510 1,913 1,518 129,294 Suzhou Lake Royal Palace Suzhou M/H 06/2016 114,624 169,674 1,569 1,567 169,650 Shanghai Royal Palace Shanghai H 07/2016 28,600 57,770 622 535 46,406 Chengdu Thriving Family Chengdu H 08/2017 75,008 203,378 2,515 2,462 198,101 Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1 Sanya MU 10/2017 78,765 117,583 1,605 1,322 100,738 Kunshan Royal Palace Kunshan M/S/H 11/2017 145,776 280,594 2,658 2,603 278,921 Changsha Xinyuan Splendid Changsha H/C 12/2017 89,460 251,057 2,952 2,909 248,910 Xi’an Metropolitan Xi’an MU 11/2017 85,118 285,997 2,602 2,440 268,958 Jinan Xin Central Jinan MU 11/2017 51,352 194,410 2,715 2,488 183,295 Zhengzhou Xindo Park Zhengzhou C 12/2018 40,218 134,391 2,170 2,146 131,999 Henan Xin Central I Zhengzhou H 09/2018 86,781 262,208 3,177 2,997 252,388 Zhengzhou Fancy City I Zhengzhou H 12/2018 50,656 166,686 1,725 1,461 160,247 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (South) Zhengzhou H 12/2018 27,486 84,065 766 765 81,864 Kunshan Xindo Park Kunshan H/C 10/2018 47,523 89,003 1,077 1,052 87,951 New York Oosten New York S 12/2016 8,094 30,855 216 176 21,549 Total 3,073,200 7,824,687 91,786 89,396 7,694,766 49 As of December 31, 2018, we have completed 52 projects with a total GFA of approximately 7,824,687 square meters and comprising a total of 91,786units, more than 97.4% of which have been sold. The status of completed projects in the last three years is discussed below Zhengzhou Xin City. The land is located south of Yongping Road and east of Kangping Road in the New-East-Zheng District of Zhengzhou. This projectcovers a site area of 61,078 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 210,724 square meters, of which 195,537 square meters are for high-risebuildings, 10,467 square meters are for retail stores, and 4,720 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in December 2011, commencedconstruction of this project in March 2013, and began to deliver units in 2015. This project consists of 2,639 units. We started pre-sales in September 2013,and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 2,518 units with a total GFA of 206,631 square meters. Zhengzhou Thriving Family. The land is located south of Bairong Road and east of Nangang Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of44,169 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 131,510 square meters, of which 113,753 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 1,135 squaremeters are for retail stores, 3,159 square meters are for basements and 13,463 square meters are for public rental housing. We acquired the site in September2013, commenced construction of this project in April 2014, and delivered it in 2016. This project consists of 1,913 units. We started pre-sales in June 2014,and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,518 units with a total GFA of 129,294 square meters. Xingyang Splendid I. The land is located south of Zhengshang Road in Xingyang. This project covers a site area of 40,782 square meters and is expectedto have a total GFA of 115,431 square meters, of which 115,431 square meters are for high-rise buildings. We acquired the site in November 2013,commenced construction of this project in April 2014, and began to deliver units in 2016. This project consists of 1,427 units. We started pre-sales in May2014, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,102 units with a total GFA of 106,967 square meters. Suzhou Lake Royal Palace. The land is located east of Yinshanhu Road and north of Xingguo Road in the Wuzhong economic development zone inSuzhou. This project covers a site area of 114,624 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 169,674 square meters, of which 117,517 squaremeters are for high-rise buildings, 50,747 square meters are for multi-layer buildings and 1,410 square meters are for retail stores. We acquired the site inSeptember 2013, commenced construction of this project in April 2014, and began to deliver units in 2016. This project consists of 1,569 units. We startedpre-sales in July 2014, and as of December 31, 2018 we had sold 1,567 units with a total GFA of 169,650 square meters. Shanghai Royal Palace. The land is located in Zhaoxiang Town in the Qingpu District of Shanghai. This project covers a site area of 28,600 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 57,770 square meters, of which 45,652 square meters are for high-rise buildings and 12,098 square meters arefor retail stores. We acquired the site in April 2014, commenced construction of this project in August 2014, and began to deliver units in 2016. This projectconsists of 622 units. We started pre-sales in January 2015, and as of December 31, 2018, we have sold 535 units with a total GFA of 46,406 square meters. Chengdu Thriving Family. The land is located in the Huayangyixin Community of Chengdu. This project covers a site area of 75,008 square meters andis expected to have a total GFA of 203,378 square meters, of which 176,477 square meters are for high-rise buildings and 26,901 square meters are for retailstores. We acquired the site in January 2014, commenced construction of this project in June 2014, and began to deliver units in 2016. This project, whencompleted, will consist of 2,515 units. We started pre-sales in September 2014, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 2,462 units with a total GFA of198,101 square meters. Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1. The land is located in the Creative Industry Park in the Yacheng Town of Sanya. This project covers a site area of 78,765 squaremeters and is expected to have a total GFA of 117,583 square meters, of which 105,569 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 9,806 square meters are formulti-layer buildings and 2,208 square meters are for retail stores. We acquired the site in January 2014, commenced construction of this project in November2014, and began to deliver units in 2016. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,605 units. We started pre-sales in November 2014, and as ofDecember 31, 2018, we had sold 1,322 units with a total GFA of 100,738 square meters. 50 Kunshan Royal Palace. The land is located east of Xihuan Road and south of Guiyi Road in the Huaqiao Town in Kunshan. This project covers a sitearea of 145,776 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 280,594 square meters, of which 65,179 square meters are for multi-layer buildings,205,446 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 640 square meters are for basements and 9,329 square meters are for retail stores. We acquired the site inOctober 2013, commenced construction of this project in October 2013, and began to deliver units in 2015. This project, when completed, will consist of2,658 units. We started pre-sales in November 2013, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 2,603 units with a total GFA of 278,921 square meters. Changsha Xinyuan Splendid. The land is located on Dongfanghong South Road in the Yuelu District of Changsha. This project covers a site area of89,460 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 251,057 square meters, of which 229,361 square meters are for high-rise buildings and 21,696square meters are for retail stores. We acquired the site in March 2014, commenced construction of this project in August 2014, and began to deliver units in2016. This project, when completed, will consist of 2,952 units. We started pre-sales in November 2014, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 2,909units with a total GFA of 248,910 square meters. Xi’an Metropolitan. The land is located north of Fenghe Road in Xi’an. This project covers a site area of 85,118 square meters and is expected to have atotal GFA of 285,997 square meters, of which 207,080 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 16,119 square meters are for retail stores, and 62,798 squaremeters are for office buildings. We acquired the site in July 2014, commenced construction of this project in December 2014, and began to deliver units in2016. This project, when completed, will consist of 2,602 units. Pre-sales started in December 2014, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 2,440 unitswith a total GFA of 268,958 square meters. Jinan Xin Central. The land is located south of Huayuan Road and west of Huaxin Road in Jinan. This project covers a site area of 51,352 square metersand is expected to have a total GFA of 194,410 square meters, of which 99,284 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 32,371 square meters are for retailstores, 51,022 square meters are for office buildings, 6,231 square meters are for public rental housing and 5,502 square meters are for basements. We acquiredthe site in March 2015, commenced construction of this project in May 2015, and began to deliver units in 2016. This project, when completed, will consistof 2,715 units. We started pre-sales in May 2015, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 2,488 units with a total GFA of 183,295 square meters. Zhengzhou Xindo Park (commercial). The land is located south of Bairong Road and west of Daxue Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of40,218 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 134,391 square meters, of which 110,077 square meters are for office buildings and 24,314square meters are for retail stores. We acquired the site in September 2013, commenced construction of this project in January 2015, and began to deliverunits in 2017. This project, when completed, will consist of 2,170 units. We started pre-sales in April 2015, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 2,146units with a total GFA of 131,999 square meters. Henan Xin Central I. The land is located south of Bairong Road and east of Xingyuan Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 86,781square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 262,208 square meters, of which 211,293 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 16,391 square metersare for retail stores, 26,040 square meters are for public rental housing and 8,484 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in December 2014,commenced construction in July 2015, and began to deliver units in 2017. This project, when completed, will consist of 3,177 units. We started pre-sales inJuly 2015, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 2,997 units with a total GFA of 252,388 square meters. Zhengzhou Fancy City I. The land is located south of Dingsheng Road and west of Siji Road, in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of 50,656square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 166,686 square meters, of which 134,015 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 10,169 square metersare for retail stores, 16,741 square meters are for public rental housing and 5,761 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in December 2014,commenced construction in September 2015, and began to deliver units in 2017. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,725 units. We started pre-sales in October 2015, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,461 units with a total GFA of 160,247 square meters. Zhengzhou Fancy City II (South). The land is located west of Songshan Road within the 4th Ring Road in Zhengzhou. This project covers a site area of27,486 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 84,065 square meters, of which 78,236 square meters are for high-rise buildings, 3,628 squaremeters are for retail stores and 2,201 square meters are for basements. We acquired the site in April 2016, commenced construction in June 2016, and expectto deliver units in 2018. This project, when completed, will consist of 766 units. We started pre-sales in June 2016, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold765 units with a total GFA of 81,864 square meters. 51 Kunshan Xindo Park. The land is located in the Huaqiao area of Kunshan, which is within the Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway. This project covers asite area of 47,523 square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 89,003 square meters, of which 72,750 square meters are for high-rise buildings and16,253 square meters are for retail stores. We acquired the site in April 2016, commenced construction of this project in July 2016, and expect to deliver unitsin 2018. This project, when completed, will consist of 1,077 units. We started pre-sales in July 2016, and as of December 31, 2018, we had sold 1,052 unitswith a total GFA of 87,951 square meters. New York Oosten. The land is located in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, United States. This project covers a site area of 8,094square meters and is expected to have a total GFA of 30,855 square meters for sub-high-rise buildings. We acquired the site in September 2012, commencedconstruction of this project in November 2013, and began to deliver units in 2016. This project consists of 216 units. Presales started in June 2014, and as ofDecember 31, 2018, 176 units with a total GFA of 21,549 square meters had been sold. Properties Held for Lease Xinyuan Priority Lifestyle Shopping Center. In 2012, we began to hold and manage our first retail property, Xinyuan Priority Lifestyle Shopping Center,located in Zhengzhou city, Henan Province. As part of the Zhengzhou Modern City project, the shopping center has a construction GFA of 47,109 squaremeters. The shopping center formally opened in September 2013 and provided retail services, including fashion and jewelry, leisure and entertainment, foodand beverage, a supermarket, children’s education and other ancillary services, appealing to mid-to-high income customers within a radius of three to fivekilometers. We have already set up a team specialized in commercial space planning and execution under the administration of Henan Xinyuan PriorityCommercial Management Co., Ltd., one of our subsidiaries that specializes in retail property management. Xi’an Xinyuan Metropolitan Shopping Center. In 2016, we completed the Xi’an Xinyuan Metropolitan Shopping Center, located in Xi’an, ShaanxiProvince. As part of the Xi’an Metropolitan project, the shopping center has a construction GFA of 116,288 square meters. The Xi’an Metropolitan ShoppingCenter formally opened in December 2016 and provides retail services including fashion, food and beverage, family activities, jewelry and clothing, a movietheater, and education, among other services, appealing to customers within a radius of three to five kilometers. The shopping center is managed by Xi’anXinyuan Metropolitan Business Management Co. Ltd., one of our subsidiaries that specializes in retail property management. Xingyang Xindo Park Shopping Center. In 2017, we completed the Xingyang Xindo Park Shopping Center, located in Xingyang, Henan Province. Aspart of the Xingyang Splendid II project, the shopping center has a construction GFA of 15,419 square meters. The Xingyang Xindo Park Shopping Centerformally opened in October 2017 and provides retail services including a supermarket, food and beverage, jewelry and clothing, leisure and entertainment,family activities, a movie theater and other ancillary services, appealing to customers within a radius of three to five kilometers. The shopping center ismanaged by Henan Xinyuan Priority Commercial Management Co., Ltd., one of our subsidiaries that specializes in retail property management. Changsha Xindo Park Shopping Center. In 2017, we completed the Changsha Xindo Park Shopping Center, located in Changsha, Hunan Province. Aspart of the Changsha Xinyuan Splendid project, the shopping center has a construction GFA of 12,187 square meters. The Changsha Xindo Park ShoppingCenter formally opened in August 2017 and will provide retail services including children’s education, a supermarket, food and beverage, a beauty andfitness center and other ancillary services, appealing to customers within a radius of three to five kilometers. The shopping center is managed by HunanHuaiwei Business Management Co., Ltd., one of our subsidiaries that specializes in retail property management. Chengdu Xindo Park Shopping Center. In 2017, we completed the Chengdu Xindo Park Shopping Center, located in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Aspart of the Chengdu Thriving Family project, the shopping center has a construction GFA of 18,936 square meters. The Chengdu Xindo Park ShoppingCenter formally opened in October 2018 and provides retail services including a supermarket, clothing, food and beverage, leisure and entertainment,children’s education, a movie theater and other ancillary services, appealing to customers within a radius of three to five kilometers. The shopping center ismanaged by Chengdu Xinyuan Commercial Management Co., Ltd., one of our subsidiaries that specializes in retail property management. 52 Zhengzhou Xindo Park Shopping Center. In 2018, we completed the Zhengzhou Xindo Park Shopping Center, located in Zhengzhou, Henan Province.As part of the Zhengzhou Xindo Park project, the shopping center has a construction GFA of 24,423 square meters. The Zhengzhou Xindo Park ShoppingCenter formally opened in October 2018 and provides retail services including a supermarket, food and beverage, leisure and entertainment, children’seducation, a movie theater and other ancillary services, appealing to customers within a radius of three to five kilometers. The shopping center is managed byHenan Xinyuan Priority Commercial Management Co., Ltd., one of our subsidiaries that specializes in retail property management. Kunshan Xindo Park Shopping Center. In 2018, we completed the Kunshan Xindo Park Shopping Center, located in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province. As partof the Kunshan Xindo Park project, the shopping center has a construction GFA of 3,904 square meters. The Kunshan Xindo Park Shopping Center is stillunder planning and provides retail services including a supermarket, food and beverage, children’s education, a movie theater and other ancillary services,appealing to customers within a radius of three to five kilometers. 53 Our Property Development Operations in China We have a systematic and standardized process to project development in China, which we implement through several well-defined phases. A significantportion of our process is dedicated to land acquisition, which is segmented into three stages: (i) opportunity identification, (ii) initial planning and budgetingand (iii) land acquisition. The following diagram sets forth the key stages of our property development process. LAND ACQUISITION PROCESS Project Planningand Design Project Constructionand Management Pre-sale, Saleand Marketing After-saleand Delivery OpportunityIdentification Initial Planning LandAcquisition - Strategic planning- Geographic andmarket analysis- Auctionopportunityresearch - Feasibility study- Preliminary design- Costing andfinancialevaluation - Financialprojection- Internalapproval- Biddingprocess - Outsourcearchitectural andengineering design- Design management- Arrange financing - Outsource construction- Construction supervision- Quality control- Completion inspection- Landscaping and fixtureinstallation - Pre-sale- Marketing- Advertising- Customerfinancing - Delivery- Registrationassistance- Feedbackcollection- Propertymanagement Opportunity Identification The first stage of our development process involves the identification of new opportunities for upcoming land auctions in our selected high growth citiesaround China. Our Land Development Department prepares a strategic plan that specifies our future project development plans and land acquisitionrequirements. They also conduct in-depth demographic and market research regarding our selected cities. We have formulated a set of criteria in selectingsuitable high growth cities to expand our operations based on certain indicators, including, among others: ●middle to upper rankings in economic strength; ●populations of approximately five million; ●clear city development and planning; ●sustainable land supply at reasonable prices for future developments; ●acceptable competition levels in the real estate market; and ●lower level of property speculation. Initial Planning and Budgeting Once an upcoming land auction or acquisition has been identified, our Land Development Department will conduct a feasibility study based on ourcollected data as well as preliminary design and pre-planning of the proposed development project on the land site. We will also budget costs and financialrequirements for the proposed project to identify whether the land site is suitable for our requirements. The key factors we consider in land site selection are: ●site area and suitability; ●location within the city; ●neighboring environment and amenities; ●existing or planned infrastructure; 54 ●announced government planning for the vicinity; and ●projected cost, investment and financial return ratios. We evaluate projects through a rigorous planning and approval process. We consider detailed input from each of our Land Development Department,Budget-Planning-Design Department, Operations Department and Financial Department. The proposed project, once vetted and approved by variousdepartments, will be submitted to our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Executive Officer and, thereafter, to the investment committee of our board forapproval. Land Acquisition Once we receive approval for a proposed project, we will proceed to bid for the land site. Although we acquire land for development primarily throughthe governmental auction process, if opportunities arise, we will also consider obtaining land use rights from third parties through negotiation, acquisition ofentities, co-development or other joint venture arrangements. Project Planning and Design Our project planning and design process includes concept and architectural design, construction and engineering design, budgeting, financial analysisand projections as well as arranging for financing. We believe careful planning is essential to control costs, quality and timing of our projects. We outsource substantially our design work to reputable third-party design firms. Our planning and development team works closely with projectmanagers as well as our external designers and architects to ensure that our designs comply with PRC laws and regulations, and meet our design and otherproject objectives. Our senior management is also actively involved in the process, especially in the master planning and architectural design of our projects. Project Construction and Management We outsource all of our construction work to independent construction companies which are selected mainly through our invitation to tender bids for theproject. We generally hire more than one contractor for each of our projects, with each contractor responsible for a designated portion of the project on a“turnkey” basis. We have established a selection procedure in order to ensure compliance with our quality and workmanship standards. We closely superviseand manage the entire project construction process, utilizing our enterprise resource planning systems to monitor and analyze information regarding theprocess on a real-time basis. We collect information throughout the development cycle on the entire project, including information from our third-partycontractors, to avoid unanticipated delays and cost overruns. Pre-Sales, Sales and Marketing Like other developers, we pre-sell properties prior to the completion of their construction in mainland China. Under PRC pre-sales regulations, propertydevelopers must satisfy specific conditions before they can pre-sell their properties under construction. The major mandatory conditions include: ●the land premium must have been paid in full; ●the land use rights certificate, the construction site planning permit, the construction work planning permit and the construction permit must havebeen obtained; ●at least 25% of the total project development cost must have been incurred; ●the progress and the expected completion and delivery date of the construction must be fixed; ●the pre-sale permit must have been obtained; and 55 ●certain milestones in the construction processes specified by the local government authorities must have been completed. These major mandatory conditions are designed to require a certain level of capital expenditure and substantial progress in project construction beforethe commencement of pre-sales. Generally, the local governments also require developers and property purchasers to use standard pre-sale contracts preparedunder the auspices of the government. Developers are required to file all pre-sale contracts with local land bureaus and real estate administrations afterentering into such contracts. We maintain an internal marketing and sales force for our development projects and also use outside sales agencies for all of our projects and some of ourprojects also utilize our internal sales. Our marketing and sales teams work closely with each other and with our external sales agents to survey thedemographics for a particular project area to determine the appropriate advertising, promotion, and selling plans for that project. We develop customerawareness through our marketing and promotion efforts and through referrals from satisfied customers. A sales team at each project is responsible forfollowing through on the entire sales process including setting monthly sales targets, controlling prices, implementing special promotions, monitoringexternal sales agency performance, and processing customer feedback. Most of our customers purchase our properties using mortgage financing. The maximum loan-to-value ratio of the mortgage loan is also subject tochange according to the economic policies of the central and local governments and banks in China. A typical sales transaction in which a portion of thepurchase price is financed by a mortgage loan consists of three steps. First, the customer pays a deposit to us. Within seven days after paying the deposit, thecustomer will sign a purchase contract with us and make down payment to us in cash. After making the down payment, the customer arranges for a mortgageloan for the balance of the purchase price. Once the loan is approved, the mortgage loan proceeds are paid to us directly by the bank. Finally, we deliver theproperty to the customer. Legal title, as evidenced by a property ownership certificate issued by local land and construction bureaus, may not pass for aperiod of six to twelve months following delivery and acceptance. After-Sale Services and Delivery We assist customers in arranging for and providing information relating to financing. We also assist our customers in various title registration proceduresrelating to their properties, and we have set up an ownership certificate team to assist purchasers to obtain their property ownership certificates. We offervarious communication channels to customers to provide their feedback about our products or services. We also cooperate with property managementcompanies that manage our properties and ancillary facilities, such as schools and clubhouses, to handle customer feedback. We endeavor to deliver the units to our customers on a timely basis. We closely monitor the progress of construction of our property projects andconduct pre-delivery property inspections to ensure timely delivery. The time frame for delivery is set out in the sale and purchase agreements entered intowith our customers, and we are subject to penalty payments to the purchasers for any delay in delivery caused by us. Once a property development has beencompleted, has passed the requisite government inspections and is ready for delivery, we notify our customers and hand over keys and possession of theproperties. To ensure quality property management, we provide property management services to purchasers until they have become statutorily entitled to electtheir own property management companies. As of December 31, 2018, owners of all of our developments who had become statutorily entitled to elect theirproperty management companies had continued to choose us to manage their properties. Our property management services include security, landscaping, building management and management of public facilities and equipment, andadditional services, such as cultural activities, housekeeping and repair. We are currently managing approximately 15.57 million square meters, comprisingmore than 119,862 residential units. 56 Our U.S. Property Development Operations We expanded into the United States market in 2012. Investment decisions with respect to the United States market are carried out through the investmentcommittee of our board of directors. We currently seek investment opportunities mainly through off-market transactions, including resales and distressedsales. We currently consider the following factors when selecting a project: ●Geographic location. We intend to focus in areas that are economically active and diversified, and attractive to immigrants on the east and the westcoasts. ●Risk adjusted financial returns. ●Funding opportunities. We set up a specialized United States project team in 2012, comprised of U.S. local consultants and employees with substantial experience andunderstanding in various areas of the U.S. real estate market. As of December 31, 2018, we have a team of about eleven people in the United States. Theirmajor responsibilities include project research, land valuation, property development management, contracts, and contract terms verification. We also workwith outside consultants and agents familiar with the United States markets. To date, our acquisitions in the United States have been opportunistic and have not followed a specific development model. Our first propertydevelopment project in the United States, named the New York Oosten Project, is in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. We commencedconstruction of the development project in November 2013. We started marketing and pre-sale of our property upon receiving approval from the stateattorney general in March 2014. As of December 31, 2018, we delivered 176 of 216 units with a total GFA of 21,549 square meters for a total of US$259.3million. In January 2016, we also acquired a parcel of land in midtown Manhattan, New York, for US$57.5 million. The land allows for approximately 10,235sellable & rentable square meters. Our Hudson Garden project in Manhattan, New York has completed construction up to the 6th floor. With design drawingoptimization, the total number of units increased from 82 to 92. In August 2016, we acquired a parcel of land in the Flushing neighborhood of Queens, New York for US$66.0 million. The land allows for approximately30,112 sellable & rentable square meters. We continue to progress the planning, governmental approvals and pre-development activities of our ground-updevelopment project of a landmarked property in Flushing, New York. We continue to execute on planning, governmental approvals, and pre-developmentof our ground-up development project in Flushing, New York. After the Landmark Protection Committee’s approval on our landmark protection plan, wewere awarded with a Certificate of Appropriateness. Our Leased Properties and Real Estate Related Services Ancillary to our property development operations, we also lease certain properties, including an elementary school, two basements, seven clubhouses,thirteen parking facilities, fifteen kindergartens, seven shopping malls and a department. The rental income of our lease operations represented approximately0.4%, 0.4%, and 0.4% respectively, of our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018. We provide property management services through Xinyuan Science and Technology Service Co., Ltd. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017and 2018, revenues from our real estate related services represented 2.0%, 2.1%, and 2.9% of our total revenue for those periods, respectively. Quality Control We emphasize quality control to ensure that our buildings and residential units meet our standards and provide high quality service. We select onlyexperienced design and construction companies. We provide customers with warranties covering the building structure and certain fittings and facilities ofour property developments in accordance with the relevant regulations. To ensure construction quality, our construction contracts contain quality warrantiesand penalty provisions for poor work quality. In the event of delay or poor work quality, the contractor may be required to pay pre-agreed penalties, damages,as well as compensation we paid to customers for late delivery, under our construction contracts. Our construction contracts do not allow our contractors,without prior consent from us, to subcontract or transfer their contractual arrangements with us to third parties. We typically withhold 5% of the agreedconstruction amount for two to five years after completion of the construction as a deposit to guarantee quality, which provides us assurance for ourcontractors’ work quality. 57 Our contractors are also subject to our quality control procedures, including examination of materials and supplies, on-site inspection and production ofprogress reports. We require our contractors to comply with relevant laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which we operate, as well as our ownstandards and specifications. We also employ independent surveyors to supervise the construction progress. In addition, the construction of real estateprojects is regularly inspected and supervised by PRC governmental authorities and the relevant authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Competition The real estate industry in China is highly competitive. We compete primarily with local and regional property developers, but an increasing number oflarge national property developers have also started to enter these markets. Competitive factors include the geographical location of the projects, the types ofproducts offered, brand recognition, price, design and quality. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to the Residential PropertyIndustry in China — We face intense competition from other real estate developers.” In the cities in which we operate, our major competitors include ChinaOverseas Property Ltd., China Vanke Co., Ltd., Sunshine 100, China Resources Land Limited, Sunac China Holding Limited, Henan Zhengshang Real EstateCo., Ltd., Henan New Greatwall Real Estate Co., Ltd., Longfor Real Estate Co., Ltd, Greenland Group, Tianhong Land, South Asia Group, Rongqiao Groupand KWG Property Holding Ltd. In the United States, we anticipate that our direct competition may come from developers of adjacent projects or other property developers in targetmarkets. In addition, we may also face competition from other Chinese real estate developers expanding or establishing their business in the United States. Intellectual Property Rights We rely on a combination of trademarks, service marks, domain name registrations, copyright protection and contractual restrictions to establish andprotect our brand name and logos, marketing designs and internet domain names. We have registered the trademark of “ 鑫苑 ” and the associated logo for the real estate related service in the PRC. We have also applied the sametrademark to other goods and services directly or indirectly related to our business operations, to strengthen the protection of our trademark and brand. Allthese trademark applications are registered or pending examination and approval. We have also registered the Internet domain name “ www.xyre.com ” andother related domain names. We own trademarks for “ 鑫苑 ” in the form of Chinese characters and our company logo in the United States, UK, EU, New Zealand, Australia,Singapore, Korea, Hong Kong and Cayman Islands. We also hold the international registration of our company logo issued by the International TrademarkSystem. In the PRC, the registration and protection of a company’s corporate name is regional and limited to its related industry. Although we have registered ourcorporate name “Xinyuan” in the provinces where we operate, we cannot prevent others from registering the same corporate name in other provinces or inother industries. If a company first registers “Xinyuan” as its corporate name in a province other than Henan Province, Shandong Province, Jiangsu Province,Anhui Province and Sichuan Province or in another industry, we will have to adopt another corporate name if we plan to enter that market or industry. 58 Insurance We obtain insurance against losses or damage to our PRC properties during the construction phase of our projects. We do not maintain insurance policiesfor properties that we have delivered to our customers. Although we require our contractors to maintain insurance coverage on our properties underconstruction, typically they do not do so, which we believe is customary practice in China. We believe that third-party contractors should bear liabilitiesfrom tortious acts or other personal injuries on our project sites, and we do not maintain insurance coverage against such liabilities. There are certain types oflosses, such as losses from natural disasters, terrorist attacks, construction delays and business interruptions, for which insurance is either not available or notavailable at a reasonable cost. We believe our practice is consistent with the customary industry practice in China. With respect to our U.S. operations, we follow local requirements and maintain insurance coverage for projects through the end of the construction. Environmental Matters As a developer of property in the PRC, we are subject to various environmental laws and regulations set by the PRC national, provincial and municipalgovernments. These include regulations on air pollution, noise emissions, as well as water and waste discharge. We have never been required to pay anypenalties associated with the breach of any such laws and regulations in the past. Compliance with existing environmental laws and regulations has not had amaterial adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, and we do not believe it will have such an impact in the future. Our projects are normally required to undergo an environmental impact assessment by government-appointed third parties, and a report of suchassessment needs to be submitted to the relevant environmental authorities in order to obtain their approval before commencing construction. Uponcompletion of each project, the relevant environmental authorities inspect the site to ensure the applicable environmental standards have been compliedwith, and the resulting report is presented together with other specified documents to the relevant construction administration authorities for their approvaland record. Approval from the environmental authorities of such report is required before we can deliver our completed work to our customers. In the past, wehave not experienced any difficulties in obtaining those approvals for commencement of construction and delivery of completed projects. However, wecannot assure you that we will not experience any difficulties in the future. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulation— China — Regulations on Environmental Protection in Construction Projects.” In connection with our current and any future properties in the United States, our relevant property subsidiaries are or will be subject to a variety of local,state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning the protection of health and the environment. The particular environmental lawswhich apply to any given community, will vary according to the site, its location, the site’s environmental conditions and the present and former use of thesite. Likewise, the particular procedures and approval or other requirements will vary from project to project. Regulation China The PRC government regulates the real estate industry. This section summarizes the principal PRC regulations relating to our business. We operate our business in China under a legal regime consisting of the National People’s Congress, the PRC State Council, which is the highestauthority of the executive branch of the PRC central government, and several ministries and agencies under its authority, including the MOHURD, MLR, theMOFCOM, the NDRC, the SAIC, the SAFE, and their respective authorized local counterparts. 59 Regulations on Land The Law of the PRC on Land Administration, implemented on June 25, 1986 and amended on August 28, 2004 by the Standing Committee of NationalPeople’s Congress, distinguishes between the ownership of land and the right to use land. All land in the PRC is either state-owned or collectively-owned,depending on location. Generally, land in urban areas within a city or town is state-owned, and all land in the rural areas of a city or town and all rural land,unless otherwise specified by law, are collectively-owned. Although all land in the PRC is owned by the governments or by the collectives, private individuals and businesses are permitted to hold, lease anddevelop land for a specified term without ever owning the land, the duration of which depends on the use purpose of the land. These rights to use land aretermed land use rights. Under the Interim Regulations of the PRC on Grant and Transfer of the Right to Use State-owned Land in Urban Areas, implemented on and effective asof May 19, 1990 by the PRC State Council, enterprises, companies and other organizations who intend to hold, lease and develop the land (each, a “LandUser”), pay a premium to the government as consideration for the grant of the land use rights on terms of use prescribed by the government, and a Land Usermay transfer, lease and mortgage or otherwise commercially exploit the land use rights within such terms of use. The land administration authority enters intoa contract with the Land User for grant of the land use rights. The Land User pays the grant premium as stipulated in the grant contract. After paying the grantpremium in full, the Land User registers with the land administration authority and obtains a land use rights certificate. The certificate evidences theacquisition of the land use rights. The Regulations on the Grant of State-Owned Construction Land Use Rights through Competitive Bidding, Auction and Listing-for-Sale (formerlyknown as the Regulation on the Grant of State-Owned Land Use Rights through Competitive Bidding, Auction and Listing-for-Sale ), implemented by theMLR on May 9, 2002 and amended on September 21, 2007, provides that the land for industrial use (except for mining), commercial use, tourism,entertainment and commodity housing development is granted by way of competitive bidding, public auction or listing-for-sale. The land use rights aregranted to the bidder with the highest bid/tender in accordance with the terms and conditions of the bid/tender, or to the bidder who can best fulfill thecomprehensive evaluation standards of the bid. The successful bidder/tender will then enter into a grant contract with the local land administration authority.Only after the successful bidder/tender has paid the land premium in full under the land grant contract, can the successful bidder/tender apply for the landregistration and obtain the land use right certificate. The Property Law of the PRC, or the Property Law, implemented on March 16, 2007 and effective as of October 1, 2007, further clarified land use rightsin the PRC with the following rules: ●the land use rights for residences will be automatically renewed upon expiry; ●the car parks and garages within the building area planned for vehicle parks must be used to meet the needs of the owners who live in the buildingfirst; ●the construction of buildings must abide by relevant laws and regulations with regard to the construction planning and may not affect theventilation of or lighting to the neighboring buildings; and ●where the land use rights for construction use are transferred, exchanged, used as a capital contribution, donated to others or mortgaged, anapplication for modification registration must be filed with the registration department. In accordance with the Notice on Further Strengthening the Administration of the Costs and Revenues Associated with Land Grant, jointly issued by theMOF, the MLR, the PBOC, the Ministry of Supervision and the National Audit Office on November 18, 2009, all payments for land use rights paid forthrough installments must be made in full within one year in principle. In certain circumstances the payment term may be extended to two years upon theapproval of the competent authorities. In addition, the initial installment payment may not be less than 50% of the overall amount owed for the land userights. The notice also provides that the local-level governments should strictly enforce relevant regulations to impose penalties on real estate developersthat have delayed the payment of land premiums or construction for reasons other than force majeure or restrict such developers from acquiring new landduring the period such payments are delayed. 60 The Circular of the MLR and the MOHURD on Further Strengthening Administration over Land-use and Constructions of Real Estate, implemented onSeptember 21, 2010, specifies that when any bidder participates in a competitive bidding, public auction or listing-for-sale, in addition to the provision of avalid identification certificate and payment of bidding deposit, the bidder shall be also required to submit (i) a letter of commitment specifying that thebidding deposit is not from a bank loan, shareholder loan, etc., and (ii) a credit certificate issued by a commercial financial institution. If the land is left idlefor more than one year by a real estate developer, the developer and its controlling shareholder shall be prohibited from taking part in any competitivebidding, public auction or listing-for-sale for the grant of land use rights. Furthermore, real estate developers must commence the construction of a housingproject within one year from the date of delivery of the land as stipulated in the land grant contract, and complete the construction within three years from thedate of commencement of construction. The Emergency Notice on Further Tightening the Administration on Real Estate Land Use and Reinforcing the Control Results of Real Estate Marketimplemented on July 19, 2012, further emphasized the strict enforcement of current regulations on land grants: ●the plot area ratio for residential land shall not be less than 1.0; ●for all types of housing construction projects, construction work shall be commenced within one year of the date when the land is delivered as setforth in the land grant contract and shall be completed within three years after its commencement date; ●the bidding deposit for a land grant shall not be less than 20% of the base price; and ●the land grant contract shall be signed within 10 working days after a land grant deal is concluded, a down payment of 50% of the land premiumshall be made within one month after signing the contract, and the remaining payment shall be made in a timely manner in accordance with thecontract; in no event should it be more than one year. On May 22, 2014, the MLR issued the Provisions on the Economical and Intensive Use of Land, which took effect on September 1, 2014. It provides thatcommercial land shall be granted via tender, auction and listing process to determine the user and the price. Compensation for all types of land supply shallnot be lower than the minimum standard stipulated by the government. It is prohibited to reduce or relieve the land grant price in a disguised form by way ofexchanging projects with land, returning fees after collecting them or granting subsidies or awards. On November 24, 2014, the PRC State Council issued Interim Regulations on Real Estate Registration, which took effect on March 1, 2015. It stipulatesthe registration authorities and the procedures for registration of rights of real estate rights, including land use rights, which applies to first registration,change of registration, transfer of registration, cancellation of registration, correction of registration, dissidence registration, advance notice registration,close-down registration and other affairs concerning registration of real estate. Further, on January 1, 2016, MLR issued Implementing Rules of the InterimRegulations on Real Estate Registration, which details the rules of the registration procedures for registration of different kind of rights of real estate. The Administrative Measures for the Preliminary Review of Land Use for Construction Projects, implemented by the MLR on July 25, 2001, revised onOctober 29, 2004, amended on November 12, 2008 and November 29, 2016 and took effect on January 1, 2017, simplify the content of preliminary review ofland for construction, reduce the documents necessary for examination and approval, and improve the efficiency of examination and approval. Furthermore,under the Circular of the Ministry of Land and Resources on Improving and Optimizing the Preliminary Review and Examination of Land Use forConstruction Projects, implemented on November 30, 2016 and effective as of January 1, 2017, the procedure of preliminary review and examination andapproval of land for construction is requested to be improved and optimized. Where a project does not involve any new land for construction, and isconstructed by use of the approved land for construction within the scope of land for urban construction as determined by the overall planning on landutilization, the preliminary review may not be carried out for the land used for the project. 61 Regulations on Establishment of a Real Estate Development Enterprise In accordance with the Law of the PRC on Administration of Urban Real Estate, or Urban Real Estate Law, implemented by the Standing Committee ofthe National People’s Congress on July 5, 1994 and amended on August 30, 2007 and on August 27, 2009, a developer is defined as “an enterprise whichengages in the development and sale of real estate for the purposes of making profits.” Under the Regulations on Administration of Development and Operation of Urban Real Estate, or Development Regulations, implemented by the PRCState Council on and effective as of July 20, 1998 and amended on January 8, 2011, a real estate development enterprise must satisfy the followingrequirements: ●has a registered capital of not less than RMB1 million; and ●has four or more full time professional real estate/construction technicians and two or more full time accounting officers, each of whom must holdthe relevant qualifications. The Development Regulations also allow people’s governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and/or municipalities directly under the centralgovernment to impose more stringent requirements regarding the registered capital and qualifications of professional personnel of a real estate developmententerprise according to the local circumstances. To establish a real estate development enterprise, the developer is required to apply for registration with the department of administration of industry andcommerce. The developer must also report its establishment to the real estate administration authority in the location of the registration authority within 30days upon receipt of its business license. Xinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd., Henan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Suzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Development Co., Ltd., Shandong Xinyuan RealEstate Co., Ltd., Henan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd., Henan Xinyuan Jiye Real Estate Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou Shengdao Real Estate Co., Ltd.,Zhengzhou Jiasheng Real Estate Co., Ltd, Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd., Jinan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd., Chengdu XinyuanWanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd., Beijing Xinyuan Wanzhong Real Estate Co., Ltd., Kunshan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Jiajing Real Estate Co.,Ltd., Xuzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Xingyang Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Sanya Beida Science and Technology Park Industrial DevelopmentCo., Ltd., Changsha Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd., Shanghai Junxin Real Estate Co., Ltd., Tianjin Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Henan XinyuanGuangsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd., Shandong Xinyuan Renju Real Estate Co., Ltd., Henan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd., Henan XinyuanShunsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou Xinnan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Hunan Erli Real Estate Co., Ltd., Beijing Ruihaorongtong Real Estate Co., Ltd.,Hunan Xintian Real Estate Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou Hangmei Zhengxing Technology Co., Ltd., Xi’an Dingrun Real Estate Co., Ltd., ZhengzhouKangshengboda Real Estate Co., Ltd., Henan Reixin Real Estate Co., Ltd., Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Ltd. and Shaanxi Zhongmao Real Estate Co.,Ltd., Jinan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd., Suzhou Yuxi Real Estate Co., Ltd., Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Ltd., Wuhan Yinghexin Real EstateCo., Ltd., Qingdao Keda Real Estate Co., Ltd., Chengdu Guohongteng Real Estate Co., Ltd., Dalian Xinyi Renju Real Estate Co., Ltd., Zhuhai Xinyuan RealEstate Co., Ltd. are registered as real estate development enterprises. The Notice on Administration of Land and Resource Credit throughout the Province of Anhui Province, which took effect on January 1, 2017, providesthat Anhui Administrative Department of Land and Resources at all levels shall check the land and resource credit of citizens, entities or other organizationswhen granting any administrative permission, determining the qualifications, bidding, purchasing and conducting other relevant administrative activities.Land grant contracts and other related contacts shall contain the provision concerning the penalty against misconducts are registered as real estatedevelopment enterprises. 62 Regulations on Foreign-Invested Real Estate Enterprise Industrial Restriction Under Catalogue 2017, the development of tracts of land, the construction and operation of large-scale theme parks, golf courses and villas, high-endhotels, office buildings, international conference centers, and real estate intermediary/agency business have been removed from the category under whichforeign investment is restricted. In addition, the construction and operation of large-scale theme parks and the construction of villas and golf courses havebeen removed from the Catalogue 2017 and the List 2018 as both foreign investments and domestic investments in these items are subject to the samerestrictions under the Catalogue of Restricted Land Use Projects (2012 edition) and the Catalogue of Prohibited Land Project (2012 edition). Thedevelopment and construction of ordinary residential properties, together with other types of real estate-related business, are not specifically mentioned inthe catalogue. We have been advised by our PRC counsel that this means that they continue to be permitted by the MOFCOM and the NDRC. Circular No. 171 Considering the increasing foreign investment in the real estate industry in recent years, the MOHURD, the MOFCOM, the NDRC, the PBOC, the SAIC,and the SAFE jointly implemented the Opinions on Regulating the Entry and Administration of Foreign Investment in the Real Estate Market, or CircularNo. 171, on August 14, 2006 and amended on August 19, 2015, which may impact foreign investment in the real estate industry in the following areas: Circular No. 171 requires a FIREE, with total investments equating to or exceeding US$10 million to have a registered capital consisting of no less than50% of its total amount of investment. FIREEs with total investments below US$10 million must have a registered capital in amounts pursuant to andconsistent with existing regulations. ●Upon payment of the land use rights grant premium, the FIREE can apply to the land administration authority for a land use rights certificate. Uponobtaining the land use rights certificate, an FIREE may then obtain a recertification of its existing Foreign-Invested Enterprises Approval Certificate,or FIEAC, and the Business License, with the same validity period as that of such land use rights certificate; following which, the FIREE may applyto the tax administration for tax registration purposes. ●When a foreign investor merges with a domestic real estate enterprise, or acquires a FIREE’s equity or project, the investor is required to submit aguarantee which ensures the compliance with the provisions of the land use rights grant contract, construction site planning permit and constructionwork planning permit, and the land use rights certificate, and the modification certification issued by the construction authorities, and the taxpayments certification issued by the relevant tax authorities. ●Foreign investors which merge with domestic real estate development enterprises by share transfers or other methods, or which acquire the equity ofa PRC party in joint venture enterprises, must allocate their employees appropriately, deal with bank debts and settle the lump sum payment of thetransfer price through self-owned funds. However, a foreign investor with an unfavorable record may not be allowed to conduct any of the aforesaidactivities. ●FIREEs which have not paid up their registered capital fully, or have failed to obtain a land use rights certificate, or which have under 35% of thetotal capital required for the project, will not be allowed to obtain a loan in or outside China, and foreign exchange administration departments willnot approve any settlement of foreign loans by such enterprises. ●Any Chinese or foreign investors in an FIREE may not guarantee fixed profit returns or provide other arrangements to the same effect for any party inany form. Circular No. 50 On May 23, 2007, the MOFCOM and the SAFE issued the Notice on Further Strengthening and Standardizing the Approval and Administration ofForeign Direct Investments in Real Estate Enterprise, or Circular No. 50, and amended on October 28, 2015. Some of the key developments in this area are asfollows: ●the local governments/authorities that approve FIREE establishments are now required to file such approvals with the MOFCOM; 63 ●prior to establishing a FIREE, foreign investors are required to obtain land use rights or the ownership of a real estate project, or the investor shouldhave entered into an indicative land grant contract or indicative project purchase agreement with the land administrative department, developer ofthe land or owner of the property; ●the practice of allowing foreign investors taking over local project companies by way of roundtrip investment is strictly controlled; and ●foreign-invested enterprise that intends to engage in real estate development, or an existing FIREE which intends to undertake a new real estatedevelopment project, must first apply to the relevant authorities for such business scope and scale expansion in accordance with laws andregulations on foreign investments. Circular No. 23 Under the Circular on Properly Conducting Filing for the Record for Foreign Investment in the Real Property Sector, or Circular No. 23, implementedby the MOFCOM on June 18, 2008 and effective as of July 1, 2008, the MOFCOM delegated to its provincial branches the review of filing records in relationto FIREE’s establishment, capital increase, equity transfer, merger and acquisition, etc. Under Circular No. 23, the local branches of the MOFCOM submit allthe application documents that were previously required to be filed with the MOFCOM to the aforesaid provincial branches of the MOFCOM for review.Within five days of receipt of the MOFCOM’s request, the provincial branches of the MOFCOM that have reviewed such filings must submit all of theaforementioned materials to the MOFCOM. Notwithstanding the above, Circular No. 23 does not de-regulate the Chinese real estate market. The previous material requirements for grantingapproval under Circular No. 171 and Circular No. 50 still apply. Under the Notice on Strengthening Administration of the Approval of Foreign Investment into Real Estate Industry, implemented by the MOFCOM onNovember 22, 2010, among other things, if a real estate enterprise is established in China with overseas capital, the enterprise is prohibited from purchasingand/or selling real estate properties completed or under construction for arbitrage purposes. The local counterparts of the MOFCOM are not permitted toapprove investment companies to engage in the real estate development and management. Circular No. 340 The Circular Concerning the Improvement of Record-filing Process for FIREEs, or Circular No. 340, jointly implemented by the MOFCOM and theSAFE on June 24, 2014 and effective as of August 1, 2014, further simplifies the MOFCOM record-filing process for the incorporation of a FIREE byabolishing the requirement that MOFCOM perform a substantive final review of the written application materials which have been reviewed and accepted forrecord-filing by the relevant provincial commerce authority. The MOFCOM only needs to keep an electronic copy of the relevant application materials on itsonline system for record-filing purposes. However, as a supervisory measure the MOFCOM will, on both a weekly and a quarterly basis, perform randomchecks on FIREEs that have completed record-filings with the relevant provincial-level MOFCOM. Circular No. 895 The Circular Concerning Further Improvement of Record-filing Process for FIREEs, or Circular No. 895, jointly implemented by the MOFCOM and theSAFE on November 6, 2015 further simplifies the MOFCOM record-filing process for the incorporation of a FIREE by abolishing the requirement to filerelevant application materials on MOFCOM’s online system. Instead, it only requires provincial commercial authorities to fill out relevant information ofapproved real estate projects on Foreign Investment Management System of MOFCOM. It also provides that MOFCOM must perform random checks on aquarterly basis instead of a weekly basis. Circular 20 On May 4, 2015, the SAFE implemented the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Repealing and Revising the RegulatoryDocuments concerning the Reform for Registered Capital Registration System, or the Circular 20, which allows foreign-invested real estate enterprises,approved by the local office of the MOFCOM and registered with the MOFCOM before June 1, 2007, whose registered capital that are not paid up in full toprocess foreign debts. 64 The Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Promoting Trade and Investment Facilitation and Improving AuthenticityReview was implemented by the SAFE on April 26, 2016, which provides that foreign debt borrowed by non-financial enterprises in China can be settled foruse by referring to the foreign-invested enterprises’ foreign debt rules. Circular 122 On August 19, 2015, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the MOHURD and the SAFE, implemented the Notice on Adjusting Policies on Entry andAdministration of Foreign Investment in the Real Estate Market, or Circular 122, among other things, according to which, the requirement of fully paymentof its capital contributions of FIREE, no longer exists when the FIREE applies to domestic loans, overseas loans, and settlement of foreign exchange loans,and the FIREE may directly apply to bank the registration of foreign exchange regarding foreign direct investment in accordance with the relevant rules onforeign exchange administration. Similarly, Circular 122 does not de-regulate the Chinese real estate market. The previous material requirements for grantingapproval under Circular No. 171 and Circular No. 50 still apply. Regulations on Qualifications of Developer Under the Rules on the Administration of Qualifications of Real Estate Developers implemented on March 29, 2000 by the MOHURD and effective onthe same day (amended on May 4, 2015) a developer must apply for registration of its qualifications. An enterprise may not engage in the development andsale of real estate without a qualification classification certificate for real estate development. In accordance with the above rules, developers are classified into four classes: class I, class II, class III and class IV. A developer that passes thequalification examination will be issued a qualification certificate of the relevant class by the relevant construction authority. A developer of any qualification classification may only engage in the development and sale of real estate within its approved scope of business andmay not engage in business of another classification. A class I developer is not restricted as to the scale of the real estate projects to be developed and mayundertake real estate development projects anywhere in the country. A developer of class II or lower may only undertake projects with a gross area of lessthan 250,000 square meters and the specific scope of business must be as confirmed by the local construction authority. Under the Development Regulations, real estate administration authorities examine all applications for the registration of the qualifications of adeveloper when it reports its establishment, by considering its assets, professional personnel and business results. A developer may only undertake real estatedevelopment projects in compliance with the approved qualification registration. After a newly established developer reports its establishment to the real estate administration authority, the latter will issue a temporary QualificationCertificate to the eligible developer within 30 days of its receipt of the above report. The developer must apply for the qualification classification by the realestate administration authority within one month before expiry of the temporary Qualification Certificate. Shandong Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Shandong Xinyuan Renju Real Estate Co., Ltd. and Jinan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd., JinanXinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd., hold a class I developer qualification jointly. Each of Jiangsu Jiajing Real Estate Co., Ltd., Henan Xinyuan RealEstate Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou Shengdao Real Estate Co., Ltd., Changsha Xinyuan Wanzhou Real Estate Co., Ltd., Xingyang Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. andChengdu Guohongteng Real Estate Co., Ltd. is classified as a class II developer. Each of Chengdu Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. and SuzhouXinyuan Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. is classified as a class III developer. Each of Tianjin Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Beijing Xinyuan WanzhongReal Estate Co., Ltd., Xi’an Dingrun Real Estate Co., Ltd., Hunan Xintian Real Estate Co., Ltd., Hunan Erli Real Estate Co., Ltd., Shaanxi Zhongmao RealEstate Co., Ltd. and Beijing Ruihaorongtong Real Estate Co., Ltd. is classified as a class IV developer. Each of Zhengzhou Jiasheng Real Estate Co., Ltd.,Kunshan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Xuzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou Hangmei Zhengxing Technology Co., Ltd., Sanya Beida Scienceand Technology Park Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Henan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd., Henan Xinyuan Guangsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd.,Henan Xinyuan Shunsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou Xinnan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd., ZhengzhouKangshengboda Real Estate Co., Ltd., Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Ltd., Henan Reixin Real Estate Co., Ltd., Suzhou Yuxi Real Estate Co., Ltd., WuhanYinghexin Real Estate Co., Ltd. and Dalian Xinyirenju Real Estate Co., Ltd. holds a valid temporary qualification. 65 Regulations on Development of a Real Estate Project According to the Circular of the State Council on Promulgating the Catalogue of Investment Projects Subject to the Approval of Governments (2016Version), or Governmental Approval (2016 Version), implemented by the State Council on December 12, 2016, and the Circular of the NDRC on EffectivelyImplementing Foreign Capital-related Work in the Catalogue of Investment Projects Subject to Governmental Approval (2016 Version) implemented by theNDRC in January 2017, certain foreign investment projects shall be subject to the following approval procedures: (i) any project from the restricted categorywith a total investment (including capital increase) amounting to US$300 million or above pursuant to the Catalogue 2015 shall be approved by the NDRCand, in case of a total investment amounts (including capital increase) of US$2 billion or above, shall be filed to the State Council for record; (ii) any projectfrom the restricted category with a total investment (including capital increase) of less than US$300 million pursuant to the Catalogue 2015 shall beapproved by the provincial government; and (iii) the foreign investment projects other than those set out in the above two items but listed in Items 1 to 10 ofthe Governmental Approval (2016 Version) shall be approved in accordance with relevant provisions provided in the Governmental Approval (2016Version), and the foreign investment projects neither subject to approval nor in the prohibited category as provided in the Catalogue 2015 shall be filed tolocal offices of NDRC for record. Commencement of a Real Estate Project and the Idle Land According to the Circular on the Implementation of the Catalog for Restricted Land Use Projects (2012 Edition) and the Catalogue for Prohibited LandUse Projects (2012 Edition) implemented by the MLR and the NDRC in May 23, 2012, the area of a plot of land to be granted for residential use may notexceed (i) seven hectares for small cities and towns, (ii) 14 hectares for medium-sized cities or (iii) 20 hectares for large cities. The plot area ratio forresidential land should not be lower than 1.0. No land may be granted for “villa” real estate projects. Under the Urban Real Estate Law, those who have obtained the land use rights through grant must develop the land in accordance with the terms of useand within the period of commencement prescribed in the contract for the land use rights grant. According to the Measures on Disposing Idle Land implemented by the MLR and effective as of April 28, 1999, as amended on May 22, 2012 andeffective as of July 1, 2012, with regards to the land for a real estate project which is obtained by grant and is within the scope of city planning, if theconstruction work has not been commenced within one year upon the commencement date as set forth in the land use rights grant contract, or theconstruction and development has been started but the area of land that is under construction and development is less than one third of the total area of landthat should have been under construction and development, or the invested amount is less than 25% of the total investment, and the construction anddevelopment of which has been suspended for more than one year, a surcharge on idle land equivalent to 20% of the grant premium may be levied; if theconstruction work has not been commenced within two years, the land can be confiscated without any compensation, unless the delay is caused by forcemajeure, or the acts of government or acts of other relevant departments under the government, or by indispensable preliminary work. The Emergency Notice on Further Tightening the Administration on Real Estate Land Use and Reinforcing the Control Results of Real Estate Marketimplemented on July 19, 2012, requires that the Measures on Disposing Idle Land be strictly implemented, and the land authority dispose of, case by case,idle land and publish related information on the website designated by the MLR. With regard to land users who have committed acts such as failing to makepayments for land grants, leaving land idle, hoarding land, land speculation, developing land in excess of its actual development capacity, or failing to fulfillthe land use contract, they may be prohibited by the land authority from participating in land auctions for a certain period of time. 66 Planning of a Real Estate Project The Law of the PRC on Urban and Rural Planning, implemented by the National People’s Congress on October 28, 2007 and effective as of January 1,2008 (amended on April 24, 2015) replacing the previous City Planning Law of the PRC, provides that a developer who has obtained land use rights by grantmust, after obtaining approval for a construction project and signing a land use rights grant contract, apply to the city planning authority for the Permit forConstruction Site Planning It further provides that a developer who has a proposed construction project within the planning area of a city or town must, afterobtaining a Permit for Construction Site Planning, prepare the necessary planning and design work, and submit the detailed planning and design report,together with the land use rights certificate, to the city planning authority or the town government designated by the provincial government, and apply forthe Permit for Construction Work Planning. Relocation The Regulations of Administration on City Housing Demolition, which were implemented by the PRC State Council on June 13, 2001 and effective as ofNovember 1, 2001, have been revoked and replaced by the Regulations on the Expropriation of Buildings on State-owned Land and Compensation, whichwas implemented on January 21, 2011 and went into immediate effect. Pursuant to the newly issued regulations, buildings and houses may be expropriatedfor public interests but fair compensation must be provided. Further, the regulations stipulate that the expropriation of buildings and the correspondingcompensation shall be decided based on the principles of democratic decision-making, equitable procedures and transparent results. The compensation forthe expropriated buildings must not be less than the market value of property of a similar nature as of the date when the expropriation notice was issued andthe fair market value must be determined by qualified real estate appraisal institutes based on the relevant regulations. Upon granting a demolition and removal permit, the real estate administration department must issue a demolition and removal notice to the inhabitantsof the area. Construction of a Real Estate Project On June 25, 2014, the MOHURD implemented the Measures for the Administration of Construction Permits for Construction Projects, superseding its1999 version. Under the new measures, after having obtained a Permit for Construction Work Planning, a developer needs to file an application for aConstruction Permit with the local construction authority above the county level. Completion of a Real Estate Project Construction projects shall be delivered for use only after passing the inspection and acceptance examinations under the Construction Law of the PRCwhich was implemented on November 1, 1997 and amended on April 22, 2011. According to the Development Regulations, the Regulations on the Acceptance Examination Upon the Completion of Construction Work andMunicipal Infrastructure implemented on December 2, 2013 by the MOHURD, the Regulations on the Administration of Quality of Construction Worksimplemented and implemented by the PRC State Council on January 30, 2000, and the Measures on the Administration of Reporting Details regardingAcceptance Examination Upon Completion of Construction Work and Municipal Infrastructure implemented and implemented on April 4, 2000 by theMOHURD and amended on October 19, 2009, a real estate project must comply with the relevant laws and regulations, requirements on construction quality,safety standards and technical guidance on survey, design and construction work, as well as provisions of the relevant construction contract. After thecompletion of works for a project, the developer must apply for an acceptance examination to the construction authority and must also report details of theacceptance examination to the construction authority. A real estate development project may only be delivered after passing the inspection and acceptanceexaminations. For a housing estate or building complex, an acceptance examination shall be conducted upon completion of the entire project. In the case of acluster of real estate development projects, such as a residential area developed in phases, separate acceptance examinations may be carried out for eachcompleted phase. 67 Regulations on Sale of Commodity Properties Under the Measures for Administration of Sale of Commodity Properties implemented by the MOHURD on April 4, 2001 and effective June 1, 2001, thesale of commodity properties can include both pre-completion and post-completion sales. Pre-completion Sales In accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Pre-completion Sale of Urban Commodity Properties, or Urban Pre-completion Sale Measure,implemented in November 15, 1994 by the MOHURD and amended on August 30, 2007 and on August 27, 2008, a developer intending to sell a commoditybuilding before its construction work’s completion must attend to the necessary pre-completion sale registration with the real estate administration authorityof the relevant city or county to obtain a Permit for Pre-completion Sale of Commodity Properties. Commodity properties may only be sold before completion if: ●the grant land premium has been paid in full for the grant of the land use rights involved and a land use rights certificate has been obtained; ●a permit for construction work planning and a construction permit have been obtained; ●the funds invested in the development of the commodity properties put up for pre-completion sale represent 25% or more of the total investment inthe project and the progress of works and the completion and delivery dates have been ascertained; and ●the pre-completion sale has been registered and a permit for pre-completion sale of commodity properties has been obtained. The Circular on Issues Relevant to Further Strengthening the Regulation of the Real Property Market and Improving the System for Pre-sale ofResidential Premises, implemented by the MOHURD on April 13, 2010, provides that: ●for residential projects for which a pre-sale permit has not yet been obtained, real estate developers may not pre-sell such premises, collect or collectin a disguised manner, deposits, reservation fees or other such fees from purchasers in the form of subscriptions, reservations lot drawings or theissuance of VIP cards, or participate in any exhibition; ●where a real estate developer has obtained a pre-sale permit for its residential project, it must publicize all premises available for sale and the pricesof each unit at one time within 10 days, and must sell the premises to the public with clearly marked prices as filed. Real estate developers may notsell the premises reserved for self-use to the public before the initial registration of the housing ownership, pre-sell premises through a refund of thesales amount to the purchaser or the guarantee of a lease of the property after sales, or conduct sham transactions; ●pre-sale permits can only be issued for an entire building but not for individual floors or units; and ●all proceeds from the pre-sale of commodity residential premises must be deposited into accounts monitored by the regulatory authorities to ensurethat such proceeds are used for construction of the commodity residential premises. 68 Management of Proceeds from Pre-sales of Properties The Pre-completion Sale Measures also provide that the proceeds obtained by a real estate developer from the advance sale of commodity propertiesmust be used for the construction of the relevant projects. The specific measures for the supervision of proceeds from the pre-sale of commodity properties areformulated by the real estate administration authorities. Under the Implementing Regulations on Supervision of Proceeds from Pre-sales of Commodity Properties of Jinan City, implemented by JinanCommittee of Construction on September 26, 2005 and effective as of October 26, 2005, the proceeds from pre-sales of properties must be used in theconstruction of pre-sale projects, including the purchase of construction materials and equipment, remittance of construction fees and taxes payable, andshould not be used for other purposes. In accordance with the Implementing Opinions on Strengthening the Management for sale of Urban Commodity Properties, implemented by thePeople’s Government of Sichuan Province on March 23, 2000, the proceeds from pre-sales of properties must be deposited in a special bank account openedby the developers, may only be used for the relevant construction work and may not be used for other purposes. The relevant banks monitor the use of theproceeds of pre-sales and ensure that the proceeds are used in the designated way. In accordance with the Regulations on Supervision of Proceeds from the Pre-sales of Commodity Properties in Zhengzhou, implemented by theZhengzhou People’s Government on November 19, 2009 and effective as of December 20, 2009, the proceeds from the pre-sales of properties must be usedfor the construction of the same, which includes the purchase of construction materials and equipment, remittance of fees for construction and taxes payable. The Notice on Enhancing the Management on Use of Fund of Pre-sales of Commodity Properties of Beijing City, implemented and effective as ofDecember 16, 2015 provides that the real estate development enterprise may withdraw funds for construction purpose from accounts monitored by theregulatory authorities if the sale scale confirmed by pre-sale contracts signed online is less than half of the authorized scale of pre-sale. Post-completion Sales In accordance with the Measures for Administration of Sale of Commodity Properties implemented by the MOHURD on April 4, 2001, commodityproperties may be put up for post-completion sale only when the following preconditions for such sale have been satisfied: ●the developer offering to sell the post-completion properties has a valid business license and a qualification classification certificate; ●the developer has obtained a land use rights certificate or other approval documents of land use; ●the developer has the relevant permit for construction project planning and the permit for construction; ●the commodity properties have been completed, inspected and accepted as qualified; ●the relocation of the original residents has been settled; ●the supplementary and essential facilities for supplying water, electricity, heating, gas, communication, etc. have been made ready for use, and othersupplementary facilities and public facilities have been made ready for use, or the schedule of construction and delivery date of such facilities havebeen specified; and ●the property management plan has been completed. Prior to a post-completion sale of a commodity property, a real estate developer is required to submit the Real Estate Development Project Manual andother documents showing that the preconditions for a post-completion sale have been fulfilled to the real estate development authority. 69 Regulations on Property Ownership Certificates Under the Measures for Administration of Sale of Commodity Properties, the developers must submit the documents relating to the application forproperty ownership certificates to the local real estate administration authorities within 60 days after the delivery of the property to customers. Thedevelopers are required to assist customers in applying for amendments in the procedures for land use rights and registration procedures for propertyownership. In accordance with the Pre-completion Sale Measures, the purchasers must apply for property ownership certificates to the local real estate administrationauthorities within 90 days after the delivery of pre-sale property to purchasers. The developers are required to assist and provide the purchasers with necessaryverifying documents. Where the purchasers fail to obtain the property ownership certificates within 90 days thereafter due to the developer’s fault, unlessotherwise provided between the developers and the purchasers, the developers will be liable for the breach of contract. Regulations on Transfer, Mortgage and Lease Transfer According to the Urban Real Estate Law and the Provisions on Administration of Transfer of Urban Real Estate implemented on August 7, 1995 by theMOHURD and amended on August 15, 2001, a real estate owner may sell, bequeath or otherwise legally transfer real estate to another person or legal entity.When transferring a building, the ownership of the building and the land use rights to the site on which the building is situated are transferred as well. The parties to a transfer must enter into a real estate transfer contract in writing and register the transfer with the real estate administration authorityhaving jurisdiction over the location of the real estate within 90 days of the execution of the transfer contract. Where the land use rights were originally obtained by grant, the real property may only be transferred if: ●the grant premium has been paid in full for the grant of the land use rights as provided by the grant contract and a land use rights certificate has beenobtained; and ●the development has been carried out according to the grant contract: in the case of a project for which buildings are developed, developmentrepresenting more than 25% of the total investment has been completed; in the case of a whole land lot development project, construction workshave been carried out as planned, water supply, sewerage, electricity supply, heat supply, access roads, telecommunications and other infrastructureor utilities have been made available, and the site has been leveled and made ready for industrial or other construction purposes. Mortgages of Real Estate Under the Urban Real Estate Law, the Property Law, and the Measures on the Administration of Mortgage of Buildings in Urban Areas implemented bythe MOHURD in May 9, 1997 and amended on August 15, 2001, when a mortgage is created on the ownership of a building on state-owned land legallyobtained, a mortgage will be simultaneously created on the land use rights of the land on which the building is erected. Land use rights occupied by theproperties will also be mortgaged at the same time. The mortgager and the mortgagee sign a mortgage contract in writing. Within 30 days after a real estatemortgage contract has been signed, the parties to the mortgage must register the mortgage with the real estate administration authority in the city where thereal estate is situated. A real estate mortgage contract will become effective on the date of registration of the mortgage. If a mortgage is created on theproperty placed on pre-sale or which is still undergoing construction, the registration authority will, when registering the mortgage, record such details on themortgage contract. If the construction of the property is completed during the term of a mortgage, the parties involved will have to re-register the mortgageafter the issuance of the relevant certificates evidencing the rights and ownership to the real estate. 70 Lease Under the Urban Real Estate Law and the Measures for Administration of Leases of Commodity Properties implemented by the MOHURD on December1, 2010 and effective as of February 1, 2011, the parties to a lease of a building are required to enter into a lease contract in writing. When a lease contract issigned, amended or terminated, the parties must register the details with the real estate administration authority in which the building is situated. On May 17, 2016, the PRC State Council implemented the Opinions on Accelerating to Cultivate and Develop the Housing Leasing Market, accordingto which real estate developers are encouraged to engage in housing leasing business. Among others, the government intends to (i) support real estatedevelopers to expand their business scopes, develop housing leasing business by taking advantage of their completed real properties; (ii) encourage realestate developers to rent the commercial housing in stock and (iii) guide real estate developers to cooperate with the housing leasing enterprises fordeveloping housing leasing business. Regulations on Real Estate Financing The Opinions of the MOHURD and Other Departments on Adjusting the Housing Supply Structure and Stabilizing the Property Prices, issued on May24, 2006 by the General Office of the PRC State Council, provides that, to tighten the control of advancing loan facilities, commercial banks are not allowedto advance their loan facilities to developers who do not have the required 35% or more of the total capital for the construction projects. The commercialbanks should be prudent in granting loan facilities and/or revolving credit facilities in any form to the developers who have a large number of idle landparcels and unsold commodity properties. Banks may not accept mortgages of commodity properties remaining unsold for more than three years. In terms ofminimum down payment, this Opinion provides that: ●the minimum down payment for any purchase of first self-use residential property with a unit GFA of less than 90 square meters is 20% of thepurchase price of the property; and ●the minimum down payment for any purchase of first self-use residential property with a unit GFA of 90 square meters or more is 30% of thepurchase price of the property. The Circular on Strengthening the Management of Commercial Real Estate Credit Facilities, issued on September 27, 2007 by the PBOC and theCBRC, as supplemented on December 5, 2007 reinstates the minimum down payment requirements contained in the Opinion of the MOHURD and OtherDepartments on Adjusting the Housing Supply Structure and Stabilizing the Property Prices issued on May 24, 2006, and further provides that if a familymember (including the purchaser and his / her spouse and their children under 18) has financed the purchase of a residential property with loans from banks,any member of the family that purchases another residential property will be regarded as a second-time property purchaser. The Circular of the State Council on Firmly Curbing Precipitous Rise of Some Urban Housing Prices implemented on April 17, 2010 by the PRC StateCouncil, provides for the implementation of a stricter differentiated housing loan policy, including: ●purchasers of a first residential property for a household with a GFA of greater than 90 square meters must make down payments of no less than 30%of the purchase price; ●purchasers of a second residential property for a household must make down payments of no less than 50% of the purchase price and the interest rateof any mortgage for such property must equal at least the benchmark interest rate plus 10%; and ●the minimum down payment amount and applied interest rate must be increased significantly for purchasers of a third residential property. On May 26, 2010, the MOHURD, the PBOC and the CBRC jointly issued a notice clarifying the criteria for determining a “second residential householdproperty.” Among other matters, the requirements on down payments and interest rates for mortgages on a second residential property will also apply to non-local resident purchasers (i.e., purchasers who cannot provide proof that they have been making individual income tax payments or social security paymentsin the relevant local area for more than one year) applying for housing-related mortgage financing, regardless of whether there is any residential propertyunder the name of a member of their households at the time of application. 