Aflac
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 or ¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 001-07434 Aflac Incorporated (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) Georgia 58-1167100 1932 Wynnton Road, Columbus, Georgia (Address of principal executive offices) 31999 (ZIP Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 706.323.3431 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, $.10 Par Value Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange Tokyo Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. þ Yes ¨ No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ¨ Yes þ No Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. þ Yes ¨ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). þ Yes ¨ No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (Section 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer þ   ¨   ¨ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ¨ Yes þ No The aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2018 , was $33,002,565,252 . The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding at February 12, 2019 , with $.10 par value, was 750,332,375 . Certain information contained in the Notice and Proxy Statement for the Company’s 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders is incorporated by reference into Part III hereof. Documents Incorporated By Reference   Accelerated filer   Smaller reporting company   Emerging growth company ¨ ¨                                   PART I PART II PART III PART IV Aflac Incorporated Annual Report on Form 10-K For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Table of Contents Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Properties Item 3. Legal Proceedings Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Item 6. Selected Financial Data Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Executive Compensation Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules i Page 1 15 32 32 32 33 34 37 39 77 86 179 179 179 180 180 180 180 180 181                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Item 1. Business ITEM 1. BUSINESS PART I Aflac Incorporated (the Parent Company) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) prepare financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). This report includes certain forward-looking information that is based on current expectations and is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. For details on forward-looking information, see Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A), Part II, Item 7, of this report. Aflac Incorporated qualifies as a large accelerated filer within the meaning of Rule 12b-2 under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (the Exchange Act). The Company's Internet address is aflac.com. The information on the Company's website is not incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 10-K. The Company makes available, free of charge on the Investors portion of its website, the Company's annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments thereto as soon as reasonably practicable after those forms have been electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). General Description Aflac Incorporated was incorporated in 1973 under the laws of the state of Georgia. Aflac Incorporated is a general business holding company and acts as a management company, overseeing the operations of its subsidiaries by providing management services and making capital available. Its principal business is voluntary supplemental and life insurance, which is marketed and administered through American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac) in the United States (Aflac U.S.) and, effective April 1, 2018, through Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. in Japan (Aflac Japan). Prior to April 1, 2018, the Company's insurance business was marketed in Japan as a branch of Aflac. American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (Aflac New York) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Aflac. Most of Aflac's policies are individually underwritten and marketed through independent agents. Additionally, Aflac U.S. markets and administers group products through Continental American Insurance Company (CAIC), branded as Aflac Group Insurance. The Company's insurance operations in the United States and Japan service the two markets for the Company's insurance business. Effective April 1, 2018, the Company converted Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary incorporated as a Japanese stock corporation. The transaction was accounted for as tax-neutral and did not have a material impact on the daily operations of either Aflac Japan or Aflac U.S. In addition, the Company obtained and expects to continue to obtain enhanced flexibility in capital management and business development as a result of the conversion. The Company offers voluntary insurance policies in Japan and the United States that provide a layer of financial protection against income and asset loss. The Company continues to diversify its product offerings in both Japan and the United States. Aflac Japan sells voluntary supplemental insurance products, including cancer plans, general medical indemnity plans, medical/sickness riders, care plans, living benefit life plans, ordinary life insurance plans and annuities. Aflac U.S. sells voluntary supplemental insurance products including products designed to protect individuals from depletion of assets (accident, cancer, critical illness/care, hospital indemnity, fixed-benefit dental, and vision care plans) and loss-of-income products (life and short-term disability plans). The Company is authorized to conduct insurance business in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, several U.S. territories and Japan. Reporting Segments The Company's insurance business consists of two reporting segments: Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. Aflac Japan is the principal contributor to the Parent Company’s consolidated earnings. Aflac Japan's revenues, including realized gains and losses on its investment portfolio, accounted for 70% of the Company's total revenues in 2018 , compared with 70% in 2017 and 71% in 2016 . The percentage of the Company's total assets attributable to Aflac Japan was 84% and 83% at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The conversion of Aflac Japan to a subsidiary structure did not affect the Company's segment reporting structure. For information on the Company's results of operations and financial information by segment, see MD&A and Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. 1 Item 1. Business The Company evaluates its premium growth and sales efforts using the following performance measures: Certain Performance Measures • • • Annualized premiums in force is defined as the amount of gross premium that a policyholder must pay over a full year in order to keep coverage. The growth of net premiums (defined below) is directly affected by the change in premiums in force and by the change in weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rates. New annualized premium sales (sometimes referred to as new sales or sales) is an operating measure that is not reflected on the Company's financial statements. New annualized premium sales generally represents annual premiums on policies the Company sold and incremental increases from policy conversions, collected over a 12-month period, assuming the policies remain in force. For Aflac Japan, new annualized premium sales are determined by applications submitted during the reporting period. For Aflac U.S., new annualized premium sales are determined by applications that are issued during the reporting period. Conversions are defined as the positive difference in the annualized premium when a policy upgrades in the current reporting period. Net premiums (sometimes referred to as net premium income or net earned premiums) is a financial measure that appears on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Earnings and in its segment reporting. This measure reflects collected or due premiums that have been earned ratably on policies in force during the reporting period, reduced by premiums that have been ceded to third parties and increased by premiums assumed through reinsurance. Foreign Currency Translation Aflac Japan’s premiums and approximately half of its investment income are received in yen. Claims and most expenses are paid in yen, and the Company purchases yen-denominated assets and U.S. dollar-denominated assets, which may be hedged to yen, to support yen-denominated policy liabilities. These and other yen-denominated financial statement items are, however, translated into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. For information regarding the effect of currency fluctuations on the Company's business, see the Hedging Activities subsection within the Analysis of Financial Condition section of MD&A, the Currency Risk subsection within Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, and Notes 1 and 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. For information regarding how the Company’s investment strategy supports management of foreign currency risk, refer to the Investments subsection below. Insurance Products (1) Aflac U.S.   Accident   Short-Term Disability   Critical Care (2)   Hospital Indemnity   Dental   Vision Life (Term and Whole) Aflac Japan Third Sector Insurance   Cancer   Medical Income Support First Sector Insurance Life Protection Term   Whole Savings   WAYS   Child Endowment (1) Actively marketed as of December 31, 2018 (2) Includes cancer, critical illness, and hospital intensive care products Japan Aflac Japan's insurance products are designed to help consumers pay for medical and nonmedical costs that are not reimbursed under Japan's national health insurance system. Changes in Japan's economy and an aging population have put increasing pressure on Japan's national health care system. As a result, more costs have been shifted to Japanese 2                                                                                                                                                             Item 1. Business consumers, who in turn have become increasingly interested in insurance products that help them manage those costs. Aflac Japan has responded to this consumer need by enhancing existing products and developing new products. The foundation of Aflac Japan's product portfolio has been, and continues to be, its third sector products, which include cancer, medical and income support insurance products. Aflac pioneered the cancer insurance market in Japan in 1974, and remains the number one provider of cancer insurance in Japan today. Over the years, Aflac Japan has customized its cancer insurance product to respond to, and anticipate, the needs of its consumers and the advances in medical treatments. The cancer insurance plans the Company offers in Japan provide a lump-sum benefit upon initial diagnosis of internal cancer and benefits for treatment received due to internal cancer such as fixed daily benefits for hospitalization, outpatient services and convalescent care, surgical benefits, and outpatient treatments. Aflac Japan has a unique Aflac-branded cancer insurance product for Japan's postal system, Japan Post (see the Distribution - Japan section for background information). In April 2018, Aflac Japan introduced a new cancer insurance product, DAYS 1, with enhanced cancer benefits. In addition to providing benefits for hospitalization, outpatient treatment, surgery, radiation therapy and anti-cancer drug treatment, this product was designed to provide benefits to improve quality of life and to cover out-of-pocket expenses not directly related to medical treatment. At the same time, Aflac Japan introduced DAYS 1 Plus to provide existing holders with up-to- date coverage. As the number one provider of cancer insurance in Japan, the Company believes these products further strengthen its brand, and most importantly, provide valuable benefits to consumers who are looking for solutions to manage cancer-related costs. Aflac Japan's EVER product is a stand-alone, whole-life medical insurance product which offers a basic level of hospitalization coverage with an affordable premium. The current version of this product includes riders to be associated with three critical illnesses (cancer, heart attack, and stroke) to better respond to consumers' needs for coverage of serious illnesses. These riders provide policyholders with a benefit upon the diagnosis for those three critical illnesses, waiver of premium payment thereafter and unlimited hospital days for such critical illnesses. Since its initial introduction, Aflac Japan has expanded its suite of EVER product offerings to appeal to specific types of Japanese consumers and achieve greater market penetration. In 2017, Aflac Japan revised the EVER product by introducing riders for lump-sum hospitalization benefits and surgeries for female-specific diseases as well as strengthening outpatient benefits and reducing premiums centered on the young- to middle-aged market segments. This product also offers a short-pay premium period to policyholders. Gentle EVER, Aflac Japan's non-standard medical insurance product, was designed to meet the needs of certain consumers who cannot qualify for the base EVER plan. In October 2018, Aflac Japan launched a new type of medical product referred to as Health Promotion Medical Insurance where a policyholder is entitled to a partial refund of the premium if the policyholders' “health age” measured by certain health check items is lower than his or her actual age. This product is marketed exclusively online and targeted at younger generations. The Company believes that the affordable cancer and medical insurance products Aflac Japan provides will continue to be an important part of its product portfolio. Nevertheless, as the Company continues its long history of product innovation, Aflac Japan's product portfolio has expanded beyond traditional health-related products. Aflac Japan's Income Support Insurance provides fixed-benefit amounts in the event that a policyholder is unable to work due to significant illness or injury and was developed to supplement the disability coverage within Japan’s social security system. This product targets young to middle-aged consumers, and by focusing efforts on this demographic, Aflac Japan believes it is building relationships that lay the groundwork for the sale of its cancer and medical insurance later in life to the Income Support policyholders. Beginning in 2013, Aflac Japan began to curtail sales of first sector savings-type products, such as WAYS, child endowment and fixed annuities, due to persistent low interest rates in Japan and, in particular, the relatively large capital commitment required by such products and their lower profitability, in such an environment. Aflac Japan continues to sell first sector protection-type products, which include term and whole life, to provide Aflac Japan’s traditional sales channels with a more comprehensive product portfolio to continue to cross-sell with third sector products. In July 2018, Aflac Japan introduced a first sector protection whole life product with low cash surrender value, which offers non-smoking policyholders further discounted premiums. For additional information on Aflac Japan's products and composition of sales, see the Aflac Japan Segment subsection of MD&A in this report. 3 Item 1. Business U.S. The Company designs its U.S. insurance products to provide supplemental coverage for people who already have major medical or primary insurance coverage. Most of Aflac's U.S. policies are individually underwritten and marketed through independent agents. Additionally, Aflac U.S. started to market and administer group insurance products in 2009. Aflac U.S. insurance policies pay benefits regardless of other insurance. Most of the Aflac U.S. insurance benefits are paid in cash directly to policyholders; therefore, customers have the opportunity to use this cash to help with expenses of their choosing. Aflac U.S. offers accident coverage on both an individual and group basis. These policies pay cash benefits in the event of a covered injury. The accident portion of the policy includes lump-sum benefits for accidental death, dismemberment and specific injuries as well as fixed benefits for hospital confinement. Additional benefits are also available for home modifications, wellness and increased benefits for injuries related to participations in an organized sporting activity. Aflac U.S. offers short-term disability benefits on both an individual and group basis. The individual short-term disability product has an Aflac Value Rider that pays a benefit, less claims, for every consecutive five-year term that the policy is in force. Aflac U.S. offers coverage for critical care on both an individual and group basis. These policies are designed to pay cash benefits in the event of critical illnesses such as heart attack, stroke, or cancer. On an individually underwritten basis, Aflac U.S. offers cancer plans, critical illness plans, and critical care and recovery plans (formerly called specified health event). On a group basis Aflac U.S. offers critical illness plans. Aflac U.S. offers hospital indemnity coverage on both an individual and group basis. Hospital indemnity products provide policyholders fixed dollar benefits triggered by hospitalization due to accident or sickness, or just sickness alone. Indemnity benefits for inpatient and outpatient surgeries, as well as various other diagnostic events, are also available. Aflac U.S. also offers a lump sum rider that can be added to its individual accident, short-term disability and hospital indemnity products. This rider, where available, provides a lump sum payment for a range of critical illness events including traumatic brain injury, Type 1 diabetes, advanced Alzheimer’s disease and many more. In January 2016, a new group hospital indemnity plan was introduced that includes 11 new benefits, including telemedicine and health screening. This plan provides flexibility, allowing the Company's clients to personalize their plan designs to complement the underlying medical coverage that is offered to employees. Aflac U.S. offers additional coverages to those listed above, including dental, vision and life policies. Aflac U.S. offers fixed-benefit dental coverage on both an individual and group basis. Aflac U.S. offers Vision Now SM , an individually issued policy which provides benefits for serious eye health conditions and loss of sight as well as coverage for corrective eye materials and exam benefits. Aflac U.S. also offers term- and whole- life policies on both an individual and group basis. For additional information on Aflac's U.S. products and composition of sales, see the Aflac U.S. Segment subsection of MD&A in this report. Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Individual/ Independent Corporate Agencies Independent Associates Distribution Channels Affiliated Corporate Agencies Brokers Banks Japan The traditional channels through which Aflac Japan has sold its products consist of individual agents/agencies, independent corporate agencies, and affiliated corporate agencies. The individual agencies and independent corporate agencies that sell Aflac Japan's products give better access to workers at a vast number of small businesses in Japan. Agents' activities are primarily focused on insurance sales, with customer service support provided by the Aflac Contact Center. Affiliated corporate agencies are initially formed when companies establish subsidiary businesses to sell Aflac Japan's insurance products to employees as part of a benefit package, and in some cases expand to sell Aflac Japan products to other parties such as suppliers and customers.These agencies help Aflac Japan reach employees at large 4                           Item 1. Business worksites, and some of them are also successful in approaching customers outside their business groups. The Company believes that new agencies will continue to be attracted to Aflac Japan's competitive commissions, attractive products, superior customer service and strong brand image. The Company has sold products to employees of banks since its entry into Japan in 1974. However, December 2007 marked the first time it was permissible for banks to sell Aflac Japan's type of insurance products to their customers. By the end of 2018 , Aflac Japan had agreements with approximately 90% of the total number of banks in Japan, to sell its products. The Company believes Aflac Japan has more banks selling its supplemental health insurance products than any of its competitors. Japanese consumers rely on banks to provide traditional bank services, and also to provide insurance solutions and other services. The Company believes Aflac Japan's long-standing and strong relationships within the Japanese banking sector, along with its strategic preparations, have proven to be an advantage, particularly starting when this channel opened up for its products. Aflac Japan's partnerships throughout the banking sector provide Aflac Japan with a wider demographic of potential customers than it would otherwise have been able to reach, and it also allows banks to expand their product and service offerings to consumers. In 2005, legislation aimed at privatizing Japan's postal system (Japan Post) was enacted into law. The privatization laws split Japan Post into four operating entities that began operating in October 2007. In 2007, one of these entities selected Aflac Japan as its provider of cancer insurance to be sold through its post offices, and, in 2008, Aflac Japan began selling cancer insurance through these post offices. Japan Post has historically been a popular place for consumers to purchase insurance products. Legislation to reform the postal system passed Japan’s legislature, the Diet, in April 2012 and resulted in the merger of two of the postal operating entities (the one that delivers the mail and the one that runs the post offices) in October 2012. In July 2013, Aflac Japan entered into a new agreement with Japan Post Holdings to further expand the partnership that was established in 2008. In June 2014, Japan Post Insurance (Kampo) received approval from Japan’s primary insurance regulator, the Financial Services Agency (FSA), to enter into an agency contract with Aflac Japan. Under this contract, Aflac Japan currently distributes its cancer insurance products through 76 of Kampo's directly managed sales offices. Aflac Japan has developed a unique Aflac-branded cancer insurance product for Japan Post and Kampo that was introduced in October 2014. In 2015, Japan Post expanded the number of post offices that offer Aflac's cancer insurance products to more than 20,000 postal outlets. The Company believes this alliance with Japan Post, which is included in Aflac Japan's affiliated corporate agencies distribution channel, has benefited and will continue to benefit Aflac Japan's cancer insurance sales. For example, sales of cancer insurance policies by Japan Post constituted approximately 25% of Aflac Japan's third sector sales during the 2018 calendar year. In December 2018, the Company announced that in a further strengthening of this alliance. Japan Post Holdings Co., Ltd, a Japanese corporation, (Japan Post Holdings) plans to purchase approximately 7% of the Parent Company's outstanding common shares through a trust using open market and private block purchases. Like all common shares in the Parent Company, the shares purchased by the trust will be eligible for 10-for-1 voting rights after being held for 48 consecutive months. In connection with this announcement, on December 19, 2018, the Parent Company and Aflac Japan entered into a Basic Agreement regarding the "Strategic Alliance Based on Capital Relationship" with Japan Post Holdings (Basic Agreement), and the Parent Company entered into a letter agreement with Japan Post Holdings (Letter Agreement). Under the Letter Agreement, Japan Post Holdings agreed (i) to establish and fund a voting trust in accordance with a trust agreement (Trust Agreement) by no later than February 28, 2019, (ii) upon establishment of the trust, to instruct the trustee and the sole shareholder of the trust to enter into, and to itself enter into, a shareholders agreement with the Parent Company (Shareholders Agreement) providing for, among other things, a cap on share ownership, a minimum holding period and a standstill provision and voting restrictions that effectively limit the trustee's voting rights to no more than 20% of the voting rights of the Parent Company and further restrict the trustee's voting rights with respect to certain change in control transactions. The terms of the investment do not provide Japan Post Holdings with a right to a board seat on the Parent Company's board of directors or with any other rights to control, manage or intervene in the management of the Parent Company. This strategic investment is subject to certain regulatory approvals in Japan, and the U.S. The Company anticipates that regulatory approvals will be received in the second half of 2019. The foregoing summary is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Basic Agreement and Letter Agreement, including the forms of Trust Agreement and Shareholders Agreement attached to the Letter Agreement, copies of which are included as Exhibits 10.47 and 10.48 attached hereto and the terms of which are incorporated herein by reference. For additional information on Aflac Japan's distribution, see the Aflac Japan Segment subsection of MD&A in this report. 5 Item 1. Business U.S. As of December 31, 2018 , the U.S. sales force was composed of sales associates and brokers who are licensed to sell accident and health insurance. Many are also licensed to sell life insurance. Aflac U.S. utilizes dual-channel distribution to market its insurance products to businesses of all sizes. The career agent channel focuses on marketing Aflac to the small business market, which consists of employers with less than 100 employees. As such, Aflac U.S. has aligned its recruiting, training, compensation, marketing and incentives for its career agents to encourage specific activity and sales of individual policies in this market. The broker channel focuses on selling to the mid- and large-case market, which is comprised of employers with more than 100 employees and typically an average size of 1,000 employees or more. Since regional and national brokers have traditionally served the mid- and large-case market, the sales professionals in the broker channel are assigned a geographic market to strengthen relationships with the top brokers and sell Aflac products to their clients. As a result, Aflac U.S. is represented on 160 benefit administration platforms, sometimes referred to as exchanges, of various brokers. Sales associates and brokers are independent contractors and are paid commissions based on first-year and renewal premiums from their sales of insurance products. In addition to receiving commissions on personal production, district and regional sales coordinators may also receive override commissions and incentive bonuses. Aflac U.S. has continued to evolve its career and broker management infrastructure to drive growth in sales. In 2017, Aflac hired a Chief Distribution Officer to align the strategies of career and broker channels and to further expand U.S. distribution. All Aflac U.S. sales channels are now within the organizational structure of the Chief Distribution Officer. Prior to this change, the broker and career channels were part of separate organizational structures. Aflac U.S. believes the addition of this role will enhance performance management and augment its long-term sales strategy. Aflac U.S. concentrates on marketing its insurance products at the worksite. This method offers policies to individuals through employment, trade and other associations. Historically, Aflac U.S. policies have been individually underwritten, however over the past several years, guaranteed issue options have become available. Premiums are generally paid by the employee. Additionally, Aflac's individual policies are portable, meaning that individuals may retain their full insurance coverage upon separation from employment or such affiliation, generally at the same premium. Individual policies are typically guaranteed-renewable for the lifetime of the policyholder (to age 75 for short-term disability policies). Aflac U.S. collects a major portion of premiums on such sales through payroll deduction or other forms of centralized billing. With Aflac U.S. brokerage sales expansion and CAIC, branded as Aflac Group Insurance, Aflac U.S. offers group voluntary insurance products desired by many large employers. These products are sold on a group basis and often have some element of guaranteed issue. Worksite marketing enables sales associates and brokers to reach a greater number of prospective policyholders and lowers distribution costs, compared with individually marketed business. For additional information on Aflac's U.S. distribution, see the Aflac U.S. Segment subsection of MD&A in this report. Japan Competition In 1974, Aflac was granted an operating license to sell life insurance in Japan, making Aflac the second non-Japanese life insurance company to gain direct access to the Japanese insurance market. Through 1981, Aflac Japan faced limited competition for cancer insurance policy sales. However, Japan has experienced two periods of deregulation since Aflac Japan entered the market. The first came in the early 1980s, when nine mid-sized insurers, including domestic and foreign companies, were allowed to sell cancer insurance products for the first time. The second period began in 2001 when all life and non-life insurers were allowed to sell stand-alone cancer and medical insurance products as well as other stand- alone health insurance products. As a result, the number of insurance companies offering stand-alone cancer and medical insurance has more than doubled since the market was deregulated in 2001. However, based on Aflac Japan's growth of annualized premiums in force and diversified distribution network, the Company does not believe that Aflac Japan's market-leading position has been significantly impacted by increased competition. Furthermore, the Company believes the continued development and maintenance of operating efficiencies will allow Aflac Japan to offer affordable products that appeal to consumers. Aflac Japan is the largest life insurer in Japan in terms of cancer and medical policies in force. As of December 31, 2018 , Aflac Japan exceeded 24 million individual policies in force in Japan. Aflac Japan has experienced substantial success selling cancer policies in Japan, with more than 15 million cancer policies in force as of December 31, 2018 . Aflac Japan continued to be the number one seller of cancer insurance policies in Japan throughout 2018 . The Company believes Aflac Japan will remain a leading provider of cancer insurance 6 Item 1. Business coverage in Japan, principally due to its experience in the market, well-known brand, low-cost operations, expansive marketing system and product expertise. Further, the Company believes that its alliance with Japan Post will continue to benefit Aflac Japan's sales of cancer insurance in Japan. (See Distribution-Japan above for more information on Aflac Japan's marketing system and its alliance with Japan Post.) Aflac Japan has also experienced substantial success selling medical insurance in Japan. While other companies have recognized the opportunities that Aflac Japan has seen in the medical insurance market and are frequently offering new products, Aflac Japan endeavors to keep its products attractive to consumers by revising benefits of medical insurance products more frequently than cancer insurance. U.S. Aflac U.S. competes against several voluntary supplemental insurance carriers on a national and regional basis. Aflac U.S. believes its policies, premium rates, platforms, value-added services and sales commissions are competitive by product type. Moreover, Aflac U.S. believes that its products are distinct from competitive offerings given its product focus (including features, benefits, and its claims service model), distribution capabilities, and brand awareness. For many companies with which Aflac U.S. competes, voluntary supplemental insurance products are sold as a secondary business. A growing number of major medical and life insurance carriers are also entering into the voluntary supplemental insurance market. For Aflac U.S., supplemental insurance products are its primary business and are sold via a distribution network of independent sales associates and brokers (see U.S. Distribution above). In addition, the Company believes that advertising campaigns for Aflac U.S. have increased name awareness and understanding among consumers and businesses of the value its products provide. Both private and publicly-traded insurers offer major medical insurance for hospitalization and medical expenses. Much of this insurance is sold on a group basis to accounts that are both fully and self-insured. The federal and state governments also pay substantial costs of medical treatment through various programs. Major medical insurance generally covers a substantial portion of the medical expenses incurred by an insured. Aflac policies are designed to provide coverage that supplements major medical insurance by paying cash directly to the policyholder to use for expenses their major medical insurance is not designed to cover, or for any other uses that the policyholder chooses. Thus, Aflac U.S. does not compete directly with major medical insurers except those who sell supplemental insurance products as a secondary business. Any reduction of coverage, increase in employee participation costs, or increased deductibles and copayments by major medical commercial or government insurance carriers could favorably affect Aflac U.S. business opportunities. Since the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) beginning in 2010, some employers have shifted a larger burden of the cost of care to their employees, primarily through increases in premiums, copays, and/or deductibles, such as through the use of high-deductible health plans. In addition, the Company believes that some employers have made increasing use of supplemental insurance product offerings in order to improve their competitiveness in employee recruitment and retention. Since Aflac products provide an additional level of financial protection for policyholders, the Company believes the increased financial exposure some employees may face creates a favorable opportunity for Aflac U.S. products. However, given the profitability erosion some major medical carriers are facing in their core lines of business, the Company has seen a more competitive landscape as they seek entry into Aflac's supplemental product segments and leverage their core benefit offerings by bundling and discounting products in order to gain voluntary market share. One Day Pay SM is a claims initiative that Aflac U.S. introduced in 2015 to process, approve and pay eligible claims in just one day. The Company believes that along with its brand and relevant products, this claims practice has helped Aflac stand out from competitors. Investments Effective January 1, 2018, investments of Aflac U.S. as well as certain sub-advised assets of Aflac Japan, are managed by the Company’s U.S. asset management subsidiary, Aflac Asset Management LLC (AAM), and investments of Aflac Japan are managed pursuant to an investment advisory agreement between Aflac Japan and the Company's asset management subsidiary in Japan, Aflac Asset Management Japan Ltd. (AAMJ). AAMJ is licensed as a discretionary asset manager under the Japan Financial Instruments and Exchange Act and is subject to rules of the Japan Investment Advisors Association, a self-regulatory organization with mandatory membership for Japan investment managers. Beginning with the first quarter of 2018, AAM and AAMJ are reported in the "Corporate and other segment" category; however, the assets that they manage will be reported in the respective Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. business segments. 7 Item 1. Business Japan The Company’s investment strategy with respect to Aflac Japan utilizes disciplined asset and liability management while seeking diversification, long-term risk-adjusted investment returns and the delivery of stable income within regulatory and capital objectives, as well as preserving shareholder value in the Aflac Japan business. In attempting to optimally balance these objectives, the Company seeks to maintain on behalf of Aflac Japan a diversified portfolio of yen- denominated investment assets, U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio hedged back to yen and a portfolio of unhedged U.S. dollar- denominated assets. Each of these portfolios presents unique benefits and risks to the Company. Yen-denominated investments included in Aflac Japan’s portfolio primarily consist of Japan Government Bonds (JGB), other public bonds and private placement fixed income instruments. The Company attempts to match both the duration and currency of these assets with Aflac Japan’s liabilities. This poses a difficulty in Aflac Japan due to the lack of suitable long-dated yen-denominated fixed income instruments. In 2012, the Company initiated a strategic approach to include U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan’s portfolio with the initial intent that they would be coupled with foreign exchange hedges. Today, this hedged U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio is mainly invested in long-term fixed and floating-rate loans and long-term investment-grade fixed income securities. The primary goals of the yen-denominated and hedged U.S. dollar portfolios are to provide sufficient yen cash flows to support the insurance liabilities and other yen-denominated obligations of Aflac Japan, and to seek appropriate long-term risk-adjusted investment returns supportive of solvency margin ratio (SMR) levels that provide sufficient dividend flows to the Parent Company . The hedges supporting this portion of the U.S. dollar portfolio pose derivative rollover risk that could amplify hedge costs in unfavorable market conditions, risk of counterparty default, and may require the Company to post collateral. In a declining yen environment, these hedges could result in negative cash settlements that may significantly increase liquidity requirements, thereby shifting funds away from other capital management opportunities including loss of investment income. If the combined yen-denominated and hedged U.S. dollar-denominated portfolios are larger than Aflac Japan's yen obligations, the economic value of these portfolios may be eroded under a long-term scenario of weakening yen due to foreign currency translation risk, one result of which may be to reduce the Company's dividend capacity. The Company also maintains an unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio with the objectives of generating enhanced investment returns and mitigating certain of the risks posed by the yen and hedged U.S. dollar-denominated portfolios as outlined above. Further, the Company has determined that the unhedged portfolio acts as a natural economic currency hedge of a portion of the Company’s investment in Aflac Japan against erosion of economic value. However, the unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio creates an unmatched foreign currency exposure and subjects Aflac Japan to volatility in regulatory capital and earnings, which may adversely impact Aflac Japan’s ability to pay dividends to the Parent Company. The Company’s approach to sizing the unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio seeks to balance the unique risks presented by each of the three portfolios outlined above, but the overall investment strategy in Aflac Japan is guided primarily by the objective of securing the long-term financial strength of Aflac Japan and funding of yen liabilities. As a result, the Company has historically maintained and currently maintains the size of the unhedged portfolio at levels below the stressed economic surplus in Aflac Japan. The determination of stressed economic surplus in Aflac Japan involves multiple models using multiple statistical approaches and assuming various economic and operating scenarios that are stressed to arrive at a range of potential outcomes. This range does not account for all economic scenarios, some of which may result in values outside of the range. The Company periodically assesses the stressed economic surplus in Aflac Japan, which fluctuates over time, and adjusts the size of the unhedged portfolio accordingly. The portfolio may include medium-term and long-term fixed-rate government and corporate (investment-grade and high-yield) bonds, floating-rate loans, public equities, and alternative asset classes. In determining the composition of the portfolio, the Company also considers diversification, hedge cost, investment returns relative to yen-denominated investment yields, and Aflac Japan capital requirements. At December 31, 2018, this unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated portfolio was approximately $14.4 billion , compared with approximately $13.0 billion at December 31, 2017. For additional discussion of business and market risks associated with the Company’s investment strategy in Japan, refer to the Risk Factors and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk sections. U.S. The Company’s investment strategy with respect to Aflac U.S. utilizes disciplined asset and liability management while seeking long-term risk- adjusted investment returns and the delivery of stable income within regulatory and capital objectives. As part of the Company's portfolio management and asset allocation process, Aflac U.S. invests in fixed-maturity investments and growth assets, including public equities and alternative investments in limited partnerships. 8 Item 1. Business Aflac U.S. has been investing in both publicly traded and privately originated investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities and loans. For further information on the Company's investments and investment results, see the Insurance Operations and Analysis of Financial Condition sections of MD&A and Notes 3, 4 and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. Japan Regulation The financial and business affairs of Aflac Japan are subject to examination by Japan's FSA. Aflac Japan files annual reports and financial statements for the Japanese insurance operations based on a March 31 fiscal year end, prepared in accordance with Japanese regulatory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the FSA. Japanese regulatory basis earnings are determined using accounting principles that differ materially from U.S. GAAP. For example, under Japanese regulatory accounting practices, policy acquisition costs are expensed immediately; policy benefit and claim reserving methods and assumptions are different; premium income is recognized on a cash basis; different consolidation criteria apply to variable interest entities (VIEs); different accounting applies to reinsurance; and investments can have a separate accounting classification and treatment referred to as policy reserve matching bonds (PRM), which are recorded at amortized cost. Capital and surplus of Aflac Japan, based on Japanese regulatory accounting practices, was $6.4 billion at December 31, 2018 , compared with $6.7 billion at December 31, 2017 . The FSA maintains a solvency standard, which is used by Japanese regulators to monitor the financial strength of insurance companies. As of December 31, 2018 , Aflac Japan's SMR was 965% , compared with 1,064% at December 31, 2017 . Aflac Japan's SMR is sensitive to interest rate, credit spread and foreign exchange rate changes. See the Capital Resources and Liquidity Section of MD&A for a discussion of measures the Company has taken to mitigate the sensitivity of Aflac Japan's SMR. Prior to April 1, 2018, Aflac Japan repatriated a portion of its accumulated earnings, as determined on a Japanese regulatory accounting basis, to Aflac U.S. provided that Aflac Japan has determined that it adequately protected policyholders' interests as measured by its SMR. Starting in the fourth quarter of 2018, Aflac Japan distributes dividends to the Parent Company. Such dividends are subject to permitted dividend capacity under the Japan Company Law. The Japanese insurance industry has a policyholder protection corporation that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers. For additional information regarding the policyholder protection fund, see the Policyholder Protection subsection of MD&A in this report. In June 2013, a revision to the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act established a post-funded Orderly Resolution Regime for financial institutions to prevent a financial crisis in the event of a financial institution’s failure. This regime came into effect in March 2014 and has not had, and is not expected to have, a material impact on the Company's operations in Japan. For additional information regarding Aflac Japan's operations and regulations, see the Aflac Japan Segment subsection of MD&A and Notes 2 and 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. U.S. General The Parent Company and its U.S. insurance subsidiaries, Aflac (a Nebraska-domiciled insurance company), American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (Aflac New York, a New York-domiciled insurance company), CAIC (redomiciled from South Carolina to Nebraska effective December 2016) and Tier One Insurance Company (TOIC, an Oklahoma-domiciled shell insurance company acquired by the Parent Company in 2017 with no operations) are subject to state regulations in the United States as an insurance holding company system. Such regulations generally provide that transactions between companies within the holding company system must be fair and equitable. In addition, transfers of assets among such affiliated companies, certain dividend payments from insurance subsidiaries, and material transactions between companies within the system, including management fees, loans and advances are subject to prior notice to, or approval by, state regulatory authorities. These laws generally require, among other things, the insurance holding company and each insurance company directly owned by the holding company to register with the insurance departments of their respective domiciliary states and to furnish annually financial and other information about the 9 Item 1. Business operations of companies within the holding company system. Like all U.S. insurance companies, Aflac, Aflac New York, CAIC and TOIC are subject to regulation and supervision in the jurisdictions in which they do business. In general, the insurance laws of the various jurisdictions establish supervisory agencies with broad administrative powers relating to, among other things: • granting and revoking licenses to transact business regulating trade and claims practices • • licensing of insurance agents and brokers • approval of policy forms and premium rates • standards of solvency and maintenance of specified policy benefit reserves and minimum loss ratio requirements • capital requirements • • • deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders • limitations on dividends to shareholders the nature of and limitations on investments filing of financial statements prepared in accordance with statutory insurance accounting practices prescribed or permitted by regulatory authorities • periodic examinations of the market conduct, financial, and other affairs of insurance companies The insurance laws of Nebraska that govern Aflac's activities provide that the acquisition or change of “control” of a domestic insurer or of any person that controls a domestic insurer cannot be consummated without the prior approval of the Nebraska Department of Insurance. A person seeking to acquire control, directly or indirectly, of a domestic insurance company or of any person controlling a domestic insurance company (in the case of Aflac, the Parent Company) must generally file with the Nebraska Department of Insurance (NDOI) an application for change of control containing certain information required by statute and published regulations and provide a copy to Aflac. In Nebraska, control is generally presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, acquires 10% or more of an insurance company or of any other person or entity controlling the insurance company. The 10% presumption is not conclusive and control may be found to exist at less than 10%. Similar laws apply in New York, the domiciliary jurisdiction of Aflac's New York insurance subsidiary. State insurance departments conduct periodic examinations of the books and records, financial reporting, policy filings and market conduct of insurance companies domiciled in their states, generally once every three to five years. Examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance departments of other states under guidelines promulgated by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). In 2016, full-scope, risk-focused financial examinations were conducted by the NDOI, New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS), and the South Carolina Department of Insurance (SCDOI) on their state domiciled insurance entities American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus, American Family Life Assurance Company of New York, and Continental American Insurance Company, respectively. The NDOI and NYDFS exams covered a four-year period ending December 31, 2015, whereas the SCDOI exam covered a five-year period ending December 31, 2015. There were no material findings contained in the NDOI, NYDFS and SCDOI final exam reports. The NAIC continually reviews regulatory matters , such as risk-based capital (RBC) modernization, group capital calculations, liquidity risk assessment and principle-based reserving. The NAIC has adopted a valuation manual containing a principle-based approach to calculation of life insurance reserves. The valuation manual became effective January 1, 2017. There is a three-year transition period, beginning January 1, 2017, during which companies can choose on a product by product basis to implement principle-based reserving for new business. The Company anticipates that the adoption of this manual will not cause a material impact on the statutory reserves of Aflac, Aflac New York or CAIC. The NAIC uses an RBC formula relating to insurance risk, business risk, asset risk and interest rate risk to facilitate identification by insurance regulators of inadequately capitalized insurance companies based upon the types and mix of risk inherent in the insurer's operations. The formulas for determining the amount of RBC specify various weighting factors that are applied to financial balances or various levels of activity based on the perceived degree of risk. Regulatory compliance is determined by a ratio of a company's regulatory total adjusted capital to its authorized control level RBC as defined by the NAIC. Companies below specific trigger points or ratios are classified within certain levels, each of which requires specified corrective action. The levels are company action, regulatory action, authorized control, and mandatory control. As of December 31, 2018 , based on year-end statutory accounting results, Aflac's company action level RBC ratio was 560% . The 2018 RBC as filed is lower than Aflac U.S. stand-alone RBC due to the inclusion of Aflac Japan for the first quarter of 2018. The RBC charge reflects the business risk without any total adjusted capital (TAC). Aflac's NAIC RBC ratio remains high and reflects a very strong capital and surplus position. 10 Item 1. Business Under state insurance guaranty association laws and similar laws in international jurisdictions, the Company is subject to assessments, based on the share of business the Company writes in the relevant jurisdiction, for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. In the United States, some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. The Company's policy is to accrue assessments when the entity for which the insolvency relates has met its state of domicile's statutory definition of insolvency, the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable and the related premium upon which the assessment is based is written. In most states, the definition is met with a declaration of financial insolvency by a court of competent jurisdiction. For additional information regarding state insurance guaranty assessments, see the U.S. Regulatory Environment subsection of MD&A in this report. Healthcare Reform Legislation Federal legislation and administrative policies in several areas, including health care reform legislation, financial services reform legislation, securities regulation, pension regulation, privacy, tort reform legislation and taxation, can significantly and adversely affect insurance companies. For example, the ACA, federal health care reform legislation, gave the U.S. federal government direct regulatory authority over the business of health insurance. The reform included major changes to the U.S. health care insurance marketplace. Among other changes, the reform legislation included an individual medical insurance coverage mandate (which has since been repealed effective 2019 by the Tax Act, discussed below), provided for penalties on certain employers for failing to provide adequate coverage, created health insurance exchanges, and addressed coverage and exclusions as well as medical loss ratios. It also imposed an excise tax on certain high cost plans, known as the “Cadillac tax,” that is currently scheduled to begin in 2022. The legislation also included changes in government reimbursements and tax credits for individuals and employers and altered federal and state regulation of health insurers. The ACA, as enacted, does not require material changes in the design of the Company's insurance products. However, indirect consequences of the legislation and regulations could present challenges that could potentially have an impact on the Company's sales model, financial condition and results of operations. The United States Congress has considered and may continue to consider legislation that would repeal and replace key provisions of the ACA. There can be no assurance that any legislation affecting the ACA will be passed by Congress, nor as to the ultimate timing or provisions of any such legislation, nor as to the effect of any such legislation on the design or marketability of the Company's insurance products. Further, certain provisions of the ACA have been and may continue to be subject to challenge through litigation, the ultimate effects of which on the ACA are uncertain. Tax Reform Legislation A budget reconciliation act commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Job Act (Tax Act) was signed into law on December 22, 2017. Among other things, effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, eliminated or reduced certain deductions and credits, and limited the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation. The Tax Act also transitions international corporate taxation from a worldwide system to a modified territorial system, which in light of the current tax treatment of Aflac Japan has the effect of subjecting the earnings of Aflac Japan to Japan taxation and subjecting the Company’s other earnings, including the consolidated earnings of the Parent Company, to U.S. taxation. These changes were effective on January 1, 2018. Because changes to tax rates are accounted for in the period of enactment, during the period ended December 31, 2017, the Company revalued its deferred tax assets and liabilities and recorded, as the Company’s reasonable estimate, a net deferred tax liability reduction of $1.9 billion as of that date. As of the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an immaterial adjustment to the provisional amount of deferred tax liabilities (DTLs) related to the Japan tax computation and no valuation allowance adjustment related to anticipatory foreign tax credit asset, rendering final values for the Company's deferred tax liability. See Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements presented in this report. For information on the conversion of Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary, see General Business under this Business section, above. 11 Item 1. Business Dodd-Frank Act Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank) and regulations issued thereunder, in particular rules to require central clearing for certain types of derivatives, may have an impact on Aflac's derivative activity, including activity on behalf of Aflac Japan. In addition, in 2015 and 2016, six U.S. financial regulators, including the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), issued final rules regarding the exchange of initial margin (IM) and variation margin (VM) for uncleared swaps that impose greater obligations on swap dealers regarding uncleared swaps with certain counterparties, such as Aflac. The requirements of such rules with respect to VM, as well as similar regulations in Europe, became effective on March 1, 2017. Full compliance with respect to all counterparties was required by September 1, 2017. The requirements of such rules with respect to IM are currently being phased in and will be fully implemented by September 1, 2020. In October of 2017, the CFTC and the European Commission each finalized comparability determinations that permit certain swap dealers who are subject to both regulatory margin regimes to take advantage of substituted compliance by complying with one set of margin requirements. The margin requirements are expected to result in more stringent collateral requirements and to affect other aspects of Aflac's derivatives activity. The Dodd-Frank Act also established a Federal Insurance Office (FIO) under the U.S. Treasury Department to monitor all aspects of the insurance industry and of business lines other than certain health insurance, certain long-term care insurance and crop insurance. Traditionally, U.S. insurance companies have been regulated primarily by state insurance departments. The FIO does not directly regulate the insurance industry, but under Dodd-Frank it has the power to preempt state insurance regulations that are inconsistent with international agreements reached by the federal government, subject to certain requirements and restrictions. The FIO and certain federal agencies must achieve consensus positions with the state insurance regulators when taking positions on insurance proposals by certain international forums. In December 2013, the FIO released a report entitled "How To Modernize And Improve The System Of Insurance Regulation In The United States." The report was required by the Dodd-Frank Act, and included 18 recommended areas of near-term reform for the states, including addressing capital adequacy and safety/soundness issues, reform of insurer resolution practices, and reform of marketplace regulation. The report also listed nine recommended areas for direct federal involvement in insurance regulation. Some of the recommendations outlined in the FIO report released in December 2013 have been implemented. The National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers Reform Act, signed into law in January 2015, simplifies the agent and broker licensing process across state lines. The FIO has also engaged with the supervisory colleges to monitor financial stability and identify regulatory gaps for large national and internationally active insurers. The current U.S. presidential administration and Congress have made recent attempts to reform or repeal certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, some of which have been implemented. For example, in 2018, President Trump signed into law the “Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act.” Members of Congress have also introduced multiple bills that would impact or eliminate the FIO. The Federal Reserve is developing a rulemaking regarding the Financial Stability Oversight Council’s (the Council) ability to designate nonbank financial companies as Systemically Important Financial Institutions, and, pursuant to an Executive Order, the Treasury Department released a report on the Council’s designation authority. The Company cannot predict with any degree of certainty what impact, if any, such proposals will have on Aflac's business, financial condition, or results of operations. Further Information For further information concerning Aflac U.S. operations, regulation, change of control and dividend restrictions, see the Aflac U.S. Segment subsection of MD&A and Notes 2 and 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. Privacy and Cybersecurity The collection, maintenance, use, protection, disclosure and disposal of individually identifiable data by the Company's businesses are regulated at the international, federal and state levels. These laws and rules are subject to change by legislation or administrative or judicial interpretation. Various state laws address the unauthorized access and acquisition of personal information and the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health data to the extent they are more restrictive than those contained in the privacy and security provisions in the federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (GLBA) and in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). For example, in June 2018, California passed a data privacy law, scheduled to become effective January 2020, that requires businesses to provide California consumers rights to access, delete, and restrict certain uses of their personal information. HIPAA also requires that the Company imposes privacy and security requirements on its business associates (as such term is defined in the HIPAA regulations). With regard to personal information obtained from policyholders, the insured, or others, Aflac Japan is 12 Item 1. Business regulated in Japan by the Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) and guidelines issued by FSA and other governmental authorities. The FSA updated its guidelines regarding cybersecurity in October 2018. Cybersecurity also continues to be an area of evolving focus for U.S. legislation and regulatory activity. In March 2017, new cybersecurity regulation issued by the New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) went into effect that requires covered entities, including Aflac New York, to maintain an information security program meeting certain security, data disposal, audit, activity monitoring, and data encryption requirements. In October 2017, the NAIC adopted an Insurance Data Security Model Law that may be adopted in whole or in part by U.S. states in which the Company’s subsidiaries are licensed. Other states have adopted and, the Company expects, will continue to pass legislation and issue regulations related to cybersecurity. The Company anticipates, assesses, and if necessary modifies its information security program to accommodate such changes. The Company’s Board of Directors has adopted an information security policy directing management to establish and operate an information security program with the goal of ensuring that the Company’s information assets and data, and the data of its customers, are appropriately protected. The Board has delegated oversight of the Company’s information security program to the Audit and Risk Committee. The Company’s senior officers, including its Global Security and Chief Information Security Officer, are responsible for the operation of the information security program and regularly communicate with the Audit and Risk Committee on the program, including with respect to the state of the program, compliance with applicable regulations, current and evolving threats, and recommendations for changes in the information security program. The information security program also includes a cybersecurity incident response plan that is designed to provide a management framework across Company functions for a coordinated assessment and response to potential security incidents. This framework establishes a protocol to report certain incidents to the Global Security and Chief Information Security Officer and other senior officers, with the goal of timely assessing such incidents, determining applicable disclosure requirements and communicating with the Audit and Risk Committee. The incident response plan directs the executive officers to report certain incidents immediately and directly to the Lead Non-Management Director. Other Operations The Company's other operations include the Parent Company, results of reinsurance retrocession activities, and a printing subsidiary. For additional information on the Company's other operations, see the Corporate and Other subsection of MD&A and Note 8 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. As of December 31, 2018 , Aflac Japan had 6,121 employees, Aflac U.S. had 4,712 employees, and the Company's other operations had 557 employees. Employees 13 Item 1. Business Executive Officers of the Registrant NAME Daniel P. Amos Chairman, Aflac Incorporated and Aflac, since 2001; Chief Executive Officer, Aflac Incorporated and Aflac, since 1990 PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION (1) Koji Ariyoshi Executive Vice President, Director of Sales and Marketing, Aflac Japan, since 2012 Max K. Broden Senior Vice President and Treasurer, Aflac Incorporated, since 2017; Senior Portfolio Manager, Norges Bank, from 2007 until 2017 Frederick J. Crawford Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Aflac Incorporated, since 2015; Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, CNO Financial Group from 2012 until 2015; Executive Vice President, Head of Investment and Corporate Development, Lincoln Financial Group from 2010 until 2012 J. Todd Daniels June Howard Eric M. Kirsch Masatoshi Koide Executive Vice President and Principal Financial Officer, Aflac Japan, since 2018; Executive Vice President, Global Chief Risk Officer and Chief Actuary, Aflac, from 2016 until 2018; Senior Vice President, Global Chief Risk Officer and Chief Actuary, Aflac, from 2015 until 2016; Senior Vice President, Deputy Corporate Actuary and Global Chief Risk Officer, Aflac, from 2014 until 2015; Senior Vice President, Deputy Corporate Actuary, Aflac, from 2012 until 2014; Vice President, Financial Planning and Analysis, Aflac, from 2011 until 2012 Chief Accounting Officer, Aflac Incorporated and Aflac, since 2010; Senior Vice President, Financial Services, Aflac Incorporated and Aflac, since 2010; Treasurer, Aflac, from 2011 until 2015 Executive Vice President, Global Chief Investment Officer, Aflac, since 2012; President, Aflac Asset Management LLC, since 2017; First Senior Vice President, Global Chief Investment Officer, Aflac, from 2011 until 2012 President and Chief Operating Officer, Aflac Japan since 2017; Deputy President, Aflac Japan from 2016 until 2017; Executive Vice President, Aflac Japan from 2015 until 2016; First Senior Vice President, Aflac Japan from 2013 until 2015; Senior Vice President, Aflac Japan from 2012 until 2013 Charles D. Lake, II President, Aflac International, since 2014; Chairman, Aflac Japan, since 2008 Albert A. Riggieri Audrey B. Tillman Teresa L. White Senior Vice President, Global Chief Risk Officer and Chief Actuary, Aflac, since 2018; Senior Vice President, Corporate Actuary, Aflac, from 2016 until 2018; Group Chief Actuary, Unum Group, until 2016 Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Aflac Incorporated and Aflac, since 2014; Executive Vice President, Corporate Services, Aflac Incorporated, from 2008 until 2014 President, Aflac U.S., since 2014; Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer, Aflac, from 2013 until 2014; Executive Vice President, Chief Service Officer, Aflac, from 2012 until 2013; Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer, Aflac, from 2008 until 2013 Richard L. Williams Jr. Executive Vice President and Chief Distribution Officer, Aflac since 2017; Senior Vice President and General Manager, Stop Loss, Unum, U.S. in 2017; Senior Vice President, Growth Markets, Colonial Life and Accident Insurance Company from 2013 until 2017 AGE 67 65 40 55 48 52 58 58 57 63 54 52 47 (1) Unless specifically noted, the respective executive officer has held the occupation(s) set forth in the table for at least the last five years. Each executive officer is appointed annually by the board of directors and serves until his or her successor is chosen and qualified, or until his or her death, resignation or removal. 