71 On March 30, 2015, the MOF and the SAT jointly issued the Notice on Adjustment of Business Tax Policies on Individual Transfer of House, or Circular39, which became effective on March 31, 2015. According to Circular No. 39, individual property owners are exempt from paying business tax on the sale ofan ordinary housing if he has owned and held it for at least two years. The Circular on Issues Relevant to Improving the Regulation and Control of the Real Property Market implemented by the General Office of the PRCState Council on January 26, 2011, provides that all local governments and the ministries and commissions under the PRC State Council must comply withthe following requirements: ●if an individual transfers a house within five years after purchasing it, all his or her income from such sale will be subject to business tax; ●a household purchasing a second residential household property by mortgage financing, the down payment must not be less than 60% of thepurchase price, and the interest rate for a mortgage on such property must not be less than 1.1 times of the benchmark interest rate; ●local governments are required to strengthen the administration of housing land supply and the land supply for housing for low-income people andshantytown renovation. Small and medium-sized common commodity property must not be less than 70% of the total housing land supply; ●a local resident household having one residential household property, or a non-local resident household that is able to provide the individualincome tax payment certificate or social insurance contribution certificate for a certain number of years, may only be allowed to purchase one moreresidential property; ●a local resident household having two or more residential property, or a non-local resident household having one or more residential property or isunable to provide the individual income tax payment certificate or social insurance contribution certificate for a certain number of years, may not beallowed to purchase any residential property in the local area. In accordance with the Circular of the MOHURD and the SAFE on Further Regulating the Administration of Houses Purchase by Overseas Entities andIndividuals implemented on November 4, 2010, except as otherwise provided in the law, an overseas individual may only purchase one house unit forpersonal residence, and an overseas entity establishing domestic branches or representative offices may only purchase non-residential houses in the city ofregistration for business purposes. On February 20, 2013, the PRC State Council, in an executive meeting, stated that it is still a national policy to take action to curb investment andspeculation in the housing market. The PRC State Council required the local governments continue to stabilize the housing price and restrict the speculationin the housing market. The meeting also determined that the trial regions for real property tax will be enlarged. On February 26, 2013, the General Office of the PRC State Council announced the Circular on Continuing to Improve the Regulation and Control of theReal Estate Market, which among others, provides the following requirements: ●all municipalities directly under the central government, municipalities with independent planning status, and provincial capital cities (excludingLhasa) must promulgate their own plans and targets for price controls on newly constructed commodity properties (excluding low-cost housingprojects) in 2013 based on the principle of stabilizing the current market price. Such plans and targets must be published within the first quarter of2013; 72 ●limitations on the purchase of commodity properties must be strictly implemented, and the scope of such limitations must cover all newlyconstructed commodity properties and second-hand properties located within the entire administrative area of the city in question; ●non-local resident families that already hold a property and non-local resident families that cannot prove their local payment of tax and/or socialinsurance for a required period of time shall be suspended from purchasing any property within the local administrative area; ●for those cities with excessive growth in housing prices, the local counterparts of the PBOC may further increase down payment ratios and interestrates for loans to purchase second properties in accordance with the price control policies and targets of the corresponding local governments; ●the gains generated from the sale of a self-owned property shall be subject to individual income tax at a rate of 20%, if the original value of suchproperty can be verified through historical information such as tax filings and property registration. On September 29, 2014, PBOC and CBRC issued the Circular of PBOC and CBRC on Further Improving Financial Services for Housing, among otherincentive policies, which specifies that the minimum down payment is 30% of the purchase price for purchasers of a first residential property for theirhouseholds, and the minimum loan interest rate is 70% of the benchmark rate, to be decided by banking financial institutions in light of risk conditions. Forpurchasers of a second residential property for their households who have paid off the loan that financed their first house and reapply for a loan to finance anordinary commodity house for the purpose of improving their living conditions, the loan policies for a first house will apply. On October 9, 2014, the MOHURD, the MOF, and the PBOC jointly issued the Circular of MOHURD, MOF and PBOC on Developing the Business ofIndividual Housing Loan through Housing Fund , which specifies that employees who make their payment of housing fund for consecutive 6 months mayapply for individual housing loans through the housing fund and local authorities may raise the amount that a person can apply for under certain conditions. In light of the weakening in the property market in China, on March 30, 2015, the PBOC, the MOHURD and the CBRC jointly issued the Circular onIssues concerning Individual Residential Mortgage Policies in an effort to stimulate the market. The circular reduces the minimum down payment ratios from30% to 20% for first home buyers who use the housing provident fund for their purchase and from 60% to 40% for second home buyers with outstandingmortgages who apply for another mortgage. In addition, the circular provides that home buyers who use the housing provident fund for their home purchaseare only required to pay a minimum down payment of 30% for their purchase of a second house if all loans are settled on their first home. On August 27, 2015, the MOHURD, the MOF and the PBOC jointly issued the Circular on Adjusting the Minimum Down Payment for the Purchase ofHouses by Individuals on the Housing Provident Fund Loans. The circular provides that home buyers who use the housing provident fund for their homepurchase are only required to pay a minimum down payment of 20% for their purchase of a second house if all loans are settled on their first home. On September 24, 2015, the PBOC and the CBRC jointly issued the Circular on Issues Concerning Further Improving Differentiated Housing LoanPolicies, which provided that in the cities without restrictive measures for house purchase, the minimum down payment ratio shall be 25% or higher for thefirst home buyers who use the commercial individual housing loans. On September 29, 2015, the MOHURD, the MOF and the PBOC jointly issued the Notice on further improving the Usage Efficiency of HousingProvident Fund, according to which, in the case of any cities with sub-districts avail the housing provident fund with an efficiency index less than 85%, thecities shall increase the housing provident fund loans based on the housing price, loan needs and repayment capacities. The term of the indebtedness can beextended to 5 years after one’s retirement but is limited to 30 years. 73 On February 1, 2016, the PBOC and the CBRC jointly issued Circular of the People’s Bank of China and the China Banking Regulatory Commission onIssues Concerning Adjusting the Individual Housing Loan Policies. It provides that in the cities without restrictive measures for house purchase, theminimum down payment ratio, in principal, shall be 25% for the first home buyers who use the commercial individual housing loans common, and the saidpercentage may be lowered by 5% in different regions; with respect to second home buyers with unsettled house purchase loans who purchase for improvingliving conditions and use commercial individual housing loans, the minimum down payment ratio shall be at least 30%. On February 17, 2016, the MOF, the SAT and the MOHURD jointly issued Circular on Adjusting Deed Tax and Business Tax Policies for Real EstateTransactions. Regarding deed tax, it provides that for first home buyers purchasing the only residence for their families (family members include the buyer,the buyer’s spouse and under-age children, as applicable hereinafter) with an area of 90 square meters or less, the deed tax is reduced to 1%; for a residencewith an area of more than 90 square meters, the deed tax is reduced to 1.5%. For second home buyers purchasing a second residence with an area of 90 squaremeters or less, the deed tax is reduced to 1%; for residences with an area of more than 90 square meters, the deed tax is reduced to 2%. Regarding business tax,it provides that for any individual who sells his/her ordinary housing that is purchased and owned less than two years, full business tax is levied; for anindividual who sells his/her ordinary housing purchased and owned not less than two years ago, the business tax is exempted. However, the circular specifiesthat the policies regarding deed tax and business tax shall not apply to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, where the business tax for transfer ofresidences by individuals as stipulated in the Circular of the Ministry of Finance, and the State Administration of Taxation on Adjusting Business TaxPolicies for Transfer of Residences by Individuals still apply. Furthermore, the MOF and the SAT jointly implemented the Circular on Issues concerning theTaxation Basis for Deed Tax, House Property Tax, Land Value-added Tax and Individual Income Tax after the Pilot Collection of Value-Added Tax in Lieuof Business Tax on April 25, 2016 which deducts VAT from the taxation basis of Deed Tax, House Property Tax, Land Value-added Tax and IndividualIncome Tax. Regulations on Housing Prices and Real Estate Tax On January 7, 2010, the general office of the PRC State Council issued the Circular of the General Office of the State Council on Accelerating theStable and Smooth Development of Real Estate Market to all ministries and provincial-level local governments to control the rapid increase in housingprices and cool down the real estate market in China. The circular reiterated that the purchasers of a second residential property for their households mustmake down payments of not less than 40% of the purchase price and the real estate developers must commence the sale within the mandated period as setforth in the pre-sale approvals and at the publicly announced prices. Further, in order to implement the requirements set out in the PRC State Council’scircular, the MLR, issued a notice on March 8, 2010 in relation to increasing the supply of, and strengthening the supervision over, land for real estatedevelopment purposes. The MLR’s notice stipulated that the floor price of a parcel of land must not be lower than 70% of the benchmark land price set forthe area in which the parcel is located, and that real estate developers participating in land auctions must pay a deposit equivalent to 20% of the land parcel’sfloor price. On March 16, 2011, the NDRC, issued the Provisions on Selling Real Estate at Expressly Marked Prices, which was implemented on May 1, 2011 toregulate price manipulation and arbitrary price increases by, among other things, requiring developers to re-register with the appropriate governmentdepartment before increasing real estate prices. PRC government agencies have also implemented several other regulations in a continuous bid to promotethe construction of public housing, especially rental housing projects. The urban public rental housing policy is targeted at low to middle income families,new employees without housing and migrants with stable employment in urban areas. Several policies, such as increasing financial aid from central financeagencies and local governments, improving project planning and establishing a sound regulatory mechanism, have been implemented to ensure thesuccessful promotion of affordable housing projects. In addition to the notice above, local government authorities of several municipalities and cities such as Beijing, Zhengzhou, Jinan, Chengdu and Hefeihave successively implemented more detailed regulations to restrict residents who have not resided in the local area for a certain period of time (ranging from1 year to 5 years, evidenced by their individual income tax payment track records) from purchasing residential property in that area. 74 On February 15, 2012, the MLR issued the Circular on Issues Relevant to the Regulation and Control of the Real Property Market in 2012, whichprovides that governments must strictly maintain the current range of restrictions on the real estate market. On April 17, 2014, the General office of the PRC State Council issued a notice that, among other things, specifically emphasizes the importance ofadopting real estate tax. On November 24, 2014, the Provisional Regulations on Registration of Real Estate was implemented by PRC State Council andbecame effective on March 1, 2015. It provides that PRC has established a nationwide property registration system to provide a uniform platform throughwhich ownership information of every registered property can be shared in real-time among different regions in China. If the PRC government promulgatesregulations of real estate tax in the future, it may adversely affect the real estate market in China. On March 7, 2016, during the National People’s Congress and the Chinese Political Consultative Conference, the All-China Federation of Industry andCommerce made a proposal concerning propelling relief of real estate inventory. The proposal includes suggestions such as introducing real estate trusts,using individual income tax to charge against interest of housing loans. Regulations on Housing Supply and Improving the Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market The Opinion of the MOHURD and Other Departments on Adjusting the Housing Supply Structure and Stabilizing Property Prices, implemented onMarch 25, 2015, provides the following: ●commercial banks may not grant loans to any developer whose total investment capital contributed is less than 35% and may not accept anypremises that have been left vacant for more than three years as security; ●land that has been left idle for two years or more will be repossessed by the government without any compensation payment to the developer. Also,land will be treated as being left idle if construction has been halted for more than one year and the total area developed is less than one-third of thewhole project area or the capital invested is less than a quarter of the total investment; ●there will be no supply of land for villas and other equivalent real estate development projects, while land allocation for low-density, large housingdevelopments will remain tight; and ●no planning permit, construction permit or premises pre-sale permit is to be issued for projects that do not comply with the abovementionedrequirements, in particular composite structure projects that exceed planning requirements. The Circular on Increasing the Supply of, and Strengthening the Supervision over, Land for Real Estate Development Purposes issued on March 8,2010 by the MLR, provides that: ●the floor price of a parcel of land must not be lower than 70% of the benchmark land price set for the area in which the parcel is located; ●real estate developers participating in land auctions must pay a deposit equivalent to 20% of the land parcel’s floor price; and ●real estate developers must report to the competent land authorities when they commence and complete the construction of each project, and theland authorities will conduct inspections according to the corresponding land grant contract. This circular also reiterated the policy that the initial installment payment made by real estate developers for a parcel of land must not be less than 50%of the overall amount owed for the land use rights. 75 Regulations on Environmental Protection in Construction Projects Under the Regulations on the Administration of Environmental Protection in Construction Project, or Environmental Regulations, implemented by thePRC State Council on November 29, 1998 and amended on July 16, 2017 and effective as of October 1, 2017, each construction project is subject to anenvironmental impact assessment by the relevant authorities. According to the Environmental Regulations, a developer is required to submit an environmental impact report, or an environmental impact report form,or an environmental impact registration form (as the case may be) to the relevant environmental protection administration for approval during the project’sfeasibility analysis stage. In the meantime, if any ancillary environmental protection facilities are necessary in the construction project, such facilities arerequired to be designed, constructed and used in conjunction with the main project. After completion of the project, the developers are required to apply tothe relevant environmental protection administrations for final acceptance examination in respect of any ancillary environmental protection facilities.Construction projects are approved for use after passing the said acceptance examination. The Environmental Impact Assessment Law, implemented by the National People’s Congress on October 28, 2002 and effective as of September 1, 2003and amended on July 2, 2016, provides that if the environmental impact assessment documents of a construction project have not been examined by therelevant environmental protection administrations or are not approved after examination, the authority in charge of examination and approval of the projectmay not approve construction on the project, and the construction work unit may not commence work. Regulations on Property Management The Property Management Rules, amended by the PRC State Council on August 26, 2007 and effective as of October 1, 2007 and amended on February6, 2016, provide that property owners have the right to appoint and dismiss property service enterprises (formerly known as property managemententerprises). The rules also establish a regulatory system for property service enterprises, which encompasses the following regulations: ●the Measures for the Administration of Qualifications of Property Service Enterprises (formerly known as the Measures for the Administration ofQualifications of Property Management Enterprises) amended by the MOHURD and effective as of November 26, 2007, amended on May 4, 2015and January 21, 2017, provide that property service enterprises must apply to the local branch of the MOHURD and undertake a qualificationexamination to obtain a Property Service Qualification Certificate. A property service enterprise must pass the Property Service Qualification(formerly known as the Property Management Qualification), or PSQ examination, in order to engage in property management. Property serviceenterprises are classified as class I, II or III. Different classes of service enterprises have different establishment requirements and may managedifferent types of premises. However, the Measures for the Administration of Qualifications of Property Service Enterprises expired on March 8,2018, the qualifications of property service enterprises are cancelled and no administrative approval is required for operating property service. ●the Measures on the Administration of Bid Soliciting and Bidding Concerning Preliminary Property Management, implemented on June 26, 2003by the MOHURD, provide that prior to the selection of the Property Owners’ Committee, or the POC, the property developer will select a propertymanagement enterprise to provide property management services. ●the NDRC and the MOHURD jointly implemented the Measures on the Administration of Property Management Service Fees on November 13,2003, which provide that property management fees will be determined by mutual consent between the POC and the property managemententerprise, and set forth in writing in the property management service contract. Xinyuan Science and Technology Service Co., Ltd. is a class I property management company. Regulations on Urban Landscaping Services The Regulations Regarding Urban Landscape implemented on June 22, 1992, amended on January 8, 2011 and March 1, 2017 by the PRC StateCouncil and the Measures on the Administration of Qualifications of Urban Landscaping Enterprises (“Urban Landscaping Measures”) implemented onJuly 4, 1995, as amended on October 9, 2009, provide the following: 76 ●any enterprise that wishes to provide landscaping services must apply to the MOHURD’s local branch for an urban landscaping qualification, orULQ certificate; and ●if a landscaping enterprise wishes to provide landscaping service outside the province where it is registered, it must establish branches in suchlocales and submit its original ULQ certificate for filing with the MOHURD’s respective local branch. While the Urban Landscaping Measures were abolished on February 18, 2016, the requirements are still being implemented by the MOHURD and itslocal branches in practice. United States Our operations in the United States will be subject to extensive regulations imposed and enforced by various federal, state, and local governingauthorities. These regulations are complex and include building codes, land zoning and other entitlement restrictions, health and safety regulations, laborpractices, marketing and sales practices, environmental regulations, and various other laws, rules, and regulations. Collectively, these regulations have asignificant impact on the site selection and development of our properties, our design and construction techniques, our relationships with customers,employees, and suppliers, subcontractors, and many other aspects of our business. C.Organizational Structure Xinyuan is a holding company established in the Cayman Islands that operates its business and operations through its subsidiaries. For its operations ineach of the PRC and the United States, the Group has a local holding company which owns the operating entities. The Group establishes a separate entity foreach development project. In addition, the Group has various subsidiaries which have been created for use in various future ventures. Please refer to Exhibit8.1 to this Annual Report on Form 20-F for a listing of the Company’s subsidiaries, including country of incorporation. Please refer to Note 1 of our auditedconsolidated financial statements for the ownership percentages of the Group’s principal subsidiaries. D.Property, plant and equipment Our headquarters and some of our subsidiaries are located in Beijing, China, where we lease approximately 7,331 square meters of office space. We alsolease a total of approximately 10,540 square meters of office space in other cities where our subsidiaries are located, which includes approximately 1,383square meters in Jinan, Shandong Province, 1,966 square meters in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 1,136 square meters in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, 276 squaremeters in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 4,521 square meters in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, Shaanxi Province, 776 square meters in Changsha, Hunan Province,367 square meters in New York and 115 square meters in Malaysia. ITEM 4A.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 5.OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidatedfinancial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion may contain forward-looking statementsbased upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-lookingstatements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report onForm 20-F. 77 A.Operating Results Overview Since our inception in 1997, we have completed 52 projects with total GFA of 7,824,687 square meters. As of December 31, 2018, we had 42 projects in14 cities in China and the United States with estimated total GFA of 7,541,823 square meters under construction and planning, of which 29 projects withestimated total GFA of 4,480,111 square meters were under construction. As of December 31, 2017, we had 28 projects in 14 cities in China and the UnitedStates with estimated total GFA of 5,162,576 square meters under construction and planning, of which 19 projects with estimated total GFA of 3,126,063square meters were under construction. As of December 31, 2016, we had 24 projects in 11 cities in China and the United States with estimated total GFA of4,138,924 square meters under construction and planning, of which 17 projects with estimated total GFA of 3,566,254 square meters were under construction. Our total revenue, derived primarily from sales of residential real estate, was US$1,561.6 million in 2016, US$1,976.9 million in 2017, and US$2,217.6million in 2018. Our net income was US$79.5 million, US$80.1 million, and US$106.0 million, respectively, for the same periods. We acquire land in Chinaprimarily through auctions of government land and acquisition of landowning entities. These acquisition methods allow us to obtain unoccupied land withunencumbered land use rights, which in turn enables us to save the time and expenses associated with protracted legal processes to obtain title, demolitionand re-settlement and to commence construction quickly. The most significant factors that directly or indirectly affect our financial performance and results of operations are: ●Economic growth and demand for residential property in China and, since 2012, in the United States; ●PRC government policies and regulations, including tax guidelines and lending policies for the real estate sector; ●Location, number and type of our property developments; ●Availability and cost of financing; ●Acquisition of quality land use rights or title to quality properties in our target markets; ●Changes in the price of raw materials and labor costs; and ●Our execution capability to support business expansion. Principal Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations Economic growth and demand for residential property in China and since 2012, in the United States Our business and results of operations are significantly affected by trends and developments in the PRC economy, including disposable income levels,urbanization rate, population growth, and availability of project and consumer financing, which affect demand for residential properties in China. During thepast decade, China has experienced significant economic growth, which has created a favorable operating environment for us in the cities where we operate.As of December 31, 2018, 97.4% of the units in our completed projects have been sold. We have periodically experienced some volatilities in demand due tothe strict mortgage policy and other measures taken by the PRC government to slow down the rapid increase in housing prices, such as the Circular onContinuing to Improve the Regulation and Control of the Real Estate Market announced by the General Office of the PRC State Council in February 2013which, among others, requires an individual income tax at a rate of 20% on gains generated from the sale of a self-owned property (See “Item 4. Informationon the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulation — China — Regulations on Real Estate Financing”). However, we expect continuing economicgrowth in China, rising disposable income levels and population growth in our target cities to support demand for residential properties over the next severalyears. If we continue to expand our business operations in the United States, trends and development in the U.S. economy, including developments in theUnited States housing markets, will become increasing important to our business and results of operations. 78 PRC government policies and regulations Our business and results of operations are significantly affected by PRC government policies and regulations, particularly those that relate to land salesand development, project and consumer financing, property sales and transfers, property taxation and residential property prices. In connection with the rapid rise in housing prices as the PRC real estate market recovered from the impact of financial crisis, the general office of PRCState Council issued the Circular of the General Office of the State Council on Accelerating the Stable and Smooth Development of Real Estate Market onJanuary 7, 2010, which aimed to control the rapid increase in housing prices and cool down the real estate market. Among other matters, the circularreiterated that purchasers of a second residential property for their households must make down payments of no less than 40% of the purchase price, and thatreal estate developers who have received approval to sell property must commence sales within the mandated period at the price they have publiclyannounced. The General Office of the PRC State Council implemented the Circular on Issues Relevant to Improving the Regulation and control of the Real PropertyMarket on January 26, 2011, which provided, among other things, that for a household purchasing a second residential household property utilizingmortgage financing, the down payment must be at least 60% of the purchase price, and that provinces and cities where housing prices are too high mustpromulgate policies to limit the purchase of residential properties. On February 26, 2013, the General Office of the PRC State Council announced the Circular on Continuing to Improve the Regulation and Control of theReal Estate Market , which, among others, provided the following requirements: (i) limitations on the purchase of commodity properties must be strictlyimplemented, and the scope of such limitations must cover all newly constructed commodity properties and second-hand properties located within the entireadministrative area of the city in question; (ii) for those cities with excessive growth in housing prices, the local counterparts of the PBOC may furtherincrease down payment ratios and interest rates for loans to purchase second properties in accordance with the price control policies and targets of thecorresponding local governments; and (iii) the gains generated from the sale of a self-owned property shall be subject to individual income tax at a rate of20%, if the original value of such property can be verified through historical information such as tax filings and property registration. We believe that it is in the PRC government’s interest to stabilize the market and to encourage the urbanization process and that increases of disposableincome will continue to support the long-term growth of China’s real estate market. Accordingly, we expect that the government will maintain policies thatwill foster long-term healthy growth and curb potential bubbles in the market. However, we cannot assure that the PRC government will not adopt furthermeasures in the near future that may adversely affect our business and financial performance or that a real estate bubble will not develop despite governmentefforts to discourage such development. Moreover, a substantial portion of our customers depend on mortgage financing to purchase our properties. Although government policies havegenerally fostered the growth of private home ownership, regulations have been adopted in recent years to tighten and then loosen mortgage lending rules.For example, on September 29, 2014, the PBOC and CBRC issued the Circular of PBOC and CBRC on Further Improving Financial Services for Housing,among other incentive policies, which specifies that the minimum down payment percentage is 30% for purchasers of a first residential property for theirhouseholds, and the minimum loan interest rate is 70% of the benchmark rate, to be determined by banking financial institutions in light of risk conditions.For purchasers of a second residential property for their households who have paid up the loan that financed the acquisition their first house who apply againto for a loan to finance the purchase of an ordinary commodity house for the purpose of improving their living conditions, the loan policies for the first houseshall apply. In light of the weakening in the property market in China, however, the PBOC, the MOHURD and the CBRC jointly issued the Circular onIssues concerning Individual Residential Mortgage Policies on March 30, 2015, which came into effect on March 31, 2015, as a measure to shore up themarket. The circular reduces the minimum down payment ratios from 30% to 20% for first home buyers who use the housing provident fund for their purchaseand from 60% to 40% for second home buyers with outstanding mortgages who apply for another mortgage. In addition, the circular provides that homebuyers who use the housing provident fund for their home purchase are only required to pay a minimum down payment of 30% for their purchase of a secondhouse if all loans are settled on their first home. 79 On August 27, 2015, the MOHURD, the MOF and the PBOC jointly issued the Circular on Adjusting the Minimum Down Payment for the Purchase ofHouses by Individuals on the Housing Provident Fund Loans. The circular provides that home buyers who use the housing provident fund for their homepurchase are only required to pay a minimum down payment of 20% for their purchase of a second house if all loans are settled on their first home. The down payment ratio, the loan interest rate and the size of mortgage financing are important factors that affect our results of operations, and we cannotguarantee that our operations will not be adversely affected by future government policies. The PRC government will also from time to time introduce sales tax incentives or disincentives to either stimulate or dampen demand. For example, therequired holding period for avoidance of business tax on capital gains on sale of real estate was recently reduced from five years to two years with thepromulgation of Circular 39 on March 30, 2015 in an effort to stimulate the weakening property market in China. Location, number and type of our property developments The amount of revenue we record in any given period is affected by a number of factors, including the number, type and location of properties we haveunder construction and their stage of completion, whether the completed units have been sold and the realized selling prices for such units. The averageselling prices of our projects vary depending on the types and sizes of the units sold and on the location of the projects. As the overall development movescloser to completion, the sales prices tend to increase because a more established residential community is offered to purchasers. The type of propertydevelopment affects the estimated construction period of the project, which largely determines the revenue recognition method we apply. Revenuerecognized in any period under the full accrual method depends on the number, aggregate GFA and average selling prices of units completed and sold duringthe period. Revenue recognized in any period on an over time basis depends on contracted sales of units in the relevant project and the completion progressof a project (measured by the ratio of cost incurred to total estimated cost). As the completion and sales of our projects are not spread evenly over time, ourresults of operations may differ significantly from period to period. Availability and cost of financing Like other property developers, we require substantial capital investment for the acquisition of land use rights and the construction of our projects. Ourability to secure financing for such purposes affects the number of projects we are able to develop at any time. Over the past ten years, the PBCO hasalternatively tightened or loosened the credit supply by increasing or decreasing the reserve requirement ratios of commercial banks and financialinstitutions. Any future increases in the reserve requirement ratio will reduce the amount of commercial bank credit available to businesses in China and mayaffect our ability to obtain sufficient funding from banks to finance our business expansion. The cost of our financing also affects our operating results. Wetypically obtain bank borrowings for up to 65% of the cost of our land use rights to fund PRC project developments after we receive the required permits.Interest rates on our commercial bank borrowings vary and are linked to benchmark lending rates published by the PBOC, which fluctuate from time to time. In addition to bank debt, we obtain financing through the issuance of debt securities and through onshore corporate bonds issued by our subsidiary,Xinyuan China. As of December 31, 2018 we had outstanding US$1,050.2 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Notes with interest ratesranging from 7.75% to 9.875%. Also as of December 31, 2018, Xinyuan China had outstanding US$356.9 million in corporate bonds. For more detaileddiscussion of the bank borrowing and debt securities, see Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - B. Liquidity and Capital Resources. 80 Acquisition of land use rights or title to properties in target markets Our business model depends to a large extent on our ability to acquire land use rights for development sites and proceed quickly with construction toshorten our development cycle. As a consequence, we are frequently surveying the market for attractive development opportunities in our target cities. Undercurrent regulations and market practice, land use rights for residential development purposes in China may be acquired from local governments through acompetitive auction or other bidding process, in which the minimum reserve price is determined based on the appraised value. Land use rights may also beacquired in the secondary markets. We also utilize a negotiated land acquisition model, which involves deposits on certain lands that we are most interestedin acquiring, which we believe will improve our chances of successfully acquiring desired land. Government land auctions are a transparent and competitive process for bringing development land to market, allowing the developer to acquire cleantitle and the ability to proceed immediately with development. However, as competition for development sites increases, the auction mechanism tends to leadto higher prices. In 2016, 2017 and 2018, land use rights costs, including auction price and taxes, constituted 35.6%, 39.7%, and 42.2% respectively, of ourcosts of revenue. During 2018, we incurred an aggregate of US$951.7 million for land acquisitions in China, including deposits for potential acquisitionsunder the negotiated land acquisition model. We acquire our developments sites or land held for sale in the United States generally through off-market transactions, including resales and distressedsales. During 2018, we did not purchase any new property in the United States. On March 21, 2018, we acquired from ED Group, a 50% equity stake in MDL, the developer of the Madison Project, via our wholly-owned subsidiaryXinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited for a total consideration of GBP29.5 million equivalent to US$41.4 million. Increases in the price of raw materials and labor costs We outsource the design and construction of our property developments to third-party service providers. Our third-party contractors are responsible forproviding labor and procuring a majority of the raw materials used in our project developments. Our construction contracts typically provide for flexiblepayments, subject to changes in certain cases, such as design changes during construction, changes in government-suggested steel prices, cement prices, aswell as labor costs. Any increase in labor costs or other costs which may result in adjustments in payments under our construction contracts could result in anincrease in our construction costs. In addition, the increase in the price of raw materials, such as cement, concrete blocks and bricks, in the long run could bepassed on to us by our contractors, which could increase our construction costs. Any input cost increase could reduce our earnings to the extent we are unableto pass these increased costs to our customers. Our execution capability to support business expansion Since 2006, we have been expanding our residential property development operations from Zhengzhou in Henan Province into other high growth cities,we plan to expand into additional high growth cities as suitable opportunities arise. The development of real estate projects across additional high growthcities will impose significant demand on our management and other operational resources. Moreover, we will face increased competition and will need toestablish brand recognition and market acceptance for our developments in these new markets. Each of our targeted high growth cities has its own marketconditions, customer requirements and local regulations related to the real estate industry. In addition, while our primary focus continues to be residentialreal estate markets in the high growth cities in China, we have expanded into the U.S. market. Our expansion in the U.S. market, which is significantlydifferent from China in terms of market conditions, regulatory compliance requirement and customers, imposes significant demands on our management andother operational resources. In 2014, we acquired 100% of the shares of a Malaysian company, which owns offshore land fill development rights for a totalareas of 170 acres (approximately 687,966 square meters). On March 21, 2018, we acquired from ED Group, a 50% equity stake in MDL, the developer of theMadison Project, via our wholly-owned subsidiary Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited for a total consideration of GBP29.5 millionequivalent to US$41.4 million. We have no development experience in Malaysia and England, nor have we ever engaged in landfill reclamation projects.Such expansion also imposes significant demands on our capital and management resources to develop and generate future revenues from projects. Thesuccess of our business expansion depends on our ability to develop, market and deliver quality development projects on time. In addition, the progress andcosts of a development project can be adversely affected by many factors, such as delays in obtaining necessary licenses, permits or approvals from relevantgovernment authorities, failure by local contractors to comply with our designs, specifications or standards, and disputes with our third-party contractors. Aswe are not permitted to commence pre-sales in China until we have reached certain milestones in the construction progress for a project, any significant delayin construction could restrict our ability to pre-sell our properties, which could extend the recovery period for our investments. This, in turn, could have anadverse effect on our cash flow, investment returns, results of operations and financial position. 81 Operating Results Revenues We derive our revenues mainly from the development and sale of real estate. In addition, we generate a small percentage of revenue from leasingancillary facilities and residential units in certain of our residential developments, as well as from the provision of related services, including propertymanagement and real estate related services that we provide to residents and purchasers of our residential units. Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 US$ % US$ % US$ % (in thousands, except for percentages) Real estate sales 1,524,969 97.7 1,924,561 97.4 2,139,371 96.5 Real estate leasing 5,946 0.4 8,733 0.4 9,585 0.4 Real estate management services income 30,023 1.9 41,738 2.1 63,447 2.9 Other revenue 687 0.0 1,875 0.1 5,148 0.2 Total revenue 1,561,625 100.0 1,976,907 100.0 2,217,551 100.0 The impact of foreign exchange rate variances on reported revenues in U.S. dollars was a favorable 2.1% for the year ended December 31, 2018,compared to an adverse 1.7% for the year ended December 31, 2017. These variances were due to the appreciation of the RMB versus the U.S. dollar during2018 was heightened as compared to 2017. Real estate sales Real estate sales represent revenues from the sales of residential properties we develop and acquire. Throughout this annual report, real estate sales arestated net of sales tax levied on the relevant contracted sales value. Sales tax is a one-time tariff which consists of a business tax at the rate of 5%, an urbanconstruction tax at the rate of 0.35% and an education surcharge at the rate of 0.15%. Total sales tax amounted to US$30.1 million, US$21.7 million, andUS$21.4 million for 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Beginning May 1, 2016, a value added tax instead of the business tax was levied on the relevantcontracted sales value at the rate of 5% or 11%. Beginning May 1, 2018, the rates of value added tax was levied on the relevant contracted sales value at therate of 5% or 10%. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized all our real estate sales revenues in China under the percentage of completion method (“POC”). OnJanuary 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606: Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) issued by the Financial Accounting StandardsBoard. The Company adopted the guidance using the modified retrospective approach for the year ended December 31, 2018. Under the new revenuerecognition standards, revenue from domestic real estate sales under the previous contract terms, which used to be recognized over time under POC method,was not recognized until title is transferred when the Company does not have the enforceable right to payment, therefore, the revenue, cost and retainedearnings decreased; on the other hand, the balance of real estate properties under development and customer deposits increased. For the year ended December31, 2017 and 2018, all the revenues related to projects in the U.S. were recognized until title is transferred. 82 Real estate leasing Real estate leasing revenues represent the income from the rental of ancillary facilities, including a retail property, parking facilities, kindergartens,elementary schools, and clubhouses in a number of our developments. Real estate management service Real estate management services income is recognized ratably as services are provided over the term of the property management agreements. Other revenue Other revenue consists primarily of fees received for our property management services, landscaping and computer network engineering and other realestate-related services that we provide to residents and purchasers of our residential units. Costs of revenues The following table sets forth a breakdown of our costs of revenues for the period indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 US$ % US$ % US$ % (in thousands, except for percentages) Cost of real estate sales Land use rights costs 428,260 35.6 602,399 39.7 676,284 42.2 Construction costs 746,312 62.0 871,668 57.4 860,689 54.1 Total cost of real estate sales 1,174,572 97.6 1,474,067 97.1 1,543,973 96.3 Cost of real estate leasing 3,683 0.3 11,006 0.7 9,349 0.6 Cost of real estate management services 24,281 2.0 31,647 2.2 44,620 2.8 Other costs 1,100 0.1 559 – 4,131 0.3 Total Costs of revenues 1,203,636 100.0 1,517,279 100.0 1,602,073 100.0 Cost of real estate sales Cost of real estate sales consist primarily of land use rights costs and construction costs. Impairment charges, if any, are also recorded under cost of realestate sales. Cost of real estate sales are capitalized and allocated to development projects using the specific identification method. When the full accrualmethod of revenue recognition is applied, cost of sales is recognized by determining the ratio of the area of the relevant units completed and sold to theestimated total project area, and applying that ratio to the estimated total project costs. When the over time basis of revenue recognition is applied,capitalized costs are released to our statement of comprehensive income based on the completion progress of a project. Land use rights cost. Land use rights costs include the amount we pay to acquire land use rights for our property development sites in China, plus taxes,and the amount we pay to acquire land for our property development in the United States, plus taxes. We acquire our development sites in the PRC mainly byauctions of government land, direct negotiation and acquisition of land-owning entities. We acquired our development sites or land held for sale in theUnited States generally through off-market transactions, including resale and distressed sales. Our land use rights costs for different projects vary according tothe size and location of the site and the minimum reserve price for the site, all of which are influenced by government policies, as well as prevailing marketconditions. Our land use rights costs have increased in the past few years due to several factors including geographic expansion into certain higher pricedmarkets, generally rising prices in each of our served markets, and increased competition from a growing number of bidders at government land auctions. 83 Construction costs. We outsource the construction of all of our projects to third party contractors, whom we select through a competitive tender process.Our construction contracts provide for flexible payments which cover substantially most of all labor, materials, fittings and equipment costs, subject toadjustments for certain prescribed contingencies, such as design changes during the construction process or changes in government-suggested steel prices orcement prices. Our construction costs consist primarily of the payments to our third-party contractors, which are paid over the construction period based onspecified milestones. In addition, we directly purchase and supply a limited range of fittings and equipment, including elevators, window frames and doorframes. Our construction costs also include capitalized interest costs in the amount of US$103.4 million, US$139.3 million, and US$135.3 for 2016, 2017and 2018, respectively. Future losses and impairment charges. When the profitability of a current project deteriorates due to a slowdown in the sales pace, reduction of pricingor some other factor, this indicates that there may be a possible future loss on delivery and possible impairment in the recoverability of the assets.Accordingly, the assets of such project are subsequently reviewed for future losses and impairment by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cashflows for the project to the carrying value of such project. If the estimated future undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset’s carrying value, such deficitwill be charged as a future loss and the asset will then be written down to its estimated fair value. We determine estimated fair value primarily by discounting the estimated future cash flows relating to the asset. In estimating the cash flows for a project,we use various factors including (a) the expected pace at which the planned number of units will be sold, based on competitive market conditions, historicaltrends in sales pace and actual average selling prices of similar product offerings and any other long or short-term economic conditions which may impact themarket in which the project is located; (b) the estimated net sales prices expected to be attained based on the current market conditions and historical pricetrends, as well as any estimated increases in future sales prices based upon the projected rate of unit sales, the estimated time gap between presale andexpected delivery, the impact of government policies, the local and regional competitive environment, and certain external factors such as the opening of asubway line, school or factory; and (c) the expected costs to be incurred in the future by us, including, but not limited to, construction cost, constructionoverhead, sales and marketing, sales taxes and interest costs. Our determination of fair value requires discounting the estimated cash flows at a rate commensurate with the inherent risk associated with the assets andrelated estimated cash flows. The discount rate used in determining each project’s fair value depends on the stage of development, location and other specificfactors that increase or decrease the risk associated with the estimated cash flows. In accordance with our accounting policies, we consider on a quarterly basiswhether indicators of impairment of long-lived assets are present. See also “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — A. Operating Results —Critical Accounting Policies — Real estate properties development completed and under development” for our policy on impairment of long-lived assets. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 we did not recognize any impairment for our active projects, consisting of projects underconstruction or planning or completed or held for lease. Cost of real estate leasing Our cost of real estate leasing consists primarily of depreciation expenses and maintenance expenses associated with the leased properties. Depreciationis computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated useful lives of our properties held for lease are 20-60 years. Cost of real estate management services Our cost of real estate management services consists of employee salaries, maintenance water and electricity charges. 84 Other costs Other costs represent costs incurred in connection with the property management and real estate services that we provide to residents and purchasers ofour residential units. Selling and Distribution Expenses Our selling and distribution expenses include: ·advertising and promotion expenses, such as print advertisement costs, billboard and other display advertising costs, and costs associated with ourshowrooms and illustrative units; ·sales and marketing staff costs, which consist primarily of salaries, welfares and sales commissions; ·agency commissions of approximately 1% of contracted sales on outsourced project sales; and ·other related expenses. As of December 31, 2018, we employed 107 full-time sales and marketing personnel. We expect our selling and marketing expenses to increase in thenear future as we increase our sales efforts, launch more projects and target new markets to expand our operations. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses principally include: ·staff salaries and benefits, quarterly and annual bonuses, and stock-based compensation; ·traveling and office expenses; ·professional fees, such as audit and legal fees; and ·other expenses. Interest Income Interest income represents interest earned on mainly on our bank balances. Interest Expenses Interest expense includes (i) US$300 million principal amount of our 8.125% notes due 2019 (the "August 2019 Senior Secured Notes"), US$300 millionprincipal amount of our 7.75% notes due 2021 (the "February 2021 Senior Secured Notes"), US$300 million principal amount of our 8.875% notes due 2020(the "November 2020 Senior Secured Notes"), US$200 million principal amount of our 9.875% notes due 2020 (the "March 2020 Senior Secured Notes"),US$338 million principal amount of our public onshore bonds (which was partially redeemed early in 2018), US$476 million principal amount of our non-public onshore bonds (which was partially redeemed early in 2018), and US$189.8 million principal amount from loans from non-controlling shareholders ofcertain of our subsidiaries, (ii) amortization of debt issuance cost, and (iii) interest expense on capital leases. Except for U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings from the following: US$113.5 million from The Bank of East Asia, US$59.5 million from Kent EB-5.LLC, and US$24.0 million from The Bank of Ozarks and US$1.8 million from The Bank Direct Capital Finance, all of our borrowings are granted by PRCcommercial banks or financing institutions and denominated in RMB. Our senior secured notes (see below) are also denominated in U.S. dollar. Interest rateson our long-term PRC bank borrowings are typically variable and linked to benchmark rates published by the PBOC. Our weighted average interest rate onshort-term bank loans and other debt as of December 31, 2018 was 10.68%. As of December 31, 2018, the PBOC benchmark rate for a one-year loan was4.35% per annum and those for loans of more than one year ranged from 4.75% to 4.9% per annum. The above-mentioned borrowings from oversea branchesof PRC banks are secured by RMB deposits in PRC banks’ local branches and bear interest rates ranging from LIBOR plus 1.1% to LIBOR plus 1.25%. 85 The August 2019 Senior Secured Notes in the principal amount of US$300 million bear interest at the fixed rate of 8.125% per annum. The February2021 Senior Secured Notes in the principal amount of US$300 million bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.75% per annum. The November 2020 Senior SecuredNotes in the principal amount of US$300 million bear interest at a fixed rate of 8.875% per annum. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes in the principalamount of US$300 million bear interest at a fixed rate of 9.875% per annum. The loans from non-controlling shareholders of certain of our subsidiariesamount to US$189.8 million and bear interest at rates of up to 10.3192% per annum. For the year ended December 31, 2018, out of total interest costs incurred, US$99.2 million did not qualify for interest capitalization treatment underU.S. GAAP and was charged to the 2018 Statement of Comprehensive Income. Total gross interest costs incurred amounted to US$281.8 million for the yearof 2018, including US$271.8 million of interest on loans and notes, US$8.6 million of amortization of debt issuance costs and US$1.4 million ofamortization of aircraft finance lease related interest. For the year ended December 31, 2017, out of total interest costs incurred, US$66.2 million did not qualify for interest capitalization treatment underU.S. GAAP and was charged to the 2017 Statement of Comprehensive Income. Total gross interest costs incurred amounted to US$ 203.5 million for the yearof 2017, including US$197.4 million of interest on loans and notes, US$ 4.4 million of amortization of debt issuance costs and US$ 1.7 million ofamortization of aircraft finance lease related interest. For the year ended December 31, 2016, out of total interest costs incurred, US$29.9 million did not qualify for interest capitalization treatment underU.S. GAAP and was charged to the 2016 Statement of Comprehensive Income. Total gross interest costs incurred amounted to US$207.7 million for the yearof 2016, including US$196.2 million of interest on loans and notes, US$9.4 million of amortization of debt issuance costs and US$2.1 million ofamortization of aircraft finance lease related interest. Share of Loss of Equity Investee On October 21, 2013, the Group acquired a 51% equity interest in Shaanxi Zhongmao. The Group and the other remaining shareholder exercises jointcontrol over Shaanxi Zhongmao. The purpose of the joint venture is to undertake residential property development projects in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province. OnFebruary 23, 2016, upon the amendment of the articles of association, the Company obtained control over Shaanxi Zhongmao, which was previouslyaccounted for as equity method investee. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group has a 1.85% investment in Zhengzhou Lianhe Real Estate Co., Ltd. The Group does not exercisesignificant influence over Zhengzhou Lianhe Real Estate Co., Ltd. and therefore, the Group accounts for the investment as nonmarketable equity security.Investment income is recognized by the Group when the investee declares a dividend and the Group believes it is collectible. The Company adopted ASU2016-01 and elected to record equity investments without readily determinable fair values at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resultingfrom observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the Company. There were no material adjustments forobservable price change or impairment related to these investments for the year ended December 31, 2018. On January 11, 2016, the Group together with two other entities established a joint venture called Shenzhen Zhong An Financial Lease Co., Ltd.(“Shenzhen Zhong An”), in which the Group holds a 25% equity interest. The purpose of the joint venture is to undertake financial lease businesses. For theyear ended December 31, 2018, dividend received amounted to nil (2016: nil; 2017: US$137,737). On November 3, 2016, the Company together with two third parties established Zhengzhou Xinci Health Service Co., Ltd. (“Zhengzhou Xinci”) toprovide health service in Zhengzhou, in which the Company holds a 60% equity interest and injected capital amounted US$1,290,135 in 2017. Based on thearticles of association, Company cannot exercise control over relevant activities of the investee, but it has the ability to exercise significant influence overZhengzhou Xinci’s operation and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. 86 On January 9, 2017, the Company set up a limited partnership, Shenzhen Qianhai Jingjie City Renewal Investment Partnership (“Shenzhen Qianhai”),with third parties and made a capital injection of US$8,118,800. Shenzhen Qianhai will focus on investment in real estate renewal projects in Shenzhen city.The Company has significant influence over Shenzhen Qianhai operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. On January 18, 2017, the Group acquired 51% equity interest in Zhengzhou Hangmei. Zhengzhou Hangmei, a consolidated subsidiary, holds a 3.75%equity interest of Zhengzhou Taike Real Estate Co., Ltd. amounting to US$738,073. The Group does not exercise significant influence over ZhengzhouTaike Real Estate Co., Ltd. and therefore, the Group accounted for the investment as nonmarketable equity security. Investment income is recognized by theGroup when the investee declares a dividend and the Group believes it is collectible. The Company adopted ASU 2016-01 and elected to record equityinvestments without readily determinable fair values at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes inorderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the Company. There were no material adjustments for observable price change or impairmentrelated to these investments for the year ended December 31, 2018. On April 19, 2017, the Company signed an agreement to acquire up to 70% equity interest of Qingdao Huiji Zhihui City Industrial Development Co.,Ltd. (“Qingdao Huiju”), which is developing a real estate project in Qingdao city from Beijing Huiju Technology Industry Development Co., Ltd., a non-affiliated company for a consideration of US$505.2 million. As of December 31, 2018, US$505.2 million had been paid in exchange for 49% equity interestthat has been transferred to the Company. Based on the articles of association, the Company cannot exercise control of Qingdao Huiju until it acquires theentire 70% equity interest, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over Qingdao Huiju’s operating and financial decisions and accounted for it asan equity method investment. On September 4, 2017, the Company with two non-affiliated companies, established a limited partnership, Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (LimitedPartnership) (“Wuhu Penghong”), in which the Company and the other two partners each invested US$30.6 million, US$91.8 million and US$3.1 million incash, respectively. The other two partners hold substantive participating rights whereas the Company only exercises significant influence, and therefore,accounted for its investment in Wuhu Penghong under the equity method. On September 8, 2017, Wuhu Penghong acquired 90.57% equity interest ofGuangzhou Huanglong Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Guangzhou Huanglong”) for a total cash consideration of US$19.7 million. On December 27, 2017, the Company with a non-affiliated company, established a limited partnership, called Wuhu Penghua Tenth Investment Center(Limited Partnership) (“Wuhu Penghua”), where the Company and the other partner invested US$367.3 million and US$153.0 million in cash, respectively.The other partner holds substantive participating rights whereas the Company only exercises significant influence, and therefore, accounted for itsinvestment in Wuhu Penghua under the equity method. In December 2017, Wuhu Penghua and the Company made capital contributions amounting toUS$6.9 million and US$0.8 million, representing a 90% and 10% equity interest in Chengdu Xinyuan Renju Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. (“ChengduRenju”), respectively. The Company exercises significant influence and accounted for its investment in Chengdu Renju using equity method. On September6, 2018, Wuhu Penghua returned to the non-affiliated partner its related investment contribution resulting in the Company becoming the sole owner of theWuhuPenghua and Chengdu Renju. Therefore, management assessed that the acquisition constitutes an acquisition of business according to ASC805,Business combinations On March 20, 2018, the Company acquired 16.66% equity interest in Suzhou Hengwan Real Estate Co., Ltd (“Suzhou Hengwan”), which is developing areal estate project in Suzhou city from Suzhou Hengwan Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd., a non-affiliated company for a consideration ofUS$18.6 million. In the second half of 2018, Suzhou Hengwan returned US$7.3 million of capital to the Company. Based on the articles of association, theCompany cannot exercise control of Suzhou Hengwan, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over Suzhou Hengwan’s operating and financialdecisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. 87 On March 21, 2018, the Company acquired 50% equity interest in Madison Developments Limited (“MDL”), which is developing a real estate projectin London, England from ED Jersey Limited, a non-affiliated company for a consideration of US$19.1 million. Based on the articles of association, theCompany cannot exercise control of MDL, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over MDL’s operating and financial decisions and accountsfor it as an equity method investment. On April 26, 2018, the Company acquired 51% equity interest in Henan Qingning Apartment Management Co., Ltd. (“Henan Qingning”), which isoperating rental apartments in Henan Province, from one natural person and Henan Yangjian Industry Co., Ltd., a non-affiliated company, for a considerationof US$3.8 million. Based on the articles of association, the Company cannot exercise control of Henan Qingning, but has the ability to exercise significantinfluence over Henan Qingning’s operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. On May 31, 2018, the Company acquired 19.99% equity interest in Suzhou Litai Real Estate Co., Ltd (“Suzhou Litai”), which is developing a realestate project in Suzhou city from Yongwei Real Estate (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., a non-affiliated company, for a consideration of US$9.3 million. Based on thearticles of association, the Company cannot exercise control of Suzhou Litai, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over Suzhou Litai’soperating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. On June 22, 2018, the Company together with a non-affiliated company, Huzhou Tianhong Real Estate Development Co., Ltd, established a jointventure, Huzhou Xinhong, in which the Company holds a 78.46% equity interest. Based on the articles of association, the Company cannot exercise controlof Huzhou Xinhong, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over Huzhou Xinhong’s operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as anequity method investment. On May 27, 2015, the Company together with a non-affiliated company, Nanjing Starry Sky Studios Management Co., Ltd. established a joint ventureStarry Sky, in which the Company holds a 51% equity interest. The purpose of the joint venture is to operate movie theatres. On October 18, 2018, for thebest interests of the Company, the Company and its non-affiliated joint venture partner agreed that advances amounting to US$2.4 million for operationalneeds due from Nanjing Starry Sky should be converted to an additional 19.77% equity interest. Therefore, as of October 18, 2018, the Company’saccumulated equity interest in Starry Sky is 70.77%. Based on the latest articles of association, the Company still cannot exercise control of Starry Sky, buthas the ability to exercise significant influence over Starry Sky’s operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. As of December 31, 2018, the Group’s investment in the investees in the aggregate exceeded its proportionate share of the net assets of the equitymethod investee by nil (December 31, 2017: nil). This difference, if any, represents equity method goodwill and therefore, is not amortized. For the yearended December 31, 2018, the Group recognized investment loss amounting to US$9.4 million (2016: US$0.3 million; 2017: US$1.7 million), mainlyconsisting of Wuhu Penghua and Chengdu Renju amounting to US$3.7 million, Wuhu Penghong amounting to US$1.3 million, Qingdao Huiju amountingto US$1.1 million and Starry Sky amounting to US$1.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, there was no material impairment related tothese investments. Net Loss on Debt Extinguishment On October 18, 2016, the Company redeemed the 13.25% senior notes due 2018 (the "May 2018 Senior Secured Notes") for a total redemption amountof US$206,237,340 consisting of the entire outstanding principal balance, interest to the redemption date and debt extinguishment loss amounting toUS$183,000,000, US$11,113,590 and US$12,123,750 (equal to 6.625% of the outstanding principal amount) respectively. The Company funded theredemption using the proceeds from the issuance of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes. On July 10, 2017, the Company redeemed the 13% senior notes due 2019 (the "June 2019 Senior Secured Notes") for a total redemption amount ofUS$215,456,000 consisting of the entire outstanding principal balance, interest to the redemption date and debt redemption price amounting toUS$200,000,000, US$2,456,000 and US$13,000,000 (equal to the 6.5% of the outstanding principal amount), respectively. The Company recognized loss onextinguishment of debt amounting to US$15,879,702, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$13,000,000 and unamortized deferreddebt issuance costs amounting to US$2,879,702. The Company funded the redemption using the proceeds from the issuance of the February 2021 SeniorSecured Notes. 88 From November 19, 2018 to November 30, 2018, the Company redeemed the First Tranche Bonds for a total principal amount of RMB 0.6 billion(US$87 million). The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$6,518,487, consisting of both the debt redemption priceamounting to US$6,509,574 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$8,913. From December 14, 2018 to December 21, 2018, the Company redeemed the Second Tranche Bonds for a total principal amount of RMB 0.4 billion(US$58 million). The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$4,775,500, consisting of both the debt redemption priceamounting to US$4,773,284 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$2,216. From August 1, 2018 to August 3, 2018, the Company redeemed the New Tranche for a total principal amount of RMB 1.05 billion (US$153 million).The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$5,989,710, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting toUS$5,710,866 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$278,844. On March 20, 2018, the Company redeemed the 2017 Tranche for a total principal amount of RMB0.5 billion (US$73 million). The Companyrecognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$3,782,353, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$3,494,557 andunamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$287,796. On September 21, 2018, the Company redeemed the 2018 Tranche for a total principal amount of RMB0.4 billion (US$58 million). The Companyrecognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$3,599,937, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$3,291,086 andunamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$308,851. From August 31, 2018 to December 31, 2018, the Company redeemed the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$11.9million. The Company recognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$511,919, consisting of the gain from the difference between repurchaseprice and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$577,449 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$65,530. From August 31, 2018 to December 31, 2018, the Company redeemed the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$25.4million. The Company recognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$2,642,710, consisting of the gain from the difference betweenrepurchase price and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$3,043,135 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting toUS$400,425. On August 31, 2018, the Company redeemed the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$0.2 million. The Companyrecognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$20,906, consisting of the gain from the difference between repurchase price and principalamount of the debt amounting to US$24,105 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$3,199. On August 31, 2018, the Company redeemed the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$0.2 million. The Companyrecognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$46,502, consisting of the gain from the difference between repurchase price and principalamount of the debt amounting to US$49,500 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$2,998. Income Taxes The following table sets forth the components of income taxes for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 US$ % US$ % US$ % (in thousands, except for percentages) Corporate income tax 70,286 81.5 103,302 91.3 141,400 97.9 Land appreciation tax 33,254 38.5 40,204 35.6 62,996 43.6 Deferred tax benefit (17,292) (20.0) (30,389) (26.9) (59,949) (41.5)Income taxes 86,248 100.0 113,117 100.0 144,447 100.0 89 For an explanation of deferred tax benefit, see Notes 2(v) and 14 of the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report onForm 20-F. For a discussion of corporate income tax and land appreciation tax, see below. Corporate Income Tax and Unrecognized Tax Benefit Cayman Islands We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income,gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by thegovernment of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution, brought within thejurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. In addition, the Cayman Islands does not impose withholding tax on dividend payments. People’s Republic of China In general, enterprises in the PRC are subject to income tax at a statutory rate of 25%. For our subsidiaries located in various cities, income tax is leviedat the statutory rate of 25% on income as reported in the statutory financial statements after appropriate tax adjustments except in 2009 and 2010 when, inaccordance with local provisional tax regulations in Henan province, the local tax authority in Zhengzhou determined that the taxable income of our PRCsubsidiaries in Henan province should be deemed from 12% to 20% of their total cash receipts from sales of residential units. Total cash receipts include cashreceipts proceeds from pre-sales of our properties that are recorded as customer deposits, which partly comprise mortgage loan proceeds received in ouraccount from mortgage lending banks. In addition, the local tax authority of Zhengzhou city approved the application of the deemed profit method for theCIT settlement of Zhengzhou Modern City project in 2013. We have made provision for the corporate income tax, or CIT, payable by our PRC subsidiaries based on the statutory income tax rate of 25%, afterappropriate adjustments to our taxable income used in the calculation. The difference between tax payable on our actual taxable income and tax levied onthe deemed taxable income basis had been treated as an unrecognized tax benefit under ASC 740-10 “ Income Tax ,” or ASC 740-10, which has a balance ofUS$45.9 million as of December 31, 2018. The increase in the current year liability for unrecognized tax benefits is attributable to deemed interest incomefrom subsidiaries of the Company during the year amounting to US$15.5 million, which was partially offset by US$0.8 million due to the liquidation of acompany. Land Appreciation Tax Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries engaging in property development are subject to LAT, which is levied by the local tax authoritiesupon the “appreciation value” as defined in the relevant tax laws. All taxable gains from the sale or transfer of land use rights, buildings and related facilitiesin China are subject to LAT at progressive rates that range from 30% to 60%. Certain exemptions are allowed for sales of ordinary residential properties if theappreciation value does not exceed a threshold specified in the relevant tax laws. Gains from sales of commercial properties are not eligible for thisexemption. Whether a property qualifies for the ordinary residential property exemption is determined by the local government taking into consideration theproperty’s plot ratio, aggregate GFA and sales price. On May 30, 2014, the Modern City project developed by Henan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., completed the LAT final settlement with the local taxbureau. We received a tax clearance certificate, which confirmed that our accrual under the deemed profit method was adequate and there was no additionaltax adjustments assessed by the local tax bureau as of May 30, 2014. Based on the above, management performed a reassessment and concluded that thelikelihood of the deemed profit method being overturned is only reasonably possible, and accordingly reversed the LAT liability accrued for the projectamounting to US$16.2 million as of December 31, 2014. Our estimate for the reasonably possible contingency for LAT related to the Modern City projectamounted to US$16.2 million and US$16.2 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016. The statute of limitation has lapsed as ofMay 30, 2017 and therefore, there is no related contingency as of December 31, 2018. 90 For the years ended December 31, 2018, we have made provision for LAT with respect to properties sold up to December 31, 2018 in accordance with therequirements set forth in the relevant PRC tax laws and regulations. Share-based Compensation Expense We have three share-based compensation plans: (1) our 2007 long-term incentive plan (which expired in 2017 but for which options remainoutstanding), (2) our 2014 Restricted Stock Unit Plan and (3) our 2015 incentive plan. Under our 2007 long-term incentive plan, as of December 31, 2018,320,138 options remain outstanding and exercisable. Under our 2014 Restricted Stock Unit Plan, we have granted 11,015,118 restricted common shares toemployees and directors that vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. Under our 2015 long-term incentive plan, we may grant options, restrictedshares, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights and other stock-based awards for the purchase of up to 20,000,000 common shares. As of December 31,2018, 2,796,734 options remain outstanding and exercisable. As of December 31, 2018, 14,865,808 shares remained eligible for future grants under the plan. We charged compensation cost of US$7.8 million, US$4.9 million, and US$3.4 million as of December 31, 2016, December 31, 2017 and December 31,2018 in the general and administrative expenses. For a description of the grants under each of the plans, see Note 15 of the consolidated financial statementsincluded elsewhere in this annual report. 91 Results of Operations The following table presents a summary of our consolidated statements of comprehensive income by amount and as a percentage of our total revenueduring the periods indicated. Our historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other futureperiod. Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 US$ % US$ % US$ % (in thousands, except for percentages) Revenue 1,561,625 100.0 1,976,907 100.0 2,217,551 100.0 Costs of revenue (1,203,636) (77.1) (1,517,279) (76.8) (1,602,073) (72.2)Gross profit 357,989 22.9 459,628 23.2 615,478 27.8 Selling and distribution expenses (58,214) (3.7) (75,724) (3.8) (83,592) (3.8)General and administrative expenses (120,416) (7.7) (136,845) (6.9) (156,456) (7.1) Operating income 179,359 11.5 247,059 12.5 375,430 16.9 Interest income 20,917 1.3 16,859 0.9 31,226 1.4 Interest expense (29,857) (1.9) (66,153) (3.3) (99,246) (4.5)Exchange gains /(loss) 459 – 757 – (25,678) (1.2)Other income 4,540 0.3 2,326 0.1 1,742 0.1 Share of loss of equity investees (325) – (1,710) (0.1) (9,374) (0.4)Net loss on debt extinguishment (12,124) (0.8) (15,880) (0.8) (21,444) (1.0)Net realized gain/(loss) on short-term investments 2,506 0.2 7,874 0.4 (3,407) (0.2)Unrealized gain on short-term investments 235 – 2,096 0.1 1,150 0.1 Income from operations before income taxes 165,710 10.6 193,228 9.8 250,399 11.2 Income taxes (86,248) (5.5) (113,117) (5.7) (144,447) (6.5)Net income 79,462 5.1 80,111 4.1 105,952 4.7 Net income attributable to non-controlling interest (6,485) (0.4) (16,484) (0.8) (32,917) (1.5)Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd.shareholders 72,977 4.7 63,627 3.3 73,035 3.2 92 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017 Revenue Revenue increased by US$240.7 million, or 12.2%, to US$2,217.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$1,976.9 million for the yearended December 31, 2017. Real estate sales Revenue from real estate sales increased by US$214.8 million, or 11.2%, to US$2,139.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$1,924.6million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to the revenues from the sales of units in 2018 new projects (for example, Xinyuan GoldenWater view city, Tianjin Spring Royal Palace II and Zhengzhou Intemational New City III D) as well as the effect of the adoption of ASC 606 on a modifiedretrospective basis. Revenues related to the projects in the United States are recognized under the full accrual method. For the year ended December 31, 2017, revenue wasrecognized in the amount of US$98.8 million for the sale of 66 of 216 finished condominium units located in Brooklyn, New York. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, revenue was recognized in the amount of US$8.8 million for the sale of 4 of 216 finished condominium units located in Brooklyn, NewYork. 93 The following table sets forth the percentage of completion, the percentage sold and related revenues for our pre-sold projects for each of the years endedDecember 31, 2017 and 2018. The revenues for our 2018 new pre-sold projects are recognized on an over time basis in 2018 upon the adoption of ASC 606(the percentage of completion method in 2017) and recognized under the full accrual method in the United States. For information regarding revenuerecognition on an over time basis and the full accrual methods, see “Critical Accounting Policies,” below. Project Total GFA PercentageComplete as ofDecember 31,(1) Percentage Sold(2)Accumulated as ofDecember 31, Revenues Recognized For The Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 m 2 % % % % US$ %(3) US$ %(4) Chengdu Segment Chengdu Xinyuan Splendid I 231,032 100.0 100.0 98.7 99.0 3,277,190 0.2 939,171 – Chengdu Xinyuan Splendid II 217,009 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 – – (628) – Chengdu Thriving Family 203,378 98.8 98.8 54.7 70.0 75,776,980 3.9 49,529,230 2.3 Chengdu Xinyuan City (5) 742,626 – 30.4 – 6.4 – – 30,248,316 1.4 Jiangsu Segment Suzhou International City Garden 204,872 100.0 100.0 99.5 99.5 – – – – Suzhou Lake Splendid 198,113 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – – – Suzhou Colorful Garden 81,506 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – – – Suzhou Xin City 127,291 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (723) – – – Suzhou Lake Royal Palace 169,674 99.8 99.6 99.7 99.0 45,277,469 2.4 12,796,455 0.6 Kunshan International City Garden 497,938 100.0 100.0 99.6 99.9 (633,568) – 448,833 – Kunshan Royal Palace 280,594 97.1 99.9 98.6 98.3 55,669,160 2.9 27,417,062 1.3 Kunshan Xindo Park 89,002 88.6 94.8 77.9 90.3 124,673,011 6.5 209,372,107 9.8 Xuzhou Colorful Garden 101,762 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0 – – - – Xuzhou Colorful City 130,657 87.0 94.9 86.5 91.9 59,402,970 3.1 3,188,457 0.1 Kunshan Xinyu Jiayuan (5) 107,919 – 65.2 – 22.6 – – 54,645,671 2.6 Suzhou Galaxy Bay (5) 76,546 – 48.3 – 31.7 – – 22,063,505 1.0 Suzhou Gusu Shade I (5) 11,958 – 73.4 – 1.1 – – 425,016 – Shandong Segment Jinan Elegant Scenery 100,386 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – – – Jinan International City Garden 263,771 100.0 100.0 99.6 99.6 – – (90,151) – Jinan Xinyuan Splendid 572,071 99.9 100.0 99.1 99.3 4,944,387 0.3 (134,252) – Shandong Royal Palace 449,482 79.1 91.9 65.7 92.8 145,902,697 7.6 170,647,448 8.0 Jinan Xin Central 194,410 94.6 99.2 67.9 84.0 101,339,505 5.3 80,882,965 3.8 Qingdao Royal Dragon Bay (5) 155,202 – 44.6 – 12.0 – – 26,146,767 1.2 Jinan Royal Spring Bay (5) 117,014 – 63.2 – 10.7 – – 14,327,827 0.7 Henan Segment Zhengzhou Xinyuan Colorful Garden 191,781 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – (138,075) – Zhengzhou Finance Square 67,225 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – (164,285) – Zhengzhou Modern City 231,780 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (148,385) – – – Zhengzhou Royal Palace 135,920 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (549,872) – – – Zhengzhou Yipin Xiangshan Phase I 94,249 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – – – Zhengzhou Yipin Xiangshan Phase II 200,158 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 222,960 – – – Zhengzhou Century East A 76,579 100.0 100.0 99.7 96.8 424,358 – (1,763) – Zhengzhou Century East B 166,462 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.9 5,238,627 0.3 277,099 - Zhengzhou Xin City 210,724 98.7 100.0 91.4 92.2 5,729,707 0.3 1,137,703 0.1 Henan Thriving Family 131,508 98.3 98.2 82.4 86.9 7,782,687 0.4 540,145 0.0 Henan Xin Central I 262,208 92.4 96.3 81.8 85.8 98,853,059 5.1 36,045,553 1.7 Xingyang Splendid I 115,431 77.8 83.2 76.5 78.0 6,157,025 0.3 1,709,126 0.1 Xingyang Splendid II 137,076 74.7 80.0 51.8 51.4 25,097,091 1.3 2,071,589 0.1 Xingyang Splendid III 121,143 50.5 73.3 66.7 93.4 39,132,341 2.0 29,186,670 1.4 Xingyang Splendid IV (5) 22,032 – 39.1 – 94.2 – – 8,289,847 0.4 Zhengzhou Xindo Park 134,391 90.1 91.9 72.7 86.1 66,730,545 3.5 33,200,492 1.6 Zhengzhou Fancy City I 166,686 86.9 95.0 86.3 86.6 67,559,936 3.5 25,988,903 1.2 Zhengzhou Fancy City III (5) 80,625 – 66.8 – 18.1 18,518,481 0.9 Zhengzhou International New City I 360,714 50.1 84.4 79.8 90.6 225,681,339 11.7 280,219,753 13.2 Zhengzhou International New City II 176,038 52.8 62.5 77.8 92.4 139,183,850 7.2 – – Zhengzhou International New City III A 96,018 44.8 54.2 33.0 95.4 60,974,122 3.2 – – Zhengzhou Fancy City II (South) 84,065 74.8 91.5 87.7 95.1 48,044,275 2.5 127,681,618 6.0 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (North) 108,724 33.6 50.9 27.0 55.3 13,204,346 0.7 - - Henan Xin Central II 109,521 65.4 90.4 75.5 89.1 77,889,591 4.0 149,649,698 7.0 Zhengzhou International New City III B (5) 118,780 – 52.5 – 96.7 – – 115,976,163 5.4 Zhengzhou International New City III C (5) 79,920 – 58.9 – 29.7 – – 24,008,930 1.1 Zhengzhou International New City III D (5) 46,074 – 66.0 – 84.9 – – 55,864,324 2.6 Zhengzhou International New City IV (5) 198,418 – 54.1 – 4.3 – – 9,585,470 0.4 Zhengzhou Hangmei International Wisdom City I (5) 133,524 – 49.8 – 48.5 – – 31,569,589 1.5 Xinyuan Golden Water View City (5) 338,759 – 61.9 – 10.7 – – 51,824,928 2.4 Anhui Segment Hefei Wangjiang Garden 145,455 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – (21) – Beijing Segment Beijing Xindo Park 133,096 99.9 99.9 83.2 86.1 (459,234) (0.1) 12,612,057 0.6 Changsha Segment Changsha Xinyuan Splendid 251,057 93.2 97.0 74.6 94.6 76,830,027 4.0 45,186,779 2.1 Changsha Mulian Royal Palace 91,151 66.4 89.4 59.5 99.4 56,669,045 2.9 – – Changsha Furong Thriving Family (5) 72,257 – 54.6 – 99.4 – – 52,060,438 2.4 Sanya Segment Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1 117,583 93.1 90.3 42.2 80.1 87,304,257 4.5 169,606,832 7.9 Shanghai Segment Shanghai Royal Palace 57,770 99.8 99.9 62.5 64.3 973,450 0.1 (90,187) – Tianjin Segment Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I 139,173 54.8 80.8 32.1 83.1 38,646,991 2.0 31,615,644 1.5 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace II (5) 144,580 – 56.7 – 36.0 – – 54,549,636 2.5 Dalian Segment Dalian International Health Technology Town I (5) 103,945 – 25.0 – 1.2 – – 430,818 – Xi’an Segment Xi’an Metropolitan 285,997 98.5 97.5 61.8 82.9 63,283,295 3.3 58,687,113 2.7 US Segment Northern Nevada Land Portfolio N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A – – – – Lennox Project N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A – – – – New York Oosten 30,855 N/A N/A N/A N/A 98,476,295 5.1 8,815,926 0.4 Total 11,293,665 1,924,560,806 100.0 2,139,370,792 100.0 94 (1)Percentage of completion is calculated by dividing total costs incurred by total estimated costs for the relevant project, estimated as of the time ofpreparation of our financial statements as of and for the year indicated. (2)Percentage sold is calculated by dividing contracted sales value from property sales by total estimated sales value of the relevant project, estimated as ofthe time of preparation of our financial statements as of and for the year indicated. (3)Percentage of all real estate sales revenues for the financial period, including revenues recognized under the percentage of completion method and underthe full accrual method. (4)Percentage of all real estate sales revenues for the financial period, including revenues recognized on an “over time” basis and until title was transferred. (5)The revenues for these projects are recognized on an over time basis. 95 The following table sets forth the square meters sold and average selling price per square meter for each pre-sold project, each reportable segment and ona consolidated basis for each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018: Project Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 ContractSales SquareMetersSold AverageSellingPrice ContractSales SquareMetersSold AverageSellingPrice US$ m 2 US$/m 2 US$ m 2 US$/m 2 Chengdu region Chengdu Xinyuan Splendid I 3,461,874 – – 612,844 – – Chengdu Xinyuan Splendid II – – – – – – Chengdu Thriving Family 72,686,004 36,773 1,711 18,462,199 6,870 2,687 Chengdu Xinyuan City 111,650,607 74,093 1,507 Total 76,147,878 36,773 1,832 130,725,650 80,963 1,615 Jiangsu region Suzhou International City Garden – – – – – – Suzhou Lake Splendid – – – – – – Suzhou Xin City (562) – – – – – Suzhou Lake Royal Palace 46,243,377 16,634 2,780 1,193,367 357 3,343 Suzhou Galaxy Bay – – – 51,072,067 24,350 2,097 Suzhou Gusu Shade I (Suzhou New Project) – – – 685,139 123 5,570 Suzhou Suhe Bay (Suzhou Wujiang New City)* – – – 78,933,983 24,000 3,289 Kunshan International City Garden (471,707) (400) 1,179 800,057 – – Kunshan Royal Palace 54,429,120 15,043 3,618 936 – – KunshanXindo Park 124,083,728 39,300 3,157 47,405,570 14,053 3,373 Kunshan Xinyu Jiayuan 93,231,283 23,669 3,939 Xuzhou Colorful Garden 893,823 800 1,117 – – - Xuzhou Colorful City 62,508,584 36,500 1,713 15,229,543 6,879 2,214 Total 287,686,363 107,877 2,667 288,551,945 93,431 3,088 Shandong region Jinan International City Garden 240,383 – – 19,553 - - Jinan Xinyuan Splendid 1,311,074 833 1,574 26,841 795 34 Shandong Royal Palace 176,219,489 100,794 1,748 187,338,918 77,185 2,427 Jinan Xin Central 74,197,290 41,151 1,803 56,530,792 26,293 2,150 Qingdao Royal Dragon Bay – – – 65,455,833 20,512 3,191 Jinan Royal Spring Bay – – – 25,237,505 18,217 1,385 Total 251,968,236 142,778 1,765 334,609,442 143,002 2,340 Henan region Zhengzhou Royal Palace 80,030 – – (5,771) – – Zhengzhou Modern City 200,209 171 871 107,384 (183) (587)Zhengzhou Yipin Xiangshan Phase II 28,893 – – 6,712 – – Zhengzhou Century East A 448,263 21 1,541 3,710,144 – – Zhengzhou Century East B 5,533,731 12 1,438 679,445 – – Zhengzhou Xin City 3,755,764 300 1,620 11,641,648 1,555 7,487 Zhengzhou Thriving Family 961,189 301 1,173 9,725,156 13,484 721 Henan Xin Central I 48,032,287 41,900 1,146 7,357,550 1,626 4,525 Zhengzhou Xindo Park 64,916,527 55,500 1,170 5,560,095 4,579 1,214 Xingyang Splendid I 7,569,418 7,488 1,011 19,743,246 17,701 1,115 Xingyang Splendid II 24,741,970 26,999 916 3,890,821 2,099 1,854 Xingyang Splendid III 86,947,811 81,825 1,063 38,553,679 33,254 1,159 Zhengzhou Fancy City I 32,313,816 24,126 1,339 6,185,567 1,836 3,369 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (South) 48,935,716 24,899 1,965 10,027,260 2,400 4,178 Zhengzhou International New City I 447,611,271 277,568 1,613 65,919,724 10,922 6,035 Henan Xin Central II 122,839,247 80,606 1,524 25,996,237 14,182 1,833 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (North) 43,925,170 31,258 1,405 68,689,834 45,002 1,526 Zhengzhou International New City II 296,506,856 145,737 2,035 59,792,620 17,524 3,412 Zhengzhou International New City III A 153,156,321 73,550 2,082 45,081,658 21,613 2,086 Zhengzhou International New City III B – – – 246,489,399 116,223 2,121 Zhengzhou International New City III D – – – 94,315,724 43,693 2,159 Zhengzhou Hangmei International Wisdom City I – – – 71,036,589 65,129 1,091 Xingyang Splendid IV – – – 23,662,693 20,749 1,140 Xinyuan Golden Water View City – – – 93,930,378 32,643 2,878 Zhengzhou Fancy City III – – – 32,599,264 16,774 1,943 Zhengzhou International New City III C – – – 47,768,032 28,551 1,673 Zhengzhou International New City IV – – – 19,773,543 9,266 2,134 Total 1,388,504,489 872,261 1,592 1,012,238,631 520,622 1,944 Beijing region Beijing Xindo Park 717,829 301 2,385 11,948,438 1,413 8,456 Hunan region Changsha Xinyuan Splendid 79,203,951 49,585 1,597 24,789,311 10,139 2,445 Changsha Mulian Royal Palace 95,973,424 54,296 1,768 62,988,918 36,669 1,718 Changsha Furong Thriving Family – – – 106,233,985 71,824 1,479 Total 175,177,375 103,881 1,686 194,012,214 118,632 1,635 Hainan region Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1 93,783,382 38,660 2,426 153,933,564 42,304 3,639 Shanghai region Shanghai Royal Palace 1,390,981 (108) 4,053 492,560 88 5,597 Tianjin region Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I 33,353,748 19,572 1,704 3,529,790 1,491 2,367 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace II – – – 107,184,203 53,076 2,019 Total 33,353,748 19,572 1,704 110,713,993 54,567 2,029 Xi’an region Xi’an Metropolitan 58,456,861 40,992 1,426 16,547,579 9,536 1,735 Dalian region Dalian International Health Technology Town I – – – 1,934,496 900 2,149 U.S. New York Oosten Project 98,476,295 8,634 11,406 8,815,926 735 11,994 Grand Total 2,465,663,437 1,371,621 1,798 2,264,524,438 1,066,192 2,124 96 * The Company owns 16.66% equity interest in a joint venture, Suzhou Hengwan Real Estate Co., Ltd. which develops Suzhou Suhe Bay. The Companyaccounts for its investment under the equity method. Total square meters sold decreased to 1,066,192 square meters for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 1,371,621 square meters for the year endedDecember 31, 2017. The decrease was mainly due to decreased sales of newly launched projects in 2018. The overall aggregate average selling price per square meter for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased to US$2,124 from US$1,798 for the yearended December 31, 2017, which is attributable to the positive market momentum in high-growth tier I and tier II cities. Chengdu region. Total square meters in this region sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased to 80,963 square meters from 36,773 squaremeters for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to increased sales of Chengdu Xinyuan City. The average selling price per square meter for theyear ended December 31, 2018 decreased to US$ 1,615 from US$1,832 for the year ended December 31, 2017. Jiangsu region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased to 93,431 square meters from 107,877 square meters for theyear ended December 31, 2017, mainly due to reductions of saleable units of Suzhou Lake Royal Palace, Kunshan Xindo Park and Xuzhou Colorful City,partially offset by newly launched pre-sales of Kunshan Xinyu Jiayuan and Suzhou Galaxy Bay. The average selling price per square meter for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 slightly increased to US$3,088 from US$2,667 for the year ended December 31, 2017. Shandong region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased to 143,002 square meters from 142,778 square meters for theyear ended December 31, 2017, mainly due to increased sales of Qingdao Royal Dragon Bay and Jinan Royal Spring Bay. The average selling price persquare meter for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased to US$2,340 from US$1,765 for the year ended December 31, 2017, which is attributable to thegeneral increase of selling price in Shandong market. Henan region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased to 520,622 square meters from 872,261 square meters for theyear ended December 31, 2017, mainly due to decreased sales of Zhengzhou International New City I, Zhengzhou International New City II, ZhengzhouInternational New City III A and Henan Xin Central II, partially offset by newly launched pre-sales of Zhengzhou International New City III B andZhengzhou International New City III D and Xinyuan Golden Water View City. The average selling price per square meter for the year ended December 31,2018 increased to US$1,944 from US$1,592 for the year ended December 31, 2017, which is attributable to the general increase of selling price in Henanmarket. Beijing region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased to 1,413 square meters from 301 square meters for the yearended December 31, 2017, mainly due to increase of saleable units of Beijing Xindo Park. The average selling price per square meter for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 increased to US$8,456 from US$2,385 for the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting from increased sales of higher-priced commercialspace (as compared to residential space) as a percentage of total sales. Hunan region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased to 118,632 square meters from 103,881 square meters for theyear ended December 31, 2017, mainly due to increased sales of Changsha Furong Thriving Family, partially offset by the reductions of saleable units ofChangsha Mulian Royal Palace and Changsha Xinyuan Splendid. The average selling price per square meter for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreasedto US$1,635 from US$1,686 for the year ended December 31, 2017. Hainan region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased to 42,304 square meters from 38,660 square meters for the yearended December 31, 2017, mainly due to the positive market in Sanya. The average selling price per square meter for the year ended December 31, 2018increased to US$3,639 from US$2,426 for the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting from the increment in high margin units available for sale. 97 Shanghai region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased to 88 square meters from (108) square meters for the yearended December 31, 2017, mainly due to increase of saleable units of Shanghai Royal Palace. Tianjin region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased to 54,567 square meters from 19,572 square meters for the yearended December 31, 2017, mainly due to the increase of saleable units of Tianjin Spring Royal Palace II. The average selling price per square meter for theyear ended December 31, 2018 increased to US$2,029 from US$1,704 for the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting from the increment in high marginunits available for sale. Xi’an region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased to 9,535 square meters from 40,992 square meters for the yearended December 31, 2017, mainly due to deductions of saleable units of Xi’an Metropolitan. The average selling price per square meter for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 increased to US$1,735 from US$1,426 for the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting from the increment in high margin units availablefor sale. Dalian region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 was 900 square meters, mainly due to the increase of saleable units ofDalian International Health Technology Town I. The average selling price per square meter for the year ended December 31, 2018 was US$2,149. United States region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased to 735 square meters from 8,634 square meters for theyear ended December 31, 2017, mainly due to deductions of saleable units of New York Oosten Project. The average selling price per square meter for theyear ended December 31, 2018 slightly increased to US$11,994 from US$11,406 for the year ended December 31, 2017. Real estate leasing Real estate leasing income increased by US$0.9 million, or 10.3% to US$9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$8.7 million for theyear ended December 31, 2017. Real estate management services income Real estate management services income increased by US$21.7 million, or 52.0%, to US$63.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 fromUS$41.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase primarily resulted from expanded property management service operations. Other revenue Other revenue increased by US$3.2 million, or 168.4%, to US$5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$1.9 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017. Costs of Revenue Costs of revenue increased by US$84.8 million, or 5.6%, to US$1,602.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$1,517.3 million for theyear ended December 31, 2017, generally in line with our revenue increases. Cost of real estate sales Cost of real estate sales increased by US$69.9 million, or 4.7%, to US$1,544.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$1,474.1 millionfor the year ended December 31, 2017. Total land use rights cost increased by US$73.9 million, or 12.3%, from US$ 602.4 million (39.7% of cost of realestate sales) for the year ended December 31, 2017 to US$ 676.3 million (42.2% of cost of real estate sales) for the year ended December 31, 2018, theincrease was consistent with the revenue. Construction cost, including capitalized interest, decreased by US$4.0 million, or 0.5%, to US$867.7 million for theyear ended December 31, 2018 from US$871.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to decreased project construction activity. 98 Cost of real estate leasing Cost of real estate leasing decreased by US$1.7 million, or 15.5%, to US$9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$11.0 million for theyear ended December 31, 2017. Cost of real estate management services Cost of real estate management services increased by US$13.0 million, or 41.1%, to US$44.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 fromUS$31.6 million for year ended December 31, 2017 mainly due to expanded property management service operations. Other costs Other costs increased by US$3.5 million, or 583.3%, to US$4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$0.6 million for year endedDecember 31, 2017. Gross Profit Gross profit increased by US$155.9 million, or 33.9%, to US$615.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$459.6 million for the yearended December 31, 2017. Gross profit margin was 27.8% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 23.2% for the year ended December 31, 2017. Selling and Distribution Expenses Selling and distribution expenses increased by US$7.9 million, or 10.4%, to US$83.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$75.7million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to a US$2.2 million increase in advertising and promotion expenses for newprojects launched in 2018 as well as existing projects and a US$5.8 million increase in salary and welfare expenses as the average level of salary and bonusincreased and new employees were hired. As a percentage of revenue, selling and distribution expenses was 3.8% for the year ended December 31, 2018compared to 3.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017. As revenue grows in the future, we expect selling and distribution expenses as a percentage ofrevenue to be flat or slightly increase. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses increased by US$19.7 million, or 14.4% to US$156.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$136.8million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase in salary and welfare expenses of US$12.3 million as the averagelevel of salary and bonus increased and new employees were hired in 2018, and accrual of bad-debt provision associated with other receivables of US$10.6million As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expenses were 7.1% for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to 6.9% for the year endedDecember 31, 2017. Interest Income Interest income was US$31.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to US$16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Interest Expenses For the year ended December 31, 2018, out of total interest costs incurred, US$99.2 million did not qualify for interest capitalization treatment underU.S. GAAP and was charged to the 2018 Statement of Comprehensive Income. Total gross interest costs incurred amounted to US$281.8 million for the yearof 2018, including US$271.8 million of interest on loans and notes, US$8.6 million of amortization of debt issuance costs and US$1.4 million ofamortization of aircraft finance lease related interest. 99 For the year ended December 31, 2017, out of total interest costs incurred, US$66.2 million did not qualify for interest capitalization treatment underU.S. GAAP and was charged to the 2017 Statement of Comprehensive Income. Total gross interest costs incurred amounted to US$203.5 million for the yearof 2017, including US$197.4 million of interest on loans and notes, US$4.4 million of amortization of debt issuance costs and US$1.7 million ofamortization of aircraft finance lease related interest. Income Taxes Income taxes increased by US$31.3 million, or 27.7%, to US$144.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$113.1 million for the yearended December 31, 2017 mainly due to the increase in taxable income in the PRC. Our effective tax rate decreased to 57.7% for the year ended December 31, 2018, from 58.5% for the year ended December 31, 2017. Net Income Attributable to our Shareholders Net income increased by US$9.4 million to US$73.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, from US$63.6 million for the year ended December31, 2017. Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016 Revenue Revenue increased by US$ 415.3 million, or 26.6%, to US$ 1,976.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$1,561.6 million for the yearended December 31, 2016. Real estate sales Revenue from real estate sales increased by US$399.6 million, or 26.2%, to US$ 1,924.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$1,525.0million for the year ended December 31, 2016, principally due to the revenue from the sales of units in new projects, especially Zhengzhou International NewCity I, Henan Xin Central II, Zhengzhou International New City II and Zhengzhou International New City III, launched in the second half of 2016 and 2017. Revenues related to the projects in the United States are recognized under the full accrual method. For the year ended December 31, 2016, revenue wasrecognized in the amount of US$152.0 million for the sale of 106 of 216 finished condominium units located in Brooklyn, New York. For the year endedDecember 31, 2017, revenue was recognized in the amount of US$98.8 million for the sale of 66 of 216 finished condominium units located in Brooklyn,New York. 100 The following table sets forth the percentage of completion, the percentage sold and related revenues for our pre-sold projects recognized under thepercentage of completion method in China and our project recognized under the full accrual method in the United States for each of the years endedDecember 31, 2016 and 2017. For information regarding revenue recognition under the percentage of completion and the full accrual methods, see “CriticalAccounting Policies,” below. Project Total GFA PercentageComplete as ofDecember 31,(1) Percentage Sold(2)Accumulated as ofDecember 31, Revenues Recognized For The Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 m 2 % % % % US$ %(3) US$ %(4) Chengdu Segment Chengdu Xinyuan Splendid I 231,032 100.0 100.0 96.9 98.7 2,418,696 0.2 3,277,190 0.2 Chengdu Xinyuan Splendid II 217,009 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 – – – – Chengdu Thriving Family 212,955 92.5 98.8 35.0 54.7 74,071,054 4.9 75,776,980 3.9 Jiangsu Segment Suzhou International City Garden 204,872 100.0 100.0 99.5 99.5 (182,921) – – – Suzhou Lake Splendid 198,113 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 209,554 – – – Suzhou Colorful Garden 81,506 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – – – Suzhou Xin City 127,212 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,513,671 0.1 (723) – Suzhou Lake Royal Palace 169,665 99.3 99.8 77.8 99.7 117,515,700 7.7 45,277,469 2.4 Kunshan International City Garden 497,938 100.0 100.0 99.8 99.6 636,469 – (633,568) – Kunshan Royal Palace 280,597 95.5 97.1 86.8 98.6 158,197,784 10.4 55,669,160 2.9 Kunshan Xindo Park 89,004 63.3 88.6 32.2 77.9 52,967,379 3.5 124,673,011 6.5 Xuzhou Colorful Garden 101,821 100.0 100.0 99.1 99.9 – – – – Xuzhou Colorful City 130,170 81.3 87.0 54.4 86.5 18,759,154 1.2 59,402,970 3.1 Shandong Segment Jinan International City Garden 263,771 100.0 100.0 99.6 99.6 7,256 – – – Jinan Xinyuan Splendid 572,234 99.4 99.9 99.0 99.1 7,054,673 0.5 4,944,387 0.3 Shandong Royal Palace 451,345 71.5 79.1 38.6 65.7 99,227,124 6.5 145,902,697 7.6 Jinan Xin Central 194,410 72.6 94.6 47.0 67.9 63,316,167 4.1 101,339,505 5.3 Henan Segment Zhengzhou Xinyuan Colorful Garden 191,891 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – – – Zhengzhou Finance Square 67,225 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – – – Zhengzhou Modern City 231,904 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (603,643) – (148,385) – Zhengzhou Royal Palace 135,877 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 3,063,521 0.2 (549,872) – Zhengzhou Yipin Xiangshan Phase I 94,249 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – – – Zhengzhou Yipin Xiangshan Phase II 199,876 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0 133,008 – 222,960 – Zhengzhou Century East A 76,579 100.0 100.0 99.6 99.7 145,273 – 424,358 – Zhengzhou Century East B 166,288 100.0 100.0 99.6 99.7 (102,515) – 5,238,627 0.3 Zhengzhou Xin City 211,076 97.9 98.7 90.7 91.4 16,645,474 1.1 5,729,707 0.3 Henan Thriving Family 131,508 92.7 98.3 82.3 82.4 18,348,545 1.2 7,782,687 0.4 Henan Xin Central I 262,209 67.7 92.4 68.5 81.8 117,811,601 7.7 98,853,059 5.1 Xingyang Splendid I 117,352 77.1 77.8 74.6 76.5 8,357,507 0.5 6,157,025 0.3 Xingyang Splendid II 137,209 57.8 74.7 34.0 51.8 23,581,474 1.5 25,097,091 1.3 Xingyang Splendid III 121,125 – 50.5 – 66.7 – – 39,132,341 2.0 Zhengzhou Xindo Park 144,432 78.0 90.1 37.8 72.7 36,438,721 2.4 66,730,545 3.5 Zhengzhou Fancy City I 166,686 62.3 86.9 72.6 86.3 71,189,705 4.7 67,559,936 3.5 Zhengzhou International New City I 360,713 31.9 50.1 12.0 79.8 24,367,819 1.6 225,681,339 11.7 Zhengzhou International New City II 176,037 – 52.8 – 77.8 – – 139,183,850 7.2 Zhengzhou International New City III 222,150 – 44.8 – 33.0 – – 60,974,122 3.2 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (South) 84,064 56.8 74.8 54.6 87.7 43,186,664 2.8 48,044,275 2.5 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (North) 108,458 – 33.6 – 27.0 – – 13,204,346 0.7 Henan Xin Central II 109,712 45.6 65.4 8.0 75.5 6,303,623 0.4 77,889,591 4.0 Anhui Segment Hefei Wangjiang Garden 145,455 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – – – Beijing Segment Beijing Xindo Park 133,051 100.0 99.9 83.2 83.2 23,722,289 1.6 (459,234) (0.1)Changsha Segment Changsha Xinyuan Splendid 251,639 89.2 93.2 49.4 74.6 105,494,573 6.9 76,830,027 4.0 Changsha Mulian Royal Palace 91,196 – 66.4 – 59.5 – – 56,669,045 2.9 Sanya Segment Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1 117,584 85.9 93.1 9.1 42.2 12,699,957 0.8 87,304,257 4.5 Shanghai Segment Shanghai Royal Palace 57,770 100.0 99.8 62.0 62.5 100,003,503 6.6 973,450 0.1 Tianjin Segment Tianjin Spring Royal Palace 279,742 36.5 54.8 25.6 32.1 39,912,406 2.6 38,646,991 2.0 Xi’an Segment Xi’an Metropolitan 290,555 94.1 98.5 47.0 61.8 126,550,015 8.3 63,283,295 3.3 US Segment Northern Nevada Land Portfolio (5) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A – – – – Lennox Project (6) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A – – – – New York Oosten 30,855 N/A N/A N/A N/A 152,007,123 10.0 98,476,295 5.1 Total 8,938,121 1,524,968,403 100.0 1,924,560,806 100.0 101 (1)Percentage of completion is calculated by dividing total costs incurred by total estimated costs for the relevant project, estimated as of the time ofpreparation of our financial statements as of and for the year indicated. (2)Percentage sold is calculated by dividing contracted sales value from property sales by total estimated sales value of the relevant project, estimated as ofthe time of preparation of our financial statements as of and for the year indicated. (3)Percentage of all real estate sales revenues for the financial year, including revenues recognized under the percentage of completion method. (4)Percentage of all real estate sales revenues for the financial year, including revenues recognized under the percentage of completion method and underthe full accrual method. (5)Northern Nevada Land Portfolio is a land portfolio, comprised of 325 finished lots and 185 acres of undeveloped land, at eight sites, in the northernNevada region near the Reno-Spark metropolitan area. We had an opportunity to promptly resell several parcels and recognized revenue of US$0.8million for the year 2015. All units were sold as of December 31, 2015. (6)The finished condominium project is located in Irvine, California, United States. We acquired 15 units with a total GFA of 2,865 square meters out of thetotal 72 units from a major United States developer in August 2012. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we resold 1 of 15 finished condominiumunits and recognized revenue in the amount of US$0.8 million. All units were sold as of December 31, 2015. 102 The following table sets forth the square meters sold and average selling price per square meter for each pre-sold project, each reportable segment and ona consolidated basis for each of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017: Project Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 ContractSales SquareMetersSold AverageSellingPrice ContractSales SquareMetersSold AverageSellingPrice US$ m 2 US$/m 2 US$ m 2 US$/m 2 Chengdu region Chengdu Xinyuan Splendid I 2,555,479 – – 3,461,874 – – Chengdu Xinyuan Splendid II 13,205 – – – – – Chengdu Thriving Family 79,008,200 81,660 968 72,686,004 36,773 1,711 Total 81,576,884 81,660 999 76,147,878 36,773 1,832 Jiangsu region Suzhou International City Garden 17,774 25 711 – – – Suzhou Lake Splendid – – – – – – Suzhou Xin City 1,158,953 405 2,862 (562) – – Suzhou Lake Royal Palace 111,902,762 38,196 2,930 46,243,377 16,634 2,780 Kunshan International City Garden 257,128 330 779 (471,707) (400) 1,179 Kunshan Royal Palace 143,059,329 64,105 2,232 54,429,120 15,043 3,618 KunshanXindo Park 88,373,356 31,504 2,805 124,083,728 39,300 3,157 Xuzhou Colorful Garden – – – 893,823 800 1,117 Xuzhou Colorful City 18,310,169 11,000 1,665 62,508,584 36,500 1,713 Total 363,079,471 145,565 2,494 287,686,363 107,877 2,667 Shandong region Jinan International City Garden 248,185 – – 240,383 – – Jinan Xinyuan Splendid 3,526,150 2,332 1,512 1,311,074 833 1,574 Shandong Royal Palace 115,564,954 102,608 1,126 176,219,489 100,794 1,748 Jinan Xin Central 72,593,212 47,307 1,535 74,197,290 41,151 1,803 Total 191,932,501 152,247 1,261 251,968,236 142,778 1,765 Henan region Zhengzhou Royal Palace (89,463) – – 80,030 – – Zhengzhou Modern City 601,795 714 843 200,209 171 871 Zhengzhou Yipin Xiangshan Phase II 64,157 266 241 28,893 – – Zhengzhou Century East A 143,085 34 4,208 448,263 21 1,541 Zhengzhou Century East B 91,678 79 1,160 5,533,731 12 1,438 Zhengzhou Xin City (1,006,442) (599) 1,680 3,755,764 300 1,620 Zhengzhou Thriving Family 1,083,975 498 2,177 961,189 301 1,173 Xingyang Splendid I 8,225,808 8,724 943 7,569,418 7,488 1,011 Xingyang Splendid II 39,632,208 47,194 840 24,741,970 26,999 916 Henan Xin Central I 161,574,449 127,088 1,271 48,032,287 41,900 1,146 Zhengzhou Xindo Park 38,471,271 39,303 979 64,916,527 55,500 1,170 Zhengzhou Fancy City I 103,205,094 76,608 1,347 32,313,816 24,126 1,339 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (South) 80,275,345 53,165 1,510 48,935,716 24,899 1,965 Zhengzhou International New City I 80,672,150 49,945 1,615 447,611,271 277,568 1,613 Henan Xin Central II 14,832,610 9,007 1,647 122,839,247 80,606 1,524 Xingyang Splendid III – – – 86,947,811 81,825 1,063 Zhengzhou International New City II – – – 296,506,856 145,737 2,035 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (North) – – – 43,925,170 31,258 1,405 Zhengzhou International New City III – – – 153,156,321 73,550 2,082 Total 527,777,720 412,026 1,281 1,388,504,489 872,261 1,592 Beijing region Beijing Xindo Park 14,908,688 2,881 5,175 717,829 301 2,385 Hunan region Changsha Xinyuan Splendid 108,423,470 105,602 1,027 79,203,951 49,585 1,597 Changsha Mulian Royal Palace – – – 95,973,424 54,296 1,768 Total 108,423,470 105,602 1,027 175,177,375 103,881 1,686 Hainan region Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1 8,196,064 5,391 1,520 93,783,382 38,660 2,426 Shanghai region Shanghai Royal Palace 96,201,896 22,000 4,373 1,390,981 (108) 4,053 Tianjin region Tianjin Spring Royal Palace 110,203,567 96,006 1,148 33,353,748 19,572 1,704 Xi’an region Xi’an Metropolitan 107,380,513 90,439 1,187 58,456,861 40,992 1,426 U.S. New York Oosten Project 152,007,123 12,180 12,480 98,476,295 8,634 11,406 Grand Total 1,761,687,897 1,125,997 1,565 2,465,663,437 1,371,621 1,798 103 Total square meters sold increased to 1,371,621 square meters for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 1,125,997 square meters for the year endedDecember 31, 2016. The increase was mainly due to five new projects launched in 2017. The overall aggregate average selling price per square meter for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased to US$1,798 from US$1,565 for the yearended December 31, 2016 primarily due to stronger pre-sales of higher margin saleable units that occurred in 2017. Total revenues increased by 26.6% toUS$ 1,976.9 million from US$1,561.6 million in 2016, principally due to the revenue from the sales of units in new projects, especially ZhengzhouInternational New City I, Henan Xin Central II, Zhengzhou International New City II and Zhengzhou International New City III, launched in the second halfof 2016 and 2017. Chengdu region. Total square meters in this region sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased to 36,773 square meters from 81,660 squaremeters for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to reductions of saleable units of Chengdu Thriving Family. The average selling price per squaremeter for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased to US$1,832 from US$999 for the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting from the increment in highmargin units available for sale. Jiangsu region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased to 107,877 square meters from 145,565 square meters for theyear ended December 31, 2016, mainly due to reductions of saleable units of Suzhou Lake Royal Palace and Kunshan Royal Palace. The average sellingprice per square meter for the year ended December 31, 2016 slightly increased to US$2,667 from US$2,494 for the year ended December 31, 2016. Shandong region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased to 142,778 square meters from 152,247 square meters for theyear ended December 31, 2016, mainly due to reductions of saleable units of Jinan Xin Central. The average selling price per square meter for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 increased to US$1,765 from US$1,261 for the year ended December 31, 2016, which is attributable to the positive market momentum inhigh-growth tier I and tier II cities. Henan region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased to 872,261 square meters from 412,026 square meters for theyear ended December 31, 2016, mainly due to increased sales of Zhengzhou International New City I and newly launched pre-sales of Xingyang Splendid III,Zhengzhou International New City II, Zhengzhou Fancy City II (North) and Zhengzhou International New City III, partially offset by the reductions ofsaleable units of Henan Xin Central I. The average selling price per square meter for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased to US$1,592 from US$1,281for the year ended December 31, 2016, which is attributable to the positive market momentum in high-growth tier I and tier II cities. Beijing region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased to 301 square meters from 2,881 square meters for the yearended December 31, 2016, mainly due to reductions of saleable units of Beijing Xindo Park. The average selling price per square meter for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 decreased to US$2,385 from US$5,175 for the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting from the reduction in high margin units availablefor sale. Hunan region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased to 103,881 square meters from 105,602 square meters for theyear ended December 31, 2016, mainly due to reductions of saleable units of Changsha Xinyuan Splendid, partially offset by newly launched pre-sales ofChangsha Mulian Royal Palace. The average selling price per square meter for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased to US$1,686 from US$1,027 forthe year ended December 31, 2016, which is attributable to the positive market momentum in high-growth tier I and tier II cities. Hainan region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased to 38,660 square meters from 5,391 square meters for the yearended December 31, 2016, mainly due to the positive market in Sanya. The average selling price per square meter for the year ended December 31, 2017increased to US$2,426 from US$1,520 for the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting from the increment in high margin units available for sale. 104 Shanghai region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased to (108) square meters from 22,000 square meters for the yearended December 31, 2016, mainly due to reductions of saleable units of Shanghai Royal Palace and sales returns from previous transactions outpacing newsales. Tianjin region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased to 19,572 square meters from 96,006 square meters for the yearended December 31, 2016, mainly due to reductions of saleable units of Tianjin Spring Royal Palace. The average selling price per square meter for the yearended December 31, 2017 increased to US$1,704 from US$1,148 for the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting from the increment in high margin unitsavailable for sale. Xi’an region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased to 40,992 square meters from 90,439 square meters for the yearended December 31, 2016, mainly due to deductions of saleable units of Xi’an Metropolitan. The average selling price per square meter for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 increased to US$1,426 from US$1,187 for the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting from the increment in high margin units availablefor sale. United States region. Total square meters sold for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased to 8,634 square meters from 12,180 square meters for theyear ended December 31, 2016, mainly due to deductions of saleable units of New York Oosten Project. The average selling price per square meter for theyear ended December 31, 2017 slightly decreased to US$11,406 from US$12,480 for the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting from larger sized unitsbeing sold in 2017. Real estate leasing Real estate leasing income increased by US$2.8 million, or 47.5% to US$8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$5.9 million for theyear ended December 31, 2016. Real estate management services income Real estate management services income increased by US$11.7 million, or 39.0%, to US$41.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 fromUS$30.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase primarily resulted from expanded property management service operations. Other revenue Other revenue increased by US$1.2 million, or 171.4%, to US$1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$0.7 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2016. Costs of Revenue Costs of revenue increased by US$313.7 million, or 26.1%, to US$1,517.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$1,203.6 million forthe year ended December 31, 2016, generally in line with our revenue increases. Cost of real estate sales Cost of real estate sales increased by US$299.5 million, or 25.5%, to US$1,474.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$1,174.6 millionfor the year ended December 31, 2016. Total land use rights cost increased by US$174.1 million, or 40.6%, from US$428.3 million (35.6% of cost of realestate sales) for the year ended December 31, 2016 to US$ 602.4 million (39.7% of cost of real estate sales) for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarilydue to increased sales of properties. Construction cost, including capitalized interest, increased by US$125.4 million, or 16.8%, to US$871.7 million for theyear ended December 31, 2017 from US$746.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to increased project construction activity. 105 Cost of real estate leasing Cost of real estate leasing increased by US$7.3 million, or 197.3%, to US$11.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$3.7 million forthe year ended December 31, 2016. Cost of real estate management services Cost of real estate management services increased by US$7.3 million, or 30.0%, to US$31.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$24.3million for year ended December 31, 2016 mainly due to expanded property management service operations. Other costs Other costs decreased by US$0.5 million, or 45.5%, to US$0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$1.1 million for year endedDecember 31, 2016. Gross Profit Gross profit increased by US$101.6 million, or 28.4%, to US$459.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$358.0 million for the yearended December 31, 2016. Gross profit margin was 23.2% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 22.9 % for the year ended December 31, 2016. Selling and Distribution Expenses Selling and distribution expenses increased by US$17.5 million, or 30.1%, to US$75.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$58.2million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily due to a US$14.4 million increase in advertising and promotion expenses for newprojects launched in 2017 as well as existing projects and a US$4.1 million increase in salary and welfare expenses as the average level of salary and bonusincreased and new employees were hired. As a percentage of revenue, selling and distribution expenses was 3.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017compared to 3.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016. As revenue grows in the future, we expect selling and distribution expenses as a percentage ofrevenue to be flat or slightly increase. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses increased by US$16.4 million, or 13.6% to US$136.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$120.4million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily due to an increase in salary and welfare expenses of US$5.3 million as the averagelevel of salary and bonus increased and new employees were hired in 2017, and accrual of bad-debt provision associated with other receivables of US$7.3million As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expenses were 6.9% for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to 7.7% for the year endedDecember 31, 2016. Interest Income Interest income was US$16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to US$20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Interest Expenses For the year ended December 31, 2017, out of total interest costs incurred, US$66.2 million did not qualify for interest capitalization treatment underU.S. GAAP and was charged to the 2017 Statement of Comprehensive Income. Total gross interest costs incurred amounted to US$203.5 million for the yearof 2017, including US$197.4 million of interest on loans and notes, US$4.4 million of amortization of debt issuance costs and US$1.7 million ofamortization of aircraft finance lease related interest. 106 For the year ended December 31, 2016, out of total interest costs incurred, US$29.9 million did not qualify for interest capitalization treatment underU.S. GAAP and was charged to the 2016 Statement of Comprehensive Income. Total gross interest costs incurred amounted to US$207.7 million for the yearof 2017, including US$196.2 million of interest on loans and notes, US$9.4 million of amortization of debt issuance costs and US$2.1 million ofamortization of aircraft finance lease related interest. Income Taxes Income taxes increased by US$26.9 million, or 31.2%, to US$113.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$86.2 million for the yearended December 31, 2016 mainly due to the increase in taxable income in the PRC and the United States. Our effective tax rate increased to 58.5% for the year ended December 31, 2017, from 52.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase wasprimarily due to the increase in taxable income in the PRC and the United States. Net Income Attributable to our Shareholders Net income decreased by US$9.4 million to US$63.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, from US$73.0 million for the year ended December31, 2016. Discussion of Segment Operations We consider each of our individual property developments as a discrete operating segment. As a presentation of segment information for each propertydevelopment would not be meaningful, we have aggregated our segments on a provincial basis as property development projects undertaken within aprovince have similar expected economic characteristics, type of properties offered, customers and market and regulatory environment. Our reportingsegments are: (i) property developments in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, (ii) property developments in Jinan and Qingdao, Shandong Province, (iii) propertydevelopments in Suzhou, Xuzhou and Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, (iv) property developments in Chengdu, Sichuan Province (v) property developments inBeijing, (vi) property developments in Sanya, Hainan Province, (vii) property developments in Changsha, Hunan Province, (viii) property developments inShanghai, (ix) property developments in Tianjin, (x) property developments in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, (xi) property developments in Zhuhai, GuangdongProvince, (xiii) property developments in Wuhan, Hubei Province, (xiv) property developments in Dalian, Liaoning Province, (xv) property developments inthe United States and (xvi) “other.” Each geographic operating segment is principally engaged in the construction and development of residential real estateunits. The “other” category relates to investment holdings, property management services, installation of intercom systems, landscaping, engineering andmanagement, real estate sale, purchase and lease activities. The accounting policies of the various segments are the same as those described in Note 2,“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report. 107 For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (US$ in thousands, except for percentages) Zhengzhou, Henan Total revenue 373,920 891,790 1,010,783 Total cost of revenue (255,819) (610,990) (706,606)Gross profit 118,101 280,800 304,177 Gross margin 31.6% 31.5% 30.1%Operating income 76,642 216,739 241,365 Jinan and Qingdao, Shandong Total revenue 169,880 252,423 292,266 Total cost of revenue (143,152) (205,050) (230,042)Gross profit 26,728 47,373 62,224 Gross margin 15.7% 18.8% 21.3%Operating income 18,046 36,875 49,613 Suzhou, Kunshan and Xuzhou, Jiangsu Total revenue 349,617 284,410 331,744 Total cost of revenue (275,136) (251,246) (217,053)Gross profit 74,481 33,164 114,691 Gross margin 21.3% 11.7% 34.6%Operating income 62,247 16,504 99,406 Chengdu, Sichuan Total revenue 76,490 79,141 81,107 Total cost of revenue (58,763) (71,491) (76,833)Gross profit 17,727 7,650 4,274 Gross margin 23.2% 9.7% 5.3%Operating income/(loss) 14,397 3,878 (2)Beijing Total revenue 24,002 541 14,490 Total cost of revenue (31,148) (415) (9,355)Gross profit (7,146) 126 5,135 Gross margin -29.8% 23.3% 35.4%Operating loss (45,987) (44,381) (59,298)Sanya, Hainan Total revenue 12,700 87,316 170,083 Total cost of revenue (8,545) (55,295) (87,715)Gross profit 4,155 32,021 82,368 Gross margin 32.7% 36.7% 48.4%Operating income 127 24,294 70,279 Changsha, Hunan Total revenue 105,495 133,624 97,756 Total cost of revenue (75,515) (108,105) (102,979)Gross profit 29,980 25,519 (5,223)Gross margin 28.4% 19.1% -5.3%Operating income/(loss) 23,607 15,419 (16,232)Shanghai Total revenue 100,004 1,188 641 Total cost of revenue (89,068) (996) (296)Gross profit 10,936 192 345 Gross margin 10.9% 16.2% 53.8%Operating income/(loss) 7,815 (556) 182 Tianjin Total revenue 39,913 38,647 63,323 Total cost of revenue (22,837) (23,602) (64,520)Gross profit 17,076 15,045 (1,197)Gross margin 42.8% 38.9% -1.9%Operating income/(loss) 543 9,043 (7,031)Xi’an, Shaanxi Total revenue 126,834 67,472 86,165 Total cost of revenue (91,500) (50,936) (56,487)Gross profit 35,334 16,536 29,678 Gross margin 27.9% 24.5% 34.4%Operating income 25,095 7,413 23,774 Zhuhai, Guangdong Total revenue – 20 - Total cost of revenue – (10) - Gross profit – 10 - Gross margin – 50.0% 0.0%Operating loss – (671) (1,185)US Total revenue 152,007 98,784 9,387 Total cost of revenue (128,803) (108,350) (9,358)Gross profit 23,204 (9,566) 29 Gross margin 15.3% -9.7% 0.3%Operating income/(loss) 12,202 (20,164) (4,626)Wuhan, Hubei Total revenue – – – Total cost of revenue – – – Gross profit – – – Gross margin – – 0.0%Operating loss – – (1,950)Dalian, Liaoning, Total revenue – – 427 Total cost of revenue – – (298)Gross profit – – 129 Gross margin – – 30.2%Operating loss – – (1,357)Others Total revenue 30,763 41,553 59,378 Total cost of revenue (23,351) (30,792) (40,533)Gross profit 7,412 10,761 18,846 Gross margin 24.1% 25.9% 31.7%Operating loss (15,374) (17,332) (17,510) 108 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017 For the year ended December 31, 2018 results reflect the adoption of ASC 606 and may not be directly comparable to prior periods. Zhengzhou, Henan. Total revenue increased by US$119.0 million, or 13.3%, from US$891.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 toUS$1,010.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Gross profit for this region was US$304.2 million, or 30.1% of revenue, in the year endedDecember 31, 2018, as compared to US$280.8 million, or 31.5%, in the year ended December 31, 2017. The operating income was US$241.4 million for theyear ended December 31, 2018, representing an increase of US$24.7 million, or 11.4%, from US$216.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Theincrease in operating income was driven by the increase in revenue as described above. Jinan and Qingdao, Shandong. Total revenue increased by US$39.9 million, from US$252.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to US$292.3million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The gross profit increased to US$62.2 million, or 21.3% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2018from US$47.4 million, or 31.2% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2017. The operating income was US$49.6 million for the year ended December31, 2018, representing an increase of US$12.7 million from US$36.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Suzhou, Kunshan and Xuzhou, Jiangsu. Total revenue increased by US$47.3 million, or 16.6%, from US$284.4 million for the year ended December 31,2017 to US$331.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Gross profit for the Jiangsu segment was US$114.7 million for the year ended December 31,2018, increasing by US$81.5 million from US$33.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating income was US$99.4 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2018, representing an increase of US$82.9 million, or 502.4%, from US$16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Chengdu, Sichuan. Total revenue increased by US$2.0 million from US$79.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to US$81.1 million for theyear ended December 31, 2018. Gross profit for the Sichuan segment was US$4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to US$7.7million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating loss was zero for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing a decrease of US$3.9 million fromthe operating income of US$3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Beijing. Total revenue increased by US$14.0 million, or 2800.0%, from US$0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to US$14.5 million for theyear ended December 31, 2018. Gross profit for the Beijing segment was US$5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, increasing by US$5.0 millionfrom US$0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating loss was US$59.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing anincrease of US$14.9 million, or 33.6%, from US$44.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Sanya, Hainan. Total revenue increased by US$82.8 million, or 94.8%, from US$87.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to US$170.1million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Gross profit for the Hainan segment was US$82.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, increasing byUS$50.4 million from US$32.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating income was US$70.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018,representing an increase of US$46.0 million, or 189.3%, from income of US$24.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Changsha, Hunan. Total revenue decreased by US$35.8 million, or 26.8%, from US$133.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to US$97.8million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Gross loss for the Hunan segment was US$5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, decreasing byUS$30.7 million from gross income of US$25.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating loss was US$16.2 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2018, representing a decrease of US$31.6 million from operating income of US$15.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Shanghai. Total revenue decreased by US$0.6 million, or 50.0%, from US$1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to US$0.6 million for theyear ended December 31, 2018. Gross profit for the Shanghai segment was US$0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, increasing by US$0.1million from US$0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating income was US$0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018,representing an increase of US$0.8 million from a loss of US$0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. 109 Tianjin. Total revenue increased by US$24.7 million, or 64.0%, from US$38.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to US$63.3 million for theyear ended December 31, 2018. Gross loss for the Tianjin segment was US$1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, decreasing by US$16.2 millionfrom US$15.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating loss was US$7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing adecrease of US$16.0 million from an income of US$9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Xi’an, Shaanxi. Total revenue increased by US$18.7 million, or 27.7%, from US$67.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to US$86.2 millionfor the year ended December 31, 2018. Gross profit for the Xi’an segment was US$29.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, increasing by US$13.2million from US$16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating income was US$23.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018,representing an increase of US$16.4 million from US$7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Zhuhai, Guangdong. Total revenue decreased by US$0.02 million, or 100.0%, from US$0.02 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to zero forthe year ended December 31, 2018. Gross loss for the Zhuhai segment was zero million for the year ended December 31, 2018, decreasing by US$0.01 millionfrom US$0.01 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating loss was US$1.19 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing anincrease of US$0.52 million from US$0.67 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The United States. Total revenue decreased by US$89.4 million, or 90.5%, to US$9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from US$98.8million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This region had a gross profit of zero for the year ended December 31, 2018 increasing by US$9.6 from a grossloss of US$9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This region has an operating loss of US$4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018,decreasing by US$15.6 from US$20.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Wuhan, Hubei. Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 was zero, gross loss was zero for the year ended December 31, 2018 and theoperating loss was US$2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Dalian, Liaoning. Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 was US$0.4 million, gross profit was US$0.1 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 and the operating loss was US$1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Others. Other revenue of US$59.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 consisted of real estate-related services, including, among others,property management services, broadband network installation, landscaping services and consulting services. These services generated a gross profit ofUS$18.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to a gross profit of US$10.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016 Zhengzhou, Henan. Total revenue increased by US$517.9 million, or 138.5%, from US$373.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 toUS$891.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the increase of revenue from sales of units in ZhengzhouInternational New City I, and the newly launched projects- Zhengzhou International New City II and Zhengzhou International New City III. Gross profit forthis region was US$280.8 million, or 31.5% of revenue, in the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to US$118.1 million, or 31.6%, in the year endedDecember 31, 2016. The operating income was US$216.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing an increase of US$140.1 million, or182.9%, from US$76.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in operating income was driven by the increase in revenue as describedabove. Jinan, Shandong. Total revenue increased by US$82.5 million, from US$169.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to US$252.4 million forthe year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the increase of revenue from sales of units in Shandong Royal Palace. The gross profitincreased to US$47.4 million, or 18.8% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$26.7 million, or 15.7% of revenue, for the year endedDecember 31, 2016. The increase in gross margin was due to the increase of high margin saleable units and the positive market. The operating income wasUS$36.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing an increase of US$18.9 million from US$18.0 million for the year ended December 31,2016. The increase in operating income was driven by the increase in revenue and gross profit as described above. 110 Suzhou, Kunshan and Xuzhou, Jiangsu. Total revenue decreased by US$65.2 million, or 18.6%, from US$349.6 million for the year ended December31, 2016 to US$284.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction of revenue from sales of units in oldprojects- Suzhou Lake Royal Palace and Kunshan Royal Palace, partially offset by the revenue from sales of units in project Kunshan Xindo Park andXuzhou Colorful City. Gross profit for the Jiangsu segment was US$33.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, decreasing by US$41.3 million fromUS$74.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in gross margin was due to the reduction of high margin saleable units. Operatingincome was US$16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing a decrease of US$45.7 million, or 73.5%, from US$62.2 million for the yearended December 31, 2016. The decrease in operating income was driven by the decrease in gross profit as described above. Chengdu, Sichuan. Total revenue increased by US$2.6 million from US$76.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to US$79.1 million for theyear ended December 31, 2017. Gross profit for the Sichuan segment was US$7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to US$17.7million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in gross margin was due to the reduction of high margin saleable units. Operating income wasUS$3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing a decrease of US$10.5 million from the operating income US14.4 million for the yearended December 31, 2016. The decrease in operating income was due to the decrease in gross profit as described above. Beijing. Total revenue decreased by US$23.5 million, or 97.9%, from US$24.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to US$0.5 million for theyear ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily due a reduction of revenue from sales of units in Beijing Xindo Park. Gross profit for the Beijingsegment was US$0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, increasing by US$7.2 million from a loss of US$7.1 million for the year ended December31, 2016. Operating loss was US$44.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing an increase of US$1.6 million, or 3.5%, from US$46.0million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decreased operating loss was driven by the positive gross profit described above. Sanya, Hainan. Total revenue increased by US$74.6 million, or 587.4%, from US$12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to US$87.3million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the increase of revenue from sales of units in Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1. Grossprofit for the Hainan segment was US$32.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, increasing by US$27.8 million from US$4.2 million for the yearended December 31, 2016. Operating income was US$24.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing an increase of US$24.2 million, or24200.0%, from income of US$0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in operating income was driven by the increase in revenuedue to high market demand in Sanya. Changsha, Hunan. Total revenue increased by US$28.1 million, or 26.6%, from US$105.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to US$133.6million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the increase of revenue from sales of units in the newly launched project-Changsha Mulian Royal Palace. Gross profit for the Hunan segment was US$25.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, decreasing by US$4.5million from US$30.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in gross margin was due to the reduction of high margin saleable units.Operating income was US$15.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing a decrease of US$8.2 million from operating income of US$23.6million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in operating income was due to the decrease in gross margin and gross profit as described above. Shanghai. Total revenue decreased by US$98.8 million, or 98.8%, from US$100.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to US$1.2 million forthe year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction of revenue from sales of units in Shanghai Royal Palace. Gross profit for theShanghai segment was US$0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, decreasing by US$10.7 million from US$10.9 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2016. Operating loss was US$0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing a decrease of US$8.4 million from a profit ofUS$7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The operating loss was driven by the revenue and gross profit reduction described above. 111 Tianjin. Total revenue decreased by US$1.3 million, or 3.3%, from US$39.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to US$38.6 million for theyear ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction of revenue from sales of units in Tianjin Spring Royal Palace. Gross profit forthe Tianjin segment was US$15.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, decreasing by US$2.1 million from US$17.1 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2016. Operating income was US$9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing an increase of US$8.5 million from US$0.5million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in operating income was driven by a decrease in operating expenses. Xi’an, Shaanxi. Total revenue decreased by US$59.3 million, or 46.8%, from US$126.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to US$67.5million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to reduction of revenue from sales of units in Xi’an Metropolitan. Gross profitfor the Xi’an segment was US$16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, decreasing by US$18.8 million from US$35.3 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2016. Operating income was US$7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing a decrease of US$17.7 million from US$25.1million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in operating income was driven by a decrease in revenue as described above. Zhuhai, Guangdong. Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 was US$0.02 million, gross profit was US$0.01 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 and the operating loss was US$0.67 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The United States. Total revenue decreased by US$53.2 million, or 35.0%, to US$98.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from US$152.0million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease was primarily due to reduction of revenue from sales of units in New York Oosten Project. Thisregion had a gross loss of US$9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreasing by US$32.8 from US$23.2 million for the year ended December31, 2016. The decrease in gross margin was due to the increase of construction cost. This region has an operating loss of US$20.2 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017, decreasing by US$32.4 from US$12.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in operating income was driven by thedecrease in revenue as described above. Others. Other revenue of US$41.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 consisted of real estate-related services, including, among others,property management services, broadband network installation, landscaping services and consulting services. These services generated a gross profit ofUS$10.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to a gross profit of US$7.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2016. Critical Accounting Policies We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions thataffect (i) the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities, (ii) the disclosure of our contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each reporting period and(iii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates based on our own experience,knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, and our expectations regarding the future based on available information and reasonableassumptions, which together form our basis for making judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. Since the use of estimates is an integralcomponent of the financial reporting process, our actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree ofjudgment than others in their application. When reading our financial statements, you should consider (i) our selection of critical accounting policies, (ii) the judgment and other uncertaintiesaffecting the application of such policies and (iii) the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions. We believe the followingaccounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements. 112 Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which theGroup expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company also elected to exclude sales taxes and other similar taxes from themeasurement of the transaction price. Therefore, revenues are recognized net of business tax, value added taxes (“VAT”) and surcharges. A significant portion of the Company’s revenue is derived from real estate sales of development properties in the PRC, with revenue recognized usingthe percentage-of-completion (“POC”) method in previous years. Under ASC 606, to recognize revenue over time similar to the POC method, contractualprovisions need to provide the Company with an enforceable right to payment. Historically, the Company’s contracts did not include a specific term onenforceable right to payment. For all contracts executed starting from January 1, 2018, the Company modified certain terms to establish an enforceable rightto payment for performance completed to date, including a reasonable profit. Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue on an “over time” basisprospectively for these new contracts by using cost inputs to measure progress towards the completion of the performance obligation. The progress towardscomplete satisfaction of the performance obligation is measured based on the Group’s efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of the performance obligation, byreference to the contract costs incurred up to the end of reporting period as a percentage of total estimated costs for each contract. For those contracts that didnot include enforceable right to payment terms, revenue is recognized at a point in time when title to the property is transferred to the customer. For theperiods presented, all the revenues related to projects in the U.S. were recognized until title is transferred. Generally, the Company receives short-term advances from its customers for real estate sales. Using the practical expedient, the Company does not adjustthe promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between thetransfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. The Group also receiveslong-term advances from customers for real estate sales. The transaction price for such contracts is adjusted for the effects of a financing component, if long-term advances from customers is assessed as significant at the individual contract level. Contract assets The Company pays sales commission to its real estate sales agencies for each real estate sales contract. The Company has elected to apply the optionalpractical expedient for costs to obtain a contract which allows the Company to immediately expense sales commissions (included under selling anddistribution expenses) when the amortization period of the asset that the Company otherwise would have used is one year or less. For incremental costs ofobtaining real estate sales contracts that extend beyond a one year period, these incremental costs of obtaining real estate sales contracts are recognized as anassets if the real estate sales are collectible and amortized as the Company transfers the control of the assets to customers. Contract liabilities A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount ofconsideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liabilityis recognized when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). The Company’s contract liabilities are comprised of customer deposits,which are recognized as revenue when the Company performs under the contract. 113 Income taxes We account for income tax using the balance sheet method. Deferred taxes are provided for the net tax effects of temporary differences between thecarrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, as well as unutilized net operatinglosses. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not these items will either expire before we are able to realize theirbenefits, or that future utilization is uncertain. We assess the need for valuation allowances by tax reporting unit by jurisdiction. Generally, each of ourreportable operating segments is organized in a separate tax reporting unit in a single tax jurisdiction. Interest and penalties arising from underpayment of income taxes is recognized according to the relevant tax law. The amount of interest expense to berecognized is computed by applying the applicable statutory rate of interest to the difference between the tax position recognized and the amount previouslytaken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interest recognized in accordance with ASC 740-10, “Income Tax” (“ASC 740-10”) is classified in theconsolidated financial statements as interest expense, while penalties recognized in accordance with this Interpretation are classified in the consolidatedfinancial statements as other expenses. In accordance with the provisions of ASC 740-10, we recognize in our consolidated financial statements the impact of a tax position if a tax return’sposition or future tax position is “more likely than not” to prevail (defined as a likelihood of more than fifty percent of being sustained upon audit, based onthe technical merits of the tax position). Tax positions that meet the “more likely than not” threshold are measured (using a probability weighted approach) atthe largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Our estimated liability for unrecognizedtax benefits is periodically assessed for adequacy and may be affected by changing interpretations of laws, rulings by tax authorities, certain changes and/ordevelopments with respect to audits, and expiration of the statute of limitations. The outcome for a particular audit cannot be determined with certainty priorto the conclusion of the audit and, in some cases, appeal or litigation process. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from our estimates. As eachaudit is concluded, adjustments, if any, are appropriately recorded in our consolidated financial statements. Additionally, in future periods, changes in facts,circumstances, and new information may require us to adjust the recognition and measurement estimates with regards to individual tax positions. Changes inrecognition and measurement estimates are recognized in the period in which the changes occur. Please see the more detailed discussion in Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. 114 Land Appreciation Tax (“LAT”) In accordance with the relevant taxation laws for real estate companies of the provinces in which the subsidiaries operate in the PRC, the local taxauthorities levy LAT based on progressive rates ranging from 30% to 60% on the appreciation of land value, being the proceeds of sales of properties lessdeductible expenditures, including borrowing costs and all property development expenditures. LAT is prepaid based on a fixed percentage (varying bylocal tax jurisdiction) of customer deposits and is expensed when the related revenue is recognized. Please see the more detailed discussion in Note 14 to ourconsolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Share-based compensation Under ASC 718, “Compensation-Stock Compensation,” we are required to recognize share-based compensation as compensation expense based on thefair value of stock options and other equity awards on the date of the grant. We have elected to recognize compensation expense using the straight-linemethod for all restricted shares and stock options granted with service conditions that have a graded vesting schedule. We have a policy of using authorizedshares in the existing pool to satisfy any future exercise of share options and shares repurchased held by a third party trustee to satisfy the restricted sharesgranted under our 2014 Restricted Stock Unit plan(“2014 RSU Plan”). For options granted with performance conditions, share-based compensation expense is recognized based on the probable outcome of the performancecondition. A performance condition is not taken into consideration in determining fair value of the non-vested shares granted. Real estate properties development completed and under development Real estate properties consist of finished residential unit sites, commercial offices and residential unit sites under development. We lease the land for theresidential unit sites under land use right leases with various terms from the PRC. Real estate properties development completed, under development stated atthe lower of carrying amounts or fair value less selling costs. Expenditures for land development, including cost of land use rights, deed tax, pre-development costs and engineering costs, are capitalized andallocated to development projects by the specific identification method. Costs are allocated to specific units within a project based on the ratio of the salesvalue of units to the estimated total sales value times the total project costs. Costs of amenities transferred to buyers are allocated as common costs of the project that are allocated to specific units as a component of totalconstruction costs. For amenities retained by us, costs in excess of the related fair value of the amenities are also treated as common costs. Results ofoperations of amenities retained by us are included in current operating results. In accordance with ASC 360, “Property, Plant and Equipment”, real estate property development completed, under development and held for sale aresubject to valuation adjustments when the carrying amount exceeds fair value. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying amount of the assets isnot recoverable and exceeds fair value. The carrying amount is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generatedby the assets. When the profitability of a current project deteriorates due to a slowdown in the sales pace, reduction of pricing or some other factor, this indicates thatthere may be a possible future loss on delivery and possible impairment in the recoverability of the assets. Accordingly, the assets of such project aresubsequently reviewed for future losses and impairment by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cash flows for the project to the carrying value ofsuch project. If the estimated future undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset’s carrying value, such deficit will be charged as a future loss and the assetwill then be written down to its estimated fair value. We determine estimated fair value primarily by discounting the estimated future cash flows relating to the asset. In estimating the cash flows for a project,we use various factors including (a) the expected pace at which the planned number of units will be sold, based on competitive market conditions, historicaltrends in sales pace and actual average selling prices of similar product offerings and any other long or short-term economic conditions which may impact themarket in which the project is located; (b) the estimated net sales prices expected to be attained based on the current market conditions and historical pricetrends, as well as any estimated increases in future sales prices based upon the projected rate of unit sales, the estimated time gap between presale andexpected delivery, the impact of government policies, the local and regional competitive environment, and certain external factors such as the opening of asubway line, school or factory; and (c) the expected costs to be incurred in the future by us, including, but not limited to, construction cost, constructionoverhead, sales and marketing, sales taxes and interest costs. 115 Our determination of fair value requires discounting the estimated cash flows at a rate commensurate with the inherent risk associated with the assets andrelated estimated cash flows. The discount rate used in determining each project’s fair value depends on the stage of development, location and other specificfactors that increase or decrease the risk associated with the estimated cash flows. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, we did not recognize any impairment for real estate properties completed and underdevelopment. Real estate properties held for lease, net Real estate properties held for lease are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over theestimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated useful lives of the real estate properties held for lease are 20-60 years. Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expenses as incurred. Major additions and improvements to the real estate propertiesheld for lease are capitalized. In accordance with ASC 360, “Property, Plant and Equipment,” real estate properties held for lease is subject to valuation adjustments when the carryingamount exceeds fair value. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying amount of the assets is not recoverable and exceeds fair value. The carryingamount is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, we did not recognize any impairment for real estate properties held for lease. Effect of change in estimate Revisions in estimated gross profit margins related to estimated costs and revenues are made in the period in which circumstances requiring the revisionsbecome known. During the year ended December 31, 2018, real estate development projects (Chengdu Thriving Family, Changsha Xinyuan Splendid, SanyaYazhou Bay No.1, Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I, Kunshan Royal Palace, Xi’an Metropolitan, Jinan Xin Central), which recognized gross profit in 2017, hadchanges in their estimated gross profit margins. As these projects moved closer to completion during 2018, the Company adjusted its prior estimates relatedto selling prices and development costs. As a result of the changes in estimate above, gross profit, net income and basic and diluted earnings per shareincreased by US$34.5 million (2016: increased US$61.2 million , 2017: decreased US$11.1 million ), US$25.9 million(2016: increased US$45.9 million ,2017: decreased US$8.3 million ), US$0.20 per share (2016: increased US$0.34 per share, 2017: decreased US$0.06 per share), and US$0.20 per share(2016:increased US$0.33 per share, 2017: decreased US$0.06 per share), respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Please see the more detailed discussion in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. 116 B.Liquidity and Capital Resources As previously discussed, a principal factor affecting our results of operations and our growth is the acquisition of land and land use rights in targetmarkets. Under current regulations and market practice, land use rights for residential development purposes in the PRC may be acquired from localgovernments through a competitive auction or other bidding process. These competitive auctions and bidding processes are typically announced 20 daysbefore they are about to take place. To participate in these auctions, we are required to make a minimum deposit of 20-50% of the opening auction price incash. If we are successful on our bids, we are also generally required to remit the remaining purchase price within one to six months of the auction. Further,under current regulations we are not permitted to borrow money from local banks to fund land purchases. As a result we have to fund land purchases eitherfrom cash flows from project sales or from financing transactions in foreign markets which have been and continue to be relatively expensive and not easilyaccessible. (See “Item 3. Key Information D. Risk Factors — Our business requires access to substantial financing. Our failure to obtain adequate financing ina timely manner could severely adversely (1) restrict our ability to complete existing projects, expand our business, or repay our debts and (2) affect ourfinancial performance and condition.”) As a result of entering into other markets, we will also require adequate U.S. dollar and other currency financing forour offshore operations, one of the sources of which is back-to-back loan arrangements with our subsidiaries, which is subject to foreign exchange ratefluctuation and regulatory risk. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — We face risks related to our back-to back loans.” In addition to our land acquisitions, we expect to incur material project development costs on the acquired land. Our cash needs can only be partiallysatisfied by construction loans and future cash flows from real estate projects under development in the upcoming fiscal year. To ensure that we havesufficient funds to secure attractive land parcels and cover material project development costs, which are vital to our growth strategy, we have chosen tomaintain a certain level of cash reserves on hand. In addition, we are required to maintain restricted cash deposits by banks that provide loans to us and ourcustomers. The amount of the restricted cash deposits will vary based on the amount of the related loans. As of December 31, 2018, approximately US$511.9million, or 43.2% of our total cash balance reserve, were restricted cash. We have and will continue to closely monitor our cash flow position to support our operations. We believe we manage land acquisition activities in arational manner to control land expenditure and achieve reasonable profit of each project investment. We also closely monitor collection of accountsreceivable, and obtain funds through a variety of both domestic and overseas financing activities to provide a solid cash flow position for sustainabledevelopment. 117 Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (US$ in thousands) Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities (159,881) 139,713 (22,902)Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities 4,468 (827,169) 34,563 Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities 343,823 1,154,479 (189,581)Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 188,410 467,023 (177,920)Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (32,332) 87,461 (97,291)Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, at beginning of year 750,665 906,743 1,461,227 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, at end of year 906,743 1,461,227 1,186,016 118 Operating Activities Net cash used in operating activities was US$22.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily attributable to an increase in deposits for landuse rights of US$452.1 million, an increase in other receivable of US$118.4 million, an increase in other asset of US$95.0 million, a decrease in otherpayables and accrued liabilities of US$73.3 million, and an increase in amounts due from related party of US$104.5 million, partially offset by proceeds fromdisposal of trading securities of US$77.8 million, an increase in customer deposits of US$264.2 million, a decrease in real estate properties developmentcompleted of US$232.5 million, an increase in accounts payable of US$127.2 million and an increase in income tax payable of US$88.8 million. Net cash provided by operating activities was US$139.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily attributable to proceeds from disposalof trading securities of US$178.8 million, a decrease in real estate property under development of US$151.8 million, a decrease in other deposits andprepayments of US$275.2 million, an increase in accounts payable of US$131.5 million, an increase in customer deposits of US$269.5 million and anincrease in other payables and accrued liabilities of US$91.5 million, partially offset by purchase of trading securities of US$186.1 million, an increase inaccounts receivable of US$63.7 million, an increase in real estate properties development completed of US$355.6 million, an increase in real estate propertiesheld for lease of US$112.0 million, an increase in deposits for land use rights of US$180.4 million and an increase in amounts due from related party ofUS$128.3 million. Net cash used in operating activities was US$159.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily attributable to an increase in real estateproperty development completed of US$429.4 million, an increase in real estate properties held for lease of US$100.4 million, an increase in other depositsand prepayments of US$258.4 million, an increase in amounts paid for deposits for land use rights of US$129.5 million, partially offset by US$79.5 millionin net income, a decrease in customer deposits of US$101.9 million, a decrease in real estate property under development of US$346.7 million, a decrease inother receivables of US$114.2 million, and a decrease in other payables and accrued liabilities of US$101.4 million. Proceeds from pre-sales of our properties under development are an important source of cash flow for our operations. PRC law allows us to pre-sellproperties before their completion upon satisfaction of certain requirements and requires us to use the pre-sales proceeds to develop the particular project pre-sold. The amount and timing of cash flows from pre-sales are affected by a number of factors, including restrictions on pre-sales imposed by PRC law, marketdemand for our properties subject to pre-sales, prices at which we can pre-sell and the number of properties we have available for pre-sale. Any pre-salespayments we receive before we recognize revenue are recorded as current liabilities under customer deposits. At December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, werecorded current liabilities consisting of customer deposits of US$150.5 million, US$438.3 million, and US$1,921.9, respectively. We actively market pre-sales of our properties in accordance with regulations to accelerate cash in flow to the extent possible. Investing Activities Net cash provided by investing activities was US$34.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2018, and was mainly attributable to the acquisition ofsubsidiaries (net of cash acquired), and proceeds from return of capital. Net cash used in investing activities was US$827.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2017, and was mainly attributable to the acquisition of long-term investment and purchase of property and equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities was US$4.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly attributable to the acquisition of subsidiaries(net of cash acquired), partially offset by the acquisition of other equity method investments and the purchase of property and equipment. Financing Activities Net cash used in financing activities was US$189.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2018, and was primarily attributable to repayments of short-term, long-term bank loans and other debt in the aggregate of US$1,429.0 million, distribution to non-controlling interests and dividend to shareholders ofUS$61.3 million, partially offset by proceeds from short-term, long-term bank loans and other debt in the aggregate of US$1,387.8 million. 119 Net cash provided by financing activities was US$1,154.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2017, and was primarily attributable to proceeds fromshort-term, long-term bank loans and other debt in the aggregate of US$1,940.1 million, partially offset by repayments of short-term, long-term bank loansand other debt in the aggregate of US$818.8 million, an increase of restricted cash of US$212.3 million, purchases of treasury shares of US$14.1 million anddividend to shareholders of US$26.1 million. Net cash provided by financing activities was US$343.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2016, and was primarily attributable to the proceedsfrom short-term, long-term bank loans and other debt in the aggregate of US$1,836.9 million, a decrease of restricted cash of US$31.4 million, partially offsetby repayments of short-term, long-term bank loans and other debt in the aggregate of US$1,497.2 million, repurchases of ADSs of US$33.7 million anddividend distributions of US$20.5 million. Bank Borrowings and Other Debt Bank borrowings and other debt are an important source of funding for our property developments. Our borrowings as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and2018, respectively, were as follows. Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ Short-term bank loans and other debt 178,576,151 247,758,295 43,711,388 Long-term bank loans 235,885,009 11,018,946 720,038,940 Other long-term debt 974,791,324 1,404,814,439 1,040,455,200 Current portion of long-term bank loans and other debt 704,695,082 1,648,233,254 1,647,918,456 Total 2,093,947,566 3,311,824,934 3,452,123,984 As of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 the weighted average interest rate on our short-term bank loans and other debt was 6.53%, 7.67%, and 10.68%respectively. As of December 31, 2016, US$144.2 million of the short-term bank loans were denominated in Renminbi and are secured by associated land userights and real estate under development. The remaining US$34.4 million was denominated in U.S. dollars and was secured by the equivalent amount ofRMB bank deposits. As of December 31, 2017, US$185.0 million of the short-term bank loans were denominated in Renminbi and are secured by associatedland use rights, real estate under development, real estate properties held for lease, obligatory rights of account receivable, and real estate propertiescompleted. The remaining US$61.9 million and US$0.9 million were denominated in U.S. dollars and HKD respectively, in which US$58.7 denominated inU.S. dollars are secured by an equivalent amount of RMB bank deposits. As of December 31, 2018, US$43.7 million of the short-term borrowings weredenominated in RMB. As of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the weighted average interest rate on our long-term bank loans, including their current portion, was 5.07%,5.43%, and 7.16% respectively. As of December 31, 2016, US$253.3 million of the long-term bank loans were denominated in Renminbi and are secured byassociated land use rights. The remaining US$64.8 million was denominated in U.S. dollars and was secured by the equivalent amount of RMB bankdeposits. As of December 31, 2017, US$447.5 million of the long-term bank loans were denominated in Renminbi and were secured by associated land userights, real estate under development, respectively. The remaining US$64.8 million of the long-term bank loans were denominated in U.S. dollars and weresecured by the equivalent amount of RMB bank deposits. As of December 31, 2018, US$1,136.5 million of the long-term bank loans were denominated inRenminbi and were secured by associated land use rights, real estate under development and real estate properties held for lease. The remaining US$113.5million of the long-term bank loans were denominated in U.S. dollars and were secured by the equivalent amount of RMB bank deposits. 120 Since June 2003, commercial banks have been prohibited under the PBOC guidelines from advancing loans to fund the payment of land use rights. Inaddition, the PRC government also encourages property developers to use internal funds to develop their property projects. Under guidelines jointly issuedby the MOHURD and other PRC government authorities in August 2004, commercial banks in China are not permitted to lend funds to property developerswith an internal capital ratio, calculated by dividing the internal funds available by the total capital required for the project, of less than 35%. These internalcapital ratio requirements have limited the amount of bank financing that property developers, including us, are able to obtain. Debt Securities In addition to bank loans, the group from time to time raises funds through the issuance of debt securities. On May 3, 2013, we issued US$200 millionaggregate principal amount of May 2018 Senior Secured Notes, which notes we subsequently redeemed in 2016. On December 6, 2013, we issued US$200million aggregate principal amount of June 2019 Senior Secured Notes, which notes we subsequently redeemed in 2017. On August 30, 2016, we issuedUS$300 million aggregate principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes. On February 28, 2017, we issued US$300 million aggregate principalamount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes. On November 22, and December 1, 2017 we issued collectively US$300 million aggregate principalamount of November 2020 Senior Secured Notes. On March 19, 2018, we issued US$200 million aggregate principal amount of March 2020 Senior SecuredNotes. The May 2018 Senior Secured Notes, the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes, the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, the February 2021 Senior SecuredNotes, the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes and the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes were issued without registration under the Securities Act inofferings conducted outside the United States pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act. Senior Secured Notes Our obligations under the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes, the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes andthe March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, the indenture governing the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes (the “August 2019 Indenture”), the indenturegoverning the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes (the “February 2021 Indenture”), the indenture governing the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes (the“November 2020 Indenture”) and the indenture governing the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes (the “March 2020 Indenture”) have been guaranteedinitially by certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory GoodDevelopment Limited, South Glory International Limited, Elite Quest Holdings Limited and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited(the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will be guaranteed by such other of our future subsidiaries in accordance with the terms of the applicable Indenture. Ourobligations under the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes, the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes, the March2020 Senior Secured Notes, the August 2019 Indenture, the February 2021 Indenture, the November 2020 Indenture and the March 2020 Indenture aresecured by a pledge of the capital stock of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd.,Victory Good Development Ltd., South Glory International Ltd. and Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. The August 2019 Indenture, the February 2021 Indenture, the November 2020 Indenture and the March 2020 Indenture contain certain covenants that,among others, restrict our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries (as defined in the applicable Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issuepreferred stock, to make certain payments or investments, to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, to sell assets (including limitations on the useof proceeds of asset sales), to grant liens on the collateral securing the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes, theNovember 2020 Senior Secured Notes or the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, as applicable, or other assets, to make certain other payments and to engagein transactions with affiliates and holders of more than 10% of our common shares, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and the satisfaction, incertain circumstances of specified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the applicable Indenture) of 2.50 to 1.0, 2.0 to 1.0, 2.0 to1.0, and 2.0 to 1.0, respectively. Certain of these limitations, including restrictions on the incurrence of certain indebtedness or issuances of preferred stock,the making of certain payment or investments, payments of dividends, and sales of assets will be suspended if the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, theFebruary 2021 Senior Secured Notes, the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes or the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, as applicable, obtain and retain aninvestment grade rating. 121 At any time prior to the maturity date of a series of Senior Secured Notes, we may at our option redeem the outstanding notes of the series in whole butnot in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of that series of Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, andaccrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. “Applicable Premium” means with respect to a Series Secured Note of anyseries at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such the Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value atsuch redemption date of the principal amount of such Senior Secured Note plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such SeniorSecured Note through its maturity date (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to theAdjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the applicable Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such Senior Secured Note on suchredemption date. At any time prior to maturity date of a series of Senior Secured Notes, we may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of that series of SeniorSecured Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equityoffering, at a redemption price of (a) in the case of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, 108.125% of the principal amount , (b) in the case of the February2021 Senior Secured Notes, 107.75% of the principal amount, (c) in the case of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes, 108.875% of the principal amount,and (d) in the case of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, 109.875% of the principal amount, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (butnot including) the redemption date. At least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of a series being so redeemed must remain outstanding after suchredemption. Following any Change of Control Triggering Event applicable to a series of Senior Secured Notes, we must make an offer to purchase all outstandingSenior Secured Notes of that series at a purchase price equal to 101.0% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but notincluding) the offer to purchase payment date. A “Change of Control Triggering Event” means the occurrence of both a Change of Control (as defined in theapplicable Indenture Indenture) and specified decline in the ratings of the Senior Secured Notes within six months after the date of public notice of theoccurrence of a Change of Control or the intention by us or any other person to effect a Change of Control. June 2019 Senior Secured Notes The June 2019 Senior Secured Notes bore interest at 13% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest was payable on June 6 and December 6 of each year,commencing June 6, 2014. The final maturity date of the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes was June 6, 2019. On July 10, 2017, we redeemed an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 of all outstanding June 2019 Senior Secured Notes at the redemptionprice equal to 106.5% of the principal amount thereof, being US$213,000,000, plus accrued and unpaid interest of US$2,456,000 to July 10, 2017. The totalredemption price paid by the Company on July 10, 2017 was US$215,456,000. The Company funded the redemption using the proceeds from the offering ofits February 2021 Senior Secured Notes. August 2019 Senior Secured Notes On August 30, 2016, we issued an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes. The August 2019 SeniorSecured Notes bear interest at 8.125% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on February 28 and August 30 of each year, commencingFebruary 28, 2017. The August 2019 Senior Secured Notes have a three year term maturing on August 30, 2019. From August 31, 2018 to December 31, 2018, the Company redeemed August 2019 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$11.9million. The Company recognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$511,919, consisting of the gain from the difference between repurchaseprice and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$577,449 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$65,530. As ofDecember 31, 2018, we have a total principal amount of US$286.7 million of August 2019 Senior Secured Notes outstanding. 122 On April 15, 2019, the Company completed the repurchase of US$119,989,000 in principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes pursuant toan Offer to Purchase for an aggregate purchase price of US$121,861,755 including accrued interest. February 2021 Senior Secured Notes On February 28, 2017, we issued an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes. The February 2021Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 7.75% per annum payable semiannually. Interest will be payable on February 28 and August 28 of each year,commencing August 28, 2017. The February 2021 Senior Secured Notes have a four year term maturing on February 28, 2021. From August 31, 2018 toDecember 31, 2018, the Company redeemed February 2021 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$25.4 million. The Company recognizedgain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$2,642,710, consisting of the gain from the difference between repurchase price and principal amount of thedebt amounting to US$3,043,135 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$400,425. As of December 31, 2018, we have atotal principal amount of US$270.6 million of February 2021 Senior Secured Notes outstanding. November 2020 Senior Secured Notes On November 22, 2017 and December 1, 2017, we issued an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 and US$100,000,000 of the November2020 Senior Secured Notes, respectively. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 8.875% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest willbe payable on May 22 and November 22 of each year, commencing May 22, 2018. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes have a three year termmaturing on November 22, 2020. As of the date of this annual report, we have a total principal amount of US$295.7 million of November 2020 SeniorSecured Notes outstanding. March 2020 Senior Secured Notes On March 19, 2018, we issued an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes. The March 2020 SeniorSecured Notes bear interest at 9.875% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on March 19 and September 19 of each year, commencingSeptember 19, 2018. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes have a two year term maturing on March 19, 2020. As of the date of this annual report, we have atotal principal amount of US$197.2 million of March 2020 Senior Secured Notes outstanding. On April 15, 2019, the Company completed the repurchase of US$75,700,000 in principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes pursuant to aprivately negotiated transaction for an aggregate purchase price of US$76,239,888 including accrued interest. Debt Securities Issued Subsequent to 2018 On April 15, 2019 and April 26, 2019, the Company issued collective aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 of 14.2% Senior Notes due 2021(the “October 2021 Notes”) upon completion of an offering conducted outside the United States pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act. TheOctober 2021 Notes bear interest at 14.2% per annum, payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencingOctober 15, 2019. The October 2021 Notes have a two and a half year (thirty month) term maturing on October 15, 2021. The October 2021 Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of April 15, 2019, between the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors (as definedbelow) and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and shared security agent (the “October 2021 Indenture”). The Company’s obligations under theOctober 2021 Indenture and the October 2021 Notes are guaranteed initially by certain of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate,Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory International Limited, Elite Quest HoldingsLimited and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will be guaranteed by such other futuresubsidiaries of the Company as is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the October 2021 Indenture. The Company’s obligations under the October2021 Indenture and the October 2021 Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate,Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory International Limited and Elite Quest HoldingsLimited. 