14                                                                         Item 1A. Risk Factors ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS The Company faces a wide range of risks, and its continued success depends on its ability to identify, prioritize and appropriately manage enterprise risk exposures. Readers should carefully consider each of the following risks and all of the other information set forth in this Form 10-K. These risks and other factors may affect forward-looking statements, including those in this document or made by the Company elsewhere, such as in earnings release webcasts, investor conference presentations or press releases. The risks and uncertainties described herein may not be the only ones facing the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company or that the Company currently believes to be immaterial may also adversely affect its business. If any of the following risks and uncertainties develops into actual events, there could be a material impact on the Company. Difficult conditions in global capital markets and the economy could have a material adverse effect on the Company's investments, capital position, revenue, profitability, and liquidity and harm the Company's business. The Company's results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the global economy generally, including in its two primary operating markets of the United States and Japan. Weak global financial markets impact the value of the Company's existing investment portfolio, influence opportunities for new investments, and may contribute to generally weak economic fundamentals, which can have a negative impact on its operating activities. In recent years, global capital markets have been severely impacted by several major events. The financial crisis that began in the latter part of 2008 saw dramatic declines in investment values and weak economic conditions as the global financial system came under extreme pressure. Although U.S. markets began recovering in late 2009 and 2010, Europe continued to struggle under a severely weakened banking system and investor concerns with sovereign debt levels. Following a period of unprecedented intervention by governments and central banks, including the U.S. Federal Reserve and European Central Bank (ECB), financial conditions improved from the dire conditions of the global financial crisis, global recession, and European debt crisis. More recently, global markets have experienced bouts of volatility due to uncertainty surrounding a British exit from the European Union, Japan’s continued recovery amidst assorted policy changes, volatility in global commodity prices including oil, divergent monetary policies in the United States versus many other developed economies, heightened concerns surrounding the Chinese economy and increasing protectionism in U.S. foreign trade policy. While capital and market conditions have been generally favorable in the last year, volatility increased in the fourth quarter and the prospect for increased volatility remains. A recent shift in the global trading policies by the U.S. and subsequent trade conflict with China has raised concerns about a slowdown of the Chinese economy. In addition, the U.S. and Japan are engaged in discussions regarding changes to tariffs and trade agreements. While it is not expected that the Company's products would be directly impacted by tariff, any resulting economic downturn could adversely affect the Company. Activity by the government of North Korea in 2018 was the subject of increasing focus for a number of other governments, including those of the United States and Japan. Although hostile rhetoric has decreased, such North Korean activity and related geopolitical risk could have a significant impact on financial market conditions across the world. Under certain circumstances, government actions taken in response to the North Korean situation could have a material impact on the Company's Japan and U.S. operations and financial performance, including the indirect impact of potentially severe and prolonged capital market volatility and disruption. As the Company holds a significant amount of fixed maturity securities issued by borrowers located in many different parts of the world, including a large portion issued by banks and financial institutions, sovereigns, and other corporate borrowers in the United States and Europe, its financial results are directly influenced by global financial markets. A retrenchment of the recent strength of the capital markets could adversely affect the Company's financial condition, including its capital position and overall profitability. Market volatility and recessionary pressures could result in significant realized or unrealized losses due to severe price declines driven by increases in interest rates or credit spreads, defaults in payment of principal or interest, or credit rating downgrades. Following the election of Shinzo Abe as Prime Minister of Japan in December 2012, the new administration adopted a new set of financial measures to stimulate the Japanese economy, including imposing negative interest rates on excess bank reserves. In December 2014 and October 2017 snap-elections, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) won decisive victories further strengthening Mr. Abe's ability to continue with economic reforms and address key policy challenges. In September 2018, Mr. Abe won reelection to another three-year term as president of the LDP. Most recently, the Bank of Japan (BoJ) signaled to hold its policy rate at zero and to continue yield curve control to maintain a targeted 15 Item 1A. Risk Factors yield on the 10-year Japan Government Bond (JGB). Prime Minister Abe’s election victories may result in the continuation of current monetary policy, but there can be no guarantee that this is the case. Japan is the largest market for the Company's products, and the Company owns substantial holdings in JGBs. Government actions to stimulate the economy affect the value of the Company's existing holdings, its reinvestment rate on new investments in JGBs or other yen-denominated assets, and consumer behavior relative to the Company's suite of products. The additional government debt from fiscal stimulus actions could adversely impact the Japan sovereign credit profile, which could in turn lead to volatility in Japanese capital and currency markets. The Company's investment portfolio has sizeable credit positions in many other geographic areas of the world including the Middle East, Latin America, Asia, and other emerging markets. Deterioration in their underlying economies, sovereign credit worthiness, or financial market conditions could negatively impact the Company's financial position. While the Company has continued to add floating rate investments to its investment portfolio, most of its investment portfolio holdings are income-producing bonds that provide a fixed level of income. Many of the Company's investments were made at the relatively low level of interest rates prevailing over the last decade. Any increase in the market yields of the Company's holdings due to an increase in interest rates could create substantial unrealized losses in the Company's portfolio, as discussed further in a separate risk factor in this section of the Form 10-K. The Company needs liquidity to pay its operating expenses, dividends on its common stock, interest on its debt, and liabilities. For a further description of the Company's liquidity needs, including maturing indebtedness, see the Capital Resources and Liquidity section of MD&A in this report. In the event the Company's current resources do not meet its needs, the Company may need to seek additional financing. The Company's access to additional funding will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit to the financial services industry and its credit rating. Should investors become concerned with any of the Company's investment holdings, including the concentration in JGBs, its access to market sources of funding could be negatively impacted. There is a possibility that lenders or debt investors may also become concerned if the Company incurs large investment losses or if the level of the Company's business activity decreases due to a market downturn or there are further adverse economic trends in the United States or Japan, specifically, or generally in developed markets. Similarly, the Company's access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions. See more information on recent rating actions later in this Risk Factors section. Broad economic factors such as consumer spending, business investment, government spending, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, and inflation all affect the business and economic environment and, indirectly, the amount and profitability of the Company's business. In an economic downturn characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, lower corporate earnings, lower business investment and lower consumer spending, the demand for financial and insurance products could be adversely affected. This adverse effect could be particularly significant for companies such as Aflac that distribute supplemental, discretionary insurance products primarily through the worksite in the event that economic conditions result in a decrease in the number of new hires and total employees. Adverse changes in the economy could potentially lead the Company's customers to be less inclined to purchase supplemental insurance coverage or to decide to cancel or modify existing insurance coverage, which could adversely affect the Company's premium revenue, results of operations and financial condition. The Company is unable to predict the course of the global financial markets or the recurrence, duration or severity of disruptions in such markets. The Company is exposed to significant interest rate risk, which may adversely affect its results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. The Company has substantial investment portfolios that support its policy liabilities. Low levels of interest rates on investments experienced in Japan and the United States over the last decade have reduced the level of investment income earned by the Company. The Company's overall level of investment income will be negatively impacted in a persistent low-interest-rate environment. While the Company generally seeks to maintain a diversified portfolio of fixed-income investments that reflects the cash flow and duration characteristics of the liabilities it supports, the Company may not be able to fully mitigate the interest rate risk of its assets relative to its liabilities. The Company's exposure to interest rate risk relates primarily to the ability to invest future cash flows to support the interest rate assumption made at the time the Company's products were priced and the related reserving assumptions were established. A sustained decline in interest rates could hinder the Company's ability to earn the returns assumed in the pricing and the reserving for its products at the time they were sold and issued. Due to low interest rates, the Company's ability to earn the returns it expects may also influence the Company's ability to develop and price attractive new products and could impact its overall 16 Item 1A. Risk Factors sales levels. The Company's first sector products are more interest rate sensitive than third sector products. As discussed in Item 1. Business, beginning in 2013, Aflac Japan began to curtail sales of first sector savings-type products due to persistent low interest rates in Japan. The continuing negative interest rate imposed by the BoJ on excess bank reserves could continue to have a negative impact on the distribution and pricing of these products. A rise in interest rates could improve the Company's ability to earn higher rates of return on future investments, as well as floating rate investments held in its investment portfolio. However, an increase in the differential of short-term U.S. and Japan interest rates would increase the cost of hedging a portion of the U.S. dollar-denominated assets in the Aflac Japan segment into yen, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations or financial condition. T he Company’s floating rate investments typically bear interest based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). Regulatory and industry initiatives to eliminate LIBOR as an interest rate benchmark may create uncertainty in the valuation of LIBOR-based loans, as well as for other LIBOR-based derivatives and assets. This may adversely impact both pricing and liquidity in such instruments. The Company is unable to predict with certainty how LIBOR elimination may impact markets, pricing, liquidity and other factors or the Company's activities. Changes in interest rates impact unrealized gains and losses of fixed income securities in the Company's investment portfolio; however, they do not have a direct impact on the related valuation of the corresponding liabilities. Prolonged periods of low interest rates, as have been experienced in recent years, heighten the risk of future increases in interest rates because an increasing proportion of the Company's investment portfolio includes investments that bear lower rates of return than the embedded book yield of the investment portfolio. A rise in interest rates could decrease the fair value of the Company's debt securities. Some of the insurance products that Aflac sells in the United States and Japan provide cash surrender values. A rise in interest rates could trigger significant policy surrenders, which might require the Company to sell investment assets and recognize unrealized losses. This situation is commonly referred to as disintermediation risk. The Company generally invests its assets to match the duration and cash flow characteristics of its policy liabilities, and therefore would not expect to realize most of these gains or losses, however, the Company's risk is that unforeseen events or economic conditions, such as changes in interest rates resulting from governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions, and other factors beyond the Company's control will reduce the effectiveness of this strategy. These events or economic conditions could either cause the Company to dispose of some or all of these investments prior to their maturity, or increase the risk that the issuers of these securities may default or may require impairment, which could result in the Company having to recognize such gains or losses. Rising interest rates also negatively impact the SMR since unrealized losses on the available-for-sale investment portfolio factor into the ratio. For regulatory accounting purposes for Aflac Japan, there are certain requirements for realizing impairments that could be triggered by rising interest rates, negatively impacting Aflac Japan's earnings and corresponding dividends and capital deployment. Further, interest rate risk is still an inherent portfolio, business and capital risk for the Company, and significant changes in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial condition or cash flows through realized losses, impairments, changes in unrealized positions, and liquidity. For more information regarding interest rate risk, see the Interest Rate Risk subsection within the Market Risks of Financial Instruments section of MD&A in this report. The Company's concentration of business in Japan poses risks to its operations. The Company's operations in Japan, including realized gains and losses on Aflac Japan's investment portfolio, accounted for 70% of the Company's total revenues for both 2018 and 2017 , compared with 71% in 2016 . The Japanese operations accounted for 84% of the Company's total assets at December 31, 2018 , compared with 83% at December 31, 2017 . Further, because of the concentration of the Company's business in Japan and its need for long-dated yen-denominated assets, the Company has a substantial concentration of JGBs in its investment portfolio. As such the Company has material exposure to the Japanese economy, geo- political climate, political regime, and other factors that generally determine a country's creditworthiness. Specifically, the nationally recognized statistical rating organizations ( NRSROs, or "rating agencies"), credit rating agencies registered with the SEC, have placed increased scrutiny on JGBs, which are a significant component of the Company’s overall investment portfolio, resulting in downgrades as discussed later in this Risk Factors section. The Company seeks to match investment currency and interest rate risk to its yen liabilities. The low level of interest rates available on yen- denominated securities has a negative effect on overall net investment income. A large portion of 17 Item 1A. Risk Factors the cash available for reinvestment each year is deployed in yen-denominated instruments and subject to the low level of yen interest rates. Any potential deterioration in Japan ' s credit quality, market access, the overall economy of Japan, or Japanese market volatility could adversely impact the business of Aflac in general and specifically Aflac Japan and its related results of operations and financial condition. The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate. Due to the size of Aflac Japan, where functional currency is the Japanese yen, fluctuations in the rate of exchange between the yen and the U.S. dollar can have a significant effect on the Company's reported financial position and results of operations. Aflac Japan's premiums and approximately half of its investment income are received in yen, and its claims and most expenses are paid in yen. Aflac Japan purchases yen- denominated assets and U.S. dollar-denominated assets, which may be hedged to yen, to support yen-denominated policy liabilities. These and other yen-denominated financial statement items are, however, translated into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate can have a significant effect on the Company's reported financial position and results of operations. In periods when yen weakens, translating yen into U.S. dollars causes fewer U.S. dollars to be reported. When yen strengthens, translating yen into U.S. dollars causes more U.S. dollars to be reported. Any unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. As a result, yen weakening has the effect of suppressing current year results in relation to the prior year, while yen strengthening has the effect of magnifying current year results in relation to the prior year. In addition, the weakening of the yen relative to the U.S. dollar will generally adversely affect the value of the Company's yen-denominated investments in U.S. dollar terms. The Company engages in certain foreign currency hedging activities for the purpose of hedging the yen exposure to its net investment in operations in Japan. These hedging activities are limited in scope, and the Company cannot provide assurance that these activities will be effective. Unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated securities held by Aflac Japan are exposed to foreign exchange fluctuations, which impact SMR. In periods of yen strengthening, the unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments will experience unrealized foreign exchange losses, negatively impacting SMR. This impact increases when the size of the unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated portfolio increases, which can occur due to the purchase of additional unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments, or through termination or expiration of existing hedges. Unrealized currency gains and losses on unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated securities are monetized (or, in other words, are economically realized) only upon converting the proceeds from the sale, maturity or redemption of these securities to yen, which primarily occurs when yen are needed to satisfy policyholder obligations or other business expenses of Aflac Japan. To mitigate exposure to the foreign exchange risk from U.S. dollar-denominated investments and to reduce SMR volatility, the Company engages in certain currency hedging activities. However, these hedging activities are limited in scope and the Company cannot provide assurance that its hedging strategies will be effective. As a result, periods of unusually volatile currency exchange rates could result in limitations on dividends available to the Parent Company. As indicated in the Item 1, Business, the Company has determined that the unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio acts as a natural economic currency hedge of a portion of the Company’s investment in Aflac Japan against erosion of economic value. However, the unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio at the same time creates an unmatched foreign currency exposure and subjects Aflac Japan to volatility in regulatory capital and earnings, which may adversely impact Aflac Japan’s ability to pay dividends to the Parent Company. The overall investment strategy in Aflac Japan is guided primarily by the objective of securing the long-term financial strength of Aflac Japan and funding of yen liabilities. As a result, the Company has historically maintained and currently maintains the size of the unhedged portfolio at levels below the stressed economic surplus in Aflac Japan. However, there can be no assurance that this strategy will be successful. Furthermore, for regulatory accounting purposes, there are certain requirements for realizing impairments that could be triggered by changes in the rate of exchange between the yen and U.S. dollar and could negatively impact Aflac Japan's earnings and the corresponding dividends and capital deployment. Additionally, the Company is exposed to currency risk when yen cash flows are converted into U.S. dollars, resulting in an increase or decrease in the Company's U.S. dollar-denominated cash flows and earnings when exchange gains or losses, respectively, are realized. This primarily occurs when the Company dividends funds from Aflac Japan to the Parent Company, but it also has an impact when cash in the form of yen is converted to U.S. dollars for investment into U.S. dollar-denominated assets. The exchange rates prevailing at the time of dividend payment may differ from the exchange rates prevailing at the time the yen profits were earned. In 2018, the Parent Company entered into forward contracts to 18 Item 1A. Risk Factors accomplish a dual objective of hedging foreign currency exchange rate risk related to dividend payments by Aflac Japan, and reducing enterprise- wide hedge costs. If the markets experience a significant strengthening of yen, this could cause cash strain at the Parent Company as a result of cash collateral and potentially cash settlement requirements. Based on the timing and severity of exchange rate fluctuations combined with the level of outstanding activity in this program, the cash strain at the Parent Company could be significant. For more information regarding unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated securities, see the risk factor below entitled, “Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity”. For more information regarding foreign currency risk, see the Currency Risk subsection within the Market Risks of Financial Instruments section of MD&A. Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity. The Company attempts to match both the duration and currency of its assets with its liabilities. This is very difficult for Aflac Japan due to the lack of available long-dated yen-denominated fixed income instruments beyond JGBs. Prior to the onset of the financial crisis of 2008, the Company was focused on investing cash flows in JGBs, which had relatively low yields, and utilizing private placement and perpetual securities to gain additional yield, extend the duration of the investment portfolio, and maintain yen exposure. Given call activity with respect to certain of the Company's legacy private placement investments, the Company has added a modest amount of yen-denominated private placements to its investment portfolio in recent periods. The investment in private placements carries risk associated with illiquidity, which is managed and monitored by the Company. Starting in 2012, Aflac Japan augmented its investment strategy to include U.S. dollar-denominated investments, some of which could then be hedged back to yen. Initially this program focused on public investment-grade bonds but has evolved over time to include U.S. dollar-denominated investment-grade commercial mortgage loans, infrastructure debt, as well as other loan types, high yield bonds and U.S. equity securities. The Company plans to continue adding other instruments denominated in U.S. dollars, including floating rate investments, to improve the portfolio diversification and/or return profile. Some of the U.S. dollar-denominated asset classes that the Company has added, and anticipates continuing to add, have less liquidity than investment-grade corporate bonds. These strategies will continue to increase the Company's exposure to U.S. interest rates, credit spreads and other risks. The Company has increased foreign exchange risk exposure as the comprehensive hedging program may not always correlate to the underlying U.S. dollar-denominated assets, thereby increasing earnings volatility. These risks can significantly impact the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity. Investing in U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan also creates an unmatched foreign currency exposure and related SMR volatility, as Aflac Japan’s insurance liabilities are yen-denominated. Although the Company engages in certain foreign exchange hedging activities to partially mitigate this risk, and such hedged assets may be used to satisfy yen-denominated insurance liabilities and other business obligations, important risks remain. Foreign exchange derivatives used for hedging are periodically settled, which results in cash receipt or payment at maturity or early termination. The Company’s foreign exchange derivatives are typically shorter-dated than the underlying U.S. dollar-denominated investments being hedged, which creates roll-over risks within the hedging program that could increase the cost of such derivatives. If the Company reduces the notional amount of foreign exchange derivatives prior to the maturity of the hedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments, the foreign exchange gains or losses on the U.S. dollar-denominated investments remain economically unrealized. These gains or losses are only economically realized, or monetized , through sale , maturity or redemption of the investments and concurrent conversion to yen. However, the Company may not realize the benefit of offsetting adverse cash settlements on hedging derivatives with cash receipts on the U.S. dollar-denominated investments if the currency exchange rates move in an adverse direction before the investments are converted to yen, or if the investments are never converted to yen. As an example of the latter, if the Company’s actual insurance risk experience in Japan is as expected or more favorable than expected, the need for yen to pay expenses and claims would correspondingly remain at or below expected levels, thereby diminishing operational requirements to convert U.S. dollar-denominated investments to yen. Since 2012, the cumulative net cash settlements on derivatives hedging currency exposure of Aflac Japan’s U.S. dollar-denominated investments were an outflow of $3.9 billion as of December 31, 2018. These outflows or cumulative net negative settlements are associated with foreign exchange derivatives on existing U.S. dollar-denominated investments and hedged investments that have since been sold, matured or redeemed and may or may have not been converted to yen. Furthermore, the settlements include instances where the initial foreign exchange derivative notional amounts were reduced prior to the maturity of the hedged 19 Item 1A. Risk Factors investments. The settlement of the foreign exchange derivatives is reported in the investing activities section of the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows in the line item “Settlement of derivatives, net.” For more information regarding unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated securities, see the risk factor above entitled, “The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate.” For more information regarding Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated investments and hedging activities, see the Hedging Activities subsection within the Item 7. MD&A section in this report, and for more information regarding foreign currency risk, see the Currency Risk subsection within the Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk section in this report. U.S. tax audit risk related to conversion of the Japan branch to a subsidiary could adversely impact the Company's financial position. The conversion of the Japan branch to a legal subsidiary, which the Company executed in the second quarter of 2018, was a complex, tax-free transaction that is conditioned on the continued validity of a private letter ruling the Company received from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Notwithstanding the receipt of the private letter ruling, the IRS could determine that the Japan branch conversion should be treated as a taxable transaction. For example, the IRS could conclude that the representations, assumptions and covenants on which the private letter ruling is based are untrue, not accurate, or have not been fulfilled. If the IRS made such a conclusion, the Company could incur significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities or litigation costs to defend the tax-free treatment of the transaction outlined by the private letter ruling. Such liabilities or costs could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. If future policy benefits, claims or expenses exceed those anticipated in establishing premiums and reserves, the Company's financial results would be adversely affected. The Company establishes premiums for many of its policies on assumptions for morbidity, mortality, longevity and persistency. The Company also establishes and carries, as a liability, reserves based on estimates of how much will be required to pay for future benefits and claims on its policies. The Company calculates these reserves using various assumptions and estimates, including premiums the Company will receive over the assumed life of the policy; the timing, frequency and severity of the events covered by the insurance policy; and the investment returns on the assets the Company purchases with a portion of its net cash flow from operations. The assumptions and estimates that the Company uses in establishing premiums and reserves depend on the Company's judgment regarding the likelihood of future events and are inherently uncertain. Many factors can cause actual outcomes to deviate from these assumptions and estimates, such as changes in economic conditions, changes in government healthcare policy, advances in medical technology, changes in treatment patterns, and changes in average lifespan. Accordingly, the Company cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts that it will pay for, or the timing of payment of, actual benefits and claims or whether the assets supporting the policy liabilities will grow to the level the Company assumes prior to payment of benefits or claims. If the Company's actual experience is different from its assumptions or estimates, the Company's reserves may prove inadequate. As a result, the Company would incur a charge to earnings in the period in which it determines such a shortfall exists, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. Generally, lower mortality decreases the profitability of third sector products in Japan, as more policyholders will survive into ages where they have a higher rate of claim incidence. This assumption can impact pricing and reserving. For instance, Japan FSA periodically requires updates to their Standard mortality tables for FSA reserves. An update to the Standard mortality tables was performed in April 2018 applicable to all business issued after that date. For business that is inforce prior to the update, the change in mortality table would not have an impact. For new issues, the updated mortality tables would be included in our reserve assumptions, and slow the emergence of FSA earnings for third sector products and therefore will have an impact on pricing returns. The Company adjusts pricing assumptions as new products are developed to adjust for these mortality assumptions. The success of the Company's business depends in part on effective information technology systems and on continuing to develop and implement improvements in technology. The Company's business depends in large part on its technology systems for interacting with employers, policyholders, sales associates, and brokers, and the Company's business strategy involves providing customers with easy-to-use products to meet their needs and ensuring employees have the technology in place to support those needs. Some of the Company's information technology systems and software are older, legacy-type systems that are less efficient and require an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain or upgrade to current standards including 20 Item 1A. Risk Factors adequate business continuity procedures. The Company is in a continual state of upgrading and enhancing its business systems; however, these changes tend to challenge the Company's complex integrated environment. The Company's success is dependent in large part on maintaining or improving the effectiveness of existing systems and continuing to develop and enhance information systems that support its business processes in a cost-efficient manner. If the Company does not maintain the effectiveness of its systems, the Company's operations and reputation could be adversely affected and it could be exposed to litigation as well as to regulatory proceedings and fines or penalties. Competition could adversely affect the Company's ability to increase or maintain its market share or profitability. The Company operates in a competitive environment and in an industry that is subject to ongoing changes from market pressures brought about by customer demands, legislative reform, marketing practices and changes to health care and health insurance delivery. These factors require the Company to anticipate market trends and make changes to differentiate the Company's products and services from those of its competitors. The Company also faces the potential of competition from existing or new companies in the United States and Japan that have not historically been active in the supplemental health insurance industry, but some of which have greater financial, marketing and management resources than the Company does. Failure to anticipate market trends and/or to differentiate the Company's products and services can affect the Company's ability to retain or grow profitable lines of business. Further, as employers and brokers are increasingly requesting a full-suite of products from one insurance provider, a failure to react and adapt to these demands could result in decreased sales or market share. Similarly, a failure to meet evolving customer demands through innovative product development, effective distribution channels, and continuous investment in the Company's technology could result in lower revenues and less favorable policy terms and conditions, which could adversely affect the Company's operating results. Events, including those external to the Company's operations, could damage the Company's reputation. The Company has made significant investments in the Aflac brand over a long period of time. Because insurance products are intangible, the Company's ability to compete for and maintain policyholders relies to a large extent on consumer trust in the Company's business. The perception of unfavorable business practices or financial weakness could create doubt regarding the Company's ability to honor the commitments it has made to its policyholders. Maintaining the Company's stature as a trustworthy insurer and responsible corporate citizen, which helps support the strength of the Company's brand, is critical to the Company's reputation and the failure or perceived failure to do so could adversely affect the Company's brand value, financial condition and results of operations. For example, negative publicity or allegations of unfavorable business practices or poor governance can be rapidly and widely shared over social or traditional media or other means, and could reduce demand for the Company's insurance products, reduce the Company's ability to recruit and retain employees, or lead to greater regulatory scrutiny of the Company's operations. Sales of the Company's products and services are dependent on its ability to attract, retain and support a network of qualified sales associates, brokers and employees in the United States and sales associates and other distribution partners in Japan. The Company's sales could be adversely affected if its sales networks deteriorate or if the Company does not adequately provide support, training and education for its existing network. In the United States, competition exists for sales associates and brokers with demonstrated ability. In Japan, the Company's sales results are dependent upon its relationship with sales associates and other distribution partners, including its alliance partner, Japan Post, which in recent periods has accounted for approximately 25% of Aflac Japan's third sector sales. The Company competes with other insurers and financial institutions primarily on the basis of its products, compensation, support services and financial rating. The Company's inability to attract and retain qualified sales associates, brokers and other distribution partners, including its alliance partners in Japan, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's sales, results of operations and financial condition. The Company's sales associates and brokers are independent contractors and may sell products of its competitors. If the Company's competitors offer products that are more attractive, or pay higher commissions than the Company does, any or all of these distribution partners may concentrate their efforts on selling the Company's competitors' products instead of the Company's. In addition to the Company's commissioned sales force in the United States, Aflac has expanded its sales leadership team to include a salaried sales force of over 200 market directors and broker sales professionals. The Company's ability to attract and retain top talent in these salaried roles has a material impact on its sales success. 21 Item 1A. Risk Factors Additionally, as the Japan and U.S. employment markets continue to evolve, there is risk that the Company's practices regarding attracting, developing, and retaining employees may not be fully effective. Failure to successfully meet and maintain sufficient levels of employees may diminish the Company's ability to achieve its financial and compliance objectives, both of which are time consuming and personnel-intensive. Interruption in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality, integrity or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems, could harm the Company's business. The Company stores confidential policyholder, employee, agent, and other proprietary information on its information technology systems. In addition, the Company depends heavily on its telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems and on the integrity and timeliness of data it uses to run its businesses and service its customers. These systems may fail to operate properly or become disabled as a result of events or circumstances wholly or partly beyond the Company's control. Additionally, design flaws may exist in certain systems, processes, software, or configurations that in turn may result in system failure, data corruption, or compromise. Despite the Company's implementation of a variety of security measures to defend against threats incurred on a daily basis, its information technology and other systems, as well as those of third party providers and participants in the Company’s distribution channels, have been and will likely continue to be subject to physical or electronic break-ins, unauthorized tampering, security breaches or other cyber-attacks, that may result in the failure to adequately maintain the security, confidentiality, integrity, or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to customers and prospective customers, or in the misappropriation of the Company's intellectual property or proprietary information. From time to time, the Company, its third party providers and participants in the Company’s distribution channels have experienced and will likely continue to experience such events. Although the minor data leakage issues the Company has experienced to date have not had a material effect on its business, there is no assurance that the Company's security systems or processes will prevent or mitigate future break-ins, tampering, security breaches or other cyber-attacks. Interruption in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems, whether due to actions by the Company or others, including third party providers and participants in the company’s distribution channels, could delay or disrupt the Company's ability to do business and service its customers, seriously harm the Company's brand and reputation as well as the Company's ability to compete effectively, subject it to regulatory sanctions and other claims, lead to a loss of customers and revenues and otherwise adversely affect the Company's business. In addition, the costs to address or remediate system interruptions or security threats and vulnerabilities, whether before or after an incident, could be significant. While the Company continues to invest in the infrastructure of its data security programs, the Company, as well as its third party providers and participants in the Company’s distribution channels, have been, and will likely continue to be, the target of unauthorized access, social engineering, phishing, cyber-attacks, web application attacks, computer viruses or other malicious codes, or other computer-related penetrations. Although the Company attempts to manage its exposure to such events through the purchase of cyber liability insurance, such events are inherently unpredictable and insurance may not be sufficient to protect the Company against all losses. As a result, events such as these could adversely affect the Company's financial condition or results of operation. If the Company fails to comply with restrictions on customer privacy and information security, including taking steps to ensure that its third-party service providers and business associates who access, store, process or transmit sensitive customer information maintain its security, integrity, confidentiality and availability, the Company's reputation and business operations could be materially adversely affected. The collection, maintenance, use, protection, disclosure and disposal of individually identifiable data by the Company's businesses are regulated at the international, federal and state levels. These laws and rules are subject to change by legislation or administrative or judicial interpretation. Various state laws address the unauthorized access and acquisition of personal information and the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health data to the extent they are more restrictive than those contained in the privacy and security provisions in the federal GLBA and in the HIPAA. HIPAA also requires that the Company imposes privacy and security requirements on its business associates (as such term is defined in the HIPAA regulations). With regard to personal information obtained from policyholders, the insured, or others, Aflac Japan is regulated in Japan by the APPI and guidelines issued by FSA and other governmental authorities. The Company relies on third parties, and in some cases subcontractors, to provide information technology and data services. It also relies on various parties in its distribution channels including agencies, banks and Japan Post in Japan, as well as sales associates and brokers in the United States, to provide services to prospective and existing customers. 22 Item 1A. Risk Factors Although the Company provides for appropriate protections through its contracts and performs information security risk assessments of its third- party service providers and business associates, the Company still has limited control over their actions and practices. In addition, despite the security measures the Company has in place to ensure compliance with applicable laws and rules, the Company's facilities and systems, and those of the Company's third-party providers and participants in its distribution channels may be vulnerable to security breaches, acts of vandalism or theft, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors or other similar events. From time to time, the Company, its third party providers and participants in the Company’s distribution channels have experienced and will likely continue to experience such events. In such cases, notification to affected individuals, state and federal regulators, state attorneys general and media may be required, depending upon the number of affected individuals and whether personal information including health or financial data was subject to unauthorized access. The U.S. Congress and many states are considering new privacy and security requirements that would apply to the Company's business. Compliance with new privacy and security laws, requirements, and new regulations may result in cost increases due to necessary systems changes, new limitations or constraints on the Company's business models, the development of new administrative processes, and the effects of potential noncompliance by the Company's business associates. They also may impose further restrictions on the Company's collection, disclosure and use of customer identifiable data that are housed in one or more of the Company's administrative databases. Noncompliance with any privacy laws or any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss, theft or other unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential customer information, whether by the Company or by one of its third parties, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, reputation, brand and results of operations, including: material fines and penalties; compensatory, special, punitive and statutory damages; consent orders regarding the Company's privacy and security practices; adverse actions against the Company's licenses to do business; and injunctive relief. In addition, under Japanese laws and regulations, including the APPI, if a leak or loss of personal information by Aflac Japan or its business associates should occur, depending on factors such as the volume of personal data involved and the likelihood of other secondary damage, Aflac Japan may be required to file reports to the FSA; issue public releases explaining such incident to the public; or become subject to an FSA business improvement order, which could pose a risk to the Company's reputation. Extensive regulation and changes in legislation can impact profitability and growth. Aflac's insurance subsidiaries are subject to complex laws and regulations that are administered and enforced by a number of governmental authorities, including the FSA and Ministry of Finance (MOF) in Japan, and state insurance regulators, the SEC, the NAIC, the FIO, the U.S. Department of Justice, state attorneys general, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and the U.S. Treasury, including the IRS, in the United States, each of which exercises a degree of interpretive latitude. In addition, proposals regarding the global regulation of insurance are under discussion, and changes to corporate form that attend the conversion of Aflac Japan to a subsidiary may introduce new forms of regulation compared to those with which the Company has historically been subject. For example, AAMJ is licensed as a discretionary asset manager under the Japan Financial Instruments and Exchange Act and is subject to rules of the Japan Investment Advisors Association, a self-regulatory organization with mandatory membership for Japan investment managers. Consequently, the Company is subject to the risk that compliance with any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal or regulatory issue may not result in compliance with another regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of the same issue, particularly when compliance is judged in hindsight. There is also a risk that any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal or regulatory issue may change over time to the Company's detriment. In addition, changes in the overall legal or regulatory environment may, even absent any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of an issue changing, cause us to change the Company's views regarding the actions the Company needs to take from a legal or regulatory risk management perspective, thus necessitating changes to the Company's practices that may, in some cases, limit its ability to grow or otherwise negatively impact the profitability of the Company's business. The primary purpose of insurance company regulatory supervision is the protection of insurance policyholders, rather than investors. The extent of regulation varies, but generally is governed by state statutes in the United States and by the FSA and the MOF in Japan. These systems of supervision and regulation cover, among other things: • standards of establishing and setting premium rates and the approval thereof • standards of minimum capital and reserve requirements and solvency margins, including RBC measures • restrictions on, limitations on and required approval of certain transactions between the Company's insurance subsidiaries and their affiliates, including management fee arrangements restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments • 23 Item 1A. Risk Factors • restrictions on the types of terms and conditions that the Company can include in the insurance policies offered by its primary insurance operations limitations on the amount of dividends that insurance subsidiaries can pay the existence and licensing status of a company under circumstances where it is not writing new or renewal business • • • certain required methods of accounting • • assignment of residual market business and potential assessments for the provision of funds necessary for the settlement of covered claims reserves for unearned premiums, losses and other purposes under certain policies provided by impaired, insolvent or failed insurance companies • administrative practices requirements imposition of fines and other sanctions • Regulatory authorities periodically re-examine existing laws and regulations applicable to insurance companies and their products. Changes in these laws and regulations, or in interpretations thereof, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. If the Company's subsidiaries fail to meet the minimum capital or operational requirements established by its respective regulators, they could be subject to examination or corrective action, or the Company's financial strength ratings could be downgraded, or both. Various forms of federal oversight and regulation of insurance were signed into law by the prior U.S. presidential administration. For example, the ACA gave the U.S. federal government direct regulatory authority over the business of health insurance and made significant changes to the U.S. health care insurance marketplace, including the imposition of an individual medical insurance coverage mandate (which has since been repealed effective 2019 by the Tax Act), penalties on certain employers for failing to provide adequate coverage, the creation of health insurance exchanges, and proscriptions regarding coverage and exclusions as well as medical loss ratios. The legislation also includes changes in government reimbursements and tax credits for individuals and employers and alters federal and state regulation of health insurers. The ACA, as enacted, does not require material changes in the design of the Company's insurance products. However, indirect consequences of the legislation and regulations could present challenges that could potentially have an impact on the Company's sales model, financial condition and results of operations. The United States Congress may continue to consider legislation that would repeal and replace key provisions of the ACA. There can be no assurance that any legislation affecting the ACA will be passed by Congress, nor as to the ultimate timing or provisions of any such legislation, nor as to the effect of any such legislation on the design or marketability of the Company's insurance products. In addition, Dodd-Frank intended to reduce risk of a financial crisis, contains multiple provisions that could impact the Company's business as rules are finalized and implemented. While it is difficult to isolate the impact of Dodd Frank from other government and central bank actions and general market conditions since the financial crisis, the Company believes that the Dodd-Frank Act, in particular bank capital requirements, limits on proprietary trading and derivatives regulation, has affected the value of its holdings in banks and other financial institutions, and impacted pricing, liquidity, and the Company's general ability to conduct financial and capital market transactions. Dodd Frank is expansive in scope and, among other things, requires the adoption of extensive regulations and numerous regulating decisions, many of which have been adopted. The presidential administration in the United States and Congress have stated proposals to reform or repeal certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, some of which have been implemented. The Company cannot predict with any degree of certainty the ultimate effects (if any) that Dodd Frank, or subsequent implementation of regulations and decisions, will have on its U.S. business, financial condition, or results of operations . Compliance with applicable laws and regulations is time consuming and personnel-intensive, and changes in these laws and regulations may materially increase the Company's direct and indirect compliance and other expenses of doing business, thus having a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. Tax rates applicable to the Company may change. The Company is subject to taxation in Japan, and in the U.S. under federal and numerous state and local tax jurisdictions. In preparing the Company's financial statements, the Company estimates the amount of tax that will become payable, but the Company's effective tax rate may be different than estimates due to numerous factors including accounting for income taxes, the mix of earnings from Japan and the U.S., the results of tax audits, adjustments to the value of uncertain tax positions, changes to estimates and other factors. Further, changes in U.S. or Japan tax laws or interpretations of such laws could increase the Company's corporate taxes and reduce earnings. 24 Item 1A. Risk Factors The Tax Act was signed into law on December 22, 2017. Among other things, effective January 1, 2018 the Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, eliminated or reduced certain deductions and credits, and limited the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation. The Tax Act also transitions international corporate taxation from a worldwide system to a modified territorial system, which in light of the current tax treatment of Aflac Japan has the effect of subjecting the earnings of Aflac Japan to Japan taxation and subjecting the Company’s other earnings, including the consolidated earnings of the Parent Company, to U.S. taxation. These changes became effective on January 1, 2018. Because changes to tax rates are accounted for in the period of enactment, during the period ended December 31, 2017, the Company revalued its deferred tax assets and liabilities and recorded a net deferred tax liability reduction of $1.9 billion benefit in 2017. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an immaterial adjustment to the provisional amount of deferred tax liabilities (DTLs) related to the Japan tax computation and no valuation allowance adjustment related to anticipatory foreign tax credit asset, rendering final values for the Company's deferred tax liability. The impact of the Tax Act, including the preliminary estimate for the change in tax rate that was recorded during the fourth quarter of 2017, adjustments booked during the fourth quarter of 2018 which rendered final values related to the tax rate, and the Company's combined U.S. and Japanese effective income tax rate, may be adjusted in future periods, possibly materially, due to, among other things, changes in interpretations and assumptions the Company has made, tax guidance that may be issued and actions the Company make take as a result of the Tax Act. Without limiting the foregoing, additional forthcoming guidance from the U.S. Department of the Treasury and/or the U.S. IRS related to the Tax Act could significantly impact the level of valuation allowance respecting the amount of foreign tax credits claimed by the Company with regard to the operations of Aflac Japan. In addition, it remains difficult to predict the timing and effect that future tax law changes could have on the Company's earnings both in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions. Any of these factors could cause the Company to experience an effective tax rate significantly different from previous periods or our current estimates. If the Company's effective tax rate were to increase, the Company's financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Defaults, downgrades, widening credit spreads or other events impairing the value of the fixed maturity securities and loan receivables in the Company's investment portfolio may reduce the Company's earnings and capital position. The Company is subject to the risk that the issuers and/or guarantors of fixed maturity securities and loan receivables the Company owns may default on principal or interest. A significant portion of the Company's portfolio represents an unsecured obligation of the issuer, including some that may be subordinated to other debt in the issuer’s capital structure. In these cases, many factors can influence the overall creditworthiness of the issuer and ultimately its ability to service and repay the Company's holdings. This can include changes in the global economy, the company's assets, strategy, or management, shifts in the dynamics of the industries in which they compete, their access to additional funding, and the overall health of the credit markets. Factors unique to the Company's securities including contractual protections such as financial covenants or relative position in the issuer's capital structure also influence the value of the Company's holdings. Most of the Company's investments carry a rating by one or more of the NRSROs. Any change in the rating agencies' approach to evaluating credit and assigning an opinion could negatively impact the fair value of the Company's portfolio. The Company employs a team of credit analysts to monitor the creditworthiness of the issuers in its portfolio. Any credit-related declines in the fair value of positions held in the Company's portfolio believed to be not temporary in nature will negatively impact the Company's net income and capital position through impairment and other credit related losses. These losses would also affect the Company's solvency ratios in the United States and Japan. Aflac Japan has certain regulatory accounting requirements for realizing impairments that could be triggered by credit-related losses, which may be different from U.S. GAAP and statutory requirements. These impairment losses could negatively impact Aflac Japan's earnings, and the corresponding dividends and capital deployment. The Company is also subject to the risk that any collateral providing credit enhancement to the Company's positions could deteriorate. These instruments may include senior secured first lien loans, such as commercial mortgage loans, bank loans, middle market loans, and loan-backed securities where the underlying loan or collateral notes may default on principal, interest, or other payments, causing an adverse change in cash flows to the positions held in the Company's investment portfolio. The Company is exposed to sovereign credit risk through instruments issued directly by governments and government entities as well as banks and other institutions that rely in part on the strength of the underlying government 25 Item 1A. Risk Factors for their credit quality. In addition to the United States and Japan, many governments, especially in Europe, have been subject to rating downgrades due to the need for fiscal and budgetary remediation and structural reforms, reduced economic activity, and investment needed to support banks or other systemically important entities. Additional downgrades or default of the Company's sovereign issuers will have a negative impact on its portfolio and could reduce the Company's earnings and capital. In addition to the Company's exposure to the underlying fundamental credit strength of the issuers of its fixed maturity securities and the underlying risk of default, the Company is also exposed to the general movement in credit market spreads. A widening of credit spreads could reduce the value of the Company's existing portfolio, create unrealized losses on its investment portfolio, and reduce the Company's adjusted capital position which is used in determining the SMR in Japan. This widening of credit spreads could, however, increase the net investment income on new credit investments. Conversely, a tightening of credit spreads could increase the value of the Company's existing portfolio and create unrealized gains on its investment portfolio. This tightening of credit spreads could also reduce the net investment income available to the Company on new credit investments. Increased market volatility also makes it difficult to value certain of the Company's investment holdings (see the Critical Accounting Estimates section in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis, of this Form 10-K). For more information regarding credit risk, see the Credit Risk subsection of Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, of this Form 10-K. A decline in the creditworthiness of other financial institutions could adversely affect the Company. The Company has exposure to and routinely executes transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including broker dealers, derivative counterparties, commercial banks and other institutions. The Company uses derivative instruments to mitigate various risks associated with its investment portfolio, notes payable, and subsidiary dividends. The Company enters into a variety of agreements involving assorted instruments including foreign currency forward contracts; foreign currency options; foreign currency swaps; and interest rate swaptions. The Company ' s use of derivatives results in financial exposure to derivative counterparties. If the Company's counterparties fail or refuse to honor their obligations under derivative instruments, the Company's hedges of the risks will be ineffective, and the Company's financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. The Company engages in derivative transactions directly with unaffiliated third parties under International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements and other documentation. Most of the ISDA agreements also include Credit Support Annexes (CSAs) provisions, which generally provide for two-way collateral postings at the first dollar of exposure. The Company mitigates the risk that counterparties to transactions might be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations by monitoring counterparty credit exposure and collateral value while generally requiring that collateral be posted at the outset of the transaction. In addition, a significant portion of the derivative transactions have provisions that give the counterparty the right to terminate the transaction upon a downgrade of Aflac’s financial strength rating. The actual amount of payments that the Company could be required to make, depends on market conditions, the fair value of outstanding affected transactions, and other factors prevailing at and after the time of the downgrade. If the Company is required to post collateral to support derivative contracts and/or pay cash to settle the contracts at maturity, the Company's liquidity could be strained. In addition, the Company's cleared swaps result in counterparty exposure to clearing brokers and central clearinghouses; while this exposure is mitigated in part by clearinghouse and clearing broker capital and regulation, no assurance can be provided that these counterparties will fulfill their obligations. The Company also has exposure to counterparties to securities lending transactions in the event they fail to return loaned securities. The Company is also exposed to the risk that there may be a decline in value of securities posted as collateral for securities lending programs or a decline in value of investments made with cash posted as collateral for such programs. Further, the Company has agreements with various financial institutions for the distribution of its insurance products. For example, at December 31, 2018 , the Company had agreements with 371 banks to market Aflac's products in Japan. Sales through these banks represented 4.6% of Aflac Japan's new annualized premium sales in 2018 . Any material adverse effect on these or other financial institutions could also have an adverse effect on the Company's sales. The Company has entered into significant reinsurance transactions with large, highly rated counterparties. Negative events or developments affecting any one of these counterparties could have an adverse effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations. All of these risks related to exposure to other financial institutions could adversely impact the Company's consolidated results of operations and financial condition. 26 Item 1A. Risk Factors The determination of the amount of impairments taken on the Company's investments is based on significant valuation judgments and could materially impact its results of operations or financial position. An investment in a fixed maturity security is impaired if the fair value falls below book value. The Company regularly reviews its entire investment portfolio for declines in value. The majority of the Company's investments are evaluated for other-than-temporary impairment using the Company's debt impairment model. The Company's debt impairment model includes emphasis on the ultimate collection of the cash flows from its investments. The determination of the amount of impairments under this model is based upon the Company's periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective securities. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. For the Company's fixed maturity securities reported in the available-for-sale portfolio, the Company reports the investments at fair value in the statement of financial condition and records any unrealized gain or loss in the value of the asset in accumulated other comprehensive income. For the Company's held-to-maturity securities portfolio, the Company reports the investments at amortized cost. Under the debt impairment model, the determination of whether an impairment in value is other than temporary is based largely on the Company's evaluation of the issuer ' s creditworthiness. The Company must apply considerable judgment in determining the likelihood of the security recovering in value while the Company owns it. Factors that may influence this include the Company's assessment of the issuer’s ability to continue making timely payments of interest and principal, the overall level of interest rates and credit spreads, and other factors. The Company also verifies whether it has the intent to sell or if it is more likely than not the Company would be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost. If the Company determines it is unlikely to recover the book value of the instrument prior to disposal of the security, the Company will reduce the carrying value of the security to its fair value and recognize any associated impairment loss in the Company's consolidated statement of earnings or other comprehensive income, depending on the nature of the loss. For regulatory accounting purposes for Aflac Japan, there are certain requirements for realizing impairments that could be triggered by rising interest rates, credit-related losses, or changes in foreign exchange, negatively impacting Aflac Japan's earnings and corresponding dividend and capital deployment. The Company's management updates its evaluations regularly as conditions change and as new information becomes available and reflects impairment losses in the Company's income statement when considered necessary. Furthermore, additional impairments may need to be taken in the future. Historical trends may not be indicative of future impairments. As a holding company, the Parent Company depends on the ability of its subsidiaries to transfer funds to it to meet its debt service and other obligations and to pay dividends on its common stock. The Parent Company is a holding company and has no direct operations, and its most significant assets are the stock of its subsidiaries. Because the Parent Company conducts its operations through its operating subsidiaries, the Parent Company depends on those entities for dividends and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet its debt service and other obligations, to pay dividends on and conduct repurchases of its common stock, and to make investments into its subsidiaries or external investment opportunities. Aflac is domiciled in Nebraska and is subject to insurance regulations that impose certain limitations and restrictions on payments of dividends, management fees, loans and advances by Aflac to the Parent Company. The Nebraska insurance statutes require prior approval for dividend distributions that exceed the greater of the net income from operations, which excludes net realized investment gains, for the previous year determined under statutory accounting principles, or 10% of statutory capital and surplus as of the previous year-end. In addition, the Nebraska insurance department must approve service arrangements and other transactions within the affiliated group of companies. After the Japan branch conversion, the Nebraska insurance department and the FSA approved their respective domiciled insurance company service arrangements and transactions. The FSA does not allow dividends or other payments from Aflac Japan unless it meets certain financial criteria as governed by Japanese corporate law. Under these criteria, dividend capacity at the Japan subsidiary will be defined as retained earnings plus other capital reserve less net after-tax net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities. The ability of Aflac and Aflac Japan to pay dividends or make other payments to the Parent Company could also be constrained by the Company's dependency on financial strength ratings from independent rating agencies. The Company's ratings from these agencies depend to a large extent on Aflac's capitalization level. Any inability of Aflac to pay 27 Item 1A. Risk Factors dividends or make other payments to the Parent Company could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. For the foregoing reasons, there is no assurance that the earnings from, or other available assets of, the Parent Company's operating subsidiaries will be sufficient to make distributions to enable the Company to operate. Any decrease in the Company's financial strength or debt ratings may have an adverse effect on its competitive position and access to liquidity and capital. Financial strength ratings can play an important role in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. On an ongoing basis, NRSROs review the financial performance and condition of many insurers, including Aflac and its competitors. They may assign multiple ratings including a financial strength rating, reflecting their view of the insurer’s ability to pay claims on a timely basis, and ratings on an insurer’s senior and subordinated debt obligations, indicating their view of an insurer’s ability to make timely payments on their debt obligations. NRSROs may change their ratings or outlook on an insurer's ratings due to a variety of factors including the NRSRO’s assessment of the insurer’s strength of operations and overall financial condition. Some factors that may influence ratings include competitive position; profitability; cash generation and other sources of liquidity; capital levels; quality of the investment portfolio; and perception of management capabilities. The ratings assigned to Aflac by the NRSROs are important factors in the Company's ability to access liquidity and capital from the bank market, debt capital markets or other available sources, such as reinsurance transactions. Downgrades to Aflac's credit ratings could give its derivative counterparties the right to require early termination of derivatives transactions or delivery of additional collateral, thereby adversely affecting the Company's liquidity. In view of the difficulties experienced after the financial crisis by many financial institutions, including those in the insurance industry, the NRSROs have heightened the level of scrutiny that they apply to such institutions. Steps taken by the NRSROs include an increase in the frequency and scope of their reviews, additional information requests from the companies that they rate, including additional information regarding the valuation of investment securities held, and, in certain cases, an increase in the capital and other requirements employed in their models for maintenance of certain rating levels. On September 16, 2015, S&P downgraded their credit rating of Japan’s sovereign debt. Following this action, they also downgraded several other foreign insurers, including Aflac. Although Aflac is a U.S.-based insurer, Aflac's significant operations in Japan and corresponding regulation by the Japanese FSA, combined with its significant exposure to JGBs as outlined above, resulted in S&P downgrading the financial strength rating of Aflac's core insurance operations to A+ and its senior debt rating to A-, both with a stable outlook. While S&P made no further downgrades to Aflac's ratings between 2016 and 2018, they have stated in the past that a downgrade of Japan's sovereign rating could lead to a downgrade of Aflac's financial strength rating. As a matter of policy, S&P rarely rates insurance companies above the sovereign long-term rating of the country of domicile because during times of stress, the sovereign’s regulatory and supervisory powers may restrict an insurer’s or financial system’s flexibility. In addition to the impact on Aflac's access to liquidity, as mentioned above, a downgrade of Aflac's ratings could have a material adverse effect on agent recruiting and retention, sales, competitiveness and the marketability of its products which could negatively impact Aflac's liquidity, operating results and financial condition. Additionally, sales through the bank channel in Japan could be adversely affected as a result of their reliance and sensitivity to ratings levels. The Company cannot predict what actions rating agencies may take, or what actions the Company may take in response to the actions of rating agencies, which could adversely affect Aflac's business. As with other companies in the financial services industry, Aflac's ratings could be downgraded at any time and without any notice by any NRSRO . 28 Item 1A. Risk Factors The Company's risk management policies and procedures may prove to be ineffective and leave the Company exposed to unidentified or unanticipated risk, which could adversely affect the Company's businesses or result in losses. The Company has developed an enterprise-wide risk management and governance framework to mitigate risk and loss to the Company. The Company maintains policies, procedures and controls intended to identify, measure, monitor, report and analyze the risks to which the Company is exposed. However, there are inherent limitations to risk management strategies because risk may exist, or emerge in the future, that the Company has not appropriately anticipated or identified. If the Company's risk management framework proves ineffective, the Company may suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected. As the Company's businesses change and the markets in which it operates evolve, the Company's risk management framework may not evolve at the same pace as those changes. As a result, there is a risk that new products or new business strategies may present risks that are not appropriately identified, monitored or managed. In times of market stress, unanticipated market movements or unanticipated claims experience resulting from greater than expected morbidity, mortality, longevity, or persistency, the effectiveness of the Company's risk management strategies may be limited, resulting in losses to the Company. In addition, under difficult or less liquid market conditions, the Company's risk management strategies may not be effective because other market participants may be using the same or similar strategies to manage risk under the same challenging market conditions. In such circumstances, it may be difficult or more expensive for the Company to mitigate risk due to the activity of such other market participants. Many of the Company's risk management strategies or techniques are based upon historical customer and market behavior and all such strategies and techniques are based to some degree on management’s subjective judgment. The Company cannot provide assurance that its risk management framework, including the underlying assumptions or strategies, will be accurate and effective. Management of operational, legal and regulatory risks requires, among other things, policies, procedures and controls to record properly and verify a large number of transactions and events, and these policies, procedures and controls may not be fully effective. Models are utilized by the Company's businesses and corporate areas primarily to project future cash flows associated with pricing products, calculating reserves and valuing assets, as well as in evaluating risk and determining capital requirements, among other uses. These models are utilized under a risk management policy approved by the Company's executive risk management committees, however, the models may not operate properly and rely on assumptions and projections that are inherently uncertain. As the Company's businesses continue to grow and evolve, the number and complexity of models the Company utilizes expands, increasing the Company's exposure to error in the design, implementation or use of models, including the associated input data and assumptions. Past or future misconduct by the Company's employees or employees of the Company's third parties (suppliers which are cost-based relationships and alliance partners which are revenue-generating relationships) could result in violations of law by the Company, regulatory sanctions and/or serious reputational or financial harm and the precautions the Company takes to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Despite the Company's published Supplier Code of Conduct, due diligence of the Company's alliance partners, and rigorous contracting procedures (including financial, legal, IT security, and risk reviews), there can be no assurance that controls and procedures that the Company employs, which are designed to assess third party viability and prevent the Company from taking excessive or inappropriate risks, will be effective. Additionally, the use of third parties also poses operational risks that could result in financial loss, operational disruption, brand damage, or compliance issues. Inadequate oversight of Aflac’s third party suppliers due to the lack of policies, procedures, training and governance may lead to financial loss or damage to the Aflac brand. The concentration of the Company's investment portfolios in any particular single-issuer or sector of the economy may have an adverse effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations. Negative events or developments affecting any particular single issuer, industry, group of related industries, asset class or geographic sector may have an adverse impact on a particular holding or set of holdings, which may increase risk of loss from defaults due to non-payment of interest or principal. The Company seeks to minimize this risk by maintaining an appropriate level of diversification. To the extent the Company has concentrated positions, it could have an adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial position. The Company's global investment guidelines establish concentration limits for its investment portfolios. 29 Item 1A. Risk Factors For details on the concentrations within the Company's investment portfolios, see the Analysis of Financial Condition section of Item 7, MD&A, and the Credit Risk section of Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, of this Form 10-K. The valuation of the Company's investments and derivatives includes methodologies, estimations and assumptions which are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may adversely affect the Company's results of operations or financial condition. The Company reports a significant amount of its fixed maturity securities and other financial instruments at fair value. As such, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation as well as valuation methods which are more sophisticated, thereby resulting in values which may be greater or less than the value at which the investments may be ultimately sold. Rapidly changing and unprecedented credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of securities as reported within the Company's consolidated financial statements and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Valuations of the Company's derivatives fluctuate with changes in underlying market variables, such as interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. During periods of market turbulence created by political instability, economic uncertainty, government interventions or other factors, the Company may experience significant changes in the volatility of its derivative valuations. Extreme market conditions can also affect the liquidity of such instruments creating marked differences in transaction levels and counterparty valuations. Depending on the severity and direction of the movements in its derivative valuations, the Company will face increases in the amount of collateral required to be posted with its counterparties. Liquidity stresses to the Company may also occur if the required collateral amounts increase significantly over a very short period of time. Conversely, the Company may be exposed to an increase in counterparty credit risk for short periods of time while calling collateral from its counterparties. Elimination of LIBOR as an interest rate benchmark may create uncertainty in valuation of loans, derivatives and other assets where valuation and interest rates are based on LIBOR, and may create uncertainty in the pricing of such assets in markets for their sale and disposition. For further discussion on investment and derivative valuations, see the Critical Accounting Estimates section in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis, and Notes 1, 3, 4, and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K. Managing key executive succession is critical to the Company's success. The Company would be adversely affected if it fails to adequately plan for succession of its senior management and other key executives. While the Company has succession plans and employment arrangements with certain key executives, these plans cannot guarantee that the services of these executives will be available to the Company, and its operations could be adversely affected if they are not. Catastrophic events could adversely affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations as well as the availability of the Company’s infrastructure and systems. The Company's insurance operations are exposed to the risk of catastrophic events including, but not necessarily limited to, epidemics, pandemics, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, war or other military action, and terrorism or other acts of violence. The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Certain events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes and man-made catastrophes could cause substantial damage or loss of life in larger areas, especially those that are heavily populated. Claims resulting from natural or man−made catastrophic events could cause substantial volatility in the Company's financial results for any fiscal quarter or year and could materially reduce its profitability or harm the Company's financial condition, as well as affect its ability to write new business. Additionally, the Company's business operations may be adversely affected by such catastrophic events to the extent they disrupt the Company's physical infrastructure and systems that support its businesses and customers. Although the Company has a global crisis management framework to minimize the business disruption from a catastrophic event, such framework may not be effective to avoid an adverse impact to the Company from such an event. 30 Item 1A. Risk Factors Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standard Boards (FASB) or other standard-setting bodies may adversely affect the Company's financial statements. The Company's financial statements are subject to the application of U.S. GAAP, which is periodically revised and/or expanded. Accordingly, from time to time the Company is required to adopt new or revised accounting standards issued by recognized authoritative bodies, including the FASB. The impact of accounting pronouncements that have been issued but not yet implemented and are applicable to the Company is disclosed in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The pronouncements expected to have the most significant impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations are outlined below. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments . The amendments in this update require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured on an amortized cost basis to be presented net of an allowance for credit losses in order to reflect the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset(s). The Company currently expects loans and loan receivables and held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities to be the asset classes most significantly impacted upon adoption of the guidance. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Additionally, in August 2018 the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long- Duration Contracts . The amendments in this update will significantly change how insurers account for long-duration contracts. Among the issues addressed in the amendments is the requirement to review and, if there is a change, update assumptions for liability for future policy benefits at least annually, and to update the discount rate assumption quarterly. The frequency of the reviews and updates varies according to the assumptions but will be at least annually in all cases. The Company anticipates that the requirement to review and update assumptions for liability for future policy benefits will have a significant impact on its results of operations, systems, processes, and controls, while the requirement to update the discount rate will have a significant impact on the other comprehensive income component of its equity. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The accounting treatment that the Company applies to its consolidated financial statements will change due to new standards and could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial condition. For information on new accounting pronouncements and the impact, if any, on the Company's financial position or results of operations, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. Changes in the Company's discount rate, expected rate of return, life expectancy, health care cost and expected compensation increase assumptions for its pension and other postretirement benefit plans may result in increased expenses and reduce the Company's profitability. The Company determines its pension and other postretirement benefit plan costs based on assumed discount rates, expected rates of return on plan assets, life expectancy of plan participants and expected increases in compensation levels and trends in health care costs. Changes in these assumptions, including from the impact of a sustained low interest rate environment, may result in increased expenses and reduce the Company's profitability . The Company faces risks related to litigation, regulatory investigations and inquiry and other matters. The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits considered to be in the normal course of business. The final results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and plaintiffs may seek very large amounts in class actions or other litigation. Although some of this litigation is pending in states where large punitive damages, bearing little relation to the actual damages sustained by plaintiffs, have been awarded in recent years, the Company believes the outcome of pending litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, a substantial legal liability or a significant federal, state or other regulatory action against us, as well as regulatory inquiries or investigations, could harm our reputation, result in changes in operations, result in material fines or penalties, result in significant costs due to legal fees, settlements or judgments against the Company, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Without limiting the foregoing, the litigation and regulatory matters we are, have been, or may become, subject to include matters related to sales agent recruiting, policy sales practices, claim payments and procedures including denial or delay of benefits, material misstatements or omissions in our financial reports or other public statements, and/or corporate governance, corporate culture or business ethics matters. Further, the Company may be subject to claims of or litigation regarding sexual or other forms of harassment, or discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, gender, or other bases, notwithstanding that our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics prohibits such harassment and discrimination by our employees, we have ongoing training programs and provide opportunities to report claims of noncompliant conduct, and 31 Item 1A. Risk Factors we investigate and may take disciplinary action regarding alleged harassment or discrimination. Any violations of or deviation from laws, regulations, internal or external codes or standards of normative behavior, or perceptions of such violations or deviations, by our employees or by independent sales agents could adversely impact the Company's reputation and brand value, financial condition and results of operations. Allegations or determinations of agent misclassification could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. A majority of our U.S. sales force is, and has historically been, comprised of independent agents. While we believe that we have properly classified such agents as independent contractors, we may be subject to claims, regulatory action by state or federal departments of labor or tax authorities or litigation asserting that such agents are employees. The laws and regulations governing the classification of workers in the United States may be changed or interpreted differently compared to past interpretations, including in states where the Company generates significant sales through independent agents. An allegation or determination that independent agents in the Company’s U.S. sales force have been misclassified as independent contractors could result in changes in the Company’s operations and U.S. business model, result in material fines or penalties, result in significant costs due to legal fees, settlements or judgments against the Company, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation, financial condition and liquidity. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not applicable. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES In the United States, Aflac owns land and buildings that comprise two primary campuses located in Columbus, Georgia. These campuses include buildings that serve as the Company's worldwide headquarters and house administrative support and information technology functions for U.S. operations. Aflac leases office space in Columbia, South Carolina, which houses the Company's CAIC subsidiary (branded as Aflac Group Insurance). Aflac leases office space in New York that houses the Company's Global Investment division. Aflac leases administrative office space in Georgia, South Carolina, New York, Nebraska, and in 39 additional states throughout the United States, as well as Washington, D.C. and Puerto Rico. In Tokyo, Japan, Aflac has three primary campuses. The first campus includes a building, owned by Aflac, for the customer call center, the claims department, information technology departments, and training facility. It also includes a leased property, which houses Aflac Japan's policy administration and customer service departments. The second campus comprises leased space, which serves as Aflac Japan's headquarters and houses administrative and investment support functions. The third campus comprises leased space for the information technology departments. Aflac also leases additional office space in Tokyo, along with regional offices located throughout the country. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS On December 14, 2017, three former independent sales contractors filed a shareholders derivative complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York naming the Parent Company as nominal defendant and the Parent Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, several of its directors, and a former officer and director as defendants. The complaint alleges breaches of fiduciary duty, misstatements and omissions in the Company’s public disclosures, and insider trading. The Company’s Board of Directors had previously established a special litigation committee (SLC) in July 2017 to investigate certain allegations underlying the derivative action. The SLC issued a report of its investigation in September 2017 and another report in February 2018, each of which determined that it was not in the best interests of the Company to pursue the action demanded by the shareholders. An amended complaint was filed on January 31, 2018. On February 12, 2018, this litigation was transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Georgia. The SLC issued a third report of its investigation in May 2018 regarding certain additional allegations raised in the amended complaint, in which the SLC also determined that it was not in the best interests of the Company to pursue the action demanded by the shareholders. On August 31, 2018, the District Court granted the Company's motion and the amended complaint was dismissed. The plaintiffs have appealed the dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. The Company believes the outcome of this litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operation or cash flows. 32 Item 3. Legal Proceedings The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits considered to be in the normal course of business. Members of the Company's senior legal and financial management teams review litigation on a quarterly and annual basis. The final results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty. Although some of this litigation is pending in states where large punitive damages, bearing little relation to the actual damages sustained by plaintiffs, have been awarded in recent years, the Company believes the outcome of pending litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 33 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES PART II Market Information Aflac Incorporated's common stock is principally traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol AFL. Aflac Incorporated's stock is also listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange under designator 8686. Stock Split On February 13, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Parent Company declared a two -for-one stock split of the Company’s common stock in the form of a 100% stock dividend payable on March 16, 2018 to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 2, 2018. The stock split was payable in the form of one additional common stock share for every share of common stock held. All equity and share-based data, including the number of shares outstanding and per share amounts, have been adjusted to reflect the stock split for all periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Holders As of February 12, 2019 , there were 86,621 holders of record of the Company's common stock. 34 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Stock Performance Graph The following graph compares the five-year performance of the Company's common stock to the Standard & Poor's 500 Index (S&P 500) and the Standard & Poor's Life and Health Insurance Index (S&P Life and Health). The Standard & Poor's Life and Health Insurance Index includes: Aflac Incorporated, Brighthouse Financial Inc., Lincoln National Corporation, MetLife Inc., Principal Financial Group Inc., Prudential Financial Inc., Torchmark Corporation and Unum Group. Performance Graphic Index December 31, Aflac Incorporated S&P 500 S&P Life & Health Insurance 2013   100.00   100.00   100.00   2014   93.72   113.69   101.95   2015   94.20   115.26   95.51   2016   2017   112.20   129.05   119.26   144.74   157.22   138.85   2018 153.73 150.33 110.01 Copyright © 2019 Standard & Poor’s, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved. 35   Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities During the year ended December 31, 2018 , we repurchased shares of Aflac common stock as follows: Total Number of Shares Purchased 2,370,284     2,349,600     1,937,161     2,082,500     2,558,472     2,175,100     2,008,123     2,358,317     2,668,990     2,817,600     2,337,607     3,382,043     Average Price Paid Per Share     $ 44.31   44.70   44.49   44.62   45.17   44.99   43.52   46.64   47.20   44.78   44.44   44.03   Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs 2,370,284     2,349,600     1,920,400     2,082,500     2,542,900     2,175,100     1,994,900     2,352,500     2,654,401     2,817,600     2,336,400     3,352,300     29,045,797   (1)   $ 44.93   28,948,885     Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 95,626,488     93,276,888     91,356,488     89,273,988     86,731,088     84,555,988     82,561,088     80,208,588     77,554,187     74,736,587     72,400,187     69,047,887     69,047,887     Period January 1 - January 31 February 1 - February 28 March 1 - March 31 April 1 - April 30 May 1 - May 31 June 1 - June 30 July 1 - July 31 August 1 - August 31 September 1 - September 30 October 1 - October 31 November 1 - November 30 December 1 - December 31 Total (1) During the year ended December 31, 2018 , 96,912 shares were purchased in connection with income tax withholding obligations related to the vesting of restricted-share-based awards during the period. As of December 31, 2018, a remaining balance of 69.0 million shares of the Company's common stock was available for purchase under share repurchase authorizations by its Board of Directors. 36                                                                                                                                     Item 6. Selected Financial Data ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Years Ended December 31, (In millions, except for share and per-share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Revenues: Net premiums, principally supplemental health insurance Net investment income Realized investment gains (losses) Other income Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and claims, net Expenses Total benefits and expenses Pretax earnings Income taxes Net earnings Share and Per-Share Amounts Net earnings (basic) Net earnings (diluted) Cash dividends paid Cash dividends declared Weighted-average common shares used for basic EPS (In thousands) Weighted-average common shares used for diluted EPS (In thousands) Supplemental Data Yen/dollar exchange rate at year-end (yen) Weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate (yen) $ 18,677   $ 18,531   $ 19,225   $ 17,570   $ 19,072 3,442   (430)   69   3,220   (151)   67   3,278   3,135   (14)   70   106   61   3,319 282 55 21,758   21,667   22,559   20,872   22,728 12,000   5,775   17,775   3,983   1,063   12,181   5,468   17,649   4,018   (586)   12,919   5,573   18,492   4,067   1,408   11,746   5,264   17,010   3,862   1,329   2,920   $ 4,604   $ 2,659   $ 2,533   $ 3.79   $ 5.81   $ 3.23   $ 2.94   $ 3.77   1.04   1.04   5.77   .87   .87   3.21   .83   .83   2.92   .79   .79   12,937 5,300 18,237 4,491 1,540 2,951 3.27 3.25 .75 .75 $ $ 769,588   792,042   822,942   861,307   902,408 774,650   797,861   827,841   866,344   907,999 111.00   110.39   113.00   112.16   116.49   108.70   120.61   120.99   120.55 105.46 Prior-year amounts have been adjusted for the two -for-one stock split of the Company’s common stock in March 2018. 37                                                                                   Item 6. Selected Financial Data (In millions) Assets: Investments and cash Other Total assets Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: Policy liabilities Income taxes Notes payable Other liabilities Shareholders’ equity Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 $ 126,243   $ 123,659   $ 116,361   $ 105,897   $ 107,341 14,163   13,558   13,458   12,359   12,386 $ 140,406   $ 137,217   $ 129,819   $ 118,256   $ 119,727 $ 103,188   $ 99,147   $ 93,726   $ 87,631   $ 83,933 4,020   5,778   3,958   4,745   5,289   3,438   5,387   5,360   4,864   4,340   4,971   3,606   5,293 5,242 6,912 23,462   24,598   20,482   17,708   18,347 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 140,406   $ 137,217   $ 129,819   $ 118,256   $ 119,727 Prior-year amounts have been adjusted for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2016 related to debt issuance costs. 38                                               Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” to encourage companies to provide prospective information, so long as those informational statements are identified as forward-looking and are accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those included in the forward-looking statements. The Company desires to take advantage of these provisions. This report contains cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected herein, and in any other statements made by Company officials in communications with the financial community and contained in documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Forward-looking statements are not based on historical information and relate to future operations, strategies, financial results or other developments. Furthermore, forward-looking information is subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties. In particular, statements containing words such as the following or similar words as well as specific projections of future results, generally qualify as forward-looking. Aflac undertakes no obligation to update such forward-looking statements. • expect • may • will • anticipate • should • assumes • believe • estimate • potential • goal • intends • target • objective • projects • outlook The Company cautions readers that the following factors, in addition to other factors mentioned from time to time, could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • difficult conditions in global capital markets and the economy exposure to significant interest rate risk concentration of business in Japan foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate limited availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments U.S. tax audit risk related to conversion of the Japan branch to a subsidiary deviations in actual experience from pricing and reserving assumptions ability to continue to develop and implement improvements in information technology systems competitive environment and ability to anticipate and respond to market trends ability to protect the Aflac brand and the Company's reputation ability to attract and retain qualified sales associates, brokers, employees, and distribution partners interruption in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems failure to comply with restrictions on patient privacy and information security extensive regulation and changes in law or regulation by governmental authorities tax rates applicable to the Company may change defaults and credit downgrades of investments decline in creditworthiness of other financial institutions significant valuation judgments in determination of amount of impairments taken on the Company's investments subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends to the Parent Company decreases in the Company's financial strength or debt ratings inherent limitations to risk management policies and procedures concentration of the Company's investments in any particular single-issuer or sector differing judgments applied to investment valuations ability to effectively manage key executive succession catastrophic events including, but not necessarily limited to, epidemics, pandemics, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, war or other military action, terrorism or other acts of violence, and damage incidental to such events changes in accounting standards increased expenses and reduced profitability resulting from changes in assumptions for pension and other postretirement benefit plans level and outcome of litigation allegations or determinations of worker misclassification in the United States 39 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations MD&A OVERVIEW Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to inform the reader about matters affecting the financial condition and results of operations of Aflac Incorporated and its subsidiaries for the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 . As a result, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements and notes. This MD&A is divided into the following sections: The Company’s Business Performance Highlights Critical Accounting Estimates Results of Operations Insurance Operations Analysis of Financial Condition Capital Resources and Liquidity Page 40 40 42 47 51 61 70 THE COMPANY'S BUSINESS Aflac Incorporated (the Parent Company) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) primarily sell supplemental health and life insurance in the United States and Japan. The Company's insurance business is marketed and administered through American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac) in the United States (Aflac U.S.) and, effective April 1, 2018, through Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. in Japan (Aflac Japan). Prior to April 1, 2018, the Company's insurance business was marketed in Japan as a branch of Aflac. (For more information about the conversion of Aflac Japan to a legal subsidiary, see the Insurance Operations subsection of this MD&A). American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (Aflac New York) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Aflac. Most of Aflac's policies are individually underwritten and marketed through independent agents. Additionally, Aflac U.S. markets and administers group products through Continental American Insurance Company (CAIC), branded as Aflac Group Insurance. The Company's insurance operations in the United States and Japan service the two markets for the Company's insurance business. For more information on the Company's business, see Business, Part I, Item 1 of this report. PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS Yen-denominated income statement accounts are translated to U.S. dollars using a weighted-average Japanese yen/U.S. dollar foreign exchange rate, while yen-denominated balance sheet accounts are translated to U.S. dollars using a spot Japanese yen/U.S. dollar foreign exchange rate (1) . The spot yen/dollar exchange rate at December 31, 2018 was 111.00 , or 1.8% stronger than the spot yen/dollar exchange rate of 113.00 at December 31, 2017 . The weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 was 110.39 , or 1.6% stronger than the weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate of 112.16 for the same period in 2017 . Total revenues increased .4% to $21.8 billion in 2018 , compared with $21.7 billion in 2017 . Net earnings in 2018 were $2.9 billion , or $3.77 per diluted share, compared with $4.6 billion , or $5.77 per diluted share, in 2017 . In 2017, net earnings and net earnings per diluted share included the impact of the estimated $1.9 billion, or $2.42 per diluted share, benefit as a result of the U.S. Tax Act. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an immaterial adjustment to the provisional Japan deferred tax balances and no valuation allowance adjustment related to anticipatory foreign tax credit asset, rendering final values for the Company's deferred tax liability. Results for 2018 included pretax net realized investment losses of $430 million , compared with net realized investment losses of $151 million in 2017 . Net investment losses in 2018 included $81 million of other-than-temporary impairment losses and changes in loan loss reserves and $ 234 million in net losses from derivatives and foreign currency gains or losses. Effective January 1, 2018 upon the adoption of new accounting guidance, changes in fair value of equity securities are recorded in earnings as a component of realized investment gains and losses. The Company reported net losses on equity securities of $131 million in 2018 . (1) Yen/ U.S dollar exchange rates are based on the published MUFG Bank, Ltd. telegraphic transfer middle rate (TTM) 40   Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations In October 2018, the Parent Company issued $550 million of senior notes and 53.4 billion yen of senior notes through public debt offerings under its U.S. shelf registration statement. In November 2018, the Parent Company used the net proceeds of the $550 million senior notes to redeem the Parent Company's 2.40% senior notes due in 2020. For further information regarding these transactions, see Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Capital Resources and Liquidity section of this MD&A. On February 13, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Parent Company declared a two-for-one stock split of the Company’s common stock in the form of a 100% stock dividend payable on March 16, 2018 to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 2, 2018. The stock split was paid in the form of one additional common stock share for every share of common stock held. All equity and share-based data, including the number of shares outstanding and per share amounts, have been adjusted to reflect the stock split for all periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company repurchased 28.9 million shares of its common stock in the open market for $1.3 billion under its share repurchase program in 2018 , compared with the repurchase of 35.5 million shares for $1.35 billion in 2017 . Strategic Alliance with Japan Post Holdings On December 19, 2018, the Parent Company and Aflac Japan entered into the Basic Agreement with Japan Post Holdings. Pursuant to the terms of the Basic Agreement, Japan Post Holdings agreed to form a capital relationship with the Parent Company, and Japan Post Holdings and Aflac Japan agreed to reconfirm existing initiatives regarding cancer insurance and to consider new joint initiatives, including leveraging digital technology in various processes, cooperation in new product development to promote customer-centric business management, cooperation in domestic and/or overseas business expansion and joint investment in third party entities and cooperation regarding asset management. Pursuant to the terms of the Shareholders Agreement a voting trust established and funded by Japan Post Holdings (Trust) will use commercially reasonable efforts to acquire, through open market or private block purchases, ownership of approximately 7% of the outstanding shares of the Parent Company’s outstanding common stock within a year after the Trust begins acquiring such stock. The Trust has agreed not to own more than 10% of the Parent Company’s outstanding shares for a period expiring on the earlier of four years after the Trust acquires 7% of such shares, five years after it acquires 5% of such shares, or ten years after the Trust begins acquiring the Parent Company’s stock. After expiration of such period, the Trust has agreed not to own more than the greater of 10% of the Parent Company’s outstanding shares or such shares representing 22.5% of the voting rights in the Parent Company. In light of the fact that the shares acquired by the Trust, like all Aflac Incorporated common shares, will be eligible for 10-for-1 voting rights after being held for 48 consecutive months, the Shareholders Agreement further provides for voting restrictions that effectively limit the trustee’s voting rights to no more than 20% of the voting rights in the Parent Company and further restrict the trustee’s voting rights with respect to certain change in control transactions. Japan Post Holdings will not have a Board seat on the Parent Company’s Board of Directors and will not have rights to control, manage or intervene in the management of the Parent Company. This strategic investment is subject to certain regulatory approvals in Japan and the U.S. The Company anticipates that regulatory approvals will be received in the second half of 2019. The foregoing summary is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Basic Agreement and Letter Agreement, including the forms of Trust Agreement and Shareholders Agreement attached to the Letter Agreement, copies of which are included as Exhibits 10.47 and 10.48 hereto and the terms of which are incorporated herein by reference. As of December 31, 2018, the Trust owned no shares of the Parent Company’s outstanding stock. 41 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES The Company prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These principles are established primarily by the FASB. In this MD&A, references to U.S. GAAP issued by the FASB are derived from the FASB Accounting Standards Codification TM (ASC). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. The estimates that the Company deems to be most critical to an understanding of Aflac's results of operations and financial condition are those related to the valuation of investments and derivatives, deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC), liabilities for future policy benefits and unpaid policy claims, and income taxes. The preparation and evaluation of these critical accounting estimates involve the use of various assumptions developed from management's analyses and judgments. The application of these critical accounting estimates determines the values at which 94% of the Company's assets and 81% of its liabilities are reported as of December 31, 2018 , and thus has a direct effect on net earnings and shareholders' equity. Subsequent experience or use of other assumptions could produce significantly different results. Investments and Derivatives Aflac's investments, primarily consisting of debt and equity securities, include both publicly issued and privately issued securities. For publicly issued securities, the Company determines the fair values from quoted market prices readily available from public exchange markets and price quotes and valuations from third party pricing vendors. For the majority of privately issued securities within the Company's investment portfolio, a third party pricing vendor has developed valuation models that the Company utilizes to determine fair values. For the remaining privately issued securities, the Company uses non-binding price quotes from outside brokers. The Company estimates the fair values of its securities on a monthly basis. The Company monitors the estimated fair values obtained from its pricing vendors and brokers for consistency from month to month, while considering current market conditions. The Company also periodically discusses with its pricing brokers and vendors the pricing techniques they use to monitor the consistency of their approach and periodically assess the appropriateness of the valuation level assigned to the values obtained from them. If a fair value appears unreasonable, the Company will re- examine the inputs and assess the reasonableness of the pricing data with the vendor. Additionally, the Company may compare the inputs to relevant market indices and other performance measurements. Based on management's analysis, the valuation is confirmed or may be revised if there is evidence of a more appropriate estimate of fair value based on available market data. The Company has performed verification of the inputs and calculations in any valuation models to confirm that the valuations represent reasonable estimates of fair value. The Company also routinely reviews its investments that have experienced declines in fair value to determine if the decline is other than temporary. The identification of distressed investments, the determination of fair value if not publicly traded and the assessment of whether a decline is other than temporary involve significant management judgment. The Company must apply considerable judgment in determining the likelihood of the security recovering in value while the Company owns it. Factors that may influence this include the Company's assessment of the issuer’s ability to continue making timely payments of interest and principal, the overall level of interest rates and credit spreads, and other factors. This process requires consideration of risks, which can be controlled to a certain extent, such as credit risk, and risks which cannot be controlled, such as interest rate risk. Management updates its evaluations regularly and reflects impairment losses in the Company's net earnings or other comprehensive income, depending on the nature of the loss, as such evaluations are revised. The Company's derivative activities include foreign currency forwards and options used in hedging foreign exchange risk and interest rate swaps and options on interest rate swaps (or interest rate swaptions) used in hedging interest rate risk on U.S. dollar-denominated securities in Aflac Japan's portfolio; foreign currency forwards and options used to economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen and hedge the Company's long term exposure to a weakening yen; foreign currency swaps associated with certain senior notes and subordinated debentures; and foreign currency and credit default swaps in variable interest entities (VIEs) that are consolidated. Inputs used to value derivatives include, but are not limited to, interest rates, credit spreads, foreign currency forward and spot rates, and interest volatility. See Notes 1, 3, 4 and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Policy Liabilities Insurance premiums for most of the Company's health and life policies, including cancer, accident, hospital, critical illness, dental, vision, term life, whole life, long-term care and disability, are recognized as revenue over the premium- 42 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations paying periods of the contracts when due from policyholders. When revenues are reported, the related amounts of benefits and expenses are charged against such revenues, so that profits are recognized in proportion to premium revenues during the period the policies are expected to remain in force. This association is accomplished by means of annual additions to the liability for future policy benefits and the deferral and subsequent amortization of policy acquisition costs. Premiums from the Company's products with limited-pay features, including term life, whole life, WAYS, and child endowment, are collected over a significantly shorter period than the period over which benefits are provided. Premiums for these products are recognized as revenue over the premium-paying periods of the contracts when due from policyholders. Any gross premium in excess of the net premium is deferred and recorded in earnings, such that profits are recognized in a constant relationship with insurance in force. Benefits are recorded as an expense when they are incurred. A liability for future policy benefits is recorded when premiums are recognized using the net premium method. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs The calculation of DAC and the liability for future policy benefits requires the use of estimates based on sound actuarial valuation techniques. For new policy issues, the Company reviews its actuarial assumptions and deferrable acquisition costs each year and revise them when necessary to more closely reflect recent experience and studies of actual acquisition costs. For policies in force, the Company evaluates DAC by major product groupings to determine that they are recoverable from future revenues, and any amounts determined not to be recoverable are charged against net earnings. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a detail of the DAC activity for the past two years. Policy Liabilities The following table provides details of policy liabilities by segment and in total as of December 31. Policy Liabilities (In millions) Japan segment: Future policy benefits Unpaid policy claims Other policy liabilities Total Japan policy liabilities U.S. segment: Future policy benefits Unpaid policy claims Other policy liabilities Total U.S. policy liabilities Consolidated: Future policy benefits Unpaid policy claims Other policy liabilities 2018 2017 $ 77,812   $ 73,661 $ $ $ $ 2,857   12,122   92,791   9,137   1,727   117   10,981   86,368   4,584   12,236   $ $ $ $ 2,692 12,779 89,132 8,806 1,700 119 10,625 81,857 4,392 12,898 Total consolidated policy liabilities (1) $ 103,188   $ 99,147 (1) The sum of the Japan and U.S. segments exceeds the total due to reinsurance and retrocession activity. The Company's policy liabilities, which are determined in accordance with applicable guidelines as defined under U.S. GAAP and Actuarial Standards of Practice, include two components that involve analysis and judgment: future policy benefits and unpaid policy claims, which accounted for 84% and 4% of total policy liabilities as of December 31, 2018 , respectively. Future policy benefits provide for claims that will occur in the future and are generally calculated as the present value of future expected benefits to be incurred less the present value of future expected net benefit premiums. The Company calculates future policy benefits based on assumptions of morbidity, mortality, persistency and interest. These assumptions are generally established at the time a policy is issued. The assumptions used in the calculations are closely 43                     Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations related to those used in developing the gross premiums for a policy. As required by U.S. GAAP, the Company also includes a provision for adverse deviation, which is intended to accommodate adverse fluctuations in actual experience. Unpaid policy claims include those claims that have been incurred and are in the process of payment as well as an estimate of those claims that have been incurred but have not yet been reported to the Company. The Company computes unpaid policy claims on a non-discounted basis using statistical analyses of historical claims payments, adjusted for current trends and changed conditions. The Company updates the assumptions underlying the estimate of unpaid policy claims regularly and incorporates its historical experience as well as other data that provides information regarding the Company's outstanding liability. The Company's insurance products provide fixed-benefit amounts per occurrence that are not subject to medical-cost inflation. Furthermore, the Company's business is widely dispersed in both the United States and Japan. This geographic dispersion and the nature of the Company's benefit structure mitigate the risk of a significant unexpected increase in claims payments due to epidemics and events of a catastrophic nature. Claims incurred under Aflac's policies are generally reported and paid in a relatively short time frame. The unpaid claims liability is sensitive to morbidity assumptions, in particular, severity and frequency of claims. Severity is the ultimate size of a claim, and frequency is the number of claims incurred. The Company's claims experience is primarily related to the demographics of its policyholders. As a part of its established financial reporting and accounting practices and controls, the Company performs detailed annual actuarial reviews of its policyholder liabilities (gross premium valuation, GPV, analysis) and reflects the results of those reviews in its results of operations and financial condition as required by U.S. GAAP. For Aflac Japan, the Company's annual review in 2016 indicated that it needed to strengthen the liability associated with a block of care policies, primarily due to low investment yields. The Company strengthened its future policy benefits liability by $52 million in 2016 as a result of this review. Results of the Company’s annual review in 2018 and 2017 concluded that no further strengthening was required for these liabilities. For Aflac U.S., the Company's annual reviews in 2018, 2017 and 2016 indicated no need to strengthen liabilities associated with policies in the United States. In the U.S. and Japan, investment assumptions were reviewed in 2017 and the Company adopted expected forward rates in its GPV yield projections. In addition, in Japan, assets were allocated to blocks of business to align with yield and duration requirements of the businesses. The table below reflects the growth of the future policy benefits liability for the years ended December 31. (In millions of dollars and billions of yen) 2018 2017 2016 Future Policy Benefits Aflac U.S. Growth rate Aflac Japan Growth rate Consolidated Growth rate Yen/dollar exchange rate (end of period) Aflac Japan (in yen) Growth rate $ $ $ 9,137 3.8% 77,812 5.6% 86,368 5.5% 111.00 8,637 3.8% $ $ $ 8,806 4.3% 73,661 7.9% 81,857 7.6% 113.00 8,324 4.6% $ $ $ 8,442 4.4% 68,291 9.7% 76,106 9.2% 116.49 7,955 6.0% The growth of the future policy benefits liability in yen for Aflac Japan and in dollars for Aflac U.S. has been due to the aging of the Company's in-force block of business and the addition of new business. In computing the estimate of unpaid policy claims, the Company considers many factors, including the benefits and amounts available under the policy; the volume and demographics of the policies exposed to claims; and internal business practices, such as incurred date assignment and current claim administrative practices. The Company monitors these conditions closely and make adjustments to the liability as actual experience emerges. Claim levels are generally stable from period to period; however, fluctuations in claim levels may occur. In calculating the unpaid policy claim liability, the Company does not calculate a range of estimates. The following table shows the expected sensitivity of the unpaid policy claims liability as of December 31, 2018 , to changes in severity and frequency of claims. 44                                     Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (In millions) Total Frequency Increase by 2% Increase by 1% Unchanged Decrease by 1% Decrease by 2% Sensitivity of Unpaid Policy Claims Liability Decrease by 2% Decrease by 1%   $ 0   (24)   (49)   (73)   (97)     $ 25   0   (25)   (49)   (73)   Total Severity Unchanged Increase by 1%   $ 50   25   0   (25)   (49)     $ 75   50   25   0   (24)   Increase by 2%   $ 101   75   50   25   0   Other policy liabilities, which accounted for 12% of total policy liabilities as of December 31, 2018 , consisted primarily of annuity and unearned premium reserves, and discounted advance premiums on deposit from policyholders in conjunction with their purchase of certain Aflac Japan insurance products. These advanced premiums are deferred upon collection and recognized as premium revenue over the contractual premium payment period. Advanced premiums represented 29% and 34% of the December 31, 2018 and 2017 other policy liabilities balances, respectively. See the Aflac Japan segment subsection of this MD&A for further information. Income Taxes Income tax provisions are generally based on pretax earnings reported for financial statement purposes, which differ from those amounts used in preparing the Company's income tax returns. Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and income tax basis of assets and liabilities, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the Company expects the temporary differences to reverse. The evaluation of a tax position in accordance with U.S. GAAP is a two-step process. Under the first step, the enterprise determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The second step is measurement, whereby a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that an amount will not be realized. The determination of a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets requires management to make certain judgments and assumptions. In evaluating the ability to recover deferred tax assets, the Company's management considers all available evidence, including taxable income in open carry back years, the existence of cumulative losses in the most recent years, forecasted earnings, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, future taxable temporary difference reversals, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. In the event the Company determines it is not more likely than not that it will be able to realize all or part of its deferred tax assets in the future, a valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period such determination is made. Likewise, if it is later determined that it is more likely than not that those deferred tax assets would be realized, the previously provided valuation allowance would be reversed. Future economic conditions and market volatility, including increases in interest rates or widening credit spreads, can adversely impact the Company’s tax planning strategies and in particular the Company’s ability to utilize tax benefits on previously recognized capital losses. The Company's judgments and assumptions are subject to change given the inherent uncertainty in predicting future performance and specific industry and investment market conditions. The Tax Act was signed into law on December 22, 2017. Among other things, effective January 1, 2018 the Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, eliminated or reduced certain deductions and credits, and limited the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation. The Tax Act also transitions international corporate taxation from a worldwide system to a modified territorial system, which in light of the current tax treatment of Aflac Japan has the effect of subjecting the earnings of Aflac Japan to Japan taxation and subjecting the Company’s other earnings, including the consolidated earnings of the Parent Company, to U.S. taxation. These changes became effective on January 1, 2018. Because changes to tax rates are accounted for in the period of enactment, during the period ended December 31, 2017, the Company revalued its deferred tax assets and liabilities and recorded, as its reasonable estimate, a net deferred tax liability reduction of $1.9 billion as of that date. While the Company believes that this estimate was reasonable, it is relying upon guidance provided by SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (SAB 118) that provided a measurement period of up to one year from the enactment date of December 22, 2017, in order to complete the accounting for the effects of the Tax Act. This estimate was subject to new and 45                                                                                             Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations changing regulations, interpretations and tax guidance in the future, as well as further refinement of the Company’s calculations and changes in the interpretations and assumptions that the Company had made. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an immaterial adjustment to the provisional Japan deferred tax balances and no valuation allowance adjustment related to anticipatory foreign tax credit asset, rendering final values for the Company's deferred tax liability. For additional information on income tax, see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements presented in this report. Future Adoption of Accounting Standard for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-12, “Financial Services - Insurance, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.” The update, which is expected to significantly change how insurers account for long-duration contracts, amends existing recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements applicable to the Company. Issues addressed in the new guidance include: 1) a requirement to review and, if there is a change, update assumptions for the liability for future policy benefits at least annually, and to update the discount rate assumption quarterly, 2) accounting for market risk benefits at fair value, 3) simplified amortization for deferred acquisition costs, and 4) enhanced financial statement presentation and disclosures. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early application of the amendments is permitted, however, the Company does not expect to early adopt the updated standard. The Company is thoroughly evaluating the impact of adoption of ASU 2018-12 and expects that the adoption will have a significant impact on the Company’s reported financial position, results of operations, and disclosures under U.S. GAAP accounting. The Company anticipates that the requirement to update assumptions for liability for future policy benefits will have a significant impact on its results of operations, while the requirement to update the discount rate will have a significant impact on its accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) and equity. There are two permitted transition methods upon adoption, full retrospective and modified retrospective. Under the full retrospective method, the Company would restate all historical periods based upon actual historical experience as of contract inception and its updated view of the contractual cash flow projections at transition. A cumulative catch-up adjustment to opening retained earnings would be recognized to reflect the actual experience and updated projections. The update of the discount rate would be recognized in AOCI. The Company will be permitted to apply a full retrospective transition approach if actual historical information is available for all contracts that will be affected by the new guidance. Under the modified retrospective method, the opening reserve balance at the transition date, January 1, 2019, would generally be the same as the closing balance before transition, updated for changes in the discount rate. The Company expects that under either transition method, the impact to its reported financial statements under U.S. GAAP will be greatly influenced by the nature of the Company’s business model. Adoption of the new guidance under either method will reflect the Company’s concentration in Japan third-sector business, in particular cancer insurance, with respect to which the duration of liabilities is materially longer than asset durations. Depending on the transition method chosen upon adoption, the impact of a low discount rate applied to long-duration third sector liabilities is recognized at adoption, while associated favorable morbidity margins are recognized over time thus driving a pronounced timing impact to U.S. GAAP equity. In addition, with respect to the Japan segment, the Company maintains a large portfolio of assets designated as held-to- maturity (HTM) as a strategy to reduce capital (solvency margin ratio or SMR) volatility. In a low interest rate environment, such as presently exists in Japan, assets designated as HTM that were purchased in a higher interest rate environment have significant embedded gains not reflected in AOCI, which serves as an economic offset to a low discount rate applied to policy liabilities. At December 31, 2018, the Company’s HTM portfolio was $30.3 billion at amortized cost and had $6.5 billion in net unrealized gains. After adoption of the new guidance, the Company also expects net earnings and net earnings per share (which were $2.9 billion and $3.77 per diluted share, respectively, in 2018) to reflect larger quarterly fluctuations due to the new requirement to update assumptions for liability for future policy benefits. As an example of the potential impact of the new guidance, and for illustrative purposes only, under the modified retrospective method and in a low interest rate environment, the Company would expect AOCI (which was $2.2 billion at December 31, 2018) to significantly decline upon adoption and to thereafter reflect larger quarterly fluctuations due to the new requirement to quarterly adjust discount rates. Conversely, in a higher interest rate environment, and again assuming adoption of the modified retrospective method for illustrative purposes, the Company would expect AOCI to decline less or even increase (depending on the specifics of the interest rate environment), as well as to reflect quarterly fluctuations. Under the full retrospective method, the Company would expect lesser declines or increases in total equity upon adoption 46 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations compared to the modified retrospective method due to the potential offsetting effect from updating experience and cash flow projections The ultimate impact on these items from the Company’s implementation of the updated standard is subject to assessments that are dependent on many variables, including but not limited to (i) the transition method selected by the Company, which the Company continues to evaluate, (ii) how certain aspects of the new standard will be interpreted and implemented by the Company and other similar companies, such as (but not limited to) amortization of deferred acquisition costs, as well as establishment of policies, processes and controls for setting, monitoring and periodically updating reserve assumptions, and (iii) changes in the interest rate environment in the US and Japan. The Company is in the early stages of reviewing transition methods and has only begun to assess the full impact of adoption; as such, the Company expects to provide periodic updates on its continuing assessment. However, the Company expects that while the adoption of this new accounting guidance will affect the Company’s financial statements under U.S. GAAP, it will not impact financial statements for Aflac Japan under FSA requirements or for Aflac U.S. under applicable statutory requirements. Therefore, the Company does not expect adoption of the updated standard to impact its subsidiaries’ dividend capacity or their ability to meet applicable regulatory capital standards, nor does the Company anticipate adoption to affect its strategies for capital deployment. New Accounting Pronouncements During the last three years, various accounting standard-setting bodies have been active in soliciting comments and issuing statements, interpretations and exposure drafts. For information on new accounting pronouncements and the impact, if any, on the Company's financial position or results of operations, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion includes references to the Company's performance measures, adjusted earnings, adjusted earnings per diluted share, and amortized hedge costs, which are not calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These measures exclude items that the Company believes may obscure the underlying fundamentals and trends in the Company's insurance operations because they tend to be driven by general economic conditions and events or related to infrequent activities not directly associated with its insurance operations. The Company's management uses adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per diluted share to evaluate the financial performance of its insurance operations on a consolidated basis, and the Company believes that a presentation of these measures is vitally important to an understanding of its underlying profitability drivers and trends of its insurance business. The Company believes that amortized hedge costs, which are a component of adjusted earnings, measure the periodic currency risk management costs associated with hedging a portion of Aflac Japan’s U.S. dollar-denominated investments and are an important component of net investment income. In 2018, the Company began utilizing the term “adjusted earnings” for the measure formerly referred to as "operating earnings" on both a pretax and after-tax basis, as well as an absolute and per-share basis. This change only pertained to the label of the measure and did not alter its definition or calculation. Aflac defines adjusted earnings (a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure) as the profits derived from operations. The most comparative U.S. GAAP measure is net earnings. Adjusted earnings are adjusted revenues less benefits and adjusted expenses. The adjustments to both revenues and expenses account for certain items that cannot be predicted or that are outside management’s control. Adjusted revenues are U.S. GAAP total revenues excluding realized investment gains and losses, except for amortized hedge costs related to foreign currency exposure management strategies and net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies. Adjusted expenses are U.S. GAAP total acquisition and operating expenses including the impact of interest cash flows from derivatives associated with notes payable but excluding any nonrecurring or other items not associated with the normal course of the Company’s insurance operations and that do not reflect Aflac’s underlying business performance. The Company defines adjusted earnings per share (basic or diluted) to be adjusted earnings for the period divided by the weighted average outstanding shares (basic or diluted) for the period presented. The most comparable U.S. GAAP measure is net earnings per share. Amortized hedge costs represent costs incurred in using foreign currency forward contracts to hedge the foreign exchange risk of a portion of U.S. dollar-denominated assets in the Company’s Japan segment investment portfolio. These amortized hedge costs are derived from the difference between the foreign currency spot rate at time of trade 47 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations inception and the contractual foreign currency forward rate, recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the hedge. There is no comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure for amortized hedge costs. Because a significant portion of the Company's business is conducted in Japan and foreign exchange rates are outside of management’s control, the Company believes it is important to understand the impact of translating Japanese yen into U.S. dollars. Adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per diluted share excluding current period foreign currency impact are computed using the average yen/dollar exchange rate for the comparable prior year period, which eliminates fluctuations driven solely by yen-to-dollar currency rate changes. The following table is a reconciliation of items impacting adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per diluted share to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures of net earnings and net earnings per diluted share, respectively, for the years ended December 31. Reconciliation of Net Earnings to Adjusted Earnings (1) Net earnings Items impacting net earnings: Realized investment (gains) losses (2),(3),(4),(5) Other and non-recurring (income) loss Income tax (benefit) expense on items excluded from adjusted earnings Tax reform adjustment (6) Adjusted earnings Current period foreign currency impact (7) Adjusted earnings excluding current period foreign currency impact (8) In Millions Per Diluted Share 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 $ 2,920   $ 4,604   $ 2,659   $ 3.77   $ 5.77   $ 3.21 297   75   (83)   18   3,226   (28)   0   69   (24)   (1,933)   2,716   N/A   (87)   137   (18)   0   2,691   N/A   .38   .10   (.11)   .02   4.16   (.04)   .00   .08   (.03)   (2.42)   3.40   N/A   (.10) .16 (.02) .00 3.25 N/A $ 3,198   $ 2,716   $ 2,691   $ 4.13   $ 3.40   $ 3.25 (1) "Adjusted earnings" was formerly referred to as "operating earnings." Amounts may not foot due to rounding. (2) Excludes amortized hedge costs of $236 in 2018 , $228 in 2017 and $186 in 2016 , related to hedging U.S. dollar-denominated investments held in Aflac Japan which are classified as a component of adjusted earnings to conform to current year reporting. See "Hedge Costs" discussion below for further information. (3) Amortized hedge costs in Aflac Japan were partially offset by derivatives entered into as part of corporate activities and resulted in a benefit of $36 in 2018 , which has been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and reported as an increase in net investment income when analyzing operations. (4) An immaterial amount of net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies in 2018 have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) into net investment income when analyzing operations. (5) Excludes a gain of $67 in 2018 , $77 in 2017 and $85 in 2016 , related to the interest rate component of the change in fair value of foreign currency swaps on notes payable which is classified as an operating gain when analyzing segment operations (6) The impact of Tax Reform was estimated in 2017 , and adjustments were recorded in 2018 for return-to-provision adjustments, various amended returns filed by the Company, and final true-ups of deferred tax liabilities. (7) Prior period foreign currency impact reflected as “N/A” to isolate change for current period only. (8) Amounts excluding current period foreign currency impact are computed using the average yen/dollar exchange rate for the comparable prior-year period, which eliminates dollar-based fluctuations driven solely from currency rate changes. Realized Investment Gains and Losses The Company's investment strategy is to invest primarily in fixed maturity securities to provide a reliable stream of investment income, which is one of the drivers of the Company’s growth and profitability. This investment strategy incorporates asset-liability matching (ALM) to align the expected cash flows of the portfolio to the needs of the Company's liability structure. The Company does not purchase securities with the intent of generating capital gains or losses. However, investment gains and losses may be realized as a result of changes in the financial markets and the creditworthiness of specific issuers, tax planning strategies, and/or general portfolio management and rebalancing. The realization of investment gains and losses is independent of the underwriting and administration of the Company's insurance products. Realized investment gains and losses include securities transactions, impairments, changes in loan loss reserves, and derivative and foreign currency activities. Effective January 1, 2018, changes in fair value of equity securities are also included in earnings as a component of realized investment gains and losses. 