123 At any time prior to October 15, 2021, the Company may at its option redeem the October 2021 Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption priceequal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the October 2021 Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but notincluding) the redemption date. "Applicable Premium" means with respect to any October 2021 Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of theprincipal amount of such Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such Note, plus all requiredremaining scheduled interest payments due on such Note through the maturity date of the October 2021 Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest tothe redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) theprincipal amount of such Note on such redemption date. At any time prior to October 15, 2021, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the October 2021 Notes with the netcash proceeds of one or more sales of the Company's common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at aredemption price of 114.2% the principal amount of the October 2021 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemptiondate, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the October 2021 Notes issued on April 15, 2019 remain outstanding after each suchredemption and any such redemption takes place within 60 days after the closing of the related equity offering. Following a Change of Control (as defined in the October 2021 Indenture), the Company must make an offer to purchase all outstanding October 2021Notes at a purchase price equal to 101.0% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any to (but not including) the offer to purchasepayment date. The October 2021 Indenture contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company's ability and the ability of the Company's RestrictedSubsidiaries (as defined in the October 2021 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments or investments, to paydividends or purchase of redeem capital stock, sell assets, or make certain other payment, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, incertain circumstances of specified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the October 2021 Indenture) of 2.0 to 1.0. The October 2021 Notes were issued in an offering done in reliance on the exemption from registration under Regulation S promulgated under theSecurities Act. Onshore Corporate Bonds On December 28, 2015, Xinyuan China issued the first tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of US$154 milliondue on December 28, 2020 (the “First Tranche Bonds”) at a coupon rate of 7.5% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on December 28 of eachyear, commencing December 28, 2016. Given that First Tranche Bonds is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified asother long-term debt. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the First Tranche Bondsunder the requirements of ASC 815 “Derivatives and Hedging.” The First Tranche Bonds were issued at par. On January 27, 2016, Xinyuan China issued thesecond tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of US$107 million due on January 27, 2021 (the “Second TrancheBonds”) at a coupon rate of 7.47% per annum payable annually. On March 14, 2016, Xinyuan China issued the third tranche of the onshore corporate bondswith an aggregate principal amount of US$77 million due on March 14, 2021 (the “Third Tranche Bonds”) at a coupon rate of 7.09% per annum payableannually. Upon the third anniversary of the issuance of each tranche of bonds, Xinyuan China may adjust the applicable coupon rate and the holders have the rightwithin a specified time period to require the Company to repurchase the bonds following the Company’s announcement of whether it intends to adjust theinterest rate. Upon the third anniversary on December 28, 2017, the first tranche of the onshore corporate bonds have been reclassified as current liabilities. 124 The bonds contain restrictions on certain business activities of Xinyuan (China) Real Estate Ltd. when in default on payment of interest or principal,including, among others, limitations on distributions of net income, limitations on certain expenditures, or business combination transactions. On August 15, 2016, Xinyuan China issued a new tranche of onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB1.5 billion (US$216million) due on August 15, 2019 (the “New Tranche”) at a coupon rate of 7.5% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on August 15 of each year,commencing August 15, 2017. On April 7, 2017, Xinyuan China issued a new second tranche of onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amountof RMB1.13 billion (US$173 million) due on April 7, 2020 (the “2017 Tranche”) at a coupon rate of 8.2% per annum payable annually. Interest is payableon April 7 of each year, commencing April 7, 2018. Upon the first anniversary of the issuance of the New Tranche and 2017 Tranche, respectively, XinyuanChina may adjust the applicable coupon rate and the holders have the right within a specified time period to require the Company to repurchase the bondsfollowing the Company’s announcement of whether it intends to adjust the interest rate. Therefore, the entire amount of the New Tranche and 2017 Tranche,respectively, has been classified as current liabilities for the periods presented. On August 15, 2017, Xinyuan China adjusted the annual interest rate of theNew Tranche Bonds to 8.2% from 7.5%. On September 20, 2018, Xinyuan China issued a new tranche of onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB 600 million(US$87 million) due on September 21, 2020 (the “2018 Tranche”) at a coupon rate of 8.5% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on September 21of each year, commencing September 21, 2019. The above three tranches of onshore corporate bonds were issued at par. From November 19, 2018 to November 30, 2018, the Company redeemed the First Tranche Bonds for a total principal amount of RMB 0.6 billion(US$87 million). The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$6,518,487, consisting of both the debt redemption priceamounting to US$6,509,574 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$8,913. From December 14, 2018 to December 21, 2018, the Company redeemed the Second Tranche Bonds for a total principal amount of RMB 0.4 billion(US$58 million). The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$4,775,500, consisting of both the debt redemption priceamounting to US$4,773,284 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$2,216. From August 1, 2018 to August 3, 2018, the Company redeemed the New Tranche for a total principal amount of RMB 1.05 billion (US$153 million).The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$5,989,710, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting toUS$5,710,866 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$278,844. On March 20, 2018, the Company redeemed the 2017 Tranche for a total principal amount of RMB 0.5 billion (US$73 million). The Companyrecognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$3,782,353, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$3,494,557 andunamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$287,796. On September 21, 2018, the Company redeemed the 2018 Tranche for a total principal amount of RMB 0.4 billion (US$58 million). The Companyrecognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$3,599,937, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$3,291,086 andunamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$308,851. On January 4, 2019, Xinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd. issued a new tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB600 million due on January 4, 2022 (the “2019 Tranche”) at a coupon rate of 8.5% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on January 4 of each year,commencing January 4, 2020. On April 1, 2019, Xinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd. completed the issuance of a new tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principalamount of RMB 980 million due on April 1, 2022 (the “2019 First Tranche Bonds”) at a coupon rate of 8.4% per annum payable annually. Interest is payableon April 1 of each year, commencing April 1, 2020. 125 Capital Expenditures Our capital expenditures were US$6.5 million, US$9.8 million, and US$16.7 million in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Our capital expenditures in2016, 2017, and 2018 were mainly used for building improvements, and purchase of aircraft, vehicles, fixtures and furniture and computer networkequipment. The source of our capital expenditures is primarily the cash flow generated from operating activities. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding commitments with respect to non-cancelable construction contracts for real estate development in theamount of US$1,325.8 million. C.Research and Development, Patent and Licenses, etc. Not applicable. D.Trend Information Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the period fromJanuary 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity orcapital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions. E.Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As is customary in the property industry in China, we provide guarantees to commercial banks in respect of the mortgage loans they extend to ourcustomers prior to the issuance of their property ownership certificates. These guarantees remain outstanding until the completion of the registration of themortgage with the relevant mortgage registration authorities. In most cases, guarantees for mortgages on residential properties are discharged when we submitthe individual property ownership certificates and certificates of other interests in the property to the mortgagee bank. In our experience, the application forand issuance of the individual property ownership certificates typically takes six to twelve months, so the guarantee periods typically last for up to six totwelve months after we deliver the related property. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, we guaranteed mortgage loans in the aggregate outstanding amount of US$1,569.8 million and US$1,988.6 million,respectively. We generally pre-sell properties prior to the completion of their construction. Sales contracts are executed during the pre-sales period and mortgages aregenerally executed within 30 days after the buyer signs the sales contract. The pre-sales period begins upon receipt of a government permit which is issued soon after groundbreaking on a given phase of the project. The periodfrom groundbreaking to delivery consists of building construction, landscaping, municipal government inspections and issuance of a certificate ofoccupancy. This “delivery period” will generally range from one to two years. The buyers only request the government to record buyer ownership in theirofficial records after the delivery period is completed. Typically, the government will provide certificates of ownership six to twelve months after beingrequested to record. Therefore, the total elapsed time between our receipt of mortgage proceeds and the buyer’s receipt of an ownership certificate can rangefrom one and a half years to three years. Due to the time lag above, our mortgage guarantees will exceed the real estate balances at any given point in time. We paid US$0.6 million, US$1.8 million, US$0.8 million and US$1.7 million to satisfy guarantee obligations related to customer defaults for the yearsended December 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The fair value of the guarantees is not significant and we consider that in case of default inpayments, the net realizable value of the related properties can cover the repayment of the outstanding mortgage principal together with the accrued interestand penalty and therefore, no provision has been made for the guarantees in our consolidated financial statements. 126 Except for the contingent liabilities set forth above, we have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the paymentobligations of any third parties. We have not entered into any transactions with unconsolidated entities, derivative contracts that are indexed to our sharesand classified as shareholders’ equity, or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Other than as described above, there are no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have effect on our financial position. We have no obligation arising out of a variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk supportto us, or that engages in leasing, hedging, or research and development arrangements with us. At December 31, 2018, the Group provided financial guarantees for bank loans of two of its equity method investees. The Group could incur losses in theevent of defaults under or foreclosure of these loans and its maximum exposure to credit losses is US$280,189,999. The fair value of the guarantees is notsignificant and the Group considers that in case of default in payments, the net realizable value of the related properties can cover the repayment of theoutstanding bank loans together with the accrued interest and penalty and therefore, no provision has been made for the guarantees in the consolidatedfinancial statements. 127 F.Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations As of December 31, 2018, our contractual obligations amounted to US$5,283.8 million, primarily arising from contracted construction costs or othercapital commitments for future property developments and debt obligations. The following table sets forth our contractual obligations for the periodsindicated: Payments due by period Total less than 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years morethan 5 years (US$ in thousands) Long-term debt obligations: Long-term bank loans 720,039 - 593,349 80,939 45,751 Interest on long-term bank loans (1) 193,308 55,501 88,437 32,747 16,623 Other long-term debt 1,040,455 - 1,040,455 - - Interest on other long-term debt (2) 74,514 - 74,514 - - Current portion of long-term bank loan and other debt 1,647,918 1,647,918 - - - Interest on current portion of long-term bank loan and other debt (1) 197,008 197,008 - - - Short-term debt obligations Short-term bank loans 43,711 43,711 - - - Interest on short-term debt obligations (3) 2,355 2,355 - - - Operating lease obligations 19,351 7,631 10,610 1,110 - Non-cancellable construction contract obligations 1,325,760 653,276 630,093 42,391 - Capital lease obligations (4) 19,381 7,743 11,638 - - Total 5,283,800 2,615,143 2,449,096 157,187 62,374 (1)Our long-term bank loans, including current portion, bear variable interest at rates adjustable based on the PBOC benchmark rate. Interest on long-term loans, including current portion, is calculated based on the current interest rate of each loan, ranging from 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR to 9.80%per annum, using the PBOC benchmark rate of 4.75 % as of December 31, 2018. (2)Interest on other long-term debt is calculated based on the interest rates for relevant loans, ranging from 4.19% to 12.0% per annum. (3)Interest on short-term loans is calculated based on the interest rates for relevant loans, ranging from 10.5% to 11.60% per annum. (4) In 2012, Henan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Henan Xinyuan”), one of our subsidiaries, entered into a capital lease agreement withMinshengHongtai (Tianjin) Aviation Leasing Co., Ltd. (“Minsheng”) to lease an aircraft. Under the terms of the agreement, Minsheng purchased aGulf 450 from Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation and leased the aircraft to Henan Xinyuan for a term of 96 months starting from September 12, 2013.We measured a capital lease asset and capital lease obligation at an amount equal to the present value of the minimum lease payments during the leaseterm, excluding the portion of the payments representing executory costs (such as insurance, maintenance, and taxes to be paid by the lessor) as wellas any profit thereon. As of December 31, 2018, we are contractually committed to pay the amount of US$19.4 million. See Note 21 to theconsolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. In 2018, another one of our subsidiaries entered into a sale and leaseback agreement for shopping mall equipment. 128 We have projected cash flows for each of our existing projects, considering a number of factors, including the relative stage of each of our projects underconstruction and our projects under planning and the demand for and the average selling prices of our projects. For any given project, we use cash early in theproject life and generate cash later in the project life. Costs for land acquisition, site preparation, foundation, and early above-ground framing are all incurredbefore we obtain licenses from local governing authorities to enter into pre-sales activity. The construction of many of our projects is carried-out in phases,the timing of which is primarily determined by us based on the pace of the market demand for units in the project. Accordingly, after receiving the pre-salepermits relating to a project, we are in a better position to manage some of our construction activities to coincide with the timing of expected pre-sales. We believe our cash on hand, projected cash flow from operations, available construction loan borrowing capability, and potential access to capitalmarkets, should be sufficient to meet our expected cash requirements, including our non-cancellable construction contract obligations and capital leaseobligations that are due on various dates through April 1, 2020, the outstanding principal amount of our August 2019 Senior Secured Notes due in August2019, the outstanding principal amount of our February 2021 Senior Secured Notes due in February 2021, the outstanding principal amount of our November2020 Senior Secured Notes due in November 2020, the outstanding principal amount of our March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due in March 2020, theoutstanding principal amount of our October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due in October 2021, and for Xinyuan China to satisfy its obligations under theFirst, Second, Third, the New Tranche, 2017 Tranche and 2018 Tranche Bonds. Our ability to secure sufficient financing for land use rights acquisition and property development depends on internal cash flows in addition to anumber of other factors that are not completely under our control, including lenders’ perceptions of our creditworthiness, market conditions in the capitalmarkets, investors’ perception of our securities, the PRC economy and the PRC government regulations that affect the availability and cost of financing forreal estate companies or property purchasers and the U.S. economy and recovery of the U.S. real estate markets. There can be no assurance that our internally generated cash flow and external financing will be sufficient for us to meet our contractual and financingobligations in a timely manner. We may require additional cash due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any decline incash flow from operations or any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. In the event that proceeds from the sale of units for a project areinsufficient to meet our contractual and financing obligations, we would need to raise the required funds through new borrowings, refinancing of existingborrowings, public or private sales of equity securities, or a combination of one or more of the above. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtainadequate funding in a timely manner and on reasonable terms, or at all. G.Safe Harbor See “Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this annual report. 129 ITEM 6.DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES A.Directors and Senior Management The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors as of April 1, 2019: Name Age PositionYong Zhang 56 Executive Director, Chairman of the BoardLizhou Zhang 48 Executive Director and Chief Executive OfficerXuefeng Li 42 Interim Chief Financial OfficerYong Cui 45 DirectorHao Gao 37 Director*Thomas Gurnee 68 Director and Chairman of the Audit Committee*Yifan (Frank) Li 51 Director*Yumin Liang 56 DirectorSamuel Shen 54 Director*Wells Tian 48 DirectorYuyan Yang 56 Director *Indepdnent director per NYSE listing standards. Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of each director and executive officer is 27/F, China Central Place, Tower II, 79 Jianguo Road,Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100025, the People’s Republic of China. A description of the business experience and present position of each director and executive officer is provided below: Yong Zhang founded our company in 1997 and has been the Chairman of the board of directors since 2007 and, through September 2013, was our ChiefExecutive Officer. Mr. Zhang has more than 20 years of working experience in the real estate industry. Prior to founding our company, he worked at severalconstruction and property development companies, including Zhengzhou City Construction and Development Inc. and China Antai Real EstateDevelopment Inc. Mr. Zhang is also vice chairman of Henan Real Estate Association, a member of China Democratic National Construction Association anda deputy to the 12th People’s Congress of Henan Province in China. He serves as a director of Beijing Ruizhuo Xihe Technology Development Co., Ltd.,Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co., Ltd, Beijing XinyuanXinTechnology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing Ruizhuo Xirong Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing Ruizhuo Xihui Technology Development Co.,Ltd., Beijing Ruizhuo Xijia Technology Development Co., Ltd.,Huayi Xincheng (Beijing) Intelligent City Construction Co., Ltd., Beijing Xinyuan FutureInvestment Management Co., Ltd., Ningbo Zhongxin Xitou investment management Co., Ltd., Beijing Aijieli Technology Development Co., Ltd., XinyuanHolding Ltd. and Madison Developments Limited. Mr. Zhang received a Ph.D. in finance from Renmin University of China in 2014, an executive master’sdegree in business administration from Tsinghua University in 2005 and a bachelor’s degree in architecture from Henan Zhongzhou University in 1985. Yong Cui has been a director of our company since August 2006 and served as our President from September 2013 through January 2018. With adoctorate degree in finance from Renmin University of China, Mr. Cui has extensive experience in corporate finance. For the past five years, Mr. Cui hasworked at Beijing Runzheng Consulting Company as President. Hao Gao was appointed as an independent director of the Company in May 2018. Mr. Gao is the director of the Global Family Business Research Centerand the director of Strategic Partnership and Development Office at Tsinghua University PBC School of Finance, as well as the chief editor of the FamilyBusiness Series and Family Wealth Series published by the People's Publishing House/Oriental Press. Mr. Gao is also an independent director of ModernMedia Holdings Limited (HKEX: 00072) and Hope Education Group Co., Ltd. (HKEX: 01765). Mr. Gao obtained a Bachelor's Degree in AutomationEngineering from Tsinghua University, a Bachelor's Degree in Economics from Peking University, and a Ph.D. Degree in Management Science andEngineering from Tsinghua University. Mr. Gao has completed the Corporate Boards Program, the Audit Committees Program, and the CompensationCommittees Program at Harvard Business School, as well as the Mergers and Acquisitions Program and the People, Culture, and Performance Program at theGraduate School of Business of Stanford University. 130 Thomas Gurnee was appointed as a director of our company in December 2007 and served as our Chief Financial Officer from February 2009 throughSeptember 2013. In 2015, Mr. Gurnee was appointed as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. Mr. Gurnee is owner and manager of Chalet DevelopmentLLC, a U.S.-based real estate company. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Gurnee was the Chief Financial Officer of GEM Services Inc., a semiconductorcontract manufacturer based in China. Prior to that, Mr. Gurnee served as the president of Globitech Inc., a Texas-based epitaxial semiconductor wafermanufacturer, the Chief Financial Officer of Artest Inc., a California-based semiconductor test subcontractor, and the Chief Financial Officer of Sohu.com(NASDAQ: SOHU), a Beijing-based internet portal. Mr. Gurnee is a director of Planar Semiconductor AG. Mr. Gurnee obtained his bachelor’s degree fromStanford University and master’s degree in business administration from the University of Santa Clara. His business address is 5920 Sky Terrace Court, Reno,NV 89511. Xuefeng Li was appointed as the Company’s interim chief financial officer effective June 2018. Mr. Li joined Xinyuan in February 2017 as the generalmanager of the Company's financial management department. Before joining Xinyuan, Mr. Li worked for China Wanda Group and held senior managementpositions in its various subsidiaries including Wanda Hotels, Wanda Commercial Real Estate, Wanda Kids Entertainment, Wanda E-Commerce and WandaCulture Group. Mr. Li has 16 years of experience in accounting, financial management, and capital operations. He serves as a director of Beijing Starry SkyCinema Co., Ltd. and Huzhou Xinhong Town Construction and Development Co., Ltd. He graduated from Dongbei University of Finance and Economics in2002 with a bachelor's degree in taxation and a master's degree in accounting. In 2004, he obtained the Chinese Certified Public Accountant designation. Yifan (Frank) Li was appointed as a director of our company in February 2017. Mr. Li has been a director and Vice President of Geely Holding Groupsince September 2014. Prior to joining Geely, he was Vice President and international Chief Financial Officer of Sanpower Group from April in 2014. Prior tojoining Sanpower Group, he served as Chief Financial Officer of China Zenix Auto International (NYSE:ZX) from December 2010 - 2014. Prior to joiningChina Zenix Auto International, Mr. Li was the Chief Financial Officer of Standard Water and Time Share Media from December 2007. Mr. Li is also anindependent director of Shanghai International Port (Group) Co. Ltd. (600018-CN), Heilongjiang Interchina Water Treatment Co., Ltd. (600187-CN),Zhongan Online Insurance Co., Ltd. (HKEX: 06060) and Qudian Inc.(NYSE:QD). Mr. Li received his MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School ofBusiness in 2000, MSc in Accounting from University of Texas at Dallas in 1994, and Bachelor of Economics in World Economy from Fudan University in1989. He is a Certified Public Accountant in the United States and a Chartered Global Management Accountant. His business address is Room 815, 1760Jiangling Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PRC, 310051. Yumin Liang was appointed as a director of our company in January 2014 and served as chairman of Henan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., one of oursubsidiaries, from July 2013 through December 2017. Prior to joining Xinyuan, Mr. Liang was the chairman of Zhengzhou Public Housing Investment Co.Ltd. Prior to that, Mr. Liang held progressive positions at the Zhengzhou Housing Management Bureau for approximately eighteen years. Mr. Liang holds abachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Zhongzhou University. Samuel Shen was appointed as an independent director of the Company in May 2018. Mr. Shen is president of JD Cloud, the cloud business unit underJD.com, China's largest online retailer. Reporting directly to Richard Liu, JD.com CEO and chairman, Mr. Shen leads the efforts of JD Cloud to extend itsofferings of tailored service solutions to a wide range of vertical industries. Mr. Shen previously held various senior positions at Microsoft, includingchairman of the Microsoft Asia-Pacific Technology Company, COO of the Microsoft Asia-Pacific R&D Group, and general manager of Microsoft Cloud andEnterprise China. Before Microsoft, Mr. Shen worked at IDT in California. Mr. Shen is also an non-executive director of Kingdee International SoftwareGroup Limited (HKEX: 00268) and an independent director of Insigma Technology Co., Ltd. (600797-CN). Mr. Shen holds a Master's Degree in ComputerScience from the University of California, Santa Barbara. 131 Wells Tian was appointed as an independent director in October 2015 and became an executive director in September 2016. Mr. Tian served as Presidentof Xinyuan (China) Real Estate Co., Ltd from September 2016 through July 2017. Prior to joining Xinyuan, Mr. Tian was a Senior Partner at Korn/FerryInternational where he leads its talent and leadership consulting business for Chinese companies. Prior to joining Korn/Ferry, Mr. Tian was at Aon Hewitt andheld the roles of Vice President of its China division, General Manager of its North China division, and Director of its leadership and senior executivecompensation consulting practice in China. Mr. Tian is also a director of Hunan Valin Steel Co., Ltd. and Qingdao Baheal Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Mr. Tianreceived his bachelor’s degree in Accounting from Qingdao University and holds an MBA in Administrative Engineering from Tsinghua University. Mr. Tianis a member of the Association of Charted Certified Accountants (“ACCA”) and is certified as a Project Management Professional (“PMP”). Yuyan Yang co-founded our company in 1997 with Mr. Yong Zhang. Ms. Yang is a director and previously a Vice President of our company. Ms. Yanghas more than 10 years’ working experience in the real estate industry. Ms. Yang received a bachelor’s degree in education management from HenanUniversity in 1985. Ms. Yang received her executive master’s degree in business administration at the National University of Singapore in May 2008. Lizhou Zhang was appointed as our Chief Executive Officer and a member of the board of directors effective July 27, 2016. Mr. Zhang joins Xinyuan inJune 2016 after working at Wanda Group, one of China’s largest property enterprises, in various positions for nearly seven years. Since January 2014, Mr.Zhang served as General Manager at Wanda One UK Co., Ltd. From 2011 to 2013, Mr. Zhang worked as Assistant to the President of Wanda Group andGeneral Manager of the Northern Project Management Center and Operation Center of Wanda Commercial Management Company. Prior to this role, Mr.Zhang served as General Manager at two different subsidiaries of Wanda Group. He serves as a director of Beijing Starry Sky Cinema Co., Ltd., ZhengzhouXinci Health Service Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Zhong An Financial Lease Co., Ltd., Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Beijingweiteyun network technology Co., Ltd., Beijing wujiyun network technology Co., Ltd., Madison Developments Limited, Guangzhou Huanglong InformationTechnology Co., Ltd., Huzhou Xinhong Town Construction and Development Co., Ltd., and Huzhou Xinhong Jingcheng Construction and DevelopmentCo.,Ltd. Mr. Zhang holds a bachelor’s degree in construction management from Chongqing University and a master’s degree in monetary banking fromDongbei University of Finance and Economics. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, there are no familial relationships between any directors and members of senior management. B.Compensation For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, the aggregate compensation to our executive officers, including all directors was US$7.1 million (whichincludes amounts paid to persons who are no longer serving as executive officers), and the aggregate compensation to our non-executive directors wasUS$0.6 million (which includes amounts paid to persons who are no longer serving as directors). As discussed below under “Item 6. Directors, SeniorManagement and Employees — D. Employees” we made contributions of US$18.4 million to employee benefit plans for the fiscal year ended December 31,2018. 2007 Long Term Incentive Plan In November 2007, we adopted our 2007 long term incentive plan (the “2007 Plan”) which provided for the grant of options, restricted shares, restrictedstock units, stock appreciation rights and other stock-based awards to purchase our common shares. The maximum aggregate number of common shareswhich could be issued pursuant to all awards, including options, was 10 million common shares, subject to adjustment to account for changes in thecapitalization of our company. The 2007 Plan by its terms expired in 2017. As of December 31, 2018, 320,138 of options granted prior to the expiration of the 2007 Plan remain exercisable. 132 The following table summarizes the options granted to our current directors, executive officers, and other individuals as a group under our 2007 Planoutstanding as of April 1, 2019: Name Common SharesUnderlying OptionsGranted Exercise Price of Options Granted (US$ per share) Grant Date Date of ExpirationYong Zhang 39,400 1.21 June 30, 2014 June 29, 2024Wells Tian 68,000 1.810 November 6, 2015 November 6, 2025Our employees as a group(1) 100,000 1.085 May 24, 2011 May 25, 2021 100,000 1.64 November 12, 2012 November 11, 2022 12,738 1.21 December 13, 2010 December 12, 2020 (1)None of these employees is a director or executive officer of our company. 133 2014 Restricted Stock Unit Plan Our board of directors adopted the Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. 2014 Restricted Stock Unit Plan (the “RSU Plan”), effective May 23, 2014. The RSUPlan provides for discretionary grants of restricted stock units, or RSUs, to or for the benefit of participating employees. The purpose of the RSU Plan is toprovide to us and our shareholders the benefits of the additional incentive inherent in the ownership of our common shares by selected employees, includingselected employees of our subsidiaries who are important to the success and growth of our business, and to help us and our subsidiaries secure the services ofthose persons. The maximum number of shares that may be delivered to RSU Plan participants in connection with RSUs granted under the RSU Plan is10,000,000, subject to adjustment if our outstanding common shares are increased, decreased, changed into or exchanged for a different number or kind ofshares or securities of our company through a reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similartransaction. All of our and our subsidiaries’ employees and officers who are capable of contributing significantly to our successful performance, in thedetermination of the Compensation Committee of our board of directors, are eligible to be participants in the RSU Plan. Each eligible employee selected toparticipate may be granted an award of RSUs at such times and subject to such conditions as determined by the Compensation Committee. Incentive Pool; Funding. Under the RSU Plan, we will establish a long-term incentive pool for participants for each fiscal year, a “Grant Year,” based onour net income (or other performance goals) for the most recently completed prior fiscal year, a “Base Year.” For Grant Year 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, thetarget long-term incentive pool is 6.75% of net income for 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The long-term incentive pool will be funded for anyGrant Year and RSUs will be granted only if 70% or more of the target net income for applicable Base Year has been achieved in the Grant Year or if 70% ormore of the total target net income for the three fiscal years ending with the Base Year has been achieved. If neither of such targets is achieved for a GrantYear, no amount will be credited to the long-term incentive pool for that Grant Year and no RSUs will be awarded for the Grant Year. The pre-condition forGrant Year 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 were met and the RSUs have been granted accordingly. For Grant Year 2018, the target long-term incentive pool is6.75% of net income for 2017. We have established a trust and we will deposit or cause to be deposited in the trust amounts of cash not exceeding the amountof the long-term incentive pool for a Grant Year. The trustee will use the funds to acquire in the open market or in private transactions that number of ADSsrepresenting common shares as we direct over a period of time as we and the trustee determine. Administration. The RSU Plan provides that it will be administered by one or more committees of our board of directors, which has designated theCompensation Committee to administer the RSU Plan. Subject to the provisions of the RSU Plan, the Compensation Committee has the discretionaryauthority and power to determine and designate those individuals selected to receive awards; determine the terms of awards, including the time at which eachaward will be granted and the number of common shares subject to each award; establish the terms and conditions upon which awards may be exercised,unlocked or paid (including any requirements that we or the participant satisfy performance criteria or performance objectives); prescribe, amend, or rescindany rules and regulations necessary or appropriate for the administration of the RSU Plan; correct any defect, supply any deficiency, and reconcile anyinconsistency in the RSU Plan or in any related award or agreement; and make other determinations and take such other action in connection with theadministration of the RSU Plan as it deems necessary or advisable. Grant, Allocation and Unlocking of RSUs. During the Grant Year, the Compensation Committee will allocate to each participant a percentage of thelong-term incentive pool, if any, for that Grant Year based on such factors as the Compensation Committee may determine from time to time in its discretion.A participant will be allocated RSUs based on the aggregate of common shares represented by ADSs purchased by the trustee for a Grant Year multiplied bythe percentage of the long-term incentive pool allocated by the Compensation Committee to that participant for the Grant Year. Each RSU represents a rightto receive one common share to be delivered or made available at the time or times specified in the award agreement, subject to a risk of cancellation and tothe other terms and conditions set forth in the RSU Plan, the award agreement and any additional terms and conditions set by the Compensation Committee.At our election, RSUs may be settled by delivery of common shares or ADSs representing the number of common shares subject to the RSU. 134 Common shares (either in the form of common shares or ADSs) in respect of RSUs allocated to a participant will not be eligible to be withdrawn by aparticipant from the trust established pursuant to the RSU Plan for the period of time (the “lock-up period”) set forth in the RSU Plan. Common shares orADSs become “unlocked” and may be withdrawn or transferred from the trust at the election of a participant as follows: one-third after the first anniversary ofthe grant date, one-third after the second anniversary of the grant date, and one-third after the third anniversary of the Grant Date. In the event of (i) death, (ii)disability as the result of a work injury, (iii) retirement on or after age 60, in each case prior to termination of service, or (iv) subject to exceptions specified inthe RSU Plan, the termination of employment or resignation by a participant, the locked portion of a participant’s RSUs will continue to become unlocked oneach subsequent anniversary of the Grant Date after such event. In the event of death, a participant’s awards will be paid to his personal representative orestate as provided by applicable law. The locked portion of a participant’s RSU award may be cancelled for no value for certain events specified in the RSUPlan. The Compensation Committee, in its sole discretion, may (but will not be required to) reallocate all or a portion of RSUs forfeited by a participant to adifferent participant or participants continuing in employment on such unlocking schedule as the Compensation Committee may determine. If we are party toa “Change of Control,” as defined in the RSU Plan, the board of directors may determine to cancel each outstanding award after payment to participants ofthe fair market value of the common shares subject to the award at the time of the transaction constituting the Change of Control, provide for assumption ofthe awards or substitution of comparable awards by the surviving or acquiring company in the transaction, or accelerate the unlocking, in whole or in part, ofthe awards, subject to effectiveness of the transaction. Amendments. Our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate the RSU Plan or the Compensation Committee’s authority to grant awards underthe RSU Plan without the consent of participants; provided, however, that, without the consent of an affected participant, no such board action maymaterially and adversely affect the rights of the participant under any outstanding award. The Compensation Committee may amend any outstanding awardwithout the consent of the affected participant; provided, however, that, without such consent, no such action may materially and adversely affect the rightsof the participant under any outstanding award. Unless earlier terminated by action of the board of directors, the RSU Plan will remain in effect until suchtime as no common shares remain available for delivery under the RSU Plan and we have no further rights or obligations with respect to outstanding awardsunder the RSU Plan. On May 23, 2014, our company established a trust that is governed by a third party trustee and deposited US$7,042,725 into the trust. The trustee usedthe funds to acquire 4,234,884 common shares in the open market through the purchase of ADSs. The awards vested ratably over a three year service vestingperiod. On April 10, 2015, under the 2014 RSU Plan, our company deposited US$3,259,998 into the trust. The trustee used the funds to acquire 2,076,964common shares in the open market through the purchase of ADSs. 2015 RSU awards vested ratably over a three year service vesting period. As of December31, 2018, all RSU awards granted in 2014 and 2015 had vested in full and the shares payable upon vesting had been paid to the respective plan participant. On April 18, 2016, under the 2014 RSU Plan, our company deposited US$4,003,999 into the trust. The trustee used the funds to acquire 1,614,220common shares in the open market through the purchase of ADSs. 2016 RSU awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fairvalue of the restricted shares granted at the grant date is being recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. As of December 31, 2018,two of the three tranches of the 2016 awards have vested and the shares payable upon vesting had been paid to the respective plan participant. The remainingshares held by the third party trustee are legally outstanding as of December 31, 2018. On July 27, 2017, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$3,485,952 into the trust. The trustee has used the funds to acquire 1,356,584common shares from the open market as of December 31, 2018. The awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fair value ofthe restricted shares granted at the grant date is being recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. As of December 31, 2018, the firsttranche of the 2017 awards have vested and the shares payable upon vesting had been paid to the respective plan participant. The remaining shares held bythe third party trustee are legally outstanding as of December 31, 2018. 135 On July 30, 2018, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$3,976,660 into the trust. The trustee has used the funds to acquire 1,732,466common shares in the open market through the purchase of ADSs as of December 31, 2018. The awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period.The aggregate fair value of the restricted shares granted at the grant date will be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. 2015 Stock Option Plan Our board of directors adopted the Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. 2015 Stock Option Plan, or the Option Plan, effective June 24, 2015. The Option Planprovides for discretionary grants of stock options (“Options”) to purchase shares of our company stock to participating employees and directors. The purposeof the Option Plan is to promote the interests of our company by enabling it to attract, retain and motivate key employees and directors responsible for thesuccess and growth of our company and its subsidiaries by providing them with appropriate incentives and rewards and enabling them to participate in thegrowth of our company. All employees and directors of our company or any subsidiary who are capable of contributing significantly to the successfulperformance of our company, in the determination of the board of directors, are eligible to be participants in the Option Plan. Each eligible employee selectedto participate may be granted an award of Options at such times and subject to such conditions as determined by the board of directors. Stock Subject to Plan. The aggregate number of shares that may be issued under the Option Plan or covered by awards must not exceed 20,000,000common shares. Shares offered under the Option Plan may be authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares. The number of shares that are subject toawards outstanding at any time under the Option Plan should not exceed the number of shares that then remain available for issuance under the Option Plan.In the event that any outstanding award for any reason expires, is terminated unexercised, or is forfeited or settled or in a manner that results in fewer sharesoutstanding than were initially awarded, the shares subject to the award, to the extent of such expiration, termination, or forfeiture, again will be available forpurposes of the Option Plan. If shares issued under the Option Plan are reacquired by our company, those shares again will be available for purposes of theOption Plan. If the outstanding shares of our company are increased, decreased, changed into or exchanged for a different number or kind of shares orsecurities of our company through a reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similartransaction, the board of directors will make appropriate and proportionate adjustments as it deems necessary or appropriate in one or more of (i) the numberand class of shares subject to the Option Plan, and (ii) the number of shares or class of shares covered by each outstanding award and (iii) the exercise price orgrant price under each outstanding Option. Administration. The Option Plan provides that it will be administered by the Compensation Committee. Subject to the provisions of the Option Plan, theboard of directors has the discretionary authority and power to determine and designate those individuals selected to receive awards; determine the terms ofawards, including the time at which each award will be granted and the number of shares subject to each award; establish the terms and conditions uponwhich awards may be exercised, vested or paid (including any requirements that we or the participant satisfy performance criteria or performance objectives);prescribe, amend, or rescind any rules and regulations necessary or appropriate for the administration of the Option Plan; grant awards in substitution foroptions or other equity interests held by individuals who become employees of our company or one of its subsidiaries as a result of our company’s acquiringor merging with the individual’s employer (if necessary to conform the awards to the interests for which they are substitutes, the board of directors may grantsubstitute awards under terms and conditions that vary from those the Option Plan otherwise requires); correct any defect, supply any deficiency, andreconcile any inconsistency in the Option Plan or in any related award or agreement; and make other determinations and take such other action in connectionwith the administration of the Option Plan as it deems necessary or advisable. Grant, Exercise and Payment of Options. Each grant of an Option will be evidenced by an award agreement between the participant and our company.Each award agreement will specify (i) the formula for determining the number of shares that are subject to the Option, (ii) the exercise price, (iii) the term ofthe Option, and (iv) when all or any installment of the Option becomes exercisable. Options will be exercised by delivering a signed written notice ofexercise to our company which must be received as of a date set by our company prior to the effective date of the proposed exercise. The exercise price uponexercise of any Option will be payable in the following manner: 136 ·in cash or cash equivalents when the shares are purchased; ·subject to prior approval by the board of directors, by surrendering or attesting to the ownership of shares that are already owned by the participant.These shares will be surrendered to our company in good form for transfer and will be valued at their Fair Market Value (as defined in the StockOption Plan) on the date when the Option is exercised; ·subject to prior approval by the board of directors, with a full recourse promissory note. These shares will be pledged as a security for payment of theprincipal amount of the promissory note and interest on it. The interest rate payable under the terms of the promissory note will not be less than theminimum rate (if any) required to avoid the imputation of additional interest under the Code (as defined below). The board of directors will specifythe term, interest rate, amortization requirements (if any) and other provisions of the note; ·subject to prior approval by the board of directors, if our company’s stock is publicly traded, by the delivery of an irrevocable direction to asecurities broker approved by our company to sell the shares and to deliver all or part of the sales proceeds to our company in payment of all or partof the exercise price and any withholding taxes; ·subject to prior approval by the board of directors, if our company’s stock is publicly traded, by the delivery of an irrevocable direction to pledgethe shares to a securities broker or lender approved by our company, as security for a loan, and to deliver all or part of the loan proceeds to ourcompany in payment of all or part of the exercise price and any withholding taxes; or ·any combination of the above methods of payment. Termination of Options. Upon termination of a participant’s service for any reason other than for death or disability, all unvested portions of anyoutstanding awards will be immediately forfeited without consideration, and the participant will have a period of three months (twelve months in the case oftermination of service due to death or disability (as defined in the Option Plan), commencing with the date the participant’s service has terminated, toexercise the vested portion of any outstanding Options, subject to the term of the Option. The participant may exercise all or part of his or her Options at anytime before their expiration due to termination of the participant’s service, but only to the extent that the Options had become exercisable before the date theparticipant’s service terminated. Those Options that are not exercisable immediately before the date of termination of Service (as defined in the Option Plan)will expire on the date of termination of Service. Notwithstanding the forgoing, if the participant’s Service is terminated due to any Cause (as defined in theOption Plan), then such participant’s Options shall be terminated, whether or not such Options are vested or unvested, and/or whether or not such Options areexercised or unexercised. If we are party to a Change in Control (as defined in the Option Plan), the board of directors may determine to cancel eachoutstanding award after payment to participants of the Fair Market Value of the shares subject to the award at the time of the transaction constituting theChange in Control minus, in the case of an Option, the exercise price and grant price of the shares subject to the Option; provide for assumption of the awardsor substitution of comparable awards by the surviving or acquiring company in the transaction; accelerate the exercisability or vesting, in whole or in part, ofthe awards subject to effectiveness of the transaction; or terminate awards if not exercised by the effective time of the Change in Control, and lapse anyreacquisition or repurchase rights held by our company with respect to such awards subject to effectiveness of the transaction. Performance Awards. The board of directors will have the authority to establish and administer performance-based grant and/or vesting conditions andperformance objectives with respect to such awards as it considers appropriate, which performance objectives must be satisfied before the participant receivesor retains an award or before the award becomes nonforfeitable. 137 Performance objectives will be based on one or more of the following performance-based measures determined based on our company and its subsidiarieson a group-wide basis or on the basis of subsidiary, business platform, or operating unit results: (i) earnings per share (on a fully diluted or other basis), (ii)pretax or after tax net income, (iii) operating income, (iv) gross revenue, (v) profit margin, (vi) stock price targets or stock price maintenance, (vii) workingcapital, (viii) free cash flow, (ix) cash flow, (x) return on equity, (xi) return on capital or return on invested capital, (xii) earnings before interest, taxes,depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA), (xiii) strategic business criteria, consisting of one or more objectives based on meeting specified revenue, marketpenetration, geographic business expansion goals, cost targets, or objective goals relating to acquisitions or divestitures, or (xiv) any combination of thesemeasures. Amendments. Our board of directors may amend the terms of any award; provided, however, that the rights under any award not be impaired without theconsent of the participant. The Option Plan will terminate automatically on June 24, 2025. No shares will be issued or sold under the Option Plan after itstermination, except on exercise of an Option granted prior to the termination. No amendment, suspension, or termination of the Option Plan will, without theconsent of the participant, alter or impair any rights or obligations under any award previously granted under the Option Plan. On July 1, 2015, under the 2015 Plan, our company granted Options with service conditions to purchase up to 6,574,600 common shares to twenty-twoemployees, at an exercise price of US$1.71 per share. These Options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.48 per Option and a total expectedcompensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$3,165,867. These Options have vesting periods based on length of service of 34 months and will expireno later than July 1, 2025. On July 29, 2015, under the 2015 Plan, our company granted Options with service conditions to purchase up to 81,600 common shares to one employee,at an exercise price of US$1.71 per share. These Options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.42 per Option and a total expectedcompensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$34,294. These Options have vesting periods based on length of service of 33 months and will expire nolater than July 29, 2025. Our company did not grant any options under the 2015 Plan in 2016, 2017 and 2018. As of December 31, 2018, 2,796,734 options were issued and outstanding under the 2015 plan and 14,865,808 shares remained eligible for future grantsunder the plan. The following table summarizes the Options granted to our current directors, executive officers, and other individuals as a group under our2015 Plan outstanding as of April 1, 2019: 138 Name Common SharesUnderlying Options Granted Exercise Price of Options Granted (US$ per share) Grant Date Date of ExpirationYong Zhang 2,497,600 1.71 July 1, 2015 June 30, 2025Yong Cui - 1.71 July 1, 2015 June 30, 2025Yumin Liang 54,334 1.71 July 1, 2015 June 30, 2025Other employees as a group (1) 27,200 1.71 July 1, 2015 June 30, 2025 54,400 1.71 July 1, 2015 June 30, 2025 81,600 1.71 July 1, 2015 June 30, 2025 81,600 1.71 July 1, 2015 June 30, 2025 (1)None of these employees is a director or executive officer of our Company. 139 Other awards On March 20, 2017, the Compensation Committee approved a bonus to one senior executive. A portion of the bonus amounting to US$740,223 is beingsettled by the Company’s common shares through the purchase of ADSs by a trust company in the open market and the subsequent transfer of the commonshares to the executive. As of December 31, 2018, a portion of the bonus amounting to US378,112 has not been settled. The remaining portion has beensettled in cash. There is no vesting condition associated with the common share award. The Company classified this common share award as a liability andrecognized share-based compensation expense amounting to US$740,223 during the year ended 2017. C.Board Practices Our board of directors currently has ten directors. Committees of the Board of Directors We have established four committees under the board of directors: the audit committee, the compensation committee, the corporate governance andnominating committee and the investment committee. We have adopted a charter for each of the four committees. Each committee’s members and functionsare described below. Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Mr. Thomas Gurnee (Chairman), Mr. Yifan (Frank) Li, and Mr. Hao Gao. Under Section 303A of theNYSE Listed Company Manual, as a foreign private issuer, we are required to have an audit committee composed solely of independent directors. However,unlike U.S. listed companies, we are not required to have a minimum number of committee members and our audit committee members may be “independent”only as required by SEC Rule 10A-3 but need not meet the other independence test of NYSE Rule 303A. Our audit committee charter provides that thecommittee will consist of at least three directors, each of whom must meet applicable independence and financial literacy requirements of the NYSE and Rule10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Gurnee qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” under applicableSEC rules. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. Theaudit committee is responsible for, among other things: ·selecting the independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed bythe independent registered public accounting firm; ·reviewing with the independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response; ·reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act, regardless of thedollar amount involved in such transactions; ·discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent registered public accounting firm; ·reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal controls and any special audit steps adopted in light of material control deficiencies; and ·meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent registered public accounting firm. Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Yong Zhang (Chairman), Mr. Wells Tian, Mr. Samuel Shen and Mr. Yifan(Frank) Li. Our compensation committee charter provides that the committee will be composed of at least three directors, at least half of whom will beindependent as defined by the NYSE and any other applicable laws and regulations. All decisions are subject to simple majority approval. However, thecommittee may delete all or any portion of its duties and responsibilities to a subcommittee consisting of one or more members. 140 The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the design of and administering executive compensation programs. Thecompensation committee is responsible for, among other things: ·reviewing our overall compensation philosophy at least annually; ·reviewing and approving the corporate goals and objectives relative to our Chief Executive Officer’s compensation on an annual basis anddetermine the level of the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation; ·determine, or recommend for the board’s determination, the annual base and incentive compensation for our Chief Financial Officer, Chief OperatingOfficer, Chief Administrative Officer and any other person who performs similar functions for our company; ·make recommendations to the board with respect to equity-based compensation plans; ·determine compensation policies and practices and approval compensation to non-employee directors; and ·review, approve or make recommendations on executive employments agreements or any severance or similar termination payments proposed to bemade to any current or former executive officer of the company. No member of senior management may be present when his or her compensation is being discussed. Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. Our corporate governance and nominating committee consists of Mr. Yong Zhang (Chairman), Mr.Wells Tian, Mr. Hao Gao and Mr. Yifan (Frank) Li. The corporate governance and nominating committee assists the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and indetermining the composition of the board and its committees. The corporate governance and nominating committee is responsible for, among other things: ·identifying and recommending qualified candidates to the board for selection of directors, nominees for board of directors, or for appointment to fillany vacancy; ·reviewing annually with the board of directors the current composition of the board of directors with regards to characteristics such as independence,age, skills, experience and availability of service to us; ·advising the board of directors periodically with regards to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as ourcompliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board of directors on all matters of corporate governance andon any remedial action to be taken; and ·monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures toensure proper compliance. Investment Committee. Our investment committee consists of Mr. Yong Zhang (Chairman), Mr. Yong Cui, Mr. Samuel Shen and Mr. Lizhou Zhang. The investment committee assists the board of directors in overseeing our company’s real property acquisitions and developments and management ofother strategic assets. The investment committee is responsible for, among other things: ·reviewing and approving individual real property acquisitions; 141 ·approving, without further board action, land acquisitions where the consideration is cash, seller financing and/or conventional bank debt; ·land acquisitions involving use of the company’s shares, options or warrants; and ·approving acquisitions of assets, other than land, including shares in a third party or non-bank financial assets. Duties of Directors Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a fiduciary duty to act honestly in good faith with a view to our best interests. Our directors also have aduty to exercise the skill they actually possess with the care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. Infulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from timeto time. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. A shareholder may in certain circumstances have rights todamages if a duty owed by the directors is breached. The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others: ·convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings; ·declaring dividends and distributions; ·appointing officers and determining the term of office of officers; ·exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and ·approving the transfer of shares of our company, including the registering of such shares in our register of members. Terms of Directors and Officers Under our memorandum and articles of association, a director holds office until he resigns or otherwise vacates his office or is removed by ourshareholders or directors. Accordingly, annual elections of directors by our shareholders are not required and we do not put to shareholder vote on an annualor periodic basis election of directors to our company. A director may be removed by special resolution passed by our shareholders before the expiration ofsuch director’s term. Officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors. D.Employees As of December 31, 2018 we had 2,038 full time employees. The following table sets forth the number of our full time employees categorized byfunction as of the period indicated: As of December 31, 2016 2017 2018 Management 17 34 48 Finance 133 145 185 Planning and development 252 389 590 Project construction management 222 217 305 Sales and marketing 92 101 107 Property management 176 234 418 Administrative and human resources 173 236 359 Legal and audit 20 20 26 Total 1,085 1,376 2,038 142 As of December 31, 2018, our subsidiary, Xinyuan Property Service Co., Ltd, also hired approximately 3,672 contract employees and temporaryemployees, most of whom provided security and housekeeping services relating to property management. As required by PRC regulations, we participate in various employee benefit plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments,including housing funds, pension, medical and unemployment benefit plans. We are required under PRC law to make contributions to the employee benefitplans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the respective localgovernment authorities where we operate our businesses from time to time. Members of the retirement plan are entitled to a pension equal to a fixedproportion of the salary prevailing at the member’s retirement date. The total amount of contributions we made to employee benefit plans for the years endedDecember 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was US$11,023,291, US$17,101,606, and US$18,422,330 respectively. We have entered into non-competition agreements with our management and key personnel, which prohibit them from engaging in any activities thatcompete with our business during, and for one or two years after, the period of their employment with our company. We have also entered into confidentialityagreements with all of our employees. We offer training programs for our employees, third-party contractors and outsourced employees. We sponsor senior managers for executive MBAprograms and other senior employees for part-time non-degree MBA courses at top universities in China. We also invite industry experts to give lectures toour employees and provide training to our third-party contractors. We have not been subjected to any strikes or other labor disturbances that have interfered with our operations, and we believe that we have a goodrelationship with our employees. Our employees are not covered by any collective bargaining agreement. E.Share Ownership The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of April 1, 2019 (or such earlier date asindicated below), by: ·each of our directors and executive officers; ·each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our common shares; and ·all of our directors and executive officers as a group. SharesBeneficiallyOwned (1) Directors, Executive Officers and Principal Shareholders Number % Yong Cui (2) 177,410 * Hao Gao – – Thomas Gurnee – – Yifan (Frank) Li – – Yumin Liang (3) 145,854 * Samuel Shen – – Wells Tian (4) 68,000 * Yuyan Yang (5) 28,400,000 23.7 Xuefeng Li – – Lizhou Zhang 53,290 * Yong Zhang (6) 31,844,008 26.1 All directors and executive officers as a group (7) 60,688,562 50.0 TPG Group Holdings (SBS) Advisors, Inc. (8) 7,130,648 5.95 143 * Beneficially owns less than 1% of our outstanding common shares. (1)Beneficial ownership includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities and, (except as indicated below, each person named has solevoting and investment power with respect to the shares shown opposite his or her name. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with Rule13d-3 of the General Rules and Regulations under the Exchange Act, pursuant to which a person or group of persons is deemed to have “beneficialownership” of any shares of common stock that such person has the right to acquire within 60 days of the date of determination. The percentage ofbeneficial ownership is based on 119,805,636 common shares outstanding as of April 1, 2019. In addition, for purposes of computing the percentage ofoutstanding shares of common stock held by each person or group of persons named above, any shares which such person or persons had the right toacquire on or within 60 days of April 1, 2019 are deemed to be outstanding but are not deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of computing thepercentage ownership of any other person. (2)Includes 86,092 shares subject to RSUs scheduled to vest within 60 days held by Tongyu Ltd., a BVI company wholly-owned and controlled by Mr. Cui. (3)Includes 54,334 common shares issuable upon the exercise of vested options and 21,523 shares subject to RSUs scheduled to vest within 60 days heldby Ruixin Real Estate Development Co., Ltd., a BVI company wholly-owned and controlled by Mr. Liang. (4)Represents 68,000 common shares issuable upon the exercise of vested options exercisable within 60 days. (5)Ms. Yang is the settlor of The Spectacular Stage Trust established pursuant to the Trust Deed dated November 24, 2015 between Ms. Yang, as Settlor,and HSBC International Trustee Limited, as Trustee (the "Trust"). Pursuant to the Trust Deed, the Trustee is required to obtain the prior written consent ofMs. Yang, as Protector, before making any direct or indirect dispositions of any common shares that constitute assets of the Trust and to vote commonshares held by the Trust and cause any entity owned by the Trust directly or indirectly that holds common shares to vote such shares in accordance withinstructions from Ms. Yang. Accordingly, pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act, Ms. Yang may be deemed to beneficially own all of thecommon shares held directly or indirectly by the Trust. Spectacular Stage Limited, a British Virgin Islands company indirectly wholly owned by theTrust, owns 28,400,000 common shares. (6)Includes 28,400,000 common shares owned by Mr. Zhang, 2,537,000 common shares issuable upon exercise of vested options and 86,092 shares subjectto RSUs scheduled to vest within 60 days. Also includes 820,916 common shares held by Universal World Development Co. Ltd., a British VirginIslands company, of which Mr. Zhang is the sole owner. (7)Includes 2,659,334 common shares issuable upon exercise of options exercisable within 60 days and 193,707 shares subject to RSUs scheduled to vestwithin 60 days. (8)Number of shares as of February 15, 2019 based on information in an amendment to Schedule 13D filed with the SEC on February 20, 2019 by TPGGroup Holdings (SBS) Advisors, Inc. (“Group Advisors”), David Bonderman and James G. Coulter (each, a “Reporting Person” and collectively, the“Reporting Persons”). The business address of each Reporting Person is c/o TPG Global, LLC, 301 Commerce Street, Suite 3300, Fort Worth, TX 76102.Group Advisors is the general partner of TPG Group Holdings (SBS), L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, which is the sole member of TPG Holdings I-A,LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, which is the general partner of TPG Holdings I, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, which is the soleshareholder of TPG Asia GenPar VI Advisors, Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company, which is the general partner of TPG Asia GenPar VI, L.P., aCayman Islands limited partnership, which is the general partner of TPG Asia VI SF AIV, L.P., a Prince Edward Island limited partnership, which is thesole shareholder of TPG Asia VI SF Pte., Ltd., a company formed under the laws of Singapore (“TPG Asia” or the “TPG Investor”), which as of February15, 2019 directly held 7,130,648 common shares (the “TPG Shares”). Because of Group Advisors’ relationship to TPG Asia, Group Advisors may bedeemed to be the beneficial owner of the TPG Shares. Based on the number of shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018, as set forth on thecover page to this Form 20-F, the Reporting Person's percentage of beneficial ownership would have been 5.95%. 144 ITEM 7.MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS A.Major Shareholders Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — E. Share Ownership” for our major shareholders. In connection with the 2013 investment by the TPG group, one of our major shareholders, Mr. Yong Zhang, our Chairman, entered into a letteragreement dated as of September 19, 2013 with TPG Asia (the “Chairman’s Letter”), pursuant to which Mr. Zhang agreed, among other matters no longer ineffect, so long as the TPG Asia and its affiliates own at least 5% of our common shares on an as-converted basis, to use his reasonable best efforts to cause theTPG Investor Director to be elected to and not be removed from the board and to ensure the TPG Investor Director will be a member of our InvestmentCommittee. Our major shareholders do not have voting rights that are different from other shareholders. There are three record holders in the United States, including the depositary for our ADSs, holding, collectively, 55.8% our outstanding common shares,as of April 1, 2019. B.Related Party Transactions Cash Advances at of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2018, we recorded balances due from employees in the amount of US$1.69 million as compared to US$2.17 million as of December31, 2017, which mainly represented cash advances paid to employees for their traveling and other expenses. TPG Investment As described elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F, on September 19, 2013, we issued an aggregate of 12,000,000 of our common shares and aconvertible note with an aggregate principal amount of US$75,761,009, to TPG ASIA upon completion of a private placement pursuant to a securitiespurchase agreement dated August 26, 2013 among us, TPG Asia and the guarantors named therein (the “TPG Securities Purchase Agreement”). We redeemedthe convertible note on November 21, 2014. Fee or a description of the terms of the agreements entered into as part of the transactions “Item 10. AdditionalInformation — C. Material Contracts — Investment by TPG” included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. Other Transactions On July 31, 2017, the Company sold 1.33% of the equity interest in one real estate project company to key management personnel for a totalconsideration of US$1,256,909. According to the equity transfer agreement, the Company is obligated to repurchase the equity interest back frommanagement. Therefore, the non-controlling interest is mandatorily redeemable and is accounted for as a liability. In 2018, the Company sold a small percentage of the equity interests (ranging from 0.50% to 5.54%) in eight real estate project companies to keymanagement personnel for a total consideration of US$8,720,772. According to the equity transfer agreement, the Company is obligated to repurchase theequity interest back from management. Therefore, the non-controlling interest is mandatorily redeemable and is accounted for as a liability. On June 15, 2017, Xinyuan China, the Group’s related parties, and a third party signed a partnership agreement to form a limited partnership, BeijingFuture Xinruifeng Science and Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) (“Xinruifeng”). The related parties that are partners of Xinruifengcomprise of (i) senior management members; and (ii) Beijing Xinyuan Future Investment Management Co., Ltd. (“Xinyuan Future”), which is also owned byone senior management member of the Company. The third party and the related parties are general partners of Xinruifeng whereas Xinyuan China is alimited partner. 145 Pursuant to the framework agreement signed in June 2017 by Xinruifeng and Xinyuan China, both parties agreed to invest a total of RMB 30 million inXitou. After the completion of the arrangement, Xinruifeng and Xinyuan China will own 66.67% and 33.33% equity interest of Xitou, respectively. Thearrangement will be completed with two steps that form a single transaction designed to achieve an overall commercial effect, 1) Xinyuan China will acquire100% equity interest of Xitou for nil consideration (“Step one”); and 2) Xinruifeng will inject a capital of RMB 20 million and acquire 66.67% equityinterest of Xitou, and Xinyuan China will invest RMB 10 million and obtain 33.33% of equity interest of Xitou (“Step two”). These two steps are inseparableand the acquisition of Xitou will be completed only after both of these two steps are completed. As of December 31, 2018, Step two is still in process.Considering Step one and Step two were entered into at the same time and in contemplation of one another, the Xitou transaction is not consideredcompleted for accounting purposes. Pursuant to the framework agreement signed in June 2017 by Beijing Future Xinhujin Science and Technology Development Center (LimitedPartnership) (“Xinhujin”), owned by a senior management member of the Company, and Xinyuan China, both parties agreed to invest a total of RMB30million in Xichuang. After the completion of the arrangement, Xinhujin and Xinyuan China will own 66.67% and 33.33% equity interest of Xichuang,respectively. The arrangement will be completed with two steps that form a single transaction designed to achieve an overall commercial effect, 1) XinyuanChina will acquire 100% equity interest of Xichuang for nil consideration (“Step one”); and 2) Xinhujin will inject capital of RMB20 million to Xichuangand acquire 66.67% equity interest of Xichuang, and Xinyuan China will invest RMB 10 million and obtain 33.33% of equity interest of Xichuang (“Steptwo”). These two steps are inseparable and the acquisition of Xichuang will be completed only after both of these two steps are completed. As of December31, 2018, the Xichuang transaction has not been completed since Step two is still in process. Considering both Step one and Step two were entered into at thesame time and in contemplation of one another, the Xichuang transaction is not considered completed for accounting purposes. Pursuant to the framework agreement signed in June 2017 by Beijing Future Xinzhihui Science and Technology Development Center (LimitedPartnership) (“Xinzhihui”), owned by a senior management member of the Company, and Xinyuan China, both parties agreed to invest a total of RMB 40million in Aijieli. After the completion of the arrangement, Xinzhihui and Xinyuan China will own 75% and 25% equity interest of Aijieli, respectively. Theacquisition will be completed with two steps that form a single transaction designed to achieve an overall commercial effect, 1) Xinyuan China will acquire100% equity interest of Aijieli for nil consideration (“Step one”); and 2) Xinzhihui will inject a capital of RMB30 million and acquire 75% equity interest ofAijieli, and Xinyuan China will invest RMB10 million and obtain 25% of equity interest of Aijieli (“Step two”). These two steps are inseparable and theacquisition of Aijieli will be completed only after both of these two steps are completed. As of December 31, 2018, the Aijieli transaction has not beencompleted since Step two is still in process. Considering both Step one and Step two were entered into at the same time and in contemplation of one another,the Aijieli transaction is not considered completed for accounting purposes. On June 24, 2017, Beijing Wanzhong, one of the Company’s subsidiaries, invested US$2,142,573 in the Xin Future No.1 Private Equity Fund. The fundis operated by Beijing Xinyuan Future Investment Management Limited, an investment company controlled by the Company’s key management personnel.Management accounted for this investment at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient. The Company can redeem its investment on the lasttrading day of each quarter by providing written notice in advance. On September 26, 2018, the Company redeemed its investment resulting in US$59,970gain recorded in net realized gain on short-term investments during the year ended December 31, 2018. Review and Approval of Related Party Transactions Pursuant to our audit committee charter, all transactions or arrangements with related parties, as such term is defined under Item 404 of Regulation S-K,including directors, executive officers, beneficial owners of 5% or more of our voting securities and their respective affiliates, associates and related parties,will require the prior review and approval of our audit committee, regardless of the dollar amount involved in such transactions or arrangements. C.Interests of Experts and Counsel Not applicable. 146 ITEM 8.FINANCIAL INFORMATION A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report. Dividend Policy Payment of dividends is subject to our board of directors’ discretion and the form, frequency and amount of any dividend will depend upon our futureoperations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directorsmay deem relevant. If we pay any dividends, we will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our common shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement,including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. Cash dividends on our common shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars. In previous years, theCompany has paid quarterly dividends. Legal Proceedings In May 2015, XIN Development Management East, LLC (“XDME”) filed an arbitration claim for not less than US$10 million which was subsequentlyreduced for the purpose of a prior mediation to US$8 million against Wanks Adams Slavin Associates LLP (“WASA”), the design company for the Group’sOosten project. WASA has asserted a total of approximately US$2 million in counterclaims. XDME believes WASA’s counterclaims are without merit andintends to contest vigorously such claims. On November 26, 2018, XDME reconciled with the design company WASA and settled the claim. In December 2016, 421 Kent Development LLC ("421 Kent"), the property company for the Group's Oosten project, terminated its contract with itsgeneral contractor. The general contractor and various subcontractors have filed lawsuits against 421 Kent and the Company for approximately US$26.1million, in aggregate, plus punitive damages. In addition, the general contractor filed mechanic's liens against 421 Kent and the Company for approximatelyUS$7.5 million. 421 Kent has answered the claims and believes the contractors' claims and liens are without merit and intends to contest vigorously suchclaims. At this stage of the proceedings, 421 Kent cannot predict the outcome of this lawsuit or a judgment against 421 Kent, whether in whole or in part, mayresult in a loss, if any. An estimate for the reasonably possible loss or a range of reasonably possible losses cannot be made at this time. B.Significant Changes Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financialstatements included in this annual report. ITEM 9.THE OFFER AND LISTING A.Offer and Listing Details See “Item 9. The Offer and Listing — C. Markets” for price history data. B.Plan of Distribution Not applicable C.Markets Our ADSs, each representing two of our common shares, have been listed on the NYSE since December 12, 2007. Our ADSs trade under the symbol“XIN.” 147 D.Selling Shareholders Not applicable. E.Dilution Not applicable. F.Expenses of the Issue Not applicable. ITEM 10.ADDITIONAL INFORMATION A.Share Capital Not applicable. B.Memorandum and Articles of Association The Companies Law differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the significantdifferences between the provisions of the Companies Law applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and theirshareholders. Mergers and similar arrangements. The Companies Law (2018 Revision) permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies andbetween Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, (a) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituentcompanies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company, and (b) “consolidation” meansthe combination of two or more constituent companies into a consolidated company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of suchcompanies to the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a writtenplan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution of each constituent company and (b) such other authorization, ifany, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The written plan of merger or consolidation must be filed with the Registrar ofCompanies together with a declaration as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company, a list of the assets and liabilities of each constituentcompany and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the members and creditors of each constituent companyand that notification of the merger or consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette. Dissenting shareholders have the right to be paid thefair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) if they follow the required procedures,subject to certain exceptions. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures. In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies by way of scheme of arrangement, providedthat the arrangement is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who mustin addition represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person orby proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by theGrand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to beapproved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it determines that: ·the company is not proposing to act illegally or beyond the scope of its authority and the statutory provisions as to the required majority vote havebeen met; 148 ·the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question and the majority shareholders are acting in good faith without coercion ofthe minority to promote interests adverse to those of the relevant class; ·the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest; and ·the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Law or that would amount to a“fraud on the minority.” If the arrangement and reconstruction by way of scheme of arrangement is thus approved, the dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable toappraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of United States corporations, providing rights to receive paymentin cash for the judicially determined value of the shares. When a tender offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares within four months, the offeror may, within a two month period commencingon the expiration of such four month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can bemade to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion. Shareholders’ suits. In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff and as a general rule, a derivative action may not be brought by a minorityshareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, the Cayman Islandscourts can be expected (and have had occasion) to follow and apply the common law principles (namely the rule in Foss v. Harbottle and the exceptionsthereto) which permit a minority shareholder to commence a class action against, or derivative actions in the name of, our company to challenge: ·an act which is ultra vires or illegal and is therefore incapable of ratification by the shareholders; ·an act which constitutes a fraud against the minority where the wrongdoer are themselves in control of the company; and ·an act which requires a resolution with a qualified (or special) majority (i.e. more than a simple majority) which has not been obtained. Anti-takeover provisions. Some provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent achange in control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that authorize our board of directors toredesignate authorized and unissued common shares as other shares or series of shares, to issue preference shares in one or more series and to designate theprice, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preference shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders. However, under CaymanIslands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association,as amended and restated from time to time, for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company. Directors’ fiduciary duties and powers. As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary withrespect to the company, and therefore it is considered that he or she owes the following duties to the company-a duty to act bona fide in the best interests ofthe company, a duty not to make a profit out of his or her position as director (unless the company permits him or her to do so) and a duty not to put himselfor herself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interests or his or her duty to a third party. A director of a CaymanIsland company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of hisor her duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his or her knowledge and experience. However, there are indicationsthat the courts are moving towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care. 149 Under our memorandum and articles of association, directors who are in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposedcontract with our company shall declare the nature of their interest at a meeting of the board of directors. Following such declaration, a director may vote inrespect of any contract or proposed contract notwithstanding his interest. Directors are not required to hold shares; however, a minimum share requirement fordirectors may be established at a general meeting. Directors may exercise all powers of our company to borrow money, under our memorandum and articles ofassociation, in a variety of ways, including issuing bonds and other securities either outright or as security for any debt liability or obligation of our companyor of any third party. Shareholder action by written resolution. Under Cayman Islands law and our amended and restated articles of association, our shareholders may approvecorporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such matterat a general meeting without a meeting being held. Removal of Directors. Under our memorandum and articles of association, directors may be removed by a special resolution. In addition, a director’soffice shall be vacated if the director (i) gives notice in writing to our company that he resigns the office of director; (ii) without special leave of absence fromour board of directors, is absent from three consecutive meetings of the board and the board resolves that his office be vacated; (iii) if he dies, becomesbankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (iv) is found to be or becomes of unsound mind or dies; (iii) resigns his office by noticein writing to the company; (v) if all other directors (being not less than two in number) resolve that he should be removed as a director or; (v) is removed fromoffice pursuant to any other provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. Dissolution; winding up. Under our memorandum and articles of association, if our company is wound up, the liquidator of our company may distributethe assets only by the vote of holders of a two-thirds majority of our outstanding shares being entitled to vote in person or by proxy at a shareholder meetingor by unanimous written resolution. Amendment of governing documents. Under Cayman Islands law and our memorandum and articles of association, our governing documents may only beamended with the vote of holders of two-thirds of our shares entitled to vote in person or by proxy at a shareholder meeting or, as permitted by our articles ofassociation, by unanimous written consent. Rights of Non-Resident or Foreign Shareholders. There are no limitations imposed by foreign law or by our memorandum and articles of association onthe rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our memorandum andarticles of association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed. C.Material Contracts During the two fiscal years immediately preceding this annual report, we have entered into the following material contracts, excluding contracts enteredinto in the ordinary course of business. Commercial Arrangements On October 23, 2012, the Group entered into a capital lease agreement with MinshengHongtai (Tianjin) Aircraft Leasing Co., Ltd. to lease a corporateaircraft with a lease term of 8 years and a quarterly lease payment of US$1.4 million. According to the contract, the company will pay US$6.7 million torepurchase the jet and get the ownership after 8 years lease term ended. The corporate aircraft was delivered on September 12, 2013, and the capital leasecommenced on September 15, 2013 (the “Commencement Date”). The Group measured a capital lease asset and capital lease obligation at an amount equalto the present value of the minimum lease payments during the lease term, excluding the portion of the payments representing executory costs (such asinsurance, maintenance, and taxes to be paid by the lessor) as well as any profit thereon. The effective interest rate for the capital lease obligation is 10.47%.As of December 31, 2018, the capital lease obligation was US$10.0 million. 