48                                       Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Securities Transactions, Impairments, and Gains (Losses) on Equity Securities Securities transactions include gains and losses from sales and redemptions of investments where the amount received is different from the amortized cost of the investment. Impairments include other-than-temporary-impairment losses on investment securities as well as changes in loan loss reserves for loan receivables. Starting in the first quarter of 2018, gains and losses from changes in fair value of equity securities are recorded in earnings. Certain Derivative and Foreign Currency Gains (Losses) The Company's derivative activities include foreign currency forwards and options on certain fixed maturity securities; foreign currency forwards and options that economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen and hedge the Company's long-term exposure to a weakening yen; foreign currency swaps associated with certain senior notes and subordinated debentures; foreign currency swaps and credit defaults swaps held in consolidated VIEs; interest rate swaps used to economically hedge interest rate fluctuations in certain variable-rate investments; and interest rate swaptions to hedge changes in the fair value associated with interest rate changes for certain dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities. Gains and losses are recognized as a result of valuing these derivatives, net of the effects of hedge accounting. The Company also excludes the accounting impacts of remeasurement associated with changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate from adjusted earnings. Certain derivative and foreign currency gains (losses) exclude amortized hedge costs related to foreign currency exposure management strategies (see Hedge Cost section below), and net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies and notes payable, all of which are included in adjusted earnings. Hedge Costs Effective January 1, 2017, adjusted earnings includes the impact of amortized hedge costs. Amortized hedge costs represent costs incurred in using foreign currency forward contracts to hedge the foreign exchange risk of a portion of U.S. dollar-denominated assets in the Company's Japan segment investment portfolio. Amortized hedge costs are offset by a hedge cost amortization benefit recognized for foreign currency forwards that economically hedge the Company's long-term exposure to a weakening yen. These amortized hedge costs are derived from the difference between the foreign currency spot rate at time of trade inception and the contractual foreign currency forward rate, recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the hedge. There is no comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure for amortized hedge costs. Hedge costs can fluctuate based upon many factors, including the derivative notional amount, the length of time of the derivative contract, changes in both U.S. and Japan interest rates, and supply and demand for dollar funding. Hedge costs have increased in recent periods due to changes in the previously mentioned factors. In late 2017, the Company took steps to mitigate rising hedge costs by increasing the amount of unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments held in Aflac Japan and to reduce hedge cost volatility by extending hedge duration. For additional information regarding currency hedging, refer to Hedging Activities in the Analysis of Financial Condition section of this MD&A. For additional information regarding realized investment gains and losses, including details of reported amounts for the periods presented, see Notes 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Other and Non-recurring Items The United States insurance industry has a policyholder protection system that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers. The system can result in periodic charges to the Company as a result of insolvencies/bankruptcies that occur with other companies in the life insurance industry. Some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. These charges neither relate to the ordinary course of the Company’s business nor reflect the Company’s underlying business performance, but result from external situations not controlled by the Company. Based on the underlying nature of these assessments in the United States, effective January 1, 2017, the Company adopted a policy of excluding any charges associated with U.S. guaranty fund assessments and the corresponding tax benefit or expense from adjusted earnings. For the Penn Treaty liquidation that was recognized by judicial authority in March 2017, the Company estimated and recognized a discounted liability for assessments of $62 million (undiscounted $94 million ), offset by discounted premium tax credits of $48 million (undiscounted $74 million ), for a net $14 million impact to net income in the quarter ended March 31, 2017. For additional information regarding guaranty fund assessments, see Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 49 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations In Japan, the government also requires the insurance industry to contribute to a policyholder protection corporation that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers; however, these costs are calculated and administered differently than in the United States. In Japan, these costs are not directly related to specific insolvencies or bankruptcies, but are rather a regular operational cost for an insurance company. Based on this structure, the Company does not remove the Japan policyholder protection expenses from adjusted earnings. Effective January 1, 2017, nonrecurring items also include conversion costs related to legally converting the Company's Japan branch to a subsidiary; these costs primarily consist of expenditures for legal, accounting, consulting, integration of systems and processes and other similar services. These Japan branch conversion costs amounted to $75 million in 2018 and $42 million in 2017 . The Company considers the costs associated with the early redemption of its debt to be unrelated to the underlying fundamentals and trends in its insurance operations. Additionally, these costs are driven by changes in interest rates subsequent to the issuance of the debt, and the Company considers these interest rate changes to represent economic conditions not directly associated with its insurance operations. In November 2017, the Parent Company extinguished $500 million of its 5.50% subordinated debentures. The pretax non-operating expense due to the early redemption of these notes was $13 million . In 2016, the Parent Company completed a tender offer in which it extinguished $176 million principal of its 6.90% senior notes due 2039 and $193 million principal of its 6.45% senior notes due 2040. The pretax non-operating loss due to the early redemption of these notes was $137 million . Tax Reform Adjustment Among other changes, the Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. Because changes to tax rates are accounted for in the period of enactment, during the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company revalued its deferred tax assets and liabilities and recognized a non-recurring estimated $1.9 billion benefit for the reduction of the net deferred tax liability. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an immaterial adjustment to the provisional Japan deferred tax balances and no valuation allowance adjustment related to anticipatory foreign tax credit asset, rendering final values for the Company's deferred tax liability. For further information, see Critical Accounting Estimates - Income Taxes above in this MD&A, and Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. Foreign Currency Translation Aflac Japan’s premiums and a significant portion of its investment income are received in yen, and its claims and most expenses are paid in yen. Aflac Japan purchases yen-denominated assets and U.S. dollar-denominated assets, which may be hedged to yen, to support yen-denominated policy liabilities. These and other yen-denominated financial statement items are, however, translated into dollars for financial reporting purposes. The Company translates Aflac Japan’s yen-denominated income statement into dollars using the average exchange rate for the reporting period, and the Company translates its yen-denominated balance sheet using the exchange rate at the end of the period. Due to the size of Aflac Japan, whose functional currency is the Japanese yen, fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate can have a significant effect on the Company's reported results. In periods when the yen weakens, translating yen into dollars results in fewer dollars being reported. When the yen strengthens, translating yen into dollars results in more dollars being reported. Consequently, yen weakening has the effect of suppressing current period results in relation to the comparable prior period, while yen strengthening has the effect of magnifying current period results in relation to the comparable prior period. Management evaluates the Company's financial performance both including and excluding the impact of foreign currency translation to monitor, respectively, cumulative currency impacts on book value and the currency-neutral operating performance over time. Income Taxes The Company's combined U.S. and Japanese effective income tax rate on pretax earnings was 26.7% in 2018 , (14.6)% in 2017 and 34.6% in 2016 . The reduction in the tax rate for 2017 was primarily due to the $1.9 billion benefit as a result of the Tax Act. The decrease in the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 drove the reduction in the effective tax rate for 2018 compared with years prior to 2017 . Total income taxes were $1.1 billion in 2018 , compared with $(586) million in 2017 and $1.4 billion in 2016 . Japanese income taxes on Aflac Japan's results account for most of the Company's consolidated income tax expense. For further information, see Critical Accounting Estimates - Income Taxes above in this MD&A, and Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. 50 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 2019 Outlook The Company’s strategy to drive long-term shareholder value is to pursue growth through product development, distribution expansion and digital advancements to improve the customer experience. The Company's objectives in 2019 are to maintain strong pre-tax margins in its Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. segments through disciplined product pricing, stable investment returns and leveraging a period of favorable benefit ratios to invest in its platform for future growth and efficiency. The Company believes that its market-leading position, powerful brand recognition and diverse distribution in Japan and the United States will provide support toward these objectives. The Company believes that its efforts will support its prudent strategies for capital deployment in the form of dividends, share repurchases, and opportunistic investments that enhance the Company’s business with a focus on digital distribution and leveraging the Company’s brand, distribution and scale. The Company has stated that the dividend payout ratio from its Aflac Japan segment is likely to be in the range of 80% - 100% of FSA earnings. In its Aflac U.S. segment, the Company plans to continue its RBC drawdown plan to an RBC in the 500% range by the end of 2019. Aflac Japan Segment In Japan, the Company anticipates that the shift in earned premium from first sector savings products to third sector cancer and medical products and first sector protection products, will continue to result in moderately lower benefit ratios in the Aflac Japan segment. The Company also expects this shift in business mix, plus continued investment in IT and digital advancements, to result in moderately higher expense ratios for Aflac Japan. The Company believes that the Japan segment will face revenue challenges in 2019 due to the run-off and paid-up status of first sector savings products. In addition, net investment income is expected to decline modestly as compared to 2018, due in part to the low rate environment in Japan, de-risking of the portfolio and rolling U.S. dollar hedge positions into higher cost contracts. Aflac U.S. Segment The Company expects the profit margins for the Aflac U.S. segment to remain strong, providing a prudent opportunity to reinvest profits back into the U.S. business. The Company believes that in 2019, benefit ratios in the U.S. will continue to trend favorably and that expense ratios will continue to be elevated in light of investments into U.S. platforms in both the individual and group channels. Net investment income is expected to decline modestly, primarily as the result of the Company’s U.S. capital and RBC draw-down plan. Corporate Segment The Company expects corporate segment results to benefit from net investment income driven by increased capital and liquidity held at the Parent Company, as well as the Company’s enterprise currency hedging strategy. The anticipated increase in investment income is expected to be partially offset by increased costs associated with continued investment in Aflac Corporate Ventures initiatives. For important disclosures applicable to statements made in this 2019 Outlook, please see the Risk Factors section and the statement on “Forward-Looking Information” at the beginning of the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. INSURANCE OPERATIONS U.S. GAAP financial reporting requires that a company report financial and descriptive information about operating segments in its annual and interim period financial statements. Furthermore, the Company is required to report a measure of segment profit or loss, certain revenue and expense items, and segment assets. Aflac's insurance business consists of two segments: Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. Aflac Japan is the principal contributor to consolidated earnings. Businesses that are not individually reportable, such as the Parent Company, and business activities, including reinsurance retrocession activities, not included in Aflac Japan or Aflac U.S. are included in the "Corporate and other" category. See the Item 1. Business section of this Form 10-K for a summary of each segment's products and distribution channels, and a discussion of the conversion of Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary and the creation of asset management subsidiaries in 2018. 51   Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations AFLAC JAPAN SEGMENT Aflac Japan Pretax Adjusted Earnings Changes in Aflac Japan's pretax adjusted earnings and profit margins are primarily affected by morbidity, mortality, expenses, persistency and investment yields. The following table presents a summary of operating results for Aflac Japan for the years ended December 31. Aflac Japan Summary of Operating Results 2018 2017 2016 $ 12,762   $ 12,752   $ 13,537 (In millions) Net premium income Net investment income: Yen-denominated investment income U.S. dollar-denominated investment income Net investment income Amortized hedge costs related to foreign currency denominated investments Net investment income, less amortized hedge costs Other income (loss) Total adjusted revenues Benefits and claims, net Adjusted expenses: Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs Insurance commissions Insurance and other expenses Total adjusted expenses Total benefits and expenses Pretax adjusted earnings (1) Weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate 1,283   1,356   2,639   236   2,403   41   15,206   8,913   710   735   1,640   3,085   11,998   1,294   1,169   2,463   228   2,235   41   15,028   9,087   630   736   1,521   2,887   11,974   1,346 1,208 2,554 186 2,368 40 15,945 9,828 644 787 1,538 2,969 12,797 $ 3,208   $ 3,054   $ 3,148 110.39   112.16   108.70 Percentage change over previous period: 2018 In Dollars 2017 2016 2018 In Yen 2017 2016 Net premium income Net investment income, less amortized hedge costs .1% (5.8)%   12.4% (1.5)%   (2.7)%   .8 % 7.5 (5.6) .2 5.5 (2.0) (10.3) Total adjusted revenues Pretax adjusted earnings (1) (1) Aflac defines pretax adjusted earnings (a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure) as adjusted earnings before the application of income taxes. See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of adjusted earnings and a reconciliation of adjusted earnings to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of net earnings. (3.0) (5.8) (2.5) (9.0) (1.0) 10.4 (.5) 5.0 1.2 3.1 1.5 .6 In yen terms, Aflac Japan's net premium income decreased in 2018 , with growth in third sector premium more than offset by an anticipated reduction in first sector premium due to savings products reaching premium paid-up status. Net investment income, net of amortized hedge costs, increased in 2018 largely due to higher income from U.S. dollar-denominated floating rate assets. Pretax adjusted earnings in yen increased, driven by higher net investment income and a favorable third sector benefit ratio. Annualized premiums in force at December 31, 2018 , were 1.53 trillion yen, compared with 1.55 trillion yen in 2017 and 1.61 trillion yen in 2016 . The decrease in annualized premiums in force in yen of 1.6% in 2018 and 3.4% in 2017 was driven primarily by limited-pay policies becoming paid- up during the year. The decrease in annualized premiums in force in yen of .7% in 2016 reflects the net effect of sales of new policies combined with limited-pay policies becoming paid-up and the persistency of Aflac Japan’s business. Annualized premiums in force, translated into dollars at respective year-end exchange rates, were $13.8 billion in 2018 , $13.7 billion in 2017 , and $13.8 billion in 2016 . 52                                                                      Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Aflac Japan's investment portfolios include U.S. dollar-denominated securities and reverse-dual currency securities (yen-denominated debt securities with dollar coupon payments). In years when the yen strengthens in relation to the dollar, translating Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar- denominated investment income into yen lowers growth rates for net investment income, total adjusted revenues, and pretax adjusted earnings in yen terms. In years when the yen weakens, translating U.S. dollar-denominated investment income into yen magnifies growth rates for net investment income, total adjusted revenues, and pretax adjusted earnings in yen terms. The following table illustrates the effect of translating Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated investment income and related items into yen by comparing certain segment results with those that would have been reported had dollar/yen exchange rates remained unchanged from the prior year. Amounts excluding foreign currency impact on U.S. dollar denominated investment income were determined using the average dollar/yen exchange rate for the comparable prior year period. Aflac Japan Percentage Changes Over Prior Year (Yen Operating Results) Including Foreign Currency Changes 2018 2017 2016 2018 Excluding Foreign Currency Changes (2) 2017 2016 5.5 %   (2.0)%   (10.3)%   6.4 %   (3.6)%   (5.1)% Net investment income, less amortized hedge costs Total adjusted revenues Pretax adjusted earnings (1) (1) Aflac defines pretax adjusted earnings (a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure) as adjusted earnings before the application of income taxes. See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of adjusted earnings and a reconciliation of adjusted earnings to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of net earnings. (2.5) (9.0) (1.0) (2.8) (5.3) (.3) (.5) (.5) (.1) 3.7 3.1 .6 (2) Amounts excluding foreign currency impact on U.S. dollar-denominated investment income (a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure) were determined using the average dollar/yen exchange rate for the comparable prior year period. The following table presents a summary of operating ratios in yen terms for Aflac Japan for the years ended December 31. Ratios to total adjusted revenues: Benefits and claims, net Adjusted expenses: Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs Insurance commissions Insurance and other expenses Total adjusted expenses Pretax adjusted earnings (1) Ratios to total premiums: Benefits and claims, net Adjusted expenses: 2018 58.6%   2017 60.4%   2016 61.6%   4.7 4.8 10.8 20.3 21.1 4.2 4.9 10.1 19.2 20.4 4.0 4.9 9.8 18.7 19.7 69.9%   71.3%   72.6%   Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 5.6 4.9 4.8 (1) Aflac defines pretax adjusted earnings (a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure) as adjusted earnings before the application of income taxes. See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of adjusted earnings and a reconciliation of adjusted earnings to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of net earnings. In 2018 , the benefit ratio decreased, compared to the prior year, primarily due to the continued change in mix of first and third sector business as first sector products become paid-up, as well as continued favorable third sector claims trends, and higher surrender rates for the cancer products. In 2018 , the adjusted expense ratio increased due to lower premium income impacted by first sector products becoming paid-up, higher expenses primarily related to increased system development, outsourcing costs for new products, and DAC amortization due to the increase of surrender for cancer products. In total for 2018 , the pretax adjusted profit margin increased, reflecting the decrease in the benefit ratio partially offset by a smaller increase in the expense ratio. For 2019 , the Company anticipates the Aflac Japan pretax adjusted profit margin (calculated by dividing adjusted earnings by adjusted revenues) to remain stable. 53                                                                                                                     Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Aflac Japan Sales The following table presents Aflac Japan's new annualized premium sales for the years ended December 31. (In millions of dollars and billions of yen) 2018 In Dollars 2017 2016 New annualized premium sales $ 869   $ 846   $ 1,045 2018 95.9 In Yen 2017 94.9 2016 113.7 Increase (decrease) over prior period 2.7%   (19.0)%   4.8%   1.1%   (16.6)%   (5.9)% The following table details the contributions to Aflac Japan's new annualized premium sales by major insurance product for the years ended December 31. Cancer Medical Income support Ordinary life: WAYS Child endowment Other ordinary life (1) Other Total (1) Includes term and whole life 2018 2017 2016 65.8% 25.0 1.8 .5 .3 6.1 .5 55.8% 34.1 2.3 .6 .5 6.0 .7 46.6% 26.0 0.0 11.9 6.4 6.2 2.9 100.0%   100.0%   100.0% The foundation of Aflac Japan's product portfolio has been, and continues to be, third sector products, which include cancer, medical and Income Support insurance products. New annualized premium sales of third sector products on a yen basis increased 1.6% during 2018 , compared with 2017 . Third sector sales included growth in the new cancer insurance product that was launched in April 2018, however medical sales have declined compared with 2017 as a result of strong sales in 2017 driven by the introduction of the new medical insurance product in the second quarter of 2017. Aflac Japan has been focusing more on promotion of cancer and medical insurance products in this low-interest-rate environment. These products are less interest-rate sensitive and more profitable compared to first sector products. With continued cost pressure on Japan’s health care system, the Company expects the need for third sector products will continue to rise in the future and that the medical and cancer insurance products Aflac Japan provides will continue to be an important part of its product portfolio. Independent corporate agencies and individual agencies contributed 40.1% of total new annualized premium sales for Aflac Japan in 2018 , compared with 42.8% in 2017 and 46.7% in 2016 . Affiliated corporate agencies, which include Japan Post, contributed 55.3% of total new annualized premium sales in 2018 , compared with 52.0% in 2017 and 44.4% in 2016 . Japan Post offers Aflac's cancer insurance products in more than 20,000 post offices. In 2018, Japan Post's sales of cancer insurance constituted approximately 25% of Aflac Japan's third sector sales. The Company believes this alliance with Japan Post has and will further benefit its cancer insurance sales. In 2018 , Aflac Japan recruited 85 new sales agencies. At December 31, 2018 , Aflac Japan was represented by more than 9,800 sales agencies, with more than 109,000 licensed sales associates employed by those agencies. At December 31, 2018 , Aflac Japan had agreements to sell its products at 371 banks, approximately 90% of the total number of banks in Japan. Bank channel sales accounted for 4.6% of new annualized premium sales in 2018 for Aflac Japan, compared with 5.2% in 2017 and 8.9% in 2016 . Aflac Japan Investments The level of investment income in yen is affected by available cash flow from operations, the timing of investing the cash flow, yields on new investments, the effect of yen/dollar exchange rates on U.S. dollar-denominated investment income, and other factors. As part of the Company's portfolio management and asset allocation process, Aflac Japan invests in yen and U.S. dollar-denominated investments. Yen-denominated investments primarily consist of JGBs and public and private fixed maturity securities. Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar- denominated investments include fixed maturity investments and growth 54                                                                              Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations assets, including public equity securities and alternative investments in limited partnerships or similar investment vehicles. Aflac Japan has been investing in both publicly-traded and privately originated U.S. dollar-denominated investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities and loan receivables, Aflac Japan has entered into foreign currency forwards and options to hedge the currency risk on the fair value of a portion of the U.S. dollar investments, interest rate swaptions to hedge interest rate fluctuations on some U.S. dollar investments, and interest rate swaps to economically hedge interest rate fluctuations in certain variable-rate investments. The following table details the investment purchases for Aflac Japan for the years ended December 31. (In millions) Yen-denominated: Fixed maturity securities: Japan government and agencies Other fixed maturity securities Equity securities Total yen-denominated U.S. dollar-denominated: Fixed maturity securities: Other fixed maturity securities Infrastructure debt Bank loans Equity securities Other investments: Transitional real estate loans Commercial mortgage loans Middle market loans Limited partnerships Total dollar-denominated Total Aflac Japan purchases 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ $ 3,895   1,981   221   6,097   1,299   0   346   120   3,168   13   839   314   6,099   12,196   $ $ $ $ $ 5,367   1,579   189   7,135   466   134   0   158   1,063   48   548   96   2,513   9,648   Aflac Japan purchased $1.2 billion of yen-denominated private placements in 2018 , compared with $1.1 billion in 2017 . See the Analysis of Financial Condition section of this MD&A for further discussion of these investment programs, and see Notes 1, 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding loans and loan receivables. Funds available for investment include cash flows from operations, investment income, and funds generated from maturities, redemptions, securities lending, and other securities transactions. Securities lending is also used from time to time to accelerate the availability of funds for investment. Purchases of securities from period to period are determined based on multiple objectives including appropriate portfolio diversification, the relative value of a potential investment and availability of investment opportunities, liquidity, credit and other risk factors while adhering to the Company's investment policy guidelines. The following table presents the results of Aflac Japan's investment yields for the years ended and as of December 31. 55                                                                                                 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Total purchases for the period (in millions) (1) New money yield (1),(2) Return on average invested assets (3) 2018 2017 2016 $ 11,882   $ 9,552   $ 10,903 3.06%   2.33 1.98%   2.31 1.40% 2.47 Portfolio book yield, including U.S. dollar-denominated investments, end of period (1) (1) Includes fixed maturity securities, loan receivables, equity securities, and excludes alternative investments in limited partnerships (2) Reported on a gross yield basis; excludes investment expenses, external management fees, and amortized hedge costs (3) Net of investment expenses and amortized hedge costs, year-to-date number reflected on a quarterly average basis 2.61%   2.56%   2.62% The increase in the Aflac Japan new money yield in 2018 was primarily due to increased allocations to higher yielding U.S. dollar-denominated asset classes. See Notes 3, 4 and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Analysis of Financial Condition section of this MD&A for additional information on the Company's investments and hedging strategies. AFLAC U.S. SEGMENT Aflac U.S. Pretax Adjusted Earnings Changes in Aflac U.S. pretax adjusted earnings and profit margins are primarily affected by morbidity, mortality, expenses, persistency and investment yields. The following table presents a summary of operating results for Aflac U.S. for the years ended December 31. Aflac U.S. Summary of Operating Results (In millions) Net premium income Net investment income Other income Total adjusted revenues Benefits and claims Adjusted expenses: Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs Insurance commissions Insurance and other expenses Total adjusted expenses Total benefits and expenses Pretax adjusted earnings (1) Percentage change over previous period: Net premium income Net investment income Total adjusted revenues Pretax adjusted earnings (1) 2018 $ 5,708 2017 $ 5,563 2016 $ 5,454 727 8 6,443 2,887 534 585 1,152 2,271 5,158 1,285 $ 721 5 6,289 2,885 502 580 1,077 2,159 5,044 703 10 6,167 2,869 497 580 1,013 2,090 4,959 $ 1,245 $ 1,208 2.6%   2.0%   .8 2.4 3.2 2.6 2.0 3.1 2.0% 3.8 2.2 9.7 (1) Aflac defines pretax adjusted earnings (a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure) as adjusted earnings before the application of income taxes. See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of adjusted earnings and a reconciliation of adjusted earnings to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of net earnings. Net investment income increased in 2018, driven by higher income from floating rate assets partially offset from the drawdown of excess capital in the U.S. segment. Annualized premiums in force increased 3.0% in 2018 , 2.6% in 2017 and 2.4% in 2016 . Annualized premiums in force at December 31 were $6.2 billion in 2018 , compared with $6.1 billion in 2017 and $5.9 billion in 2016 . 56                                                                                           Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following table presents a summary of operating ratios for Aflac U.S. for the years ended December 31. Ratios to total adjusted revenues: Benefits and claims Adjusted expenses: Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs Insurance commissions Insurance and other expenses Total adjusted expenses Pretax adjusted earnings (1) Ratios to total premiums: Benefits and claims Adjusted expenses: Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 2018 44.8%   2017 45.9% 2016 46.5% 8.3 9.1 17.9 35.2 19.9 50.6 9.4 8.0 9.2 17.1 34.3 19.8 51.9 9.0 8.1 9.4 16.4 33.9 19.6 52.6 9.1 (1) Aflac defines pretax adjusted earnings (a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure) as adjusted earnings before the application of income taxes. See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of adjusted earnings and a reconciliation of adjusted earnings to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of net earnings. The benefit ratio decreased in 2018 , compared with 2017 , due in large part to benefit reserve releases related to slightly elevated lapses of older individual cancer policies in the first and fourth quarters of 2018. The adjusted expense ratio increased slightly in 2018 compared with 2017, primarily due to planned spending increases reflecting elevated investments in the platform. The pretax adjusted profit margin increased slightly in 2018 when compared with 2017, primarily due to lower benefit ratios. In 2019, the Company expects benefit ratios to be slightly lower than 2018 levels, reflecting ongoing changes in business mix, and expects somewhat higher expense ratios reflecting further investments in its U.S. platform. Net investment income is expected to decline modestly, primarily the result of the Company’s U.S. capital and RBC drawdown plan. (Note that all of these ratios-to-revenue reflect reduced net investment income due to the Company's planned drawdown of excess capital to lower RBC ratios. See the Capital Resources and Liquidity section of this MD&A for further discussion of the planned reduction of RBC.) Aflac U.S. Sales The following table presents Aflac's U.S. new annualized premium sales for the years ended December 31. (In millions) New annualized premium sales Increase (decrease) over prior period 2018 $ 1,601 3.2%   2017 $ 1,552 4.7%   2016 $ 1,482 (.3)%   The following table details the contributions to Aflac's U.S. new annualized premium sales by major insurance product category for the years ended December 31. Accident Short-term disability Critical care (1) Hospital indemnity Dental/vision Life Total 2018 29.2%   22.7 22.1 15.8 4.7 5.5 2017 29.4%   22.9 22.8 14.8 5.1 5.0 2016 29.5%   23.5 22.1 14.8 5.0 5.1 100.0%   100.0%   100.0%   (1) Includes cancer, critical illness and hospital intensive care products New annualized premium sales for accident insurance, the Aflac U.S. leading product category, increased 2.4% , short-term disability sales increased 1.8% , critical care insurance sales (including cancer insurance) decreased .1% , and hospital indemnity insurance sales increased 10.4% in 2018 , compared with 2017 . 57                                                                                                                                       Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The addition of group products has expanded Aflac U.S.'s reach and enabled Aflac U.S. to generate more sales opportunities with larger employers and through brokers and sales agent channels. The Company anticipates that the appeal of Aflac U.S. group products will continue to enhance opportunities to connect with larger businesses and their employees. The Aflac U.S. portfolio of group and individual products offers businesses the opportunity to give their employees a more valuable and comprehensive selection of benefit options. In 2018 , the Aflac U.S. sales forces included an average of more than 8,500 U.S. agents, including brokers, who were actively producing business on a weekly basis. The Company believes that this average weekly producer equivalent metric allows sales management to monitor progress and needs. One Day Pay SM is a claims initiative that Aflac U.S. has focused on to process, approve and pay eligible claims in just one day. The Company believes that this claims practice enhances the Aflac U.S. brand reputation and the trust policyholders have in Aflac, and it helps Aflac stand out from competitors. Aflac U.S. products provide cash benefits that can be used to help with increasing out-of-pocket medical expenses, help cover household costs, or protect against income and asset loss. Group products and relationships with insurance brokers that handle the larger-case market are helping Aflac U.S. expand its reach by selling to larger businesses. Aflac U.S. is regularly evaluating the marketplace to identify opportunities to bring the most relevant, cost-effective products to customers. The Company believes the need for its products remains very strong, and Aflac U.S. continues to work on enhancing its distribution capabilities to access employers of all sizes, including initiatives that benefit the field force and the broker community. At the same time, the Company is seeking opportunities to leverage its brand strength and attractive product portfolio in the evolving health care environment. U.S. Regulatory Environment Healthcare Reform Legislation The Affordable Care Act (ACA), federal health care legislation, was intended to give Americans of all ages and income levels access to comprehensive major medical health insurance and gave the U.S. federal government direct regulatory authority over the business of health insurance. While the ACA was enacted in 2010, the major elements of the law became effective on January 1, 2014. The ACA included major changes to the U.S. health care insurance marketplace. Among other changes, the ACA included an individual medical insurance coverage mandate (which has since been repealed effective 2019 by the Tax Act), provided for penalties on certain employers for failing to provide adequate coverage, created health insurance exchanges, and addressed coverage and exclusions as well as medical loss ratios. It also imposed an excise tax on certain high cost plans, known as the “Cadillac tax,” that is currently scheduled to begin in 2022. The ACA also included changes in government reimbursements and tax credits for individuals and employers and altered federal and state regulation of health insurers. The ACA, as enacted, does not require material changes in the design of the Company's insurance products. However, indirect consequences of the legislation and regulations could present challenges that could potentially have an impact on the Company's sales model, financial condition and results of operations. The United States Congress has considered and may continue to consider legislation that would repeal and replace key provisions of the ACA. There can be no assurance that any legislation affecting the ACA will be passed by Congress, nor as to the ultimate timing or provisions of any such legislation, nor as to the effect of any such legislation on the design or marketability of the Company's insurance products. Further, certain provisions of the ACA have been and may continue to be subject to challenge through litigation, the ultimate effects of which on the ACA are uncertain. President Trump signed an Executive Order in October 2017 directing federal regulatory agencies to review and modify certain regulations issued under the ACA. The stated objectives of the Executive Order are to increase competition and consumer choices in health care markets, and to lower costs for health care, by making association health plans available to more employers, allowing employers to make better use of health reimbursement arrangements, and expanding coverage through short-term insurance. The Executive Order tasks three federal agencies, the Departments of Labor (DOL), Treasury, and Health and Human Services (HHS) with reviewing current rules and developing guidance to implement the order. While the details of any proposed modifications will not be known until further action by the agencies, the Company anticipates that the Executive Order will not have a significant impact on the availability or marketability of its products. 58 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Tax Reform Legislation The Tax Act was signed into law on December 22, 2017. Among other things, effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, eliminated or reduced certain deductions and credits and limited the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation. The Tax Act also transitions international corporate taxation from a worldwide system to a modified territorial system, which in light of the current tax treatment of Aflac Japan as a branch has the effect of subjecting the earnings of Aflac Japan to Japan taxation and subjecting the Company's other earnings, including the consolidated earnings of the Parent Company, to U.S. taxation. The treatment of Aflac Japan as a branch for U.S. tax purposes did not change following the completion of its conversion from a branch structure to a subsidiary structure for legal purposes on April 1, 2018. Aflac U.S. prices its business on an internal rate of return basis. The Aflac U.S. business has a financial structure that the Company expects to be neutral on a pricing basis from these tax changes. The Aflac U.S. products have high initial costs for marketing, underwriting and administration, which will have less tax relief under the changes and will increase the amount required to invest in new business. In addition, the Company expects that RBC requirements will increase on an after-tax basis, being another source of initial funding required for these products. The tax basis for reserves and DAC may also change the timing of tax payments in an accelerated or unfavorable direction. All of these effects will offset a favorable lower tax rate on income in later years. The overall impact is expected to be neutral on a pricing basis from these various effects. The Tax Act changes became effective on January 1, 2018. However, because changes to tax rates are accounted for in the period of enactment, during the period ended December 31, 2017, the Company revalued its deferred tax assets and liabilities and recorded a net deferred tax liability reduction of $1.9 billion as of that date. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an immaterial adjustment to the provisional Japan deferred tax balances and no valuation allowance adjustment related to anticipatory foreign tax credit asset, rendering final values for the Company's deferred tax liability. For information on the effects of the Tax Act during the period ended December 31, 2018, see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements presented in this report. For information on the conversion of Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary, see General Business under Item 1, Business, in this report. Dodd-Frank Act Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act and regulations issued thereunder, in particular rules to require central clearing for certain types of derivatives, may have an impact on Aflac's derivative activity, including activity on behalf of Aflac Japan. In addition, in 2015 and 2016, six U.S. financial regulators, including the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), issued final rules regarding the exchange of initial margin (IM) and variation margin (VM) for uncleared swaps that impose greater obligations on swap dealers regarding uncleared swaps with certain counterparties, such as Aflac. The requirements of such rules with respect to VM, as well as similar regulations in Europe, became effective on March 1, 2017. Full compliance with respect to all counterparties was required by September 1, 2017. The requirements of such rules with respect to IM are currently being phased in and will be fully implemented by September 1, 2020. In October of 2017, the CFTC and the European Commission each finalized comparability determinations that permit certain swap dealers who are subject to both regulatory margin regimes to take advantage of substituted compliance by complying with one set of margin requirements. The margin requirements are expected to result in more stringent collateral requirements and to affect other aspects of Aflac's derivatives activity. The Dodd-Frank Act also established a Federal Insurance Office (FIO) under the U.S. Treasury Department to monitor all aspects of the insurance industry and of lines of business other than certain health insurance, certain long-term care insurance and crop insurance. Traditionally, U.S. insurance companies have been regulated primarily by state insurance departments. The FIO does not directly regulate the insurance industry, but under Dodd-Frank it has the power to preempt state insurance regulations that are inconsistent with international agreements reached by the federal government, subject to certain requirements and restrictions. The FIO and certain federal agencies must achieve consensus positions with the state insurance regulators when taking positions on insurance proposals by certain international forums. In December 2013, the FIO released a report entitled "How To Modernize And Improve The System Of Insurance Regulation In The United States." The report was required by the Dodd- Frank Act, and included 18 recommended areas of near-term reform for the states, including addressing capital adequacy and safety/soundness issues, reform of insurer resolution practices, and reform of marketplace regulation. The report also listed nine recommended areas for direct federal involvement in insurance regulation. Some of the recommendations outlined in the FIO report released in December 2013 have been implemented. The National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers Reform Act, signed into law in January 2015, simplifies the agent and broker licensing process across state lines. The FIO has also engaged with the supervisory colleges to monitor financial stability and identify regulatory gaps for large national and internationally active 59 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations insurers. The President and Congress have stated proposals to reform or repeal certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, some of which have been implemented. The Company cannot predict with any degree of certainty what impact, if any, such proposals will have on Aflac's business, financial condition, or results of operations. Insurance Guaranty Laws Under state insurance guaranty association laws and similar laws in international jurisdictions, Aflac is subject to assessments, based on the share of business it writes in the relevant jurisdiction, for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. In the United States, some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. The Company's policy is to accrue assessments when the entity for which the insolvency relates has met its state of domicile's statutory definition of insolvency, the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable and the related premium upon which the assessment is based is written. In most states, the definition is met with a declaration of financial insolvency by a court of competent jurisdiction. Aflac U.S. Investments The level of investment income is affected by available cash flow from operations, the timing of investing the cash flow, yields on new investments, and other factors. As part of the Company's portfolio management and asset allocation process, Aflac U.S. invests in fixed maturity investments and growth assets, including public equity securities and alternative investments in limited partnerships. Aflac U.S. has been investing in both publicly traded and privately originated investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities and loan receivables. The following table details the investment purchases for Aflac U.S. as of December 31. (In millions) Fixed maturity securities: Other fixed maturity securities Infrastructure debt Equity securities Other investments: Transitional real estate loans Commercial mortgage loans Middle market loans Limited partnerships Total Aflac U.S. Purchases 2018 2017   $ 1,068   $ 97   76   610   163   141   44   836   60   56   249   34   199   16     $ 2,199   $ 1,450   Funds available for investment include cash flows from operations, investment income, and funds generated from maturities, redemptions, and other securities transactions. Purchases of securities from period to period are determined based on multiple objectives, including appropriate portfolio diversification, the relative value of a potential investment and availability of investment opportunities, liquidity, credit and other risk factors while adhering to the Company's investment policy guidelines. The following table presents the results of Aflac's U.S. investment yields for the years ended and as of December 31. Total purchases for period (in millions) (1) New money yield (1), (2) Return on average invested assets (3) Portfolio book yield, end of period (1) (1) Includes fixed maturity securities, loan receivables, equity securities, and excludes alternative investments in limited partnerships (2) Reported on a gross yield basis; excludes investment expenses and external management fees (3) Net of investment expenses, year-to-date number reflected on a quarterly average basis 5.55%   5.52%   60 2018 2017 2016 $ 2,155 $ 1,434 $ 1,144 4.55%   5.16 4.49%   5.07 3.89%   5.04 5.60%                                                             Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The increase in the Aflac U.S. new money yield in 2018 was primarily due to increased allocations to higher yielding floating rate assets. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Market Risks of Financial Instruments - Credit Risk subsection of MD&A for more information regarding the sector concentrations of the Company's investments. CORPORATE AND OTHER Total revenue for corporate and other increased to $339 million in 2018, compared with $272 million in 2017 and $277 million in 2016. This increase in 2018 was primarily driven by an increase in net investment income. The increase in net investment income to $113 million in 2018, compared with $35 million in 2017, was driven by a $36 million pretax contribution from the Company’s corporate yen hedging program and increased income from over $600 million of invested assets transferred as part of the drawdown of excess capital in the U.S. segment beginning in the fourth quarter of 2017. Corporate adjusted expenses consist primarily of personnel compensation, benefits, reinsurance retrocession benefits expense, and facilities expenses. Corporate expenses were $478 million in 2018, compared with $486 million in 2017, and $516 million in 2016. The decline in adjusted expenses in 2018 was considered insignificant. The decline in adjusted expenses from 2016 to 2017 was driven in large part by fluctuations in retrocession activity, which results in corresponding declines in total premiums. Pretax adjusted earnings for corporate and other were a loss of $139 million in 2018, compared with a loss of $214 million in 2017 and a loss of $239 million in 2016. The improvement in pretax adjusted earnings in 2018 was driven primarily by the increase in net investment income as previously described. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION The Company's financial condition has remained strong in the functional currencies of its operations. The yen/dollar exchange rate at the end of each period is used to translate yen-denominated balance sheet items to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes. Investments The Company’s investment strategy utilizes disciplined asset and liability management while seeking long-term risk-adjusted investment returns and the delivery of stable income within regulatory and capital objectives, and preserving shareholder value. In attempting to optimally balance these objectives, the Company seeks to maintain on behalf of Aflac Japan a diversified portfolio of yen-denominated investment assets, U.S. dollar- denominated investment portfolio hedged back to yen and a portfolio of unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated assets. As part of the Company's portfolio management and asset allocation process, Aflac U.S. invests in fixed maturity investments and growth assets, including public equity securities and alternative investments in limited partnerships. Aflac U.S. invests in both publicly traded and privately originated investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities and loans. 61 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following table details investments by segment as of December 31. Investment Securities by Segment (In millions) Available for sale, fixed maturity securities, at fair value (1) Held to maturity, fixed maturity securities, at amortized cost Equity securities (1) Other investments: Transitional real estate loans Commercial mortgage loans Middle market loans Policy loans Short-term investments Other Total other investments Total investments Cash and cash equivalents Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. 2018 2017 2018 2017 $ 69,409   $ 69,338   $ 12,132   $ 13,606 30,318   806   31,430   868   3,621   763   1,144   219   0   333   986   767   527   198   57   98   0   137   756   301   334   13   141   63   6,080   2,633   106,613   104,269   1,779   636   1,608   13,877   641   0   92   249   141   332   12   0   31   765   14,463   1,011   Total investments and cash (2) $ 108,392   $ 104,905   $ 14,518   $ 15,474   (1) Includes perpetual securities (2) Excludes investments and cash held by the Parent Company and other business segments of $3,333 in 2018 and $3,280 in 2017 . Cash and cash equivalents totaled $4.3 billion , or 3.4% of total investments and cash, as of December 31, 2018 , compared with $3.5 billion , or 2.8% , at December 31, 2017 . For a discussion of the factors affecting the Company's cash balance, see the Operating Activities, Investing Activities and Financing Activities subsections of this MD&A. In 2017, Aflac U.S. became a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (FHLB). As a member, Aflac U.S. can access low-cost funding and also receive dividends on FHLB membership stock. Additional FHLB stock purchases are required based on funding activity with the FHLB. Aflac U.S. will be required to post acceptable forms of collateral for any funding from the FHLB. The FHLB stock purchased by the Company is classified as a restricted investment and is included in "other investments" in the consolidated balance sheets. For additional information concerning the Company's investments, see Notes 3, 4, and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The ratings of the Company's securities referenced in the table below are based on the ratings designations provided by major Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSROs) (Moody's, S&P and Fitch) or, if not rated, are determined based on the Company's internal analysis of such securities. When the ratings issued by the rating agencies differ, the Company utilizes the second lowest rating when three or more rating agency ratings are available or the lowest rating when only two rating agency ratings are available. 62                            Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The distributions of debt securities the Company owns, by credit rating, as of December 31 were as follows: Composition of Securities Portfolio by Credit Rating AAA AA A BBB BB or lower Total 2018 Amortized Cost Fair Value 2017 Amortized Cost Fair Value 1.0%   .9%   1.0%   .9%   3.9 67.9 23.2 4.0 4.0 69.9 21.6 3.6 3.9 65.8 24.0 5.3 4.0 66.9 23.3 4.9 100.0%   100.0%   100.0%   100.0%   As of December 31, 2018 , the Company's direct and indirect exposure to securities in its investment portfolio that were guaranteed by third parties was immaterial both individually and in the aggregate. The following table presents the 10 largest unrealized loss positions in the Company's portfolio as of December 31, 2018 . (In millions) Diamond Offshore Drilling Inc. AXA Autostrade Per Litalia Spa Baker Hughes Inc. Kommunal Landspensjonskasse (KLP) Abbvie Inc. Transocean Inc. Commonwealth Bank of Australia Time Warner Cable Inc. United Technologies Corporation Credit Rating Amortized Cost Fair Value Unrealized Loss B BBB BBB A BBB BBB CCC   BBB AA BBB   $ 143   293   180   122   135   177   72   185   118   209     $ 75   242   150   94   113   156   52   166   99   192     $ (68) (51) (30) (28) (22) (21) (20) (19) (19) (17) Generally, declines in fair values can be a result of changes in interest rates, yen/dollar exchange rate, and changes in net spreads driven by a broad market move or a change in the issuer's underlying credit quality. As the Company believes these issues have the ability to continue making timely payments of principal and interest, the Company views these changes in fair value to be temporary and does not believe it is necessary to impair the carrying value of these securities. See the Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses section in Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussions of unrealized losses related to financial institutions and other corporate investments. Below-Investment-Grade The Company's portfolio of below-investment-grade securities includes debt securities purchased while the issuer was rated investment grade plus other loans and bonds purchased as part of an allocation to that segment of the market. The following is the Company's below-investment- grade exposure. 63                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Below-Investment-Grade Investments (In millions) Investcorp Capital Limited Republic of South Africa KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Navient Corp. Republic of Tunisia Telecom Italia SpA Barclays Bank PLC Transnet Diamond Offshore Drilling Inc. IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG Arconic Inc. Noble Holdings International Ltd. EMC Corp. Generalitat de Catalunya Teck Resources Ltd. Teva Pharmaceuticals Transocean Inc. Petrobras International Finance Company National Gas Co. Trinidad and Tobago CF Industries Inc. Other Issuers (below $50 million in par value) Subtotal (1) Senior secured bank loans High yield corporate bonds Middle market loans, net of reserves (2) Grand Total December 31, 2018 Par Value Amortized Cost Fair Value $ 383   $ 360   270   210   189   180   180   135   124   117   100   92   80   72   70   68   68   65   52   50   232   3,097   1,093   519   1,497   $ 383   360   199   114   111   180   111   135   143   50   84   57   80   26   76   66   72   65   50   49   222   2,633   1,108   513   1,478   372   372   224   119   127   208   147   135   75   94   92   57   68   64   67   58   52   63   50   47   214   2,705   1,061   487   1,475   Unrealized Gain (Loss) $ (11) 12 25 5 16 28 36 0 (68) 44 8 0 (12) 38 (9) (8) (20) (2) 0 (2) (8) 72 (47) (26) (3) (4) $ 6,206   $ 5,732   $ 5,728   $ (1) Securities initially purchased as investment grade, but have subsequently been downgraded to below investment grade (2) Middle market loans are carried at amortized cost The Company invests in senior secured bank loans and middle market loans primarily to U.S. corporate borrowers, most of which have below- investment-grade ratings. The objectives of these programs include enhancing the yield on invested assets, achieving further diversification of credit risk, and mitigating the risk of rising interest rates and hedge costs through the acquisition of floating rate assets. The Company maintains an allocation to higher yielding corporate bonds within the Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. portfolios. Most of these securities were rated below-investment-grade at the time of purchase, but the Company also purchased several that were rated investment grade which, because of market pricing, offer yields commensurate with below-investment-grade risk profiles. The objective of this allocation was to enhance the Company's yield on invested assets and further diversify credit risk. All investments must have a minimum rating of low BB using the Company's above described rating methodology and are managed by the Company's internal credit portfolio management team. In January 2019, PG&E Corporation (PG&E) and its operating subsidiary, Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E Utility) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the Northern District of California. At December 31, 2018, debt of the PG&E utility was rated investment grade and the Company's net exposure was $126 million (amortized cost), all of which was issued by PG&E utility. Subsequently, the rating on this exposure migrated to below investment grade. 64                                                               Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Oil and Gas Exposure The following tables show the breakout of our exposure to the oil and gas industry as of December 31. (In millions) Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturities: 2018 Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Gross Unrealized Unrealized Gains Losses Fair Value Independent exploration and production   $ Integrated energy Midstream Oil field services Refiners Government owned - energy related Natural gas utilities Total securities available for sale Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturities: Integrated energy Government owned - energy related Natural gas utilities Total securities held to maturity Equity Securities: Independent exploration and production Integrated energy Oil field services Refiners Total equity securities Total securities Securities by Type of Issuance   $ 813   426   1,059   725   346   855   472   4,696   234   270   360   864   2   8   1   4   15     $ 72   19   91   9   4   167   49   411   5   0   34   39   0   0   0   0   0   36   30   38   154   20   6   6   290   0   8   0   8   0   0   0   0   0     $ 849   415   1,112   580   330   1,016   515   4,817   239   262   394   895   2   8   1   4   15     $ 5,575     $ 450     $ 298     $ 5,727   The Company has investments in both publicly and privately issued securities. The Company's ability to sell either type of security is a function of overall market liquidity which is impacted by, among other things, the amount of outstanding securities of a particular issuer or issuance, trading history of the issue or issuer, overall market conditions, and idiosyncratic events affecting the specific issue or issuer. The following table details investment securities by type of issuance as of December 31. 65                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Investment Securities by Type of Issuance 2018 2017 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value $ 83,482     $ 93,255     $ 81,454     $ 93,025   936   84,418   23,692   51   23,743   936   94,191   26,362   51   26,413   831   82,285   25,108   15   25,123   1,006   94,031   29,360   17   29,377   $ 108,161     $ 120,604     $ 107,408     $ 123,408   (In millions) Publicly issued securities: Fixed maturity securities (1) Equity securities (1) Total publicly issued Privately issued securities: (2) Fixed maturity securities (1) Equity securities (1) Total privately issued Total investment securities (1) Includes perpetual securities (2) Includes Rule 144A securities The Company held $1,202 million and $1,789 million of perpetual securities at fair value ( $1,201 million and $1,462 million at amortized cost) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The perpetual securities the Company holds were largely issued by banks that are systemically important to the financial markets of the sovereign country of domicile of the issuer. Generally, the Company believes regulatory changes made in the banking industry following the Global Financial Crisis and the European Sovereign Crisis, including increased capital and liquidity requirements and a reduction of business risk, have improved overall bank creditworthiness. However, bank capital securities may be subject to varying bail- in/resolution regimes in their home countries, which may include conversion or write-down provisions when bank regulators determine that the institution has reached the point of non-viability. Such actions could result in lower cash flows and ratings downgrades of the affected securities, which in turn could result in a reduction of fair value of the securities and increase the Company’s regulatory capital requirements. These factors are an integral part of the Company's credit review process. The following table details the Company's privately issued investment securities as of December 31. Privately Issued Securities (Amortized cost, in millions) Privately issued securities as a percentage of total investment securities Privately issued securities held by Aflac Japan Privately issued securities held by Aflac Japan as a percentage of total investment securities Reverse-Dual Currency Securities (1) (Amortized cost, in millions) Privately issued reverse-dual currency securities Publicly issued collateral structured as reverse-dual currency securities Total reverse-dual currency securities Reverse-dual currency securities as a percentage of total investment securities (1) Principal payments in yen and interest payments in dollars 2018 22.0%   2017 23.4%   $ 20,966 $ 22,354 19.4%   20.8%   2018 5,120 1,657 6,777 $ $ 2017 5,669 1,390 7,059 $ $ 6.3%   6.6%   Aflac Japan has a portfolio of privately issued securities to better match liability characteristics and secure higher yields than those available on Japanese government or other public corporate bonds. Aflac Japan’s investments in yen-denominated privately issued securities consist primarily of non-Japanese issuers, are rated investment grade at purchase and have longer maturities, thereby allowing the Company to improve asset/liability matching and overall investment returns. These securities are generally either privately negotiated arrangements or issued under medium-term note programs and have standard documentation commensurate with credit ratings of the issuer, except when internal credit analysis indicates that additional protective and/or event-risk covenants were required. Many of these investments 66                                                                                                                                                                                              Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations have protective covenants appropriate to the specific investment. These may include a prohibition of certain activities by the borrower, maintenance of certain financial measures, and specific conditions impacting the payment of the Company's notes. Hedging Activities The Company uses derivative contracts to hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk. Derivative hedges are designed to reduce risk on an economic basis while minimizing the impact on financial results. The Company’s derivative hedge programs vary depending on the type of risk being hedged. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk Hedge Program The Company has deployed the following hedging strategies to mitigate exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk: 1. Aflac Japan hedges U.S. dollar-denominated investments back to yen (see Aflac Japan’s U.S. Dollar-Denominated Hedge Program below). 2. Aflac Japan maintains certain unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated securities, which serve as an economic currency hedge of a portion of the Company's investment in Aflac Japan (see Aflac Japan’s U.S. Dollar-Denominated Hedge Program below). 3. The Parent Company designates yen-denominated liabilities (notes payable and loans) as non-derivative hedging instruments and designates certain foreign currency forwards and options as derivative hedges of the Company’s net investment in Aflac Japan ( see Parent Company’s Foreign Currency Hedge Program below) . 4. The Parent Company enters into forward contracts to accomplish a dual objective of hedging foreign currency exchange rate risk related to dividend payments by its subsidiary, Aflac Japan, and reducing enterprise-wide hedge costs. ( see Parent Company’s Foreign Currency Hedge Program below ). Aflac Japan’s U.S. Dollar-Denominated Hedge Program Aflac Japan buys U.S. dollar-denominated investments, typically corporate bonds, and hedges them back to yen with foreign currency forwards and options to hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk. This economically creates yen assets that match yen liabilities during the life of the derivative and provides liquidity and capital relief. The currency risk being hedged is generally based on fair value of hedged investments. The following table summarizes the U.S. dollar-denominated investments held by Aflac Japan as of December 31. (In millions) Available-for-sale securities: Fixed maturity securities (excluding bank loans) (1) Fixed maturity securities - bank loans (floating rate) Fixed maturity securities - economically converted to yen Equity securities (1), (2) Other investments: Transitional real estate loans (floating rate) Commercial mortgage loans Middle market loans (floating rate) Alternative investments 2018 2017 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value $ 17,101 $ 17,003   $ 17,972 $ 19,314 1,296 1,679 177 3,621 763 1,144 333 1,238   2,269   177   3,625   736   1,146   333   1,936 1,650 147 986 767 527 97 1,865 2,549 173 984 753 530 97 Total U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan $ 26,114 $ 26,527   $ 24,082 $ 26,265 (1) Includes perpetual securities (2) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. for the adoption of accounting guidance related to financial instruments effective January 1, 2018. As of December 31, 2018 , Aflac Japan had $9.9 billion outstanding notional amounts of foreign currency forwards and $9.5 billion outstanding notional amounts of foreign currency options, of which none were in-the-money, hedging the U.S. dollar-denominated investments. The fair value of Aflac Japan's unhedged dollar-denominated portfolio was $14.4 billion (excluding certain U.S. dollar-denominated assets shown in the table above as a result of consolidation that have been economically converted to yen using derivatives). 67                           Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Foreign exchange derivatives used for hedging are periodically settled, which results in cash receipt or payment at maturity or early termination. The Company had net cash settlements of $272 million , $(747) million and $1.3 billion for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, associated with the currency derivatives used for hedging Aflac Japan’s U.S. dollar-denominated investments. The following table presents metrics related to Aflac Japan hedge costs as of December 31. Aflac Japan Hedge Cost Metrics (1) FX forward notional at end of period (in billions of dollars) (2) Weighted average original tenor (in months) (3) Weighted average remaining tenor (in months) (4) Annualized amortized hedge costs (in basis points) (5) Amortized hedge costs for period (in millions of dollars) (1) See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of amortized hedge costs. (2) Notional is reported net of any offsetting positions (3) Tenor based on derivative's original execution date to settlement date (4) Tenor based on period reporting date to settlement date (5) Based on annualized amortized hedge costs divided by average FX forward notional for the period Parent Company's Foreign Currency Hedge Program 2018 9.9 30.4 21.4 241 (236) 2017 9.3 33.1 27.7 211 (228) 2016 11.8 20.6 18.5 149 (186) The Company has designated certain yen-denominated liabilities and foreign currency forwards and options of the Parent Company as accounting hedges of its net investment in Aflac Japan. The Company's consolidated yen-denominated net asset position was partially hedged at $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2018 , with hedging instruments comprised completely of yen-denominated debt, compared with a hedge of $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2017 , with hedging instruments comprised of $1.4 billion of yen-denominated debt and $.4 billion of foreign currency forwards and options. The Company makes its accounting designation of net investment hedge at the beginning of each quarter. If the total of the designated Parent Company non-derivative and derivative notional is equal to or less than the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan, the hedge is deemed to be effective, and the currency exchange effect on the yen-denominated liabilities and the change in estimated fair value of the derivatives are reported in the unrealized foreign currency component of other comprehensive income. The Company's net investment hedge was effective during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. In order to economically mitigate risks associated with the enterprise-wide exposure to the yen and the level and volatility of hedge costs, the Parent Company enters into foreign exchange forward contracts. By buying U.S. dollars and selling yen, the Parent Company is effectively lowering its overall economic exposure to the yen, while Aflac Japan's U.S dollar exposure remains reduced as a result of Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar- denominated hedge program that synthetically creates yen assets. Among other objectives, this strategy is intended to reduce the enterprise-wide hedge costs. In 2018, the portion of the enterprise-wide hedge costs reduction contributed by this strategy was $36 million . This activity is reported in the Corporate and other segment. As this program evolves, the Company will continue to evaluate the program’s efficacy, including third-party review. Interest Rate Risk Hedge Program To mitigate the risk of investment income volatility, the Company economically hedges interest rate fluctuations for certain variable-rate investments. To manage interest rate risk associated with its U.S. dollar-denominated investments held by Aflac Japan, the Company also utilizes interest rate swaptions. For additional discussion of the risks associated with the foreign currency exposure refer to the Currency Risk section in Item 1A, specifically to the Risk Factors titled “The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate“ and “Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity." For discussion of the Company’s view on the stressed economic surplus in Aflac Japan, refer to the Investments subsection within Item 1, Business. 68                           Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's hedging activities. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs The following table presents deferred policy acquisition costs by segment for the years ended December 31. (In millions) Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Total 2018 $ $ 6,384   3,491   9,875   2017 % Change $ $ 6,150   3,355   9,505   3.8% (1) 4.1 3.9%   (1) Aflac Japan’s deferred policy acquisition costs increased 2.0% in yen during the year ended December 31, 2018 . See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's deferred policy acquisition costs. Policy Liabilities The following table presents policy liabilities by segment for the years ended December 31. (In millions) Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Other Intercompany eliminations (2) Total 2018 2017 % Change $ 92,791   $ 89,132   10,981   183   (767)   10,625   138   (748)   4.1% (1) 3.4 32.6 2.5 $ 103,188   $ 99,147   4.1%   (1) Aflac Japan’s policy liabilities increased 2.3% in yen during the year ended December 31, 2018 . (2) Elimination entry necessary due to recapture of a portion of policy liabilities ceded externally, as a result of the reinsurance retrocession transaction as described in Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's policy liabilities. Notes Payable Notes payable totaled $5.8 billion at December 31, 2018 , compared with $5.3 billion at December 31, 2017 . In October 2018, the Parent Company issued $550 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.750% per annum, payable semi-annually, and have a 30-year maturity. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the yield to maturity for a United States Treasury security with a maturity comparable to the remaining term of the notes, plus 25 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date. In November 2018, the Parent Company used the net proceeds from the October 2018 issuance of senior notes to redeem $550 million of the Parent Company's 2.40% senior notes due in 2020. In October 2018, the Parent Company issued three series of senior notes totaling 53.4 billion yen through a public debt offering under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The first series, which totaled 29.3 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.159% per annum, payable semi- annually, and has a 12-year maturity. The second series, which totaled 15.2 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.488% per annum, payable semiannually, and has a 15-year maturity. The third series, which totaled 8.9 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.750% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 20-year maturity. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance. See Note 9 of the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's notes payable. 69                     Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Benefit Plans Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. have various benefit plans. For additional information on the Company's Japanese and U.S. plans, see Note 14 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Policyholder Protection Policyholder Protection Corporation The Japanese insurance industry has a policyholder protection system that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers. Legislation enacted regarding the framework of the Life Insurance Policyholder Protection Corporation (LIPPC) included government fiscal measures supporting the LIPPC. On March 30, 2012, the Diet approved legislation to enhance the stability of the LIPPC by extending the government's fiscal support of the LIPPC through March 2017. On November 25, 2016, Japan's Diet passed legislation that again extends the government's fiscal support of the LIPPC through March 2022. Effective April 2014, the annual LIPPC contribution amount for the total life industry was lowered from 40 billion yen to 33 billion yen. Guaranty Fund Assessments Under U.S. state guaranty association laws, certain insurance companies can be assessed (up to prescribed limits) for certain obligations to the policyholders and claimants of impaired or insolvent insurance companies that write the same line or similar lines of business. The amount of the guaranty fund assessment that an insurer is assessed is based on its proportionate share of premiums in that state. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has estimated and recognized the impact of its share of guaranty fund assessments resulting from the liquidation of a long-term care insurer. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the assessment. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had no material letters of credit, standby letters of credit, guarantees or standby repurchase obligations. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on material unconditional purchase obligations that are not recorded on the Company's balance sheet. CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. provide the primary sources of liquidity to the Parent Company through dividends and management fees. The following table presents the amounts provided for the years ended December 31. Liquidity Provided by Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. to Parent Company (In millions) Dividends declared or paid by Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. Management fees paid by Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. 2018 $ 1,817 204   2017 $ 2,590 (1) 291   2016 $ 2,000   260   (1) Includes securities of $622 at fair value which had a value of $656 at amortized cost The decline in dividends during 2018 was driven by a change in the dividend regulatory approval process subsequent to the conversion of Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary on April 1, 2018. The Company resumed dividend payments from Aflac Japan in the fourth quarter of 2018. Management fees decreased during 2018 compared to prior years due to changes in the administration of intercompany expenses between legal entities subsequent to the conversion of Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary on April 1, 2018. The primary uses of cash by the Parent Company are shareholder dividends, the repurchase of its common stock and interest on its outstanding indebtedness and operating expenses. At the end of September 2018, the Company announced a change in its internal dividend policy which allows the Company to increase the proportion of regulatory earnings transferred from Aflac U.S. and Aflac Japan to the Parent Company. The Company intends to maintain higher than historical levels of capital and liquidity at the Parent Company with the goals of addressing the Company’s hedge costs and related potential need for collateral and mitigating against long-term weakening of the Japanese yen. Further, the Company plans to continue to maintain a portfolio of unhedged U.S. dollar based investments at Aflac Japan and consider whether the amount of such investments should be increased 70       Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations or decreased relative to the Company’s view of economic equity surplus in Aflac Japan in light of potentially rising hedge costs and other factors. See Item 2., Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under “Forward-Looking Information,” for a description of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the Company in regards to its capital management intentions. The Parent Company accesses debt security markets to provide additional sources of capital. In September 2018, the Parent Company filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC that allows the Company to issue an indefinite amount of debt securities, in one or more series, from time to time until September 2021. In August 2018, the Parent Company filed a shelf registration with Japanese regulatory authorities that allows the Parent Company to conduct public offerings of bonds in Japan, including yen-denominated Samurai notes, up to 200 billion yen or its equivalent through August 2020. The shelf registration statement is for possible public offerings in Japan, but the bonds issued under the shelf may be transferred by the bondholders to U.S. persons in compliance with U.S. law. The Company believes outside sources for additional debt and equity capital, if needed, will continue to be available. For additional information, see Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The principal sources of cash for the Company's insurance operations are premiums and investment income. The primary uses of cash by the Company's insurance operations are investments, policy claims, commissions, operating expenses, income taxes and payments to the Parent Company for management fees and dividends. Both the sources and uses of cash are reasonably predictable. When making an investment decision, the Company's first consideration is based on product needs. The Company's investment objectives provide for liquidity through the purchase of investment-grade debt securities. These objectives also take into account duration matching, and because of the long-term nature of the Company's business, the Company has adequate time to react to changing cash flow needs. As a result of policyholder aging, claims payments are expected to gradually increase over the life of a policy. Therefore, future policy benefit reserves are accumulated in the early years of a policy and are designed to help fund future claims payments. The Company expects its future cash flows from premiums and its investment portfolio to be sufficient to meet its cash needs for benefits and expenses. As of December 31, 2018 , the Parent Company and Aflac had four lines of credit with third parties as well as two intercompany lines of credit. For additional information on the Company's lines of credit, see Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. As part of the FHLB financing arrangement as discussed previously in the Analysis of Financial Condition section of this MD&A, Aflac U.S. borrowed and repaid $86 million during 2018. The Company's financial statements convey its financing arrangements during the periods presented. The Company has not engaged in material intra-period short-term financings during the periods presented that are not otherwise reported in its balance sheet or disclosed therein. The Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of its notes payable and lines of credit at December 31, 2018 . The Company has not entered into transactions involving the transfer of financial assets with an obligation to repurchase financial assets that have been accounted for as a sale under applicable accounting standards, including securities lending transactions. See Notes 1, 3, and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the Company's securities lending and derivative activities. With the exception of disclosed activities in those referenced footnotes and the Risk Factors entitled, "The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate" and "Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity," the Company does not have a known trend, demand, commitment, event or uncertainty that would reasonably result in its liquidity increasing or decreasing by a material amount. As of December 31, 2018 , the Parent Company had $1.0 billion as a capital reserve and an additional $1.0 billion of contingent liquidity in order to mitigate liquidity risk of derivative positions that are reducing enterprise-wide foreign currency exposure. The Company's cash and cash equivalents include unrestricted cash on hand, money market instruments, and other debt instruments with a maturity of 90 days or less when purchased, all of which has minimal market, settlement or other risk exposure. The following table presents the estimated payments by period of the Company's major contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 . The Company translated its yen-denominated obligations using the December 31, 2018 , exchange rate. Actual future payments as reported in dollars will fluctuate with changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate. 71 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (In millions) Future policy benefits liability (Note 7) (2) Unpaid policy claims liability (Note 7) (3) Other policyholders' funds (Note 7) (3) Long-term debt – principal (Note 9) Long-term debt – interest (Note 9) Cash collateral on loaned securities (Note 3) Operating service agreements (Note 15) Operating lease obligations (Note 15) Capitalized lease obligations (Note 9) Distribution of Payments by Period Total Liability (1) Total Payments   Less Than One Year One to Three Years   Four to Five Years   After Five Years $ 86,368 $ 251,577   $ 8,980   $ 17,817   $ 17,807   $ 206,973 4,584 7,146   5,765 37 1,052   N/A (4) N/A (4) 13 4,584   9,920   5,813   2,086   1,052   553   202   13   2,950   321   0   175   1,052   165   63   5   951   360   45   327   0   289   82   5   387   581   1,275   284   0   99   39   2   296 8,658 4,493 1,300 0 0 18 1 Total contractual obligations $ 104,965 $ 275,800   $ 13,711   $ 19,876   $ 20,474   $ 221,739 Liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits in the amount of $15 have been excluded from the tabular disclosure above because the timing of cash payment is not reasonably estimable. (1) Liability amounts are those reported on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 . (2) The estimated payments due by period reflect future estimated cash payments to be made to policyholders and others for future policy benefits. These projected cash outflows are based on assumptions for future policy persistency, mortality, morbidity, and other assumptions comparable with the Company's experience, consider future premium receipts on current policies in force, and assume market growth and interest crediting consistent with assumptions used in amortizing deferred acquisition costs. These cash outflows are undiscounted with respect to interest and, as a result, the sum of the cash outflows shown for all years in the table of $251,577 exceeds the corresponding liability amount of $86,368 . The Company has made significant assumptions to determine the future estimated cash outflows related to the underlying policies and contracts. Due to the significance of the assumptions used, actual cash outflow amounts and timing will differ, possibly materially, from these estimates. (3) Includes assumptions as to the timing of policyholders reporting claims for prior periods and the amount of those claims. Actual amounts and timing of unpaid policy claims payments may differ significantly from the estimates above. (4) Not applicable For more information on the Company's major contractual obligations, see the applicable Note in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements as indicated in the line items in the table above. Consolidated Cash Flows The Company translates cash flows for Aflac Japan's yen-denominated items into U.S. dollars using weighted-average exchange rates. In years when the yen weakens, translating yen into dollars causes fewer dollars to be reported. When the yen strengthens, translating yen into dollars causes more dollars to be reported. The following table summarizes consolidated cash flows by activity for the years ended December 31. (In millions) Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Exchange effect on cash and cash equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents Operating Activities 2018 2017 2016 $ 6,014   $ 6,128   $ 5,987   (3,582)   (1,616)   30   846   $ (5,431)   (2,065)   0   $ (1,368)   $ (3,855)   (1,619)   (4)   509   Consolidated cash flow from operations decreased 1.9% in 2018 , compared with 2017 . The following table summarizes operating cash flows by source for the years ended December 31. (In millions) Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. and other operations Total 2018 $ $ 4,916   1,098   6,014   2017 $ $ 4,959   1,169   6,128   2016 $ $ 4,605   1,382   5,987   72               Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Investing Activities Operating cash flow is primarily used to purchase investments to meet future policy obligations. The following table summarizes investing cash flows by source for the years ended December 31. (In millions) Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. and other operations Total 2018 $ $ (2,938)   (644)   (3,582)   2017 $ $ (4,504)   (927)   (5,431)   2016 $ $ (3,075)   (780)   (3,855)   Prudent portfolio management dictates that the Company attempts to match the duration of its assets with the duration of its liabilities. Currently, when the Company's fixed maturity securities mature, the proceeds may be reinvested at a yield below that required for the accretion of policy benefit liabilities on policies issued in earlier years. However, the long-term nature of the Company's business and its strong cash flows provide the Company with the ability to minimize the effect of mismatched durations and/or yields identified by various asset adequacy analyses. From time to time or when market opportunities arise, the Company disposes of selected fixed maturity securities that are available for sale to improve the duration matching of assets and liabilities, improve future investment yields, and/or re-balance its portfolio. As a result, dispositions before maturity can vary significantly from year to year. As part of its overall corporate strategy, the Company announced in September 2018 that it intends to increase its original investment in the Aflac Ventures Fund from $100 million over three years to $250 million over three to four years, as opportunities emerge. These investments are included in equity securities or the other investments line in the consolidated balance sheets. The Aflac Ventures Fund is a subsidiary of Aflac Corporate Ventures which is reported in the "Corporate and other" business segment. The central mission of Aflac Corporate Ventures is to support the organic growth and business development needs of Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. with emphasis on digital applications designed to improve the customer experience, gain efficiencies, and develop new markets in an effort to enhance and defend long-term shareholder value. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on certain investment commitments. Financing Activities Consolidated cash used by financing activities was $1.6 billion in 2018 , $2.1 billion in 2017 and $1.6 billion in 2016 . In October 2018, the Parent Company issued $550 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.750% per annum, payable semi-annually, and have a 30 -year maturity. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the yield to maturity for a United States Treasury security with a maturity comparable to the remaining term of the notes, plus 25 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date. In October 2018, the Parent Company issued three series of senior notes totaling 53.4 billion yen through a public debt offering under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The first series, which totaled 29.3 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.159% per annum, payable semi- annually, and has a 12 -year maturity. The second series, which totaled 15.2 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.488% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 15 -year maturity. The third series, which totaled 8.9 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.750% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 20 -year maturity. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance. In November 2018, the Parent Company used the net proceeds from the October 2018 issuance of its senior notes to redeem $550 million of the Parent Company's 2.40% senior notes due in 2020. In January 2017, the Parent Company issued 60.0 billion yen of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of .932% per annum, payable semi-annually, and have a 10-year maturity. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance. 73       Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations In February 2017, the Parent Company extinguished $650 million of 2.65% senior notes upon their maturity. In October 2017, the Parent Company issued 60.0 billion yen of subordinated debentures through a U.S. public debt offering. The debentures bear interest at an initial rate of 2.108% per annum through October 22, 2027, or earlier redemption. Thereafter, the rate of the interest of the debentures will be reset every five years at a rate of interest equal to the then-current JPY 5-year Swap Offered Rate plus 205 basis points. The debentures are payable semi-annually in arrears and have a 30 -year maturity. The debentures are redeemable (i) at any time, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain tax events or certain rating agency events, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the debentures or (ii) in 10 years, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. In November 2017, the Parent Company used a portion of net proceeds from the debenture offering to redeem $500 million of the Parent Company's 5.50% subordinated debentures due 2052. The pretax non-operating expense due to the early redemption of these notes was $13 million . In September 2016, the Parent Company issued two series of senior notes totaling $700 million through a U.S. public debt offering. The first series, which totaled $300 million, bears interest at a fixed rate of 2.875% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 10-year maturity. The second series, which totaled $400 million, bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.00% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 30-year maturity. In September 2016, the Parent Company entered into two series of senior unsecured term loan facilities totaling 30.0 billion yen. The first series, which totaled 5.0 billion yen, bears an interest rate per annum equal to the TIBOR, or alternate TIBOR, if applicable, plus the applicable TIBOR margin. The applicable margin ranges between .20% and .60%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination. The second series, which totaled 25.0 billion yen, bears an interest rate per annum equal to TIBOR, or alternate TIBOR, if applicable, plus the applicable TIBOR margin. The applicable margin ranges between .35% and .75%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination. In December 2016, the Parent Company completed a tender offer in which it extinguished $176 million principal of its 6.90% senior notes due 2039 and $193 million principal of its 6.45% senior notes due 2040. The pretax non-operating loss due to the early redemption of these notes was $137 million ( $89 million after-tax, or $.21 per diluted share). In September 2016, the Parent Company extinguished 8.0 billion yen of 2.26% fixed rate Uridashi notes upon their maturity and in July 2016, the Parent Company extinguished 15.8 billion yen of 1.84% fixed rate Samurai notes upon their maturity. See Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the debt issuances discussed above. See the preceding discussion in this Capital Resources and Liquidity section of MD&A for details and any outstanding balances as of December 31, 2018 for the Company's lines of credit and FHLB financing arrangement. The Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of its notes payable and lines of credit at December 31, 2018 . Cash returned to shareholders through dividends and treasury stock purchases was $2.1 billion in 2018 , compared with $2.0 billion in 2017 and $2.1 billion in 2016 . The following tables present a summary of treasury stock activity during the years ended December 31. (In millions of dollars and thousands of shares) 2018 2017 2016 Treasury Stock Purchased Treasury stock purchases Number of shares purchased: Open market Other Total shares purchased $ 1,301   $ 1,351   $ 1,422   28,949   392   29,341   35,510   1,018   36,528   43,236   660   43,896   74                   Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (In millions of dollars and thousands of shares) 2018 2017 2016   Treasury Stock Issued Stock issued from treasury: Cash financing Noncash financing Total stock issued from treasury Number of shares issued $ $ 58   17   75   $ $ 33   59   92   1,939   2,554   $ 46   61   $ 107   3,704   Under share repurchase authorizations from the Company's board of directors, the Company purchased 28.9 million shares of its common stock in the open market in 2018 , compared with 35.5 million shares in 2017 and 43.2 million shares in 2016 . As of December 31, 2018 , a remaining balance of 69.0 million shares of the Company's common stock was available for purchase under share repurchase authorizations by its board of directors. The Company currently plans to repurchase $1.3 billion to $1.7 billion of its common stock in 2019 , assuming stable capital conditions and absent compelling alternatives. See Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Cash dividends paid to shareholders in 2018 of $1.04 per share increased 19.5% over 2017 . The 2017 dividend paid of $.87 per share increased 4.8% over 2016 . The following table presents the dividend activity for the years ended December 31. (In millions) Dividends paid in cash Dividends through issuance of treasury shares Total dividends to shareholders 2018   $ 793   8   $ 801   2017   $ 661   29   $ 690   2016   $ 658   27   $ 685   In January 2019 , the board of directors announced a 3.8% increase in the quarterly cash dividend, effective with the first quarter of 2019. The first quarter 2019 cash dividend of $.27 per share is payable on March 1, 2019 , to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 20, 2019 . Regulatory Restrictions Aflac and CAIC are domiciled in Nebraska and are subject to its regulations. Subsequent to the Japan branch conversion to a subsidiary, Aflac Japan is domiciled in Japan and subject to local regulations. See further discussion below. The Nebraska Department of Insurance imposes certain limitations and restrictions on payments of dividends, management fees, loans and advances to the Parent Company. Under Nebraska insurance law, prior approval of the Nebraska Department of Insurance is required for dividend distributions that exceed the greater of the net income from operations, which excludes net realized investment gains, for the previous year determined under statutory accounting principles, or 10% of statutory capital and surplus as of the previous year-end. In addition, the Nebraska insurance department must approve service arrangements and other transactions within the affiliated group of companies. These regulatory limitations are not expected to affect the level of management fees or dividends paid to the Parent Company. (See below for discussion of restrictions imposed by Japanese insurance regulators.) A life insurance company’s statutory capital and surplus is determined according to rules prescribed by the NAIC, as modified by the insurance department in the insurance company’s state of domicile. Statutory accounting rules are different from U.S. GAAP and are intended to emphasize policyholder protection and company solvency. Similar laws apply in New York, the domiciliary jurisdiction of Aflac's New York insurance subsidiary. As of December 2016, CAIC was redomiciled from South Carolina to Nebraska. The continued long-term growth of the Company's business may require increases in the statutory capital and surplus of its insurance operations. Aflac’s insurance operations may secure additional statutory capital through various sources, such as internally generated statutory earnings, capital contributions by the Parent Company from funds generated through debt or equity offerings, or reinsurance transactions. The NAIC’s RBC formula is used by insurance regulators to help identify inadequately capitalized insurance companies. The RBC formula quantifies insurance risk, business risk, asset risk and interest rate risk by weighing the types and mixtures of risks inherent in the insurer’s operations. As of December 31, 2018, Aflac's company action level RBC ratio was 560% . The 2018 RBC as filed is lower than Aflac U.S. standalone RBC due to the inclusion of Aflac Japan for the first quarter of 2018. The RBC charge reflects the business risk without any total adjusted capital (TAC). At December 31, 2017, Aflac's company action level RBC ratio was 831%, which included Aflac Japan. Aflac's RBC ratio remains high and reflects a strong capital and surplus position, even reflecting the full negative impact of the U.S. Tax Act, which was fully adopted in 2018. This reduction occurs as a result of 75                 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations writing down deferred tax assets and the increase in required capital due to the reduction in tax rates. However, Aflac expects to recover from this negative impact over a period of three to five years through additional statutory income, assuming that the additional income is fully retained. As of December 31, 2018 , Aflac's total adjusted capital of $2.7 billion exceeded the company action level required capital and surplus of $.5 billion by $2.2 billion . The maximum amount of dividends that can be paid to the Parent Company by Aflac without prior approval of Nebraska's director of insurance is the greater of the net income from operations, which excludes net realized investment gains, for the previous year determined under statutory accounting principles, or 10% of statutory capital and surplus as of the previous year-end. Dividends declared by Aflac during 2019 in excess of $1.3 billion would be considered extraordinary and require such approval. Following the Japan branch conversion to a subsidiary, the Company used extraordinary dividends as needed to actively manage to appropriate RBC levels that are lower yet sufficient to maintain ratings and support prudent capital management. See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the impact of permitted practices by the Nebraska Department of Insurance on the Company's statutory capital and surplus. The NAIC considers its Solvency Modernization Initiative (SMI) process relating to updating the U.S. insurance solvency regulation framework to be ongoing. The SMI has focused on key issues such as capital requirements, governance and risk management, group supervision, reinsurance, statutory accounting and financial reporting matters. Many of these key issues have been finalized and/or are near completion; however, the NAIC still has some ongoing initiatives related to SMI, such as monitoring the international efforts on group capital requirements as well as RBC. In addition, the NAIC is also considering changes to investment risk factors. Any negative developments by the NAIC in these areas could result in increased capital requirements for the Company. Aflac is subject to the NAIC’s Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (ORSA), effective January 1, 2015. Through the ORSA requirements, Aflac is expected to regularly, no less than annually, conduct an ORSA to assess the adequacy of its risk management framework, and its current and estimated projected future solvency position; internally document the process and results of the assessment; and provide a confidential high-level ORSA Summary Report annually to the lead state commissioner if the insurer is a member of an insurance group. In November 2018, Aflac filed its ORSA report with the Nebraska Department of Insurance. In addition to limitations and restrictions imposed by U.S. insurance regulators, after the Japan branch conversion on April 1, 2018, the new Japan subsidiary is required to meet certain financial criteria as governed by Japanese corporate law in order to provide dividends to the Parent Company. Under these criteria, dividend capacity at the Japan subsidiary is basically defined as retained earnings excluding capital reserves, which represent equity generated by capital profits that are statutorily required in Japan, less net after-tax unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities based on the previous fiscal year-end. These dividend capacity requirements are generally aligned with the solvency margin ratio (SMR). Japan's Financial Services Agency (FSA) maintains its own solvency standard which is quantified through the SMR. Aflac Japan's SMR is sensitive to interest rate, credit spread, and foreign exchange rate changes, therefore the Company continues to evaluate alternatives for reducing this sensitivity. In the event of a rapid change in market risk conditions causing SMR to decline, the Company has two senior unsecured revolving credit facilities in the amounts of 100 billion yen and 55 billion yen, respectively, and a committed reinsurance facility in the amount of approximately 110 billion yen as a capital contingency plan. Additionally, the Company could take action to enter into derivatives on unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments with foreign currency options or forwards. (See Notes 8 and 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.) The Company has already undertaken various measures to mitigate the sensitivity of Aflac Japan's SMR. For example, the Company employs policy reserve matching (PRM) investment strategies, which is a Japan-specific accounting treatment that reduces SMR interest rate sensitivity since PRM-designated investments are carried at amortized cost consistent with corresponding liabilities. In order for a PRM-designated asset to be held at amortized cost, there are certain criteria that must be maintained. The primary criteria relates to maintaining the duration of designated assets and liabilities within a specified tolerance range. If the duration difference is not maintained within the specified range without rebalancing, then a certain portion of the assets must be re-classified as available for sale and held at fair value with any associated unrealized gain or loss recorded in surplus. To rebalance, assets may need to be sold in order to maintain the duration with the specified range, resulting in realizing a gain or loss from the sale. For U.S. GAAP, PRM investments are categorized as available for sale. The Company also uses foreign currency derivatives to hedge a portion of its U.S. dollar-denominated investments. (See Notes 3, 4 and 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's investment strategies, hedging activities, and reinsurance, respectively.) Aflac's SMR ratio remains high and reflects a strong capital and surplus position. As of December 31, 2018 , Aflac Japan's SMR was 965% , compared with 1,064% at December 31, 2017 . As part of the conversion of Aflac Japan from a 76 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations branch to a subsidiary on April 1, 2018, the Company experienced an accounting-driven decline in the SMR of approximately 130 points, compared with the SMR as of December 31, 2017. The Company expects to be able to pay dividends out of certain accounts, thus restoring this accounting impact over an estimated three-year period. The FSA has been conducting field testing with the insurance industry concerning the introduction of an economic value-based solvency regime. The field testing will assist the FSA in determining if an economic value-based solvency regime in Japan will be appropriate for the insurance industry. Payments are made from Aflac Japan to the Parent Company for management fees, allocated expenses and remittances of earnings. Prior to the Aflac Japan branch conversion on April 1, 2018, Aflac Japan paid allocated expenses and profit remittances to Aflac U.S. The following table details Aflac Japan remittances for the years ended December 31. Aflac Japan Remittances (In millions of dollars and billions of yen) Aflac Japan management fees paid to Parent Company Expenses allocated to Aflac Japan (in dollars) Aflac Japan profit remittances to the Parent Company or Aflac U.S. (in dollars) Aflac Japan profit remittances to the Parent Company or Aflac U.S. (in yen) 2018   2017 2016 $ 136   $ 93   $ 79   24   808   89.7   109   1,150   129.3   106   1,286   138.5   The decline in dividends during 2018 was driven by a change in the dividend regulatory approval process subsequent to the conversion of Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary on April 1, 2018. The Company resumed dividend payments from Aflac Japan in the fourth quarter of 2018. Management fees decreased during 2018 compared to prior years due to changes in the administration of intercompany expenses between legal entities subsequent to the conversion of Aflac Japan from a branch to a subsidiary on April 1, 2018. See the preceding Hedging Activities subsection of this MD&A for discussion of Parent Company hedging of yen profit remittances. For additional information on regulatory restrictions on dividends, profit remittances and other transfers, see Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Other For information regarding commitments and contingent liabilities, see Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Additional Information Investors should note that the Company announces material financial information in its SEC filings, press releases and public conference calls. In accordance with SEC guidance, the Company may also use the Investor Relations section of the Company's website (http://investors.aflac.com) to communicate with investors about the Company. It is possible that the financial and other information the Company posts there could be deemed to be material information. The information on the Company's website is not part of this document. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK The Company is exposed primarily to the following types of market risks: currency risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and equity risk. Fluctuations in these factors could impact the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition. The Company regularly monitors its market risks and uses a variety of strategies to manage its exposure to these market risks. Currency Risk Aflac Japan The functional currency of Aflac Japan's insurance operations is the Japanese yen. Aflac Japan’s premiums and a significant portion of its investment income are received in yen, and its claims and most expenses are paid in yen. Aflac Japan purchases yen-denominated assets and U.S. dollar-denominated assets, which may be hedged to yen, to support yen-denominated policy liabilities. These and other yen-denominated financial statement items are, however, translated into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. Most of Aflac Japan's cash and liabilities are yen- denominated. 77     Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk As discussed above in the Investment subsection of Item 1, Business, the Company engages in hedging activities to mitigate certain currency risks from holding U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan. However, this hedging program in turn poses a countervailing long-term risk of loss on hedging currency derivatives under the long-term scenario of weakening yen, and related derivative rollover risk that could amplify hedge cost in unfavorable market conditions and significantly increase liquidity requirements to support negative derivative settlements. Additionally, as discussed in detail in the Risk Factors section titled “Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity,” there is a risk that losses realized on derivative settlements during periods of weakening yen may not be recouped through realization of the corresponding holding currency gains on the hedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments if these investments are not ultimately converted to yen. The following table details Aflac Japan's portfolio allocation by currency as of December 31. Japan Segment Portfolio Allocation by Currency (In millions) USD program Fixed maturity securities - economically converted to yen Total dollar-denominated investments Total yen-denominated investments Total 2018 2017 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value   $ 24,435 $ 24,258   $ 22,432 $ 23,716   1,679 26,114 74,974 2,269   26,527   86,251   1,650 24,082 72,369 2,549   26,265   84,379     $ 101,088 $ 112,778   $ 96,451 $ 110,644   As of December 31, 2018 , Aflac Japan had $9.9 billion outstanding notional amounts of foreign currency forwards and $9.5 billion outstanding notional amounts of foreign currency options, of which none were in-the-money, hedging the U.S. dollar-denominated investments (USD Program). The fair value of Aflac Japan's unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated portfolio was $14.4 billion (excluding certain U.S. dollar-denominated assets shown in the table above as a result of consolidation that have been economically converted to yen using derivatives). As noted above, in late 2017, the Company took steps to refine the strategy to mitigate currency exposure of Aflac Japan from U.S. dollar- denominated investments while balancing the consideration of the stressed economic surplus in Aflac Japan. This refinement in strategy resulted in an increased amount of the unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments held in Aflac Japan while at the same time mitigating hedge cost increases. Generally , Aflac Japan’s exposure to the currency risk increases when its portfolio of unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments increases. This increases the volatility of the SMR and FSA earnings and may result in an adverse impact on these regulatory measures when yen appreciates relatively to U.S. dollar. This in turn may reduce Aflac Japan’s dividend capacity, as well as increase the level of capital needed to support increased SMR volatility. The adverse impact on the regulatory measures could be amplified by regulatory accounting rules requiring impairment loss recognition on prolonged significant declines in U.S. dollar relative to yen. Furthermore, under the scenario where unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments are needed to pay Aflac Japan’s yen-denominated obligations, they would have to be converted to yen, which could force realization of the then potential currency losses. As the value of the U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio in Aflac Japan fluctuates and the Company’s business model evolves, the Company periodically reevaluates this size of the unhedged portfolio and may accordingly adjust up or down its currency hedging targets. Aflac Inc. The Company is exposed to currency risk as an economic event when yen funds are actually converted into U.S. dollars. This occurs when yen- denominated funds are paid as dividends and management fees from Aflac Japan to the Parent Company and with quarterly settlements of its reinsurance retrocession transactions. The exchange rates prevailing at the time of yen payments will differ from the exchange rates prevailing at the time the yen profits were earned. A portion of the yen dividend and management fee payments may be used to service Aflac Incorporated's yen- denominated notes payable with the remainder converted into U.S. dollars. In addition to yen payments and the reinsurance retrocessions, certain investment activities for Aflac Japan expose the Company to economic currency risk when yen are converted into U.S. dollars. As noted above, the Company invests a portion of its yen cash flows in U.S. dollar- denominated assets. This requires that the Company convert the yen cash flows to U.S. dollars before investing. As previously discussed, for certain of its U.S. dollar-denominated securities, the Company enters into foreign currency forward and option contracts to hedge the currency risk on the fair value of hedged 78                     Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk investments. In 2018, the Parent Company entered into forward contracts to accomplish a dual objective of hedging foreign currency rate risk to dividend payments by Aflac Japan, and reducing enterprise-wide hedge costs. If the markets experience a significant strengthening of yen, this could cause cash strain at the Parent Company as a result of cash collateral and potentially cash settlement requirements. Based on the timing and severity of exchange rate fluctuations combined with the level of outstanding activity in this program, the cash strain at the Parent Company could be significant. Aside from the activities discussed above, the Company generally does not convert yen into U.S. dollars; however, it does translate financial statement amounts from yen into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. Therefore, reported amounts are affected by foreign currency fluctuations. The Company reports unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income. In periods when the yen weakens against the dollar, translating yen into dollars causes fewer dollars to be reported. When the yen strengthens, translating yen into U.S. dollars causes more U.S. dollars to be reported. The weakening of the yen relative to the U.S. dollar will generally adversely affect the value of the Company's yen-denominated investments in U.S. dollar terms. The Company also considers the stressed economic surplus in Aflac Japan and related exposure to foreign currency. The Company manages this currency risk by investing a portion of Aflac Japan's investment portfolio in U.S. dollar-denominated securities and by the Parent Company's issuance of yen-denominated debt (for additional information, see the discussion under the Investments subsection within Item 1, Business). As a result, the effect of currency fluctuations on the Company's net assets is reduced. The following table demonstrates the effect of foreign currency fluctuations by presenting the dollar values of the Company's yen-denominated assets and liabilities, and its consolidated yen-denominated net asset exposure at selected exchange rates as of December 31. 79 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Dollar Value of Yen-Denominated Assets and Liabilities at Selected Exchange Rates   (In millions) Yen/dollar exchange rates Yen-denominated financial instruments: Assets: Securities available for sale: Fixed maturity securities (2) Fixed maturity securities - consolidated variable interest entities (3) Securities held to maturity: Fixed maturity securities Equity securities Equity securities - consolidated variable interest entities Cash and cash equivalents Derivatives Other financial instruments Subtotal Liabilities: Notes payable Derivatives Subtotal Net yen-denominated financial instruments Other yen-denominated assets Other yen-denominated liabilities 2018 2017 96.00   111.00 (1) 126.00   98.00   113.00 (1) 128.00   $ 55,600   $ 48,086   $ 42,362   $ 51,504   $ 44,666   $ 39,433   941   814   717   1,089   944   834   35,055   30,318   26,709   36,240   31,430   27,747   742   641   565   126   109   96   0   988   2,712   253   0   855   417   219   0   753   949   192   675   222   1,961   228   586   193   331   198   517   170   528   175   96,291   81,350   72,247   92,045   78,457   69,500   2,120   1,318   3,438   92,853   10,795   1,831   387   2,218   1,615   2,138   3,753   1,535   516   2,051   1,331   474   1,805   1,175   2,177   3,352   79,132   68,494   89,994   76,652   66,148   9,336   8,225   9,406   8,157   7,201   113,994   98,590   86,853   107,761   93,456   82,504   Consolidated yen-denominated net assets (liabilities) subject to foreign currency fluctuation (2) (1) Actual period-end exchange rate (2) Does not include the U.S. dollar-denominated corporate bonds for which the Company has entered into foreign currency derivatives as discussed in the Aflac (10,122)   $ (10,134)   $ (10,346)   $ (8,647)   $ (8,361)   $ (9,155)   $ Japan Investment subsection of MD&A (3) Does not include U.S. dollar-denominated bonds that have corresponding cross-currency swaps in consolidated VIEs The Company is required to consolidate certain VIEs. Some of the consolidated VIEs in Aflac Japan's portfolio use foreign currency swaps to convert foreign denominated cash flows to yen, the functional currency of Aflac Japan, in order to minimize cash flow fluctuations. Foreign currency swaps exchange an initial principal amount in two currencies, agreeing to re-exchange the currencies at a future date, at an agreed upon exchange rate. There may also be periodic exchanges of payments at specified intervals based on the agreed upon rates and notional amounts. Prior to consolidation, the Company's beneficial interest in these VIEs was a yen-denominated available-for-sale fixed maturity security. Upon consolidation, the original yen-denominated investment was derecognized and the underlying fixed maturity securities and cross-currency swaps were recognized. The combination of a U.S. dollar-denominated investment and cross-currency swap economically creates a yen-denominated investment and has no impact on the Company's net investment hedge position. Similarly, the combination of the U.S. corporate bonds and the foreign currency forwards and options that the Company has entered into, as discussed in the Aflac Japan Investment subsection of MD&A, economically creates a yen-denominated investment that qualifies for inclusion as a component of the Company's investment in Aflac Japan for net investment hedge purposes. For additional information regarding the Company's Aflac Japan net investment hedge, see the Hedging Activities subsection of MD&A. 80                                                                                                                                 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Interest Rate Risk The Company's primary interest rate exposure is to the impact of changes in interest rates on the fair value of its investments in debt securities. The Company monitors its investment portfolio on a quarterly basis utilizing a full valuation methodology, measuring price volatility, and sensitivity of the fair values of its investments to interest rate changes on the debt securities the Company owns. For example, if the current duration of a debt security is 10 years, then the fair value of that security will increase by approximately 10% if market interest rates decrease by 100 basis points, assuming all other factors remain constant. Likewise, the fair value of the debt security will decrease by approximately 10% if market interest rates increase by 100 basis points, assuming all other factors remain constant. The estimated effect of potential increases in interest rates on the fair values of debt securities the Company owns; derivatives, excluding credit default swaps, and notes payable as of December 31 follows: Sensitivity of Fair Values of Financial Instruments to Interest Rate Changes 2018 2017 Fair Value +100 Basis Points Fair Value +100 Basis Points $ 85,622     $ 73,673       $ 83,682     $ 72,146   33,995   31,327   38,703   35,518   $ 119,617     $ 105,000       $ 122,385     $ 107,664   $ $ $ 6,893     $ 6,834       $ 2,987   417     $ 614       $ 330     $   $ 2,932   533   5,876     $ 5,415       $ 5,553     $ 4,900   387   422   474   293   (In millions) Assets: Debt securities: Fixed maturity securities: Yen-denominated Dollar-denominated Total debt securities Loans and loan receivables (1) Derivatives Liabilities: Notes payable (2) Derivatives (1) Includes TREs, CMLs and MMLs, excludes policy loans (2) Excludes capitalized lease obligations There are various factors that affect the fair value of the Company's investment in debt securities. Included in those factors are changes in the prevailing interest rate environment, which directly affect the balance of unrealized gains or losses for a given period in relation to a prior period. Decreases in market yields generally improve the fair value of debt securities, while increases in market yields generally have a negative impact on the fair value of the Company's debt securities. However, the Company does not expect to realize a majority of any unrealized gains or losses. For additional information on unrealized losses on debt securities, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company attempts to match the duration of its assets with the duration of its liabilities. The following table presents the approximate duration of Aflac Japan's yen-denominated assets and liabilities, along with premiums, as of December 31. (In years) Yen-denominated debt securities Policy benefits and related expenses to be paid in future years Premiums to be received in future years on policies in force 2018   16   15   10   2017   15   14   10   81                                                                                                                                              Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk The following table presents the approximate duration of Aflac U.S. dollar-denominated assets and liabilities, along with premiums, as of December 31. (In years) Dollar-denominated debt securities Policy benefits and related expenses to be paid in future years Premiums to be received in future years on policies in force 2018   9   8   6   2017   10   8   6   The following table shows a comparison of average required interest rates for future policy benefits and investment yields, based on amortized cost, for the years ended December 31. Comparison of Interest Rates for Future Policy Benefits and Investment Yields (Net of Investment Expenses) 2018 2017 2016 U.S. Japan U.S. Japan U.S. Japan Policies issued during year: Required interest on policy reserves New money yield on investments 3.69%   4.44 1.00% (1) 2.94 3.69%   4.41 1.10% (1) 1.88 3.67%   3.81 1.38% (1) 1.30 Policies in force at year-end: Required interest on policy reserves Portfolio book yield, end of period 5.34 5.44 (1) 3.29 2.49 5.43 5.44 (1) 3.38 2.46 5.51 5.52 (1) 3.49 2.52 (1) Represents investments for Aflac Japan that support policy obligations and therefore excludes Aflac Japan’s annuity products The Company continues to monitor the spread between its new money yield and the required interest assumption for newly issued products in both the United States and Japan and will re-evaluate those assumptions as necessary. Currently, when investments the Company owns mature, the proceeds may be reinvested at a yield below that of the interest required for the accretion of policy benefit liabilities on policies issued in earlier years. Overall, adequate profit margins exist in Aflac Japan's aggregate block of business because of changes in the mix of business and favorable experience from mortality, morbidity and expenses. Periodically, the Company may enter into derivative transactions to hedge interest rate risk, depending on general economic conditions. For further information on interest rate derivatives, see Note 4 of the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Credit Risk A significant portion of the Company's investment portfolio consists of debt securities and loans that expose it to the credit risk of the underlying issuer or borrower. The Company carefully evaluates this risk on every new investment and closely monitors the credit risk of its existing investment portfolio. The Company incorporates the needs of its products and liabilities, the overall requirements of the business, and other factors in addition to its underwriting of the credit risk for each investment in the portfolio. Evaluating the underlying risks in the Company's credit portfolio involves a multitude of factors including but not limited to its assessment of the issuer's or borrower's business activities, assets, products, market position, financial condition, and future prospects. The Company incorporates the assessment of the NRSROs in assigning credit ratings and incorporates the rating methodologies of its specialist external managers in assigning loan ratings to portfolio holdings. The Company performs extensive internal assessments of the credit risks for all its portfolio holdings and potential new investments, which includes using analyses provided by the Company's specialist external managers. For assets managed by external asset managers, the Company provides investment and credit risk parameters that must be used when making investment decisions and require ongoing monitoring and reporting from the asset managers on significant changes in credit risks within the portfolio. 82                                                                                                                                                             Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Investment Concentrations The Company's 15 largest global investment exposures were as follows: Largest Global Investment Positions (In millions) December 31, 2018 No.   Consolidated Corporate/Sovereign Exposure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15   Japan National Government (1)   Bank of America NA Bank of America Corp. Bank of America Corp.   Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd. Investcorp SA   Republic of South Africa   Banobras   Nordea Bank AB Nordea Bank AB Nordea Bank AB   AXA   Deutsche Telekom AG   Japan Expswy Hld and Debt   CFE   AT&T Inc.   Czech Republic Investor AB   Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex) Subtotal   Total fixed maturity securities (1) JGBs or JGB-backed securities Total Consolidated Book Value % of Total Fixed Maturity Securities   $ 51,207   47.78%   411   231   180   405   383   360   333   302   231   71   293   291   291   287   281   270   270   270   .38 .21 .17 .38 .36 .34 .31 .28 .21 .07 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .25 .25 .25   $   $ 55,654   107,174   51.93%   100.00%   Credit Rating A+ A- BBB+ A- BB BB+ BBB+ A- BBB+ BBB+ BBB+ A+ BBB+ BBB A+ AA- BBB+ As previously disclosed, the Company owns long-dated debt instruments in support of its long-dated policyholder obligations. Some of the Company's largest global investment holdings are positions that were purchased many years ago and increased in size due to merger and consolidation activity among the issuing entities. In addition, many of the Company's largest holdings are yen-denominated, therefore strengthening of the yen can increase its position in dollars, and weakening of the yen can decrease its position in dollars. The Company's global investment guidelines establish concentration limits for its investment portfolios. Geographical Exposure The following table indicates the geographic exposure of the Company's debt securities as of December 31. 83                                                                                                                                         Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk (In millions) Japan United States and Canada (1) United Kingdom Germany France Peripheral Eurozone Portugal Italy Ireland Spain Nordic Region Sweden Norway Denmark Finland Other Europe Netherlands Switzerland Czech Republic Austria Belgium Poland Luxembourg Asia excluding Japan Africa and Middle East Latin America Australia All Others 2018 Amortized Cost $ 55,486   29,371   % of Total 51.8%   27.4 2017 Amortized Cost $ 51,983   31,052   % of Total 48.8%   29.1 3,038   2,179   2,030   2,165   215   1,261   29   660   1,615   779   378   270   188   2,425   1,206   258   451   125   178   180   27   2,722   2,018   2,153   1,620   352   2.8 2.0 1.9 2.0 .2 1.2 .0 .6 1.6 .7 .4 .3 .2 2.3 1.1 .2 .5 .1 .2 .2 .0 2.5 1.9 2.0 1.5 .3 2,603   2,323   1,983   2,312   211   1,261   32   808   1,611   725   451   177   258   2,489   1,183   307   442   123   168   177   89   3,408   2,460   2,318   1,572   448   2.4 2.2 1.9 2.2 .2 1.2 .0 .8 1.5 .7 .4 .2 .2 2.3 1.1 .3 .4 .1 .1 .2 .1 3.2 2.3 2.2 1.5 .4 Total fixed maturity securities $ 107,174   100.0%   $ 106,562   100.0%   (1) Includes total exposure to Puerto Rico of $1 million of required deposits at both December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of which 100% had principal and interest insurance at both December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The primary factor considered when determining the domicile of investment exposure is the legal country risk location of the issuer. However, other factors such as the location of the parent guarantor, the location of the company's headquarters or major business operations (including location of major assets), location of primary market (including location of revenue generation) and specific country risk publicly recognized by rating agencies can influence the assignment of the country (or geographic) risk location. When the issuer is a special financing vehicle or a branch or subsidiary of a global company, then the Company considers any guarantees and/or legal, regulatory and corporate relationships of the issuer relative to its ultimate parent in determining the proper assignment of country risk. 84                                                                                                                           Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Derivative Counterparties The Company is a direct counterparty to the foreign currency swaps that it has entered into in connection with certain of its senior notes and subordinated debentures; foreign currency forwards; foreign currency options; and interest rate swaptions, therefore the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties in those contracts. For the foreign currency and credit default swaps associated with the Company's VIE investments for which it is the primary beneficiary, the Company bears the risk of foreign exchange and/or credit loss due to counterparty default even though it is not a direct counterparty to those contracts. The risk of counterparty default for the Company's VIE and senior note and subordinated debenture swaps, foreign currency swaps, certain foreign currency forwards, foreign currency options and interest rate swaptions is mitigated by collateral posting requirements that counterparties to those transactions must meet. If collateral posting agreements are not in place, the counterparty risk associated with foreign currency forwards and foreign currency options is the risk that at expiry of the contract, the counterparty is unable to deliver the agreed upon amount of yen at the agreed upon price or delivery date, thus exposing the Company to additional unhedged exposure to U.S. dollars in the Aflac Japan investment portfolio. See Note 4 of the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information. Equity Risk Market prices for equity securities are subject to fluctuation and consequently the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported market value. Fluctuation in the market price of a security may result from the relative price of alternative investments and general market conditions. If equity prices experienced a hypothetical broad-based decline of 10%, the fair value of the Company's equity investments would decline by approximately $99 million . 85 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ITEM 8.      FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Statements of Earnings Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Note 2. Business Segment and Foreign Information Note 3. Investments Note 4. Derivative Instruments Note 5. Fair Value Measurements Note 6. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Insurance Expenses Note 7. Policy Liabilities Note 8. Reinsurance Note 9. Notes Payable Note 10. Income Taxes Note 11. Shareholders' Equity Note 12. Share-Based Compensation Note 13. Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions Note 14. Benefit Plans Note 15. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities Note 16. Unaudited Consolidated Quarterly Financial Data 87 89 89 90 91 93 94 95 95 113 116 128 137 151 152 155 156 160 162 166 170 171 176 177 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013. Based on our evaluation under this framework, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018 . KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 , which is included herein. 