150 The Group’s continued expansion of operations both within and outside of the PRC has placed and will continue to place increasing demands on ourproject management, property acquisition and management personnel, including increasing travel demands. The aircraft will facilitate our land acquisitionefforts, including the implementation of our negotiated purchase process, which will require additional travel and time spent at potential acquisition targetsand enhance our efficiency in locating or managing development sites in multiple cities and jurisdictions. Investment by TPG On September 19, 2013, we issued an aggregate of 12,000,000 of our common shares and convertible note with an aggregate principal amount ofUS$75,761,009, to TPG Asia, upon completion of a private placement pursuant to the TPG Securities Purchase Agreement. The convertible note and shareswere issued without registration under the Securities Act pursuant to an exemption for transactions not involving any public offering. We receivedapproximately US$108,600,000 of gross proceeds from the private placement. We redeemed the convertible note on November 21, 2014 for a totalredemption amount of US$86,272,849. Pursuant to the TPG Securities Purchase Agreement, we have agreed that TPG Asia, so as long as it holds at least five percent of our common shares on anas-converted basis, is entitled to appoint one member to our board of directors (the “TPG Investor Director”) and to have the TPG Investor Director appointedto each of the board’s committees, including our investment committee to the extent permitted by applicable law or regulatory authorities. We also agreed toenter into an indemnification agreement in a form mutually agreed to us and TPG Asia for the benefit of TPG Investor Director concurrently with his or herappointment. We and TPG Asia also entered into a registration rights agreement dated as of September 19, 2013 (the “Registration Rights Agreement”). Pursuant to theterms and conditions of the Registration Rights Agreement, we filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-3 covering the resale of the commonshares issued to TPG Asia at closing and issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Note. The Registration Rights Agreement also provides the holders ofthe commons shares certain demand and piggy back rights and contains other customary provisions. In connection with the transaction, Mr. Yong Zhang, our Chairman, entered into the Chairman’s Letter, pursuant to which so long as TPG Asia and itsaffiliates own at least 5% of our common shares on an as-converted basis, to use his reasonable best efforts to cause the TPG Investor Director to be elected toand not be removed from the board and to ensure the TPG Investor Director will be a member of our Investment Committee. Bond Offerings For a description of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes and the August 2019 Indenture, the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes and the February2021 Indenture, the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes and the November 2020 Indenture and the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, the March 2020Indenture and the Otober 2021 Notes and the October 2021 Indenture, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review And Prospects — B. Liquidity andCapital Resources — Debt Securities—Senior Secured Notes,” included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. For a description of the onshore corporate bonds, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects —B. Liquidity and Capital Resources —Onshore Corporate Bonds” included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. D.Exchange Controls Under current PRC foreign exchange rules, after complying with certain procedural requirements and producing commercial documents evidencingrelevant transactions, RMB is convertible into other currencies without prior approval from the SAFE only for current account items, such as trade relatedpayments, interest and dividends, etc., and certain capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriation of investment in non-sensitive industries. The conversion of RMB into other currencies and remittance of the converted foreign currency outside the PRC under sensitiveindustries direct equity investments, loans and repatriation of investment, requires prior approval from the SAFE or its local office. Foreign-investedenterprises may retain foreign exchange in accounts with designated foreign exchange banks subject to a cap set by the SAFE or its local office. Under theSAFE regulations, PRC companies and individuals may repatriate foreign currency revenues received from abroad back to China or they may retain theforeign currency revenues abroad. The term and conditions for both alternatives are subject to provisions further provided by the SAFE in accordance withinternational receipts and payments and the needs of foreign exchange administration. These restrictions could affect our ability to obtain foreign currencythrough debt or equity financing, or for capital expenditures. 151 E.Taxation Cayman Islands Taxation The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation inthe nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except forstamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not partyto any double tax treaties which are applicable to payments made to and by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictionsin the Cayman Islands. People’s Republic of China Taxation The PRC Corporate Income Tax Law, or the CIT Law, became effective as of January 1, 2008 and was amended on February 24, 2017 and December 29,2018, and the Implementation for the CIT Law issued by the PRC State Council, became effective as of January 1, 2008. The CIT Law provides thatenterprises established outside of China whose “de facto management bodies” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and are generallysubject to the uniform 25% corporate income tax rate as to their worldwide income (including dividend income received from subsidiaries). Under theImplementation for the CIT Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control of themanufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and treasury, and acquisition and disposition of properties and other assetsof an enterprise. On April 22, 2009, the SAT issued the Circular 82, which was retroactively effective as of January 1, 2008. Under this notice, an overseasincorporated domestically controlled enterprise will be recognized as a PRC resident enterprise if it satisfies all of the following conditions: (i) the seniormanagement responsible for daily production/ business operations are primarily located in the PRC, and the location(s) where such senior managementexecute their responsibilities are primarily in the PRC; (ii) strategic financial and personnel decisions are made or approved by organizations or personnellocated in the PRC; (iii) major properties, accounting ledgers, company seals and minutes of board meetings and shareholder meetings, etc., are maintained inthe PRC; and (iv) 50% or more of the board members with voting rights or senior management habitually reside in the PRC. Further, the SAT issued Bulletin45, which became effective on September 1, 2011 and was amended on April 17, 2015 and June 28, 2016, to provide further guidance on the implementationof Circular 82. Bulletin 45 clarified certain issues relating to the determination of PRC tax resident enterprise status, post-determination administration andthe authorities responsible for determining offshore-incorporated PRC tax resident enterprise status. Bulletin 45 specifies that when provided with a copy of aChinese tax resident determination certificate issued by the in-charge tax authorities from an offshore-incorporated PRC tax resident enterprise, the payershould not withhold 10% income tax when paying Chinese-sourced dividends, interest and royalties to the offshore incorporated PRC tax resident enterprise.However, as Circular 82 and Bulletin 45 only apply to enterprises incorporated under laws of foreign jurisdictions that are controlled by PRC enterprises orgroups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine the location of “de facto management bodies” for overseas incorporatedenterprises that are controlled by individual PRC residents or non-PRC enterprises such as our company. It is not clear whether PRC tax authorities wouldrequire (or permit) us to be treated as a PRC resident enterprise. 152 Under the CIT Law and the Implementation for the CIT Law, PRC income tax at the rate of 10% is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are“non-resident enterprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business but therelevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends have their sources within the PRC.Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of our ADSs by such investors is also subject to 10% PRC income tax if such gain is regarded as income derivedfrom sources within the PRC. For non-PRC individual investors, under PRC Individual Income Law, there could be a PRC income tax at a rate of 20% forsuch dividends or gains. If we are considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” it is unclear whether dividends we pay with respect to our ADSs, or the gain youmay realize from the transfer of our ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and be subject to PRC tax as stated above. If weare not considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” the holders of our ADSs that are non-PRC “resident enterprises” could be subject to PRC income tax for gainsfrom transferring or otherwise disposing their ADSs, since such activities might be recognized as “transferring the equity interests of a PRC resident enterpriseindirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company” under Circular 7 or GATA. However, since Circular 7 specifies that it doesnot apply if a non-PRC resident enterprise purchases and sells equity of the same listed foreign enterprise in the open market and obtains the proceeds fromindirect transfer of Chinese taxable property, for most our investors, who either are not enterprises, or are non-resident enterprises but only trade equity in theopen market and gain proceeds, they will not be required to pay tax under Circular 7. It is also unclear whether, if we are considered a PRC “residententerprise,” holders of our ADSs might be able to claim the benefit of income tax treaties entered into between China and other countries. U.S. Federal Income Taxation The following is a general discussion of certain United States federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the common shares orADSs (evidenced by ADRs) by U.S. Holders (as defined below). This discussion applies only to U.S. Holders that hold the common shares or ADSs as capitalassets for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, Treasury regulations implemented thereunder, andadministrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as in effect on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, orto different interpretation. There can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position with respect to any United States federal incometax considerations described below. This discussion does not address all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to specific U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances or toU.S. Holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law (such as banks, other financial institutions, insurance companies, tax-exemptentities, retirement plans, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, grantor trusts, partnerships (or other entities treated as flow-throughentities for U.S. federal income tax purposes), dealers or traders in securities, brokers, United States expatriates and certain former long-term U.S. residents,persons subject to the alternative minimum tax, persons who have acquired the shares or ADSs as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction or otherintegrated investment, persons who generally mark their securities to market for U.S. federal income tax purposes, persons that have a “functional currency”other than the U.S. dollar, persons who are residents in the PRC for PRC tax purposes or persons that own directly, indirectly, or constructively 10% or moreof our stock by vote or value). If a partnership holds common shares or ADSs, the consequences to a partner will generally depend upon the status of thepartner and upon the activities of the partnership. A partner of a partnership holding common shares or ADSs should consult its own tax adviser regarding theUnited States tax consequences of its investment in the common shares or ADSs through the partnership. This discussion does not address any U.S. state orlocal or non-U.S. tax considerations, any United States federal estate, gift or alternative minimum tax considerations, the United States federal Medicare taxon net investment income. As used in this discussion, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of the common shares or ADSs that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i)an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation for United States federal income taxpurposes, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or of any state or political subdivision thereof or therein, including the District ofColumbia, (iii) an estate, the income of which is subject to United States federal income tax regardless of the source thereof, or (iv) a trust with respect towhich a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more United States persons have theauthority to control all of its substantial decisions, or certain electing trusts that were in existence on August 19, 1996 and were treated as domestic trusts onthat date. In general, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Holder of an ADS will be treated as the owner of the common shares represented by the ADSs. 153 Investors should consult their tax advisors as to the particular tax considerations applicable to them relating to the ownership and disposition of thecommon shares or ADSs, including the applicability of U.S. federal, state and local tax laws or non- U.S. tax laws, any changes in applicable tax laws and anypending or proposed legislation or regulations. Dividends Subject to the discussion below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company,” the gross amount of any distribution (without reduction for any PRCtax withheld) made by us on the common shares or ADSs generally will be treated as a dividend includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividendincome to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, when received by the U.S.Holder, in the case of common shares, or when received by the Depositary, in the case of ADSs. To the extent the amount of such distribution exceeds ourcurrent and accumulated earnings and profits as so computed, it will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of such U.S. Holder’sadjusted tax basis in such common shares or ADSs and, to the extent the amount of such distribution exceeds such adjusted tax basis, will be treated ascapital gain. We do not intend to calculate our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles. Therefore, a U.S. Holder should expect that adistribution will generally be treated as a dividend even if that distribution would otherwise be treated as a non-taxable return of capital or as capital gainunder the rules described above. The dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividendsreceived from other U.S. corporations. Certain dividends received by non-corporate U.S. Holders generally will be taxed at the preferential rate applicable to qualified dividend income. Thesereduced income tax rates are applicable to dividends paid by “qualified foreign corporations” and only with respect to common shares or ADSs held for aminimum holding period of at least 61 days during a specified 121-day period, and if certain other conditions are met (including, but not limited to, us notbeing a PFIC (as discussed below) for either our taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year). You should consult your taxadvisors regarding the availability of the preferential rate for dividends paid with respect to common shares or ADSs. Dividends paid by us will constitute income from sources outside the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit limitation purposes and will be categorizedas “passive category income” or, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, as “general category income” for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the CIT Law (see discussion under “Item 10. Additional Information — E. Taxation— People’s Republic of China Taxation”), you may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid to you with respect to the common shares orADSs. Subject to generally applicable limitations, PRC withholding taxes on dividends, if any, may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against yourU.S. federal income tax liability. However, such foreign tax credit may be disallowed, if the U.S. Holder has held such shares for less than a specifiedminimum period during which the U.S. Holder is not protected from risk of loss, or is obligated to make payments related to the dividends. The rules relatingto the U.S. foreign tax credits are complex and U.S. Holders may be subject to various limitations on the amount of foreign tax credits that are available. U.S.Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of these rules in their particular circumstances. Sale or Other Disposition of Ordinary common shares or ADSs Subject to the discussion below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company,” a U.S. Holder generally will recognize gain or loss for U.S. federalincome tax purposes upon a sale or other disposition of the common shares or ADSs in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized fromsuch sale or disposition and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such common shares or ADSs. Such gain or loss generally will be a capital gain or loss andwill be long-term capital gain (taxable at preferential rates for non-corporate U.S. Holders) or loss if, on the date of sale or disposition, such common shares orADSs were held by such U.S. Holder for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to significant limitations. Any gain or loss on thesale or disposition will generally be treated as U.S. source income or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit limitation purposes. 154 Passive Foreign Investment Company Special U.S. tax rules apply to companies that are considered to be PFICs. We will be classified as a PFIC in a particular taxable year if either (i) 75% ormore of our gross income for the taxable year is passive income; or (ii) on average at least 50% of the value of our assets produce passive income or are heldfor the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rents andgains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. In making this determination, we will be treated as earning our proportionate share of any income and owning our proportionate share of any assets ofany corporation in which we hold a 25% or greater interest (by value). Based on our estimated gross income, the average value of our assets, including goodwill, and the nature of our business, although not free from doubt,we do not believe that we were classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ending December 31,2018. Our status for anytaxable year will depend on our assets and activities in each year, and because this is a factual determination made annually after the end of each taxableyear, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year. The market value of our assetsmay be determined in large part by reference to the market price of the ADSs and our ordinary shares, which is likely to fluctuate. Furthermore, thecomposition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets. Under circumstances where our revenue fromactivities that produce passive income significantly increase relative to our revenue from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determinenot to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of being classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. In addition, because there areuncertainties in the application of the relevant rules, it is possible that the IRS may challenge our classification of certain income and assets as non-passive orour valuation of our tangible and intangible assets, each of which may result in our becoming a PFIC for the current or subsequent table years. We do notintend to make a determination of our or any of our future subsidiaries’ PFIC status in the future. If we were classified as a PFIC for any year during which aU.S. holder held our ADSs or common shares, we generally would continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holderholds our ADSs or common shares. A U.S. Holder may be able to mitigate some of the adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences described below with respect to owning the commonshares or ADSs if we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year, provided that such U.S. Holder is eligible to make, and validly makes a mark-to-marketelection, described below. In certain circumstances, a U.S. Holder can make a qualified electing fund election, or QEF election, to mitigate some of theadverse tax consequences described with respect to an ownership interest in a PFIC by including in income its share of the PFIC’s income on a current basis.However, we do not currently intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable a U.S. Holder to make a QEF election. In the event we are classified as a PFIC, in any year in which you hold the common shares or ADSs, and you do not make the election described in thefollowing paragraphs, any gain recognized by you on a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of the common shares or ADSs would be allocatedratably over your holding period for the common shares or ADSs. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any yearbefore we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate ineffect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that taxable year, and an interest charge would be imposed. Further, to the extent that anydistribution received by you on your common shares or ADSs were to exceed 125% of the average of the annual distributions on the common shares or ADSsreceived during the preceding three years or your holding period, whichever is shorter, that distribution would be subject to taxation in the same manner asgain on the sale or other disposition of shares, described above. Classification as a PFIC may also have other adverse tax consequences, including, in the caseof individuals, the denial of a step-up in the basis of your common shares or ADSs at death. 155 If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold the common shares or ADSs, then in lieu of being subject to the special tax regime andinterest charge rules discussed above, you may make an election to include gain on the common shares or ADSs as ordinary income under a mark-to-marketmethod, provided that such the common shares or ADSs are treated as “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange.” In general, the common shares or ADSswill be treated as “regularly traded” for a given calendar year if more than a de minimis quantity of the common shares or ADSs are traded on a qualifiedexchange on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter of such calendar year. Although the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has not published anyauthority identifying specific exchanges that may constitute “qualified exchanges,” Treasury Regulations provide that a qualified exchange is (a) a U.S.securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, (b) the U.S. market system established pursuant to section 11A of the Securities and Exchange Act of1934, or (c) a non-U.S. securities exchange that is regulated or supervised by a governmental authority of the country in which the market is located,provided that (i) such non-U.S. exchange has trading volume, listing, financial disclosure, surveillance and other requirements designed to prevent fraudulentand manipulative acts and practices, to remove impediments to and perfect the mechanism of a free and open, fair and orderly, market, and to protectinvestors; and the laws of the country in which such non-United States exchange is located and the rules of such non-U.S. exchange ensure that suchrequirements are actually enforced and (ii) the rules of such non-United States exchange effectively promote active trading of listed shares. No assurance canbe given that the common shares or ADSs will meet the requirements to be treated as “regularly traded” for purposes of the mark-to-market election. In addition, because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, you may continue to be subject to the specialtax regime with respect to your indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income taxpurposes, including shares in any future subsidiary of ours that is treated as a PFIC. If you make this mark-to-market election, you will be required in any year in which we are a PFIC to include as ordinary income the excess of the fairmarket value of your common shares or ADSs at year-end over your basis in those common shares or ADSs. In addition, the excess, if any, of your basis in thecommon shares or ADSs over the fair market value of your common shares or ADSs at year-end is deductible as an ordinary loss in an amount equal to thelesser of (i) the amount of the excess or (ii) the amount of the net mark-to-market gains that have been included in income in prior years. Any gain recognizedupon the sale of the common shares or ADSs will be taxed as ordinary income in the year of sale. Amounts treated as ordinary income will not be eligible forthe preferential tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income or long-term capital gains. Your adjusted tax basis in the common shares or ADSs will beincreased by the amount of any income inclusion and decreased by the amount of any deductions under the mark-to-market rules. If you make a mark-tomarket election, it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless the common shares or ADSs areno longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election. The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs are complex. You are urged to consult your tax advisors with respect to the purchase, ownership anddisposition of the common shares or ADSs, any elections available with respect to such ADSs and the U.S. Internal Revenue Service information reportingobligations with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of the ADS. Backup Withholding Tax and Information Reporting and Disclosure Requirements Dividend payments made to U.S. Holders and proceeds paid from the sale or other disposition of their common shares or ADSs may be subject toinformation reporting to the Internal Revenue Service and possible U.S. federal backup withholding. Certain exempt recipients (such as corporations) are notsubject to these information reporting requirements. Backup withholding will not apply to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identificationnumber and makes any other required certification, or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. U.S. Holders who are required to establish theirexempt status generally must provide IRS Form W-9 (Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification). Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income taxliability. A U.S. Holder may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refundwith the Internal Revenue Service in a timely manner and furnishing any required information. Investors should consult their own tax advisors as to their qualification for an exemption from backup withholding and the procedure for obtaining thisexemption. 156 Certain U.S. Holders may be required to report information with respect to such holder’s interest in “specified foreign financial assets” (as defined inSection 6038D of the Code), including stock of a non-U.S. corporation that is not held in an account maintained by a U.S. “financial institution,” if theaggregate value of all such assets exceeds certain thresholds. Persons who are required to report specified foreign financial assets and fail to do so may besubject to substantial penalties. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the foreign financial asset reporting obligations and theirpossible application to the holding of the common shares or ADSs. F.Dividends and Paying Agents Not applicable. G.Statement by Experts Not applicable. H.Documents on Display We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to filereports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F no later than four months after the close of each fiscalyear, which is December 31. The SEC maintains a web site at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other informationregarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system, which can be accessed without charge. As a foreign private issuer, weare exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors andprincipal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In accordancewith Section 203.01 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, we will post this annual report on our website at www.xyre.com . I.Subsidiary Information Not applicable. ITEM 11.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Market risk is the risk of loss related to adverse changes in market prices, including interest rate and foreign exchange rates of financial instruments. Weare exposed to various types of market risks in the normal course of business. We have not in the past used derivatives to manage our exposure to marketinterest rate risk or foreign exchange risk. The following discussion and analysis, which involves “forward-looking statements” that involve risk anduncertainties, summarizes our exposure to different market risks. Foreign Exchange Risk We and our subsidiaries are principally engaged in real estate development and the provision of property management services in the PRC. We startedU.S. business operations, which is mainly residential real estate development, as well as resale, in 2012. The functional currency of our PRC subsidiaries isthe Renminbi, while that of our subsidiaries in the United States is U.S. dollars. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. We translate the PRC operatingresults using the average exchange rate for the year and we translate the PRC financial position at the year-end exchange rate. The PRC subsidiaries’significant net asset position as of December 31, 2016 coupled with the fact that the RMB strengthened against the U.S. dollar during the year endedDecember 31, 2016, resulted in foreign exchange translation losses. The foreign currency translation income recognized in our other comprehensive incomeamounted to US$59.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. A significant portion of our revenues is denominated in RMB. However, we have substantial U.S. dollar denominated obligations, including theobligation to pay interest and principal on our secured debt and capital commitments to support our United States business operations. Accordingly, anysignificant fluctuation between the RMB and the U.S. dollar could expose us to foreign exchange risk. We do not currently hedge our exchange rateexposure. We evaluate such risk from time to time and may consider engaging in hedging activities in the future to the extent we deem appropriate. Suchhedging arrangements may require us to pledge or transfer cash and other collateral to secure our obligations under the agreements, and the amount ofcollateral required may increase as a result of mark-to-market adjustments. 157 The RMB is not a freely convertible currency. The PRC government may take actions that could cause future exchange rates to vary significantly fromcurrent or historical exchange rates. The conversion of RMB into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, has been based on rates set by the PBOC. On July1, 2005, the PRC government changed its previous policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar. Under the current policy, the RMB is permittedto fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. Since July 21, 2005, this change in policy has resulted in anapproximately 17.1% appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar through December 31, 2018. There remains significant international pressure on thePRC government to adopt an even more flexible currency policy, which could result in a further and more significant appreciation of the RMB against theU.S. dollar. Any appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar or any other foreign currencies would make any new RMB-denominated investments orexpenditures more costly to us, to the extent that we need to convert foreign currencies into RMB for such purposes. On August 11, 2015, the PBOC allowedthe RMB to depreciate by approximately 2% against the U.S. dollar. It is difficult to predict how long such depreciation of RMB against the U.S. dollar maylast. However, any significant depreciation in the exchange rates of the RMB against the U.S. dollar could adversely affect the value of any dividends paid byus to our shareholders, which would be funded by RMB but paid in U.S. dollars. There can be no assurance that any future movements in the exchange rate ofthe RMB against the U.S. dollar or other foreign currencies will not adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition (including our ability topay dividends). A significant depreciation in the RMB against major foreign currencies may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations,financial condition and share price because our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar and our ADSs are expected to be quoted in U.S. dollars, whereas ourrevenues, costs and expenses are largely denominated in RMB. Interest Rate Risk The cost of financing is sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates. Our bank borrowings bear interest at variable rates, and an increase in interest rateswould increase our costs there under. Our net income is affected by changes in interest rates as a result of the impact such changes have on interest incomefrom, and interest expense on, short-term deposits and other interest-bearing financial assets and liabilities. In addition, our sales are also sensitive tofluctuations in interest rates. An increase in interest rates would adversely affect our prospective purchasers’ ability to obtain financing and depress theoverall housing demand. Higher interest rates, therefore, may adversely affect our revenues, gross profits and net income, and our ability to raise and servicedebt and to finance our developments. Our indebtedness consists primarily of short-term and long-term bank borrowings, secured debt and onshore corporate bonds. As of December 31, 2018,we had US$43.7 million of short-term borrowings, with US$43.7 million denominated in RMB, which bear interest rates ranging from 10.50% per annum to11.6% per annum, with a weighted average interest rate at such date of 10.68%. US$958.5 million of long-term bank loans, including current portions oflong-term bank loans, bear floating interest rates, which are based on 100.00% to 206.32% of PBOC benchmark rates in the following years. US$75.0 millionof long-term debt, including current portions of long-term debt bear floating interest rates, which are based on Libor benchmark rates in the following years.The PBOC regulates the interest rates of our Renminbi-denominated borrowings. The PBOC-published benchmark one-year lending rate in China, whichdirectly affects the property mortgage rates offered by commercial banks in China, as at December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was 4.35%, 4.35% and 4.35%,respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the principal amount of our aggregate outstanding variable rate debt, including long-term bank loans, wasUS$1,033.5 million. A hypothetical 1.00% increase in annual interest rates would increase our interest cost by approximately US$10.3 million per year basedon our debt level at December 31, 2018. The senior secured notes and other debt, except the above-mentioned US$75.0 million of floating rate debt, bearfixed interest rates and therefore, interest rate risk is low. 158 Credit Risk We provide guarantees to mortgage lending banks in respect of the mortgage loans provided to the purchasers of our properties in the PRC up untilcompletion of the registration of the mortgage with the relevant authorities, which generally occurs within six to 12 months after the purchaser takespossession of the relevant properties. If a purchaser defaults under the loan while our guarantee is in effect and we repay all debt owed by the purchaser to themortgagee bank under the loan, the mortgagee bank must assign its rights under the loan and the mortgage to us and, after the registration of the mortgage,we will have full recourse to the property. In line with what we believe is industry practice, we do not conduct independent credit checks on our customersbut rely on the credit checks conducted by the mortgagee banks. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding guarantees of mortgages in the principal amount of US$1,988.6 million. If a purchaser defaults on thepayment of its mortgage during the term of the guarantee, the mortgage lending bank may require us to repay the outstanding amount under the loan plus anyaccrued interest. In this event, although we are able to retain the customer’s deposit and sell the property to recover any amounts paid by us to the bank, therecan be no assurance that we would be able to sell the property at a price equal to or greater than the amount we paid on the defaulting purchaser’s outstandingloan amount and any accrued interest thereon. We paid US$1.7 million to satisfy guarantee obligations related to customer defaults for the year endedDecember 31, 2018. During parts of 2011 and 2012 we offered certain homebuyers seller-financing arrangements. All the homebuyers entered into such arrangement weresubject to credit verification procedures. In addition, accounts receivable balances are unsecured, but monitored on an ongoing basis via our managementreporting procedures. We provided longer payment terms, ranging between six months to two years to particular home buyers after applying strict creditrequirements based on our credit policy. In the second half of 2012, execution of seller-financed contracts dropped significantly. From the fourth quarter of2012, we stopped offering seller-financed contracts to second home buyers. Commencing in the second quarter of 2014, the Group again offer seller-financedcontracts. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, there was no concentration of credit risk with respect to receivables and we do not have a significant exposureto any individual debtor. Since 2013, PRC banks have tightened the distributions of mortgage loans to homebuyers. Therefore, mortgage loans forhomebuyers have been subject to longer processing periods or even denied by the banks. We took the position that the processing periods of the contractswith underlying mortgage loans exceeding one year cannot be recognized as revenue on an over time basis . As of December 31, 2018, our cash and cash equivalents totaled US$674.1 million and restricted cash totaled US$511.9 million, predominatelydeposited in accounts maintained with state-owned bank within the PRC. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts and management believes itis not exposed to any risks on its cash in bank accounts. Inflation Inflation has not had a significant effect on our business during the past three years. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, China’soverall national inflation rate, as represented by the general consumer price index, was approximately 2.0%, 1.6%, and 2.1% in 2016, 2017 and 2018,respectively. Deflation could negatively affect our business as it would be a disincentive for prospective property buyers to make a purchase. As of the date ofthis annual report, we have not been materially affected by any inflation or deflation. ITEM 12.DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES Our common shares, in the form of ADSs, each representing two common shares, are listed on the NYSE. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. serves as thedepositary for the ADSs. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s principal executive office is located at 4 New York Plaza, Floor 12, New York, New York, 10004. The depositary may charge each person to whom ADSs are issued, including, without limitation, issuances against deposits of shares, issuances in respectof share distributions, rights and other distributions, issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or issuances pursuant to a merger,exchange of securities or any other transaction or event affecting the ADSs or deposited securities, and each person surrendering ADSs for withdrawal ofdeposited securities in any manner permitted by the deposit agreement, US$5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or any portion thereof) issued, delivered, reduced,cancelled or surrendered, as the case may be. ADSs are represented and evidenced by American depositary receipts, or ADRs. 159 The depositary may charge the following the additional amounts to ADR holders: ·a fee of US$0.02 or less per ADS (or portion thereof) for any cash distribution made pursuant to the deposit agreement; ·a fee of US$1.50 per ADR or ADRs for transfers pursuant to the deposit agreement; ·an aggregate fee of up to US$0.05 per ADS (or portion thereof) per calendar year for services performed by the depositary in administering our ADRprogram; ·any other charge payable by any of the depositary, any of the depositary’s agents, including, without limitation, the custodian, or the agents of thedepositary’s agents in connection with the servicing of our shares or other deposited securities; ·a fee for the distribution of securities (or the sale of securities in connection with a distribution), such fee being in an amount equal to the fee for theexecution and delivery of ADSs which would have been charged as a result of the deposit of such securities (treating all such securities as if theywere shares) but which securities or the net cash proceeds from the sale thereof are instead distributed by the depositary to those holders entitledthereto; ·stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges; ·SWIFT, cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery charges incurred upon request of an ADR holder; ·transfer or registration fees for the registration of transfer of deposited securities on any applicable register in connection with the deposit orwithdrawal of deposited securities; ·expenses of the depositary in connection with the conversion of foreign currency into U.S. dollars; and ·such fees and expenses as are incurred by the depositary (including without limitation expenses incurred in connection with compliance withforeign exchange control regulations or any law or regulation relating to foreign investment) in delivery of deposited securities or otherwise inconnection with the depositary’s or its custodian’s compliance with applicable laws, rules or regulations. The fees described above may be amended from time to time. The depositary collects its fees for issuance and cancellation of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose ofwithdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from theamounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services bydeduction from cash distributions, or by directly billing investors, or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. Thedepositary may generally refuse to provide services to any holder until the fees and expenses owing by such holder for those services or otherwise are paid. ADR holders must pay any tax or other governmental charge payable by the custodian or the depositary on any ADS or ADR, deposited security ordistribution. If an ADR holder owes any tax or other governmental charge, the depositary may (i) deduct the amount thereof from any cash distributions, or(ii) sell deposited securities and deduct the amount owing from the net proceeds of such sale. In either case the ADR holder remains liable for any shortfall.Additionally, if any tax or governmental charge is unpaid, the depositary may also refuse to effect any registration, registration of transfer, split-up orcombination of deposited securities or withdrawal of deposited securities (except under limited circumstances mandated by securities regulations). If any taxor governmental charge is required to be withheld on any non-cash distribution, the depositary may sell the distributed property or securities to pay suchtaxes and distribute any remaining net proceeds to the ADR holders entitled thereto. 160 The depositary may remit to us all or a portion of the depositary fees charged for the reimbursement of certain of the expenses we incur in respect of theADS program established pursuant to the deposit agreement upon such terms and conditions as we may agree from time to time. In the year ended December31, 2018, the depositary reimbursed us US$656,999 with respect to certain fees and expenses. The table below sets forth the types of expenses that the depositary has agreed to reimburse and the amounts reimbursed in 2018: Category of Expenses Amount Reimbursed in theYear Ended December 31, 2018 (US$) Investor relations marketing 656,999 Legal - Total 656,999 PART II ITEM 13.DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES None. ITEM 14.MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS None. ITEM 15.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness ofour disclosure controls and procedures within the meaning of Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based onsuch evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our disclosure controls and procedures wereeffective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by our company in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded,processed, summarized and reported within the time period specified in the SEC rules and forms, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management,including our Chief Executive Officer and interim Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined under Rule 13(a)-15(f) and15(d)-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability offinancial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Ourinternal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail,accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permitpreparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and that our receipts and expenditures are being made onlyin accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection ofunauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. 161 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluationof effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree ofcompliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officerand Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in InternalControl-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on ourevaluation under the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework), our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, ourinternal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation offinancial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP, anindependent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their attestation report thereon which appears herein. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting During the year ended December 31, 2018, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period coveredby the report for the year ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control overfinancial reporting. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteriaestablished in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013framework) (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) maintained, in all material respects,effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), theconsolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, cash flows and changes inshareholders’ equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes of the Company and our report dated April 29,2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectivenessof internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Ourresponsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firmregistered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and theapplicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining anunderstanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operatingeffectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. Webelieve that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. 162 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financialreporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’sinternal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail,accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded asnecessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of thecompany are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assuranceregarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on thefinancial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluationof effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree ofcompliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP Beijing, the People’s Republic of China April 29, 2019 PART III ITEM 16.RESERVED ITEM 16A.AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Thomas Gurnee, the chairman of our audit committee, qualifies as an audit committee financial expertunder applicable SEC rules. ITEM 16B.CODE OF ETHICS Our board of directors has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that pertains to our directors, officers and employees with certain provisionsthat specifically apply to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Vice Presidents and any other persons who perform similar functions for us.Our code of business conduct and ethics is available at our website at www.xyre.com. ITEM 16C.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by Ernst &Young Hua Ming LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, for the periods indicated: For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ Audit fees (1) 1,295,156 1,302,797 1,330,954 Audit-related fees (2) 293,669 470,783 329,714 Tax fees (3) – – – All other fees (4) – – – 163 (1)“Audit fees” means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our independent registered publicaccounting firm for the audit of our annual financial statements and the quarterly procedures performed for our comparative interim financial statements. (2)“Audit related fees” represents aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm forassurance and related services. In 2016, such services consisted principally of a SAS 100 review of the Company’s June 30, 2016 financial statementsincorporated by reference into the F-3 registration statement and permissible assurance related services associated with the issuances of our August 2019Senior Secured Notes in August 2016. In 2017, such services consisted primarily of a SAS 100 review of the Company’s June 30, 2017 financialstatements incorporated by reference into the F-3 registration statement, permissible assurance related services associated with the issuances of ourFebruary 2021 Senior Secured Notes in February 2017 and the issuances of our November 2020 Senior Secured Notes in November 2017. In 2018, suchservices consisted primarily of a SAS 100 review of the Company’s June 30, 2018 financial statements incorporated by reference into the F-3 registrationstatement and permissible assurance related services associated with the issuances of our March 2020 Senior Secured Notes in March 2018. (3)There were no tax fees billed in 2016, 2017 and 2018. (4)There were no other fees billed in 2016, 2017 and 2018. All audit and non-audit services provided by our independent auditor must be pre-approved by our audit committee. Our audit committee has adopted aproject-by-project approach in pre-approving proposed services. All requests or applications for services to be provided by our independent auditor require adetailed description of the services to be rendered and will be presented to our audit committee for pre-approval. ITEM 16D.EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES None. ITEM 16E.PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS Effective March 21, 2017, our board of directors approved a new US$40 million share repurchase program through December 2019 (the “2017Authorization”) to be effective upon the earlier of completion or expiration of the US$40 million share repurchase program effective December 28, 2015through December 2017. This program will be funded from available working capital. Repurchases under the 2017 Authorization will be made from time totime through a combination of open market and privately negotiated transactions. The per share price cap will be determined from time to time in thediscretion of management. Effective August 14, 2018, our board of directors approved a new additional US$50 million share repurchase program through December 2019 (the“2018 Authorization”). The following table sets forth a summary of our repurchase of our ADSs made from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018: Period(1) Total Number ofADSs Purchased (2)(3) Average PricePaid Per ADS(US$) Total Number ofADSs Purchased asPart of PubliclyAnnounced Plans or Programs(2) Approximate U.S.Dollar Value of ADSsthat May Yet BePurchased Under thePlans or Programs June 1 through June 30 461,307 4.91 9,892,301 33,658,077 July 1 through July 31 492,898 4.66 10,385,199 31,358,926 August 1 through August 31 331,900 4.51 10,717,099 79,861,222 September 1 through September 30 1,050,783 4.65 11,767,882 74,979,448 October 1 through October 31 781,078 3.98 12,548,960 71,868,013 November 1 through November 30 676,291 4.36 13,225,251 68,916,396 December 1 through December 31 698,056 4.07 13,923,307 66,074,322 Total 4,492,313 4.42 13,923,307 66,074,322 164 (1)No purchases were made in the months not listed in the table above.(2)In 2018, we repurchased 4,492,313 ADSs under the 2017 Authorization.(3)Our ADS to common share ratio is one ADS for two common shares. ITEM 16F.CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT None. ITEM 16G.CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Our ADSs are listed on the NYSE and we are therefore subject to corporate governance requirements of the NYSE. We are incorporated in the CaymanIslands and thus our corporate governance practices are also governed by applicable Cayman Islands law. Under Section 303A of the NYSE Listed CompanyManual, NYSE-listed non-U.S. companies may, in general, follow their home country corporate governance practices in lieu of some of the NYSE corporategovernance requirements. The NYSE Listed Company Manual requires that the board of directors of a listed company consist of a majority of independent directors, as defined bythe NYSE from time to time. The corporate governance practice in our home country, the Cayman Islands, does not require a majority of directors of acorporation to be independent. As of the date of this annual report, the majority of our directors are not independent directors as defined by the NYSE. Ourboard is currently composed of ten directors, two of whom are current officers of the Company or one of its subsidiaries, and three of whom was formerly anexecutive officer of our Company within the past three years. Under NYSE rules, all non-management directors are required to meet periodically in executivesession, without any members of management present. The corporate governance practice in our home country does not require such meetings and,accordingly, our non-management directors do not meet in executive session. The NYSE Listed Company Manual requires each issuer to have a nominating and corporate governance committee and a compensation committeecomposed entirely of independent directors. In addition, each of those committees must have a written charter setting out, at a minimum, certain prescribedduties. The corporate governance practice in our home country, the Cayman Islands, does not require the implementation of a compensation committee, nor anominating and corporate governance committee, nor does it require any such committees to be comprised solely of independent directors. We haveestablished a separate compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. However, neither of the committees consists solely ofindependent directors. Each committee has a written charter which is available on our corporate website. However, the committees have not adopted andimplemented all of the duties prescribed for such committee by the NYSE. The NYSE Listed Company Manual requires listed companies to have an audit committee that satisfies the requirements of Section 10A of the ExchangeAct. As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with certain other NYSE rules related to audit committees, including the requirements to have aminimum of three members and that the members satisfy the additional “independence” standards of Section 303A.02 of the New York Stock ExchangeListed Company Manual. Our audit committee has, as of the date of this annual report, three members, each of whom satisfies the “independence”requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act, and one such member qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” under applicable SEC rules. In addition to the board governance rules described above, the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires shareholder action in connection with certainshare issuances by a listed company. Specifically, shareholder approval is required in connection with an issuance of an amount of equity securities equal toor greater than 20% of the outstanding voting power or equity interest of the company, subject to limited exceptions. Shareholder approval is also requiredfor the adoption of or material revision to an equity compensation plan, which is defined as a plan or other arrangement that provide for the delivery of equitysecurities of the company to any employee, director or other service provider as compensation for services. Our home country corporate governance does notrequire shareholder action in either situation and, accordingly, such actions may be and are taken on behalf of our company with just board or boardcommittee action. 165 ITEM 16H.MINE SAFETY Not applicable. ITEM 17.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18. ITEM 18.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The consolidated financial statements of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. are included at the end of this annual report. 166 ITEM 19. EXHIBITS ExhibitNumber Description of Document1.1 Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1to the registrant’s F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-147477), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on November 16, 2007)1.2 Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Association of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.5 tothe registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863 ) filed with the SEC on December 10, 2009)2.1 Deposit Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2007, among Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as depositary, andholders of American Depositary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.5 to Amendment No. 1. to the registrant’s annual report (FileNo. 001-33863), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on September 29, 2009)2.2 Amendment to Deposit Agreement, including the form of ADR, dated November 9, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.(a)(2) to theregistrant’s F-6EF (File No. 333-221449) filed with the SEC on November 9, 2017)2.3 Indenture, dated as of December 6, 2013, between Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., the entities listed on Schedule 1 thereto as SubsidiaryGuarantors, and Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee and Shared Security Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to theregistrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on December 9, 2013)2.4 Indenture Supplement No. 1 dated as of February 13, 2015, among Citicorp International Limited as Trustee, Citicorp International Limitedas Shared Security Agent, Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. and the entities listed in Schedules I thereto as the Subsidiary Guarantors to theIndenture, dated as of May 3, 2013 with respect to the registrant’s 13% June 2019 Senior Secured Notes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit99.2 to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on February 13, 2015)2.5 Indenture Supplement No. 2, dated as of February 3, 2016, among Citicorp International Limited as Trustee, Citicorp International Limited asShared Security Agent, Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. and the entities listed in Schedule I as the Subsidiary Guarantors, to the Indenture,dated as of December 6, 2013, with respect to the registrant’s 13% June 2019 Senior Secured Notes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on February 3, 2016)2.6 Global note representing the 13% June 2019 Senior Secured Notes (US$200,000,000 aggregate principal amount) (incorporated by referenceto Exhibit 99.2 to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 00133863) filed with the SEC on December 9, 2013)2.7 Indenture, dated as of August 30, 2016, between Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., the entities listed on Schedule I thereto as SubsidiaryGuarantors, and Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee and Shared Security Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to theregistrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 00133863) filed with the SEC on August 30, 2016)2.8 Global note representing the 8.125% August 2019 Senior Secured Notes (US$300,000,000 aggregate principal amount) (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 99.2 to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 00133863) filed with the SEC on August 30, 2016)2.9 Indenture, dated as of February 28, 2017, between Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., the entities listed on Schedule I thereto as SubsidiaryGuarantors, and Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee and Shared Security Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to theregistrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 00133863) filed with the SEC on February 28, 2017)2.10 Global note representing the 7.75% February 2021 Senior Secured Notes (US$300,000,000 aggregate principal amount) (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 99.2 to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 00133863) filed with the SEC on February 28, 2017)2.11 Indenture, dated as of November 22, 2017, between Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., the entities listed on Schedule I thereto as SubsidiaryGuarantors, and Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee and Shared Security Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to theregistrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on November 22, 2017)2.12 Global note representing 8.875% Senior Notes due 2020 (US$200,000,000 aggregate principal amount) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit99.2 to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on November 22, 2017)2.13 Global note representing 8.875% Senior Notes due 2020 (US$100,000,000 aggregate principal amount) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit99.2 to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on December 4, 2017)2.14 Indenture, dated as of March 19, 2018, between Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., the entities listed on Schedule I thereto as SubsidiaryGuarantors, and Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee and Shared Security Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to theregistrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on March 19, 2018) 167 ExhibitNumber Description of Document2.15 Global note representing 9.875% Senior Notes due 2020 (US$200,000,000 aggregate principal amount) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit99.2 to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on March 19, 2018)2.16 Indenture, dated as of April 15, 2019, between Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., the entities listed on Schedule I thereto as SubsidiaryGuarantors, and Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee and Shared Security Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to theregistrant's Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on April 18, 20192.17* Global note representing 14.2% Senior Notes due 2021 (US $200,000,000 aggregate principal amount)2.18* Global note representing 14.2% Senior Notes due 2021 (US $100,000,000 aggregate principal amount)4.2 2007 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the registrant’s F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-147477), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on November 16, 2007)4.3 2014 Restricted Stock Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33863), filed with the SEC on April 27, 2015)4.4 2015 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form S-8 (File No. 333-205371) filed with the SEC onJune 30, 2015)4.5 English Summary of the Capital Lease Agreement dated as of October 23, 2012, by and among MinshengHongtai (Tianjin) Aviation LeasingCo., Ltd., and Henan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. (Original Language: Chinese) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the registrant’sAnnual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33863), filed with the SEC on April 15, 2013)4.6 English Summary of the Guarantee Agreement dated as of October 23, 2012, by and among MinshengHongtai (Tianjin) Aviation LeasingCo., Ltd., Xinyuan (China) Real Estate , Ltd. and Henan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. (Original Language: Chinese) (incorporated byreference to Exhibit 4.8 to the registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2012 (File No. 00133863), filed withthe SEC on April 15, 2013)4.7 Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 26, 2013, among Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., the guarantors named therein and TPGASIA VI SF PTE. LTD. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC onSeptember 19, 2013)4.8 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of September 19, 2013, between Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. and TPG ASIA VI SF PTE. LTD.(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.4 to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on September 19, 2013)4.9 Letter Agreement, dated September 19, 2013, between Yong Zhang and TPG ASIA VI SF PTE. LTD. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit99.6 to the registrant’s Form 6-K (File No. 001-33863) filed with the SEC on September 19, 2013)8.1* Subsidiaries of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd.11.1 Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the registrant’s F-1 registration statement(File No. 333-147477), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on November 16, 2007)12.1* CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200212.2* CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200213.1* CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200213.2* CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 200223.1* Consent of Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP101* The following materials from Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd.’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018 formattedin XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations, (ii) the CondensedConsolidated Balance Sheet, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity, (iv) the Condensed ConsolidatedStatement of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.* Filed with this Annual Report on Form 20-F 168 SIGNATURES The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned tosign this Annual Report on its behalf. Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. By:/s/ Lizhou Zhang Name: Lizhou Zhang Title: Chief Executive Officer Date: April 29, 2019 169 Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. and Subsidiaries As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 CONTENTS Pages Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmF-2 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018F-3 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018F-5 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018F-6 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018F-8 Notes to Consolidated Financial StatementsF-9 F-1 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, cash flows and changes in shareholders' equity for each of the three yearsin the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, theconsolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and theresults of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally acceptedaccounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), theCompany’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issuedby the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated April 29, 2019 expressed an unqualifiedopinion thereon. Adoption of New Accounting Standards As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company changed its method for accounting for revenue from contracts with customers usinga modified retrospective approach and its method for accounting for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of certain equity securitiesduring the year ended December 31, 2018. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’sfinancial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to theCompany in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and thePCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtainreasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performingprocedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond tothose risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits alsoincluded evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of thefinancial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007 Beijing, the People’s Republic of China April 29, 2019 F-2 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Notes December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 894,551,480 674,141,554 Restricted cash 566,675,697 511,874,925 Short-term investments 3 57,739,558 8,442,063 Accounts receivable 100,553,481 64,129,969 Other receivables 73,193,654 166,632,745 Deposits for land use rights 103,715,834 42,254,342 Other deposits and prepayments 272,022,244 257,287,874 Advances to suppliers 36,731,393 46,983,182 Real estate properties development completed 4 840,393,193 632,359,691 Real estate properties under development (including real estate properties under development of theconsolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) to be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs ofUS$154,339,321 and US$166,327,833 as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018,respectively) 4 1,996,000,653 4,068,716,308 Amounts due from related parties 17 125,662,072 216,184,205 Amounts due from employees 17 2,174,302 1,694,416 Other current assets 798,920 520,391 Total current assets 5,070,212,481 6,691,221,665 Real estate properties held for lease, net 5 277,933,313 302,764,217 Deposits for land use rights 22,956,138 21,855,694 Property and equipment, net 6 32,385,860 38,114,483 Long-term investment 7 829,773,150 564,340,219 Deferred tax assets 14 82,006,132 230,452,674 Amounts due from related parties 17 24,665,944 26,122,186 Contract assets - 21,779,221 Other assets 44,501,252 137,062,313 TOTAL ASSETS 6,384,434,270 8,033,712,672 F-3 Notes December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities Accounts payable and notes payable (including accounts payable and notes payable of the VIEswithout recourse to the primary beneficiary of US$2,454,089 and US$2,489,669 as of December 31,2017 and December 31, 2018, respectively) 690,839,190 790,631,410 Short-term bank loans and other debt 9 247,758,295 43,711,388 Customer deposits 13 438,341,713 1,921,851,255 Income tax payable 169,839,336 213,272,832 Other payables and accrued liabilities (including other payables and accrued liabilities of the VIEswithout recourse to the primary beneficiary of US$2,990,885 and US$3,767,049 as of December 31,2017 and December 31, 2018, respectively) 16 300,118,332 341,107,500 Payroll and welfare payable (including payroll and welfare payable of the VIEs without recourse to theprimary beneficiary of US$102,316 and US$2,263,756 as of December 31, 2017 and December 31,2018, respectively) 31,445,229 33,752,390 Current portion of long-term bank loans and other debt 10, 11 1,648,233,254 1,647,918,456 Current maturities of capital lease obligations 12 4,472,386 6,562,425 Mandatorily redeemable non-controlling interests 17 15,593,340 22,558,686 Amounts due to related parties 17 128,178,423 48,502,441 Total current liabilities 3,674,819,498 5,069,868,783 Long-term bank loans 10 11,018,946 720,038,940 Deferred tax liabilities 14 164,203,580 370,508,807 Unrecognized tax benefits 14 31,231,376 45,939,234 Other long-term debt 11 1,404,814,439 1,040,455,200 Capital lease obligations, net of current maturities 12 11,415,344 10,014,791 Amounts due to related parties 17 29,917,961 31,241,768 Total liabilities 5,327,421,144 7,288,067,523 Commitments and contingencies 21 Shareholders’ equity Common shares, US$0.0001 par value: Authorized-500,000,000 shares; shares issued and outstanding- 119,805,636 shares as of December 31,2018 (December 31, 2017: 129,578,676 shares) 18 16,314 16,399 Treasury shares 18 (67,792,368) (87,639,088)Additional paid-in capital 543,338,206 532,117,479 Statutory reserves 105,660,269 166,495,744 Retained earnings 382,123,692 99,502,126 Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) 23 29,225,736 (30,122,179) Total Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders’ equity 992,571,849 680,370,481 Non-controlling interest 24 64,441,277 65,274,668 Total equity 1,057,013,126 745,645,149 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 6,384,434,270 8,033,712,672 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-4 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOMEFor the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Year ended December 31 Notes 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ Revenue: Real estate sales, net of sales taxes of US$30,105,069 in 2016, US$21,745,253 in2017 and US$21,388,994 in 2018 1,524,968,403 1,924,560,806 2,139,370,792 Real estate management services income 30,022,747 41,738,319 63,447,420 Real estate lease income 5,946,051 8,732,799 9,584,972 Other revenue 687,492 1,875,307 5,148,101 Total revenue 1,561,624,693 1,976,907,231 2,217,551,285 Costs of revenue: Cost of real estate sales (1,174,571,926) (1,474,067,213) (1,543,974,061)Cost of real estate management services (24,281,442) (31,646,448) (44,619,783)Cost of real estate lease income (3,682,645) (11,006,122) (9,348,616)Other costs (1,100,367) (559,235) (4,130,523) Total costs of revenue (1,203,636,380) (1,517,279,018) (1,602,072,983) Gross profit 357,988,313 459,628,213 615,478,302 Selling and distribution expenses (58,213,716) (75,723,717) (83,591,651)General and administrative expenses (120,415,631) (136,844,741) (156,456,170) Operating income 179,358,966 247,059,755 375,430,481 Interest income 20,916,567 16,859,086 31,225,694 Interest expense (29,856,832) (66,153,440) (99,245,696)Net loss on debt extinguishment 11 (12,123,750) (15,879,702) (21,443,949)Net realized gain/ (loss) on short-term investments 3 2,505,696 7,873,987 (3,407,090)Unrealized gain on short-term investments 3 235,334 2,095,979 1,150,200 Exchange gain/ (loss) 458,959 756,926 (25,677,654)Other income 4,540,227 2,326,010 1,741,732 Share of loss of equity investees 7 (324,612) (1,710,070) (9,374,451) Income from operations before income taxes 165,710,555 193,228,531 250,399,267 Income taxes 14 (86,247,875) (113,117,126) (144,447,247) Net income 79,462,680 80,111,405 105,952,020 Net income attributable to non-controlling interest (6,485,132) (16,483,854) (32,917,471) Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders 72,977,548 63,627,551 73,034,549 Earnings per share: Basic 19 0.55 0.49 0.57 Diluted 19 0.53 0.48 0.57 Shares used in computation: Basic 19 133,261,510 128,704,610 127,129,478 Diluted 19 137,653,029 131,605,869 129,140,830 Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax of nil Foreign currency translation adjustments (66,273,588) 66,062,603 (59,759,616) Comprehensive income 13,189,092 146,174,008 46,192,404 Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest (5,846,269) (18,637,833) (32,505,770) Comprehensive income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd.shareholders 7,342,823 127,536,175 13,686,634 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWSFor the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Year ended December 31 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income 79,462,680 80,111,405 105,952,020 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 8,688,384 13,727,526 15,132,875 Stock-based compensation expenses 7,828,255 4,894,478 3,382,628 Deferred tax benefit (17,244,658) (35,587,912) (60,602,166)Amortization of deferred charges 7,732,038 6,049,202 12,182,821 Share of loss of equity investees 324,612 1,710,070 9,374,451 Exchange (gain)/loss (458,959) (756,926) 25,677,654 Changes in unrecognized tax benefit 2,718,631 10,737,387 14,707,858 Loss on extinguishment of debt (Note 11) 12,123,750 15,879,702 21,443,949 Net realized (gain)/loss on short-term investments (2,505,696) (7,873,987) 3,407,090 Unrealized gain on short-term investments (235,334) (2,095,979) (1,150,200)Proceeds from disposal of trading securities 61,064,916 178,849,628 77,788,586 Purchase of trading securities (97,389,871) (186,062,974) (26,673,525)Bargain purchase gain (2,004,507) - - Gain from re-measurement of previously held interest upon acquisition (Note 8) (2,100,563) - (4,384,563)Allowance for doubtful accounts - 7,067,288 3,016,234 Others (289,020) 1,327,529 1,985,331 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable 6,948,740 (63,691,438) 36,940,910 Real estate properties development completed (429,429,125) (355,551,919) 232,507,523 Real estate properties under development 346,724,458 151,787,433 (67,338,946)Contract assets - - (6,420,339)Real estate properties held for lease (100,388,128) (111,952,749) (47,051,796)Advances to suppliers 24,935,560 (7,335,343) (8,205,641)Other receivables 114,240,396 (47,195,272) (118,383,454)Deposits for land use rights (129,517,140) (180,359,751) (452,147,524)Other deposits and prepayments (258,358,536) 275,227,746 (13,203,444)Other current assets 326,254 (2,783,559) 4,174,280 Amounts due from related parties (45,409,421) (128,319,422) (104,487,109)Amounts due from employees (292,592) (1,465,840) 389,697 Other assets (10,525,572) (16,415,381) (94,969,524)Accounts payable 39,976,328 131,546,280 127,227,761 Customer deposits 101,932,472 269,509,197 264,194,597 Income tax payable 21,938,554 40,872,077 88,808,505 Other payables and accrued liabilities 101,375,219 91,455,504 (73,276,156)Payroll and welfare payable (2,073,425) 6,408,972 7,097,694 Net cash (used in) /provided by operating activities (159,881,300) 139,712,972 (22,901,923) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6 Year ended December 31 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Disposal of properties held for lease and property and equipment 559,030 425,850 330,773 Purchase of property and equipment (2,739,578) (5,565,513) (9,132,946)Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired (Note 8) 15,055,431 - 11,761,992 Acquisition of long-term investment (8,407,244) (822,029,106) (127,031,797)Return of capital - - 158,634,902 Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities 4,467,639 (827,168,769) 34,562,924 CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Proceeds from exercise of stock options 1,454,020 6,111,912 1,390,666 Repurchase of shares for Restricted Stock Unit (“RSU”) plan (4,003,999) - (7,768,139)Purchase of treasury shares (Note 18) (29,688,648) (14,058,280) (19,846,720)Dividends to shareholders (20,545,257) (26,090,734) (25,739,147)Capital injection from non-controlling interests 4,505,328 23,687,327 36,698,455 Amounts due to related parties 66,414,412 82,725,874 (79,846,860)Repayments of short-term bank loans and current portion of long-term bank loans (444,479,915) (51,330,241) (201,583,103)Proceeds from short-term bank loans and current portion of long-term bank loans 203,622,120 256,681,062 310,137,935 Repayment of long-term bank loans (13,553,962) (14,780,892) (65,519,223)Proceeds from long-term bank loans 201,936,395 10,659,297 337,961,266 Repayment of other short-term debt (669,849,132) (516,320,358) (943,033,901)Proceeds from other short-term debt 819,039,966 884,488,867 407,755,830 Repayment of other long-term debt (369,338,675) (236,322,138) (218,895,920)Proceeds from other long-term debt 612,307,593 788,220,956 331,989,141 Debt issuance cost charges (10,725,482) (23,254,595) (9,778,697)Capital lease payments (3,721,954) (4,196,345) (7,521,441)Proceeds from sale and leaseback (Note 12) 2,861,392 - 7,562,237 Repayment of mandatorily redeemable non-controlling interests (3,463,790) (12,954,007) (2,447,140)Proceeds from mandatorily redeemable non-controlling interests 13,177,463 14,210,916 8,720,772 Debt extinguishment costs (Note 11) (12,123,750) (13,000,000) (6,795,362)Distribution to non-controlling interests - - (35,521,013)Acquisition of non-controlling interests - - (7,500,918) Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities 343,824,125 1,154,478,621 (189,581,282) NET INCREASE/(DECREASE) IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTEDCASH 188,410,464 467,022,824 (177,920,281) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (32,332,329) 87,460,916 (97,290,417)Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, at beginning of year 750,665,302 906,743,437 1,461,227,177 CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, AT END OF YEAR 906,743,437 1,461,227,177 1,186,016,479 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ON CASH FLOWS Cash and cash equivalents 578,244,378 894,551,480 674,141,554 Restricted cash 328,499,059 566,675,697 511,874,925 Incomes taxes paid 122,347,190 112,460,711 147,809,372 Interest paid 181,857,136 223,541,763 284,624,926 NON-CASH ACTIVITIES Non-controlling interest arising from business combination 5,724,339 - - Non-controlling interest arising from asset acquisitions - 5,193,097 - Purchase consideration for asset acquisitions and business combinations included in otherpayables and accrued liabilities - 70,460,343 75,565,148Debt extinguishment costs included in other payables and accrued liabilities - - 13,761,966 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-7 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITYFor the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Number ofShares CommonShares TreasuryShares Additional Paid-in Capital StatutoryReserves RetainedEarnings AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncome / (Loss)(Note 23) Total Xinyuan RealEstate Co., Ltd.shareholders’equity Non-controllingInterest(Note 24) Total US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ BALANCE ATDECEMBER31, 2015 142,802,936 15,835 (24,045,440) 531,233,336 80,049,764 317,765,089 30,951,837 935,970,421 (18,819) 935,951,602 Capital injectionfrom non-controllinginterests - - - - - - - 10,064,263 10,064,263 Exercise of shareoptions 2,160,884 216 - 3,356,654 - - 3,356,870 - 3,356,870 Treasury sharerepurchases (13,198,238) - (29,688,648) - - - (29,688,648) - (29,688,648)Sharesrepurchasedunder RSUplan (1,614,220) - - (4,003,999) - - (4,003,999) - (4,003,999)Othercomprehensiveloss - - - - - (65,634,725) (65,634,725) (638,863) (66,273,588)Stock-basedcompensationexpenses 1,275,379 - - 7,828,255 - - 7,828,255 - 7,828,255 Net income - - - - - 72,977,548 - 72,977,548 6,485,132 79,462,680 Appropriation tostatutoryreserves - - - - 15,923,532 (15,923,532) - - - - Dividends toshareholders - - - - - (20,545,257) - (20,545,257) - (20,545,257)BALANCE ATDECEMBER31, 2016 131,426,741 16,051 (53,734,088) 538,414,246 95,973,296 354,273,848 (34,682,888) 900,260,465 15,891,713 916,152,178 Capital injectionfrom non-controllinginterests - - - - - - - 29,911,731 29,911,731 Exercise of shareoptions 2,631,928 263 - 4,255,657 - - 4,255,920 - 4,255,920 Treasury sharerepurchases (5,481,846) (14,058,280) - - - (14,058,280) - (14,058,280)Sharesrepurchasedunder RSUplan - - - (3,485,952) - - (3,485,952) - (3,485,952)Othercomprehensiveloss - - - - - 63,908,624 63,908,624 2,153,979 66,062,603 Stock-basedcompensationexpenses 1,001,853 - - 4,154,255 - - 4,154,255 - 4,154,255 Net income - - - - - 63,627,551 - 63,627,551 16,483,854 80,111,405 Appropriation tostatutoryreserves - - - - 9,686,973 (9,686,973) - - - - Dividends toshareholders - - - - - (26,090,734) - (26,090,734) - (26,090,734)BALANCE ATDECEMBER31, 2017 129,578,676 16,314 (67,792,368) 543,338,206 105,660,269 382,123,692 29,225,736 992,571,849 64,441,277 1,057,013,126 Adjustment toopeningbalance ofequity (2(h)) - - - - - (269,081,493) (9,132,084) (278,213,577) (37,019,325) (315,232,902)Capital injectionfrom non-controllinginterests - - - - - - - 36,698,455 36,698,455 Acquisition ofnon-controllinginterests (12,056,879) (12,056,879) 4,169,504 (7,887,375)Exercise of shareoptions 846,588 85 - 1,390,581 - - 1,390,666 - 1,390,666 Treasury sharerepurchases(Note 18) (8,984,626) (19,846,720) - - - (19,846,720) - (19,846,720)Sharesrepurchasedunder RSUplan (3,089,050) - - (3,937,057) - - (3,937,057) - (3,937,057)Othercomprehensiveloss - - - - - (50,215,831) (50,215,831) (411,701) (50,627,532)Stock-basedcompensationexpenses 1,454,048 - - 3,382,628 - - 3,382,628 - 3,382,628 Net income - - - - - 73,034,549 73,034,549 32,917,471 105,952,020 Appropriation tostatutoryreserves - - - - 60,835,475 (60,835,475) - - - - Dividends toshareholders - - - - - (25,739,147) - (25,739,147) - (25,739,147)Dividends tonon-controllinginterests - - - - - - - (35,521,013) (35,521,013)BALANCE ATDECEMBER31, 2018 119,805,636 16,399 (87,639,088) 532,117,479 166,495,744 99,502,126 (30,122,179) 680,370,481 65,274,668 745,645,149 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-8 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 1.Background information of business and organization Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively the “Group”) are principally engaged in residential real estatedevelopment and the provision of property management services. The Group’s operations are conducted mainly in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”).In 2012, the Group expanded its business into the U.S. residential real estate market. As of December 31, 2018, principal subsidiaries of the Company and its consolidated variable interest entities included the following entities: Company Name Registered Placeand Date ofIncorporation RegisteredCapital Percentage ofEquityDirectlyAttributableto the Group Principal ActivitiesSubsidiary companies: Xinyuan International PropertyInvestment Co., Ltd. Cayman IslandsOctober 6, 2011 US$500,000 100% Investment holding company Xinyuan International (HK) PropertyInvestment Co., Ltd. Hong KongOctober 26, 2011 HK$3,000,000 100% Investment holding company XIN Development Group InternationalInc. United StatesNovember 10, 2011 US$0 100% Investment holding company Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd. Cayman IslandsJanuary 27, 2006 US$50,000,000 100% Investment holding company XIN Development Management East,LLC United StatesAugust 28, 2012 US$1,000 100% Property management services XIN NY Holding, LLC United StatesAugust 29, 2012 US$1,000 100% Investment holding company 421 Kent Development, LLC United StatesAugust 29, 2012 US$1,000 100% Real estate development Xinyuan Sailing Co., Ltd. Hong KongJune 21, 2013 HK$3,000,000 100% Investment holding company AWAN Plasma Sdn Bhd MalaysiaApril 16, 2007 MYR33,577,000 100% Real estate development XIN Eco Marine Group Properties SdnBhd MalaysiaJuly 9, 2014 MYR33,217,000 100% Investment holding company Zhengzhou Jiasheng Real Estate Co.,Ltd. PRCDecember 2, 2013 US$60,000,000 100% Real estate development F-9 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Company Name Registered Placeand Date ofIncorporation RegisteredCapital Percentage ofEquityDirectlyAttributableto the Group Principal ActivitiesSubsidiary companies: Xinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd.(“Xinyuan China”) PRCApril 10, 2006 US$307,000,000 100% Investment holding company Henan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd.(“Henan Xinyuan”) PRCMay 19, 1997 RMB200,000,000 100% Real estate development Qingdao Xinyuan Xiangrui RealEstate Co., Ltd. PRCFebruary 9, 2006 RMB10,000,000 100% Real estate development Shandong Xinyuan Real Estate Co.,Ltd. PRCJune 2, 2006 RMB300,000,000 100% Real estate development Xinyuan Technology Service Co., Ltd. PRCDecember 28, 1998 RMB50,000,000 94% Property management services Mingyuan Landscape EngineeringCo., Ltd. PRCFebruary 17, 2004 RMB50,000,000 100% Landscaping engineering andmanagement Henan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real EstateCo., Ltd. PRCDecember 29, 2011 RMB20,000,000 100% Real estate development Suzhou Xinyuan Real EstateDevelopment Co., Ltd. PRCNovember 24, 2006 RMB200,000,000 100% Real estate development Anhui Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRCDecember 7, 2006 RMB50,000,000 100% Real estate development Kunshan Xinyuan Real Estate Co.,Ltd. PRCJanuary 31, 2008 RMB200,000,000 100% Real estate development Xinyuan Real Estate (Chengdu) Co.,Ltd. PRCJune 12, 2007 RMB220,000,000 100% Real estate development Xuzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRCNovember 9, 2009 RMB200,000,000 100% Real estate development Henan Xinyuan Jiye Real Estate Co.,Ltd. PRCNovember 15, 2009 RMB50,000,000 100% Real estate development Beijing Xinyuan Wanzhong RealEstate Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Wanzhong”) PRCMarch 4, 2008 RMB900,000,000 100% Real estate development F-10 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Company Name Registered Placeand Date ofIncorporation RegisteredCapital Percentage ofEquityDirectlyAttributableto the Group Principal ActivitiesSubsidiary companies: Xinyuan Renju (Beijing) AssetManagement Co., Ltd. PRCJanuary 16, 2009 RMB30,000,000 100% Real estate development Beijing Xinyuan Priority Real EstateConsulting Co., Ltd. PRCMarch 8, 2012 RMB30,000,000 100% Real estate consulting services Henan Xinyuan Priority CommercialManagement Co., Ltd. PRCAugust 10, 2012 RMB2,000,000 100% Leasing management services Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real EstateCo., Ltd. (“Suzhou Wanzhuo”) PRCSeptember 20, 2012 RMB200,000,000 20% Real estate development Jiangsu Jiajing Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRCMarch 28, 2005 RMB150,000,000 100% Real estate development Xingyang Xinyuan Real Estate Co.,Ltd. PRCJuly 25, 2013 RMB200,000,000 100% Real estate development Jinan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real EstateCo., Ltd. PRCDecember 4, 2013 RMB300,000,000 100% Real estate development Sanya Beida Science and TechnologyPark Industrial Development Co., Ltd. PRCJanuary 10, 2014 RMB200,000,000 100% Real estate development Chengdu Xinyuan Wanzhuo RealEstate Co., Ltd. PRCFebruary 21, 2014 RMB50,000,000 100% Real estate development Zhengzhou Hengsheng Real EstateCo., Ltd. (1) PRCJune 19, 2014 RMB20,000,000 100% Real estate development Tianjin Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRCSeptember 17, 2014 RMB100,000,000 100% Real estate development Xi’an Yinghuai Commerce and TradeCo., Ltd. PRCNovember 25, 2014 RMB3,000,000 100% Retail store F-11 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Company Name Registered Placeand Date ofIncorporation RegisteredCapital Percentage ofEquityDirectlyAttributableto the Group Principal ActivitiesSubsidiary companies: Changsha Xinyuan Wanzhuo RealEstate Co., Ltd. PRCApril 3, 2014 RMB100,000,000 100% Real estate development Shanghai Junxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRCJanuary 16, 2014 RMB5,000,000 100% Real estate development Beijing Yinghuai Commerce andTrade Co., Ltd. PRCJanuary 5, 2015 RMB30,000,000 100% Retail store Beijing Xinhe InvestmentDevelopment Co., Ltd. PRCMay 5, 2015 RMB5,000,000 100% Investment holding company Henan Yinghuai Commerce and TradeCo., Ltd. PRCMarch 23, 2015 RMB10,000,000 100% Retail store Henan Xinyuan Guangsheng RealEstate Co., Ltd. PRCJuly 27, 2015 RMB200,000,000 100% Real estate development Shanghai Hexinli PropertyManagement Center. (Limitedpartnership) PRCJuly 28, 2015 RMB10,640,000 78.95% Property management services Shandong Xinyuan Renju Real EstateCo., Ltd. PRCNovember 19, 2011 RMB50,000,000 100% Real estate development Shaanxi Zhongmao EconomyDevelopment Co., Ltd. (“ShaanxiZhongmao”) PRCJune 22, 1998 RMB22,500,000 65.98% Real estate development 421 Kent Holding Co, Ltd. United StatesMay 2, 2014 US$1,000 100% Investment holding company Hudson 888 Owner LLC United StatesOctober 22, 2015 US$1,000 100% Real estate development XIN Manhattan Holding LLC United StatesDecember 9, 2015 US$1,000 100% Investment holding company Hudson 888 Holding LLC United StatesDecember 9, 2015 US$1,000 100% Investment holding company Shenzhen Xinchuang InvestmentConsulting Co., Ltd. PRCJanuary 20, 2016 RMB10,000,000 100% Investment F-12 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Company Name Registered Placeand Date ofIncorporation RegisteredCapital Percentage ofEquityDirectlyAttributableto the Group Principal ActivitiesSubsidiary companies: Henan Xinyuan Quansheng RealEstate Co., Ltd. PRCJanuary 14, 2015 RMB40,000,000 100% Real estate development Zhengzhou Shengdao Real Estate Co.,Ltd. PRCOctober 14, 2013 RMB20,000,000 100% Real estate development Henan Xinyuan Shunsheng RealEstate Co., Ltd. PRCJanuary 13, 2016 RMB30,000,000 100% Real estate development Hunan Erli Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRCJanuary 4, 2008 RMB50,000,000 100% Real estate development XIN Queens Holding LLC United StatesJuly 6, 2016 US$1,000 100% Investment holding company Queens Theatre Holdco LLC United StatesJuly 6, 2016 US$1,000 100% Investment holding company Queens Theatre Owner LLC United StatesJuly 6, 2016 US$1,000 100% Real estate development Zhengzhou Xinnan Real Estate Co.,Ltd. (“Zhengzhou Xinnan”) PRCJanuary 21, 2016 RMB50,000,000 100% Real estate development Xinyan Investment Management Co.,Limited. PRCApril 8, 2016 RMB100,000,000 70% Investment Hunan Xintian Real Estate Co., Ltd.(“Hunan Xintian”) PRCSeptember 28, 2009 RMB20,000,000 100% Real estate development Zhengzhou Hangmei TechnologyDevelopment Co., Ltd.(“ZhengzhouHangmei”) PRCNovember 25, 2014 RMB50,000,000 51% Real estate development Zhengzhou Hangmei ZhengxingTechnology Co., Ltd.(“HangmeiZhengxing”) PRCMarch 28, 2016 RMB50,000,000 60% Real estate consulting services F-13 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Company Name Registered Placeand Date ofIncorporation RegisteredCapital Percentage ofEquityDirectlyAttributableto the Group Principal ActivitiesSubsidiary companies: Xi’an Dingrun Real Estate Co., Ltd.(“Xi’an Dingrun”) PRCJune 1, 2011 RMB20,000,000 100% Real estate development Zhengzhou Kangshengboda RealEstate Co., Ltd. (“ZhengzhouKangshengboda”) PRCJuly 29, 2016 RMB50,000,000 100% Real estate development Xinjiang Xinyuan Renju EquityInvestment., Ltd. PRCFebruary 24, 2017 RMB10,000,000 100% Real estate consulting services Zhuhai Prince Real Estate Co., Ltd.(“Zhuhai Prince”) PRCSeptember 13, 1990 RMB16,000,000 100% Real estate development Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd.(“Henan Renxin”) PRCJuly 11, 2008 RMB200,000,000 51% Real estate development Xinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. PRCMay 2, 2017 RMB100,000,000 100% Real estate consulting services Hangzhou Huiyuan InvestmentManagement Partnership Enterprise.(Limited partnership) PRCMay 23, 2017 RMB5,000,000 100% Investment holding company Guangdong Xinyuan Real Estate Co.,Ltd. PRCOctober 18, 2017 RMB100,000,000 100% Real estate development Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co.,Limited. (“Taicang Pengchi”) PRCJune 16, 2017 RMB200,000,000 17% Real estate development Khorgos XinYan EnterpriseManagement Consulting Co., Ltd. PRCDecember 4, 2017 RMB5,000,000 100% Management consultingservices Jinan Xinyuan Quansheng Real EstateCo., Ltd. The PRCMay 25, 2018 RMB50,000,000 100% Real estate development F-14 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Company Name Registered Placeand Date ofIncorporation RegisteredCapital Percentage ofEquityDirectlyAttributableto the Group Principal ActivitiesSubsidiary companies: Suzhou Yuxi Real Estate Co., Limited.(“Suzhou Yuxi”) (2) The PRCMarch 5, 2018 RMB100,000,000 100% Real estate development Xinchuang Sailing (Dalian) HealthyTechnology Industrial Investment Co.,Ltd. The PRCJune 5, 2018 RMB600,000,000 100% Real estate development Dalian Xinyi Renju Real Estate Co.,Ltd. The PRCJune 26, 2018 RMB100,000,000 100% Real estate development Jiangxi Xinkai Renju ManagementConsulting Service., Ltd. The PRCAugust 28, 2018 RMB10,000,000 100% Real estate consulting services Beijing Xinyuan HuichengTechnology Development Co., Ltd. The PRCJanuary 26, 2018 RMB100,000,000 100% Technical services Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co.,Limited. (“Suzhou Yefang”) (3) The PRCApril 14, 2017 RMB100,000,000 20% Real estate development Chengdu Xinyuan Renju EnterpriseManagement Co., Ltd. (“ChengduRenju”) (4) The PRCOctober 26, 2017 RMB50,000,000 100% Real estate development Chengdu Guohongteng Real EstateCo., Ltd. (“Chengdu Guohongteng”)(5) The PRCJuly 16, 2010 RMB1,673,179,200 100% Real estate development Qingdao Keda Real Estate Co., Ltd.(“Qingdao Keda”) (6) The PRCSeptember 20, 2010 RMB50,000,000 100% Real estate development Wuhan Yinghexin Real Estate Co.,Ltd. (“Wuhan Yinghexin”) (7) The PRCJanuary 15, 2014 RMB100,000,000 100% Real estate development Henan Xinyuan Property ManagementCo., Ltd. The PRCDecember 1, 2016 RMB10,000,000 100% Property management services Wuhu Xinyansuifeng NO.1Investment Center (Limitedpartnership) (8) The PRCNovember 22, 2017 RMB1,501,000,000 100% Investment holding company F-15 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Company Name Registered Placeand Date ofIncorporation RegisteredCapital Percentage ofEquityDirectlyAttributableto the Group Principal ActivitiesSubsidiary companies: Zhuhai Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRCDecember 31, 2018 RMB100,000,000 100% Real estate developmentVIE: Beijing Ruihao Rongtong Real EstateCo., Ltd. (“Ruihao Rongtong”) (Note2(a)) PRCJune 15, 2006 RMB250,000,000 65% Real estate development Beijing Yuzhouyun TechnologyDevelopment Center (Limitedpartnership)) and its subsidiary(“Yuzhouyun”) (Note 2(a)) The PRCMarch 2, 2018 RMB18,388,300 51% Technical services (1)Liquidated on January 10, 2018.(2)Acquired on June 6, 2018. The Company indirectly controls Suzhou Yuxi through its subsidiary Suzhou Yefang, which owns 100% equity interestin Suzhou Yuxi.(3)Acquired on June 6, 2018.(4)Acquired on September 6, 2018. The Company indirectly controls Chengdu Renju through its subsidiary Wuhu Xinyansuifeng NO.1 InvestmentCenter (Limited partnership) and Xinyuan Real Estate (Chengdu) Co., Ltd.(5)Acquired on September 6, 2018. The Company indirectly controls Chengdu Guohongteng through its subsidiary Chengdu Renju.(6)Acquired on July 3, 2018.(7)Acquired on May 18, 2018.(8)Acquired on September 6, 2018. Equity holdings remained unchanged throughout the year ended December 31, 2018 except for Zhengzhou Xinnan (Note 24). 2.Summary of significant accounting policies (a)The Company and basis of presentation and consolidation The Group is principally engaged in residential real estate development and the provision of property management services. The Group’s operationsare conducted mainly in the PRC. In 2012, the Group expanded its business into the U.S. residential real estate market. The accompanying consolidatedfinancial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financialstatements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, VIEs, and the subsidiaries of VIEs. All inter-company transactions and balancesbetween the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. F-16 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group and cease to be consolidated from the date on which controlis transferred out of the Group. Where there is a loss of control of a subsidiary, the consolidated financial statements include the results for the part of thereporting year during which the Group has control. As of December 31, 2018, the Group also effectively controls the following VIEs: Ruihao Rongtong Ruihao Rongtong, with registered capital of US$37.6 million (RMB250.0 million), was invested in by the Company on May 6, 2015, for thepurpose of undertaking a residential property development project in Beijing. On March 1, 2016, June 28, 2016 and September 18, 2016, an unrelated trusteecompany, Ping An trust Co., Ltd. (“Ping An trust”) purchased 20%, 5% and 10% of the Company’s equity interest in Ruihao Rongtong, respectively, andloaned US$124.3 million (RMB862.5 million) in aggregate to the Group. On February 28, 2017, the Company repurchased the 35% equity interest of RuihaoRongtong from Ping An trust. On May 23, 2017, Ping An trust subsequently repurchased back 35% of the Company’s equity interest in Ruihao Rongtong,and loaned US$246.8 million (RMB1.61 billion) in aggregate to the Group (Note 11). As of December 31, 2018, Ruihao Rongtong had one project underconstruction. Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, the 35% of non-controlling equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong will be repurchased by the Companyin cash at the earlier of the second anniversary date, or the date the Company elects to repurchase the 35% equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong. Therefore, thenon-controlling interest is mandatorily redeemable and is accounted for as liability in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. Inaddition, since the Company planned to repurchase the 35% equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong within the next 12 months, the liability is classified ascurrent liability as of December 31, 2018. In accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation, Ruihao Rongtong as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 is a variable interest entity as it was notestablished with sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, theCompany is considered as the primary beneficiary of Ruihao Rongtong, as it has the power to direct the activities of Ruihao Rongtong that mostsignificantly impact their economic performance and has the obligation to absorb the losses and the right to receive benefits from Ruihao Rongtong throughits voting interest underlying its 65% equity interest in accordance with PRC Law and the articles of association of Ruihao Rongtong. Based on the above,Ruihao Rongtong is consolidated by the Company. The carrying amounts and classifications of the assets and liabilities of the VIE are as follows: December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Current assets 160,889,349 174,366,164 Non-current assets 287,409 247,753 Total assets 161,176,758 174,613,917 Current liabilities 132,170,781 151,609,433 Non-current liabilities - - Total liabilities 132,170,781 151,609,433 F-17 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The financial performance and cash flows of the VIE are as follows: Year endedDecember 31,2017 Year endedDecember 31,2018 US$ US$ Revenue - - Cost of revenue - - Net loss (7,266,337) (4,786,363)Net cash used in operating activities (18,569,850) (8,804,491)Net cash used in investing activities - - Net cash provided/(used in) by financing activities (13,688,554) 8,949,715 As of December 31, 2018, the current liabilities of the Ruihao Rongtong included amounts due to subsidiaries of the Group amounting toUS$145,728,475 (2017: US$126,623,561), which were eliminated upon consolidation by the Company. As of December 31, 2018, the land use rightsincluded in real estate properties under development of Ruihao Rongtong of US$188,437,461 (2017: US$155,782,729) were pledged as collateral for bankloans and other debt and the creditors have no recourse to the general credit of the primary beneficiary. Ruihao Rongtong contributed nil (2017: nil) of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018. Yuzhouyun On March 2, 2018, the Group signed a partnership agreement with certain senior management members to form Yuzhouyun. According to thepartnership agreement, the design and purpose of Yuzhouyun’s activities are to provide technical services to the Group. The Group acts as a limited partnerand the senior management members are general partners. Substantially all significant activities require the approval from the senior management members.The Group and senior management members agreed to share profits at the proportion of 51% and 49%, respectively. The Group, as the limited partner, is theonly party with the equity at risk to absorb losses of Yuzhouyun. Yuzhouyun’s principal activities are also to provide technical service to the Group, whichindicates that Yuzhouyun’s activities are conducted on behalf of the Group. Therefore, under ASC 810, Consolidation, Yuzhouyun is a variable interestentity. In addition, as the senior management members are the Group’s employees, which represent a principal-agency relationship, therefore, the Group isconcluded to be “most closely associated” with Yuzhouyun. Based on the above, the Group is the primary beneficiary because it has the power to direct theactivities of Yuzhouyun that most significantly impact their economic performance and has the obligation to absorb the losses and the right to receivebenefits from Yuzhouyun. The carrying amounts and classifications of the assets and liabilities of Yuzhouyun are as follows: December 31,2018 US$ Current assets 5,775,479 Non-current assets 3,557,562 Total assets 9,333,041 Current liabilities 11,808,683 Non-current liabilities - Total liabilities 11,808,683 F-18 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The financial performance and cash flows of Yuzhouyun are as follows: Year endedDecember 31,2018 US$ Revenue 7,991,038 Cost of revenue (1,559,129)Net loss (1,929,266)Net cash used in operating activities 519,050 Net cash used in investing activities (255,509)Net cash provided/(used in) by financing activities - As of December 31, 2018, the current liabilities of Yuzhouyun included amounts due to subsidiaries of the Group amounting to US$9,169,167,which were eliminated upon consolidation by the Company. The revenue of Yunzhouyun included amounts that come from the Group amounting toUS$7,399,410, which were eliminated upon consolidation by the Company. Yuzhouyun contributed US$591,628 of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018. (b)Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect theamounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidatedfinancial statements. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, the selection of the useful lives of property and equipment and capital lease, allowance fordoubtful amount associated with accounts receivables, other receivables, contract assets and advances to suppliers, fair values of the purchase priceallocation with respect to business combinations, progress towards the completion of the performance obligation, accounting for the share-basedcompensation, accounting for deferred income taxes, impairment of real estate properties under development, real estate properties held for lease and long-term investments, and provision necessary for contingent liabilities. Management analyzed the forecasted cash flows for the twelve months from April 29,2019, which indicates that the Group will have sufficient liquidity from cash flows generated by operations and existing credit facilities and therefore, therewill be sufficient financial resources to settle borrowings and payables that will be due through April 29, 2020. Management believes that the estimatesutilized in preparing its consolidated financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ from these estimates. (c)Fair value of financial instruments Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, other deposits andprepayments, due from employees, due from related parties, other receivables, investment in joint venture s and other long-term investments, accountspayable, customer deposits, other payables and accrued liabilities, borrowings and due to related parties. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents,restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, other deposits and prepayments, due from employees, due from related parties, other receivables,accounts payable, customer deposits, other payables and accrued liabilities, short-term bank borrowings and due to related parties approximate their fairvalue due to the short term maturities of these instruments. The Group is exposed to credit risk for financial assets and its maximum amount of loss in theevent of non-performance by the counterparty is the recorded amount. The Group’s financial asset and liability arrangements generally do not requirecollateral, except as disclosed in Note 9, Note 10 and Note 11. Trading securities were initially recognized at cost and subsequently remeasured at the end ofeach reporting period with the adjustment in its fair value recognized in profit and loss. Investment in joint ventures and other long-term investments have no quoted market prices and it is not practicable to estimate their fair valuewithout incurring excessive costs. The Group reviews the investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carryingamount may no longer be recoverable. F-19 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The carrying amounts of the long-term borrowings approximate their fair values because the stated interest rates approximate rates currently offeredby financial institutions for similar debt instruments of comparable credit risk and maturities. Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderlytransaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required orpermitted to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considersassumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use ofunobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of inputthat is significant to the fair value measurement. Accounting guidance establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1-Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets Level 2-Includes other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the market place Level 3-Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity The carrying values of the Company’s financial instruments approximate their fair values except for the short-term investments. ASC 820 describes three main approaches for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) costapproach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets orliabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on thevalue indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required toreplace an asset. In accordance with ASC 820, the investment in debt and equity securities, real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) and money market instrumentsclassified as trading securities is within Level 1 as the Company measures the fair value using quoted trading prices that are published on a regular basis. (d)Foreign currency translation The Group’s financial information is presented in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. The functional currency ofthe Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC is Renminbi (“RMB”), the currency of the PRC. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries in Malaysia isMalaysian Ringgit (“MYR”), the currency of Malaysia. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries other than those in the PRC and Malaysia isU.S. dollars. Transactions by the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC which are denominated in currencies other than RMB are remeasured into RMB at theexchange rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Exchange gains and losses resulting fromtransactions denominated in a currency other than RMB are included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as exchange gains (losses).The consolidated financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign CurrencyMatters. The PRC subsidiaries’ financial information is first prepared in RMB and then is translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates as to assetsand liabilities and average exchange rates as to revenue and expenses. Capital accounts are translated at their historical exchange rates when the capitaltransactions occurred. The RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currency and all foreign exchange transactions must take place through authorized institutions. Norepresentation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars at the rates used in translation. F-20 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) (e)Cash and cash equivalents The Group considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. TheGroup maintains bank accounts mainly in the PRC, Hong Kong and United States. The vast majority of the PRC bank balances are denominated in RMB.Hong Kong and United States bank balances are denominated in U.S. dollars. Cash includes cash on hand and demand deposits in accounts maintained with various state-owned and private banks within the PRC, Hong Kongand United States. Total cash in banks at December 31, 2018 amounted to US$674,141,554 (December 31, 2017: US$894,551,480), of which the vastmajority of deposits are not covered by insurance. The Group has not experienced any losses in such accounts and management believes it is not exposed toany risks on its cash in bank accounts. (f)Restricted cash The Group is required to maintain certain deposits with banks that provide mortgage loans to the Group’s customers in order to purchase residentialunits from the Group. These balances are subject to withdrawal restrictions and totaled US$43,748,940 as of December 31, 2018 (December 31, 2017:US$49,252,645). As of December 31, 2018, the Group held US$338,633,911 (December 31, 2017: US$197,552,310) in its restricted cash accounts,representing funds received from sales proceeds that are subject to withdrawal restrictions. The Group is also required to maintain certain deposits with banksand financial institutions that provide loans to the Group. As of December 31, 2018, the Group also held no restricted cash accounts (December 31, 2017:US$64,779,162) as security for its short-term loans (Note 9), held US$129,492,074(December 31, 2017: US$74,503,382) in its restricted cash accounts assecurity for its current portion of long-term loans (Note 10), and held no restricted cash accounts (December 31, 2017: US$15,304,092) as security for itsother debts (Note 11). These restricted cash deposits are not covered by insurance. The Group has not experienced any losses in such accounts andmanagement believes it is not exposed to any risks on its cash in bank accounts. (g)Real estate properties development completed and under development Real estate properties completed and under development consist of residential unit sites and commercial offices. The Group leases the land for theresidential unit sites under land use right leases with various terms from the PRC government. Real estate properties development completed and underdevelopment are stated at the lower of carrying amounts or fair value less selling costs. Expenditures for land development, including cost of land use rights, deed tax, pre-development costs and engineering costs, are capitalized andallocated to development projects by the specific identification method. Costs are allocated to specific units within a project based on the ratio of the salesvalue of units to the estimated total sales value times the total project costs. Costs of amenities transferred to buyers are allocated as common costs of the project that are allocated to specific units as a component of totalconstruction costs. For amenities retained by the Group, costs in excess of the related fair value of the amenities are also treated as common costs. Results ofoperations of amenities retained by the Group are included in the current operating results. In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”), real estate property development completed and under development aresubject to valuation adjustments when the carrying amount exceeds fair value. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying amount of the assets isnot recoverable and exceeds fair value. The carrying amount is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generatedby the assets. When the profitability of a current project deteriorates due to a slowdown in the sales pace, reduction of pricing or some other factor, this indicatesthat there may be a possible future loss on delivery and possible impairment in the recoverability of the assets. Accordingly, the assets of such project aresubsequently reviewed for future losses and impairment by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cash flows for the project to the carrying value ofsuch project. If the estimated future undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset’s carrying value, such deficit will be charged as a future loss and the assetwill then be written down to its estimated fair value. F-21 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The Group determines estimated fair value primarily by discounting the estimated future cash flows relating to the asset. In estimating the cash flowsfor a project, the Group uses various factors including (a) the expected pace at which the planned number of units will be sold, based on competitive marketconditions, historical trends in sales pace and actual average selling prices of similar product offerings and any other long or short-term economic conditionswhich may impact the market in which the project is located; (b) the estimated net sales prices expected to be attained based on the current market conditionsand historical price trends, as well as any estimated increases in future sales prices based upon the projected rate of unit sales, the estimated time gap betweenpresale and expected delivery, the impact of government policies, the local and regional competitive environment, and certain external factors such as theopening of a subway line, school or factory; and (c) the expected costs to be incurred in the future by the Group, including, but not limited to, constructioncost, construction overhead, sales and marketing, sales taxes and interest costs. The Group’s determination of fair value requires discounting the estimated cash flows at a rate commensurate with the inherent risk associated withthe assets and related estimated cash flows. The discount rate used in determining each project’s fair value depends on the stage of development, location andother specific factors that increase or decrease the risk associated with the estimated cash flows. For the periods presented, the Group did not recognize any impairment for real estate properties completed and under development. (h)Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which theGroup expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Group also elected to exclude sales taxes and other similar taxes from themeasurement of the transaction price. Therefore, revenues are recognized net of business tax, value added taxes (“VAT”) and surcharges. Real estate sales Revenues arising from real estate sales are recognized when or as the control of the asset is transferred to the customer. Depending on the terms of thecontract and the laws that apply to the contract, control of the asset may transfer over time or at a point in time. For real estate sales contracts for which the Group has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognized overtime by measuring the progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation. Otherwise, revenue is recognized at a point in time when thecustomer obtains control of the asset. The progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation is measured based on the Group’s efforts orinputs to the satisfaction of the performance obligation, by reference to the contract costs incurred up to the end of reporting period as a percentage of totalestimated costs for each contract. For the remaining real estate sales contracts, revenue is recognized when the customer obtains the physical possession, the legal title, or thesignificant risks and rewards of ownership of the assets and the Group has present right to payment and the collection of the consideration is probable. Generally, the Group receives short-term advances from its customers for real estate sales. Using the practical expedient, the Group does not adjustthe promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between thetransfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. The Group also receiveslong-term advances from customers for real estate sales. The transaction price for such contracts is adjusted for the effects of a financing component, if long-term advances from customers is assessed as significant at the individual contract level. F-22 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Real estate management services income Real estate management services income is recognized in the accounting period in which the services are rendered. The Group bills a fixed amountperiodically for services provided and recognizes as revenue the amount to which the Group has a right to invoice that corresponds directly with the value ofperformance completed. Real estate management lease income Real estate lease income is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the tenancy agreements. For real estate leases, thesecontracts are treated as leases for accounting purposes, rather than contracts with customers subject to ASC 606. Other revenue Other revenue includes services ancillary to the Group’s real estate projects, including construction service revenue. Construction service revenue isrecognized when services are provided as the customer simultaneously benefits from the services as they are performed. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, revenue is recognized and disaggregated by major source as below: 2017 2018 US$ US$ Real estate sales 1,924,560,806 2,139,370,792 Real estate management services income 41,738,319 63,447,420 Other revenue 1,875,307 5,148,101 Revenue from contracts with customers 1,968,174,432 2,207,966,313 Real estate lease income 8,732,799 9,584,972 Total revenue 1,976,907,231 2,217,551,285 Contract assets The Group pays sales commission to its real estate sales agencies for each real estate sales contract. The Group has elected to apply the optionalpractical expedient for costs to obtain a contract which allows the Group to immediately expense sales commissions (included under selling and distributionexpenses) when the amortization period of the asset that the Group otherwise would have used is one year or less. For incremental costs of obtaining realestate sales contracts that extend beyond a one year period, these incremental costs of obtaining real estate sales contracts are recognized as an assets if thereal estate sales are collectible and amortized as the Group transfers the control of the assets to customers. The Group recognized US$6.2 million of such costsin selling and distribution expense during the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, there was no impairment losses on contract assets. F-23 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Contract liabilities A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount ofconsideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Group transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability isrecognized when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). The Group’s contract liabilities are comprised of customer deposits, whichare recognized as revenue when the Group performs under the contract. The following table presents the Group’s contract balances as of December 31, 2018 and January 1, 2018 as adjusted: December 31,2018 January 1,2018 Contract assets 21,779,221 15,575,829 Customer deposits (note 13) 1,921,851,255 2,040,385,658 The amount of revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018 and included in the customer deposits as of January 1, 2018 isUS$1,003,626,858. Impact of adoption of ASC 606 The Group adopted ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, applying the adoption only to contracts not completedas of the date of adoption, with no restatement of comparative periods, and a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings recognized as of the date ofadoption. The effect of adopting ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 was, as follows: Reference As previouslyreported atDecember 31,2017 Effects ofthe adoption of ASC606 As adjusted atJanuary 1, 2018 Consolidated balance sheet Real estate properties development completed (a) 840,393,193 35,131,913 875,525,106 Real estate properties under development (a) 1,996,000,653 1,176,119,731 3,172,120,384 Other current assets (a),(b) 2,233,818,635 (61,184,518) 2,172,634,117 Contract assets (c) - 15,575,829 15,575,829 Other non-current assets (d) 1,314,221,789 68,159,350 1,382,381,139 Customer deposits (a) 438,341,713 1,602,043,945 2,040,385,658 Other current liabilities (a) 3,236,477,785 (17,664,865) 3,218,812,920 Total non-current liabilities (d) 1,652,601,646 (35,343,873) 1,617,257,773 Total equity (a),(b),(c),(d) 1,057,013,126 (315,232,902) 741,780,224 F-24 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The following table summarizes the impact of adopting ASC 606 on each financial statement line item as of and for the year ended December 31,2018. The adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact to the Group’s operating, investing and financing cash flows: December 31, 2018 Reference Amounts without adoption of ASC606 Effects of adoption of ASC606 Amountsas reported Consolidated balance sheet Real estate properties development completed (a) 561,058,497 71,301,194 632,359,691 Real estate properties under development (a) 3,150,851,667 917,864,641 4,068,716,308 Other current assets (a),(b) 1,982,473,950 7,671,716 1,990,145,666 Contract assets (c) - 21,779,221 21,779,221 Other non-current assets (d) 1,295,436,169 25,275,617 1,320,711,786 Customer deposits (a) 703,228,589 1,218,622,666 1,921,851,255 Other current liabilities (a) 3,176,321,924 (28,304,396) 3,148,017,528 Total non-current liabilities (d) 2,232,067,849 (13,869,109) 2,218,198,740 Total equity (a),(b),(c),(d) 878,201,921 (132,556,772) 745,645,149 Consolidated statement of comprehensive income Revenue (a),(b) 1,896,940,997 320,610,288 2,217,551,285 Cost of revenue (a) (1,499,457,049) (102,615,934) (1,602,072,983)Selling and distribution expenses (c) (90,805,960) 7,214,309 (83,591,651)General and administrative expenses (b) (155,805,869) (650,301) (156,456,170)Income taxes (d) (93,887,973) (50,559,274) (144,447,247)Net income/(loss) (68,047,068) 173,999,088 105,952,020 (a)Real estate sales A significant portion of the Group’s revenue is derived from real estate sales of development properties in the PRC. Prior to the adoption of ASC606, the Group recognizes revenue using the percentage-of-completion (“POC”) method. Under ASC 606, to recognize revenue over time similar to the POCmethod, contractual provisions need to provide the Group with an enforceable right to payment. Historically, the Group’s contracts did not include a specificterm on enforceable right to payment. For all contracts executed starting from January 1, 2018, the Group modified certain terms to establish an enforceableright to payment for performance completed to date, including a reasonable profit. Under ASC 606, the Group recognizes revenue on an “over time” basisprospectively for these new contracts by using cost inputs to measure progress towards the completion of the performance obligation. For contracts that didnot include enforceable right to payment terms, revenue is recognized at a point in time when title to the property is transferred to the customer. (b)Real estate management services income Upon adopting ASC 606, the Group reassessed its exposure to credit risk for the services that will be transferred to the customer, specifically,evaluating the customer’s ability and intention to pay the contract consideration when it is due. As a result of this evaluation, the Group will recognizerevenue in the amount to which the Group has a right to invoice and corresponds directly with the value of performance completed. Upon adoption of ASC606, the Group recognized the cumulative impact by increasing accounts receivable, accumulated other comprehensive income and retained earnings byUS$5.5 million, US$0.1 million and US$4.0 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2018. F-25 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) As of December 31, 2018, the effect of adopting ASC 606 increased accounts receivable, general and administrative expenses, revenue and retainedearnings by US$6.8 million, US$0.7 million US$1.9 million and US$5.2 million, respectively, and decreased accumulated other comprehensive income byUS$0.1 million. (c)Incremental cost to obtain a contract Under ASC 606, the Group recognizes incremental costs of obtaining real estate sales, such as sales commissions, as an asset instead of expensing asincurred under the legacy guidance. Therefore, upon adoption of ASC 606, contract assets, accumulated other comprehensive income and retained earningsincreased by US$15.6 million, US$0.4 million and US$11.3 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the effect of adopting ASC 606 increased contract assets and retained earnings by US$21.8 million and US$18.5 million,respectively, and decreased selling and distribution expenses and accumulated other comprehensive income by US$7.2 million and US$0.4 million. (d)Income taxes The tax effects of the adjustments at the applicable statutory tax rates were also reflected. Upon the adoption of ASC 606, the Group increaseddeferred tax assets by US$68.2 million, and decreased deferred tax liabilities by US$35.3 million as of January 1, 2018. And the effect of adopting ASC 606increased deferred tax assets by US$25.3 million, decreased deferred tax liabilities by US$13.9 million, and increased income taxes by US$50.6 million as ofDecember 31, 2018. (i)Accounts receivable Accounts receivable represents the Group’s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e. only the passage of time is required beforepayment of the consideration is due). The Group’s account receivable consists of balances due from customers for the sale of residential units in the PRC andUnited States and real estate management service contracts. These balances are unsecured, bear no interest and are due within a year from the date of the sale. Accounts receivable are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to beimpaired if the collectability of the balances become doubtful. As of December 31, 2018, there was US$1,539,894 allowance for doubtful accounts(December 31, 2017: nil). (j)Other receivables Other receivables consist of various cash advances to unrelated companies and individuals with which the Group has business relationships. Other receivables are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired ifthe collectability of the balances becomes doubtful. As of December 31, 2018, there was US$10,594,423 allowance for doubtful accounts (December 31,2017: US$7,067,288). (k)Deposits for land use rights Deposits for land use rights consist of upfront cash payments made to local land bureaus to secure land use rights under executed short-term or long-term land framework cooperation agreements or land use rights agreements. F-26 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Deposits for land use rights are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to beimpaired if the collectability of the balances become doubtful. There were no impairment losses for any periods presented. (l)Other deposits and prepayments Other deposits and prepayments mainly consist of upfront cash payments made to third parties related to the direct negotiation model in acquiringland parcels and prepaid tax. Other deposits and prepayments are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets tobe impaired if the collectability of the balances become doubtful. There were no impairment losses for any periods presented. (m)Advances to suppliers Advances to suppliers consist of balances paid to contractors and vendors for services and materials that have not been provided or received andgenerally relate to the development and construction of residential units in the PRC. Advances to suppliers are reviewed periodically to determine whethertheir carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired if it is doubtful that the services and materials can be provided. As ofDecember 31, 2017 and 2018, there was no allowance provided. (n)Customer deposits Customer deposits consist of sales proceeds received from customers from the sale of residential units in the PRC. In the PRC, customers willgenerally obtain financing for the purchase of their residential unit prior to the completion of the project. The lending institution will provide the funding tothe Group upon the completion of the financing rather than the completion of the project. The Group receives these funds and recognizes them as a customerdeposit current liability until the revenue can be recognized. (o)Notes payable and other payables Notes payable represents short-term bank acceptance notes issued by financial institutions that entitle the holder to receive the stated amount fromthe financial institutions at the maturity date of the notes. The Group has utilized notes payable to settle amounts owed to suppliers and contractors. Thenotes payable is non-interest bearing and is normally settled within six months. Notes payable was US$23,708,054 and US$49,652,091 as of December 31,2017 and 2018, respectively. Other payables consist of balances for non-construction costs with unrelated companies and individuals with which the Group has businessrelationships. (p)Real estate properties held for lease, net Real estate properties held for lease are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method overthe estimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated useful lives of the real estate properties held for lease are 20-60 years. Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expenses as incurred. Major additions and improvements to the real estateproperties held for lease are capitalized. In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, real estate properties held for lease is subject to valuation adjustments when thecarrying amount exceeds fair value. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying amount of the assets is not recoverable and exceeds fair value. Thecarrying amount is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. For the periods presented, the Group did not recognize any impairment for real estate properties held for lease. F-27 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) (q)Property and equipment, net Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over theestimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows: Corporate aircraft15 yearsVehicles5 yearsFurniture and fixtures5 yearsOffice buildings20-60 years Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expense as incurred unless such expenditures extend the useful life or represent abetterment, in which case they are capitalized. (r)Investments The Group’s long-term investments consist of equity method investments and equity investments without readily determinable fair value. Equity method Investments Where the Group has significant influence over the investee, the Group applies the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC subtopic323-10-20, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323-10-20”). The reporting dates and accounting policies of the equity investee are thesame as the Group. The investment in the equity investee is stated at cost, including the Group’s share of the equity investee’s net gain or loss, less anyimpairment in value. The Group recognizes in its consolidated statement of comprehensive income its share of the net income (loss) of the equity investees.The Company periodically evaluate whether declines in fair values of our investments indicate impairment and whether declines in fair value of ourinvestments below their book value are other-than-temporary. Nonmarketable equity securities Nonmarketable equity securities are investments in privately held companies without readily determinable market values. Prior to adopting ASC Topic 321, Investments—Equity Securities (“ASC 321”) on January 1, 2018, the Group carries at cost for its investments ininvestees that do not have readily determinable fair value and over which the Group does not have significant influence. The Group only adjusts the carryingvalue of such investments for other-than-temporary declines in fair value and for distribution of earnings that exceed the Group’s share of earnings since itsinvestment. On January 1, 2018, the Group adopted ASU 2016-01, pursuant to which, for equity investments without readily determinable fair value, the Groupelected to use the measurement alternative to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable pricechanges in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer, if any. All gains and losses on nonmarketable equity securities, realizedand unrealized, are recognized in earnings. The Group performs a qualitative assessment of whether the investment is impaired at each reporting date. If aqualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, the entity has to estimate the investment’s fair value in accordance with the principles ofASC 820. If the fair value is less than the investment’s carrying value, the entity recognizes an impairment loss in net income equal to the difference betweenthe carrying value and fair value. F-28 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) (s)Capitalized interest The Group capitalizes interest as a component of building construction costs in accordance with ASC 835, Interest (“ASC 835”). As a result of the total interest costs capitalized during the period, the interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, wasas follows: 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ Amortization of issuance cost related to other long term debt 9,371,957 4,384,801 8,624,334 Interest expense related to capital leases 2,055,995 1,705,739 1,385,292 Interest on borrowings 196,243,562 197,410,532 271,831,465 Total interest costs 207,671,514 203,501,072 281,841,091 Total interest costs capitalized (177,814,682) (137,347,632) (182,595,395) Interest expense, net 29,856,832 66,153,440 99,245,696 (t)Retirement benefits Regulations in the PRC require the Group to contribute to a defined contribution retirement plan for all permanent employees. Pursuant to themandatory requirement from the local authority in the PRC, the retirement pension insurance, unemployment insurance, health insurance and housing fundwere established for the employees during the term they are employed. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Group is obligated tocontribute for each employee an amount equal to 45% of last year average salary determined by the Social Welfare Bureau. For the year ended December 31,2018, the Group recorded expense in the amount of US$18,422,330 (2016: US$11,023,291; 2017: US$17,101,606). (u)Distribution of earnings and reserve fund The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions from its subsidiaries. The earnings reflectedin the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of theCompany’s subsidiaries. In accordance with the PRC Company Law, the PRC subsidiaries are required to transfer 10% of their profit after tax, as determinedin accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations, to the statutory surplus reserve (the “SSR”) until such reserve reaches 50% of the registeredcapital of the subsidiaries. Subject to certain restrictions set out in the PRC Company Law, the SSR may be distributed to stockholders in the form of sharebonus issued to increase share capital, provided that the remaining balance after the capitalization is not less than 25% of the registered capital before capitalincrease. (v)Income taxes The Group accounts for income tax using the balance sheet method. Deferred taxes are provided for the net tax effects of temporary differencesbetween the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, as well as unutilized netoperating losses. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not these items will either expire before the Group is able torealize their benefits, or that future utilization is uncertain. The Group assesses its need for valuation allowances by tax reporting unit by jurisdiction. Late payment interests and penalties arising from underpayment of income taxes is recognized according to the relevant tax law. The amount ofinterest expense to be recognized is computed by applying the applicable statutory rate of interest to the difference between the tax position recognized andthe amount previously taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interest recognized in accordance with ASC 740-10, Income Tax (“ASC 740-10”) isclassified in the consolidated financial statements as interest expense, while penalties recognized in accordance with this interpretation are classified in theconsolidated financial statements as other expenses. F-29 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) In accordance with the provisions of ASC 740-10, the Group recognizes in its consolidated financial statements the impact of a tax position if a taxreturn’s position or future tax position is “more likely than not” to prevail (defined as a likelihood of more than fifty percent of being sustained upon audit,based on the technical merits of the tax position). Tax positions that meet the “more likely than not” threshold are measured (using a probability weightedapproach) at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. The Group’s estimatedliability for unrecognized tax benefits is periodically assessed for adequacy and may be affected by changing interpretations of laws, rulings by taxauthorities, certain changes and/or developments with respect to audits, and expiration of the statute of limitations. The outcome for a particular audit cannotbe determined with certainty prior to the conclusion of the audit and, in some cases, appeal or litigation process. The actual benefits ultimately realized maydiffer from the Group’s estimates. As each audit is concluded, adjustments, if any, are appropriately recorded in the Group’s consolidated financial statements.Additionally, in future periods, changes in facts, circumstances, and new information may require the Group to adjust the recognition and measurementestimates with regards to individual tax positions. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recognized in the period in which the changesoccur. (w)Land Appreciation Tax (“LAT”) In accordance with the relevant taxation laws for real estate companies of the provinces in which the subsidiaries operate in the PRC, the local taxauthorities levy LAT based on progressive rates ranging from 30% to 60% on the appreciation of land value, being the proceeds of sales of properties lessdeductible expenditures, generally including borrowing costs and relevant property development expenditures. LAT is generally prepaid based on a fixedpercentage (varying by local tax jurisdiction) of customer deposits and is expensed when the related revenue is recognized, as explained in Note 2(h). (x)Comprehensive income Comprehensive income is defined as the changes in equity of the Group during a period from transactions and other events and circumstancesexcluding transactions resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Among other disclosures, ASC 220, Comprehensive Income,requires that all items that are required to be recognized under current accounting standards as components of comprehensive income be reported in afinancial statement that is displayed with the same prominence as other financial statements. For each of the periods presented, the Group’s comprehensiveincome includes net income and foreign currency translation adjustments and is presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. (y)Advertising and promotion expenses Advertising and promotion costs are expensed as incurred, or the first time the activity takes place, in accordance with ASC 720-35, AdvertisingCosts. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Group recorded advertising and promotion expenses of US$56,575,316 (2016: US$39,718,114; 2017:US$53,932,462). (z)Leases In accordance with ASC 840, Leases, leases are classified at the inception date as either a capital lease or an operating lease. For the lessee, a lease isa capital lease if any of the following conditions exist: a) ownership is transferred to the lessee by the end of the lease term, b) there is a bargain purchaseoption, c) the lease term is at least 75% of the property’s estimated remaining economic life or d) the present value of the minimum lease payments at thebeginning of the lease term is 90% or more of the fair value of the leased property to the lessor at the inception date. A capital lease is accounted for as if therewas an acquisition of an asset and an incurrence of an obligation at the inception of the lease. F-30 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Capital leases are measured at the commencement of the lease at an amount equal to the present value at the beginning of the lease term of minimumlease payments during the lease term excluding that portion of the payments representing executory costs (such as insurance, maintenance, and taxes to bepaid by the lessor) including any profit thereon. During the lease term, each minimum lease payment is allocated between a reduction of the obligation andinterest expense to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the obligation (the interest method). A leased asset is amortized ina manner consistent with the Group’s normal depreciation policy for owned assets (Note 6). All other leases are accounted for as operating leases wherein rental payments are expensed on a straight-line basis. Certain lease arrangementscontain escalation clauses. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Group recorded operating lease expenses of US$9,614,639 (2016: US$6,626,414; 2017: US$5,132,393). (aa)Property warranty The Company and its subsidiaries provide customers with assurance-type warranties which cover major defects of building structure and certainfittings and facilities of properties sold as stipulated in the relevant sales contracts. The warranty period varies from two months to three years, depending ondifferent property components the warranty covers. The Group regularly estimates potential costs for materials and labor with regards to warranty-type claims expected to be incurred subsequent to thedelivery of a property. The Group regularly monitors the warranty reserve and makes adjustments to its pre-existing warranties, if any, in order to reflectchanges in trends and historical data as information becomes available. The Group may seek recourse against its contractors or any related third parties if itcan be demonstrated they are at fault. In addition, the Group withholds up to 5% of the contract cost from sub-contractors for periods of two to five years.These amounts are included in current liabilities, and are only paid to the extent that there has been no warranty claim against the Group relating to the workperformed or materials supplied by the subcontractors. For the periods presented, the Group had not recognized any warranty liability nor incurred anywarranty costs in excess of the amount retained from subcontractors. (ab)Earnings per share Earnings per share are calculated in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net incomeattributable to holders of common shares by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per commonshare reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common shares were exercised or converted into common shares.Common share equivalents consists of common shares issuable upon the exercise of the share options and vesting of restricted shares units using treasurystock method. Common equivalents shares are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share if their effects would be anti-dilutive. The non-vested options granted with performance conditions are excluded in the computation of diluted EPS unless the options are dilutive and unless theirconditions (a) have been satisfied at the reporting date or (b) would have been satisfied if the reporting date was the end of the contingency period. (ac)Treasury Shares The Company accounted for shares repurchased as treasury shares at cost in accordance to ASC Subtopic 505-30, Treasury Shares. When theCompany decides to retire the treasury shares, the difference between the original issuance price and the repurchase price may be allocated betweenadditional paid-in capital and retained earnings. On July 12, 2013, the Board of Directors unanimously authorized management to repurchase up to US$60 million of the Company’s shares from theapproval date to July 5, 2015. On December 28, 2015, the Board of Directors unanimously authorized management to repurchase up to US$40 million of theCompany’s shares from the approval date to the end of 2017. The Board of Directors review the Company’s share repurchase program periodically and toadjust the amount authorized for repurchase as necessary. On March 21, 2017, the Board of Directors unanimously authorized management to repurchase upto US$40 million of the Company’s shares from the approval date to the end of 2019. On August 14, 2018, the Board of Directors unanimously authorizedmanagement to repurchase up to US$50 million of the Company’s shares from the approval date to the end of 2019. As of December 31, 2018, the Companyhad a balance of 41,135,198 (2017: 32,150,572) treasury shares amounting to US$87,639,088 (2017: US$67,792,368). F-31 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) (ad)Senior Secured Notes On December 6, 2013, the Company issued notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 due on June 6, 2019 (the “June 2019Senior Secured Notes”) at a coupon rate of 13% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest is payable on June 6 and December 6 of each year, commencingJune 6, 2014. Given that the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the June 2019 Senior Secured Notesunder the requirements of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify forderivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the June 2019 Senior SecuredNotes. The June 2019 Senior Secured Notes were issued at par. On February 13, 2015, through a consent solicitation to the holders of the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes, the Company amended the indenturegoverning the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes (the "Indenture") to provide it with additional flexibility in pursuing new business opportunities and newsources of capital. The amendments to the Indenture include changes to: (i) incur additional Indebtedness (as defined in the Indenture) in furtherance of theCompany's business plans; (ii) make certain Restricted Payments (as defined in the Indenture) and Permitted Investments (as defined in the Indenture); and(iii) make certain deemed Investments (as defined in the Indenture) without having to satisfy the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Indenture)requirement. The amendments also amend (i) the “Limitation on Issuances of Guarantees by Restricted Subsidiaries” covenant in the Indenture to the extentthat the Company believes necessary as a result of the amendments to other covenants and (ii) the “Limitation on Asset Sales” covenant in the Indenture toremove the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio requirement for Asset Dispositions (as defined in the Indenture). The amendments also amended certain relateddefinitions in the Indenture. The Company accounted for the amendments, which did not result in a debt extinguishment pursuant to ASC 470-50, Debt –Modifications and Exchanges (“ASC 470-50”). On February 3, 2016, through a consent solicitation to the holders of the June 2019 Secured Notes, the Company amended the Indenture to provideit with additional flexibility in pursuing new business opportunities and new sources of capital. The amendments to the Indenture include: (i) amending theprovisions relating to future Subsidiary Guarantors, JV Subsidiary Guarantors and pledged subsidiary Capital Stock (each, as defined in the Indenture); (ii)amending the “Limitation on Indebtedness and Preferred Stock” covenant; (iii) amending the “Limitation on Transactions with Shareholders and Affiliates”covenant and the provisions relating to “Designation of Restricted Subsidiaries and Unrestricted Subsidiaries”; (iv) amending the definition of “PermittedInvestment” and the “Limitation on Restricted Payments” covenant; and (v) removing the “Limitation on the Company’s Business Activities” covenant andamend the related definitions and provisions. The amendments also clarify certain other provisions in the Indenture. The Company accounted for theamendments, which did not result in a debt extinguishment pursuant to ASC 470-50. On August 30, 2016, the Company issued notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 due on August 30, 2019 (the “August 2019Senior Secured Notes”) at a coupon rate of 8.125% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest is payable on February 28 and August 30 of each year,commencing February 28, 2017. The August 2019 Senior Secured Notes have a three year term maturing on August 30, 2019. Given that the August 2019Senior Secured Notes is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluatedand determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815.The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were consideredclearly and closely related to the characteristics of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes. The August 2019 Senior Secured Notes were issued at par. F-32 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) On February 28, 2017, the Company issued notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 due on February 28, 2021 (the “February2021 Senior Secured Notes”) at a coupon rate of 7.75% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on February 28 and August 28 of eachyear, commencing August 28, 2017. The February 2021 Senior Secured Notes have a four year term maturing on February 28, 2021. Given that the February2021 Senior Secured Notes is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company hasevaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes under the requirementsof ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives wereconsidered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes. The February 2021 Senior Secured Notes were issuedat a discount. On November 22, 2017 and December 1, 2017, the Company issued notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 andUS$100,000,000 due on November 22, 2020 (the “November 2020 Senior Secured Notes”) at a coupon rate of 8.875% per annum payable semi-annually.Interest will be payable on November 22 and May 22 of each year, commencing May 22, 2018. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes have a three yearterm maturing on November 22, 2020. Given that the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, ithas been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation fromthe November 2020 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify forderivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the November 2020 SeniorSecured Notes. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes were issued at a discount. On March 19, 2018, the Company issued notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 due on March 19, 2020 (the “March 2020Senior Secured Notes”) at a coupon rate of 9.875% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on March 19 and September 19 of each year,commencing September 19, 2018. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes have a two year term maturing on March 19, 2020. Given that the March 2020Senior Secured Notes is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluatedand determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815.The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were consideredclearly and closely related to the characteristics of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes were issued at a discount. Onshore corporate bonds During the periods presented, Xinyuan China issued a series of onshore corporate bonds. Given that each onshore corporate bond individually isdebt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluated and determined thatthere was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from these onshore corporate bonds under the requirements of ASC 815. The onshore corporatebonds were issued at par. (ae)Short-term investments All highly liquid investments with original maturities of greater than three months, but less than 12 months, are classified as short-term investments.Investments that are expected to be realized in cash during the next 12 months are also included in short-term investments. F-33 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The Company accounts for its investments in debt securities in accordance with ASC 320, Investments-Debt and Equity Securities: Overall (“ASC320”). The Company classifies the investments in debt securities as “held-to-maturity”, “trading” or “available-for-sale”, whose classification determines therespective accounting methods stipulated by ASC 320. Dividend and interest income, including amortization of the premium and discount arising atacquisition, for all categories of investments in securities are included in earnings. Any realized gains or losses on the sale of the short-term investments aredetermined on a specific identification method, and such gains and losses are reflected in earnings during the period in which such gains or losses arerealized. The debt securities that the Company has positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and stated at amortizedcost. For individual securities classified as held-to-maturity securities, the Company evaluates whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basisis other-than-temporary in accordance with the Company’s policy and ASC 320. Other-than-temporary impairment loss is recognized in earnings equal to theentire excess of the debt security’s amortized cost basis over its fair value at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which the assessment is made.The debt securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading securities and reported at fairvalue. Realized gains and losses, and unrealized gains and losses for trading securities are included in earnings. Investments in debt securities not classifiedas trading or as held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale securities. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains andlosses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains or losses are charged to earnings during the period in which the gain orloss is realized. An impairment loss on available-for-sale securities would be recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income when thedecline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary. (af)Assets acquisition and business combinations Pursuant to ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”), the Company determines whether a transaction or other event is a business combinationby applying the definition below, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. The guidance requires an entity to firstevaluate whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiableassets. If that threshold is met, the set of assets and activities is not a business. If it’s not met, the entity evaluates whether the set meets the definition of abusiness. ASC 805 defines a business as consisting of inputs and processes applied to those inputs that have the ability to contribute to the creation ofoutputs. Inputs are defined as economic resources, while processes are defined as protocols, systems or standards. Inputs and processes create, or have theability to contribute to the creation of, outputs. Outputs are often present in businesses but are not required to meet the definition of a business. To beconsidered a business under ASC 805, the acquisition of net assets must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantlycontribute to the ability to create outputs. If the assets acquired are not a business, the reporting entity shall account for the transaction or other event as anassets acquisition. The Company accounted for its acquisitions of Zhengzhou Hangmei, Hangmei Zhengxing, Hunan Xintian, Xi’an Dingrun, ZhengzhouKangshengboda, Zhuhai Prince, Henan Renxin, Taicang Pengchi, Suzhou Yefang, Wuhan Yinghexin and Qingdao Keda as asset acquisitions either becausethat the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets or the acquired entities hadno processes in place to apply to inputs to have the ability to create outputs. (ag)Non-controlling interests A non-controlling interest is recognized to reflect the portion of their equity which is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Group.Consolidated net income on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income includes the net loss/(income) attributable to non-controlling interests.The cumulative results of operations attributable to non-controlling interests are recorded as non-controlling interests in the Group’s consolidated balancesheets. Losses attributable to the Group and the non-controlling interest in a subsidiary may exceed their interests in the subsidiary’s equity. The excess, andany further losses attributable to the Group and the non-controlling interest, shall continue to be attributed to those interests. (ah)Effect of change in estimate Revisions in estimated gross profit margins related to estimated costs and revenues are made in the period in which circumstances requiring therevisions become known. During the year ended December 31, 2018, real estate development projects (Chengdu Thriving Family, Changsha XinyuanSplendid, Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1, Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I, Kunshan Royal Palace, Xi’an Metropolitan, Jinan Xin Central), which recognized grossprofit in 2017, had changes in their estimated gross profit margins. As these projects moved closer to completion during 2018, the Company adjusted its priorestimates related to selling prices and development costs. As a result of the changes in estimate above, gross profit, net income and basic and diluted earningsper share increased by US$34.5 million (2016: increased US$61.2 million , 2017: decreased US$11.1 million ), US$25.9 million(2016: increased US$45.9million , 2017: decreased US$8.3 million ), US$0.20 per share (2016: increased US$0.34 per share, 2017: decreased US$0.06 per share), and US$0.20 pershare(2016: increased US$0.33 per share, 2017: decreased US$0.06 per share), respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018. F-34 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) (ai)Share-based compensation The Group has adopted ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which requires that share-based payment transactions with employees, suchas restricted shares or stock options, be measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instrument issued and the Company has elected to recognizecompensation expense using the straight-line method for all restricted shares and stock options granted with service conditions that have a graded vestingschedule. In addition, the Company recognizes share-based compensation expense net of an estimated forfeiture rate and therefore, only recognizescompensation cost for those shares expected to vest over the service period of the award. The estimation of the forfeiture rate is primarily based on historicalexperience of employee turnover. To the extent the Company revises this estimate in the future, the share-based payments could be materially impacted inthe year of revision, as well as in the following years. The Company also has a policy of using authorized shares in the existing pool to satisfy any future exercise of share options and shares repurchasedheld by a third party trustee to satisfy the RSUs granted under the Company’s 2014 Restricted Stock Unit plan. For options granted with performance conditions, share-based compensation expense is recognized based on the probable outcome of theperformance condition. A performance condition is not taken into consideration in determining fair value of the non-vested shares granted. The fair value ofliabilities incurred in share-based payment transactions with employees are remeasured at the end of each reporting period through settlement. Changes in thefair value of a liability incurred under a share-based payment arrangement that occur during the requisite service period are recognized as compensation costsover that period. (aj)Segment Reporting In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, segment reporting is determined based on how the Group’s chief operating decision maker reviewsoperating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the Group. According to the management approach, the Groupoperates in geographical segments. Therefore, each of its individual property developments is a discrete operating segment. The Group has aggregated itssegments on a provincial basis as property development projects undertaken within a province have similar expected economic characteristics, type ofproperties offering, customers and market and regulatory environment (Note 20). (ak)Comparative information Certain of the prior year comparative figures have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. (al)Recent Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 modifies existing guidance for off-balance sheet treatment of lessees’ operating leases by requiring lessees to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Under ASU 2016-02, lessor accountingis largely unchanged. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlyadoption is permitted. The Group currently believes the most significant change will be related to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilitieson the Group’s balance sheet for certain in-scope operating leases. The Group does not expect any material impact on net assets and the consolidatedstatements of comprehensive income as a result of adopting the new standard. F-35 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses ("ASU 2016-13"). The amendments in ASU 2016-13 updateguidance on reporting credit losses for financial assets. This ASU requires entities to measure credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized costbased on expected losses rather than incurred losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will be required to recognize creditlosses through an allowance for credit losses. These amendments affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off balance sheetcredit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash. Forpublic business entities that are U.S. SEC filers, ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within thosefiscal years. The Group is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements of adopting this guidance. On February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification ofCertain Tax Effects from Accumulated Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”)." The ASU and its amendments were issued as a result of the enactment of the U.S.Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The amendments of this ASU address the available options to reclassify stranded tax effects within AOCI to retained earningsin each period in which the effect of the change (or portion thereof) is recorded. Additionally, the ASU outlines the disclosure requirements for releasingincome tax effects from AOCI. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlyadoption is permitted. The ASU should be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of thechange in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act is recognized. The Group does not believe the adoption of ASU No. 2018-02 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718)Improvements to Nonemployee Share-BasedPayment Accounting to simplify the accounting for share-based payments to nonemployees (“ASU 2018-07”) by aligning it with the accounting for share-based payments to employees, with certain exceptions. Under the guidance, the measurement of equity-classified nonemployee awards will be fixed at thegrant date, which may lower their cost and reduce volatility in the income statement. The guidance is effective for public business entities in annual periodsbeginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted, including in an interim period. The Group does notbelieve that the adoption of ASU 2018-07 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework- Changes to the DisclosureRequirements for Fair Value Measurement. The update eliminates, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Thisupdate is effective in fiscal years, including interim periods, beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted. The added disclosurerequirements and the modified disclosure on the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recentinterim or annual period presented. All other changes to disclosure requirements in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presentedupon their effective date. The Group is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements of adopting this guidance. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accountingfor Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. This update requires a customer in a cloud computingarrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in ASC 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to defer andrecognize as an asset. This update is effective in fiscal years, including interim periods, beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted.This guidance should be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Group iscurrently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements of adopting this guidance. 3.Short-term investments The short-term investments represent investments in REITs, publicly traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, money market instruments andpublicly traded debt and equity securities, which are expected to be realized in cash during the next 12 months. These marketable securities are initiallyrecorded at cost and adjusted to fair value at the end of each reporting period. The fair value of these marketable securities are based on Level 1 inputs(quotedprices in active markets for identical assets). F-36 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The following summarizes the short-term investments measured at fair value at December 31, 2017 and 2018: December 31, 2017 US$ Fairvalue Cost Unrealizedgain in profit Debt securities - trading 888,067 784,946 103,121 REITs 21,239,128 20,044,583 1,194,545 Money market instruments 26,577,133 26,574,990 2,143 Equity securities 9,035,230 8,239,060 796,170 Total 57,739,558 55,643,579 2,095,979 December 31, 2018 US$ Fairvalue Cost Unrealizedgain in profit REITs 8,442,063 7,291,863 1,150,200 Total 8,442,063 7,291,863 1,150,200 During the year ended December 31, 2018, US$3,407,090 (2017: US$7,873,987 realized gain) net realized loss and US$1,150,200 (2017:US$2,095,979) unrealized gain are included in earnings. 4.Real estate properties development completed and under development The following summarizes the components of real estate properties development completed and under development at December 31, 2017 and2018: December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Development completed: Zhengzhou Century East A 2,293,021 4,000,881 Suzhou International City Garden 441,934 1,460,187 Jinan Xinyuan Splendid 4,349,276 4,952,551 Zhengzhou Xin City 15,052,135 14,946,209 Beijing Xindo Park 52,675,024 42,003,855 Suzhou Lake Royal Palace 3,400,095 4,880,245 Xingyang Splendid I 15,528,607 16,616,861 Zhengzhou Thriving Family 16,834,270 14,908,355 Shanghai Yipin Royal Palace 90,003,702 82,320,988 F-37 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ New York Oosten 131,656,360 127,749,947 Chengdu Thriving Family 146,791,480 88,492,260 Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1 97,350,745 31,716,745 Xi’an Metropolitan 127,107,105 48,352,943 Kunshan Royal Palace 9,782,983 8,279,289 Jinan Xin Central 77,779,716 41,158,302 Changsha Xinyuan Splendid 49,346,740 7,340,408 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (South) - 151,224 Kunshan Xindo Park - 23,673,323 Zhengzhou Xindo Park - 13,794,988 Zhengzhou Fancy City I - 19,329,493 Henan Xin Central I - 36,230,637 Real estate properties development completed 840,393,193 632,359,691 Under development: Current: Xuzhou Colorful City 39,903,835 49,972,999 Xingyang Splendid II 49,848,748 44,074,338 Xingyang Splendid III 47,475,624 62,771,683 Xingyang Splendid IV 8,433,926 11,743,049 Zhengzhou Xindo Park 86,116,485 - Jinan Royal Palace 227,113,681 328,737,914 Zhengzhou Fancy City I 43,895,304 - Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I 26,044,650 101,091,391 Henan Xin Central I 54,380,998 - Henan Xin Central II 68,783,659 99,196,076 Zhengzhou Fancy City II(South) 16,036,363 - Zhengzhou Fancy City II(North) 52,672,711 77,295,404 Kunshan Xindo Park 84,020,974 - Zhengzhou International New City I 173,061,962 339,890,348 Zhengzhou International New City II 135,671,000 171,711,098 Tongzhou Xinyuan Royal Palace 200,296,958 214,011,166 Changsha Mulian Royal Palace 89,289,525 108,637,317 XIN Eco Marine Group Properties Sdn Bhd 11,135,393 15,064,162 Hudson Garden Project 84,953,745 106,844,124 Flushing Project 83,282,854 92,821,714 Changsha Furong Thriving Family 59,459,200 39,054,048 Zhengzhou International New City III A 74,241,651 86,999,855 Zhuhai Xin World 93,205,573 102,997,747 Xinyuan Chang’an Royal Palace 134,714,398 144,771,923 Kunshan Xinyu Jiayuan 137,704,916 159,974,516 Zhengzhou International New City Pending Staging 216,520,610 238,835,232 Zhengzhou Hangmei International Wisdom City I 42,437,196 91,069,505 Xinyuan Golden Water View City 337,850,952 428,430,649 Suzhou Galaxy Bay 42,061,346 51,739,509 Xi’an Metropolitan II 5,543,530 5,609,532 Zhengzhou International New City III B 80,790,689 94,547,682 F-38 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Zhengzhou International New City III C 39,551,333 99,240,244 Zhengzhou International New City III D 31,316,650 42,706,005 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace II 42,704,121 70,891,230 Zhengzhou Fancy City III - 89,529,453 Jinan Royal Spring Bay - 119,400,947 Suzhou Gusu Shade I (Suzhou New Project) - 39,163,694 Wuhan Canglong Royal Palace (Wuhan New Project) - 124,701,587 Dalian International Health Technology Town I - 33,796,959 Qingdao Royal Dragon Bay - 246,387,446 Chengdu Xinyuan City - 688,987,085 Zhengzhou International New City IV - 176,269,525 Xingyang Splendid V - 45,984,974 Xingyang Splendid Building 46 - 4,836,734 2,920,520,560 5,049,788,864 Profit recognized 396,756,891 348,170,931 Less: progress billings (Note 13) (1,321,276,798) (1,329,243,487) Total real estate properties under development 1,996,000,653 4,068,716,308 Total real estate properties development completed and under development 2,836,393,846 4,701,075,999 As of December 31, 2018, land use rights included in the real estate properties under development totaled US$2,733,197,585 (December 31, 2017:US$1,761,525,629). As of December 31, 2018, land use rights with an aggregate net book value of US$1,046,360,853 (December 31, 2017: US$908,833,863) waspledged as collateral for certain bank loans and other debts. F-39 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 5.Real estate properties held for lease, net December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Elementary schools 3,264,185 3,107,711 Basement parking 10,118,622 9,633,568 Kindergartens 9,596,645 10,194,286 Parking facilities 58,460,591 55,941,369 Clubhouses 8,181,616 7,789,415 Shopping mall 211,690,677 243,346,989 Others - 2,972,811 Total costs 301,312,336 332,986,149 Accumulated depreciation (23,379,023) (30,221,932) Real estate properties held for lease, net 277,933,313 302,764,217 Depreciation expense for real estate properties held for lease for the year ended December 31, 2018 amounted to US$7,963,627(2016:US$2,929,277; 2017: US$7,280,421). As of December 31, 2018, US$175,429,630 of real estate properties held for lease were pledged as collateral for other debts (2017: US$48,610,581). As of December 31, 2018, minimum future rental income on non-cancellable leases (none of which contains any contingent rental clauses), in theaggregate and for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter, is as follows: Year Amount US$ 2019 12,688,803 2020 12,900,942 2021 12,510,802 2022 11,803,631 2023 and thereafter 95,712,565 Total 145,616,743 F-40 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 6.Property and equipment, net Property and equipment consisted of the following: December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Corporate aircraft (Note 12) 39,382,367 37,494,502 Vehicles 5,210,349 5,109,037 Furniture and fixtures 11,787,191 12,580,384 Office buildings - 10,994,284 Total 56,379,907 66,178,207 Accumulated depreciation (23,994,047) (28,063,724) Property and equipment, net 32,385,860 38,114,483 Depreciation expense for property and equipment for the year ended December 31, 2018 amounted to US$4,908,299(2016: US$5,093,038; 2017:US$5,350,256) which includes amortization expense related to the corporate aircraft capital lease (Note 12) amounting to US$ 2,582,340(2016:US$2,461,283; 2017: US$2,613,008). Accumulated depreciation expense for property and equipment as of December 31, 2018 amounted to US$28,063,724(2016: US$16,750,788; 2017:US$23,994,047) which includes accumulated amortization expense related to the corporate aircraft capital lease (Note 12) amounting toUS$13,238,949(2016: US$8,175,540; 2017: US$11,375,747). 7.Long-term investment As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the long-term investment consisted of the following: Initial Cost Ownership December 31,2017 US$ US$ Nonmarketable equity securities Zhengzhou Lianhe Real Estate Co., Ltd. 241,648 1.85% 241,648 Zhengzhou Taike Real Estate Co., Ltd. 738,073 3.75% 738,073 Equity method investees Shenzhen Zhong An Financial Lease Co., Ltd. 7,639,186 25% 8,207,136 Zhengzhou Xinci Health Service Co. Ltd. 1,290,135 60% 1,202,661 Shenzhen Qianhai Jingjie City Renewal Investment Partnership (Limited Partnership) 8,118,800 n/a 8,118,800 Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd. 413,210,492 49% 412,593,226 Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (Limited Partnership) 30,608,185 n/a 30,608,185 Wuhu Penghua Tenth Investment Center (Limited Partnership) 367,298,216 n/a 367,298,216 Chengdu Xinyuan Renju Enterprise management Co., Ltd. 765,205 10% 765,205 Total 829,773,150 F-41 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Initial Cost Ownership December 31,2018 US$ US$ Nonmarketable equity securities Zhengzhou Lianhe Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Zhengzhou Lianhe”) 241,648 1.85% 291,409 Zhengzhou Taike Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Zhengzhou Taike”) 738,073 3.75% 728,523 Equity method investees Shenzhen Zhong An Financial Lease Co., Ltd. 7,639,186 25% 7,593,505 Zhengzhou Xinci Health Service Co. Ltd. 1,290,135 60% 779,847 Shenzhen Qianhai Jingjie City Renewal Investment Partnership (limited partnership) 8,118,800 n/a 8,013,755 Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd. 505,162,873 49% 478,778,879 Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (Limited Partnership) 30,608,185 n/a 23,613,358 Suzhou Hengwan Real Estate Co., Ltd 18,613,537 16.66% 9,171,102 Madison Developments Limited. 19,095,969 50% 16,743,122 Henan Qingning Apartment Management Co., Ltd. 3,808,830 51% 2,796,705 Suzhou Litai Real Estate Co., Ltd. 9,284,103 19.99% 8,466,373 Beijing Starry Sky Cinema Co., Ltd. (“Starry Sky”) 3,103,509 70.77% 155,537 Huzhou Xinhong Town Construction and Development Co., Ltd.( “Huzhou Xinhong”) 7,430,936 78.46% 7,208,104 Total 564,340,219 Nonmarketable equity securities Nonmarketable equity securities represent equity investments without readily determinable fair values. Those investments were previouslyaccounted for using the cost method of accounting. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company beneficially owned a 1.85% and 3.75% equity interestin Zhengzhou Lianhe and Zhengzhou Taike, respectively. The Company adopted ASU 2016-01 and elected to record equity investments without readilydeterminable fair values at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for theidentical or a similar investment of the Company. There were no material adjustments for observable price change or impairment related to these investmentsfor the year ended December 31, 2018. The following table summarizes the movement of the Company’s investment in Zhengzhou Lianhe and Zhengzhou Taike for years ended December31, 2018: December 31,2018 US$ Balance as of January 1, 2018 979,721 Impairment on nonmarketable equity securities - Exchange translation adjustment 40,211 Balance as of December 31, 2018 1,019,932 Equity method investees On January 11, 2016, the Group together with two other entities established a joint venture called Shenzhen Zhong An Financial Lease Co., Ltd.(“Shenzhen Zhong An”), in which the Group holds a 25% equity interest. The purpose of the joint venture is to undertake financial lease businesses. On November 3, 2016, the Company together with two third parties established Zhengzhou Xinci Health Service Co., Ltd. (“Zhengzhou Xinci”) toprovide health service in Zhengzhou, in which the Company holds a 60% equity interest and injected capital amounted US$1,290,135 in 2017. Based on thearticles of association, Company cannot exercise control over relevant activities of the investee, but it has the ability to exercise significant influence overZhengzhou Xinci’s operation and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. On January 9, 2017, the Company set up a limited partnership, Shenzhen Qianhai Jingjie City Renewal Investment Partnership (“ShenzhenQianhai”), with third parties and made a capital injection of US$8,118,800. Shenzhen Qianhai will focus on investment in real estate renewal projects inShenzhen city. The Company has significant influence over Shenzhen Qianhai operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity methodinvestment. F-42 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) On April 19, 2017, the Company signed an agreement to acquire up to 70% equity interest of Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial DevelopmentCo., Ltd. (“Qingdao Huiju”), which is developing a real estate project in Qingdao city from Beijing Huiju Technology Industry Development Co., Ltd., anon-affiliated company for a consideration of US$505.2 million. As of December 31, 2018, US$505.2 million had been paid and a 49% equity interest hasbeen transferred to the Company. Based on the articles of association, the Company cannot exercise control of Qingdao Huiju until it acquires the entire 70%equity interest, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over Qingdao Huiju’s operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equitymethod investment. On September 4, 2017, the Company with two non-affiliated companies, established a limited partnership, Wuhu Penghong Investment Center(Limited Partnership) (“Wuhu Penghong”), in which the Company and the other two partners each invested US$30.6 million, US$91.8 million and US$3.1million in cash, respectively. The other two partners hold substantive participating rights whereas the Company only exercises significant influence, andtherefore, accounted for its investment in Wuhu Penghong under the equity method. On September 8, 2017, Wuhu Penghong acquired 90.57% equity interestof Guangzhou Huanglong Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Guangzhou Huanglong”) for a total cash consideration of US$19.7 million. On December 27, 2017, the Company with a non-affiliated company, established a limited partnership, called Wuhu Penghua Tenth InvestmentCenter (Limited Partnership) (“Wuhu Penghua”), where the Company and the other partner invested US$367.3 million and US$153.0 million in cash,respectively. The other partner holds substantive participating rights whereas the Company only exercises significant influence, and therefore, accounted forits investment in Wuhu Penghua under the equity method. In December 2017, Wuhu Penghua and the Company made capital contributions amounting toUS$6.9 million and US$0.8 million, representing a 90% and 10% equity interest in Chengdu Xinyuan Renju Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. (“ChengduRenju”), respectively. The Company exercises significant influence and accounted for its investment in Chengdu Renju using equity method. On September6, 2018, Wuhu Penghua returned to the non-affiliated partner its related investment contribution resulting in the Company becoming the sole owner of theWuhuPenghua and Chengdu Renju. Therefore, management assessed that the acquisition constitutes an acquisition of business according to ASC805,Business combinations (see Note 8). On March 20, 2018, the Company acquired 16.66% equity interest in Suzhou Hengwan Real Estate Co., Ltd (“Suzhou Hengwan”), which isdeveloping a real estate project in Suzhou city from Suzhou Hengwan Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd., a non-affiliated company for aconsideration of US$18.6 million. In the second half of 2018, Suzhou Hengwan returned US$7.3 million of capital to the Company. Based on the articles ofassociation, the Company cannot exercise control of Suzhou Hengwan, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over Suzhou Hengwan’s operatingand financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. On March 21, 2018, the Company acquired 50% equity interest in Madison Developments Limited (“MDL”), which is developing a real estateproject in London, England from ED Jersey Limited, a non-affiliated company for a consideration of US$19.1 million. Based on the articles of association,the Company cannot exercise control of MDL, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over MDL’s operating and financial decisions andaccounts for it as an equity method investment. On April 26, 2018, the Company acquired 51% equity interest in Henan Qingning Apartment Management Co., Ltd. (“Henan Qingning”), which isoperating rental apartments in Henan Province, from one natural person and Henan Yangjian Industry Co., Ltd., a non-affiliated company, for a considerationof US$3.8 million. Based on the articles of association, the Company cannot exercise control of Henan Qingning, but has the ability to exercise significantinfluence over Henan Qingning’s operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. F-43 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) On May 31, 2018, the Company acquired 19.99% equity interest in Suzhou Litai Real Estate Co., Ltd (“Suzhou Litai”), which is developing a realestate project in Suzhou city from Yongwei Real Estate (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., a non-affiliated company, for a consideration of US$9.3 million. Based on thearticles of association, the Company cannot exercise control of Suzhou Litai, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over Suzhou Litai’soperating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. On June 22, 2018, the Company together with a non-affiliated company, Huzhou Tianhong Real Estate Development Co., Ltd, established a jointventure, Huzhou Xinhong, in which the Company holds a 78.46% equity interest. The purpose of the joint venture is to undertake residential propertydevelopment projects in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province. Based on the articles of association, the Company cannot exercise control of Huzhou Xinhong, but hasthe ability to exercise significant influence over Huzhou Xinhong’s operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. On May 27, 2015, the Company together with a non-affiliated company, Nanjing Starry Sky Studios Management Co., Ltd. established a jointventure Starry Sky, in which the Company holds a 51% equity interest. The purpose of the joint venture is to operate movie theatres. On October 18, 2018,for the best interests of the Company, the Company and its non-affiliated joint venture partner agreed that advances amounting to US$2.4 million foroperational needs due from Nanjing Starry Sky should be converted to an additional 19.77% equity interest. Therefore, as of October 18, 2018, theCompany’s accumulated equity interest in Starry Sky is 70.77%. Based on the latest articles of association, the Company still cannot exercise control ofStarry Sky, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over Starry Sky’s operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity methodinvestment. As of December 31, 2018, the Group’s investment in the investees in the aggregate exceeded its proportionate share of the net assets of the equitymethod investee by nil (December 31, 2017: nil). This difference, if any, represents equity method goodwill and therefore, is not amortized. For the yearended December 31, 2018, the Group recognized investment loss amounting to US$9,374,451 (2016: loss of US$324,612; 2017: loss of US US$1,710,070).As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, there was no material impairment related to these investments. 