86 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Directors Aflac Incorporated: Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Aflac Incorporated and subsidiaries’ (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II, III, and IV (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”), and our report dated February 25, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ KPMG LLP Atlanta, Georgia February 25, 2019 87 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Directors Aflac Incorporated: Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Aflac Incorporated and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II, III, and IV (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 25, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ KPMG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1963. Atlanta, Georgia February 25, 2019 88 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Earnings Years Ended December 31, (In millions, except for share and per-share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 Revenues: Net premiums, principally supplemental health insurance $ 18,677   $ 18,531   $ 19,225   Net investment income Realized investment gains (losses): Other-than-temporary impairment losses realized Other gains (losses) (1) Total realized investment gains (losses) Other income (loss) Total revenues Benefits and expenses: Benefits and claims, net Acquisition and operating expenses: Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs Insurance commissions Insurance and other expenses (2) Interest expense Total acquisition and operating expenses Total benefits and expenses Earnings before income taxes Income tax expense: Current Deferred Income taxes Net earnings Net earnings per share: Basic Diluted Weighted-average outstanding common shares used in computing earnings per share (In thousands): Basic Diluted 3,442   3,220   3,278   (81)   (349)   (430)   69   (37)   (114)   (151)   67   (85)   71   (14)   70   21,758   21,667   22,559   12,000   12,181   12,919   1,245   1,320   2,988   222   5,775   17,775   3,983   1,379   (316)   1,063   2,920   3.79   3.77   $ $ 1,132   1,316   2,780   240   5,468   17,649   4,018   631   (1,217)   (586)   4,604   5.81   5.77   $ $ 1,141   1,368   2,796   268   5,573   18,492   4,067   884   524   1,408   2,659   3.23   3.21   $ $ 769,588   774,650   792,042   797,861   822,942   827,841   (1) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2018 related to financial instruments. (2) Includes expense of $13 in 2017 and $137 in 2016 for the early extinguishment of debt See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 89                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Years Ended December 31, (In millions) Net earnings Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes: Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities: (1) Unrealized holding gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses on fixed maturity securities included in net earnings Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period Pension liability adjustment during period 2018 2017 2016   $ 2,920       $ 4,604       $ 2,659   232   286   283   (3,155)   1,731   2,852   46   2   (25)   2   1   9   (53)   3   (45)   Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes (2,900)   2,029   3,040   Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes (797)   (2,103)   631   1,398   1,035   2,005   Total comprehensive income (loss)   $ 817       $ 6,002       $ 4,664   (1) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2018 related to financial instruments. See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 90                                                                                                                                   Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets December 31, (In millions) Assets: Investments and cash: Securities available for sale, at fair value: Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost $73,007 in 2018 and $70,594 in 2017) (1) Fixed maturity securities - consolidated variable interest entities (amortized cost $3,849 in 2018 and $4,538 in 2017) (1) Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost: 2018 2017 $ 78,429   $ 78,804   4,466   5,509   Fixed maturity securities (fair value $36,722 in 2018 and $38,072 in 2017) 30,318   31,430   Equity securities, at fair value: Equity securities (1) Equity securities - consolidated variable interest entities Other investments (2) Cash and cash equivalents Total investments and cash Receivables Accrued investment income Deferred policy acquisition costs Property and equipment, at cost less accumulated depreciation Other (3) Total assets 827   160   7,706   4,337   270   753   3,402   3,491   126,243   123,659   851   773   9,875   443   2,221   827   769   9,505   434   2,023   $ 140,406   $ 137,217   (1) Includes perpetual securities, see Notes 1 and 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (2) Includes $5,856 in 2018 and $2,341 in 2017 of loan receivables and limited partnerships from consolidated variable interest entities (3) Includes $182 in 2018 and $151 in 2017 of derivatives from consolidated variable interest entities See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 91 (continued)                                               Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued) December 31, (In millions, except for share and per-share amounts) Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: Liabilities: Policy liabilities: Future policy benefits Unpaid policy claims Unearned premiums Other policyholders’ funds Total policy liabilities Income taxes Payables for return of cash collateral on loaned securities Notes payable Other (4) Total liabilities Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 15) Shareholders’ equity: Common stock of $.10 par value. In thousands: authorized 1,900,000 shares in 2018 and 2017; issued 1,347,540 shares in 2018 and 1,345,762 shares in 2017 Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities (5) Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives Pension liability adjustment Treasury stock, at average cost Total shareholders’ equity 2018 2017 $ 86,368   $ 81,857   4,584   5,090   7,146   4,392   5,959   6,939   103,188   99,147   4,020   1,052   5,778   2,906   4,745   606   5,289   2,832   116,944   112,619   135   2,177   31,788   (1,847)   4,234   (24)   (212)   (12,789)   23,462   135   2,052   29,895   (1,750)   5,964   (23)   (163)   (11,512)   24,598   Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 140,406   $ 137,217   (4) Includes $102 in 2018 and $128 in 2017 of derivatives from consolidated variable interest entities (5) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2018 related to financial instruments. See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 92                                                   Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity Years Ended December 31, (In millions, except for per-share amounts) 2018 2017 2016 Common stock: Balance, beginning of period Balance, end of period Additional paid-in capital: Balance, beginning of period Exercise of stock options Share-based compensation Gain (loss) on treasury stock reissued Balance, end of period Retained earnings: Balance, beginning of period Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle - financial instruments, net of income taxes (1) Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle - tax effects from tax reform (1) Net earnings Dividends to shareholders ($1.04 per share in 2018, $.87 per share in 2017 and $.83 per share in 2016) Balance, end of period Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Balance, beginning of period Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle - financial instruments, net of income taxes (1) Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle - tax effects from tax reform (1) Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period, net of income taxes Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustments (1) Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period, net of income taxes Pension liability adjustment during period, net of income taxes Balance, end of period Treasury stock: Balance, beginning of period Purchases of treasury stock Cost of shares issued Balance, end of period Total shareholders’ equity $ 135   $ 135   135   $ 135   135 135 2,052   1,908   1,760 34   54   37   38   51   55   46 64 38 2,177   2,052   1,908 29,895   25,981   24,007 148   (374)   2,920   0   0   0 0 4,604   2,659 (801)   (690)   (685) 31,788   29,895   25,981 4,028   2,630   625 (148)   374   0   0   0 0 228   233   213 (2,316)   1,159   1,819 2   (17)   1   5   2 (29) 2,151   4,028   2,630 (11,512)   (10,172)   (1,317)   (1,391)   40   51   (8,819) (1,422) 69 (12,789)   (11,512)   (10,172) $ 23,462   $ 24,598   $ 20,482 (1) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2018. See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 93                                                         Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Years Ended December 31, (In millions) Cash flows from operating activities: Net earnings Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities: 2018 2017 2016 $ 2,920   $ 4,604   $ 2,659   Change in receivables and advance premiums Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs Increase in policy liabilities Change in income tax liabilities Realized investment (gains) losses Other, net Net cash provided (used) by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from investments sold or matured: Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities Equity securities Held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities Other investments - loan receivables Costs of investments acquired: Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities Equity securities Other investments - loan receivables Other investments, excluding loan receivables, net Settlement of derivatives, net Cash received (pledged or returned) as collateral, net Other, net Net cash provided (used) by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Purchases of treasury stock Proceeds from borrowings Principal payments under debt obligations Dividends paid to shareholders Change in investment-type contracts, net Treasury stock reissued Other, net Net cash provided (used) by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents, end of period Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Income taxes paid Interest paid Noncash interest Impairment losses included in realized investment losses Noncash financing activities: Capital lease obligations Treasury stock issued for: Associate stock bonus Shareholder dividend reinvestment (55) (1,504) 1,245   2,343   64   430   571   6,014   7,888   429   1,670   936   (9,086) (440) (4,848) (414) (241) 348   176   (3,582) (1,301) 1,020   (550) (793) (31) 58   (19) (1,616) 30   846   3,491   4,337   998   181   41 81   11   7   8   $ $ (91)   (1,468)   1,132   2,890   (1,240)   151   150   6,128   4,680   902   2,212   303   (9,867)   (446)   (2,115)   (206)   (621)   (205)   (68)   (5,431)   (1,351)   1,040   (1,161)   (661)   35   33   0   (2,065)   0   (1,368)   4,859   3,491   780   196   44   37   12   29   29   $ $ 42   (1,447)   1,141   3,331   (93)   14   340 (1) 5,987   6,723   350   1,399   90   (10,890)   (1,079)   (1,110)   (98)   1,252   (416)   (76)   (3,855)   (1,422)   986   (610)   (658)   159   46   (120) (1) (1,619)   (4)   509   4,350   4,859   1,526   211   57   85   1   30   27   $ $                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Share-based compensation grants 2   1   4   (1) Operating activities excludes and financing activities includes a cash outflow of $137 in 2016 for the payments associated with the early extinguishment of debt See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 94           Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Description of Business   Aflac Incorporated (the Parent Company) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) primarily sell supplemental health and life insurance in the United States and Japan. The Company's insurance business is marketed and administered through American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac) in the United States (Aflac U.S.) and, effective April 1, 2018, through Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. in Japan (Aflac Japan). Prior to April 1, 2018, the Company's insurance business was marketed in Japan as a branch of Aflac. American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (Aflac New York) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Aflac. Most of Aflac's policies are individually underwritten and marketed through independent agents. Additionally, Aflac U.S. markets and administers group products through Continental American Insurance Company (CAIC), branded as Aflac Group Insurance. The Company's insurance operations in the United States and Japan service the two markets for the Company's insurance business. Aflac Japan's revenues, including realized gains and losses on its investment portfolio, accounted for 70% of the Company's total revenues in 2018 , compared with 70% in 2017 and 71% in 2016 . The percentage of the Company's total assets attributable to Aflac Japan was 84% at December 31, 2018 , compared with 83% at December 31, 2017 . Basis of Presentation The Company prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). In these Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, references to U.S. GAAP issued by the FASB are derived from the FASB Accounting Standards Codification TM (ASC). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. The most significant items on the Company's balance sheet that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates and actuarial determinations subject to changes in the future are the valuation of investments and derivatives, deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC), liabilities for future policy benefits and unpaid policy claims, and income taxes. These accounting estimates and actuarial determinations are sensitive to market conditions, investment yields, mortality, morbidity, commission and other acquisition expenses, and terminations by policyholders. As additional information becomes available, or actual amounts are determinable, the recorded estimates will be revised and reflected in operating results. Although some variability is inherent in these estimates, the Company believes the amounts provided are adequate. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Parent Company, its subsidiaries, and those entities required to be consolidated under applicable accounting standards. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Significant Accounting Policies Foreign Currency Translation:  The functional currency of Aflac Japan is the Japanese yen. The Company translates its yen-denominated financial statement accounts into U.S. dollars as follows. Assets and liabilities are translated at end-of-period exchange rates. Realized gains and losses on security transactions are translated at the exchange rate on the trade date of each transaction. Other revenues, expenses, and cash flows are translated using average exchange rates for the period. The resulting currency translation adjustments are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company includes in earnings the realized currency exchange gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions. The Parent Company has designated a majority of its yen-denominated liabilities (notes payable and yen-denominated loans) as non-derivative hedges and from time-to-time may designate certain foreign currency forwards and options as derivative hedges of the foreign currency exposure of the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan. Outstanding principal and related accrued interest on these Parent Company liabilities and the fair value of these derivatives are translated into U.S. dollars at end-of-period exchange rates. Currency translation adjustments and changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recorded as unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) in other comprehensive income and are included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Insurance Revenue and Expense Recognition:  Substantially all of the supplemental health and life insurance policies the Company issues are classified as long-duration contracts. The contract provisions generally cannot be 95 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data changed or canceled during the contract period; however, the Company may adjust premiums for supplemental health policies issued in the United States within prescribed guidelines and with the approval of state insurance regulatory authorities. Insurance premiums for most of the Company's health and life policies, including cancer, accident, hospital, critical illness, dental, vision, term life, whole life, long-term care and disability, are recognized as revenue over the premium-paying periods of the contracts when due from policyholders. When revenues are reported, the related amounts of benefits and expenses are charged against such revenues, so that profits are recognized in proportion to premium revenues during the period the policies are expected to remain in force. This association is accomplished by means of annual additions to the liability for future policy benefits and the deferral and subsequent amortization of policy acquisition costs. Premiums from the Company's products with limited-pay features, including term life, whole life, WAYS, and child endowment, are collected over a significantly shorter period than the period over which benefits are provided. Premiums for these products are recognized as revenue over the premium-paying periods of the contracts when due from policyholders. Any gross premium in excess of the net premium is deferred and recorded in earnings, such that profits are recognized in a constant relationship with insurance in force. Benefits are recorded as an expense when they are incurred. A liability for future policy benefits is recorded when premiums are recognized using the net premium method. At the policyholder's option, customers can also pay discounted advanced premiums for certain of the Company's products. Advanced premiums are deferred and recognized when due from policyholders over the regularly scheduled premium payment period. The calculation of DAC and the liability for future policy benefits requires the use of estimates based on sound actuarial valuation techniques. For new policy issues, the Company reviews its actuarial assumptions and deferrable acquisition costs each year and revises them when necessary to more closely reflect recent experience and studies of actual acquisition costs. For policies in force, the Company evaluates DAC by major product groupings to determine that they are recoverable from future revenues, and any amounts determined not to be recoverable are charged against net earnings. The Company has not had any material charges to earnings for DAC that was determined not to be recoverable in any of the years presented in this Form 10-K. Advertising expense is reported as incurred in insurance expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings. Cash and Cash Equivalents:  Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, money market instruments, and other debt instruments with a maturity of 90 days or less when purchased. Investments:  The Company's debt securities consist of fixed maturity securities, which are classified as either held to maturity or available for sale. Securities classified as held to maturity are securities that the Company has the ability and intent to hold to maturity or redemption and are carried at amortized cost. All other fixed maturity debt securities are classified as available for sale and are carried at fair value. If the fair value is higher than the amortized cost for debt securities, the excess is an unrealized gain, and if lower than cost, the difference is an unrealized loss. The net unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale, less related deferred income taxes, are recorded through other comprehensive income and included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amortized cost of debt securities is based on the Company's purchase price adjusted for accrual of discount, or amortization of premium, and recognition of impairment charges, if any. The amortized cost of debt securities the Company purchases at a discount or premium will equal the face or par value at maturity or the call date, if applicable. Interest is reported as income when earned and is adjusted for amortization of any premium or discount. The Company has investments in equity securities which are carried at fair value. Effective January 1, 2018 upon the adoption of new accounting guidance, changes in fair value of equity securities are recorded in earnings as a component of realized investment gains and losses. Prior to January 1, 2018, equity securities were carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, less related deferred income taxes, recorded in other comprehensive income and included in accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company has investments in variable interest entities (VIEs). Criteria for evaluating VIEs for consolidation focuses on identifying which enterprise has the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (1) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or (2) the right to receive benefits from the entity. The Company is the primary beneficiary of certain VIEs, and therefore consolidates these entities in its financial statements. While the consolidated VIEs generally operate within a defined set of contractual 96 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data terms, there are certain powers that are retained by the Company that are considered significant in the conclusion that the Company is the primary beneficiary. These powers vary by structure but generally include the initial selection of the underlying collateral; the ability to obtain the underlying collateral in the event of default; and, the ability to appoint or dismiss key parties in the structure. In particular, the Company's powers surrounding the underlying collateral were considered to be the most significant powers because those most significantly impact the economics of the VIE. The Company has no obligation to provide any continuing financial support to any of the entities in which it is the primary beneficiary. The Company's maximum loss is limited to its original investment. Neither the Company nor any of its creditors have the ability to obtain the underlying collateral, nor does the Company have control over the instruments held in the VIEs, unless there is an event of default. For those entities where the Company is the primary beneficiary, the consolidated entity's assets are segregated on the balance sheet by the caption "consolidated variable interest entities," and consist of fixed maturity securities, equity securities, loan receivables, limited partnerships and derivative instruments. For the mortgage- and asset-backed securities held in the Company's fixed maturity portfolio, the Company recognizes income using a constant effective yield, which is based on anticipated prepayments and the estimated economic life of the securities. When estimates of prepayments change, the effective yield is recalculated to reflect actual payments to date and anticipated future payments. The net investment in mortgage- and asset-backed securities is adjusted to the amount that would have existed had the new effective yield been applied at the time of acquisition. This adjustment is reflected in net investment income. The Company uses the specific identification method to determine the gain or loss from securities transactions and report the realized gain or loss in the consolidated statements of earnings. Securities transactions are accounted for based on values as of the trade date of the transaction. An investment in a fixed maturity security is impaired if the fair value falls below amortized cost. The Company regularly reviews its fixed maturity security investments portfolio for declines in fair value. The Company's fixed maturity security investments are evaluated for other-than-temporary impairment using its debt impairment model. The Company's debt impairment model focuses on the ultimate collection of the cash flows from its investments and whether the Company has the intent to sell or if it is more likely than not the Company would be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost. The determination of the amount of impairments under this model is based upon the Company's periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective securities. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. When determining the Company's intention to sell a security prior to recovery of its fair value to amortized cost, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances such as, but not limited to, future cash flow needs, decisions to reposition its security portfolio, and risk profile of individual investment holdings. The Company performs ongoing analyses of its liquidity needs, which includes cash flow testing of its policy liabilities, debt maturities, projected dividend payments, and other cash flow and liquidity needs. The determination of whether an impairment in value of the Company's fixed maturity securities is other than temporary is based largely on the Company's evaluation of the issuer ' s creditworthiness. The Company must apply considerable judgment in determining the likelihood of its fixed maturity securities recovering in value. Factors that may influence this include the overall level of interest rates, credit spreads, the credit quality of the underlying issuer, and other factors. This process requires consideration of risks which can be controlled to a certain extent, such as credit risk, and risks which cannot be controlled, such as interest rate risk and foreign currency risk. If, after monitoring and analyses, management believes that fair value will not recover to amortized cost, the Company recognizes an other-than- temporary impairment of the security. Once a security is considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired, the impairment loss is separated into two components: the portion of the impairment related to credit and the portion of the impairment related to factors other than credit. The Company recognizes a charge to earnings for the credit-related portion of other-than-temporary impairments. Impairments related to factors other than credit are charged to earnings in the event the Company intends to sell the security prior to the recovery of its amortized cost or if it is more likely than not that the Company would be required to dispose of the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost; otherwise, non-credit-related other-than- temporary impairments are charged to other comprehensive income. The Company lends fixed maturity and public equity securities to financial institutions in short-term security-lending transactions. These securities continue to be carried as investment assets on the Company's balance sheet during the terms of the loans and are not reported as sales. The Company receives cash or other securities as collateral for such loans. For loans involving unrestricted cash or securities as collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. For loans where the Company receives as collateral securities that the Company is not permitted to sell or repledge, the collateral is not reported as an asset. 97 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Other investments include transitional real estate loans (TREs), commercial mortgage loans (CMLs), middle market loans (MMLs), policy loans, limited partnerships, and short-term investments with maturities at the time of purchase of one year or less, but greater than 90 days. The Company's investments in TREs, CMLs, and MMLs are accounted for as loan receivables and are recorded at amortized cost on the acquisition date. The Company has the intent and ability to hold these loan receivables for the foreseeable future or until they mature and therefore, they are considered held for investment and are carried at amortized cost in the other investments line in its consolidated balance sheets. The amortized cost of the loan receivables reflects allowances for expected incurred losses estimated based on past events and current economic conditions as of each reporting date. Limited partnership investments are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company reports its portion of partnership earnings as a component of net investment income in its consolidated statements of earnings. The underlying investments held by the Company’s limited partnerships primarily consist of private equity and real estate. Short-term investments are stated at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. Derivatives and Hedging:  Freestanding derivative instruments are reported in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value and are reported in other assets and other liabilities, with changes in value reported in earnings and/or other comprehensive income. These freestanding derivatives are foreign currency forwards, foreign currency options, foreign currency swaps, interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, and, in prior year periods, credit default swaps (CDSs). Foreign currency forwards and options are used in hedging foreign exchange risk on U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan's portfolio. Foreign currency forwards and options are also used to economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen and hedge the Company's long term exposure to a weakening yen. Cross-currency interest rate swaps, also referred to as foreign currency swaps, are used to economically convert certain U.S. dollar-denominated note obligations into yen-denominated principal and interest obligations. Foreign currency swaps are used within special-purpose entities, including VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary, to hedge the risk arising from interest rate and currency exchange risk. Interest rate swaps are used to economically hedge interest rate fluctuations in certain variable-rate investments. Interest rate swaptions, which are options to enter into interest rate swaps, are used to hedge interest rate fluctuations on certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities in Aflac Japan's portfolio. The Company does not use derivatives for trading purposes, nor does the Company engage in leveraged derivative transactions. From time to time, the Company purchases certain investments that contain an embedded derivative. The Company assesses whether this embedded derivative is clearly and closely related to the asset that serves as its host contract. If the Company deems that the embedded derivative's terms are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the derivative is separated from that contract, held at fair value, and reported with the host instrument in the consolidated balance sheet, with changes in fair value reported in earnings. If the Company has elected the fair value option, the embedded derivative is not bifurcated, and the entire investment is held at fair value with changes in fair value reported in earnings. See Note 5 for a discussion on how the Company determines the fair value of its derivatives. Accruals on derivatives are typically recorded in accrued investment income or within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. To qualify for hedge accounting treatment, a derivative must be highly effective in mitigating the designated risk attributable to the hedged item. At the inception of hedging relationships the Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk-management objectives and strategies for undertaking the respective hedging relationship, and the methodology that will be used to assess the effectiveness of the hedge relationship at and subsequent to hedge inception. The Company documents the designation of each hedge as either (i) a hedge of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability or the hedge of a forecasted transaction ("cash flow hedge"); (ii) a hedge of the estimated fair value of a recognized asset or liability ("fair value hedge"); or (iii) a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. The documentation process includes linking derivatives and non-derivative financial instruments that are designated as hedges to specific assets or groups of assets or liabilities in the statement of financial position or to specific forecasted transactions and defining the effectiveness testing methods to be used. At the hedge inception and on an ongoing quarterly basis, the Company also formally assesses whether the derivatives and non-derivative financial instruments used in hedging activities have been, and are expected to continue to be, highly effective in offsetting their designated risk. Hedge effectiveness is assessed using qualitative and quantitative methods. The assessment of hedge effectiveness determines the accounting treatment of changes in fair value. For assessing hedge effectiveness, qualitative methods may include the comparison of critical terms of the derivative to the hedged item, and quantitative methods may include regression, dollar offset, or other statistical analysis of changes in fair value or cash flows associated with the hedge relationship. For derivative instruments that are designated and 98 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. In cash flow hedges, all components of each derivative's gain or loss are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are recorded in the line item of the consolidated statements of earnings in which the cash flows of the hedged item are recorded. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the hedged item and the portion of the hedging instrument included in the assessment of effectiveness are recorded in the line item of the consolidated statements of earnings in which gain or loss on the hedged item is recorded. When assessing the effectiveness of the Company's fair value hedges, the Company excludes the changes in fair value related to the difference between the spot and the forward rate on its foreign currency forwards and the time value of foreign exchange options and interest rate swaptions. For hedges of the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan, the Company has designated the majority of the Parent Company's yen- denominated liabilities (notes payable and yen-denominated loans) as non-derivative hedging instruments and from time to time may designate certain foreign currency forwards and options as derivative hedging instruments. The Company makes its net investment hedge designation at the beginning of each quarter. For assessing hedge effectiveness of net investment hedges, if the total of the designated Parent Company non- derivative and derivatives notional is equal to or less than its net investment in Aflac Japan, the hedge is deemed to be effective. If the hedge is effective, the related exchange effect on the yen-denominated liabilities is reported in the unrealized foreign currency component of other comprehensive income. For derivative hedging instruments designated as net investment hedges, Aflac follows the forward-rate method. According to that method, all changes in fair value, including changes related to the forward-rate component of foreign currency forward contracts and the time value of foreign currency options, are reported in the unrealized foreign currency component of other comprehensive income. Should these designated net investment hedge positions exceed the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan, the foreign exchange effect on the portion that exceeds its investment in Aflac Japan would be recognized in current earnings within derivative and other gains (losses). The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when (1) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated cash flows or fair value of a hedged item; (2) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument; or (3) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised. When hedge accounting is discontinued on a cash flow hedge or fair value hedge, the derivative is carried in the consolidated balance sheets at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in current period earnings. For discontinued cash flow hedges, including those where the derivative is sold, terminated or exercised, amounts previously deferred in other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified into earnings when earnings are impacted by the cash flow of the hedged item. If a derivative is not designated as an accounting hedge or its use in managing risk does not qualify for hedge accounting, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivative are generally reported within derivative and other gains (losses), which is a component of realized investment gains (losses). The fluctuations in estimated fair value of derivatives that have not been designated for hedge accounting can result in volatility in net earnings. The Company receives and pledges cash or other securities as collateral on open derivative positions. Cash received as collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. Cash pledged as collateral is recorded as a reduction to cash, and a corresponding receivable is recognized for the return of the cash collateral. The Company generally can repledge or resell collateral obtained from counterparties, although the Company does not typically exercise such rights. Securities received as collateral are not recognized unless the Company was to exercise its right to sell that collateral or exercise remedies on that collateral upon a counterparty default. Securities that the Company has pledged as collateral continue to be carried as investment assets on its balance sheet. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs: Certain direct and incremental costs of acquiring new business are deferred and amortized with interest over the premium payment periods in proportion to the ratio of annual premium income to total anticipated premium income. Anticipated premium income is estimated by using the same mortality, persistency and interest assumptions used in computing liabilities for future policy benefits. In this manner, the related acquisition expenses are matched with revenues. Deferred costs include the excess of current-year commissions over ultimate renewal-year commissions and certain incremental direct policy issue, underwriting and sales expenses. All of these incremental costs are directly related to successful policy acquisition. 99 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data For some products, policyholders can elect to modify product benefits, features, rights or coverages by exchanging a contract for a new contract or by amendment, endorsement, or rider to a contract, or by the election of a feature or coverage within a contract. These transactions are known as internal replacements. The Company performs a two-stage analysis of the internal replacements to determine if the modification is substantive to the base policy. The stages of evaluation are as follows: 1) determine if the modification is integrated with the base policy, and 2) if it is integrated, determine if the resulting contract is substantially changed. For internal replacement transactions where the resulting contract is substantially unchanged, the policy is accounted for as a continuation of the replaced contract. Unamortized deferred acquisition costs from the original policy continue to be amortized over the expected life of the new policy, and the costs of replacing the policy are accounted for as policy maintenance costs and expensed as incurred. Examples include conversions of same age bands, certain family coverage changes, pricing era changes (decrease), and ordinary life becomes reduced paid-up and certain reinstatements. An internal replacement transaction that results in a policy that is substantially changed is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original policy and the issuance of a new policy. Unamortized deferred acquisition costs on the original policy are immediately expensed, and the costs of acquiring the new policy are capitalized and amortized in accordance with the Company's accounting policies for deferred acquisition costs. Further, the policy reserves are evaluated based on the new policy features, and any change (up or down) necessary is recognized at the date of contract change/modification. Examples include conversions to higher age bands, certain family coverage changes, pricing era changes (increase), lapse & re-issue, certain reinstatements and certain other contract conversions. Riders can be considered internal replacements that are either integrated or non-integrated resulting in either substantially changed or substantially unchanged treatment. Riders are evaluated based on the specific facts and circumstances of the rider and are considered an expansion of the existing benefits with additional premium required. Non-integrated riders to existing contracts do not change the Company's profit expectations for the related products and are treated as a new policy establishment for incremental coverage. The Company measures the recoverability of DAC and the adequacy of its policy reserves annually by performing gross premium valuations on its business. (See the following discussion for further information regarding policy reserves.) Policy Liabilities:  Future policy benefits represent claims that are expected to occur in the future and are computed following a net level premium method using estimated future investment yields, persistency and recognized morbidity and mortality tables modified to reflect the Company's experience, including a provision for adverse deviation. These assumptions are generally established and considered locked at policy inception. These assumptions may only be unlocked in certain circumstances based on the results of periodic DAC recoverability and premium deficiency testing. Unpaid policy claims are estimates computed on an undiscounted basis using statistical analyses of historical claims experience adjusted for current trends and changed conditions. The ultimate liability may vary significantly from such estimates. The Company regularly adjusts these estimates as new claims experience emerges and reflects the changes in operating results in the year such adjustments are made. Other policy liabilities consist primarily of discounted advance premiums on deposit from policyholders in conjunction with their purchase of certain Aflac Japan limited-pay insurance products. These advanced premiums are deferred upon collection and recognized as premium revenue over the contractual premium payment period. For internal replacements that are determined to not be substantially unchanged, policy liabilities related to the original policy that was replaced are immediately released, and policy liabilities are established for the new insurance contract; however, for internal replacements that are considered substantially unchanged, no changes to the reserves are recognized. Reinsurance: The Company enters into reinsurance agreements with other companies in the normal course of business. For each reinsurance agreement, the Company determines if the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk in accordance with applicable accounting standards. Reinsurance premiums and benefits paid or provided are accounted for on bases consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Premiums, benefits and DAC are reported net of insurance ceded. Income Taxes: Income tax provisions are generally based on pretax earnings reported for financial statement purposes, which differ from those amounts used in preparing the Company's income tax returns. Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and income tax basis of assets and 100 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data liabilities, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the Company expects the temporary differences to reverse. The Company records deferred tax assets for tax positions taken based on its assessment of whether the tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that an amount will not be realized. Policyholder Protection Corporation and State Guaranty Association Assessments: In Japan, the government has required the insurance industry to contribute to a policyholder protection corporation. The Company recognizes a charge for its estimated share of the industry's obligation once it is determinable. The Company reviews the estimated liability for policyholder protection corporation contributions on an annual basis and reports any adjustments in Aflac Japan's expenses. In the United States, each state has a guaranty association that supports insolvent insurers operating in those states. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the guaranty fund assessments charged to the Company. Treasury Stock: Treasury stock is reflected as a reduction of shareholders' equity at cost. The Company uses the weighted-average purchase cost to determine the cost of treasury stock that is reissued. The Company includes any gains and losses in additional paid-in capital when treasury stock is reissued. Share-Based Compensation: The Company measures compensation cost related to its share-based payment transactions at fair value on the grant date, and the Company recognizes those costs in the financial statements over the vesting period during which the employee provides service in exchange for the award. The Company has formalized its entity-wide accounting policy election to estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest and the corresponding forfeitures. Earnings Per Share: The Company computes basic earnings per share (EPS) by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average number of unrestricted shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the period plus the shares representing the dilutive effect of share-based awards. Stock Split: On February 13, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Parent Company declared a two -for-one stock split of the Company’s common stock in the form of a 100% stock dividend payable on March 16, 2018 to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 2, 2018. The stock split was payable in the form of one additional common stock share for every share of common stock held. All equity and share-based data, including the number of shares outstanding and per share amounts, have been adjusted to reflect the stock split for all periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Reclassifications: Certain reclassifications have been made to prior-year amounts to conform to current-year reporting classifications. These reclassifications had no impact on net earnings or total shareholders' equity. Perpetual securities have been reclassified in prior periods from a separate line item to fixed maturity securities to conform to current period reporting classifications. This reclassification had no impact on net earnings or total shareholder’s equity. New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements 101 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description Date of Adoption Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2018-16 Derivatives and Hedging Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap (OIS) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes ASU 2018-03 Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments - Overall Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities ASU 2018-02 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income: Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income In October 2018, the FASB issued amendments to permit use of the Overnight Index Swap (OIS) rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes under Topic 815 in addition to the Treasury obligations of the U.S. government (UST), the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) swap rate, the OIS rate based on the Fed Funds Effective Rate, and the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) Municipal Swap Rate. In February 2018, the FASB issued amendments to clarify certain aspects of the guidance issued in the original Financial Instruments - Overall - Recognition and Measurement pronouncement summarized below. Specifically, for entities who have chosen the measurement alternative approach for equity securities without readily determinable fair values, the amendments clarify that entities may change from a measurement alternative approach to a fair value method through an irrevocable election that would apply to a specific equity security and all identical or similar investments of the same issuer; entities should use an observable price at the date of the transaction rather than reporting date for the measurement alternative calculation; and insurance companies should use a prospective transition method when applying the measurement alternative. In February 2018, the FASB issued amendments which allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) to retained earnings of the effects of the change in the U.S. federal income tax rate resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) on the gross deferred tax amounts and the corresponding valuation allowances related to items remaining in AOCI. The amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and also require certain disclosures about the reclassified tax effects. 102 Early adopted as of October 1, 2018 Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or disclosures. Early adopted as of January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. Early adopted as of January 1, 2018 The amounts reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings include the income tax effects of the change in the federal corporate tax rate enacted by the Tax Act. The Company’s policy is to follow the portfolio approach for releasing income tax effects from AOCI. The adoption of this guidance resulted in an increase to beginning 2018 AOCI of $374 million with a corresponding decrease to beginning 2018 retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description Date of Adoption Early adopted as of October 1, 2018 Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. Early adopted as of July 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. ASU 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities ASU 2017-09 Compensation - Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting ASU 2017-08 Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs: Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities ASU 2017-07 Compensation - Retirement Benefits: Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost In August 2017, the FASB issued guidance which improves and simplifies the accounting rules around hedge accounting and creates more transparency around how economic results are presented in financial statements. Issues addressed in this new guidance include: 1) risk component hedging, 2) accounting for the hedged item in fair value hedges of interest rate risk, 3) recognition and presentation of the effects of hedging instruments, and 4) amounts excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. In May 2017, the FASB issued amendments to provide guidance clarifying when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as modifications. An entity should apply modification accounting if the fair value, vesting conditions or classification of the award (as an equity instrument or liability instrument) changes as a result of the change in terms or conditions of the award. In March 2017, the FASB issued amendments to shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendments require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount. In March 2017, the FASB issued amendments requiring that an employer report the service cost component of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. If a separate line item or items are used to present the other components of net benefit cost, that line item or items must be appropriately described. If a separate line item or items are not used, the line item or items used in the income statement to present the other components of net benefit cost must be disclosed. The amendments in this update also allow only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization when applicable. 103 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description Date of Adoption ASU 2017-05 Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets: Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets In February 2017, the FASB issued amendments that clarify the scope and accounting guidance for the derecognition of a nonfinancial asset or a financial asset that meets the definition of an "in substance nonfinancial asset." The amendments define an "in substance nonfinancial asset" and provide additional accounting guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. January 1, 2018 Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. ASU 2017-01 Business Combinations: Clarifying the Definition of a Business ASU 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash ASU 2016-17 Consolidation - Interests Held through Related Parties That Are under Common Control In January 2017, the FASB issued amendments clarifying when a set of assets and activities is a business. The amendments provide a screen to exclude transactions where substantially all the fair value of the transferred set is concentrated in a single asset, or group of similar assets, from being evaluated as a business. In November 2016, the FASB issued amendments requiring that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. In October 2016, the FASB issued amendments which clarify the consolidation guidance on how a reporting entity that is the single decision maker of a variable interest entity (VIE) should treat indirect interests in the entity held through related parties that are under common control with the reporting entity when determining whether it is the primary beneficiary of that VIE. January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. January 1, 2018 January 1, 2017 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, statements of cash flows, or disclosures. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. ASU 2016-16 Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory In October 2016, the FASB issued amendments that require an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. ASU 2016-15 Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments In August 2016, the FASB issued amendments that provide guidance on eight specific statement of cash flow classification issues, including distributions received from equity method investees. January 1, 2018 January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. The Company elected nature of distribution for distributions received from equity method investees. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, statement of cash flows, results of operations, or disclosures. 104 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description Date of Adoption ASU 2016-09 Compensation - Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting In March 2016, the FASB issued amendments which simplify several aspects for share-based payment award transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either liability or equity, classification of taxes paid on the statement of cash flows and treatment of forfeitures. January 1, 2017 Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters As a result of applying this requirement, the Company believes that recognition of excess tax benefits will increase volatility in its statement of operations and the Company made an entity-wide accounting policy election to estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest (consistent with the Company's prior policy), but the adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, statements of cash flows, or disclosures. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. January 1, 2017 January 1, 2017 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. January 1, 2017 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. ASU 2016-07 Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures - Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting ASU 2016-06 Derivatives and Hedging - Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments ASU 2016-05 Derivatives and Hedging - Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships In March 2016, the FASB issued amendments which eliminate the requirement that when an investment qualifies for use of the equity method as a result of an increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence, an investor must adjust the investment, results of operations, and retained earnings retroactively on a step-by-step basis as if the equity method had been in effect during all previous periods that the investment had been held. Per the amendments, upon qualifying for the equity method of accounting, no retroactive adjustment of the investment is required. In March 2016, the FASB issued amendments which clarify what steps are required when assessing whether the economic characteristics and risks of call (put) options are clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of their debt hosts, which is one of the criteria for bifurcating an embedded derivative. Consequently, when a call (put) option is contingently exercisable, an entity does not have to assess whether the event that triggers the ability to exercise a call (put) option is related to interest rates or credit risks. In March 2016, the FASB issued amendments which clarify that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as the hedging instrument does not, in and of itself, require dedesignation of that hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria remain intact. 105 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description Date of Adoption January 1, 2018 Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The Company recorded a cumulative effect adjustment with an increase to beginning 2018 retained earnings and a decrease to beginning 2018 AOCI of $148 million, net of taxes. ASU 2016-01 Financial Instruments - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities ASU 2015-16 Business Combinations - Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments ASU 2015-09 Financial Services - Insurance - Disclosures about Short- Duration Contracts In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance to address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The main provisions of this guidance require certain equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net earnings; separate presentation in other comprehensive income for changes in fair value of financial liabilities measured under the fair value option that are due to instrument-specific credit risk; and changes in disclosures associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The guidance also clarifies that entities should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset (DTA) related to available-for-sale (AFS) securities in combination with the entity's other DTAs. In September 2015, the FASB issued guidance requiring that an acquirer recognize adjustments to estimated amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustments are determined. In the same period’s financial statements, the acquirer is required to record income effects of the adjustments as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The acquirer is also required to present separately on the face of the income statement or disclose in the notes the portion of the amount recorded in current-period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the estimated amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. In May 2015, the FASB issued updated guidance requiring enhanced disclosures by all insurance entities that issue short-duration contracts. The amendments require insurance entities to disclose for annual reporting periods information about the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses. The amendments also require insurance entities to disclose information about significant changes in methodologies and assumptions used to calculate the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses. In addition, the amendments require insurance entities to disclose for annual and interim reporting periods a roll-forward of the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses. For health insurance claims, the amendments require the disclosure of the total of incurred-but- not-reported liabilities and expected development on reported claims included in the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses. 106 January 1, 2016 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. December 31, 2016 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description Date of Adoption ASU 2015-07 Fair Value Measurement - Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent) ASU 2015-03 Interest - Imputation of Interest - Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs January 1, 2016 January 1, 2016 In May 2015, the FASB issued updated guidance that removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The amendments also remove the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. Rather, those disclosures are limited to investments for which the entity has elected to measure the fair value using that practical expedient. In April 2015, the FASB issued updated guidance to simplify presentation of debt issuance costs. The updated guidance requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected by this amendment. In August 2015, the FASB issued updated Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Staff guidance pertaining to the presentation of debt issuance costs related to line- of-credit arrangements. The guidance states that an entity may defer and present debt issuance costs as an asset, subsequently amortizing the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of- credit arrangement. 107 Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. The retrospective adoption of this accounting standard resulted in a $40 million reduction to notes payable and other assets as of December 31, 2015, the earliest balance sheet date presented in the period of adoption, but did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description Date of Adoption January 1, 2016 Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The adoption of this guidance impacted the Company's footnote disclosures, but did not have a significant impact on its financial position or results of operations. ASU 2015-02 Consolidation - Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis ASU 2014-16 Derivatives and Hedging - Determining Whether the Host Contract in a Hybrid Financial Instrument Issued in the Form of a Share Is More Akin to Debt or to Equity ASU 2014-15 Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern - Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern In February 2015, the FASB issued updated guidance that affects evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities (limited liability corporations and securitization structures, etc.) are VIEs, evaluation of whether fees paid to a decision maker or a service provider are a variable interest, and evaluation of the effect of fee arrangements and the effect of related parties on the determination of the primary beneficiary under the VIE model for consolidation. The updated guidance eliminates the presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership. Limited partnership and similar legal entities that provide partners with either substantive kick-out rights or substantive participating rights over the general partner will now be evaluated under the voting interest model rather than the VIE model for consolidation. In situations where no single party has a controlling financial interest in a VIE, the related party relationships under common control should be considered in their entirety in determining whether that common control group has a controlling financial interest in the VIE. In November 2014, the FASB issued guidance to clarify how to evaluate the economic characteristics and risks of a host contract in a hybrid financial instrument that is issued in the form of a share. The guidance also clarifies that an entity should assess the substance of the relevant terms and features when considering how to weight those terms and features. In August 2014, the FASB issued this amendment that provides U.S. GAAP guidance on management’s responsibility in evaluating whether there is substantial doubt about a company’s ability to continue as a going concern and about related footnote disclosures. For each reporting period, management will be required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about a company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date the financial statements are issued. The new guidance requires a formal assessment of going concern by management based on criteria prescribed in the new guidance. 108 January 1, 2016 The adoption of this guidance impacted the Company's footnote disclosures, but did not have a significant impact on its financial position or results of operations. December 31, 2016 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or disclosures and no substantial doubt currently exists about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description Date of Adoption January 1, 2016 Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. ASU 2014-12 Compensation - Stock Compensation - Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period ASU 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers In June 2014, the FASB issued this amendment that provides guidance on certain share-based payment awards that require a specific performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period be treated as a performance condition. A reporting entity should apply existing guidance to awards with performance conditions that affect vesting to account for such awards. Compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that the performance target will be achieved and should represent the compensation cost attributable to the period(s) for which the requisite service has already been rendered. The total amount of compensation cost recognized during and after the requisite service period should reflect the number of awards that are expected to vest and should be adjusted to reflect those awards that ultimately vest. In May 2014, the FASB issued updated guidance that affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards (e.g., insurance contracts or lease contracts). The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption Standard Description ASU 2018-20 Leases: Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors In December 2018, the FASB issued narrow-scope improvements for lessors which 1) provide an accounting policy election for lessors to exclude amounts collected from customers for all sales (and other similar) taxes from the transaction price; 2) require lessors to exclude the costs from variable lease revenue and the associated expense when the amount of those costs is not readily determinable by the lessor; and 3) require lessors to allocate (rather than recognize) certain variable payments to the lease and nonlease components when the changes in facts and circumstances on which the variable payment is based occur. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The Company has made an accounting policy election to exclude amounts collected from customers for all sales (and other similar) taxes from the transaction price. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. 109 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description ASU 2018-17 Consolidation: Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities ASU 2018-15 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract ASU 2018-14 Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans ASU 2018-13 Fair Value Measurement, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement ASU 2018-12 Financial Services - Insurance, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts In October 2018, the FASB issued targeted improvements which provide that indirect interests held through related parties under common control should be considered on a proportional basis for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interests. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or disclosures. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or disclosures. In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to modify the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. Accordingly, six disclosure requirements were removed, two added and two clarified. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. The amendments remove, modify, and add certain disclosures. The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted upon issuance of this Update. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of this update and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments that will significantly change how insurers account for long-duration contracts. The amendments will change existing recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements. Issues addressed in the new guidance include: 1) a requirement to review and, if there is a change, update assumptions for the liability for future policy benefits at least annually, and to update the discount rate assumption quarterly, 2) accounting for market risk benefits at fair value, 3) simplified amortization for deferred acquisition costs, and 4) enhanced financial statement presentation and disclosures. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early application of the amendments is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. The Company is thoroughly evaluating the impact of adoption and expects that the adoption will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. The Company anticipates that the requirement to update assumptions for liability for future policy benefits will have a significant impact on its results of operations, systems, processes and controls while the requirement to update the discount rate will have a significant impact on its equity. The Company does not expect to early adopt the updated standard. 110 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard ASU 2018-11 Leases, Targeted Improvements ASU 2018-10 Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases ASU 2018-01 Leases: Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842 ASU 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment Description In July 2018, the FASB issued targeted improvements to Topic 842 Leases. The amendments in the update provide entities with an optional transition method to adopt the new leases standard by recording a cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings. Additionally, the amendments provide lessors with a practical expedient to not separate nonlease components from associated lease components and instead account for those components as a single component under certain conditions. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. In July 2018, the FASB issued guidance which clarifies, corrects errors in, or makes minor improvements to the Codification related to ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The amendments in this ASU affect narrow aspects of the guidance issued in the amendments to ASU 2016-02, including but not limited to, Residual Value Guarantees, Rate Implicit in the Lease, Lessee Reassessment of Lease Classification and Variable Lease Payments that Depend on an Index or a Rate. Amendments within this ASU follow the effective dates of Topic 842, which are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. In January 2018, the FASB issued guidance which provides an entity with the option to elect a transition practical expedient to not evaluate, under Topic 842, land easements that exist or expired before the entity's adoption of Topic 842 and that were not previously accounted for as leases under Topic 840. The amendments clarify that new or modified land easements should be evaluated under the new leases standard once an entity has adopted the new standard. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. In January 2017, the FASB issued amendments simplifying the subsequent measurement of goodwill. An entity is no longer required to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. Instead, the entity should perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. The amendments are effective for public business entities that are SEC filers for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for any goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. 111 Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The Company has elected the optional transition method. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. As of December 31, 2018, the Company did not have land easements, but has elected this practical expedient as a safe harbor. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments In June 2016, the FASB issued amendments that require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured on an amortized cost basis to be presented net of an allowance for credit losses in order to reflect the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset(s). The measurement of expected credit losses is amended by replacing the incurred loss impairment methodology in current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform about a credit loss. Credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities will continue to be measured in a manner similar to current U.S. GAAP; however, the amendments require that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. Other amendments include changes to the balance sheet presentation and interest income recognition of purchased financial assets with a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination (PCD financial assets). The amendments are effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Companies may early adopt this guidance as of the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments will be adopted following a modified-retrospective approach resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment in retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. Two exceptions to this adoption method are for PCD financial assets and debt securities for which other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) will have been recognized before the effective date. Loans purchased with credit deterioration accounted for under current U.S. GAAP as "purchased credit impaired" (PCI) financial assets will be classified as PCD financial assets at transition and PCD guidance will be applied prospectively. Debt securities that have experienced OTTI before the effective date will follow a prospective adoption method which allows an entity to maintain the same amortized cost basis before and after the effective date. 112 Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The Company has identified certain financial instruments in scope of this guidance to include certain fixed maturity securities, loans and loan receivables and reinsurance recoverables (See Notes 3 and 7 for current balances of instruments in scope). The Company is continuing its progress towards updating its credit loss projection models and accounting systems in order to comply with the required changes in measurement of credit losses. The Company currently expects loans and loan receivables and held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities to be the asset classes most significantly impacted upon adoption of the guidance. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of adoption of this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Standard Description ASU 2016-02 Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued updated guidance for accounting for leases. Per the amendments, lessees will be required to recognize all leases on the balance sheet with the exception of short-term leases. A lease liability will be recorded for the obligation of a lessee to make lease payments arising from a lease. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The new standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. A modified retrospective transition approach is required, applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. The Company is electing to use its effective date as its date of initial application. Because the Company expects to adopt the new standard on January 1, 2019 and use the effective date as the date of initial application, financial information is not required to be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard are not required to be provided for dates and periods before January 1, 2019. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients. The Company has elected the "package of practical expedients," which permits the Company not to reassess under the new standard its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. The amendments are effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters The Company has identified certain operating leases in scope of this guidance to include office space and equipment leases (See Note 15). The leases within scope of this guidance will increase the Company's right-of-use assets and lease liabilities recorded on its statement of financial position by approximately $100 to $200 million. The Company estimates that the adoption of this guidance will not have a significant impact on its financial position, results of operations, or disclosures. Recent accounting guidance not discussed above is not applicable, did not have, or is not expected to have a material impact to the Company's business. 2. BUSINESS SEGMENT AND FOREIGN INFORMATION The Company consists of two reportable insurance business segments: Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S., both of which sell supplemental health and life insurance. Operating business segments that are not individually reportable and business activities, including reinsurance retrocession activities, not included in Aflac Japan or Aflac U.S. are included in the "Corporate and other" category. The Company does not allocate corporate overhead expenses to business segments. Consistent with U.S. GAAP accounting guidance for segment reporting, the Company evaluates and manages its business segments using a financial performance measure called pretax adjusted earnings. Adjusted earnings are adjusted revenues less benefits and adjusted expenses. The adjustments to both revenues and expenses account for certain items that cannot be predicted or that are outside management’s control. Adjusted revenues are U.S. GAAP total revenues excluding realized investment gains and losses, except for amortized hedge costs related to foreign currency exposure management strategies and net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies. Adjusted expenses are U.S. GAAP total acquisition and operating expenses including the impact of interest cash flows from derivatives associated with notes payable but excluding any nonrecurring or other items not associated with the normal course of the Company’s insurance operations and that do not reflect Aflac’s underlying business performance. The Company excludes income taxes related to operations to arrive at pretax adjusted earnings. Information regarding operations by segment for the years ended December 31 follows: 113 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Revenues: Aflac Japan: Net earned premiums: Cancer Medical and other health Life insurance Net investment income, less amortized hedge costs Other income Total Aflac Japan Aflac U.S.: Net earned premiums: Accident/disability Cancer Other health Life insurance Net investment income Other income Total Aflac U.S. Corporate and other Total adjusted revenues Realized investment gains (losses) (1),(2),(3) Total revenues 2018 2017 2016 $ 5,849   3,516   3,397   2,403   41   $ 5,612   3,379   3,761   2,235   41   $ 5,639   3,429   4,469   2,368   40   15,206   15,028   15,945   2,611   1,311   1,508   278   727   8   6,443   339   21,988   (230)   2,537   1,308   1,445   273   721   5   6,289   272   21,589   78   2,469   1,299   1,415   271   703   10   6,167   275   22,387   172   $ 21,758   $ 21,667   $ 22,559   (1) Amortized hedge costs related to hedging U.S. dollar-denominated investments held in Aflac Japan were $236 , $228 and $186 for 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, and have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and reported as a deduction from net investment income when analyzing segment operations. (2) Amortized hedge costs in Aflac Japan were partially offset by derivatives entered into as part of corporate activities and resulted in a benefit of $36 for 2018 , which has been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and reported as an increase in net investment income when analyzing operations. (3) An immaterial amount of net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies in 2018 , were reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) into net investment income when analyzing operations. 114                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Pretax earnings: Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Corporate and other Pretax adjusted earnings Realized investment gains (losses) (1),(2),(3),(4) Other income (loss) (5) Total earnings before income taxes Income taxes applicable to pretax adjusted earnings Effect of foreign currency translation on after-tax adjusted earnings 2018 2017 2016 $ $ $ 3,208   1,285   (139)   4,354   (297)   (74) 3,983   1,129   28       $     $     $ 3,054   1,245   (212)   4,087   0   (69)   4,018   1,370   (41)       $     $     $ 3,148   1,208   (239)   4,117   87   (137) 4,067   1,426   141   (1) Amortized hedge costs related to hedging U.S. dollar-denominated investments held in Aflac Japan were $236 , $228 and $186 for 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, and have been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and reported as a deduction from pretax adjusted earnings when analyzing segment operations. (2) Amortized hedge costs in Aflac Japan were partially offset by derivatives entered into as part of corporate activities and resulted in a benefit of $36 for 2018 , which has been reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) and reported as an increase in pretax adjusted earnings when analyzing operations. (3) An immaterial amount of net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies in 2018, were reclassified from realized investment gains (losses) into net investment income when analyzing operations. (4) Excluding a gain of $67 in 2018 , $77 in 2017 and $85 in 2016 , related to the interest rate component of the change in fair value of foreign currency swaps on notes payable which is included in adjusted earnings when analyzing segment operations (5) Includes expense of $13 in 2017 and $137 in 2016 for the early extinguishment of debt Assets as of December 31 were as follows: (In millions) Assets: Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Corporate and other Total assets 2018 2017 $ 118,342   $ 114,402   19,100   2,964   19,893   2,922   $ 140,406   $ 137,217   Yen-Translation Effects:  The following table shows the yen/dollar exchange rates used for or during the periods ended December 31 . Exchange effects were calculated using the same yen/dollar exchange rate for the current year as for each respective prior year. Statements of Earnings: Weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate (1) Yen percent strengthening (weakening) Exchange effect on pretax operating earnings (in millions) $ 2018 2017 2016 110.39 1.6%   38 112.16 (3.1)%   108.70 11.3%   $ (63) $ 218 Balance Sheets: Yen/dollar exchange rate at December 31 (1) Yen percent strengthening (weakening) Exchange effect on total assets (in millions) Exchange effect on total liabilities (in millions) 2018 2017 111.00 1.8%     1,362 1,270   $ 113.00 3.1%   2,593 2,848   $ (1) Rates are based on the published MUFG Bank, Ltd. telegraphic transfer middle rate (TTM) Transfers of funds from Aflac Japan:  Aflac Japan makes payments to the Parent Company for management fees, allocated expenses and remittances of earnings. Prior to the Aflac Japan branch conversion on April 1, 2018, Aflac Japan paid allocated expenses and profit remittances to Aflac U.S. Information on transfers for each of the years ended December 31 is shown below. See Note 13 for information concerning restrictions on transfers from Aflac Japan. 115                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Management fees Allocated expenses Profit remittances Total transfers from Aflac Japan 2018 136   24   808   968   $ $ 2017 $ 93   109   1,150   2016 $ 79   106   1,286   $ 1,352   $ 1,471   Property and Equipment:  The costs of buildings, furniture and equipment are depreciated principally on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (maximum of 50 years for buildings and 20 years for furniture and equipment). Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred; expenditures for betterments are capitalized and depreciated. Classes of property and equipment as of December 31 were as follows: (In millions) Property and equipment: Land Buildings Equipment and furniture Total property and equipment Less accumulated depreciation Net property and equipment 2018 $ 168   456   400   1,024   581   $ 443   2017 $ 168   441   372   981   547   $ 434   Receivables:  Receivables consist primarily of monthly insurance premiums due from individual policyholders or their employers for payroll deduction of premiums, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. At December 31, 2018 , $334 million , or 39.2% of total receivables, were related to Aflac Japan's operations, compared with $334 million , or 40.4% , at December 31, 2017 . 3. INVESTMENTS Net Investment Income The components of net investment income for the years ended December 31 were as follows: (In millions) Fixed maturity securities Equity securities Other investments Short-term investments and cash equivalents Gross investment income Less investment expenses Net investment income 2018 2017 2016 $ 3,142   $ 3,173   $ 3,308   38   369   41   3,590   148   42   94   25   3,334   114   35   31   11   3,385   107   $ 3,442   $ 3,220   $ 3,278   116                                                                                                                                                                           Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Investment Holdings The amortized cost for the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities, the cost for equity securities and the fair values of these investments at December 31 are shown in the following tables. (In millions) Securities available for sale, carried at fair value through other comprehensive income: Fixed maturity securities: (1) Yen-denominated: 2018 Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Japan government and agencies   $ 30,637     $ 3,700     $ 140     $ 34,197   Municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities Sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Total yen-denominated U.S. dollar-denominated: U.S. government and agencies Municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities Sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Total U.S. dollar-denominated Total securities available for sale 385   155   1,732   826   5,440   4,852   32   22   280   123   502   649   44,027   5,308   137   1,343   155   4,772   251   2,860   23,311   32,829   9   120   8   496   60   389   1,343   2,425   9   0   4   0   238   44   435   1   8   1   105   0   35   1,109   1,259   408   177   2,008   949   5,704   5,457   48,900   145   1,455   162   5,163   311   3,214   23,545   33,995     $ 76,856 (1)   $ 7,733     $ 1,694     $ 82,895 (1) (1) Includes perpetual securities ( $1,139 at amortized cost and $1,140 at fair value) (In millions) Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Yen-denominated: 2018 Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Japan government and agencies   $ 21,712       $ 5,326     $ Municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities Sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Total yen-denominated 359     14     2,727     1,551     1,445     2,510     110   1   254   289   158   332   30,318     6,470   Total securities held to maturity   $ 30,318       $ 6,470     $ 0   0   0   8   0   20   38   66   66     $ 27,038   469   15   2,973   1,840   1,583   2,804   36,722     $ 36,722   117                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Equity securities, carried at fair value through net earnings: Equity securities: (1) Yen-denominated U.S. dollar-denominated Total equity securities (1) Includes perpetual securities ( $62 at fair value) (In millions) Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: (1) Yen-denominated: 2018 2017 Fair Value     $ 641   346       $ 987 (1) Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Japan government and agencies   $ 27,980       $ 3,363     $ 271     $ 31,072   Municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities Sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Total yen-denominated U.S dollar-denominated: U.S. government and agencies Municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities Sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Total U.S. dollar-denominated Total securities available for sale 314   242   1,635   1,380   4,742   4,085   28   29   352   190   811   809   40,378   5,582   146   872   161   5,116   267   2,808   25,384   34,754   13   168   12   884   73   633   2,620   4,403     $ 75,132 (1)     $ 9,985     $ 12   0   6   1   53   7   350   1   0   0   27   0   8   418   454   804   330   271   1,981   1,569   5,500   4,887   45,610   158   1,040   173   5,973   340   3,433   27,586   38,703     $ 84,313 (1) (1) Includes perpetual securities ( $1,462 at amortized cost and $1,789 at fair value) 118                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Yen-denominated: 2017 Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Japan government and agencies   $ 21,331       $ 5,160     $ Municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities Sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Total yen-denominated 357     26     3,300     1,523     2,206     2,687     105   1   398   312   190   485   31,430     6,651   Total securities held to maturity   $ 31,430       $ 6,651     $ 2017 (In millions) Equity securities, carried at fair value: Equity securities: Yen-denominated U.S. dollar-denominated Total equity securities 0   0   0   0   0   9   0   9   9     $ 26,491   462   27   3,698   1,835   2,387   3,172   38,072     $ 38,072   Fair Value   $ 695   328     $ 1,023   The methods of determining the fair values of the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities and equity securities are described in Note 5. During 2018, the Company did not reclassify any investments from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category. During 2017, the Company reclassified three investments from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category as a result of the issuers' credit rating being downgraded to below investment grade. At the time of the transfer, the securities had an aggregate amortized cost of $773 million and an aggregate unrealized gain of $47 million . During 2016, the Company did not reclassify any investments from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category. 119                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Contractual and Economic Maturities The contractual maturities of the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2018 , were as follows: (In millions) Available for sale: (1) Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through 10 years Due after 10 years Mortgage- and asset-backed securities Amortized Cost Fair Value   $ 810       $ 8,313     9,805     57,618     310     861 8,312 10,355 63,028 339 Total fixed maturity securities available for sale   $ 76,856       $ 82,895 Held to maturity: Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through 10 years Due after 10 years Mortgage- and asset-backed securities   $ 180     915     927     28,282     14       $ 182 948 1,004 34,573 15 Total fixed maturity securities held to maturity   $ 30,318       $ 36,722 (1) Includes perpetual securities, categorized in accordance with their respective economic maturities (the expected maturity date created by the combination of features in the financial instrument) Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because some issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Investment Concentrations The Company's process for investing in credit-related investments begins with an independent approach to underwriting each issuer's fundamental credit quality. The Company evaluates independently those factors that it believes could influence an issuer's ability to make payments under the contractual terms of the Company's instruments. This includes a thorough analysis of a variety of items including the issuer's country of domicile (including political, legal, and financial considerations); the industry in which the issuer competes (with an analysis of industry structure, end-market dynamics, and regulation); company specific issues (such as management, assets, earnings, cash generation, and capital needs); and contractual provisions of the instrument (such as financial covenants and position in the capital structure). The Company further evaluates the investment considering broad business and portfolio management objectives, including asset/liability needs, portfolio diversification, and expected income. Investment exposures that individually exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity as of December 31 were as follows: (In millions) Japan National Government (1) Credit Rating A+ 2018 Amortized Cost $51,207 Fair Value $59,945 Credit Rating A 2017 Amortized Cost $48,399 Fair Value $56,532 (1) Japan Government Bonds (JGBs) or JGB-backed securities Realized Investment Gains and Losses Information regarding pretax realized gains and losses from investments for the years ended December 31 follows: 120                                                                                   Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Realized investment gains (losses): Fixed maturity securities: (1) Available for sale: Gross gains from sales Gross losses from sales Foreign currency gains (losses) on sales and redemptions Other-than-temporary impairment losses Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities (1),(2) Loan receivables: Loan loss reserves Other gains (losses) on loans Total loan receivables Derivatives and other: Derivative gains (losses) Foreign currency gains (losses) Total derivatives and other Total realized investment gains (losses) 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 101   (156)   73   (64)   (46)   (131)   (17)   (2)   (19)   (224)   (10)   (234)   (430)   $ $ 51   (68)   (48)   (7)   (72)   $ 177   (62)   4   (26)   93   71 (3) (35) (3) (8)   0   (8)   (109)   (33)   (142)   (151)   (2)   0   (2)   (255)   185   (70)   (14)   $ (1) Includes perpetual securities (2) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2018 related to financial instruments. (3) Includes impairments of $22 in 2017 and $57 in 2016 The unrealized holding losses , net of gains , recorded as a component of realized investment gains and losses for the year ended December 31, 2018 , that relates to equity securities still held at the December 31, 2018 , reporting date was $124 million . Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses Information regarding changes in unrealized gains and losses from investments recorded in AOCI for the years ended December 31 follows: (In millions) Changes in unrealized gains (losses): Fixed maturity securities, available for sale (1) Equity securities (2) 2018 2017 2016   $ (3,142)       $ 1,657       $ 2,711   0     71     88   Total change in unrealized gains (losses)   $ (3,142)       $ 1,728       $ 2,799   (1) Includes perpetual securities (2) See Note 1 and Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance and the cumulative effect of the change in accounting principle related to financial instruments effective January 1, 2018. Effect on Shareholders' Equity The net effect on shareholders' equity of unrealized gains and losses from investment securities at December 31 was as follows: (In millions) Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale Deferred income taxes Shareholders’ equity, unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities 2018 2017   $ 6,039       $ 9,358   (1,805)     (3,394)     $ 4,234       $ 5,964   See Notes 1 and 10 for discussion of the accounting treatment of tax on amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income pursuant to the Tax Act and Note 1 for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2018 related to financial instruments. 121                                                                                                         Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Gross Unrealized Loss Aging The following tables show the fair values and gross unrealized losses of the Company's available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investments that were in an unrealized loss position, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31 . Total Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses 2018 (In millions) Fixed maturity securities: (1) U.S. government and agencies: U.S. dollar-denominated   $ 67       $ 1       $ 67       $ 1     $ 0       $ 0   U.S. dollar-denominated 74     Japan government and agencies: Yen-denominated Municipalities: U.S. dollar-denominated Yen-denominated Mortgage- and asset- backed securities: Public utilities: U.S. dollar-denominated Yen-denominated Banks/financial institutions: U.S. dollar-denominated Yen-denominated Other corporate: U.S. dollar-denominated Yen-denominated 3,604     140   3,604     140   515     148     1,585     604     625     3,057     8   9   1   105   12   35   258   12,899     1,306     1,109   82   515     148     74     892     604     340     3,057     5,782     1,306     8   9   1   48   12   19   258   407   82   0     0     0     0     693     0     285     0     0   0   0   0   57   0   16   0   7,117     0     702   0   Total   $ 24,484       $ 1,760       $ 16,389       $ 985     $ 8,095       $ 775   (1) Includes perpetual securities 122                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Total Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses 2017 (In millions) Fixed maturity securities: (1) U.S. government and agencies: U.S. dollar-denominated   $ 74       $ 1     $ 74       $ 1     $ 0       $ 0   Japan government and agencies: Yen-denominated Municipalities: Yen-denominated Public utilities: U.S. dollar-denominated Yen-denominated Sovereign and supranational: 5,255       271   1,264     129       12   10     785       83       27   6   221     0     Yen-denominated 309       1   309     Banks/financial institutions: U.S. dollar-denominated Yen-denominated Other corporate: U.S. dollar-denominated Yen-denominated 362       1,507       7,741       440       8   62   418   7   316     394     2,839     349     Total   $ 16,685       $ 813     $ 5,776       $ (1) Includes perpetual securities Analysis of Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions 9   0   3   0   1   5   4   50   4   77   3,991     262   119     564     83     0     46     1,113     4,902     91     12   24   6   0   3   58   368   3     $ 10,909       $ 736   The unrealized losses on the Company's fixed maturity securities investments have been primarily related to general market changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and/or the levels of credit spreads rather than specific concerns with the issuer's ability to pay interest and repay principal. For any significant declines in fair value of its fixed maturity securities, the Company performs a more focused review of the related issuers' credit profile. For corporate issuers, the Company evaluates their assets, business profile including industry dynamics and competitive positioning, financial statements and other available financial data. For non-corporate issuers, the Company analyzes all sources of credit support, including issuer-specific factors. The Company utilizes information available in the public domain and, for certain private placement issuers, from consultations with the issuers directly. The Company also considers ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSROs), as well as the specific characteristics of the security it owns including seniority in the issuer's capital structure, covenant predictions, or other relevant features. From these reviews, the Company evaluates the issuers' continued ability to service the Company's investment through payment of interest and principal. Assuming no credit-related factors develop, unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities are expected to diminish as investments near maturity. Based on its credit analysis, the Company believes that the issuers of its fixed maturity investments in the sectors shown in the table above have the ability to service their obligations to the Company. 123                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Other Investments The table below reflects the composition of the carrying value for other investments as of December 31. (In millions) Other investments: Transitional real estate loans Commercial mortgage loans Middle market loans Policy loans Short-term investments Other Total other investments Loans and Loan Receivables 2018 2017   $ 4,377   1,064   1,478   232   152   403     $ 1,235   908   859   210   57   133     $ 7,706     $ 3,402   The Company classifies its TREs, CMLs, and MMLs as held-for investment and includes them in the other investments line on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company carries them on the balance sheet at amortized cost less an estimated allowance for loan losses. The Company's allowance for loan losses is established using both general and specific allowances. The general allowance is used for loans grouped by similar risk characteristics where a loan-specific or market-specific risk has not been identified, but for which the Company estimates probable incurred losses. The specific allowance is used on an individual loan basis when it is probable that a loss has been incurred. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company's allowance for loan losses was $27 million and $11 million , respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company had no loans that were past due in regards to principal and/or interest payments. Additionally, the Company held no loans that were on nonaccrual status or considered impaired as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . The Company had no troubled debt restructurings during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . Transitional Real Estate Loans Transitional real estate loans are commercial mortgage loans that are typically relatively short-term floating rate instruments secured by a first lien on the property. These loans provide funding for properties undergoing a change in their physical characteristics and/or economic profile. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had $605 million in outstanding commitments to fund transitional real estate loans. These commitments are contingent on the final underwriting and due diligence to be performed. Commercial Mortgage Loans As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had $25 million in outstanding commitments to fund commercial mortgage loans. These commitments are contingent on the final underwriting and due diligence to be performed. Middle Market Loans Middle market loans are generally considered to be below investment grade. The carrying value for middle market loans included an unfunded amount of $56 million and $109 million , as of December 31, 2018 , and 2017 , respectively, that is reflected in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had commitments of approximately $521 million to fund potential future loan originations related to this investment program. These commitments are contingent upon the availability of middle market loans that meet the Company's underwriting criteria. Other Other investments primarily includes investments in limited partnerships. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had $916 million in outstanding commitments to fund alternative investments in limited partnerships. 124                                                   Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Variable Interest Entities (VIEs) As a condition of its involvement or investment in a VIE, the Company enters into certain protective rights and covenants that preclude changes in the structure of the VIE that would alter the creditworthiness of the Company's investment or its beneficial interest in the VIE. For those VIEs other than certain unit trust structures, the Company's involvement is passive in nature. The Company has not, nor has it been, required to purchase any securities issued in the future by these VIEs. The Company's ownership interest in VIEs is limited to holding the obligations issued by them. The Company has no direct or contingent obligations to fund the limited activities of these VIEs, nor does it have any direct or indirect financial guarantees related to the limited activities of these VIEs. The Company has not provided any assistance or any other type of financing support to any of the VIEs it invests in, nor does it have any intention to do so in the future. For those VIEs in which the Company holds debt obligations, the weighted-average lives of the Company's notes are very similar to the underlying collateral held by these VIEs where applicable. The Company's risk of loss related to its interests in any of its VIEs is limited to the carrying value of the related investments held in the VIE. VIEs - Consolidated The following table presents the cost or amortized cost, fair value and balance sheet caption in which the assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs are reported as of December 31. Investments in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities 2018 2017 Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value (In millions) Assets: Fixed maturity securities, available for sale (1) Equity securities Other investments (2) Other assets (3) $ 3,849     $ 4,466       $ 4,538       $ 5,509   160   5,856   182   160     5,834     182     606     2,341     151     753   2,328   151   Total assets of consolidated VIEs $ 10,047     $ 10,642       $ 7,636       $ 8,741   Liabilities: Other liabilities (3) Total liabilities of consolidated VIEs $ $ 102   102     $   $ 102     102       $   $ 128     128       $   $ 128   128   (1) Includes perpetual securities (2) Consists of TREs, CMLs, MMLs, and alternative investments in limited partnerships (3) Consists entirely of derivatives The Company is substantively the only investor in the consolidated VIEs listed in the table above. As the sole investor in these VIEs, the Company has the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and is therefore considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIEs that it consolidates. The Company also participates in substantially all of the variability created by these VIEs. The activities of these VIEs are limited to holding invested assets and foreign currency swaps, as appropriate, and utilizing the cash flows from these securities to service its investment. Neither the Company nor any of its creditors are able to obtain the underlying collateral of the VIEs unless there is an event of default or other specified event. For those VIEs that contain a swap, the Company is not a direct counterparty to the swap contracts and has no control over them. The Company's loss exposure to these VIEs is limited to its original investment. The Company's consolidated VIEs do not rely on outside or ongoing sources of funding to support their activities beyond the underlying collateral and swap contracts, if applicable. With the exception of its investments in unit trust structures, the underlying collateral assets and funding of the Company's consolidated VIEs are generally static in nature. 125                                                                                                                      Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Investments in Unit Trust Structures The Company also utilizes unit trust structures in its Aflac Japan segment to invest in various asset classes. As the sole investor of these VIEs, the Company is required to consolidate these trusts under U.S. GAAP. VIEs - Not Consolidated The table below reflects the amortized cost, fair value and balance sheet caption in which the Company's investment in VIEs not consolidated are reported as of December 31. Investments in Variable Interest Entities Not Consolidated 2018 2017 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value (In millions) Assets: Fixed maturity securities, available for sale (1) Fixed maturity securities, held to maturity Other investments   $ 4,575     $ 4,982       $ 5,004     $ 5,724   2,007   49   2,254     49     2,549   55   2,929   55   Total investments in VIEs not consolidated   $ 6,631     $ 7,285       $ 7,608     $ 8,708   (1) Includes perpetual securities The Company holds alternative investments in limited partnerships that have been determined to be VIEs. These partnerships invest in private equity and structured investments. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss on these investments is limited to the amount of its investment. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and is therefore not required to consolidate them. The Company classifies these investments as Other investments in the consolidated balance sheets. Certain investments in VIEs that the Company is not required to consolidate are investments that are in the form of debt obligations from the VIEs that are irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed by their corporate parents or sponsors. These VIEs are the primary financing vehicles used by their corporate sponsors to raise financing in the capital markets. The variable interests created by these VIEs are principally or solely a result of the debt instruments issued by them. The Company does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance, nor does it have the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity. As such, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and is therefore not required to consolidate them. Securities Lending and Pledged Securities The Company lends fixed maturity and public equity securities to financial institutions in short-term security-lending transactions. These short- term security-lending arrangements increase investment income with minimal risk. The Company's security lending policy requires that the fair value of the securities received as collateral be 102% or more of the fair value of the loaned securities and that unrestricted cash received as collateral be 100% or more of the fair value of the loaned securities. These securities continue to be carried as investment assets on the Company's balance sheet during the terms of the loans and are not reported as sales. The Company receives cash or other securities as collateral for such loans. For loans involving unrestricted cash or securities as collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. For loans where the Company receives as collateral securities that the Company is not permitted to sell or repledge, the collateral is not reported as an asset. 126                                                                         Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Details of our securities lending activities as of December 31 were as follows: Securities Lending Transactions Accounted for as Secured Borrowings Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements 2018 (In millions) Securities lending transactions: Fixed maturity securities: Japan government and agencies Municipalities Public utilities Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Equity securities Total borrowings $ $ Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending transactions Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure in Note 4 Overnight and Continuous (1) Up to 30 days Greater than 90 days Total 0   $ 387   $ 1,190   $ 1,577 5   27   74   549   10   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   665   $ 387   $ 1,190   $   $   $ (1) These securities are pledged as collateral under the Company's U.S. securities lending program and can be called at its discretion; therefore, they are classified as Overnight and Continuous. Securities Lending Transactions Accounted for as Secured Borrowings Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements 2017 (In millions) Securities lending transactions: Fixed maturity securities: Japan government and agencies Public utilities Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Equity securities Total borrowings Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending transactions Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure in Note 4 Overnight and Continuous (1) Up to 30 days Total $ $ 0   $ 49     $ 73   54   415   15   0     0     0     0     557   $ 49     $   $   $ 5 27 74 549 10 2,242 1,052 1,190 49 73 54 415 15 606 606 0 (1) These securities are pledged as collateral under the Company's U.S. securities lending program and can be called at its discretion; therefore, they are classified as Overnight and Continuous. The Company did not have any repurchase agreements or repurchase-to-maturity transactions outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. Certain fixed maturity securities can be pledged as collateral as part of derivative transactions, or pledged to support state deposit requirements on certain investment programs. For additional information regarding pledged securities related to derivative transactions, see Note 4. At December 31, 2018 , debt securities with a fair value of $19 million were on deposit with regulatory authorities in the United States (including U.S. territories) and Japan. The Company retains ownership of all securities on deposit and receives the related investment income. For general information regarding the Company's investment accounting policies, see Note 1. 127                                                                     Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 4. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS The Company's freestanding derivative financial instruments have historically consisted of: (1) foreign currency forwards and options used in hedging foreign exchange risk on U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan's portfolio; (2) foreign currency forwards and options used to economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen and hedge the Company's long term exposure to a weakening yen; (3) cross-currency interest rate swaps, also referred to as foreign currency swaps, associated with certain senior notes and subordinated debentures; (4) foreign currency swaps and, in prior periods, credit default swaps that are associated with investments in special-purpose entities, including VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary; (5) interest rate swaps used to economically hedge interest rate fluctuations in certain variable-rate investments; and (6) interest rate swaptions used to hedge changes in the fair value associated with interest rate fluctuations for certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities. Some of the Company's derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value hedges or net investment hedges; however, other derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting or the Company elects not to designate them as accounting hedges. Derivative Types Foreign currency forwards and options are executed for the Aflac Japan segment in order to hedge the currency risk on the carrying value of certain U.S. dollar-denominated investments. The average maturity of these forwards and options can change depending on factors such as market conditions and types of investments being held. In situations where the maturity of the forwards and options is shorter than the underlying investment being hedged, the Company may enter into new forwards and options near maturity of the existing derivative in order to continue hedging the underlying investment. In forward transactions, Aflac Japan agrees with another party to buy a fixed amount of yen and sell a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. Aflac Japan also executes foreign currency option transactions in a collar strategy, where Aflac Japan agrees with another party to simultaneously purchase put options and sell call options. In the purchased put transactions, Aflac Japan obtains the option to buy a fixed amount of yen and sell a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. In the sold call transaction, Aflac Japan agrees to sell a fixed amount of yen and buy a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. The combination of purchasing the put option and selling the call option results in no net premium being paid (i.e. a costless or zero-cost collar). The foreign currency forwards and options are used in fair value hedging relationships to mitigate the foreign exchange risk associated with U.S. dollar- denominated investments supporting yen- denominated liabilities. Prior to April 1, 2018, foreign currency forwards and options (through a collar strategy, as discussed above) were used to hedge the currency risk associated with the net investment in Aflac Japan. In these forward transactions, Aflac agreed with another party to buy a fixed amount of U.S. dollars and sell a corresponding amount of yen at a specified price at a specified future date. In the option transactions, the Company used a combination of foreign currency options to protect expected future cash flows by simultaneously purchasing yen put options (options that protect against a weakening yen) and selling yen call options (options that limit participation in a strengthening yen). The combination of these two actions created a zero-cost collar. The Company enters into foreign currency swaps pursuant to which it exchanges an initial principal amount in one currency for an initial principal amount of another currency, with an agreement to re-exchange the principal amounts at a future date. There may also be periodic exchanges of payments at specified intervals based on the agreed upon rates and notional amounts. Foreign currency swaps are used primarily in the consolidated VIEs in the Company's Aflac Japan portfolio to convert foreign-denominated cash flows to yen, the functional currency of Aflac Japan, in order to minimize cash flow fluctuations. The Company also uses foreign currency swaps to economically convert certain of its U.S. dollar- denominated senior note and subordinated debenture principal and interest obligations into yen-denominated obligations. In order to reduce investment income volatility from its variable-rate investments, the Company enters into receive–fixed, pay–floating interest rate swaps. These derivatives are cleared and settled through a central clearinghouse. Interest rate swaption collars are combinations of two swaption positions. Swaptions are used to mitigate the adverse impact resulting from significant changes in the fair value of U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities due to fluctuation in interest rates. In order to maximize the efficiency of the collars while minimizing cost, a collar strategy is used whereby the Company purchases a long payer swaption (the Company purchases an option that allows it to enter into a swap where the Company will pay the fixed rate and receive the floating rate of the swap) and sells a short receiver swaption (the Company sells an option that provides the counterparty with the right to enter into a swap where the Company will receive the fixed rate and pay the floating rate of the swap). The combination of purchasing the long payer swaption and selling the short receiver swaption results in no net premium being paid (i.e. a costless or zero-cost collar). 128 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Derivative Balance Sheet Classification The tables below summarize the balance sheet classification of the Company's derivative fair value amounts, as well as the gross asset and liability fair value amounts, at December 31. The fair value amounts presented do not include income accruals. The notional amount of derivative contracts represents the basis upon which pay or receive amounts are calculated and are not reflective of exposure or credit risk. (In millions) 2018 Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives 2017 Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Hedge Designation/ Derivative Type Notional Amount Fair Value Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value Fair Value Cash flow hedges: Foreign currency swaps   $ 75       $ Total cash flow hedges Fair value hedges: Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Interest rate swaptions Total fair value hedges Net investment hedge: Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Total net investment hedge Non-qualifying strategies: Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Credit default swaps Interest rate swaps Total non-qualifying strategies 75       2,086       9,070       500       11,656       0       0       0       5,387       16,057       430       0       4,750       26,624       1   1   0   3   0   3   0   0   0   284   126   0   0   3   413       $ (4)     $ 75       $ (4)   75       (34)   (1)   (1)   (36)   0   0   0   (230)   (117)   0   0   0   7,640       7,670       0       15,310       5       434       439       5,386       3,683       770       88       0           $ 0   0   2   0   0   2   0   12   12   296   20   0   1   0   (347)   9,927       317   Total derivatives   $ 38,355       $ 417       $ (387)     $ 25,751       $ 331       $ Balance Sheet Location Other assets Other liabilities Total derivatives Cash Flow Hedges   $ 23,713       $ 417       $ 0     $ 10,948       $ 331       $ 14,642       0   (387)   14,803       0     $ 38,355       $ 417       $ (387)     $ 25,751       $ 331       $ (8)   (8)   (221)   (2)   0   (223)   0   (1)   (1)   (189)   (53)   0   0   0   (242)   (474)   0   (474)   (474)   For certain variable-rate U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities held by Aflac Japan via consolidated VIEs, foreign currency swaps are used to swap the USD variable rate interest and principal payments to fixed rate JPY interest and principal payments. The Company has designated foreign currency swaps as a hedge of the variability in cash flows of a forecasted transaction or of amounts to be received or paid related to a recognized asset (“cash flow” hedge). The remaining maximum length of time for which these cash flows are hedged is seven years. The derivatives in the Company's consolidated VIEs that are not designated as accounting hedges are discussed in the "non-qualifying strategies" section of this note. Fair Value Hedges The Company designates and accounts for certain foreign currency forwards, options, and interest rate swaptions as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements for hedge accounting. The Company recognizes gains and losses on these derivatives as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the related hedged items in current earnings. 129                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     December 31. (In millions) Hedging Derivatives 2018: Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Interest rate swaptions Hedged Items Fixed maturity securities Fixed maturity securities Fixed maturity securities Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Foreign currency forwards and options hedge the foreign currency exposure of certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale fixed-maturity investments held in Aflac Japan. The change in the fair value of the foreign currency forwards related to the changes in the difference between the spot rate and the forward price is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. The change in fair value of the foreign currency option related to the time value of the option is recognized in current earnings and is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Interest rate swaptions hedge the interest rate exposure of certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities held in Aflac Japan. For these hedging relationships, the Company excludes time value from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recognizes changes in the intrinsic value of the swaptions in current earnings within net investment income. The change in the time value of the swaptions is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized into earnings (net investment income) over its legal term. The following table presents the gains and losses on derivatives and the related hedged items in fair value hedges for the years ended Fair Value Hedging Relationships Hedging Derivatives   Hedged Items     Total Gains (Losses) Gains (Losses) Excluded from Effectiveness Testing (2) Gains (Losses) Included in Effectiveness Testing (1) Gains (Losses) (1) Net Realized Gains (Losses) Recognized for Fair Value Hedge   $ 126   $ (104)   $ 230   $ (242)   $ 4   (1) 4 (1) 0 0 0   0   Total gains (losses)   $ 129   $ (101)   $ 230   $ (242)   $ 2017: Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Fixed maturity and equity securities Fixed maturity securities Total gains (losses) 2016: Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Fixed maturity and equity securities Fixed maturity securities Total gains (losses)   $   $   $   $ 98   $ (202)   $ 300   $ (278)   $ 21   119   $ 10 (192)   $ 11 311 (10)     $ (288)   $ 207   $ (338)   $ 545   $ (566)   $ (95) 112   $ (18) (356)   $ (77) 70   468   $ (496)   $ (12) 0 0 (12) 22 1 23 (21) (7) (28) (1) Gains and losses on foreign currency forwards and options and related hedged items are reported in the consolidated statement of earnings as realized investment gains (losses). For interest rate swaptions and related hedged items, gains and losses included in the hedge assessment are reported within net investment income. For the year ended December 31, 2018, those gains and losses on interest rate swaptions and related hedged items were immaterial. (2) Gains (losses) excluded from effectiveness testing includes the forward point on foreign currency forwards and time value change on foreign currency options which are reported in the consolidated statement of earnings as realized investment gains (losses). It also includes the change in the fair value of the interest rate swaptions related to the time value of the swaptions which is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). The following table shows the December 31, 2018 carrying amounts of assets designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedges of interest rate risk and the related cumulative hedge adjustment included in the carrying amount. 130                                                                                           Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Fixed maturity securities Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) (1) 2018   $ 6,593   Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) 2018 $ 294   (1) The balance includes $294 million of hedging adjustment on discontinued hedging relationships. As of December 31, 2018 , the total notional amount of the Company's interest rate swaptions was $500 million . The hedging adjustment related to these derivatives was immaterial. Net Investment Hedge The Company's investment in Aflac Japan is affected by changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate. To mitigate this exposure, the Parent Company's yen-denominated liabilities (see Note 9) have been designated as non-derivative hedges and, prior to April 1, 2018, foreign currency forwards and options were designated as derivative hedges of the foreign currency exposure of the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan. The Company designated net investment hedges under this strategy during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . Non-qualifying Strategies For the Company's derivative instruments in consolidated VIEs that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, all changes in their fair value are reported in current period earnings within realized investment gains (losses). The amount of gain or loss recognized in earnings for the Company's VIEs is attributable to the derivatives in those investment structures. While the change in value of the swaps is recorded through current period earnings, the change in value of the available-for-sale fixed maturity securities associated with these swaps is recorded through other comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2018 , the Parent Company had cross-currency interest rate swap agreements related to its $350 million senior notes due February 2022, $700 million senior notes due June 2023, $750 million senior notes due November 2024 and $450 million senior notes due March 2025. Changes in the values of these swaps are recorded through current period earnings. For additional information regarding these swaps, see Note 9. The Company uses foreign exchange forwards and options to economically mitigate the currency risk of some of its U.S. dollar- denominated loan receivables held within the Aflac Japan segment. These arrangements are not designated as accounting hedges, as the foreign currency remeasurement of the loan receivables impacts current period earnings, and generally offsets gains and losses from foreign exchange forwards within realized investment gains (losses). The Company also has certain foreign exchange forwards on U.S. dollar-denominated AFS securities where hedge accounting is not being applied. In order to economically mitigate currency risk of future yen dividends from Aflac Japan while lowering consolidated hedge costs associated with Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar investment hedging the Parent Company entered into offsetting hedge positions using foreign exchange forwards. This activity is reported in the Corporate and other segment. The Company uses interest rate swaps to economically convert the variable rate investment income to a fixed rate on certain variable-rate investments. 131                   Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Impact of Derivatives and Hedging Instruments The following table summarizes the impact to realized investment gains (losses) and other comprehensive income (loss) from all derivatives and hedging instruments for the years ended December 31. 2018 2017 2016 Realized Investment Gains (Losses) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (1) Realized Investment Gains (Losses) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (1) Realized Investment Gains (Losses) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (1) (In millions) Qualifying hedges: Cash flow hedges: Foreign currency swaps $ 0   $ Total cash flow hedges 0 (2) Fair value hedges: Foreign currency forwards (3) Foreign currency options (3) Interest rate swaptions (3) Total fair value hedges Net investment hedge: Non-derivative hedging instruments Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Total net investment hedge Non-qualifying strategies: Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency forwards Credit default swaps Interest rate swaps Total non- qualifying strategies   (116)   4   0   (112)   0   0   0   0   20   (135)   0   3   (112)   $ (224)   3 3 (1) (1) (32) 0 (8) (40) $ 0   0 (2) $ (180)   11   0   (169)   0   0   0   0   1 1 0 0 (15) (25) 5 (35) $ 1   1 (2) $ (359)   (25)   0   (384)   0   0   0   0   3 3 0 0 0 (118) 73 (45) 53   8   (1)   0   60   $ (109)   117   9   2   0   128   $ (255)   Total (1) Cash flow hedge items and the change in the fair value of interest rate swaptions related to the time value of the swaptions in fair value hedges are recorded as unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives and net investment hedge items are recorded in the unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) line in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). (34) (42) (38) $ $ $ (2) Impact of cash flow hedges reported as realized investment gains (losses) includes an immaterial amount of gains or losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings. It also includes an immaterial amount excluded from effectiveness testing during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and $ 1 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. (3) Impact shown net of effect of hedged items (see Fair Value Hedges section of this Note 4 for further detail) The impact on earnings from derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships also included a loss of $2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 and an immaterial amount during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 resulting from reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net investment income. There was no gain or loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings related to the net investment hedge for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . As of December 31, 2018 , deferred gains and losses on derivative instruments recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income that are expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months were immaterial. Credit Risk Assumed through Derivatives For the foreign currency and credit default swaps associated with the Company's VIE investments for which it is the primary beneficiary, the Company bears the risk of loss due to counterparty default even though it is not a direct counterparty to those contracts. The Company is a direct counterparty to the foreign currency swaps that it has entered into in connection with certain of its senior notes and subordinated debentures; foreign currency forwards; and foreign currency options, and therefore the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties in those contracts. The risk of counterparty default for the Company's foreign currency swaps, certain foreign currency forwards, foreign currency options is mitigated by collateral posting requirements that counterparties to those transactions must meet. 132                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data As of December 31, 2018 , there were 16 counterparties to the Company's derivative agreements, with three comprising 52% of the aggregate notional amount. The counterparties to these derivatives are financial institutions with the following credit ratings as of December 31: 2018 2017 Notional Amount of Derivatives Asset Derivatives Fair Value Liability Derivatives Fair Value Notional Amount of Derivatives Asset Derivatives Fair Value Liability Derivatives Fair Value (In millions) Counterparties' credit rating:   AA A BBB   $ 5,399     $ 63     $ (23)     $ 4,708     $ 52     $ 32,513   443   350   4   (311)   (53)   20,604   439   271   8   Total   $ 38,355     $ 417     $ (387)     $ 25,751     $ 331     $ (37)   (370)   (67)   (474)   The Company engages in over-the-counter (OTC) bilateral derivative transactions directly with unaffiliated third parties under International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements and other documentation. Most of the ISDA agreements also include Credit Support Annexes (CSAs) provisions, which generally provide for two-way collateral postings at the first dollar of exposure. The Company mitigates the risk that counterparties to transactions might be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations by monitoring counterparty credit exposure and collateral value while generally requiring that collateral be posted at the outset of the transaction. In addition, a significant portion of the derivative transactions have provisions that give the counterparty the right to terminate the transaction upon a downgrade of Aflac’s financial strength rating. The actual amount of payments that the Company could be required to make depends on market conditions, the fair value of outstanding affected transactions, and other factors prevailing at and after the time of the downgrade. The Company also engages in OTC cleared derivative transactions through regulated central clearing counterparties. These positions are marked to market and margined on a daily basis (both initial margin and variation margin), and the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to these derivatives. Collateral posted by the Company to third parties for derivative transactions can generally be repledged or resold by the counterparties. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position by counterparty was approximately $139 million and $264 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. If the credit-risk-related contingent features underlying these agreements had been triggered on December 31, 2018 , the Company estimates that it would be required to post a maximum of $34 million of additional collateral to these derivative counterparties. The Company is generally allowed to sell or repledge collateral obtained from its derivative counterparties, although it does not typically exercise such rights. (See the Offsetting tables below for collateral posted or received as of the reported balance sheet dates.) Offsetting of Financial Instruments and Derivatives Most of the Company's derivative instruments are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that provide for the net settlement of all derivative contracts between the Parent Company or Aflac and its respective counterparty in the event of default or upon the occurrence of certain termination events. Collateral support agreements with the master netting arrangements generally provide that the Company will receive or pledge financial collateral at the first dollar of exposure. The Company has securities lending agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions that post collateral to the Company in return for the use of its fixed maturity and public equity securities (see Note 3). When the Company has entered into securities lending agreements with the same counterparty, the agreements generally provide for net settlement in the event of default by the counterparty. This right of set-off allows the Company to keep and apply collateral received if the counterparty failed to return the securities borrowed from the Company as contractually agreed. For additional information on the Company's accounting policy for securities lending, see Note 1. The tables below summarize the Company's derivatives and securities lending transactions as of December 31, and as reflected in the tables, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company's policy is to not offset these financial instruments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. 133                                                             Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets 2018 Net Amount of Assets Presented in Balance Sheet Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet   Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Received   Net Amount (In millions) Derivative assets: Derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral   $ 231   $ OTC - cleared 3   0   0   $ 231       $ (152)     $ 3   0   (23) 0 $ (55)   (3)   $ 1   0   Total derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement Derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement 234   0   234   (152)   (23) (58)   1   OTC - bilateral 183   183   Total derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement Total derivative assets Securities lending and similar arrangements 183   417   1,029   Total   $ 1,446   $ 183   417   (152)   1,029   0   $ 1,446       $ (152)     $ 0   0   0   (23) 0 (23) 134 183   183   184   (58)   (1,029)   0   $ (1,087)   $ 184                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 2017 Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet   Net Amount of Assets Presented in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Received   Net Amount (In millions) Derivative assets: Derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral $ 180   $ 0   $ 180       $ (82)     $ 0   $ (98)   $ 0   Total derivative assets subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement Derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement 180   0   180   (82)   0   (98)   0   OTC - bilateral 151   151   Total derivative assets not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement Total derivative assets Securities lending and similar arrangements Total 151   331   592   923   $ $ 0   0   0   151   331   (82)   592   0   $ 923       $ (82)     $ 0   0   0   135 151   151   151   (98)   (592)   0   $ (690)   $ 151                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities 2018 Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet   Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Pledged   Net Amount (In millions) Derivative liabilities: Derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral   $ (285)   $ 0   $ (285)       $ 152     $ 37   $ 68   $ (28)   Total derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement Derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement (285)   0   (285)   152   37   68   (28)   OTC - bilateral (102)   (102)   Total derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement Total derivative liabilities Securities lending and similar arrangements (102)   (387)   (1,052)   Total   $ (1,439)   $ 0   0   0   (102)   (102)   152   37   68   (130)   (102)   (387)   (1,052)   1,029   $ (1,439)       $ 1,181     $ 0   37   $ 0   68   (23)   $ (153)   136                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 2017 Gross Amounts Not Offset in Balance Sheet Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet   Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Pledged   Net Amount (In millions) Derivative liabilities: Derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement OTC - bilateral   $ (346)   $ 0   $ (346)       $ 82     $ 245   $ 10   $ (9)   Total derivative liabilities subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement Derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement (346)   0   (346)   82   245   10   (9)   OTC - bilateral (128)   (128)   Total derivative liabilities not subject to a master netting agreement or offsetting arrangement Total derivative liabilities Securities lending and similar arrangements (128)   (474)   (606)   Total   $ (1,080)   $ 0   0   0   (128)   (128)   82   245   10   (137)   (128)   (474)   (606)   592   0   $ (1,080)       $ 674     $ 245   $ 0   10   (14)   $ (151)   For additional information on the Company's financial instruments, see the accompanying Notes 1, 3 and 5. 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Fair Value Hierarchy U.S. GAAP specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. These two types of inputs create three valuation hierarchy levels. Level 1 valuations reflect quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 valuations reflect quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted market prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets or model-derived valuations in which all significant valuation inputs are observable in active markets. Level 3 valuations reflect valuations in which one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in an active market. The following tables present the fair value hierarchy levels of the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31. 