8.Acquisition of subsidiaries On September 6, 2018, the Group’s equity method investee, Wuhu Penghua Tenth Investment Center (Limited Partnership) (“Wuhu Penghua”),repurchased all partnership interests from all its partners except the Group for a consideration of US$146.6 million. As a result, the Company was the solepartner remaining. Therefore,Wuhu Penghua and its subsidiaries Chengdu Renju and Chengdu Guohongteng Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“collectively, the “WuhuGroup”) became wholly-owned by the Company This acquisition was consistent with the Group’s strategy to develop residential real estate markets in fast growth cities in China, and was accountedfor under the acquisition method of accounting with acquired assets and assumed liabilities recorded at their acquisition date fair values. A gain ofUS$4,384,563 is recognized as a result of the re-measurement of previously held equity interest in the Wuhu Group at acquisition-date fair value and ispresented as a component of other income. The goodwill recognized at acquisition date amounting to US$534,697 is primarily as a result of the ASC 740requirement to recognize a deferred tax liability, calculated as the difference between the tax effect of the fair value of the acquired real estate property underdevelopment and its corresponding tax base. None of the goodwill recognized is tax deductible. The operational results of the Wuhu Group have been included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements since September 6, 2018(“Acquisition Date”). The purchase price allocation for the acquisition is primarily based on a valuation determined by the Group with the assistance of an independentthird party valuation firm. The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on Acquisition Date. F-44 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) US$ Carrying amount of previously held equity interests 202,354,932 Remeasurement gain 4,384,563 Fair value of previously held equity interests(i) 206,739,495 Less: Goodwill 534,697 206,204,798 Fair value of net identifiable assets acquired: Cash and cash equivalents 11,761,992 Real estate properties under development 538,393,230 Current assets 7,471,403 Current liabilities (57,705,079)Deferred tax liabilities (534,697)Long-term bank loan (293,182,051) Net assets acquired 206,204,798 (i) The business combination was achieved without the transfer of consideration. The difference between the fair value of previously held equityinterest and the fair value of net identifiable assets acquired was recognized as goodwill. As the Wuhu Group were private companies, the fair value of theGroup’s previously held equity interest is estimated based on asset-based approach using significant unobservable inputs that market participants wouldconsider, which mainly include estimated revenue and estimated cost for the construction project. The amount of revenue and net income of the Wuhu Group included in the Group’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the periodfrom the Acquisition Date to December 31, 2018 are US$30,248,316 and US$6,710,751, respectively. The pro forma results of operations for the acquisition has not been presented because the revenue and earnings generated before the acquisition isimmaterial. F-45 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 9.Short-term bank loans and other debt Short-term bank loans and other debt represent amounts due to various banks and financial institutions that are due on the dates indicated below.Short-term bank loans and other debt at December 31, 2017 and 2018 consisted of the following: December 31, December 31, 2017 2018 US$ US$ Loan from The Bank of East Asia Due June 1, 2018, at 1.10% plus 3 month LIBOR (1) 34,421,617 - Due September 27, 2018, at 1.10% plus 3 month LIBOR (1) 24,294,636 - 58,716,253 - Loan from Huarong International Trust Co., Ltd. Limited Due August 9, 2018, at 8.50% per annum (1) 20,522,788 - 20,522,788 - Loan from Henan Zhongyuan Microfinance Co., Ltd. Due July 27, 2018, at 10.00% per annum (1) 7,652,046 - Due July 26, 2019, at 11.60% per annum - 7,285,231 7,652,046 7,285,231 Loan from Zhongyuan Aviation Leasing Co.,Ltd. Due November 23, 2018, at 10.00% per annum (1) 15,304,092 - Loan from Bridge Trust Co., Ltd. Due May 29, 2018, at 9.50% per annum (1) 41,933,213 - Due November 29, 2018, at 9.50% per annum (1) 45,912,277 - 87,845,490 - Loan from China Huarong Asset Management Co., Ltd.Shaanxi Branch Due December 14, 2018, at 11.50% per annum (1) 15,304,092 - Loan from Kunlun Trust Co., Ltd. Due December 28, 2018, at 8.20% per annum (1) 38,260,231 - Due June 28, 2019, at 10.50% per annum - 36,426,157 38,260,231 36,426,157 Uncommitted on-demand revolving facilities from Bank of China International Limited 1.00% plus LIBOR (2) 3,935,538 - 1.00% plus HIBOR (2) 217,765 - 4,153,303 - Total short-term bank loans and other debt 247,758,295 43,711,388 (1)These loans were paid in full in 2018. (2)These represent revolving credit facilities that are unsecured and repayable on demand. As of December 31, 2018, except when otherwise indicated the Group’s short-term bank loans and other debt were denominated in RMB and weremainly secured by the Group’s real estate properties under development with net book value of nil (December 31, 2017: US$318,402), land use rights withnet book value of nil (December 31, 2017: US$22,192,013), account receivables due from homebuyers amounting to nil (December 31, 2017:US$17,004,691), the Group’s real estate properties development completed with net book value of nil (December 31, 2017: US$83,542,622), and the Group’sreal estate properties held for lease with net book value of nil (December 31, 2017: US$ 102,285,772). The weighted average interest rate on short-term bank loans and other debt as of December 31, 2018 was 10.68% (December 31, 2017: 7.67%). F-46 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 10.Long-term bank loans Long-term bank loans as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 consisted of the following: December 31, December 31, 2017 2018 US$ US$ Loan from ICBC Due December 26, 2021, at 6.175% per annum (1) 147,938,539 116,560,788 Due December 22, 2021, at 6.175% per annum (1) 73,970,800 58,284,765 Due December 30, 2021, at 6.60% per annum (1) 68,051,177 53,619,303 Due December 22, 2021, at 9.80% per annum (1) - 58,281,851 289,960,516 286,746,707 Loan from China Guangfa Bank Due December 15, 2018, at 4.75% per annum (5) 8,539,683 - Due October 20, 2019, at 6.4125% per annum (1) 14,691,929 10,490,733 23,231,612 10,490,733 Loan from Bank of China Due March 27, 2018, at 5.23% per annum (5) 22,956,138 - Due July 6, 2020, at 5.46% per annum (5) 22,956,138 - Due March 30, 2020, at 6.65% per annum (2) - 33,512,064 Due October 31, 2021 at 6.8875% per annum (3) - 64,110,036 45,912,276 97,622,100 Loan from Bank of Bohai Due March 14, 2019 at 5.415% per annum (5) 39,025,435 - Loan from Bank of Beijing Due February 14, 2020 at 4.75% per annum (6) 49,374,063 42,810,934 Loan from The Bank of East Asia Due April 26, 2018, at 1.25% plus 3 month LIBOR (5) 13,250,000 - Due June 1, 2018, at 1.25% plus 3 month LIBOR (4) 9,675,655 - Due June 1, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR(4) - 9,675,654 Due June 5, 2018, at 1.25% plus 3 month LIBOR (4) 10,000,000 - Due June 5, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR (4) - 10,000,000 Due August 15, 2018, at 1.25% plus 3 month LIBOR (4) 20,000,000 - Due August 15, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR (4) - 20,000,000 Due August 30, 2018, at 1.10% plus 3 month LIBOR (4) 9,700,000 - Due August 30, 2019,at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR (4) - 9,700,000 Due September 19, 2018, at 1.10% plus 3 month LIBOR (4) 2,220,000 - Due September 19, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR (4) - 2,220,000 Due January 9, 2020, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR (4) - 3,178,000 Due June 2, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR (4) - 34,421,617 Due September 27, 2019, at 1.10% plus 3 month LIBOR (4) - 24,294,636 64,845,655 113,489,907 Loan from Ping An Bank Co., Ltd. Due May 31, 2021, at 6.8875% per annum (7) - 116,417,997 Due May 27, 2021, at 7.3625% per annum (8) - 14,570,463 - 130,988,460 Loan from China Construction Bank Due July 2, 2021, at 6.65% per annum - 56,824,805 Due August 31, 2021, at 7.9% per annum (9) - 17,484,555 Due April 4, 2021, at 6.175% per annum (14) - 36,424,700 - 110,734,060 Loan from Bank of Minsheng Due June 14, 2031, at 8.50% per annum (10) - 62,798,694 Due March 30, 2023 at 8.8825% per annum (11) - 291,394,685 - 354,193,379 Loan from Bank of Hengfeng Due September 20, 2021, at 8.0009% per annum (12) - 73,580,837 Loan from Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd Due September 21, 2021, at 7.98% per annum (13) - 29,286,630 Total 512,349,557 1,249,943,747 Less: current portion of long-term bank loans (501,330,611) (529,904,807) Total long-term bank loans 11,018,946 720,038,940 F-47 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) As of December 31, 2018, the contractual maturities of these loans are as follows: Year Amount US$ 2019 120,802,640 2020 79,500,998 2021 695,446,730 2022 - 2023 and thereafter 354,193,379 Less: current portion of long-term bank loans (529,904,807) Total: long-term bank loans 720,038,940 (1)Pursuant to the loan contracts, if the Group achieves an agreed upon sales target from the sales of the underlying real estate properties underdevelopment, the Group has an obligation to repay certain portion of the loan before the maturity date. Therefore, the respective current portions ofthese loans have been classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2018. (2)Pursuant to the agreements with Bank of China the debt is secured by the Group’s real estate properties under development with net book value ofUS$3,867,049 (December 31, 2017: nil) and the Group’s real estate properties held for lease with net book value of US$13,455,966 (December 31,2017: nil). (3)Pursuant to the agreements with Bank of China the debt is secured by the Group’s real estate properties held for lease with net book value ofUS$15,663,781 (December 31, 2017: nil). F-48 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) (4)Pursuant to the loan contract with The Bank of East Asia, these eight loans from The Bank of East Asia, amounting to US$9.7 million, US$10.0million, US$20.0 million, US$9.7 million, US$2.2 million, US$3.2 million,US$34.4 million and US$24.3 million respectively, are denominated inUS$ and are secured by restricted cash of US$9,907,915 (December 31, 2017: US$10,911,818), US$10,199,324 (December 31, 2017:US$11,279,116), US$20,719,198 (December 31, 2017: US$22,558,232.07), US$10,056,533 (December 31, 2017: US$10,939,365.19),US$2,302,133 (December 31, 2017: US$2,503,749.50), US$3,205,502 (long term restricted cash recorded under non-current assets, December 31,2017: nil), US$36,863,271 (December 31, 2017: nil), and US$24,810,584 (December 31, 2017: nil), respectively. Besides, these loans are secured bysupplementary restricted cash US$3,107,880 as the RMB depreciated against the US dollar in 2018. (5)These loans were paid in full or partially repaid in 2018. (6)Pursuant to the agreement with Bank of Beijing, the debt is secured by the Group’s land use rights with net book value of US$4,456,170 (December31, 2017: US$26,510,878) and partially repaid in 2018. (7)Pursuant to the agreement with Ping An Bank Co., Ltd., the debt is secured by the Group’s land use rights with net book value of US$23,144,926(December 31, 2017: nil) (8)Pursuant to the agreement with Ping An Bank Co., Ltd, the debt is secured by the Group’s land use rights with net book value of US$35,085,752(December 31, 2017: nil). (9)Pursuant to the agreement with China Construction Bank, the debt is secured by the Group’s land use rights with net book value of US$35,052,888(December 31, 2017: nil). (10)Pursuant to the agreements with Bank of Minsheng the debt is secured by the Group’s real estate properties held for lease with net book value ofUS$94,661,603 (December 31, 2017: nil). (11)Pursuant to the agreement with Bank of Minsheng, the debt is secured by the Group’s land use rights with net book value of US$108,344,332(December 31, 2017: nil). (12)Pursuant to the agreements with Bank of Hengfeng the debt is secured by the Group’s real estate properties under development with net book valueof US$26,860,581 (December 31, 2017: nil) and the Group’s land use rights with net book value of US$39,208,344 (December 31, 2017: nil) . (13)Pursuant to the agreement with Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd, the debt is secured by the Group’s land use rights with net book value of US$29,080,964(December 31, 2017: nil). (14)Pursuant to the agreement with China Construction Bank, the debt is secured by restricted cash of US$11,525,236 (December 31, 2017: nil). As of December 31, 2018, except when otherwise indicated, the Group’s long term bank loans were all denominated in RMB and were mainlysecured by the Group’s real estate properties under development with net book value of US$30,727,630 (December 31, 2017: US$399,622), land use rightswith net book value of US$462,352,750 (December 31, 2017: US$114,610,709), the Group’s real estate properties held for lease with net book value ofUS$123,781,349 (December 31, 2017: nil). The interest rates of these bank loans are adjustable based on the range of 100% to 206% of the PBOC prime rate. The weighted average interest rateon long-term bank loans as of December 31, 2018 was 7.16% (December 31, 2017: 5.43%). F-49 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 11.Other long-term debt As of December 31,2017 and 2018, other long-term debt consisted of the following: December 31, December 31, 2017 2018 US$ US$ November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% 293,742,826 295,673,796 August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% 295,270,134 286,741,749 February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% 286,865,011 270,624,821 March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% - 197,226,325 Corporate bonds due on December 28, 2020 at 8.20% 152,661,716 58,275,179 Corporate bonds due on January 27, 2021 at 7.47% 107,005,532 43,709,787 Corporate bonds due on March 14, 2021 at 7.09% 76,420,211 72,849,705 Corporate bonds due on August 15, 2019 at 8.20% 226,122,693 63,404,057 Corporate bonds due on April 7, 2020 at 8.20% 172,188,160 89,655,359 Corporate bonds due on September 21, 2020 at 8.50% - 28,998,553 Collateralized loan due on May 22, 2020 at 10.3192% (2) 135,992,164 189,416,016 Collateralized loan due on November 6, 2018 at 8.20% (1) 6,387,795 - Collateralized loan due on January 4, 2019 at 8.20% (1) 2,794,660 - Collateralized loan due on May 10, 2018 at 7.501% (1) 28,312,572 - Collateralized loan due on July 31, 2021 at 8.00% (1) 48,973,095 - Collateralized loan due on August 2, 2021 at 8.00% (1) 5,662,515 - Collateralized loan due on September 6, 2019 at 8.50% (1) 15,304,092 - Collateralized loan due on October 30, 2019 at 9.30% 2,479,263 2,360,415 Collateralized loan due on November 2, 2019 at 9.30% 28,128,922 26,780,511 Collateralized loan due on November 23, 2024 at 6.90% (1) 40,173,242 - Collateralized loan due on March 17, 2020 at 7.62% (1) 35,199,412 21,855,694 Collateralized loan due on November 30, 2019 at 10.3192% (3) 260,169,569 130,813,615 Collateralized loan due on December 4, 2020 at 12.00% (4) - 1,427,905 Collateralized loan due on November 28, 2020 at 11.50% (5) - 11,656,370 Collateralized loan due on November 9, 2020 at 9.405% - 50,996,620 Collateralized loan due on October 30, 2020 at 11.50% (6) - 40,951,099 Non-controlling shareholder’s loan due on May 23, 2019 at 10.3192% (7) 246,778,489 189,780,277 Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on January 23, 2020 at 5.95% (8) 10,000,000 9,500,000 Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on April 30, 2020 at 5.95% (8) 5,000,000 5,000,000 Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on June 25, 2020 at 5.95% (8) 5,000,000 5,000,000 Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on August 4, 2020 at 5.95% (8) 5,000,000 5,000,000 Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on August 20, 2020 at 5.95%(8) 5,000,000 5,000,000 Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on October 1, 2020 at 5.95%(8) 10,000,000 10,000,000 Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on November 23, 2020 at 5.95% (8) 10,000,000 10,000,000 Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on March 15, 2021 at 5.95% (8) 9,500,000 9,500,000 Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on September 12, 2021 at 5.95% (8) 500,000 500,000 Ozarks loan due on March 24, 2020 at 4.50% plus 1 month LIBOR (9) 22,283,892 24,008,924 Bank Direct Capital Finance loan due on January 1, 2020 at 4.19% (10) 2,801,117 1,762,072 Total principal of other long-term debt 2,551,717,082 2,158,468,849 Less: current portion of other long-term debt (1,146,902,643) (1,118,013,649) Total other long-term debt 1,404,814,439 1,040,455,200 F-50 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The August 2019, November 2020, February 2021 and March 2020 Senior Secured Notes are senior secured pari passu obligations of the Company. As of December 31, 2018, the contractual maturities of these debts are as follows: Year Amount US$ 2019 699,880,624 2020 1,061,403,912 2021 397,184,313 2022 - 2023 and thereafter - Less: current portion of other long term debt (1,118,013,649) Total: Other long-term debt 1,040,455,200 (1)These loans were paid in full or partially repaid in 2018. (2)Pursuant to the agreements with Ping An Trust Co., Ltd., this other long-term debt is secured by the Group’s equity interest in Qingdao Huiju. (3)Pursuant to the agreements with Ping An Trust Co., Ltd., the debt is secured by the Group’s 51% equity interest of Henan Renxin. (4)Pursuant to the agreements with Wanxiang Trust Co., Ltd., the debt is secured by the Group’s real estate properties under development with net bookvalue of US$963,588 (December 31, 2017: nil), land use rights with net book value of US$92,753 (December 31, 2017: nil) and the Group’s realestate properties development completed with net book value of US$576,774 (December 31, 2017: nil). (5)Pursuant to the agreements with Huarong International Trust Co., Ltd, the debt is secured by the Group’s land use rights with net book value ofUS$396,377 (December 31, 2017: nil) and the Group’s real estate properties development completed with net book value of US$4,346,035(December 31, 2017: nil). (6)Pursuant to the agreements with Huarong International Trust Co., Ltd, the debt is secured by the Group’s land use rights with net book value ofUS$7,299,073 (December 31, 2017: nil), the Group’s real estate properties held for lease with net book value of US$33,336,335 (December 31,2017: nil) and the Group’s real estate properties development completed with net book value of US$1,048,715 (December 31, 2017: nil). (7)Pursuant to the agreements with Ping An Trust Co., Ltd., which is the non-controlling shareholder of Ruihao Rongtong, this other long-term debt issecured by the Group’s 65% equity interest in Ruihao Rongtong. (8)Pursuant to the agreements with Kent EB-5 LLC, this other long-term debt amounting to US$59.5 million in total, is denominated in US$ withmaturity dates that vary from January 23, 2020 to September 12, 2021. F-51 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) (9)Pursuant to the agreements with Bank of Ozarks (“Ozarks”), Hudson 888 Owner LLC has agreed to provide security in the form of mortgages andassignment of leases and rents. In addition, XIN Development Group International Inc., agreed to, jointly and severally, provide a number ofguarantees, including carve out guaranty, completion guaranty, repayment guaranty and carry guaranty to Ozarks and its successors in relation tothe mortgaged property, liabilities of and/or payments to Ozarks. The other long-term debt is denominated in US$. (10)Pursuant to the agreements with Bank Direct Capital Finance, this other long-term debt is denominated in US$ and unsecured, and repayable in 30months from August 1 2017. The balance to be paid in next year has been classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2018, except when otherwise indicated and the Senior Secured Notes, the Group’s other long-term debt was all denominated inRMB and mainly secured by the Group’s real estate properties under development with net book value of US$963,588 (December 31, 2017: nil ), land userights with net book value of US$584,008,103 (December 31, 2017: US$772,031,141), real estate properties held for lease with net book value ofUS$51,648,281 (December 31, 2017: US$48,610,581), and real estate properties development completed with net book value of US$36,801,393 (December31, 2017: US$70,161,378). June 2019 Senior Secured Notes On December 6, 2013, the Company issued senior notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 due June 6, 2019 at a coupon rateof 13% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest is payable on June 6 and December 6 of each year, commencing June 6, 2014. The effective interest rate of June 2019 Senior Secured Notes is 14.05%. The June 2019 Senior Secured Notes were issued pursuant to the June 2019 Indenture, dated December 6, 2013, between the Company, the“Subsidiary Guarantors” identified below and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and collateral agent. The Company’s obligations under the June 2019Indenture and the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes have been guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd.,Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Ltd., South Glory International Ltd., Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. and XinyuanInternational (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will be guaranteed by such other future subsidiaries of the Companyas is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the June 2019 Indenture. The Company’s obligations under the June 2019 Indenture and the June 2019Senior Secured Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., XinyuanInternational Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Ltd., South Glory International Ltd. and Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. The Company may redeem the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes, in whole or in part, at 106.5% and 103.25% of principal amount, plus accrued andunpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the redemption date during the 12 month period commencing on June 6, 2017 and June 6, 2018, respectively. At any time prior to June 6, 2017, the Company may at its option redeem the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at aredemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaidinterest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. “Applicable Premium” means with respect to any Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i)1.00% of the principal amount of such Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the redemption price of such Note on June6, 2017, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such Note through June 6, 2017 (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to theredemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the June 2019 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B)the principal amount of such Note on such redemption date. F-52 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the June 2019 Senior Secured Notesunder the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because theembedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the June 2019 Secured Senior Notes. The June 2019 Indenture, as amended, contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company’s ability and the ability of theCompany’s Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the June 2019 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments orinvestments, to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, to sell assets (including limitations on the use of proceeds of asset sales), to grant liens onthe collateral securing the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes or other assets, to make certain other payments or to engage in transactions with affiliates andholders of more than 10% of the Company’s Common Shares, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, in certain circumstances ofspecified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the June 2019 Indenture) of 2.75 to 1.0 (reduced from 3.0 to 1.0 effective February2016). The Company accounted for the amendments, which did not result in a debt extinguishment pursuant to ASC 470-50, Debt – Modifications andExchanges. For a further discussion of the amendments to the June 2019 Indenture, see Note 2 (ad) above. On July 10, 2017, the Company redeemed the June 2019 Senior Secured Notes for a total redemption amount of US$215,456,000 consisting of theentire outstanding principal balance, interest to the redemption date and debt redemption price amounting to US$200,000,000, US$2,456,000 andUS$13,000,000 (equal to the 6.5% of the outstanding principal amount), respectively. The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amountingto US$15,879,702, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$13,000,000 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting toUS$2,879,702. The Company funded the redemption using the proceeds from the issuance of its February 2021 Senior Secured Notes. August 2019 Senior Secured Notes On August 30, 2016, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes. The August2019 Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 8.125% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on February 28 and August 30 of each year,commencing February 28, 2017. The effective interest rate of August 2019 Senior Secured Notes is 9.06%. The August 2019 Senior Secured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated August 30, 2016, between the Company, the “SubsidiaryGuarantors” identified below and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and collateral agent (the “August 2019 Indenture”). The Company’s obligationsunder the August 2019 Indenture and the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes have been guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries,Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Ltd., South Glory International Ltd., Elite QuestHoldings Ltd. and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will be guaranteed by such other futuresubsidiaries of the Company as is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the August 2019 Indenture. The Company’s obligations under the August2019 Indenture and the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries,Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory International Limited andElite Quest Holdings Ltd.. At any time prior to August 30, 2019, the Company may at its option redeem the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at aredemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued andunpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. “Applicable Premium” means with respect to any August 2019 Senior Secured Note at anyredemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such August 2019 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at suchredemption date of the principal amount of such August 2019 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on suchAugust 2019 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to theredemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the August 2019 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over(B) the principal amount of such August 2019 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date. F-53 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) At any time prior to August 30, 2019, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the August 2019 Senior SecuredNotes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at aredemption price of 108.125% of the principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but notincluding) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes issued on August 30,2016 remain outstanding after each such redemption. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the August 2019 Senior SecuredNotes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because theembedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the August 2019 Secured Senior Notes. The August 2019 Indenture, contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’sRestricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the August 2019 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments orinvestments, to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, to sell assets (including limitations on the use of proceeds of asset sales), to grant liens onthe collateral securing the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes or other assets, to make certain other payments or to engage in transactions with affiliates andholders of more than 10% of the Company’s Common Shares, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, in certain circumstances ofspecified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the August 2019 Indenture) of 2.50 to 1.0. From August 31, 2018 to December 31, 2018, the Company redeemed the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount ofUS$11.9 million. The Company recognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$511,919, consisting of the gain from the difference betweenrepurchase price and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$577,449 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting toUS$65,530. February 2021 Senior Secured Notes On February 28, 2017, The Company issued an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes. TheFebruary 2021 Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 7.75% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on February 28 and August 28 of eachyear, commencing August 28, 2017. The February 2021 Senior Secured Notes have a four year term maturing on February 28, 2021. The effective interest rate of February 2021 Senior Secured Notes is 8.68%. The February 2021 Senior Secured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated February 28, 2017, between the Company, the “SubsidiaryGuarantors” identified below and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and collateral agent (the “February 2021 Indenture”). The Company’s obligationsunder the February 2021 Indenture and the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes have been guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly-ownedsubsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Ltd., South Glory InternationalLtd., Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will be guaranteed bysuch other future subsidiaries of the Company as is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the February 2021 Indenture. The Company’s obligationsunder the February 2021 Indenture and the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of the Company’s wholly-ownedsubsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory InternationalLimited and Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. At any time prior to February 28, 2021, the Company may at its option redeem the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at aredemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued andunpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. “Applicable Premium” means with respect to any February 2021 Senior Secured Note atany redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such February 2021 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value atsuch redemption date of the principal amount of such February 2021 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due onsuch February 2021 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest tothe redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the February 2021 Indenture) plus 100 basis points,over (B) the principal amount of such February 2021 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date. F-54 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) At any time prior to February 28, 2021, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the February 2021 Senior SecuredNotes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at aredemption price of 107.75% of the principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but notincluding) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes issued on February28, 2017 remain outstanding after each such redemption. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the February 2021 Senior SecuredNotes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because theembedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the February 2021 Secured Senior Notes. The February 2021 Indenture, contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’sRestricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the February 2021 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments orinvestments, to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, to sell assets (including limitations on the use of proceeds of asset sales), to grant liens onthe collateral securing the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes or other assets, to make certain other payments or to engage in transactions with affiliates andholders of more than 10% of the Company’s Common Shares, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, in certain circumstances ofspecified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the February 2021 Indenture) of 2.0 to 1.0. From August 31, 2018 to December 31, 2018, the Company redeemed the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount ofUS$25.4 million. The Company recognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$2,642,710, consisting of the gain from the difference betweenrepurchase price and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$3,043,135 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting toUS$400,425. November 2020 Senior Secured Notes On November 22, 2017 and December 1, 2017, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 and US$100,000,000 of theNovember 2020 Senior Secured Notes, respectively. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 8.875% per annum payable semi-annually.Interest will be payable on May 22 and November 22 of each year, commencing May 22, 2018. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes have a three yearterm maturing on November 22, 2020. The effective interest rate of November 2020 Senior Secured Notes is 9.95%. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated November 22, 2017, between the Company, the “SubsidiaryGuarantors” identified below and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and collateral agent (the “November 2020 Indenture”). The Company’sobligations under the November 2020 Indenture and the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes have been guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Ltd., South GloryInternational Ltd., Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will beguaranteed by such other future subsidiaries of the Company as is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the November 2020 Indenture. TheCompany’s obligations under the November 2020 Indenture and the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of theCompany’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited,South Glory International Limited and Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. F-55 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) At any time prior to November 22, 2020, the Company may at its option redeem the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part,at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accruedand unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. “Applicable Premium” means with respect to any November 2020 Senior Secured Noteat any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such November 2020 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the presentvalue at such redemption date of the principal amount of such November 2020 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest paymentsdue on such November 2020 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaidinterest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the November 2020 Indenture) plus 100basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such November 2020 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date. At any time prior to November 22, 2020, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the November 2020 SeniorSecured Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equityoffering, at a redemption price of 108.875% of the principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to(but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes issued onNovember 22, 2017 remain outstanding after each such redemption. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the November 2020 Senior SecuredNotes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because theembedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the November 2020 Secured Senior Notes. The November 2020 Indenture, contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’sRestricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the November 2020 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments orinvestments, to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, to sell assets (including limitations on the use of proceeds of asset sales), to grant liens onthe collateral securing the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes or other assets, to make certain other payments or to engage in transactions with affiliatesand holders of more than 10% of the Company’s Common Shares, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, in certain circumstancesof specified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the November 2020 Indenture) of 2.0 to 1.0. March 2020 Senior Secured Notes On March 19, 2018, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes. The March2020 Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 9.875% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on March 19 and September 19 of each year,commencing September 19, 2018. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes have a two year term maturing on March 19, 2020. The effective interest rate of March 2020 Senior Secured Notes is 11.34%. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated March 19, 2017, between the Company, the “SubsidiaryGuarantors” identified below and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and collateral agent (the “March 2020 Indenture”). The Company’s obligationsunder the March 2020 Indenture and the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes have been guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries,Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Ltd., South Glory International Ltd., Elite QuestHoldings Ltd. and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will be guaranteed by such other futuresubsidiaries of the Company as is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the March 2020 Indenture. The Company’s obligations under the March2020 Indenture and the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, XinyuanReal Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory International Limited and EliteQuest Holdings Ltd. F-56 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) At any time prior to March 19, 2020, the Company may at its option redeem the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at aredemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued andunpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. “Applicable Premium” means with respect to any March 2020 Senior Secured Note at anyredemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such March 2020 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at suchredemption date of the principal amount of such March 2020 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on suchMarch 2020 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to theredemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the March 2020 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over(B) the principal amount of such March 2020 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date. At any time prior to March 19, 2020, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the March 2020 Senior SecuredNotes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at aredemption price of 109.875% of the principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but notincluding) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes issued on March 19,2018 remain outstanding after each such redemption. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the March 2020 Senior SecuredNotes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because theembedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes. The March 2020 Indenture, contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’sRestricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the March 2020 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments or investments,to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, to sell assets (including limitations on the use of proceeds of asset sales), to grant liens on the collateralsecuring the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes or other assets, to make certain other payments or to engage in transactions with affiliates and holders of morethan 10% of the Company’s Common Shares, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, in certain circumstances of specifiedconditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the March 2020 Indenture) of 2.0 to 1.0. Onshore Corporate Bonds On December 28, 2015, Xinyuan China issued the first tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB 1 billion(US$154 million) due on December 28, 2020 (the “First Tranche Bonds”) at a coupon rate of 7.5% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable onDecember 28 of each year, commencing December 28, 2016. On January 27, 2016, Xinyuan China issued the second tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB 0.7billion (US$107 million) due on January 27, 2021 (the “Second Tranche Bonds”) at a coupon rate of 7.47% per annum payable annually. Interest is payableon January 27 of each year, commencing January 27, 2017. On March 14, 2016, Xinyuan China issued the third tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB 0.5 billion(US$77 million) due on March 14, 2021 (the “Third Tranche Bonds”) at a coupon rate of 7.09% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on March 14of each year, commencing March 14, 2017. F-57 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The above three tranches of onshore corporate bonds were issued at par. Upon the third anniversary of the issuance of each tranche of bonds,Xinyuan China may adjust the applicable coupon rate and the holders have the right within a specified time period to require the Company to repurchase thebonds following the Company’s announcement of whether it intends to adjust the interest rate. Upon the third anniversary on December 28, 2017, the firsttranche of the onshore corporate bonds have been reclassified to current liabilities. Upon the third anniversary on January 27, 2018, the second tranche of theonshore corporate bonds have been reclassified to current liabilities. Upon the third anniversary on March 14, 2018, the third tranche of the onshorecorporate bonds have been reclassified to current liabilities. On December 28, 2018, Xinyuan China adjusted the annual interest rate of the First TrancheBonds to 8.2% from 7.5%. The first and second tranche of the onshore corporate bonds have been reclassified to non-current liabilities. From November 19, 2018 to November 30, 2018, the Company redeemed the First Tranche Bonds for a total principal amount of RMB 0.6 billion(US$87 million). The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$6,518,487, consisting of both the debt redemption priceamounting to US$6,509,574 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$8,913. From December 14, 2018 to December 21, 2018, the Company redeemed the Second Tranche Bonds for a total principal amount of RMB 0.4 billion(US$58 million). The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$4,775,500, consisting of both the debt redemption priceamounting to US$4,773,284 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$2,216. On August 15, 2016, Xinyuan China issued a new tranche of onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB 1.5 billion(US$216 million) due on August 15, 2019 (the “New Tranche”) at a coupon rate of 7.5% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on August 15 ofeach year, commencing August 15, 2017. On April 7, 2017, Xinyuan China issued a new second tranche of onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB 1.13 billion(US$173 million) due on April 7, 2020 (the “2017 Tranche”) at a coupon rate of 8.2% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on April 7 of eachyear, commencing April 7, 2018. Upon the first anniversary of the issuance of the New Tranche and 2017 Tranche, respectively, Xinyuan China may adjust the applicable coupon rateand the holders have the right within a specified time period to require the Company to repurchase the bonds following the Company’s announcement ofwhether it intends to adjust the interest rate. Therefore, the entire amount of the New Tranche and 2017 Tranche, respectively, has been classified as currentliabilities for the periods presented. On August 15, 2017, Xinyuan China adjusted the annual interest rate of the New Tranche Bonds to 8.2% from 7.5%. Theannual interest rate of the 2017 Tranche Bonds remained unchanged, at 8.2%. From August 1, 2018 to August 3, 2018, the Company redeemed the New Tranche for a total principal amount of RMB 1.05 billion (US$153million). The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$5,989,710, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting toUS$5,710,866 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$278,844. On March 20, 2018, the Company redeemed the 2017 Tranche for a total principal amount of RMB 0.5 billion (US$73 million). The Companyrecognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$3,782,353, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$3,494,557 andunamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$287,796. On September 20, 2018, Xinyuan China issued a new tranche of onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB 600 million(US$87 million) due on September 21, 2020 (the “2018 Tranche”) at a coupon rate of 8.5% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on September 21of each year, commencing September 21, 2019. The above three tranches of onshore corporate bonds were issued at par. On September 21, 2018, the Company redeemed the 2018 Tranche for a total principal amount of RMB 0.4 billion (US$58 million). The Companyrecognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$3,599,937, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$3,291,086 andunamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$308,851. F-58 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 12.Capital lease obligations On October 23, 2012, the Group entered into an agreement with Minsheng Hongtai (Tianjin) Aircraft Leasing Co., Ltd. (“Minsheng”) to lease acorporate aircraft. The lease meets the transfer-of-ownership to the lessee criterion and is therefore, classified as a capital lease. The corporate aircraft wasdelivered on September 12, 2013, and the capital lease commenced on September 15, 2013 (the “Commencement Date”). The lease has an eight year termand expires on September 15, 2021. The Group has to make 32 quarterly lease payments of US$1,426,435 starting from the Commencement Date. In 2012,Henan Xinyuan paid a deposit in the amount of US$6.7 million to Minsheng. Upon the expiration of the lease agreement, the deposit in the amount ofUS$6.7 million may be used as full and final payment to Minsheng to purchase the corporate aircraft. The effective interest rate for the capital leaseobligation is 10.47%. On August 1, 2016, the Group entered into a sale and leaseback agreement with Shenzhen Zhong An for shopping mall equipment. Upon expirationof the lease period and settlement of all the lease payments, the Group is entitled to purchase the leased assets at a nominal amount. The lease meets thetransfer-of-ownership to the lessee criterion and is therefore, classified as a capital lease. The capital lease commenced on August 1, 2016 (the“Commencement Date”). The lease has a three year term and expires on July 31, 2019. The Group has to make 12 quarterly lease payments of US$260,143starting from the Commencement Date. The effective interest rate for the capital lease obligation is 5.58%. On November 28, 2018, the Group paid all thelease payments in advance. On November 30, 2018, the Group entered into a sale and leaseback agreement with Shenzhen Zhong An for shopping mall equipment. Upon theexpiry of the lease period and settlement of all the lease payments, the Group is entitled to purchase the leased assets at a nominal amount. The lease meetsthe transfer-of-ownership to the lessee criterion and is therefore, classified as a capital lease. The capital lease commenced on November 30, 2018 (the “2018Commencement Date”). The lease has a three year term and expires on November 29, 2021. The sales consideration received for the shopping mall equipmentwas US$7,562,237; and the Group agreed to make 12 quarterly lease payments for an aggregate amount of US$8,059,227 starting from the 2018Commencement Date. The effective interest rate for the capital lease obligation is 6.95%. Capital lease obligations are summarized as follows: December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Capital lease obligations, net of current maturities Due to Minsheng 10,764,638 6,362,777 Due to related party - Shenzhen Zhong An 650,706 3,652,014 11,415,344 10,014,791 Current maturities of capital lease obligations Due to Minsheng 3,353,698 3,657,730 Due to related party - Shenzhen Zhong An 1,118,688 2,904,695 4,472,386 6,562,425 Total capital lease obligations 15,887,730 16,577,216 F-59 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 13.Customer deposits Advances for real estate properties comprise of sales proceeds received from customers for the pre-sale of residential units in the PRC. Advances forreal estate properties are typically funded up to 40% - 80% by mortgage loans made by banks to the customers. The Group holds certain cash balances inrestricted cash accounts at the relevant banks (Note 2 (f)). The Group, in return, has a right to withhold transfer of title to the customer until outstandingamounts are fully settled. December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Advances for real estate properties 1,683,218,520 3,218,686,349 Add: increase in revenue recognized in excess of amounts received from customers 76,399,991 32,408,393 Less: recognized as progress billings (Note 4) (1,321,276,798) (1,329,243,487) Customer deposits (Note 2(n)) 438,341,713 1,921,851,255 14.Income taxes (a)Corporate income tax (“CIT”) Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to income tax and withholding tax. The Company’s PRC subsidiaries are subject to income tax at the statutory rate of 25% in accordance to the PRC corporate income tax laws andregulations. Further, under the same tax laws and regulations, dividends paid by PRC enterprises out of profits earned post-2007 to non-PRC tax residentinvestors are subject to PRC dividend withholding tax of 10%. A lower withholding tax rate may be applied based on applicable tax treaty with certainjurisdictions. The Company’s HK subsidiaries are subject to income tax at the statutory rate of 16.5% in accordance to the HK profits tax laws and regulations.The Company did not make any provisions for Hong Kong Profits Tax as there were no assessable profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong for any of theperiods presented. Under the Hong Kong tax law, the Company’s HK subsidiaries are exempted from income tax on its foreign-derived income and there areno withholding taxes in Hong Kong on remittance of dividends. The Company’s US subsidiaries are subject to income tax at the effective rate of approximately 33% in accordance with US corporate income taxlaws and regulations, dividends and interests paid by US enterprises to non-US tax resident enterprises are subject to US withholding tax of 30%. Income before income tax expenses consists of: Year ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ PRC 211,620,233 275,898,007 355,674,888 Non PRC (45,909,678) (82,669,476) (105,275,621) Total 165,710,555 193,228,531 250,399,267 F-60 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 are summarized as follows: Year ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ Current: CIT tax expense 70,285,607 103,302,037 141,399,866 Land Appreciation Tax (“LAT”) expense 33,254,340 40,203,748 62,996,403 Deferred tax benefit (17,292,072) (30,388,659) (59,949,022) Income tax expense 86,247,875 113,117,126 144,447,247 The Group’s income tax expense differs from the tax expense computed by applying the PRC statutory CIT rate of 25% for the years endedDecember 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ CIT at rate of 25% 41,427,639 48,307,133 62,599,817 Tax effect of non-deductible expenses 7,425,406 3,641,665 5,799,761 Unrecognized tax benefits (1,949,726) - - LAT expense 33,254,340 40,203,748 62,996,403 CIT benefit of LAT (8,313,585) (10,050,937) (15,749,101)Changes in valuation allowance (1,161,335) 3,180,741 (491,075)International rate differences 17,814,114 10,149,331 18,224,012 Dividend and interest withholding taxes - 18,877,500 15,403,663 Adjustment of estimated income tax accruals (1,979,380) (954,552) (3,952,396)Others (269,598) (237,503) (383,837) Actual income tax expense 86,247,875 113,117,126 144,447,247 (b)Unrecognized tax benefit The following table summarizes the activities related to the Group’s unrecognized tax benefits: 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ Balance at January 1 17,842,283 20,491,988 31,231,376 Additions for tax positions of current year 5,549,004 10,813,497 15,500,052 Movement in current year due to foreign exchange rate fluctuation (68,926) 2,001 - Reductions for tax positions of prior years (880,647) (76,110) - Lapse of statute of limitations (1,949,726) - - Reduction due to company liquidation - - (792,194) Balance at December 31 20,491,988 31,231,376 45,939,234 F-61 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The movement in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits of US$5,549,004 in 2016 was due to deemed interest income from subsidiaries of theCompany during the year. The movement in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits of US$68,926 was due to the fluctuation of US$/RMB exchange rate,and therefore was recorded as other comprehensive income arising from the foreign currency translation. The remaining change of US$1,949,726 wasrecognized as a reduction of unrecognized tax benefits mainly due to the expiration of the statute of limitations period, and the amount of US$880,647 wasrecognized due to the availability for taxation deductions in 2016. The movement in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits of US$10,813,497 in 2017 was due to deemed interest income from subsidiaries of theCompany during the year. The movement in the liability for unrecognized tax losses of US$2,001 was due to the fluctuation of US$/RMB exchange rate, andtherefore was recorded as other comprehensive income arising from the foreign currency translation. The remaining change of US$76,110 was recognized dueto the availability for taxation deductions in 2017. The current year movement in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits of US$15,500,052 in 2018 was due to deemed interest income fromsubsidiaries of the Company during the year. The change of US$792,194 was recognized mainly due to the liquidation of a company. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, unrecognized tax benefits of nil and nil, respectively, if ultimately recognized, will impact the effective tax rate.The Group anticipates new unrecognized tax benefits, related to tax positions similar to those giving rise to its existing unrecognized tax benefits, tooriginate after December 31, 2018. It is possible that the amount of uncertain tax positions will change in the next twelve months, however, an estimate of therange of the possible outcomes cannot be made at this time. The Group’s income tax returns for fiscal year 2008 through fiscal year 2018 remain open to potential examination. In addition, local tax authoritiesmay exercise broad discretion in applying the tax law, thus potentially exposing the subsidiaries to audits of tax years outside the general statute oflimitations. It is the Group’s continuing practice to recognize late payment interests and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in interest expenses andother expenses, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the Group recognized US$2.7 million late payment interests related to unrecognized tax benefit. (c)LAT LAT is applicable at progressive tax rates ranging from 30% to 60% on the appreciation of land values, with an exemption provided for the sales ofordinary residential properties if the appreciation values do not exceed certain thresholds specified in the relevant tax laws. For all periods presented, the Group has made provision for LAT with respect to properties sold up to the respective reporting date in accordancewith the requirements set forth in the relevant PRC tax laws and regulations. F-62 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) (d)Deferred tax The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Group’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 are asfollows: December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Deferred tax assets: Tax loss carried forward 41,367,888 42,185,810 Accruals and provisions 46,491,643 48,850,991 Capitalized expenses 11,992,000 26,796,716 Revenue recognition at a point in time less tax paid under deemed profit method - 130,498,661 Revenue recognition of real estate lease income on a straight-line basis 11,285,190 14,269,520 Deemed interest income 31,231,375 43,266,604 Valuation allowance (6,706,131) (5,941,941)Others 12,843 - Total deferred tax assets 135,674,808 299,926,361 Deferred tax liabilities: Revenue recognition over time (76,968,132) (77,968,759)Real estate properties accelerated cost deduction (1,274,068) (1,212,993)Taxable temporary differences arising from asset acquisitions (107,224,810) (307,747,731)Dividend and interest withholding taxes (32,377,738) (52,991,279)Others (27,508) (61,732) Total deferred tax liabilities (217,872,256) (439,982,494) Certain of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries have PRC tax net operating loss carry forwards of US$159.9 million (2017: US$153.9) which will expirein one to five years, if unutilized. Losses incurred in the U.S. amounting to 1.5 million (2017: US$9.1 million) can be carried forward for 20 years. During 2017 and 2018, the Company has considered its operational funding needs, future development initiatives and its dividend distribution planand is permanently reinvesting all but US$172.2 million and US$374.4 million of its PRC subsidiaries earnings as at December 31, 2017 and 2018respectively. Accordingly, the Company accrued deferred income tax liabilities of US$21.9 million and US$37.4 million for the withholding tax liabilityassociated with the distribution of retained earnings that are not permanently reinvested as at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. As of December2017 and 2018, the total amount of undistributed earnings from the Company’s PRC subsidiaries that are considered to be permanently reinvested wereUS$547.0 million and US$227.2 million, and the related unrecognized deferred tax liabilities were approximately US$54.7 million and US$22.7 million,respectively. The Company’s remaining subsidiaries do not have retained earnings for all the periods presented. In assessing the ability to realize the deferred tax assets, the Group has considered whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of thedeferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during theperiods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Accordingly, the Group recorded valuation allowances amounting US$6,706,131 andUS$5,941,941 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. F-63 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 15.Share-based compensation As of December 31, 2018, the Company has three share-based compensation plans under which awards may be granted to both employees and non-employees, namely, the 2007 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”), 2015 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), and 2014 Restricted StockUnit Plan (the “2014 RSU Plan”). Compensation cost of US$3,382,628 (2016: US$7,828,255, 2017: US$4,894,478) was recorded in general andadministrative expenses with a corresponding credit to additional paid-in capital and payroll and welfare payable in the year ended December 31, 2018. Thecompensation cost is regarded as a permanent difference for income tax purposes as the options were granted by the Company, which is registered in theCayman Islands, a tax free jurisdiction. Hence, no tax benefit was recognized upon the recognition of compensation cost. The Company has a policy of usingauthorized shares in the existing pool to satisfy any future exercise of share options and shares repurchased held by a third party trustee to satisfy the RSUsgranted under the 2014 RSU Plan. 2007 Plan In November 2007, the Company adopted the 2007 Plan which provides for the grant of options, restricted shares, restricted stock units, stockappreciation rights and other stock-based awards to purchase its common shares. The maximum aggregate number of common shares which may be issuedpursuant to all awards, including options, is 10 million common shares, subject to adjustment to account for changes in the capitalization of the Company. On February 26, 2015, under the 2007 Plan, the Company granted share options with service conditions to purchase up to 200,000 common sharesto one employee, at an exercise price of US$1.255 per share. These options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.36 per option and a totalexpected compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$71,853. These options have vesting periods based on length of service of 36 months and willexpire no later than February 26, 2025. On April 10, 2015, under the 2007 Plan, the Company granted share options with service conditions to purchase up to 600,000 common shares toone employee, at an exercise price of US$1.605 per share. These options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.52 per option and a totalexpected compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$312,671. These options have vesting periods based on length of service of 36 months and willexpire no later than April 10, 2025. On July 1, 2015, under the 2007 Plan, the Company granted share options with service conditions to purchase up to 1,200,000 common shares totwo employees, at an exercise price of US$1.71 per share. These options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.48 per option and a totalexpected compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$577,836. These options have vesting periods based on length of service of 36 months and willexpire no later than July 1, 2025. On September 30, 2015, under the 2007 Plan, the Company granted share options with service conditions to purchase up to 200,000 common sharesto one employee, at an exercise price of US$1.39 per share. These options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.50 per option and a totalexpected compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$100,243. These options have vesting periods based on length of service of 36 months and willexpire no later than September 30, 2025. On November 6, 2015, under the 2007 Plan, the Company granted share options with service conditions to purchase up to 200,000 common sharesto one employee, at an exercise price of US$1.81 per share. These options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.61 per option and a totalexpected compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$122,109. These options have vesting periods based on length of service of 36 months and willexpire no later than November 6, 2025. 2015 Plan In June 2015, the Company approved the 2015 Plan to provide grant of options to purchase shares of company stock with maximum aggregatenumber of 20 million common shares, subject to adjustment to account for changes in the capitalization of the Company. F-64 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) On July 1, 2015, under the 2015 Plan, the Company granted share options with service conditions to purchase up to 6,574,600 common shares totwenty-two employees, at an exercise price of US$1.71 per share. These options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.48 per option and atotal expected compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$3,165,867. These options have vesting periods based on length of service of 34 monthsand will expire no later than July 1, 2025. On July 29, 2015, under the 2015 Plan, the Company granted share options with service conditions to purchase up to 81,600 common shares to oneemployee, at an exercise price of US$1.71 per share. These options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.42 per option and a total expectedcompensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$34,294. These options have vesting periods based on length of service of 33 months and will expire nolater than July 29, 2025. Assumptions No options were granted during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018. The fair value of each option is estimated on the date of grant using the Dividend Adjusted Black-Scholes option-pricing model that uses theassumptions noted below. OptionsGranted in2015Under the2007 Plan OptionsGranted in2015Under the2015 Plan Average risk-free rate of return % 1.82-1.92% 1.57-1.92%Expected term 6 Years 6 Years Volatility rate % 46.3-55.2% 55.0-55.9%Dividend yield % 5% 5% The risk-free rate for periods within the expected life of the option is based on the implied yield rates of U.S treasury yield curve in effect at the timeof grant. The expected life of options represents the period of time the granted options are expected to be outstanding. The Company had limited historicalexercise data. Therefore, the expected life was estimated as the average of the contractual term and the vesting period. The dividend yield was based on theCompany’s dividend distribution plan. The expected volatility was based on the historical daily stock price of the Company, annualized. F-65 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Share Option Activity The following table is a summary of the Company’s share option activity under the 2007 Plan (in US$, except options): Options Under the 2007 Plan Number ofOptions WeightedAverageExercisePrice WeightedRemainingContractualLife (Years) AggregateIntrinsic Value Outstanding, January 1, 2018 2.975 (exercise price) 180,000 2.975 0.50 77,400 1.21 (exercise price) 112,738 1.21 2.95 247,460 1.085 (exercise price) 100,000 1.085 3.50 232,000 1.64 (exercise price) 200,000 1.64 4.87 353,000 1.21 (exercise price) 39,400 1.21 6.50 86,483 1.81(exercise price) 68,000 1.81 7.85 108,460 Granted - - - - Exercised 1.21 (exercise price) 100,000 1.21 - 186,450 1.64 (exercise price) 100,000 1.64 - 141,327 Forfeited 2.975 (exercise price) 180,000 2.975 - - Outstanding, December 31, 2018 1.21 (exercise price) 12,738 1.21 1.95 32,991 1.085 (exercise price) 100,000 1.085 2.50 271,500 1.64 (exercise price) 100,000 1.64 3.87 216,000 1.21 (exercise price) 39,400 1.21 5.50 102,046 1.81(exercise price) 68,000 1.81 6.85 135,320 Exercisable as at December 31, 2018 1.21 (exercise price) 12,738 1.21 1.95 32,991 1.085 (exercise price) 100,000 1.085 2.50 271,500 1.64 (exercise price) 100,000 1.64 3.87 216,000 1.21 (exercise price) 39,400 1.21 5.50 102,046 1.81(exercise price) 68,000 1.81 6.85 135,320 The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value (the aggregate difference between the Company’s closing stockprice of US$3.80 per common share as of December 31, 2018 and the exercise price for in-the-money options) that would have been received by the optionholders if all in-the-money options had been exercised on December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, there was no unrecognized compensation costrelated to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted to employees, under the 2007 Plan. Total fair value of options vested during the yearended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was US$362,487, US$40,703 and US$33,919, respectively. F-66 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The following table is a summary of the Company’s share option activity under the 2015 Plan (in US$, except options): Options Under the 2015 Plan Number ofOptions WeightedAverageExercisePrice WeightedRemainingContractualLife (Years) AggregateIntrinsic Value Outstanding, January 1, 2018 1.71(exercise price) 54,400 1.71 7.58 92,208 1.71(exercise price) 3,524,922 1.71 7.50 5,974,743 Granted - - - - Exercised 1.71(exercise price) 646,588 1.71 - 612,734 Forfeited 1.71 (exercise price) 54,400 1.71 - - 1.71 (exercise price) 81,600 1.71 - - Outstanding, December 31, 2018 1.71(exercise price) 2,796,734 1.71 6.50 5,845,173 Exercisable as at December 31, 2018 1.71(exercise price) 2,796,734 1.71 6.50 5,845,173 The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value (the aggregate difference between the Company’s closing stockprice of US$3.80 per common share as of December 31, 2018 and the exercise price for in-the-money options) that would have been received by the optionholders if all in-the-money options had been exercised on December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, there was no unrecognized compensation costrelated to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted to employees, under the 2015 Plan. Total fair value of options vested during the yearended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was US$952,941, US$769,798 and US$228,534, respectively. 2014 RSU Plan On May 23, 2014, the Board of Directors approved the 2014 RSU Plan, which is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board ofDirectors. The 2014 RSU Plan provides for discretionary grants of restricted stock units, or RSUs, to or for the benefit of participating employees. Themaximum number of common shares that may be delivered to 2014 RSU Plan participants in connection with RSUs granted under the 2014 RSU Plan is10,000,000, subject to adjustment if the Company’s outstanding common shares are increased, decreased, changed into or exchanged for a different numberor kind of shares or securities of the Company through a reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split orother similar transaction. On May 23, 2014, the Company established a trust that is governed by a third party trustee and deposited US$7,042,725 into the trust. The trusteeused the funds to acquire 4,234,884 common shares in the open market. The awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fairvalue of the restricted shares granted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. On April 10, 2015, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$3,259,998 into the trust. The trustee used the funds to acquire 2,076,964common shares from the open market. The awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fair value of the restricted sharesgranted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. On April 18, 2016, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$4,003,999 into the trust. The trustee used the funds to acquire 1,614,220common shares from the open market. The awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fair value of the restricted sharesgranted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. On July 27, 2017, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$3,485,952 into the trust. The trustee has not used the funds to acquire anycommon shares from the open market as of December 31, 2017. The awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fair value ofthe restricted shares granted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. F-67 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) On July 30, 2018, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$3,976,660 into the trust. The trustee has used the funds to acquire1,732,466 common shares from the open market as of December 31, 2018. The awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fairvalue of the restricted shares granted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. The trustee has used the funds to acquire 1,356,584 common shares from the open market as of December 31, 2018. The weighted average grant-date fair value of restricted shares granted during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was US$2.75,US$2.68 and US$2.21, respectively, which was derived from the fair value of the underlying ordinary shares. Other awards On March 20, 2017, the Compensation Committee approved a bonus to one senior executive. A portion of the bonus amounting to US$740,223 isbeing settled by issuance of the Company’s common shares through the purchase of ADSs by a trust company in the open market and the subsequent transferof the common shares to the executive. As of December 31, 2018, a portion of the bonus amounting to US378,112 has not been settled. The remainingportion has been settled in cash. There is no vesting condition associated with the ordinary share award. The Company classified this ordinary share award asa liability and recognized share-based compensation expense amounting to US$740,223 during the year ended 2017. 16.Other payables and accrued liabilities The components of other payables and accrued liabilities are as follows: December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Contract deposit 89,383,227 107,480,079 Accrued expenses 41,715,403 51,306,223 Debt extinguishment costs - 13,761,966 Deed tax and maintenance fund withheld for customers 12,149,522 9,998,534 Bidding deposit 2,983,801 3,723,584 Welfare payable 1,657,567 1,893,635 Other tax payable 8,172,022 14,786,612 Accrued aircraft operating expense 842,663 1,415,369 Accrued interest expense 54,250,778 47,214,392 Purchase consideration payable for asset acquisitions and business combinations 70,460,343 75,565,148 Others 18,503,006 13,961,958 Total 300,118,332 341,107,500 F-68 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 17.Related party and employee transactions (a)Amounts due from related parties December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Current: Beijing Starry Sky Cinema Co., Ltd. (“Starry Sky”) 5,909,736 8,052,075 Beijing Aijieli Technology Development Co., Ltd. 12,889,735 16,366,841 Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Technology Development Co., Ltd. 10,429,990 14,494,710 Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co., Ltd. 3,576,543 7,539,604 Chengdu Renju 35,199,433 - Guangzhou Huanglong 38,934,992 - Qingdao Huiju 18,721,643 61,392,033 Henan Hongguang Olympic Real Estate Co., Ltd. - 51,340,375 MDL - 22,988,260 Zhengzhou Xinci Health Service Co., Ltd. - 1,178,230 Suzhou Wanzhuo’s non-controlling interest holders - 27,201,258 Taicang Pengchi’s non-controlling interest holders - 5,630,819 Total current amounts due from related party 125,662,072 216,184,205 Non current: Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. 24,665,944 26,122,186 Total 150,328,016 242,306,391 As of December 31, 2017, the Company advanced US$5,869,138 of working capital funds to Starry Sky. Of the amount advanced, US$1,155,459was in the form of unsecured interest bearing loans, which has no fixed payment terms and bears interest from 7.5% to 10%. Accrued interest amounted toUS$40,598 as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2018, the Company advanced US$7,903,416 of working capital funds to Starry Sky. Of the amountadvanced, US$1,100,070 was in the form of unsecured interest bearing loans, which has no fixed payment terms and bears interest at 10%. Accrued interestamounted to US$148,659 as of December 31, 2018. The remaining advances are unsecured and bear no interest. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, the Company advanced US$26,896,268 and US$36,699,899 of working capital funds to BeijingAijieli Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Aijieli”), Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Xitou”) and Beijing Ruizhuo XichuangTechnology Development Co., Ltd. (“Xichuang”), without any fixed payments terms. As of December 31, 2017, balances are unsecured, and bear no interest.As of December 31, 2018, US$18,410,797 was in the form of unsecured interest bearing loans, which bears interest from 10% to 12%. Accrued interestamounted to US$1,701,256. The remaining advances are unsecured and bear no interest. Aijieli, Xitou and Xichuang are companies owned by seniormanagement members of the Company. As of December 31, 2017, the balance due from Chengdu Renju (Note 7) is related to advances for operational needs without any fixed paymentsterms. This balance is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be repaid in one year. In 2018, the Group obtained control over Chengdu Renju (seeNote 8). In 2017, the Company advanced US$38,260,231 of working capital funds to Guangzhou Huanglong (Note 7) in the form of an unsecured interestbearing loan with a three months payment term and bears interest at 17.5%. As of December 31, 2017, the outstanding balance included accrued interestamounting to US$353,375 and a receivable amounting to US$321,386 related to construction services provided to Guangzhou Huanglong. In 2018,Guangzhou Huanglong repaid the entire outstanding balance. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, the balances due from Qingdao Huiju (Note 7) are related to advances for operational needswithout any fixed payment terms. This balance is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be repaid in one year. Henan Hongguang Olympic Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Henan Hongguang”) is the non-controlling shareholder of Henan Renxin (Note 1), one of theCompany’s subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018, the balance due from Henan Hongguang is related to advances for operational needs without any fixedpayment terms. This balance is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be repaid in one year. F-69 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) As of December 31, 2018, the balance due from MDL (Note 7) amounting to US$20,010,257 is related to advances for operational needs. Thisbalance is unsecured, bears interest at 15%, and has no fixed repayment term. Accrued interest amounted to US$2,978,003 as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the balance due from Zhengzhou Xinci (Note 7) amounting to US$1,107,356 is related to advances for operational needs.This balance is secured by equity pledge, bears interest at 9%, and has no fixed repayment term. Accrued interest amounted to US$70,874 as of December 31,2018. On September 12, 2017, the Company sold 80% of its equity interest in Suzhou Wanzhuo to four non-affiliated passive investors for an aggregatecash consideration of US$23,687,327. Pursuant to the updated articles of association, the Company still exercises control over the relevant principalactivities of Suzhou Wanzhuo and therefore, continues to consolidate it in its financial statements. As of December 31, 2018, the balances due from the non-controlling interest holders amounting to US$27,201,258 are related to advances for working capital funds. The balances are in the form of an unsecuredinterest bearing loan, which has no fixed payment terms, and bears interest at 4.75%. Accrued interest is immaterial as of December 31, 2018. On December 1, 2017, the Company together with seven other non-affiliated companies acquired 100% of Taicang Pengchi for an aggregate cashconsideration of US$28,836,311. The Company accounted for the acquisition of Taicang Pengchi as an asset acquisition because the only asset of TaicangPengchi is the land. Pursuant to the articles of association, the Company exercises control over the relevant significant activities of Taicang Pengchi andtherefore, consolidates it in its financial statements. As of December 31, 2018, the balance of due from the non-controlling interest holders amounting toUS$5,630,819 are related to advances for working capital funds. This balance is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be repaid in one year. Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Meihang”) is the non-controlling shareholder of Zhengzhou Hangmei TechnologyDevelopment Co., Ltd. (“Zhengzhou Hangmei”), one of the Company’s subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2018, the balances duefrom Meihang are US$24,100,060 and US$22,944,780, respectively, which have a three year payment terms, and bear interest at 11.5%. Accrued interestamounted to US$565,884 and US$3,177,406 as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, respectively. In evaluating the collectability of the amounts due from related parties balance, the Group considers many factors, including the related parties’repayment history and their credit-worthiness. An allowance for doubtful accounts is made when collection of the full amount is no longer probable. For theperiods presented, based on management’s evaluation, no allowance was deemed necessary. (b)Amounts due to related party December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Current: Suzhou Wanzhuo’s non-controlling interest shareholders 93,548,383 23,447,245 Taicang Pengchi’s non-controlling interest holders 34,630,040 2,853,950 Suzhou Yefang’s non-controlling interest holders - 11,902,028 Guangzhou Huanglong - 7,285,231 Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Technology Development Co., Ltd. - 1,179,565 Beijing Xintou No.1 Management Consulting Center (limited partnership) - 1,834,422 Total current amounts due to related party 128,178,423 48,502,441 Non current: Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. 29,917,961 31,241,768 Total 158,096,384 79,744,209 F-70 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, Suzhou Wanzhuo’s non-controlling interest holders advanced US$92,231,041 andUS$18,929,073 of working capital funds in aggregate to Suzhou Wanzhuo in the form of an unsecured interest-bearing loan, which has no fixed paymentterms, and bears annual interest from 4.25% to 4.75%, respectively. Accrued interest amounted to US$1,317,340 and US$3,913,866 as of December 31, 2017and December 31, 2018, respectively. The remaining advance amounting to US$604,306 for shareholder service is unsecured, bears no interest, and isexpected to be paid in one year. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, non-controlling interest holders of Taicang Pengchi advanced US$34,630,040 and US$2,710,571of working capital funds in aggregate to Taicang Pengchi in the form of an unsecured interest-bearing loan, which has no fixed payment terms, and bearsinterest at the PBOC demand deposit interest rate. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, accrued interest amounted to nil and US$143,379,respectively. On June 6, 2018, the Company together with 4 other non-affiliated companies acquired 100% of Suzhou Yefang for an aggregate cash considerationof US$15,615,240. The Company accounted for the acquisition of Suzhou Yefang as an asset acquisition because the only asset of Suzhou Yefang is theland. Pursuant to the articles of association, the Company exercises control over the relevant significant activities of Suzhou Yefang and therefore,consolidates it in its financial statements. As of December 31, 2018, the non-controlling interest holders advanced US$10,646,949 of working capital fundsin aggregate to Suzhou Yefang in the form of an unsecured interest-bearing loan, which will be repaid by one year and bear annual interest at 8%. Accruedinterest amounted to US$1,255,079 as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the balance due to Guangzhou Huanglong (Note 7) is related to advances for operational needs without any fixedpayments terms. This balance is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be paid in one year. As of December 31, 2018, the balances due to Xitou are related to advances for operational needs without any fixed payments terms. This balance isunsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be paid in one year. As of December 31, 2018, the balance due to Beijing Xintou No.1 Management Consulting Center (limited partnership) (“Xintou No.1”) is related toadvances for operational needs without any fixed payments terms. This balance is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be paid in one year. XintouNo.1 is company owned by senior management members of the Company. Meihang is the non-controlling shareholder of Zhengzhou Hangmei, one of the Company’s subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2017, and December31, 2018, Meihang advanced US$28,968,446 and US$27,579,790 of working capital funds to Zhengzhou Hangmei in the form of an unsecured interest(10%) bearing loan with a three year payment term. Accrued interest amounted to US$949,515 and US$3,661,978 as of December 31, 2017 and December 31,2018, respectively. (c)Amounts due from employees December 31,2017 December 31,2018 US$ US$ Advances to employees 2,174,302 1,694,416 F-71 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The balance represents cash advances to employees for traveling expenses and other expenses. The balances are unsecured, bear no interest and haveno fixed payment terms. (d)Others On July 31, 2017, the Company sold 1.33% of the equity interest in one real estate project company to key management personnel for a totalconsideration of US$1,256,909. According to the equity transfer agreement, the Company is obligated to repurchase the equity interest back frommanagement. Therefore, the non-controlling interest is mandatorily redeemable and is accounted for as a liability. In 2018, the Company sold a small percentage of the equity interests (ranging from 0.50% to 5.54%) in eight real estate project companies to keymanagement personnel for a total consideration of US$8,720,772. According to the equity transfer agreement, the Company is obligated to repurchase theequity interest back from management. Therefore, the non-controlling interest is mandatorily redeemable and is accounted for as a liability. On June 15, 2017, Xinyuan China, the Group’s related parties, and a third party signed a partnership agreement to form a limited partnership, BeijingFuture Xinruifeng Science and Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) (“Xinruifeng”). The related parties that are partners of Xinruifengcomprise of (i) senior management members; and (ii) Beijing Xinyuan Future Investment Management Co., Ltd. (“Xinyuan Future”), which is also owned byone senior management member of the Company. The third party and the related parties are general partners of Xinruifeng whereas Xinyuan China is alimited partner. Pursuant to the framework agreement signed in June 2017 by Xinruifeng and Xinyuan China, both parties agreed to invest a total of RMB 30million in Xitou. After the completion of the arrangement, Xinruifeng and Xinyuan China will own 66.67% and 33.33% equity interest of Xitou,respectively. The arrangement will be completed with two steps that form a single transaction designed to achieve an overall commercial effect, 1) XinyuanChina will acquire 100% equity interest of Xitou for nil consideration (“Step one”); and 2) Xinruifeng will inject a capital of RMB 20 million and acquire66.67% equity interest of Xitou, and Xinyuan China will invest RMB 10 million and obtain 33.33% of equity interest of Xitou (“Step two”). These two stepsare inseparable and the acquisition of Xitou will be completed only after both of these two steps are completed. As of December 31, 2018, Step two is still inprocess. Considering Step one and Step two were entered into at the same time and in contemplation of one another, the Xitou transaction is not consideredcompleted for accounting purposes. Pursuant to the framework agreement signed in June 2017 by Beijing Future Xinhujin Science and Technology Development Center (LimitedPartnership) (“Xinhujin”), owned by a senior management member of the Company, and Xinyuan China, both parties agreed to invest a total of RMB30million in Xichuang. After the completion of the arrangement, Xinhujin and Xinyuan China will own 66.67% and 33.33% equity interest of Xichuang,respectively. The arrangement will be completed with two steps that form a single transaction designed to achieve an overall commercial effect, 1) XinyuanChina will acquire 100% equity interest of Xichuang for nil consideration (“Step one”); and 2) Xinhujin will inject capital of RMB20 million to Xichuangand acquire 66.67% equity interest of Xichuang, and Xinyuan China will invest RMB 10 million and obtain 33.33% of equity interest of Xichuang (“Steptwo”). These two steps are inseparable and the acquisition of Xichuang will be completed only after both of these two steps are completed. As of December31, 2018, the Xichuang transaction has not been completed since Step two is still in process. Considering both Step one and Step two were entered into at thesame time and in contemplation of one another, the Xichuang transaction is not considered completed for accounting purposes. Pursuant to the framework agreement signed in June 2017 by Beijing Future Xinzhihui Science and Technology Development Center (LimitedPartnership) (“Xinzhihui”), owned by a senior management member of the Company, and Xinyuan China, both parties agreed to invest a total of RMB 40million in Aijieli. After the completion of the arrangement, Xinzhihui and Xinyuan China will own 75% and 25% equity interest of Aijieli, respectively. Theacquisition will be completed with two steps that form a single transaction designed to achieve an overall commercial effect, 1) Xinyuan China will acquire100% equity interest of Aijieli for nil consideration (“Step one”); and 2) Xinzhihui will inject a capital of RMB30 million and acquire 75% equity interest ofAijieli, and Xinyuan China will invest RMB10 million and obtain 25% of equity interest of Aijieli (“Step two”). These two steps are inseparable and theacquisition of Aijieli will be completed only after both of these two steps are completed. As of December 31, 2018, the Aijieli transaction has not beencompleted since Step two is still in process. Considering both Step one and Step two were entered into at the same time and in contemplation of one another,the Aijieli transaction is not considered completed for accounting purposes. F-72 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) On June 24, 2017, Beijing Wanzhong, one of the Company’s subsidiaries, invested US$2,142,573 in the Xin Future No.1 Private Equity Fund. Thefund is operated by Beijing Xinyuan Future Investment Management Limited, an investment company controlled by the Company’s key managementpersonnel. Management accounted for this investment at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient. The Company can redeem its investment onthe last trading day of each quarter by providing written notice in advance. On September 26, 2018, the Company redeemed its investment resulting inUS$59,970 gain recorded in net realized gain on short-term investments during the year ended December 31, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2018, total directors’ remuneration amounted to US$7,056,388 (2016: US$10,295,641; 2017: US$10,634,720). All other related party transactions have been disclosed in Notes 1, 8 and 12. 18.Equity (i) As at December 31, 2018, the Company’s authorized share capital was 500 million common shares, par value US$0.0001 per share (December31, 2017: 500 million common shares). (ii) During the year ended December 31, 2018, 8,984,626 common shares were repurchased at a total cost of US$19,846,720. (iii) During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company distributed quarterly dividends of US$0.05 per common share to commonshareholders amounting to a total of US$25,739,147. All other equity transactions have been disclosed in Note 17. 19.Earnings per share Basic and diluted net earnings per share for each period presented are calculated as follows: December 31, 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ Numerator: Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. Shareholders – basic 72,977,548 63,627,551 73,034,549 Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders – diluted 72,977,548 63,627,551 73,034,549 Denominator: Weighted average number of shares outstanding, basic* 133,261,510 128,704,610 127,129,478 Stock options 1,271,209 1,877,785 1,728,058 Restricted stock units 3,120,310 1,023,474 283,294 Weighted average number of shares outstanding-diluted 137,653,029 131,605,869 129,140,830 Basic earnings per share 0.55 0.49 0.57 Diluted earnings per share 0.53 0.48 0.57 F-73 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) *The restricted shares repurchased by the trustee that are unvested are excluded from the number of shares outstanding for purposes of computingbasic earnings per share in accordance with ASC 260. However, these unvested restricted shares are factored into the computation of diluted earningsper share using the treasury stock method. During the year ended December 31, 2018, nil (2016: 2,260,762; 2017: 180,000) stock options, and 1,019,128 (2016: nil; 2017: nil) RSUs, wereexcluded from the calculation of earnings per share, respectively, because their effect would be anti-dilutive. 20.Segment reporting The Group’s long-lived assets and revenue are mainly located in and derived from the PRC. Starting in 2012, a relatively smaller portion of theGroup’s long-lived assets and revenue are located in and derived from the United States. The Group considers that each of its individual propertydevelopments is a discrete operating segment. The Group has aggregated its segments on a provincial basis as property development projects undertakenwithin a province have similar expected economic characteristics, type of properties offered, customers and market and regulatory environment. The Group’sreportable operating segments are comprised of Henan Province, Shandong Province, Jiangsu Province, Sichuan Province, Beijing, Hainan Province, HunanProvince, Shaanxi Province, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangdong Province, Hubei Province, and Liaoning Province in the PRC; and the United States. Each geographic operating segment is principally engaged in the construction and development of residential real estate units. The “other” categoryrelates to investment holdings, property management services, landscaping, engineering and management, real estate sale, purchase and lease activities. Theaccounting policies of the various segments are the same as those described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”. The Group’s chief operating decision maker relies upon net sales, gross profit and net income when making decisions about allocating resources andassessing performance of the Group. Net sales for geographic segments are generally based on the location of the project development. Net income for eachsegment includes net sales to third parties, related cost of sales and operating expenses directly attributable to the segment. Capital expenditures for eachsegment includes cost for acquisition of subsidiaries, vehicles, fixtures and furniture and accumulation of properties held for lease related to newly completedprojects. F-74 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) No single customer accounted for more than 10% of net sales for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018. Summary information by operating segment is as follows: December 31, 2016 Henan Shandong Jiangsu Sichuan Beijing Hainan Hunan Shanghai Tianjin Shaanxi UnitedStates Others Consolidated US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Net real estate sales 368,866,778 169,605,220 349,616,790 76,489,749 23,722,289 12,699,957 105,494,573 100,003,503 39,912,406 126,550,015 152,007,123 - 1,524,968,403 Real estate leaseincome 3,588,434 172,198 - - - - - - - 284,294 - 1,901,125 5,946,051 Real estatemanagementservices income 1,161,150 - - - - - - - - - - 28,861,597 30,022,747 Other revenue 303,521 102,415 471 - 280,007 - - - 1,078 - - - 687,492 Total revenue 373,919,883 169,879,833 349,617,261 76,489,749 24,002,296 12,699,957 105,494,573 100,003,503 39,913,484 126,834,309 152,007,123 30,762,722 1,561,624,693 Cost of real estatesales (252,522,117) (142,763,272) (273,738,274) (58,762,806) (30,743,520) (8,544,624) (75,514,694) (89,067,765) (22,837,517) (91,274,052) (128,803,285) - (1,174,571,926)Cost of real estatelease income (1,792,349) (287,832) (1,328,100) - - - - - - (225,776) - (48,588) (3,682,645)Cost of real estatemanagementservices (979,218) - - - - - - - - - - (23,302,224) (24,281,442)Other costs (525,052) (100,695) (69,971) - (404,649) - - - - - - - (1,100,367) Total cost ofrevenue (255,818,736) (143,151,799) (275,136,345) (58,762,806) (31,148,169) (8,544,624) (75,514,694) (89,067,765) (22,837,517) (91,499,828) (128,803,285) (23,350,812) (1,203,636,380)Gross profit 118,101,147 26,728,034 74,480,916 17,726,943 (7,145,873) 4,155,333 29,979,879 10,935,738 17,075,967 35,334,481 23,203,838 7,411,910 357,988,313 Operating expenses (41,459,159) (8,682,365) (12,234,106) (3,329,524) (38,841,455) (4,028,044) (6,372,468) (3,120,707) (16,533,371) (10,239,653) (11,002,123) (22,786,372) (178,629,347) Operatingincome/(loss) 76,641,988 18,045,669 62,246,810 14,397,419 (45,987,328) 127,289 23,607,411 7,815,031 542,596 25,094,828 12,201,715 (15,374,462) 179,358,966 Interest income 18,611,346 974,322 262,675 71,673 246,892 18,809 91,757 83,756 123,642 92,040 - 339,655 20,916,567 Interest expense (6,312,134) - - - - - - - - - (3,444,399) (20,100,299) (29,856,832)Net realized gainon short-terminvestments 1,316,577 - - - (1,742) - - - - - - 1,190,861 2,505,696 Share of (loss)/gainin an equityinvestee (688,363) - - - - - - - - - - 363,751 (324,612)Loss onextinguishment ofdebt - - - - - - - - - - - (12,123,750) (12,123,750)Exchange gains 461,627 - - - (130,591) - - - - - - 127,923 458,959 Unrealized incomeon short-terminvestments 7,862 - - - - - - - - - 227,472 235,334 Other income 4,534,357 - - - - - - - - 2,487 3,383 4,540,227 Income/(loss)before income taxes 94,573,260 19,019,991 62,509,485 14,469,092 (45,872,769) 146,098 23,699,168 7,898,787 666,238 25,186,868 8,759,803 (45,345,466) 165,710,555 Income tax expense (13,089,933) (11,666,859) (28,647,951) (5,223,645) 15,322,784 (556,388) (13,925,672) (3,089,750) (3,217,994) (12,955,165) (8,388,686) (808,616) (86,247,875) Net income/(loss) 81,483,327 7,353,132 33,861,534 9,245,447 (30,549,985) (410,290) 9,773,496 4,809,037 (2,551,756) 12,231,703 371,117 (46,154,082) 79,462,680 Depreciation andamortization 5,477,178 411,694 1,442,768 61,572 454,728 208,161 82,330 77,851 8,278 106,653 106,407 250,764 8,688,384 Capital expenditure 5,257,710 57,511 19,302 11,035 744,844 28,005 13,599 1,029 8,593 25,770 294,134 6,461,532 Real estatepropertiesdevelopmentcompleted 39,369,770 2,309,387 94,008,195 - 52,671,437 - - 91,307,299 - - 197,513,164 - 477,179,252 Real estateproperties underdevelopment 376,001,881 236,984,737 104,989,367 202,565,917 149,726,569 137,338,481 188,578,773 - 13,222,946 166,266,501 133,498,536 9,961,456 1,719,135,164 Real estateproperties held forlease 38,584,030 5,604,196 20,648,238 - - - - - - 94,413,043 - 624,427 159,873,934 Total long-livedassets 98,501,017 9,339,448 22,056,718 354,311 2,037,512 408,197 241,841 127,856 2,189,185 125,018,000 6,004,446 21,835,309 288,113,840 Total assets 1,371,127,748 370,315,900 354,089,481 222,100,489 283,695,245 207,361,083 276,147,610 109,047,209 97,995,395 356,256,758 409,269,847 162,152,194 4,219,558,959 F-75 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) December 31, 2017 Henan Shandong Jiangsu Sichuan Beijing Hainan Hunan Shanghai Tianjin Shaanxi UnitedStates Guangdong Others Consolidated US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Net real estate sales 886,207,602 252,186,589 284,388,321 79,054,170 540,766 87,304,257 133,499,073 973,450 38,646,991 63,283,292 98,476,295 - - 1,924,560,806 Real estate lease income 3,567,372 183,530 - - - - 6,071 209,186 - 3,832,764 - 19,659 914,217 8,732,799 Real estate managementservices income 1,505,932 - - - - - - - - 356,429 - - 39,875,958 41,738,319 Other revenue 508,891 52,893 21,184 87,307 - 11,396 118,391 5,046 74 - 307,793 - 762,332 1,875,307 Total revenue 891,789,797 252,423,012 284,409,505 79,141,477 540,766 87,315,653 133,623,535 1,187,682 38,647,065 67,472,485 98,784,088 19,659 41,552,507 1,976,907,231 Cost of real estate sales (607,656,121) (204,691,234) (247,765,242) (71,332,282) (363,305) (55,291,475) (107,834,718) (664,093) (23,602,129) (46,516,108) (108,350,506) - - (1,474,067,213)Cost of real estate leaseincome (2,170,672) (348,420) (3,353,579) (158,879) - - (174,601) (332,094) - (4,420,100) - - (47,777) (11,006,122)Cost of real estatemanagement services (935,942) - - - - - - - - - - - (30,710,506) (31,646,448)Other costs (227,081) (10,706) (127,375) - (51,424) (3,846) (95,235) - - - - (10,342) (33,226) (559,235) Total cost of revenue (610,989,816) (205,050,360) (251,246,196) (71,491,161) (414,729) (55,295,321) (108,104,554) (996,187) (23,602,129) (50,936,208) (108,350,506) (10,342) (30,791,509) (1,517,279,018)Gross profit 280,799,981 47,372,652 33,163,309 7,650,316 126,037 32,020,332 25,518,981 191,495 15,044,936 16,536,277 (9,566,418) 9,317 10,760,998 459,628,213 Operating expenses (64,061,347) (10,497,498) (16,659,076) (3,772,416) (44,507,378) (7,726,269) (10,099,854) (747,409) (6,001,987) (9,123,653) (10,597,926) (680,754) (28,092,891) (212,568,458) Operating income/(loss) 216,738,634 36,875,154 16,504,233 3,877,900 (44,381,341) 24,294,063 15,419,127 (555,914) 9,042,949 7,412,624 (20,164,344) (671,437) (17,331,893) 247,059,755 Interest income 11,355,876 338,069 218,937 100,988 516,950 26,443 320,666 268,325 271,527 69,336 - 264 3,371,705 16,859,086 Interest expense (18,393,523) (362,759) (1,829,665) - (5,056,962) - - (2,100,301) (1,214,368) - (3,570,310) - (33,625,552) (66,153,440)Net realized gain onshort-term investments 3,110,564 - 7,395 - 9,077 - - - - - - - 4,746,951 7,873,987 Share of (loss)/gain in anequity investee (1,062,499) (974,405) (2,818) - - - - - - - - - 329,652 (1,710,070)Loss on extinguishment ofdebt - - - - - - - - - - - - (15,879,702) (15,879,702)Exchange gains (362,736) - - - - - - - - - - - 1,119,662 756,926 Unrealized income onshort-term investments 151,003 - - - - - - - - - - - 1,944,976 2,095,979 Other income 2,326,004 - - - - - - - - 6 - - 2,326,010 - Income/(loss) beforeincome taxes 213,863,323 35,876,059 14,898,082 3,978,888 (48,912,276) 24,320,506 15,739,793 (2,387,890) 8,100,108 7,481,960 (23,734,648) (671,173) (55,324,201) 193,228,531 Income taxbenefit/(expense) (77,985,230) (11,359,619) (6,913,466) (812,628) 4,065,308 (10,189,683) (2,560,610) 686,619 (1,713,343) (840,827) 8,694,642 145,513 (14,333,802) (113,117,126) Net income/(loss) 135,878,093 24,516,440 7,984,616 3,166,260 (44,846,968) 14,130,823 13,179,183 (1,701,271) 6,386,765 6,641,133 (15,040,006) (525,660) (69,658,003) 80,111,405 Depreciation andamortization 5,597,930 416,607 3,445,463 218,043 767,841 148,453 185,123 68,648 9,836 1,766,074 232,618 38 870,852 13,727,526 Capital expenditure 5,756,237 11,636 13,725 22,550 2,960,195 1,361 21,262 - 20,322 9,571 257,643 392,779 294,575 9,761,856 Real estate propertiesdevelopment completed 49,708,034 82,128,992 13,625,012 146,791,480 52,675,024 97,350,745 49,346,740 90,003,702 - 127,107,105 131,656,359 - - 840,393,193 Real estate propertiesunder development 937,340,899 78,988,478 217,051,399 - 200,296,958 - 109,107,637 - 40,379,791 140,257,927 168,236,598 93,205,573 11,135,393 1,996,000,653 Real estate propertiesheld for lease 53,783,548 5,633,936 38,824,172 23,503,438 - - 50,422,065 4,578,302 - 100,574,370 - - 613,482 277,933,313 Total long-lived assets 207,599,517 420,656,893 50,598,511 391,437,638 16,714,738 609,466 51,791,292 4,639,263 1,706,170 125,298,084 19,666,135 125,896 23,378,186 1,314,221,789 Total assets 2,715,305,431 693,368,606 459,080,321 584,350,518 296,118,475 108,984,575 266,196,168 103,055,884 98,249,020 440,219,180 354,473,170 93,723,704 171,309,218 6,384,434,270 F-76 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) December 31, 2018 Henan Shandong Jiangsu Sichuan Beijing Hainan Hunan Shanghai Tianjin Shaanxi UnitedStates Guangdong Hubei Liaoning Others Consolidated US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Net real estate sales 1,002,960,937 291,763,807 330,352,688 80,701,160 12,314,328 169,606,837 97,162,300 - 86,165,279 58,795,214 8,815,926 - - 427,072 305,244 2,139,370,792 Real estate leaseincome 4,463,583 497,354 917,227 86,593 - - 111,408 641,119 - 2,064,129 - - - - 803,559 9,584,972 Real estatemanagementservices income 3,061,093 - - - - - - - - 2,464,039 - - - - 57,922,288 63,447,420 Other revenue 297,202 4,506 473,667 318,863 2,176,071 476,184 482,597 - 30 - 570,646 - - - 348,335 5,148,101 Total revenue 1,010,782,815 292,265,667 331,743,582 81,106,616 14,490,399 170,083,021 97,756,305 641,119 86,165,309 63,323,382 9,386,572 - - 427,072 59,379,426 2,217,551,285 Cost of real estatesales (701,238,639) (228,347,098) (214,621,791) (75,842,475) (9,355,460) (87,710,266) (100,986,641) (57,369) (56,487,052) (59,670,857) (9,357,970) - - (298,443) - (1,543,974,061)Cost of real estatelease income (2,245,710) (470,614) (2,336,287) (554,861) - - (1,475,782) (238,406) - (1,978,147) - - - - (48,809) (9,348,616)Real estatemanagementservices cost (2,733,062) - - - - - - - - (2,870,604) - - - - (39,016,117) (44,619,783)Other costs (388,790) (1,224,399) (94,807) (435,324) - (4,551) (517,028) - - - - - - - (1,465,624) (4,130,523) Total cost ofrevenue (706,606,201) (230,042,111) (217,052,885) (76,832,660) (9,355,460) (87,714,817) (102,979,451) (295,775) (56,487,052) (64,519,608) (9,357,970) - - (298,443) (40,530,550) (1,602,072,983)Gross profit 304,176,614 62,223,556 114,690,697 4,273,956 5,134,939 82,368,204 (5,223,146) 345,344 29,678,257 (1,196,226) 28,602 - - 128,629 18,848,876 615,478,302 Operating expenses (62,812,091) (12,610,671) (15,284,915) (4,275,577) (64,432,460) (12,088,762) (11,008,482) (163,680) (5,904,656) (5,834,584) (4,654,552) (1,185,184) (1,949,565) (1,485,827) (36,356,815) (240,047,821) Operatingincome/(loss) 241,364,523 49,612,885 99,405,782 (1,621) (59,297,521) 70,279,442 (16,231,628) 181,664 23,773,601 (7,030,810) (4,625,950) (1,185,184) (1,949,565) (1,357,198) (17,507,939) 375,430,481 Interest income 23,934,452 478,524 568,283 104,895 1,388,846 22,667 194,297 62,536 230,432 78,014 3,311 5,506 - 5,966 4,147,965 31,225,694 Interest expense (15,091,954) - (1,009,438) (2,259,789) (2,137,378) - - (1,689,514) - (915,585) (3,501,863) - - - (72,640,175) (99,245,696)Net realized loss onshort-terminvestments 183,450 - - - - - - - - - - - - - (3,590,540) (3,407,090)Share of loss in anequity investee (1,342,875) (1,067,320) (949,748) (3,719,920) - - - - - - - (1,295,899) - - (998,689) (9,374,451)(Loss)/gain onextinguishment ofdebt (24,665,987) - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,222,038 (21,443,949)Exchange(loss)/gain (13,029,174) - - - (1,544) - - - - - - - - 335,310 (12,982,246) (25,677,654)Unrealized incomeon short-terminvestments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,150,200 1,150,200 Other income (3,773,556) (162,149) 391,338 4,585,338 (521,424) 32,867 27,078 (1,822) (948,161) (120,442) 2,093,750 - 1,180 - 137,735 1,741,732 Income/(loss) beforeincome taxes 207,578,879 48,861,940 98,406,217 (1,291,097) (60,569,021) 70,334,976 (16,010,253) (1,447,136) 23,055,872 (7,988,823) (6,030,752) (2,475,577) (1,948,385) (1,015,922) (99,061,651) 250,399,267 Income taxbenefit/(expense) (66,585,136) (24,338,485) (33,672,476) (1,312,549) 5,810,925 (33,888,754) 14,764,618 1,503,472 (8,088,479) 1,735,041 3,037,875 (392,906) (152,722) 689,435 (3,557,106) (144,447,247) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Net income/(loss) 140,993,743 24,523,455 64,733,741 (2,603,646) (54,758,096) 36,446,222 (1,245,635) 56,336 14,967,393 (6,253,782) (2,992,877) (2,868,483) (2,101,107) (326,487) (102,618,757) 105,952,020 - Depreciation andamortization 5,881,359 664,325 2,398,697 553,823 1,506,886 44,773 1,395,291 277,113 150,980 1,888,104 (95,404) 137,262 15,028 8,235 306,403 15,132,875 Capital expenditure 8,700,583 4,689,576 6,226 10,229 2,279,441 - 278 - 290,791 13,183 89,510 - 197,756 58,259 318,555 16,654,387 Real estate propertydevelopmentcompleted 119,978,648 46,110,853 38,293,044 88,492,260 42,003,855 31,716,745 7,340,408 82,320,988 - 48,352,943 127,749,947 - - - - 632,359,691 Real estate propertyunder development 1,630,532,021 520,017,386 240,985,540 620,344,540 214,011,166 - 113,205,249 - 106,218,839 150,381,455 199,665,838 102,997,747 124,701,587 30,590,778 15,064,162 4,068,716,308 Real estateproperties held forlease, net 72,389,385 7,929,336 39,824,983 36,086,237 - - 47,347,197 4,037,272 - 94,612,752 - - - - 537,055 302,764,217 Total long-livedassets 370,303,455 500,658,792 95,890,366 37,986,138 42,680,909 5,953,273 48,805,523 4,056,266 6,535,427 125,890,353 25,781,516 23,600,985 176,034 337,113 53,834,857 1,342,491,007 Total assets 3,326,001,406 902,384,756 740,208,056 839,829,759 340,188,589 39,269,241 274,708,013 95,034,595 185,400,019 330,029,859 384,883,423 134,196,645 127,532,829 34,993,328 279,052,154 8,033,712,672 F-77 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 21.Commitments and contingencies Operating lease commitments The Group leases certain of its office properties under non-cancellable operating lease arrangements. The terms of the leases do not contain rentescalation, or contingent rent, renewal, or purchase options. There are no restrictions placed upon the Group by entering into these leases. As of December 31, 2018, the Group had the following operating lease obligations falling due in: Amount US$ 2019 7,630,760 2020 6,140,923 2021 4,469,563 2022 992,012 2023 and thereafter 117,525 Total 19,350,783 Capital lease commitments The Group leases corporate aircraft and equipment under non-cancellable capital lease arrangements. The terms of the lease do not containcontingent rent clauses. As of December 31, 2018, the Group had the following minimum lease payments (excluding the portion of the payments representing executorycosts, including any profit thereon) falling due in: Amount US$ 2019 7,743,401 2020 7,555,151 2021 4,082,778 2022 - 2023 and thereafter - Total minimum lease payments 19,381,330 Less interest (2,804,114) Capital lease obligations 16,577,216 Less current maturities of capital lease obligations (6,562,425) Long-term capital lease obligations 10,014,791 F-78 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Other commitments As of December 31, 2018, the Group had outstanding commitments with respect to non-cancellable construction contracts for real estatedevelopment and land use rights purchases as follows: Amount US$ 2019 653,276,378 2020 425,248,166 2021 204,844,862 2022 42,390,351 2023 and thereafter - Total 1,325,759,757 Contingencies As of December 31, 2018, the Group provided guarantees of US$1,988,632,540 (2017: US$1,569,802,754), in favor of its customers in respect ofmortgage loans granted by banks to such customers for their purchases of the Group’s properties where the underlying real estate ownership certificates canonly be provided to the banks on a time delay manner due to administrative procedures in the PRC. Pursuant to the terms of the guarantees, upon default inmortgage payments by these purchasers, the Group is responsible to repay the outstanding mortgage principal together with the accrued interest and penaltyowed by the defaulted purchasers to the bank and the Group is entitled to take over the legal titles and possession of the related properties. The Group’sguarantee period starts from the date of grant of the relevant mortgage loan and ends upon issuance of real estate ownership certificate which will generallybe available within six to twelve months after the purchaser takes possession of the relevant property. The Group paid US$1,820,324, US$788,644, andUS$1,659,652 to satisfy guarantee obligations related to customer defaults for the years ended December 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The fair value of the guarantees is not significantly different than the net realizable value of the properties and management considers that in case ofdefault in payments, the net realizable value of the related properties can cover the repayment of the outstanding mortgage principal together with theaccrued interest and penalty and therefore no provision has been made for the guarantees. In May 2015, XIN Development Management East, LLC (“XDME”) filed an arbitration claim for not less than US$10 million which wassubsequently reduced for the purpose of a prior mediation to US$8 million against Wanks Adams Slavin Associates LLP (“WASA”), the design company forthe Group’s Oosten project. WASA has asserted a total of approximately US$2 million in counterclaims. XDME believes WASA’s counterclaims are withoutmerit and intends to contest vigorously such claims. On November 26, 2018, XDME reconciled with the design company WASA and settled the claim. In December 2016, 421 Kent Development LLC (“421 Kent”), the property company for the Group’s Oosten project, terminated its contract with itsgeneral contractor. The general contractor and various subcontractors have filed lawsuits against 421 Kent and the Company for approximately US$26.1million, in aggregate, plus punitive damages. In addition, the general contractor filed mechanic’s liens against 421 Kent and the Company for approximatelyUS$7.5 million. 421 Kent has answered the claims and believes the contractors’ claims and liens are without merit and intends to contest vigorously suchclaims. At this stage of the proceedings, 421 Kent cannot predict the outcome of this lawsuit or a judgment against 421 Kent, whether in whole or in part, mayresult in a loss, if any. An estimate for the reasonably possible loss or a range of reasonably possible losses cannot be made at this time. F-79 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) At December 31, 2018, the Group provided financial guarantees for bank loans of two of its equity method investees. The Group could incur lossesin the event of defaults under or foreclosure of these loans and its maximum exposure to credit losses is US$280,189,999. The fair value of the guarantees isnot significant and the Group considers that in case of default in payments, the net realizable value of the related properties can cover the repayment of theoutstanding bank loans together with the accrued interest and penalty and therefore, no provision has been made for the guarantees in the consolidatedfinancial statements. 22.Concentration of risk The Group’s operations are conducted mainly in the PRC. Starting in 2012, a relatively smaller portion of the Group’s operations is conducted in theUnited States. Accordingly, the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations is primarily influenced by the political, economic and legalenvironments in the PRC and by the general state of the PRC economy. The Group’s operations in the PRC are subject to special considerations and significant risks. These include risks associated with, among others, thepolitical, economic and legal environments and foreign currency exchange. The Group’s results may be adversely affected by changes in the political andsocial conditions in the PRC, and by changes in governmental policies with respect to laws and regulations, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversionand remittance abroad, and rates and methods of taxation, among other things. The Group transacts most of its business in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions takeplace either through the PBOC or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the PBOC. Approval of foreigncurrency payments by the PBOC or other institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices, shipping documentsand signed contracts. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the US$. Under the new policy, the RMBis permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. This change in policy has resulted in a 17.1%appreciation of the RMB against the US$ from July 21, 2005 to December 31, 2018. To the extent that the Company needs to convert US$ into RMB for capital expenditures and working capital and other business purposes,appreciation of RMB against US$ would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount the Company would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if theCompany decides to convert RMB into US$ for the purpose of making payments for dividends on ordinary shares, strategic acquisitions or investments orother business purposes, appreciation of US$ against RMB would have a negative effect on the US$ amount available to the Company. In addition, asignificant depreciation of the RMB against the US$ may significantly reduce the US$ equivalent of the Company’s earnings or losses. The Group offers certain homebuyers seller-financing arrangements. All the homebuyers that entered into such arrangements were subject to creditverification procedures. In addition, accounts receivable balances are unsecured, but monitored on an ongoing basis via the Group’s management reportingprocedures. The Group provides longer payment terms to particular home buyers after applying strict credit requirements based on the Group’s credit policy.As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, there is no concentration of credit risk with respect to receivables and the Group does not have a significant exposure toany individual debtor. In 2013, PRC banks tightened the conditions on which mortgage loans are extended to homebuyers. Therefore, mortgage loans for homebuyers havebeen subject to longer processing periods or even denied by the banks. The Group monitors its homebuyers’ outstanding mortgage loans on an ongoing basisvia the Group’s management reporting procedures and took the position that contracts with underlying mortgage loans with processing periods exceedingone year cannot be recognized as revenue on an over time basis (Note 2(h) for further detail). There were no reversal of any contracted sales amounts duringthe year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, no single customer or supplier accounted for more than 10% of revenue or project expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2016,2017 and 2018. F-80 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) 23.Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)/income During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the other comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interest wasrelated to foreign currency translation adjustments amounting to US$638,863 (loss), US$2,153,979 (income) and US$ 411,701 (loss), respectively. The movement of accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. is as follows: Foreigncurrencytranslationadjustments US$ Balance as of December 31, 2015 30,951,837 Other comprehensive loss (65,634,725)Balance as of December 31, 2016 (34,682,888)Other comprehensive income 63,908,624 Balance as of December 31, 2017 29,225,736 Other comprehensive loss (59,347,915)Balance as of December 31, 2018 (30,122,179) There have been no reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income/loss to net loss for the periods presented. 24.Non-controlling interests As of December 31, 2017, the non-controlling interests consisted of the following: Ownership December 31,2017 US$ Beijing Economy Cooperation Ruifeng Investment Co., Ltd. 10.00% 21,941 Shaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co., Ltd. 34.02% (15,065,986)Zhengzhou Xinnan Real Estate Co., Ltd. 49.00% (22,806,392)Xinyuan Technology Service Co., Ltd. 6.00% (1,132,730)Xinyan Investment Management Co., Limited. 30.00% 251,835 Shanghai Hexinli Property Management Center. (Limited partnership) 21.05% (342,579)Zhengzhou Hangmei Technology Development Co., Ltd. 49.00% (3,127,176)Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. (Note 17(b)) 83.00% 91,281 Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. (Note 17(b)) 80.00% (23,932,541)Beijing Xinju Technology Co., Ltd. 49.00% 1,601,070 Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. 49.00% - Total (64,441,277) F-81 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) As of December 31, 2018, the non-controlling interests consisted of the following: Ownership December 31,2018 US$ Beijing Economy Cooperation Ruifeng Investment Co., Ltd. 10.00% 20,987 Shaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co., Ltd. 34.02% 3,264,319 Xinyuan Technology Service Co., Ltd. 6.00% (2,116,804)Xinyan Investment Management Co., Limited. 30.00% 436,593 Shanghai Hexinli Property Management Center. (Limited partnership) 21.05% (326,117)Zhengzhou Hangmei Technology Development Co., Ltd. 49.00% (2,510,161)Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. (Note 17(b)) 83.00% (25,096,542)Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. (Note 17(b)) 80.00% (27,912,339)Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. 49.00% - Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Limited. 79.99% (11,652,185)Suzhou Yuxi Real Estate Co., Limited. 79.99% 703,618 Qingdao Xinyuan Jinguang Property Management Development Co., Ltd. 40.00% (229,525)Hunan Huaiwei Business Management Co., Ltd. 49.00% (4,113)Zhongyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. 49.00% 156,859 Xi’an Jinbian Shunsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. 30.00% 1,961 Xi’an Yinghe Huihuang Commercial Management Operation Co., Ltd. 49.00% (11,219) Total (65,274,668) On December 31, 2018, the Company acquired the remaining 49% equity interest of Zhengzhou Xinnan from the non-controlling interestshareholder for US$7,500,918. The difference between the consideration transferred and the carrying amount of the deficit non-controlling interest balancewas recognized as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital. 25.Subsequent events On January 4, 2019, Xinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd. issued a new tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount ofRMB 600 million due on January 4, 2022 (the “2019 Tranche”) at a coupon rate of 8.5% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on January 4 ofeach year, commencing January 4, 2020. On February 22, 2019, Guangdong Xinchuang Kechuang Zhigu development Co., Ltd acquired a parcel of land in Foshan, Guangdong Province fora purchase price of RMB 1,185.4 million, equivalent to US$176.5million. On April 1, 2019, Xinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd. completed the issuance of a new tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregateprincipal amount of RMB 980 million due on April 1, 2022 (the “2019 First Tranche Bonds”) at a coupon rate of 8.4% per annum payable annually. Interestis payable on April 1 of each year, commencing April 1, 2020. On April 15, 2019 and April 26, 2019, the Company issued senior notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 due October 15,2021 (the “October 2021 Senior Secured Notes”). The October 2021 Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 14.2% per annum payable semi-annually. Interestwill be payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing October 15, 2019. The October 2021 Senior Secured Notes have a two and a half year(thirty month) term maturing on October 15, 2021. On April 15, 2019, the Company completed the repurchase of US$119,989,000 in principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notespursuant to an Offer to Purchase for an aggregate purchase price of US$121,861,755 including accrued interest. On April 15, 2019, the Company completed the repurchase of US$75,700,000 in principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes pursuantto a privately negotiated transaction for an aggregate purchase price of US$76,239,888 including accrued interest. 26.Condensed financial information of the Company The condensed financial statements of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under the PRC laws andregulations, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer certain of their net assets to the Company in the form of dividendpayments, loans or advances. The amounts restricted include paid-in capital and statutory reserves, as determined pursuant to PRC generally acceptedaccounting principles, totaling US$777,376,696 as of December 31, 2018 (2017: US$592,660,269). F-82 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Condensed Balance Sheets Year ended December 31 2017 2018 US$ US$ ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 15,726,978 93,606,791 Other receivables - 665,428 Other current assets 46,780 250,569 Due from subsidiaries 720,955,318 667,811,964 Due from related parities 561,872 348,076 Total current assets 737,290,948 762,682,828 Investments in subsidiaries 1,287,013,327 1,142,335,163 TOTAL ASSETS 2,024,304,275 1,905,017,991 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities Short-term bank loan 58,716,253 - PRC income tax payable 13,388 13,388 PRC other tax payable 902,190 902,190 Other payable and accrued liabilities 16,747,632 24,090,605 Current portion of long-term bank loan 64,845,655 397,039,358 Payroll and welfare payables 7,238,573 2,817,136 Total current liabilities 148,463,691 424,862,677 Long term bank loan - 3,178,000 Other long-term debt 883,268,735 796,606,833 Total liabilities 1,031,732,426 1,224,647,510 Shareholders’ equity Common shares, $0.0001 par value: Authorized-500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding- 119,805,636 shares for 2018 (2017: 129,578,676 shares) 16,314 16,399 Treasury shares (67,792,368) (87,639,088)Additional paid-in capital 543,338,206 532,117,479 Retained earnings 517,009,697 235,875,691 Total shareholders’ equity 992,571,849 680,370,481 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 2,024,304,275 1,905,017,991 F-83 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income Year ended December 31 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ General and administrative expenses (20,081,338) (13,781,596) (9,877,059) Operating loss (20,081,338) (13,781,596) (9,877,059)Interest expense (65,092,711) (65,387,198) (105,990,420)Interest income 127,852 3,200,520 1,221,465 (Loss)/Gain on extinguishment of debt (12,123,750) (15,879,702) 3,267,457 Other expenses 40,922 1,114,517 (11,135,488)Equity in profit of subsidiaries, net 170,106,573 154,361,010 195,548,594 Income from operations before income taxes 72,977,548 63,627,551 73,034,549 Income taxes - - - Net income attributable to common shareholders 72,977,548 63,627,551 73,034,549 Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax of nil Foreign currency translation adjustments (65,634,725) 63,908,624 (59,347,915) Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders 7,342,823 127,536,175 13,686,634 F-84 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) Condensed Statements of Cash Flows Year ended December 31 2016 2017 2018 US$ US$ US$ Cash flows from operating activities: Net income 72,977,548 63,627,551 73,034,549 Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Equity in profit of subsidiaries, net (170,106,573) (154,361,010) (195,548,594)Stock based compensation expense 7,085,958 4,266,373 3,152,908 Amortization of deferred charges 7,067,935 4,036,412 7,415,821 Loss on extinguishment of debt 12,123,750 15,879,702 (3,267,457)Other deposits and prepayments 2,389,045 - - Other receivables - - (665,428)Other current assets 2,320 (2,214) (203,789)Other payable and accrued liabilities 3,679,102 4,874,134 7,342,974 Payroll and welfare payables 119,168 2,893,230 (590,356)Amount due from related parties - (561,872) 213,796 Net cash used in operating activities (64,661,747) (59,347,694) (109,115,576) Cash flows from financing activities: Changes in due from a subsidiary 181,515,577 (326,904,897) 53,143,354 Proceeds from short-term bank loans - 24,294,636 - Repayments of short-term bank loans (146,208,974) - (13,250,000)Proceeds from long-term bank loans 23,250,000 - 3,178,000 Repayments from long-term bank loans - - - Proceeds from other long-term debts 300,000,000 603,179,617 200,000,000 Repayment of other long-term debts (186,164,616) (201,002,731) - Purchase of treasury shares (29,688,648) (14,058,280) (19,846,720)Dividends to shareholders (20,545,257) (26,090,734) (25,739,147)Deferred charges (7,621,208) (13,952,084) (4,082,815)Purchase of shares under RSU plan (4,003,999) - (7,797,949)Loss on extinguishment of debt (12,123,750) (13,000,000) - Proceeds from exercise of stock options 1,454,020 6,111,912 1,390,666 Net cash provided by financing activities 99,863,145 38,577,439 186,995,389 Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 35,201,398 (20,770,255) 77,879,813 Cash and cash equivalents, at the beginning of the year 1,295,835 36,497,233 15,726,978 Cash and cash equivalents, at end of the period 36,497,233 15,726,978 93,606,791 (a)Basis of presentation In the company-only financial statements, the Company’s investment in subsidiaries is stated at cost plus its equity interest in undistributedearnings of subsidiaries since inception. The company-only financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financialstatements. F-85 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(All amounts stated in US$, except for number of shares data) The Company records its investment in its subsidiaries under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC 323, Investment-Equity Methodand Joint Ventures. Such investment is presented on the balance sheet as “Investments in subsidiaries” and share of the subsidiaries’ profit or loss as “Equityin profit of subsidiaries, net” on the condensed statements of comprehensive income. The subsidiaries did not pay any dividends to the Company for the periods presented. (b)Related party transactions As of December 31,2017 and 2018, the Company had US$671,853,439 and US$618,710,085 due from its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Theseamounts mainly reflect intercompany loans from the Company to Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd. While intercompany loans have no fixed payments terms, theCompany has a legal enforceable right to demand payment at any time, and Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd. has the ability to repay the outstanding balance ondemand. In 2013, the Company also entered into a separate loan facility agreement with XIN Development Group International Inc. Pursuant to theagreement, the Company will provide a loan facility to XIN Development for the period from July 1, 2013 to January 18, 2018 amounting to US$50,000,000at 17.5% per annum. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has US$116,656,089 (2017: US$99,289,833) including accrued interest of US$67,554,210(2017: US$50,187,954), due from XIN Development under this loan facility. (c)Commitments The Company does not have significant commitments or long-term obligations as of the period end presented. F-86 Exhibit 2.17 GLOBAL NOTE XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. THIS SECURITY HAS NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE“SECURITIES ACT”), OR THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OR OTHER JURISDICTION. NEITHER THIS SECURITY NOR ANY INTEREST ORPARTICIPATION HEREIN MAY BE REOFFERED, SOLD, ASSIGNED, TRANSFERRED, PLEDGED, ENCUMBERED OR OTHERWISE DISPOSED OF INTHE ABSENCE OF SUCH REGISTRATION OR UNLESS SUCH TRANSACTION IS EXEMPT FROM, OR NOT SUBJECT TO, SUCH REGISTRATION. THE HOLDER OF THIS SECURITY, BY ITS ACCEPTANCE HEREOF, AGREES ON ITS OWN BEHALF AND ON BEHALF OF ANY INVESTORACCOUNT FOR WHICH IT HAS PURCHASED SECURITIES, TO OFFER, SELL OR OTHERWISE TRANSFER SUCH SECURITY, ONLY (A) TO THECOMPANY, (B) PURSUANT TO A REGISTRATION STATEMENT THAT HAS BEEN DECLARED EFFECTIVE UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT, (C)PURSUANT TO OFFERS AND SALES THAT OCCUR OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF REGULATION S UNDER THESECURITIES ACT, OR (D) PURSUANT TO ANOTHER AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIESACT, SUBJECT TO THE COMPANY’S AND THE TRUSTEE’S RIGHT PRIOR TO ANY SUCH OFFER, SALE OR TRANSFER PURSUANT TO CLAUSE (D)TO REQUIRE THE DELIVERY OF AN OPINION OF COUNSEL, CERTIFICATION AND/OR OTHER INFORMATION SATISFACTORY TO EACH OFTHEM. BY ITS ACQUISITION HEREOF, THE HOLDER HEREOF REPRESENTS THAT IT IS ACQUIRING THIS SECURITY IN AN OFFSHORETRANSACTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH REGULATION S UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT. UNLESS THIS NOTE IS PRESENTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COMMON DEPOSITARY (AS DEFINED IN THEINDENTURE GOVERNING THIS NOTE) TO THE COMPANY OR ITS AGENT FOR REGISTRATION OF TRANSFER, EXCHANGE OR PAYMENT, ANDANY CERTIFICATE ISSUED IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF THE NOMINEE FOR THE COMMON DEPOSITARY OR IN SUCH OTHER NAME AS ISREQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COMMON DEPOSITARY (AND ANY PAYMENT IS MADE TO THE COMMONDEPOSITARY OR TO SUCH OTHER ENTITY AS IS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COMMON DEPOSITARY), ANYTRANSFER, PLEDGE OR OTHER USE HEREOF FOR VALUE OR OTHERWISE BY OR TO ANY PERSON IS WRONGFUL INASMUCH AS THEREGISTERED OWNER HEREOF, THE NOMINEE FOR THE COMMON DEPOSITARY HAS AN INTEREST HEREIN. THIS SECURITY IS A GLOBAL NOTE WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE INDENTURE HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AND IS REGISTERED INTHE NAME OF THE COMMON DEPOSITARY OR A NOMINEE THEREOF. THIS SECURITY MAY NOT BE EXCHANGEABLE IN WHOLE OR IN PARTFOR A SECURITY REGISTERED, AND NO TRANSFER OF THIS SECURITY IN WHOLE OR IN PART MAY BE REGISTERED, IN THE NAME OF ANYPERSON OTHER THAN THE COMMON DEPOSITARY OR A NOMINEE THEREOF, EXCEPT IN THE LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES DESCRIBED IN THEINDENTURE. 1 No. 1 ISIN: XS1943449022 Common Code: 194344902 US$200,000,000 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. 14.2% SENIOR NOTES DUE 2021Global NoteGuaranteed by the Subsidiary Guarantors XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD., an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands (the“Company”), for value received, hereby promises to pay to Citivic Nominees Limited as the nominee of the common depositary for the accounts of Euroclearand Clearstream, upon surrender hereof the principal sum of TWO HUNDRED MILLION UNITED STATES DOLLARS (US$200,000,000), as revised by theSchedule of Exchanges of the Notes attached hereto, on October 15, 2021, or on such earlier date as the principal hereof may become due in accordance withthe provisions hereof. Interest Rate: 14.2% per annum. Interest Payment Dates: April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing October 15, 2019. Interest Record Dates: one Clearing System Business Day immediately preceding an Interest Payment Date. Reference is hereby made to the further provisions set forth on the reverse hereof. Such further provisions shall for all purposes have the same effectas though fully set forth at this place. This Note shall not be valid or obligatory until the certificate of authentication hereon shall have been duly signed by the Trustee acting under theIndenture. 2 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this instrument to be duly executed. Date: April 15, 2019 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 3 Certificate of Authentication This is one of the 14.2% Senior Notes Due 2021 described in the Indenture referred to in this Note. Date: April 15, 2019 Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee By: Name: Title: 4 REVERSE OF GLOBAL NOTE XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. 14.2% Senior Notes Due 2021 1. Principal and Interest. The Company promises to pay the principal of this Note on October 15, 2021. The Company promises to pay interest on the principal amount of this Note on each Interest Payment Date, as set forth on the face of this Note, at therate of 14.2% per annum. Interest will be payable semiannually (to the Holders of record of the Notes at the close of business (of the relevant clearing system) on the ClearingSystem Business Day before the due date for such payments, where “Clearing System Business Day” means a weekday (Monday to Friday, inclusive) exceptDecember 25 and January 1) on each Interest Payment Date, commencing October 15, 2019. Interest on this Note will accrue from the most recent date to which interest has been paid on this Note (or, if there is no existing default in thepayment of interest and if this Note is authenticated between a regular record date and the next interest payment date, from such interest payment date) or, ifno interest has been paid, from the Original Issue Date. Interest will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months. Interest not paid when due and any interest on principal, premium or interest not paid when due will be paid to the Persons that are Holders on aspecial record date, which will be the 15th day preceding the date fixed by the Company for the payment of such interest, whether or not such day is aBusiness Day. At least 15 days before a special record date, the Company will send to each Holder and to the Trustee a notice that sets forth the special recorddate, the payment date and the amount of interest to be paid. 2. Indenture; Subsidiary Guarantee; Collateral. This is one of the Notes issued under an Indenture, dated as of April 15, 2019 (as amended from time to time, the “Indenture”), among Xinyuan RealEstate Co., Ltd., an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of Cayman Islands (the “Company”), the Subsidiary Guarantorslisted on Schedule I thereto and Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee. Capitalized terms used herein are used as defined in the Indenture unless otherwiseindicated. The terms of the Notes include those stated in the Indenture. The Notes are subject to all such terms, and Holders are referred to the Indenture for astatement of all such terms. To the extent permitted by applicable law, in the event of any inconsistency between the terms of this Note and the terms of theIndenture, the terms of the Indenture will control. The Notes are general obligations of the Company. The Indenture provides for the issuance from time to time of up to such principal amount oramounts as may from time to time be authorized of the Notes, and the originally issued Notes and any Additional Notes vote together for all purposes as asingle class. This Note is guaranteed and will be secured by a pledge on the Capital Stock of certain initial Subsidiary Guarantors (other than XinyuanInternational (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited), as set forth in the Indenture. 5 The Indenture limits, among other things, the ability of the Company to incur or guarantee additional Indebtedness and issue disqualified orpreferred stock, declare dividends on its Capital Stock or purchase or redeem Capital Stock, make investments or other specified Restricted Payments, issue orsell Capital Stock of Restricted Subsidiaries, guarantee Indebtedness, sell assets, create liens, enter into certain Sale and Leaseback Transactions, enter intoagreements that restrict the Restricted Subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends, transfer assets or make intercompany loans, enter into transactions with equityholders or affiliates or effect a consolidation or merger. 3. Optional Redemption. At any time prior to October 15, 2021, the Company may at its option redeem the Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to100% of the principal amount of the Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemptiondate. Neither the Trustee nor any of the Agents will be responsible for calculating or verifying the Applicable Premium. At any time and from time to time prior to October 15, 2021, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the Noteswith the Net Cash Proceeds of one or more sales of Common Stock of the Company in an Equity Offering at a redemption price of 114.2% of the principalamount of the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date; provided that at least 65% of the aggregateprincipal amount of the Notes issued on the Original Issue Date remains outstanding after each such redemption and any such redemption takes place within60 days after the closing of the related Equity Offering. The Company will give not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ notice to the Holders, the Trustee and the Paying Agent of any redemptionpursuant to this Article 3. If less than all of the Notes are to be redeemed at any time, the Notes for redemption will be selected as follows: (1)if the Notes are listed on any national securities exchange and/or being held through the clearing systems, in compliance with therequirements of the principal national securities exchange on which the Notes are listed and/or the requirements of the clearing systems, asapplicable; or (2)if the Notes are not listed on any national securities exchange and/or held through the clearing systems, on a pro rata basis, by lot or bysuch other method as the Trustee in its sole and absolute discretion deems fair and appropriate, unless otherwise required by law. A Note of US$200,000 in principal amount or less shall not be redeemed in part. If any Note is to be redeemed in part only, the notice of redemptionrelating to such Note will state the portion of the principal amount to be redeemed. A new Note in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion will beissued upon cancellation of the original Note. On and after the redemption date, interest will cease to accrue on Notes or portions of them called forredemption. 6 4. Registered Form; Denominations; Transfer; Exchange. The Notes are in registered form without coupons in denominations of US$200,000 and any multiple of US$1,000 in excess thereof. A Holder mayregister the transfer or exchange of Notes in accordance with the Indenture. The Trustee may require a Holder to furnish appropriate endorsements and transferdocuments and to pay any taxes and fees required by law or permitted by the Indenture. Pursuant to the Indenture, there are certain periods during which theTrustee will not be required to issue, register the transfer of or exchange any Note or certain portions of a Note. 5. Defaults and Remedies. If an Event of Default (other than an Event of Default specified in clause (g) or (h) of Section 6.01) occurs and is continuing under this Indenture, theTrustee or the Holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Notes then outstanding, by written notice to the Company (and to the Trustee ifsuch notice is given by the Holders), may, and the Trustee at the written direction of such Holders (subject to being indemnified and/or secured to itssatisfaction) shall, declare the principal of, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on the Notes to be immediately due and payable. Upon adeclaration of acceleration, such principal of, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest shall be immediately due and payable. If an Event of Defaultspecified in clause (g) or (h) of Section 6.01 occurs with respect to the Company or any Significant Restricted Subsidiary (or any group of RestrictedSubsidiaries that together constitutes a Significant Restricted Subsidiary), the principal of, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on the Notesthen outstanding shall automatically become and be immediately due and payable without any declaration or other act on the part of the Trustee or anyHolder. 6. Amendment and Waiver. Subject to certain exceptions, the Indenture and the Notes may be amended, or default may be waived, with the consent of the Holders of a majorityin aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Notes. Without notice to or the consent of any Holder, the Company and the Trustee may amend orsupplement the Indenture or the Notes to, among other things, cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency, or make any other change that does not materiallyand adversely affect the rights of any Holder. 7. Authentication. This Note is not valid until the Trustee (or Authenticating Agent) signs the certificate of authentication on the other side of this Note. 8. Governing Law. This Note shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York. 7 9. Abbreviations. Customary abbreviations may be used in the name of a Holder or an assignee, such as: TEN COM (= tenants in common), TEN ENT (= tenants by theentireties), JT TEN (= joint tenants with right of survivorship and not as tenants in common), CUST (= Custodian) and U/G/M/A/ (= Uniform Gifts to MinorsAct). The Company will furnish a copy of the Indenture to any Holder upon written request and without charge. 8 TRANSFER NOTICE FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the undersigned hereby transfers to ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (PRINT NAME AND ADDRESS OF TRANSFEREE) U.S. $___________ principal amount of this Note, and all rights with respect thereto, and irrevocably constitutes and appoints__________________________ as attorney to transfer this Note on the books kept for registration thereof, with full power of substitution. Dated Certifying Signature Signed Note: (i) The signature on this transfer form must correspond to the name as it appears on the face of this Note in every particular. (ii) A representative of the Holder of the Note should state the capacity in which he or she signs (e.g., executor). (iii) The signature of the person effecting the transfer shall conform to any list of duly authorized specimen signatures supplied by the registeredholder or shall be certified by a bank which is a member of the Medallion Program or in such other manner as any Paying Agent or the Note Registrar mayrequire. (iv) None of the Trustee, the Paying Agent and the Note Registrar shall be obligated to register this Note in the name of any person other than theHolder hereof unless and until the conditions to any such transfer or registration set forth herein and in Section 2.05 of the Indenture shall have been satisfied. 9 OPTION OF HOLDER TO ELECT PURCHASE If you wish to have all of this Note purchased by the Company pursuant to Section 4.12 or 4.13 of the Indenture, check the box: ¨ If you wish to have a portion of this Note purchased by the Company pursuant to Section 4.12 or 4.13 of the Indenture, state the amount (in originalprincipal amount) below: US$_____________________. Wire transfer instructions for delivery of proceeds from the purchase of the Note are as follows: [ ] Date:____________ Your Signature:__________________________ (Sign exactly as your name appears on the other side of this Note) Signature Guarantee1: __________________________ 1Signatures must be guaranteed by an “eligible guarantor institution” meeting the requirements of the Trustee, which requirements includemembership or participation in the Securities Transfer Association Medallion Program (“STAMP”) or such other “signature guarantee program” asmay be determined by the Trustee in addition to, or in substitution for, STAMP, all in accordance with the United States Securities Exchange Act of1934, as amended. 10 SUBSIDIARY GUARANTEE Each of the undersigned (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) hereby, jointly and severally, Guarantees as principal obligor to each Holder of a Noteauthenticated by the Trustee or the Authenticating Agent and to the Trustee and its successors and assigns the due and punctual payment of the principal of,premium, if any, and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, the Notes and the Indenture. The obligations of each Subsidiary Guarantor areunconditional and absolute and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, will not be released, discharged or otherwise affected by: (1) any extension,renewal, settlement, compromise, waiver or release in respect of any obligation of the Company under the Indenture or any Note, by operation of law orotherwise; (2) any modification or amendment of or supplement to the Indenture or any Note; (3) any change in the corporate existence, structure orownership of the Company, or any insolvency, bankruptcy, reorganization or other similar proceeding affecting the Company or its assets or any resultingrelease or discharge of any obligation of the Company contained in the Indenture or any Note; (4) the existence of any claim, set off or other rights which theSubsidiary Guarantor may have at any time against the Company, the Trustee or any other Person, whether in connection with the Indenture or any unrelatedtransactions; provided that nothing herein prevents the assertion of any such claim by separate suit or compulsory counterclaim; (5) any invalidity,irregularity, or unenforceability relating to or against the Company for any reason of the Indenture or any Note; or (6) any other act or omission to act ordelay of any kind by the Company, the Trustee or any other Person or any other circumstance whatsoever which might, but for the provisions of thisparagraph, constitute a legal or equitable discharge of or defense to such Subsidiary Guarantor’s obligations hereunder. This Subsidiary Guarantee will not be discharged with respect to any Note except by payment in full of the principal of, premium, if any, and intereston the Notes and all other amounts payable, in respect of any Subsidiary Guarantor, or as otherwise contemplated in the Indenture. In case of the failure of theCompany punctually to pay any such principal of, premium, if any, and interest on the Notes and all other amounts payable, each of the SubsidiaryGuarantors hereby agrees to cause any such payment to be made punctually when and as the same shall become due and payable, whether at the statedmaturity, by acceleration, call for redemption or otherwise, and as if such payment were made by the Company. Subject to certain exceptions as set forth in the Indenture, each of the Subsidiary Guarantors hereby further agrees that all payments of, or in respectof, principal of, and premium (if any) and interest in respect of this Subsidiary Guarantee will be made without withholding or deduction for, or on account of,any present or future taxes, duties, assessments or governmental charges of whatever nature imposed or levied by or within any jurisdiction in which theCompany, a Surviving Person (as defined in the Indenture) or the applicable Subsidiary Guarantor is organized or resident for tax purposes (or any politicalsubdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein), unless such withholding or deduction is required by law or by regulation or governmental policy havingthe force of law. In the event that any such withholding or deduction is so required, each Subsidiary Guarantor severally agrees to pay such additionalamounts as will result in receipt by the holder of this Subsidiary Guarantee of such amounts as would have been received by such holder had no suchwithholding or deduction been required. 11 The obligations of the Subsidiary Guarantors to the holder of this Note and to the Trustee pursuant to this Subsidiary Guarantee and the Indentureare expressly set forth in Article 11 of the Indenture, and reference is hereby made to such Article and Indenture for the precise terms of the SubsidiaryGuarantee. This Subsidiary Guarantee shall not be valid or obligatory for any purpose until the certificate of authentication on the Note upon which thisSubsidiary Guarantee is endorsed shall have been executed by the Trustee or an Authenticating Agent under the Indenture by manual or facsimile signatureof one of its authorized officers. 12 XINYUAN INTERNATIONAL PROPERTY INVESTMENT CO., LTD. as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 13 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE, LTD. as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 14 XINYUAN INTERNATIONAL (HK) PROPERTY INVESTMENT CO.,LIMITED as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 15 VICTORY GOOD DEVELOPMENT LIMITED as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 16 SOUTH GLORY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 17 ELITE QUEST HOLDINGS LIMITED as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 18 Schedule of Exchanges of Notes The initial principal amount of this Global Note is US$200,000,000. Changes in principal amount of this Global Note are set forth below: DatePrincipalamount bywhich thisGlobal Note is to be decreasedand reason fordecreasePrincipalamount bywhich thisGlobal Note isto be increasedand reason forincreaseRemainingprincipalamount of thisGlobal Noteafter suchdecrease orincreaseNotation madeby NoteRegistrar 19 TRUSTEE, PAYING AGENT AND NOTE REGISTRAR Trustee Citicorp International Limited39/F, Champion Tower3 Garden Road, CentralHong Kong Paying Agent and Note Registrar Citibank, N.A., London Branchc/o Citibank, N.A., Dublin BranchOne North Wall QuayDublin 1Ireland 20 Exhibit 2.18 GLOBAL NOTE XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. THIS SECURITY HAS NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE“SECURITIES ACT”), OR THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OR OTHER JURISDICTION. NEITHER THIS SECURITY NOR ANY INTEREST ORPARTICIPATION HEREIN MAY BE REOFFERED, SOLD, ASSIGNED, TRANSFERRED, PLEDGED, ENCUMBERED OR OTHERWISE DISPOSED OF INTHE ABSENCE OF SUCH REGISTRATION OR UNLESS SUCH TRANSACTION IS EXEMPT FROM, OR NOT SUBJECT TO, SUCH REGISTRATION. THE HOLDER OF THIS SECURITY, BY ITS ACCEPTANCE HEREOF, AGREES ON ITS OWN BEHALF AND ON BEHALF OF ANY INVESTORACCOUNT FOR WHICH IT HAS PURCHASED SECURITIES, TO OFFER, SELL OR OTHERWISE TRANSFER SUCH SECURITY, ONLY (A) TO THECOMPANY, (B) PURSUANT TO A REGISTRATION STATEMENT THAT HAS BEEN DECLARED EFFECTIVE UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT, (C)PURSUANT TO OFFERS AND SALES THAT OCCUR OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF REGULATION S UNDER THESECURITIES ACT, OR (D) PURSUANT TO ANOTHER AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIESACT, SUBJECT TO THE COMPANY’S AND THE TRUSTEE’S RIGHT PRIOR TO ANY SUCH OFFER, SALE OR TRANSFER PURSUANT TO CLAUSE (D)TO REQUIRE THE DELIVERY OF AN OPINION OF COUNSEL, CERTIFICATION AND/OR OTHER INFORMATION SATISFACTORY TO EACH OFTHEM. BY ITS ACQUISITION HEREOF, THE HOLDER HEREOF REPRESENTS THAT IT IS ACQUIRING THIS SECURITY IN AN OFFSHORETRANSACTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH REGULATION S UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT. UNLESS THIS NOTE IS PRESENTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COMMON DEPOSITARY (AS DEFINED IN THEINDENTURE GOVERNING THIS NOTE) TO THE COMPANY OR ITS AGENT FOR REGISTRATION OF TRANSFER, EXCHANGE OR PAYMENT, ANDANY CERTIFICATE ISSUED IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF THE NOMINEE FOR THE COMMON DEPOSITARY OR IN SUCH OTHER NAME AS ISREQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COMMON DEPOSITARY (AND ANY PAYMENT IS MADE TO THE COMMONDEPOSITARY OR TO SUCH OTHER ENTITY AS IS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COMMON DEPOSITARY), ANYTRANSFER, PLEDGE OR OTHER USE HEREOF FOR VALUE OR OTHERWISE BY OR TO ANY PERSON IS WRONGFUL INASMUCH AS THEREGISTERED OWNER HEREOF, THE NOMINEE FOR THE COMMON DEPOSITARY HAS AN INTEREST HEREIN. THIS SECURITY IS A GLOBAL NOTE WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE INDENTURE HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AND IS REGISTERED INTHE NAME OF THE COMMON DEPOSITARY OR A NOMINEE THEREOF. THIS SECURITY MAY NOT BE EXCHANGEABLE IN WHOLE OR IN PARTFOR A SECURITY REGISTERED, AND NO TRANSFER OF THIS SECURITY IN WHOLE OR IN PART MAY BE REGISTERED, IN THE NAME OF ANYPERSON OTHER THAN THE COMMON DEPOSITARY OR A NOMINEE THEREOF, EXCEPT IN THE LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES DESCRIBED IN THEINDENTURE. 1 No. 2 ISIN: XS1943449022 Common Code: 194344902 US$100,000,000 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. 14.2% SENIOR NOTES DUE 2021 (to be consolidated and form a single class with the US$200,000,00014.2% Senior Notes due 2021 issued by the Company on April 15, 2019)Global NoteGuaranteed by the Subsidiary Guarantors XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD., an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands (the“Company”), for value received, hereby promises to pay to Citivic Nominees Limited as the nominee of the common depositary for the accounts of Euroclearand Clearstream, upon surrender hereof the principal sum of ONE HUNDRED MILLION UNITED STATES DOLLARS (US$100,000,000), as revised by theSchedule of Exchanges of the Notes attached hereto, on October 15, 2021, or on such earlier date as the principal hereof may become due in accordance withthe provisions hereof. Interest Rate: 14.2% per annum. Interest Payment Dates: April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing October 15, 2019. Interest Record Dates: one Clearing System Business Day immediately preceding an Interest Payment Date. Reference is hereby made to the further provisions set forth on the reverse hereof. Such further provisions shall for all purposes have the same effectas though fully set forth at this place. This Note shall not be valid or obligatory until the certificate of authentication hereon shall have been duly signed by the Trustee acting under theIndenture. 2 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this instrument to be duly executed. Date: April 26, 2019 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 3 Certificate of Authentication This is one of the 14.2% Senior Notes Due 2021 described in the Indenture referred to in this Note. Date: April 26, 2019 Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee By: Name: Title: 4 REVERSE OF GLOBAL NOTE XINYUAN REAL ESTATE CO., LTD. 14.2% Senior Notes Due 2021 (to be consolidated and form a single class with the US$200,000,00014.2% Senior Notes due 2021 issued by the Company on April 15, 2019) 1. Principal and Interest. The Company promises to pay the principal of this Note on October 15, 2021. The Company promises to pay interest on the principal amount of this Note on each Interest Payment Date, as set forth on the face of this Note, at therate of 14.2% per annum. Interest will be payable semiannually (to the Holders of record of the Notes at the close of business (of the relevant clearing system) on the ClearingSystem Business Day before the due date for such payments, where “Clearing System Business Day” means a weekday (Monday to Friday, inclusive) exceptDecember 25 and January 1) on each Interest Payment Date, commencing October 15, 2019. Interest on this Note will accrue from the most recent date to which interest has been paid on this Note (or, if there is no existing default in thepayment of interest and if this Note is authenticated between a regular record date and the next interest payment date, from such interest payment date) or, ifno interest has been paid, from the Original Issue Date. Interest will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months. Interest not paid when due and any interest on principal, premium or interest not paid when due will be paid to the Persons that are Holders on aspecial record date, which will be the 15th day preceding the date fixed by the Company for the payment of such interest, whether or not such day is aBusiness Day. At least 15 days before a special record date, the Company will send to each Holder and to the Trustee a notice that sets forth the special recorddate, the payment date and the amount of interest to be paid. 2. Indenture; Subsidiary Guarantee; Collateral. This is one of the Notes issued under an Indenture, dated as of April 15, 2019 (as amended from time to time, the “Indenture”), among Xinyuan RealEstate Co., Ltd., an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of Cayman Islands (the “Company”), the Subsidiary Guarantorslisted on Schedule I thereto and Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee. Capitalized terms used herein are used as defined in the Indenture unless otherwiseindicated. The terms of the Notes include those stated in the Indenture. The Notes are subject to all such terms, and Holders are referred to the Indenture for astatement of all such terms. To the extent permitted by applicable law, in the event of any inconsistency between the terms of this Note and the terms of theIndenture, the terms of the Indenture will control. 5 The Notes are general obligations of the Company. The Indenture provides for the issuance from time to time of up to such principal amount oramounts as may from time to time be authorized of the Notes, and the originally issued Notes and any Additional Notes vote together for all purposes as asingle class. This Note is guaranteed and will be secured by a pledge on the Capital Stock of certain initial Subsidiary Guarantors (other than XinyuanInternational (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited), as set forth in the Indenture. The Indenture limits, among other things, the ability of the Company to incur or guarantee additional Indebtedness and issue disqualified orpreferred stock, declare dividends on its Capital Stock or purchase or redeem Capital Stock, make investments or other specified Restricted Payments, issue orsell Capital Stock of Restricted Subsidiaries, guarantee Indebtedness, sell assets, create liens, enter into certain Sale and Leaseback Transactions, enter intoagreements that restrict the Restricted Subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends, transfer assets or make intercompany loans, enter into transactions with equityholders or affiliates or effect a consolidation or merger. 3. Optional Redemption. At any time prior to October 15, 2021, the Company may at its option redeem the Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to100% of the principal amount of the Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemptiondate. Neither the Trustee nor any of the Agents will be responsible for calculating or verifying the Applicable Premium. At any time and from time to time prior to October 15, 2021, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the Noteswith the Net Cash Proceeds of one or more sales of Common Stock of the Company in an Equity Offering at a redemption price of 114.2% of the principalamount of the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date; provided that at least 65% of the aggregateprincipal amount of the Notes issued on the Original Issue Date remains outstanding after each such redemption and any such redemption takes place within60 days after the closing of the related Equity Offering. The Company will give not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ notice to the Holders, the Trustee and the Paying Agent of any redemptionpursuant to this Article 3. If less than all of the Notes are to be redeemed at any time, the Notes for redemption will be selected as follows: (1)if the Notes are listed on any national securities exchange and/or being held through the clearing systems, in compliance with therequirements of the principal national securities exchange on which the Notes are listed and/or the requirements of the clearing systems, asapplicable; or (2)if the Notes are not listed on any national securities exchange and/or held through the clearing systems, on a pro rata basis, by lot or bysuch other method as the Trustee in its sole and absolute discretion deems fair and appropriate, unless otherwise required by law. 6 A Note of US$200,000 in principal amount or less shall not be redeemed in part. If any Note is to be redeemed in part only, the notice of redemptionrelating to such Note will state the portion of the principal amount to be redeemed. A new Note in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion will beissued upon cancellation of the original Note. On and after the redemption date, interest will cease to accrue on Notes or portions of them called forredemption. 4. Registered Form; Denominations; Transfer; Exchange. The Notes are in registered form without coupons in denominations of US$200,000 and any multiple of US$1,000 in excess thereof. A Holder mayregister the transfer or exchange of Notes in accordance with the Indenture. The Trustee may require a Holder to furnish appropriate endorsements and transferdocuments and to pay any taxes and fees required by law or permitted by the Indenture. Pursuant to the Indenture, there are certain periods during which theTrustee will not be required to issue, register the transfer of or exchange any Note or certain portions of a Note. 5. Defaults and Remedies. If an Event of Default (other than an Event of Default specified in clause (g) or (h) of Section 6.01) occurs and is continuing under this Indenture, theTrustee or the Holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Notes then outstanding, by written notice to the Company (and to the Trustee ifsuch notice is given by the Holders), may, and the Trustee at the written direction of such Holders (subject to being indemnified and/or secured to itssatisfaction) shall, declare the principal of, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on the Notes to be immediately due and payable. Upon adeclaration of acceleration, such principal of, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest shall be immediately due and payable. If an Event of Defaultspecified in clause (g) or (h) of Section 6.01 occurs with respect to the Company or any Significant Restricted Subsidiary (or any group of RestrictedSubsidiaries that together constitutes a Significant Restricted Subsidiary), the principal of, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on the Notesthen outstanding shall automatically become and be immediately due and payable without any declaration or other act on the part of the Trustee or anyHolder. 6. Amendment and Waiver. Subject to certain exceptions, the Indenture and the Notes may be amended, or default may be waived, with the consent of the Holders of a majorityin aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Notes. Without notice to or the consent of any Holder, the Company and the Trustee may amend orsupplement the Indenture or the Notes to, among other things, cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency, or make any other change that does not materiallyand adversely affect the rights of any Holder. 7. Authentication. This Note is not valid until the Trustee (or Authenticating Agent) signs the certificate of authentication on the other side of this Note. 7 8. Governing Law. This Note shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York. 9. Abbreviations. Customary abbreviations may be used in the name of a Holder or an assignee, such as: TEN COM (= tenants in common), TEN ENT (= tenants by theentireties), JT TEN (= joint tenants with right of survivorship and not as tenants in common), CUST (= Custodian) and U/G/M/A/ (= Uniform Gifts to MinorsAct). The Company will furnish a copy of the Indenture to any Holder upon written request and without charge. 8 TRANSFER NOTICE FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the undersigned hereby transfers to ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (PRINT NAME AND ADDRESS OF TRANSFEREE) U.S. $___________ principal amount of this Note, and all rights with respect thereto, and irrevocably constitutes and appoints__________________________ as attorney to transfer this Note on the books kept for registration thereof, with full power of substitution. Dated Certifying Signature Signed Note: (i) The signature on this transfer form must correspond to the name as it appears on the face of this Note in every particular. (ii) A representative of the Holder of the Note should state the capacity in which he or she signs (e.g., executor). (iii) The signature of the person effecting the transfer shall conform to any list of duly authorized specimen signatures supplied by the registeredholder or shall be certified by a bank which is a member of the Medallion Program or in such other manner as any Paying Agent or the Note Registrar mayrequire. (iv) None of the Trustee, the Paying Agent and the Note Registrar shall be obligated to register this Note in the name of any person other than theHolder hereof unless and until the conditions to any such transfer or registration set forth herein and in Section 2.05 of the Indenture shall have been satisfied. 9 OPTION OF HOLDER TO ELECT PURCHASE If you wish to have all of this Note purchased by the Company pursuant to Section 4.12 or 4.13 of the Indenture, check the box: ¨ If you wish to have a portion of this Note purchased by the Company pursuant to Section 4.12 or 4.13 of the Indenture, state the amount (in originalprincipal amount) below: US$_____________________. Wire transfer instructions for delivery of proceeds from the purchase of the Note are as follows: [ ] Date:____________ Your Signature:__________________________ (Sign exactly as your name appears on the other side of this Note) Signature Guarantee1: __________________________ 1Signatures must be guaranteed by an “eligible guarantor institution” meeting the requirements of the Trustee, which requirements includemembership or participation in the Securities Transfer Association Medallion Program (“STAMP”) or such other “signature guarantee program” asmay be determined by the Trustee in addition to, or in substitution for, STAMP, all in accordance with the United States Securities Exchange Act of1934, as amended. 10 SUBSIDIARY GUARANTEE Each of the undersigned (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) hereby, jointly and severally, Guarantees as principal obligor to each Holder of a Noteauthenticated by the Trustee or the Authenticating Agent and to the Trustee and its successors and assigns the due and punctual payment of the principal of,premium, if any, and interest on, and all other amounts payable under, the Notes and the Indenture. The obligations of each Subsidiary Guarantor areunconditional and absolute and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, will not be released, discharged or otherwise affected by: (1) any extension,renewal, settlement, compromise, waiver or release in respect of any obligation of the Company under the Indenture or any Note, by operation of law orotherwise; (2) any modification or amendment of or supplement to the Indenture or any Note; (3) any change in the corporate existence, structure orownership of the Company, or any insolvency, bankruptcy, reorganization or other similar proceeding affecting the Company or its assets or any resultingrelease or discharge of any obligation of the Company contained in the Indenture or any Note; (4) the existence of any claim, set off or other rights which theSubsidiary Guarantor may have at any time against the Company, the Trustee or any other Person, whether in connection with the Indenture or any unrelatedtransactions; provided that nothing herein prevents the assertion of any such claim by separate suit or compulsory counterclaim; (5) any invalidity,irregularity, or unenforceability relating to or against the Company for any reason of the Indenture or any Note; or (6) any other act or omission to act ordelay of any kind by the Company, the Trustee or any other Person or any other circumstance whatsoever which might, but for the provisions of thisparagraph, constitute a legal or equitable discharge of or defense to such Subsidiary Guarantor’s obligations hereunder. This Subsidiary Guarantee will not be discharged with respect to any Note except by payment in full of the principal of, premium, if any, and intereston the Notes and all other amounts payable, in respect of any Subsidiary Guarantor, or as otherwise contemplated in the Indenture. In case of the failure of theCompany punctually to pay any such principal of, premium, if any, and interest on the Notes and all other amounts payable, each of the SubsidiaryGuarantors hereby agrees to cause any such payment to be made punctually when and as the same shall become due and payable, whether at the statedmaturity, by acceleration, call for redemption or otherwise, and as if such payment were made by the Company. Subject to certain exceptions as set forth in the Indenture, each of the Subsidiary Guarantors hereby further agrees that all payments of, or in respectof, principal of, and premium (if any) and interest in respect of this Subsidiary Guarantee will be made without withholding or deduction for, or on account of,any present or future taxes, duties, assessments or governmental charges of whatever nature imposed or levied by or within any jurisdiction in which theCompany, a Surviving Person (as defined in the Indenture) or the applicable Subsidiary Guarantor is organized or resident for tax purposes (or any politicalsubdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein), unless such withholding or deduction is required by law or by regulation or governmental policy havingthe force of law. In the event that any such withholding or deduction is so required, each Subsidiary Guarantor severally agrees to pay such additionalamounts as will result in receipt by the holder of this Subsidiary Guarantee of such amounts as would have been received by such holder had no suchwithholding or deduction been required. 11 The obligations of the Subsidiary Guarantors to the holder of this Note and to the Trustee pursuant to this Subsidiary Guarantee and the Indentureare expressly set forth in Article 11 of the Indenture, and reference is hereby made to such Article and Indenture for the precise terms of the SubsidiaryGuarantee. This Subsidiary Guarantee shall not be valid or obligatory for any purpose until the certificate of authentication on the Note upon which thisSubsidiary Guarantee is endorsed shall have been executed by the Trustee or an Authenticating Agent under the Indenture by manual or facsimile signatureof one of its authorized officers. 12 XINYUAN INTERNATIONAL PROPERTY INVESTMENT CO., LTD. as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 13 XINYUAN REAL ESTATE, LTD. as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 14 XINYUAN INTERNATIONAL (HK) PROPERTY INVESTMENT CO.,LIMITED as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 15 VICTORY GOOD DEVELOPMENT LIMITED as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 16 SOUTH GLORY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 17 ELITE QUEST HOLDINGS LIMITED as Subsidiary Guarantor By:/s/ Xuefeng Li Name:Xuefeng Li Title:Authorized Signatory 18 Schedule of Exchanges of Notes The initial principal amount of this Global Note is US$100,000,000. Changes in principal amount of this Global Note are set forth below: DatePrincipalamount bywhich thisGlobal Note is to be decreasedand reason fordecreasePrincipalamount bywhich thisGlobal Note isto be increasedand reason forincreaseRemainingprincipalamount of thisGlobal Noteafter suchdecrease orincreaseNotation madeby NoteRegistrar 19 TRUSTEE, PAYING AGENT AND NOTE REGISTRAR Trustee Citicorp International Limited39/F, Champion Tower3 Garden Road, CentralHong Kong Paying Agent and Note Registrar Citibank, N.A., London Branchc/o Citibank, N.A., Dublin BranchOne North Wall QuayDublin 1Ireland 20 Exhibit 8.1 Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. List of Subsidiaries as of April 1, 2019* Company Name Jurisdiction of Incorporation Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd. Cayman IslandsXinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited Hong KongXIN Development Group International Inc. United StatesXinyuan Real Estate, Ltd. Cayman IslandsSouth Glory International Ltd. Hong KongVictory Good Development Ltd. Hong KongElite Quest Holdings Ltd. Hong KongXIN Irvine, LLC United StatesVista Sierra, LLC United StatesXIN Development Management East, LLC United StatesXIN NY Holding, LLC United States421 Kent Development, LLC United StatesXinyuan Sailing Co., Ltd. Hong KongAWAN Plasma Sdn Bhd MalaysiaXIN Eco Marine Group Properties Sdn Bhd MalaysiaXinyuan Internet Finance Co., Ltd. Cayman IslandsNew Dawn International Ltd. Cayman IslandsNew Legend International Ltd. (Transferred on June 28, 2018) Cayman IslandsNew Point International Ltd. Cayman IslandsNew Grace International Ltd. Cayman IslandsGenesis Ocean Investments Ltd. Hong KongHonest View Development Ltd. (Transferred on June 28, 2018) Hong KongHonour Triumph Enterprises Ltd. Hong KongWell Poly Holdings Ltd. Hong KongZhengzhou Yasheng Construction Material Co., Ltd. ChinaZhengzhou Jiasheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaZhengzhou Yusheng Landscape Design Co., Ltd. ChinaXinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd. ChinaHenan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaQingdao Xinyuan Xiangrui Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaShandong Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaXinyuan Technology Service Co., Ltd. ChinaMingyuan Landscape Engineering Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaSuzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. ChinaAnhui Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. China Kunshan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaXinyuan Real Estate (Chengdu) Co., Ltd. ChinaXuzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Xinyuan Jiye Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Xinyuan Wanzhong Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Heju Management Consulting Service Co., Ltd. ChinaXinyuan Renju (Beijing) Asset Management Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Xinyuan Priority Real Estate Consulting Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Xinyuan Priority Commercial Management Co., Ltd. ChinaSuzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaJiangsu Jiajing Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing XIN Media Co., Ltd. ChinaXingyang Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaAPEC Construction Investment (Beijing) Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Xinxiang Huicheng Decoration Co., Ltd. ChinaJinan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaXinrongji (Beijing) Investment Co., Ltd. ChinaSanya Beida Science and Technology Park Industrial Development Co., Ltd. ChinaChengdu Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaZhengzhou Hengsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Xinyuan Xindo Park E-commerce Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Economy Cooperation Ruifeng Investment Co., Ltd. ChinaTianjin Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaXi’an Yinghuai Commerce and Trade Co., Ltd. ChinaChangsha Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaShanghai Junxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Yinghuai Commerce and Trade Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Xinhe Investment Development Co., Ltd. ChinaJinan Yinghuai Commerce and Trade Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Yinghuai Commerce and Trade Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Xinyuan Guangsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaShanghai Hexinli Property Management Center. (Limited partnership) ChinaHenan Xinyuan Real Estate Marketing Co., Ltd. ChinaShandong Xinyuan Renju Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaShaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co., Ltd. China421 Kent Holding Co, Ltd. United StatesHudson 888 Owner LLC United StatesXIN Manhattan Holding LLC United StatesHudson 888 Holding LLC United StatesHenan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaZhengzhou Shengdao Real Estate Co., Ltd. China Henan Xinyuan Shunsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaHunan Erli Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaNingbo Meishan Bonded Port Xinshoulei Investment Management Co., Limited ChinaXinyuan (China) Technology Research Institute Limited Hong KongXIN Queens Holding LLC United StatesQueens Theatre Holdco LLC United StatesQueens Theatre Owner LLC United StatesGuoxin Future Science & Technology Research (Beijing) Co., Limited ChinaZhengzhou Xinnan Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaXinyan Investment Management Co., Limited. ChinaHangzhou Investment Consulting Co., Limited ChinaHunan Yue-Mart Commerce and Trade Co., Ltd. ChinaHunan Xintian Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Xinju Technology Co., Ltd. ChinaZhengzhou Hangmei Technology Development Co., Ltd. ChinaZhengzhou Hangmei Zhengxing Technology Co., Ltd. ChinaXi’an Dingrun Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaZhengzhou Kangshengboda Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaXinjiang Xinyuan Renju Equity Investment., Ltd. ChinaZhuhai Prince Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Huanzhou Construction Engineering Co., Ltd ChinaXinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. ChinaHangzhou Huiyuan Investment Management Partnership Enterprise. (Limited partnership) ChinaGuangdong Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Juhe Real Estate Brokerage Co., Ltd. ChinaTaicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. ChinaBeijing Yuandian Internet Technology Co., Ltd. ChinaKhorgos XinYan Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd. ChinaHunan Huaiwei Business Management Co., Ltd. ChinaXinyuan Technology Development Operation Henan Co., Limited. ChinaKunshan Litai Construction Co., Ltd. ChinaSuzhou Danhua Construction Co., Ltd. ChinaWuhan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaPuyang Zhongfang Xinyuan Property Management Co., Ltd. ChinaXian Jinbian Shunsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Chengzhihang Property Management Co., Ltd. ChinaJinan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Xinyuan Technology Co., Limited. ChinaHenan Yanchuang Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd. China Xinchuang (Dalian) Healthy Industrial Development Co., Ltd. ChinaZhongyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaSuzhou Yuxi Real Estate Co., Limited. ChinaSuzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Limited. ChinaXinchuang Sailing (Dalian) Healthy Investment Co., Ltd. ChinaWuhan Yinghexin Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Ruizhuoxiyuan Technology Development Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Kaizhuo Construction Engineering Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Kaijing Landscape Construction Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Jiedong Construction Engineering Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Ruizhuoxiyi Information Technology Co., Ltd. ChinaQingdao Xinyuan Jinguang Property Development Co., Ltd. ChinaXi'an Yinghehuihuang Business Management Co., Ltd. ChinaQingdao Jianuohua International Healthy Industrial Co., Ltd. ChinaChengdu Xinyuan Commercial Management Co., Ltd. ChinaDalian Xinyi Renju Industrial Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Xinyuan Huicheng Technology Co., Limited. ChinaShenzhen Huixin Tongrong Commercial Factoring Co., Ltd. ChinaGuoxin Future Kechuang (Tianjin) Fund Management Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Kaiyun Construction Design Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Kairen Real Estate Brokerage Co., Ltd. ChinaJiangxi Jingshengheda Construction Material Co., Ltd. ChinaJiangxi Xinkai Renju Management Consulting Service Co. Ltd. ChinaQingdao Keda Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaWuhu Xinyansuifeng NO.1 Investment Center (Limited partnership) ChinaChengdu Yinghuai Commercial Management Co., Ltd. ChinaShanyang Yinghuai Commerce and Trade Co., Ltd. ChinaYinghuai (Sanya) Technology Management Co., Ltd ChinaWuhan Xinchuang Financial Technology Development Co., Ltd. ChinaZhuhai Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaXi'an Rongshenghongda Construction Engineering Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Juzhouyun Technology Development Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Yuzhouyun Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) ChinaBeijing Zhiqi Internet Technology Development Co., Ltd. ChinaSichuan Yingbo Business Management Co., Ltd. ChinaQingdao Yinghuai Qikela Business Management Co., Ltd. ChinaNanjing Huaiyu Business Management Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Huaizhi Business Management Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Huaisheng Business Management Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Ruihao Rongtong Real Estate Co., Ltd. ChinaChina Online Finance Research Institute Limited Hong KongShenzhen Xinchuang Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. China Shenzhen Keye Investment Co., Ltd. ChinaShenzhen Xilefu Internet Financial Service Co., Ltd. ChinaShenzhen Xileju Technology Development Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Yueshenghang Property ServiceCo., Ltd. ChinaXinyuan Tianjin Technology Development Co., Limited. ChinaHangzhou Xinyansuifeng Investment Partnership Enterprise (Limited partnership) ChinaHenan Xinyuan Education Technology, LLC. ChinaShenzhen Ruizhuoxizhi Technology Development Co., Ltd. ChinaXinyuan Co., Ltd ChinaXinyan Tianjin Investment Management Co., Ltd. ChinaHenan Xinyuan Property Service Co., Ltd. ChinaChengdu Guohongteng Industrial Co., Ltd. ChinaChengdu Xinyuan Renju Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. ChinaBeijing Zhongtou Xinshoulei Investment Management Center (Limited Partnership) ChinaJinan Renju Construction Material Co., Ltd.** ChinaChangsha Xinyuan Qizhi Information Technology Consulting Co., Ltd.** ChinaDalian Xinyi Yaju Real Estate Co., Ltd.** ChinaGuangdong Xinchuang Kechuangzhigu Development Co., Ltd.** China *The list does not include various new entities created by Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. that are being held for future ventures. ** Formed in 2019. EXHIBIT 12.1 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TOSECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Lizhou Zhang, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for thecompany and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposesin accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by theannual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to thecompany’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internalcontrol over financial reporting. Date: April 29, 2019 /s/ Lizhou Zhang Lizhou Zhang Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) EXHIBIT 12.2 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TOSECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Xuefeng Li, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for thecompany and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposesin accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by theannual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to thecompany’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internalcontrol over financial reporting. Date: April 29, 2019 /s/ Xuefeng Li Xuefeng Li Interim Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) EXHIBIT 13.1 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERPURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the undersigned officer of Xinyuan Real EstateCo., Ltd. (the “Company”), hereby certifies that to his knowledge the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the“Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Exchange Act and that the information contained in the Reportfairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: April 29, 2019/s/ Lizhou Zhang Lizhou ZhangChief Executive Officer(Principal Executive Officer)The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Exchange Act and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes ofSection 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. EXHIBIT 13.2 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERPURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the undersigned officer of Xinyuan Real EstateCo., Ltd. (the “Company”), hereby certifies that to his knowledge the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the“Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Exchange Act and that the information contained in the Reportfairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: April 29, 2019/s/ Xuefeng Li Xuefeng LiInterim Chief Financial Officer(Principal Financial Officer)The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Exchange Act and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes ofSection 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. Exhibit 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1)Registration Statement and related Prospectus (Form F-3 No. 333-192046) of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., (2)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-152637) pertaining to the Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan and the Xinyuan RealEstate Co., Ltd. 2007 Long Term Incentive Plan of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., (3)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-198525) pertaining to the Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. 2014 Restricted Stock Unit Plan, and (4)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-205371) pertaining to the Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. 2015 Stock Option Plan of our reports dated April 29, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. and the effectiveness of internalcontrol over financial reporting of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. included in this Annual Report (Form 20-F) for the year ended December 31, 2018. /s/Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLPBeijing, People’s Republic of ChinaApril 29, 2019

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