137                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Assets: Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: (1) Government and agencies Municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities Sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities (1) Other investments Cash and cash equivalents Other assets: Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Interest rate swaps Total other assets Total assets Liabilities: Other liabilities: Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Interest rate swaptions Total liabilities (1) Includes perpetual securities 2018 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value $ 32,993   $ 1,349   $ 0   0   0   0   0   0   32,993   874   152   4,337   0   0   0   0   0   1,863   162   7,062   1,260   8,895   28,789   49,380   67   0   0   103   126   3   3   235   $ 38,356   $ 49,682   $ $ $ 132   151   1   1   $ $ 0   0   0   0   0   138 0   0   177   109   0   23   213   522   46   0   0   182   0   0   0   182   750   $ 34,342   1,863   339   7,171   1,260   8,918   29,002   82,895 (1) 987 (1) 152   4,337   285   126   3   3   417   $ 88,788   102   $ 0   0   0   234   151   1   1   $ 285   $ 102   $ 387                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Assets: Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: (1) Government and agencies Municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities Sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Total fixed maturity securities Equity securities Other investments Cash and cash equivalents Other assets: Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Credit default swaps Total other assets Total assets Liabilities: Other liabilities: Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency options Total liabilities (1) Includes perpetual securities 2017 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value $ 30,109   $ 1,121   $ 0   0   0   0   0   0   30,109   1,001   57   3,491   0   0   0   0   0   1,370   269   7,886   1,909   8,908   32,327   53,790   6   0   0   146   22   12   0   180   $ 34,658   $ 53,976   $ $ 69   274   3   346   $ $ 0   0   0   0   139 $ $ $ 0   0   175   68   0   25   146   414   16   0   0   150   0   0   1   151   581   128   0   0   128   $ 31,230   1,370   444   7,954   1,909   8,933   32,473   84,313 (1) 1,023   57   3,491   296   22   12   1   331   $ 89,215   $ $ 197   274   3   474                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The following tables present the carrying amount and fair value categorized by fair value hierarchy level for the Company's financial instruments that are not carried at fair value as of December 31. Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Carrying Value 2018 Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value (In millions) Assets: Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies   $ 21,712     $ 27,030   $ 8       $ Municipalities Mortgage and asset-backed securities Public utilities Sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Other investments (1) Total assets Liabilities: 359     14     2,727     1,551     1,445     2,510     6,945       $ 37,263     Other policyholders’ funds   $ 7,146     Notes payable (excluding capital leases) 5,765     $ $ Total liabilities   $ 12,911     $ 0   0   0   0   0   0   0   27,030   0   0   0   (1) Excludes policy loans of $232 and equity method investments of $377 , at carrying value 140 469   0   2,973   1,840   1,583   2,804   26   0   0   15   0   0   0   0   6,893       $ 27,038   469   15   2,973   1,840   1,583   2,804   6,919   $ $ $ 9,703       $ 6,908       $ 43,641   0       $ 7,067       $ 7,067   5,606   270   5,876   5,606       $ 7,337       $ 12,943                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Carrying Value Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value 2017 (In millions) Assets: Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies $ 21,331   $ 26,491   $ 357   26   3,300   1,523   2,206   2,687   3,017   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   Municipalities Mortgage and asset-backed securities Public utilities Sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Other investments (1) Total assets Liabilities: Other policyholders’ funds Notes payable (excluding capital leases) $ $ 34,447   $ 26,491   $ 11,577   0   462   8   3,698   1,835   2,387   3,172   15   $ $ $ 0   0   19   0   0   0   0   2,987       $ 26,491   462   27   3,698   1,835   2,387   3,172   3,002   3,006       $ 41,074   6,841       $ 6,841   Total liabilities $ 12,206   6,939   5,267   $ $ 0   0   0   $ 0   5,288   265   5,553   $ 5,288   $ 7,106       $ 12,394   (1) Excludes policy loans of $210 and equity method investments of $118 , at carrying value Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fixed maturity and equity securities The Company determines the fair values of fixed maturity securities and public and privately-issued equity securities using the following approaches or techniques: price quotes and valuations from third party pricing vendors (including quoted market prices readily available from public exchange markets) and non-binding price quotes the Company obtains from outside brokers. A third party pricing vendor has developed valuation models to determine fair values of privately issued securities to reflect the impact of the persistent economic environment and the changing regulatory framework. These models are discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation models, but also use information from related markets, specifically the CDS market to estimate expected cash flows. These models take into consideration any unique characteristics of the securities and make various adjustments to arrive at an appropriate issuer-specific loss adjusted credit curve. This credit curve is then used with the relevant recovery rates to estimate expected cash flows and modeling of additional features, including illiquidity adjustments, if necessary, to price the security by discounting those loss adjusted cash flows. In cases where a credit curve cannot be developed from the specific security features, the valuation methodology takes into consideration other market observable inputs, including: 1) the most appropriate comparable security(ies) of the issuer; 2) issuer-specific CDS spreads; 3) bonds or CDS spreads of comparable issuers with similar characteristics such as rating, geography, or sector; or 4) bond indices that are comparative in rating, industry, maturity and region. The pricing data and market quotes the Company obtains from outside sources, including third party pricing services, are reviewed internally for reasonableness. If a fair value appears unreasonable, the Company will re-examine the inputs and assess the reasonableness of the pricing data with the vendor. Additionally, the Company may compare the inputs to relevant market indices and other performance measurements. Based on management's analysis, the valuation is confirmed or may be revised if there is evidence of a more appropriate estimate of fair value based on available market data. The Company has performed verification of the inputs and calculations in any valuation models to confirm that the valuations represent reasonable estimates of fair value. 141                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The fixed maturity securities classified as Level 3 consist of securities with limited or no observable valuation inputs. For Level 3 securities, the Company estimates the fair value of these securities by obtaining non-binding broker quotes from a limited number of brokers. These brokers base their quotes on a combination of their knowledge of the current pricing environment and market conditions. The Company considers these inputs to be unobservable. The Company also considers a variety of significant valuation inputs in the valuation process, including forward exchange rates, yen swap rates, dollar swap rates, interest rate volatilities, credit spread data on specific issuers, assumed default and default recovery rates, and certain probability assumptions. In obtaining these valuation inputs, the Company has determined that certain pricing assumptions and data used by its pricing sources are difficult to validate or corroborate by the market and/or appear to be internally developed rather than observed in or corroborated by the market. The use of these unobservable valuation inputs causes more subjectivity in the valuation process for these securities. For the periods presented, the Company has not adjusted the quotes or prices it obtains from the pricing services and brokers it uses. The following tables present the pricing sources for the fair values of the Company's fixed maturity and equity securities as of December 31. 142 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: (1) Government and agencies: Third party pricing vendor Total government and agencies Municipalities: Third party pricing vendor Total municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total public utilities Sovereign and supranational: Third party pricing vendor Total sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total banks/financial institutions Other corporate: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total other corporate Total securities available for sale Equity securities, carried at fair value: (1) Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total equity securities (1) Includes perpetual securities Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value 2018 $ 32,993   32,993   $ 1,349   1,349   $ 0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1,863   1,863   162   0   162   7,062   0   7,062   1,260   1,260   8,895   0   8,895   28,789   0   28,789   49,380   67   0   67   $ $ $ $ $ $ 0   0   0   32,993   874   0   874   $ $ $ 143 0   0   0   0   0   177   177   0   109   109   0   0   0   23   23   0   213   213   522   0   46   46   $ 34,342   34,342   1,863   1,863   162   177   339   7,062   109   7,171   1,260   1,260   8,895   23   8,918   28,789   213   29,002   82,895 (1) 941   46   987 (1) $ $ $                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies: Third party pricing vendor Total government and agencies Municipalities: Third party pricing vendor Total municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities: Broker/other Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities: Third party pricing vendor Total public utilities Sovereign and supranational: Third party pricing vendor Total sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions: Third party pricing vendor Total banks/financial institutions Other corporate: Third party pricing vendor Total other corporate Total securities held to maturity Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value 2018 $ $ 8   8   469   469   0   0   2,973   2,973   1,840   1,840   1,583   1,583   2,804   2,804   9,677   $ 27,030   27,030   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   27,030   $ 144 $ $ 0   0   0   0   15   15   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   15   $ 27,038   27,038   469   469   15   15   2,973   2,973   1,840   1,840   1,583   1,583   2,804   2,804   36,722   $                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: (1) Government and agencies: Third party pricing vendor Total government and agencies Municipalities: Third party pricing vendor Total municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total public utilities Sovereign and supranational: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total banks/financial institutions Other corporate: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total other corporate Total securities available for sale Equity securities, carried at fair value: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total equity securities (1) Includes perpetual securities Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value 2017 $ 30,109   30,109   $ 1,121   1,121   $ 0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1,370   1,370   269   0   269   7,886   0   7,886   1,807   102   1,909   8,908   0   8,908   32,327   0   32,327   53,790   6   0   6   $ $ $ $ $ $ 0   0   0   30,109   1,001   0   1,001   $ $ $ 145 0   0   0   0   0   175   175   0   68   68   0   0   0   0   25   25   0   146   146   414   0   16   16   $ 31,230   31,230   1,370   1,370   269   175   444   7,886   68   7,954   1,807   102   1,909   8,908   25   8,933   32,327   146   32,473   84,313 (1) 1,007   16   1,023   $ $ $                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost: Fixed maturity securities: Government and agencies: Third party pricing vendor Total government and agencies Municipalities: Third party pricing vendor Total municipalities Mortgage- and asset-backed securities: Third party pricing vendor Broker/other Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities Public utilities: Third party pricing vendor Total public utilities Sovereign and supranational: Third party pricing vendor Total sovereign and supranational Banks/financial institutions: Third party pricing vendor Total banks/financial institutions Other corporate: Third party pricing vendor Total other corporate Total securities held to maturity Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value 2017 $ 26,491   26,491   $ 0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   462   462   8   0   8   3,698   3,698   1,835   1,835   2,387   2,387   0   0   26,491   $ 3,172   3,172   11,562   $ $ $ 0   0   0   0   0   19   19   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   19   $ 26,491   26,491   462   462   8   19   27   3,698   3,698   1,835   1,835   2,387   2,387   3,172   3,172   38,072   $ The following is a discussion of the determination of fair value of the Company's remaining financial instruments. Derivatives The Company uses derivative instruments to manage the risk associated with certain assets. However, the derivative instrument may not be classified in the same fair value hierarchy level as the associated asset. The Company uses pricing models to determine the estimated fair value of derivatives. Inputs used to value derivatives include, but are not limited to, interest rates, credit spreads, foreign currency forward and spot rates, and interest volatility. The significant inputs to pricing derivatives are generally observable in the market or can be derived by observable market data. When these inputs are observable, the derivatives are classified as Level 2. The fair values of the foreign currency forwards and options associated with certain investments; the foreign currency forwards and options used to hedge foreign exchange risk from the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan and economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen; and the foreign currency swaps associated with certain senior notes are based on the amounts the Company would expect to receive or pay. The determination of the fair value of these derivatives is based on observable market inputs, therefore they are classified as Level 2. To determine the fair value of its interest rate derivatives, the Company uses inputs that are generally observable in the market or can be derived from observable market data. Interest rate swaps are cleared trades. In a cleared swap contract the clearinghouse provides benefits to the counterparties similar to contracts listed for investment traded on an exchange since it maintains a daily margin to mitigate counterparties credit risk. These derivatives are priced using 146                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data observable inputs, accordingly, they are classified as Level 2. For its interest rate swaptions, the Company estimates their fair values using observable market data, including interest rate curves and volatilities. Their fair values are also classified as Level 2. For derivatives associated with VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company is not the direct counterparty to the swap contracts. As a result, the fair value measurements incorporate the credit risk of the collateral associated with the VIE. The Company receives valuations from a third party pricing vendor for these derivatives. Based on an analysis of these derivatives and a review of the methodology employed by the pricing vendor, the Company determined that due to the long duration of these swaps and the need to extrapolate from short-term observable data to derive and measure long-term inputs, certain inputs, assumptions and judgments are required to value future cash flows that cannot be corroborated by current inputs or current observable market data. As a result, the derivatives associated with the Company's consolidated VIEs are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Other investments Other investments where fair value is disclosed above include short-term investments and loan receivables. Loan receivables include transitional real estate loans, commercial mortgage loans, and middle market loans. The Company's loan receivables do not have readily determinable market prices and generally lack market liquidity. Fair values for loan receivables are determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the applicable U.S. Treasury or London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) yield plus an appropriate spread that considers other risk factors, such as credit and liquidity risk. These spreads are provided by the applicable asset managers based on their knowledge of the current loan pricing environment and market conditions. The spreads are a significant component of the pricing inputs and are generally considered unobservable. Therefore, these investments have been assigned a Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. Other policyholders' funds The largest component of the other policyholders' funds liability is the Company's annuity line of business in Aflac Japan. The Company's annuities have fixed benefits and premiums. For this product, the Company estimates the fair value to be equal to the cash surrender value. This is analogous to the value paid to policyholders on the valuation date if they were to surrender their policy. The Company periodically checks the cash value against discounted cash flow projections for reasonableness. The Company considers its inputs for this valuation to be unobservable and have accordingly classified this valuation as Level 3. Notes payable The fair values of the Company's publicly issued notes payable are determined by utilizing available sources of observable inputs from third party pricing vendors and are classified as Level 2. The fair values of the Company's yen-denominated loans approximate their carrying values and are classified as Level 3. Transfers between Hierarchy Levels and Level 3 Rollforward There were no transfers between Level 1 and 2 for assets and liabilities that are measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The following tables present the changes in fair value of the Company's investments and derivatives carried at fair value classified as Level 3 as of December 31. 147 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 2018 Fixed Maturity Securities Equity Securities Derivatives (1) Mortgage- and Asset- Backed Securities $ 175   $ Public Utilities   68   $ Banks/ Financial Institutions Other Corporate Foreign Currency Swaps 25   $ 146   $ 16 $ 22   $ Credit Default Swaps   Total 1   $ 453   0   2   0   0   0   0   0   0   177   $ 0   1   40   0   0   0   0   0   109   0 (2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   1   56   0   0   (6) 16   0   $ 23   $ 213   $ 0   $ 0   $ 0   $ 0   $ $ $ (1) 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 46 (1) $ $ 54   4   0   0   0   0   0   0   80   $ (1) 0   52   6   127   0   0   0   0   0   (6)   0   16   0   0   0   0   $ 648   54   $ (1)   $ 52   (In millions) Balance, beginning of period Realized investment gains (losses) included in earnings Unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss) Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: Purchases Issuances Sales Settlements Transfers into Level 3 Transfers out of Level 3 Balance, end of period Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the end of the period included in realized investment gains (losses) (1) Derivative assets and liabilities are presented net 2017 Fixed Maturity Securities Equity Securities Derivatives (1) (In millions) Balance, beginning of period Realized investment gains (losses) included in earnings Unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss) Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: Purchases Issuances Sales Settlements Transfers into Level 3 Transfers out of Level 3 Balance, end of period Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at the end of the period included in realized investment gains (losses) Mortgage- and Asset- Backed Securities $ 198   $ Public Utilities   16   $ Banks/ Financial Institutions Other Corporate 25   $ 0   $ 0   3   0   0   0   (26) 0   0   175   $ 0   0   76   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   (2) (24) 68   $ 0   25   $ 0   2   122   0   (2) 0   (2) 24 0   146   $ 0   $ 0   $ 0   $ 0   $ $ $ (1) Derivative assets and liabilities are presented net (2) Transfer due to sector classification change (3) Transfer due to change in accounting method 148 Foreign Currency Swaps $ (21)   $ Credit Default Swaps   Total 2   $ 223   43   0   0   0   0   0   0   (1) 0   0   0   0   0   0   42   5   214   0   (3)   (26)   24   (3) $ $ 0   22   $ 0   (26)   1   $ 453   43   $ (1)   $ 42   3 0 0 16 0 (1) 0 0 (2) 16 0                                                                                                                                                                       Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Fair Value Sensitivity Level 3 Significant Unobservable Input Sensitivity The following tables summarize the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of the Company's Level 3 investments and derivatives carried at fair value as of December 31. Included in the tables are the inputs or range of possible inputs that have an effect on the overall valuation of the financial instruments. 2018   Fair Value   Valuation Technique(s) Unobservable Input   Range (Weighted Average) (In millions) Assets: Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: Mortgage- and asset-backed securities     $ 177     Consensus pricing Offered quotes Public utilities Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Equity securities Other assets: 109     23     213     46     Discounted cash flow   Credit spreads Consensus pricing Offered quotes Discounted cash flow   Credit spreads Net asset value Offered quotes N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Foreign currency swaps 125     Discounted cash flow   Interest rates (USD) 2.75% - 2.84% Interest rates (JPY) .18% - .71% CDS spreads 19 - 120 bps 57     Discounted cash flow   Interest rates (USD) 2.75% - 2.84% Interest rates (JPY) .18% - .71%     $ 750     Total assets Liabilities: Other liabilities: Foreign currency swaps     $ 98     Discounted cash flow   Interest rates (USD) 2.75% - 2.84% Interest rates (JPY) .18% - .71% CDS spreads 28 - 211 bps 4     Discounted cash flow   Interest rates (USD) 2.75% - 2.84% Interest rates (JPY) .18% - .71% Total liabilities     $ 102     (a) N/A represents securities where the Company receives unadjusted broker quotes and for which there is no transparency into the providers' valuation techniques or unobservable inputs. (b) Inputs derived from U.S. long-term rates to accommodate long maturity nature of the Company's swaps (c) Inputs derived from Japan long-term rates to accommodate long maturity nature of the Company's swaps (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (b) (c) (b) (c) (b) (c) (b) (c) 149                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Assets: Securities available for sale, carried at fair value: Fixed maturity securities: 2017   Fair Value   Valuation Technique(s) Unobservable Input   Range (Weighted Average) Mortgage- and asset-backed securities     $ 175     Consensus pricing Offered quotes Public utilities Banks/financial institutions Other corporate Equity securities Other assets: 68     25     146     16     Discounted cash flow   Credit spreads Consensus pricing Offered quotes Discounted cash flow   Credit spreads Net asset value Offered quotes N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Foreign currency swaps 80     Discounted cash flow   Interest rates (USD) 2.40% - 2.54% Interest rates (JPY) .26% - .85% CDS spreads 9 - 90 bps 70     Discounted cash flow   Interest rates (USD) 2.40% - 2.54% Interest rates (JPY) .26% - .85% Credit default swaps 1     Discounted cash flow   Base correlation   46.33% - 49.65% CDS spreads Recovery rate 25 bps 37.24% Total assets Liabilities: Other liabilities:     $ 581     Foreign currency swaps     $ 120     Discounted cash flow   Interest rates (USD) 2.40% - 2.54% Interest rates (JPY) .26% - .85% CDS spreads 13 - 157 bps 8     Discounted cash flow   Interest rates (USD) 2.40% - 2.54% Interest rates (JPY) .26% - .85% Total liabilities     $ 128     (a) N/A represents securities where the Company receives unadjusted broker quotes and for which there is no transparency into the providers' valuation techniques or unobservable inputs. (b) Inputs derived from U.S. long-term rates to accommodate long maturity nature of the Company's swaps (c) Inputs derived from Japan long-term rates to accommodate long maturity nature of the Company's swaps (d) Range of base correlation for the Company's bespoke tranche for attachment and detachment points corresponding to market indices 150 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (b) (c) (b) (c) (d) (b) (c) (b) (c)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The following is a discussion of the significant unobservable inputs or valuation techniques used in determining the fair value of securities and derivatives classified as Level 3. Net Asset Value The Company holds certain unlisted equity securities whose fair value is derived based on the financial statements published by the investee. These securities do not trade on an active market and the valuations derived are dependent on the availability of timely financial reporting of the investee. Net asset value is an unobservable input in the determination of fair value of equity securities. Offered Quotes In circumstances where the Company's valuation model price is overridden because it implies a value that is not consistent with current market conditions, the Company will solicit bids from a limited number of brokers. The Company also receives unadjusted prices from brokers for its mortgage and asset-backed securities. These quotes are non-binding but are reflective of valuation best estimates at that particular point in time. Offered quotes are an unobservable input in the determination of fair value of mortgage- and asset-backed securities, certain banks/financial institutions, certain other corporate, and equity securities investments. Interest Rates and CDS Spreads The significant drivers of the valuation of the interest and foreign exchange swaps are interest rates and CDS spreads. Some of the Company's swaps have long maturities that increase the sensitivity of the swaps to interest rate fluctuations. For the Company's foreign exchange or cross currency swaps that are in a net asset position, an increase in yen interest rates (all other factors held constant) will decrease the present value of the yen final settlement receivable (receive leg), thus decreasing the value of the swap as long as the derivative remains in a net asset position. Foreign exchange swaps also have a lump-sum final settlement of foreign exchange principal amounts at the termination of the swap. Assuming all other factors are held constant, an increase in yen interest rates will decrease the receive leg and decrease the net value of the swap. Likewise, holding all other factors constant, an increase in U.S. dollar interest rates will increase the swap's net value due to the decrease in the present value of the dollar final settlement payable (pay leg). The extinguisher feature in most of the Company's VIE swaps results in a cessation of cash flows and no further payments between the parties to the swap in the event of a default on the referenced or underlying collateral. To price this feature, the Company applies the survival probability of the referenced entity to the projected cash flows. The survival probability uses the CDS spreads and recovery rates to adjust the present value of the cash flows. For extinguisher swaps with positive values, an increase in CDS spreads decreases the likelihood of receiving the final exchange payments and reduces the value of the swap. For additional information on the Company's investments and financial instruments, see the accompanying Notes 1, 3 and 4. 6. DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS AND INSURANCE EXPENSES Consolidated policy acquisition costs deferred were $1.5 billion in 2018 , compared with $1.5 billion in 2017 and $1.4 billion in 2016 . The following table presents a rollforward of deferred policy acquisition costs by segment for the years ended December 31. (In millions) Deferred policy acquisition costs: Balance, beginning of year Capitalization Amortization Foreign currency translation and other Balance, end of year 2018 2017 Japan U.S. Japan U.S.   $ 6,150       $ 3,355       $ 5,765       $ 3,228   833     (710)     111     669     (534)     1     839     (630)     176     629   (502)   0     $ 6,384       $ 3,491       $ 6,150       $ 3,355   151                                                                  Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Commissions deferred as a percentage of total acquisition costs deferred were 72% in 2018 , compared with 72% in 2017 and 74% in 2016 . Personnel, compensation and benefit expenses as a percentage of insurance expenses were 54% in 2018 , compared with 56% in 2017 and 53% in 2016 . Advertising expense, which is included in insurance expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, was as follows for the years ended December 31: (In millions) Advertising expense: Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Total advertising expense 2018 2017 2016   $ 108       $ 100       $ 100   110     110     124     $ 218       $ 210       $ 224   Depreciation and other amortization expenses, which are included in insurance expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, were as follows for the years ended December 31: (In millions) Depreciation expense Other amortization expense 2018 2017 2016   $ 48       $ 50       $ 48   1     3     6   Total depreciation and other amortization expense   $ 49       $ 53       $ 54   Lease and rental expense, which are included in insurance expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, were as follows for the years ended December 31: (In millions) Lease and rental expense: Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Other Total lease and rental expense 7. POLICY LIABILITIES 2018 2017 2016   $ 53     16     4       $ 52     21     2       $ 53   21   1     $ 73       $ 75       $ 75   Policy liabilities consist of future policy benefits, unpaid policy claims, unearned premiums, and other policyholders' funds, which accounted for 84% , 4% , 5% and 7% of total policy liabilities at December 31, 2018 , respectively. The Company regularly reviews the adequacy of its policy liabilities in total and by component. The liability for future policy benefits as of December 31 consisted of the following: 152                                                                                 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Health insurance: Japan: U.S.: Policy Issue Year 2018 2017 Year of Issue In 20 Years Liability Amounts Interest Rates 1992 - 2018   1974 - 2013   1998 - 2018   1997 - 1999   1994 - 1996   1987 - 1994   1985 - 1991   1978 - 1984   2013 - 2018   2012 - 2018   2011   2005 - 2010   1988 - 2004   1986 - 2004   1981 - 1986   1998 - 2004   Other   $ 11,598   $ 10,167   1.0 - 2.5 %   1.0 - 2.5 % 1,161   12,764   2,452   3,056   14,722   1,779   1,964   96   1,682   353   2,946   641   1,245   151   1,311   17   1,133   12,386   2,454   3,046   14,829   1,816   2,037   82   1,366   343   2,944   656   1,296   159   1,310   18   2.7 - 2.75   2.25 - 2.75   3.0   3.5   4.0 - 4.5   5.5   5.25 - 6.75   6.5   3.0   3.5   4.0 - 4.5   5.5   5.25 - 5.5   5.5   3.0 - 3.5   3.0 - 3.5   3.75   4.75   5.5   8.0   6.0   6.5 - 7.0   7.0   3.75   4.75   5.5   6.0   6.0   5.5 - 6.5   7.0   Intercompany eliminations: 2015   (583) (1) (609) (1) 2.0   2.0   Life insurance: Japan: 2001 - 2018   2011 - 2017   2009 - 2011   1992 - 2006   2005 - 2011   1985 - 2006   2007 - 2011   1999 - 2011   1996 - 2009   1994 - 1996   10,296   5,116   3,867   5   1,769   2,057   1,380   2,249   678   901   8,850   4,763   3,393   5   1,642   2,048   1,319   2,189   675   908   1.0 - 1.85   1.0 - 1.85   2.0   2.25   2.19   2.5   2.7   2.75   3.0   3.5   2.0   2.25   1.55   2.5   2.25   2.75   3.0   3.5   4.0 - 4.5   4.0 - 4.5   U.S.: Total 1956 - 2018   695   632   3.5 - 6.0   3.5 - 6.0   $ 86,368   $ 81,857   (1) Elimination entry necessary due to recapture of a portion of policy liabilities ceded externally, as a result of the reinsurance retrocession transaction as described in Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements The weighted-average interest rates reflected in the consolidated statements of earnings for future policy benefits for Japanese policies were 3.3% in 2018 , compared with 3.4% in 2017 and 3.5% in 2016 ; and for U.S. policies, 5.3% in 2018 , compared with 5.4% in 2017 and 5.5% in 2016 . 153                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in the liability for unpaid policy claims were as follows for the years ended December 31: (In millions) 2018 2017 2016 Unpaid supplemental health claims, beginning of period   $ 3,884       $ 3,707       $ 3,548   Less reinsurance recoverables Net balance, beginning of period Add claims incurred during the period related to: Current year Prior years Total incurred Less claims paid during the period on claims incurred during: Current year Prior years Total paid Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on unpaid claims Net balance, end of period Add reinsurance recoverables Unpaid supplemental health claims, end of period Unpaid life claims, end of period Total liability for unpaid policy claims 30     3,854     7,101     (563)     6,538     4,612     1,898     6,510     43     3,925     27     3,952     632     27     3,680     6,979     (518)     6,461     4,530     1,822     6,352     65     3,854     30     3,884     508     26   3,522   7,037   (465)   6,572   4,613   1,865   6,478   64   3,680   27   3,707   338     $ 4,584       $ 4,392       $ 4,045   The incurred claims development related to prior years reflects favorable claims experience compared to previous estimates. The favorable claims development of $563 million for 2018 comprises approximately $419 million from Japan, which represents approximately 74% of the total. Excluding the impact of foreign exchange of a gain of approximately $14 million from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 , the favorable claims development in Japan would have been approximately $404 million , representing approximately 72% of the total. The Company has experienced continued favorable claim trends in 2018 for its core health products in Japan. The Company's experience in Japan related to the average length of stay in the hospital for cancer treatment has shown continued decline in the current period. In addition, cancer treatment patterns in Japan are continuing to be influenced by significant advances in early-detection techniques and by the increased use of pathological diagnosis rather than clinical exams. Additionally, follow-up radiation and chemotherapy treatments are occurring more often on an outpatient basis. Such changes in treatment not only increase the quality of life and initial outcomes for the patients, but also decrease the average length of each hospital stay, resulting in favorable claims development. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , unearned premiums consisted primarily of discounted advance premiums on deposit. Discounted advance premiums are premiums on deposit from policyholders in conjunction with their purchase of certain Aflac Japan limited-pay insurance products. These advanced premiums are deferred upon collection and recognized as premium revenue over the contractual premium payment period. These advanced premiums represented 69% of the December 31, 2018 and 73% of the December 31, 2017 unearned premiums balances. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the largest component of the other policyholders' funds liability was the Company's annuity line of business in Aflac Japan. The Company's annuities have fixed benefits and premiums. These annuities represented 97% of other policyholders' funds liability at December 31, 2018 , compared with 98% at December 31, 2017 . 154                                                                                                                               Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 8. REINSURANCE The Company periodically enters into fixed quota-share coinsurance agreements with other companies in the normal course of business. For each of its reinsurance agreements, the Company determines whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk in accordance with applicable accounting standards. Reinsurance premiums and benefits paid or provided are accounted for on bases consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Premiums and benefits are reported net of insurance ceded. The Company has recorded a deferred profit liability related to reinsurance transactions. The remaining deferred profit liability of $1.0 billion , as of December 31, 2018 , is included in future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheet and is being amortized into income over the expected lives of the policies. The Company has also recorded a reinsurance recoverable for reinsurance transactions, which is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet and had a remaining balance of $941 million and $908 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The increase in the reinsurance recoverable balance was driven by two aggregating factors: yen strengthening and the growth in reserves related to the business that has been reinsured as the policies age. The spot yen/dollar exchange rate strengthened by approximately 2% and ceded reserves increased approximately 2% from December 31, 2017 , to December 31, 2018 . The following table reconciles direct premium income and direct benefits and claims to net amounts after the effect of reinsurance for the years ended December 31. (In millions) Direct premium income Ceded to other companies: Ceded Aflac Japan closed blocks Other Assumed from other companies: Retrocession activities Other Net premium income Direct benefits and claims Ceded benefits and change in reserves for future benefits: Ceded Aflac Japan closed blocks Eliminations Other Assumed from other companies: Retrocession activities Eliminations Other Benefits and claims, net 2018 2017 2016 $ 19,018   $ 18,875   $ 19,592   $ $ (497)   (58)   208   6   18,677   12,293   (450)   43   (44)   209   (53)   2   $ $ (515)   (51)   216   6   18,531   12,486   (473)   51   (44)   209   (51)   3   $ $ (560)   (48)   234   7   19,225   13,240   (509)   58   (38)   222   (58)   4   $ 12,000   $ 12,181   $ 12,919   These reinsurance transactions are indemnity reinsurance that do not relieve the Company from its obligations to policyholders. In the event that the reinsurer is unable to meet their obligations, the Company remains liable for the reinsured claims. As a part of its capital contingency plan, the Company entered into a committed reinsurance facility agreement on December 1, 2015 in the amount of approximately 110 billion yen of reserves. This reinsurance facility agreement was renewed in 2018 and is effective until December 31, 2019. There are also additional commitment periods of a one-year duration each of which are automatically extended unless notification is received from the reinsurer within 60 days prior to the expiration. The reinsurer can withdraw from the committed facility if Aflac‘s Standard and Poor's (S&P) rating drops below BBB-. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had not executed a reinsurance treaty under this committed reinsurance facility. 155                                                                                                                                                                                 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 9. NOTES PAYABLE A summary of notes payable as of December 31 follows: (In millions) 2.40% senior notes paid November 2018 4.00% senior notes due February 2022 3.625% senior notes due June 2023 3.625% senior notes due November 2024 3.25% senior notes due March 2025 2.875% senior notes due October 2026 6.90% senior notes due December 2039 6.45% senior notes due August 2040 4.00% senior notes due October 2046 4.750% senior notes due January 2049 Yen-denominated senior notes and subordinated debentures: .932% senior notes due January 2027 (principal amount 60.0 billion yen) 1.159% senior notes due October 2030 (principal amount 29.3 billion yen) 1.488% senior notes due October 2033 (principal amount 15.2 billion yen) 1.750% senior notes due October 2038 (principal amount 8.9 billion yen) 2.108% subordinated debentures due October 2047 (principal amount 60.0 billion yen) Yen-denominated loans: 2018 2017 $ 0   348   698   746   447   297   220   254   394   540   538   262   136   79   536   225   13   $ 548   348   697   745   446   297   220   254   394   0   528   0   0   0   526   44   220   22   $ 5,778   $ 5,289   Variable interest rate loan due September 2021 (.32% in 2018 and 2017, principal amount 5.0 billion yen)   45   Variable interest rate loan due September 2023 (.47% in 2018 and 2017, principal amount 25.0 billion yen) Capitalized lease obligations payable through 2025 Total notes payable Amounts in the table above are reported net of debt issuance costs and issuance premiums or discounts, if applicable, that are being amortized over the life of the notes. In October 2018, the Parent Company issued $550 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.750% per annum, payable semi-annually, and have a 30 -year maturity. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the yield to maturity for a United States Treasury security with a maturity comparable to the remaining term of the notes, plus 25 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date. In October 2018, the Parent Company issued three series of senior notes totaling 53.4 billion yen through a public debt offering under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The first series, which totaled 29.3 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.159% per annum, payable semi- annually, and has a 12 -year maturity. The second series, which totaled 15.2 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.488% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 15 -year maturity. The third series, which totaled 8.9 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.750% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 20 -year maturity. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance. In October 2017, the Parent Company issued 60.0 billion yen of subordinated debentures through a U.S. public debt offering. The debentures bear interest at an initial rate of 2.108% per annum through October 22, 2027, or earlier redemption. Thereafter, the rate of the interest of the debentures will be reset every five years at a rate of interest equal to the then-current JPY 5-year Swap Offered Rate plus 205 basis points. The debentures are payable semi-annually in arrears and have a 30 -year maturity. The debentures are redeemable (i) at any time, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain tax events or certain rating agency events, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the 156                                                                                                                                               Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data debentures or (ii) on or after October 23, 2027, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. In January 2017, the Parent Company issued 60.0 billion yen of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of .932% per annum, payable semi-annually, and have a 10 -year maturity. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance. In September 2016, the Parent Company issued two series of senior notes totaling $700 million through a U.S. public debt offering. The first series, which totaled $300 million , bears interest at a fixed rate of 2.875% per annum, payable semi-annually and has a 10 -year maturity. The second series, which totaled $400 million , bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.00% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 30 -year maturity. In September 2016, the Parent Company entered into two series of senior unsecured term loan facilities totaling 30.0 billion yen. The first series, which totaled 5.0 billion yen, bears an interest rate per annum equal to the Tokyo interbank market rate (TIBOR), or alternate TIBOR, if applicable, plus the applicable TIBOR margin and has a five -year maturity. The applicable margin ranges between .20% and .60%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination. The second series, which totaled 25.0 billion yen, bears an interest rate per annum equal to TIBOR, or alternate TIBOR, if applicable, plus the applicable TIBOR margin and has a seven -year maturity. The applicable margin ranges between .35% and .75%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination. In March 2015, the Parent Company issued two series of senior notes totaling $1.0 billion through a U.S. public debt offering. The first series, which totaled $550 million , bore interest at a fixed rate of 2.40% per annum, payable semi-annually, and had a five -year maturity. The second series, which totaled $450 million , bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.25% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 10 -year maturity. The Parent Company has entered into cross-currency swaps that convert the U.S. dollar-denominated principal and interest on the senior notes into yen- denominated obligations which results in lower nominal net interest rates on the debt. By entering into these cross-currency swaps, the Parent Company economically converted its $550 million liability into a 67.0 billion yen liability and reduced the interest rate on this debt from 2.40% in dollars to .24% in yen, and the Parent Company economically converted its $450 million liability into a 55.0 billion yen liability and reduced the interest rate on this debt from 3.25% in dollars to .82% in yen. In November 2018, the Parent Company used the net proceeds from the October 2018 issuance of its senior notes to redeem $550 million of the Parent Company's 2.40% senior notes due 2020. In November 2014, the Parent Company issued $750 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.625% per annum, payable semi-annually, and have a 10 -year maturity. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the treasury rate plus 20 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date. The Parent Company entered into cross-currency interest rate swaps to reduce interest expense by converting the U.S. dollar-denominated principal and interest on the senior notes it issued into yen-denominated obligations. By entering into the swaps, the Parent Company economically converted its $750 million liability into an 85.3 billion yen liability and reduced the interest rate on this debt from 3.625% in dollars to 1.00% in yen. In June 2013, the Parent Company issued $700 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.625% per annum, payable semi-annually, and have a 10 -year maturity. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the treasury rate plus 20 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date. The Parent Company had entered into cross-currency interest rate swaps to reduce interest expense by converting the U.S. dollar-denominated principal and interest on the senior notes it issued into yen-denominated obligations. By entering into these swaps, the Parent Company economically converted its $700 million liability into a 69.8 billion yen liability and reduced the interest rate on this debt from 3.625% in dollars to 1.50% in yen. 157 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data In February 2012, the Parent Company issued $350 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.00% per annum, payable semiannually, and have a 10-year maturity. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the principal amount of the notes or (ii) the present value of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest to be redeemed, discounted to the redemption date, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Parent Company entered into cross-currency interest rate swaps to reduce interest expense by converting the U.S. dollar-denominated principal and interest on the senior notes it issued into yen-denominated obligations. By entering into these swaps, the Parent Company economically converted its $350 million liability into a 27.0 billion yen liability and reduced the interest rate on this debt from 4.00% in dollars to 2.07% in yen. In 2010 and 2009, the Parent Company issued senior notes through U.S. public debt offerings; the details of these notes are as follows. In August 2010, the Parent Company issued $450 million of senior notes that have a 30 -year maturity. In December 2009, the Parent Company issued $400 million of senior notes that have a 30 -year maturity. These senior notes pay interest semiannually and are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the principal amount of the notes or (ii) the present value of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest to be redeemed, discounted to the redemption date, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In December 2016, the Parent Company completed a tender offer in which it extinguished $176 million principal of its 6.90% senior notes due 2039 and $193 million principal of its 6.45% senior notes due 2040. The pretax loss due to the early redemption of these notes was $137 million . For the Company's yen-denominated notes and loans, the principal amount as stated in dollar terms will fluctuate from period to period due to changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate. The Company has designated the majority of its yen-denominated notes payable as a nonderivative hedge of the foreign currency exposure of the Company's investment in Aflac Japan. The aggregate contractual maturities of notes payable during each of the years after December 31, 2018 , are as follows: (In millions) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total Capitalized Lease Obligations $ 5   3   2   1   1   1   $ 13   Total Notes Payable $ 5   3   47   351   926   4,494   $ 5,826   Long-term Debt $ 0   0   45   350   925   4,493   $ 5,813   158                                                                           Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data A summary of the Company's lines of credit as of December 31, 2018 follows: Borrower Type Original Term Expiration Date Capacity Outstanding Interest Rate on Borrowed Amount Maturity Period Amount Aflac Incorporated and Aflac uncommitted bilateral 364 days December 27, 2019 $100 million $0 million March 31, 2019, or the date commitments are terminated pursuant to an event of default 100.0 billion yen 0.0 billion yen Aflac Incorporated unsecured revolving 3 years Aflac Incorporated and Aflac unsecured revolving 5 years April 4, 2023, or the date commitments are terminated pursuant to an event of default 55.0 billion yen, or the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars 0.0 billion yen Aflac Incorporated and Aflac uncommitted bilateral None specified None specified $50 million $0 million No later than March 31, 2019 The rate quoted by the bank and agreed upon at the time of borrowing Up to 3 months A rate per annum equal to (a) Tokyo interbank market rate (TIBOR) plus, the alternative applicable TIBOR margin during the availability period from the closing date to the commitment termination date or (b) the TIBOR rate offered by the agent to major banks in yen for the applicable period plus, the applicable alternative TIBOR margin during the term out period A rate per annum equal to, at the Company's option, either, (a) London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) adjusted for certain costs or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds rate plus 1/2 of 1%, (2) the rate of interest for such day announced by Mizuho Bank, Ltd. as its prime rate, or (3) the eurocurrency rate for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, in each case plus an applicable margin A rate per annum equal to, at the Parent Company's option, either (a) a eurocurrency rate determined by reference to the agent's LIBOR for the interest period relevant to such borrowing or (b) the base rate determined by reference to the greater of (i) the prime rate as determined by the agent, and (ii) the sum of 0.50% and the federal funds rate for such day Up to 3 months No later than April 4, 2023 Commitment Fee Business Purpose None .30% to .50%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination General corporate purposes General corporate purposes, including a capital contingency plan for the operations of the Parent Company .085% to .225%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination General corporate purposes, including a capital contingency plan for the operations of the Parent Company None General corporate purposes General corporate purposes General corporate purposes Aflac (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days November 29, 2019 $250 million $0 million USD three-month LIBOR plus 75 basis points per annum 3 months None Aflac Incorporated (1) uncommitted revolving 364 days April 2, 2019 50.0 billion yen 0.0 billion yen Three-month TIBOR plus 80 basis points per annum 3 months None (1) Intercompany credit agreement The Parent Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of its notes payable and lines of credit at December 31, 2018 . No events of default or defaults occurred during 2018 and 2017 . 159 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 10. INCOME TAXES The components of income tax expense (benefit) applicable to pretax earnings for the years ended December 31 were as follows: (In millions) Current Deferred Total income tax expense 2017: Current Deferred Total income tax expense 2016: Current Deferred Total income tax expense Foreign U.S. Total 2018:       $   $   $   $   $   $ 771     93     864     722     (24)     698     650     136     786       $   $   $ 608     (409)     199     (91)     (1,193)       $ (1,284)       $   $ 234     388     622       $ 1,379   (316)     $ 1,063     $   $   $ 631   (1,217)   (586)   884   524     $ 1,408   The Japan income tax rate for the fiscal year 2016 was 28.8% . The rate was reduced to 28.2% for the fiscal year 2017 and was further reduced to 28.0% for the fiscal year 2018. For the United States, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) was signed into law on December 22, 2017. Effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act imposed a broad number of changes in tax law, including the permanent reduction of the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% . In accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (SAB 118) issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in December 2017, the Company recorded provisional amounts for certain items for which the income tax accounting was not complete. As of the enactment date, the Company estimated provisional amounts for its deferred taxes, including related valuation allowance, resulting in a reduction of its deferred tax assets (DTAs) by approximately $1.0 billion and its deferred tax liabilities (DTLs) by $2.9 billion , for a net DTL reduction of approximately $1.9 billion . The provisions of ASC 740-10, Income Taxes , require that the effects of changes in tax law on deferred taxes be recognized as a component of the income tax provision in the period the tax rate change was enacted. Therefore, the $1.9 billion provisional amount of net DTL reduction was recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017 as a reduction in the “Income tax expense, Deferred” line item of the Company’s consolidated statement of earnings. In 2018, the Company recorded additional income tax expense of $.4 million resulting from a decrease in the SAB 118 provisional estimate related to Japan deferred tax balances. No further adjustment was made to the SAB 118 provisional estimate related to the valuation allowance. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has completed its accounting for the Tax Act in accordance with SAB 118. Income tax expense in the accompanying statements of earnings varies from the amount computed by applying the expected U.S. tax rate of 21% in 2018 and 35% in 2017 and 2016 to pretax earnings. The principal reasons for the differences and the related tax effects for the years ended December 31 were as follows: (In millions) 2018 2017 2016 Income taxes based on U.S. statutory rates   $ 836       $ 1,406       $ 1,424   Foreign rate differential Write-down of U.S. deferred tax liabilities for tax reform change Utilization of foreign tax credit Nondeductible expenses Other, net Income tax expense 220 0     (3)     21     (11)     0     (1,933)     (27)     10     (42)     0   0   (30)   8   6     $ 1,063       $ (586)       $ 1,408   160                                                                                                                       Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Total income tax expense for the years ended December 31 was allocated as follows: (In millions) Statements of earnings Other comprehensive income (loss): 2018 2017 2016   $ 1,063       $ (586)       $ 1,408   Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period 10     52     70   Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities: Unrealized holding gains (losses) on investment securities during period Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses on investment securities included in net earnings Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period Pension liability adjustment during period Total income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) Additional paid-in capital (exercise of stock options) (787)     575     (12)     0     (8)     (797)     0     1     0     3     631     0     962   18   1   (16)   1,035   (10)   Total income taxes   $ 266       $ 45       $ 2,433   The income tax effects of the temporary differences that gave rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 were as follows: (In millions) Deferred income tax liabilities: Deferred policy acquisition costs Unrealized gains and other basis differences on investments Premiums receivable Policy benefit reserves Total deferred income tax liabilities Deferred income tax assets: Unfunded retirement benefits Other accrued expenses Policy and contract claims Foreign currency loss on Aflac Japan Deferred compensation Capital loss carryforwards Depreciation Anticipatory foreign tax credit Deferred foreign tax credit Other Total deferred income tax assets before valuation allowance Valuation allowance Total deferred income tax assets after valuation allowance Net deferred income tax liability Current income tax liability Total income tax liability 2018 2017   $ 3,404       $ 3,285   1,307     149     3,828     8,688     8     40     775     38     163     5     119     4,040     591     150     5,929     (738)     5,191     3,497     523     2,882   104   3,557   9,828   8   141   870   67   155   0   114   4,504   0   57   5,916   (657)   5,259   4,569   176     $ 4,020       $ 4,745   The application of U.S. GAAP requires the Company to evaluate the recoverability of deferred tax assets and establish a valuation allowance if necessary to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not expected to be realized. As noted above, the Company has determined a $577 million valuation allowance against its anticipatory foreign tax credit is necessary. The anticipatory foreign tax credit represents the foreign tax credit the Company will generate from the reversal of Japan deferred tax liabilities in the future. The Company has also determined a $161 million valuation allowance against its deferred foreign tax credits is necessary. Deferred foreign tax credits are foreign tax credits generated in the current tax year by the Japanese life company, but are unable to be utilized until 2019 161                                                                                                                                                                                                     Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data due to Japan's current tax year not closing until March 31, 2019. Based upon a review of the Company's anticipated future taxable income, and including all other available evidence, both positive and negative, the Company's management has concluded that, notwithstanding the items noted above, it is more likely than not that all other deferred tax assets will be realized. Under U.S. income tax rules, only 35% of non-life operating losses can be offset against life insurance taxable income each year . For current U.S. income tax purposes, as of December 31, 2018 , there were non-life operating loss carryforwards of $21 million available to offset against future taxable income. The Company has capital loss carryforwards of $22 million available to offset capital gains, of which $4 million expires in 2021 and $18 million expires in 2023. The Company files federal income tax returns in the United States and Japan as well as state or prefecture income tax returns in various jurisdictions in the two countries. The Company is currently under audit by the State of Georgia for tax years 2014-2016. There are currently no other open Federal, State, or local U.S. income tax audits. U.S. federal income tax returns for years before 2015 are no longer subject to examination. Japan corporate income tax returns for years before 2017 are no longer subject to examination. Management believes it has established adequate tax liabilities and final resolution of all open audits is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows for the years ended December 31: (In millions) Balance, beginning of year Additions for tax positions of prior years Reductions for tax positions of prior years Balance, end of year 2018   $ 14 1 0   2017     $ 294 0 (280)     $ 15   $ 14 Included in the balance of the liability for unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2018 , are $14 million of tax positions for which the ultimate deductibility is highly certain, but for which there is uncertainty about the timing of such deductibility, compared with $13 million at December 31, 2017 . Because of the impact of deferred tax accounting, other than interest and penalties, the disallowance of the shorter deductibility period would not affect the annual effective tax rate, but would accelerate the payment of cash to the taxing authority to an earlier period. The Company has accrued approximately $1 million as of December 31, 2018 , for permanent uncertainties, which if reversed would not have a material effect on the annual effective rate. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company recognized approximately $1 million in interest and penalties in 2018 , compared with $1 million in 2017 and $13 million in 2016 . The Company has accrued approximately $2 million for the payment of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2018 , compared with $2 million a year ago. As of December 31, 2018 , there were no material uncertain tax positions for which the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months. 11. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY See Note 1 for a discussion of the stock split that occurred in March 2018. All share and per-share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the stock split for any of the periods presented. 162             Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The following table is a reconciliation of the number of shares of the Company's common stock for the years ended December 31. (In thousands of shares) Common stock - issued: Balance, beginning of period Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted shares Balance, end of period Treasury stock: Balance, beginning of period Purchases of treasury stock: Open market Other Dispositions of treasury stock: Shares issued to AFL Stock Plan Exercise of stock options Other Balance, end of period Shares outstanding, end of period 2018 2017 2016 1,345,762   1,342,498   1,778   3,264   1,347,540   1,345,762   1,339,446 3,052 1,342,498 564,852   530,877   490,686 28,949   392   (1,306)   (519)   (114)   592,254   755,286   35,510   1,018   (1,782)   (734)   (37)   564,852   780,910   43,236 662 (2,130) (1,366) (211) 530,877 811,621 Outstanding share-based awards are excluded from the calculation of weighted-average shares used in the computation of basic EPS. The following table presents the approximate number of share-based awards to purchase shares, on a weighted-average basis, that were considered to be anti-dilutive and were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share at December 31: (In thousands) Anti-dilutive share-based awards 2018 2017 2016 44     510       1,822   The weighted-average shares used in calculating earnings per share for the years ended December 31 were as follows: (In thousands of shares) Weighted-average outstanding shares used for calculating basic EPS Dilutive effect of share-based awards Weighted-average outstanding shares used for calculating diluted EPS 2018 769,588   5,062   774,650   2017 792,042   5,819   797,861   2016 822,942 4,899 827,841 Share Repurchase Program: During 2018 , the Company repurchased 28.9 million shares of its common stock in the open market, compared with 35.5 million shares in 2017 and 43.2 million shares in 2016 . As of December 31, 2018 , a remaining balance of 69.0 million shares of the Company's common stock was available for purchase under share repurchase authorizations by its board of directors. Voting Rights: In accordance with the Parent Company's articles of incorporation, shares of common stock are generally entitled to one vote per share until they have been held by the same beneficial owner for a continuous period of 48 months , at which time they become entitled to 10 votes per share. Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income The tables below are reconciliations of accumulated other comprehensive income by component for the years ended December 31. 163                                                         Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Unrealized Foreign Currency Translation Gains (Losses) 2018 Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Pension Liability Adjustment Total (In millions) Balance, beginning of period $ (1,750)   $ 5,964   $ (23)   $ (163)   $ 4,028   Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle - financial instruments Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle - tax effects from tax reform Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 0   (148)   (325)   734   228   (2,350)   0   (3)   2   0   (148)   (32)   374   (30)   (2,150)   0   34   0   13   47   Balance, end of period $ (1,847)   $ 4,234   $ All amounts in the table above are net of tax. 228   (2,316)   2   (24)   (17)   (2,103)   $ (212)   $ 2,151   Unrealized Foreign Currency Translation Gains (Losses) 2017 Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Pension Liability Adjustment Total (In millions) Balance, beginning of period $ (1,983)   $ 4,805   $ (24)   $ (168)   $ 2,630   Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 233   1,158   0   1   233   1,159   Balance, end of period $ (1,750)   $ 5,964   $ All amounts in the table above are net of tax. 1   0   1   (23)   (6)   1,386   11   12   5   1,398   $ (163)   $ 4,028   164                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Unrealized Foreign Currency Translation Gains (Losses) 2016 Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Pension Liability Adjustment Total (In millions) Balance, beginning of period $ (2,196)   $ 2,986   $ (26)   $ (139)   $ 625   Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 213   1,854   0   (35)   213   1,819   Balance, end of period $ (1,983)   $ 4,805   $ All amounts in the table above are net of tax. 2   0   (32)   2,037   3   (32)   2   (24)   (29)   2,005   $ (168)   $ 2,630   For the year ended December 31, 2018 , see Note 1 for discussion of the amounts reclassified between AOCI and retained earnings upon the adoption of new accounting pronouncements. The tables below summarize the amounts reclassified from each component of accumulated other comprehensive income based on source for the years ended December 31. Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (In millions) Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities Amortization of defined benefit pension items: Actuarial gains (losses) Prior service (cost) credit Total reclassifications for the period 2018 Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income $ $ $ $ $ (63) 17 (46) 12 (34) (18) 0 5 (13) (47) Affected Line Item in the Statements of Earnings Other-than-temporary impairment losses realized Other gains (losses) Total before tax Tax (expense) or benefit (1) Net of tax Acquisition and operating expenses (2) Acquisition and operating expenses (2) Tax (expense) or benefit (1) Net of tax Net of tax (1) Based on 27% blended tax rate (2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 14 for additional details). 165                                                                                                                                                                 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities Amortization of defined benefit pension items: Actuarial gains (losses) Prior service (cost) credit Total reclassifications for the period 2017 Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income $ $ $ $ $ (29) 27 (2) 1 (1) (17) 0 6 (11) (12) Affected Line Item in the Statements of Earnings Other-than-temporary impairment losses realized Other gains (losses) Total before tax Tax (expense) or benefit (1) Net of tax Acquisition and operating expenses (2) Acquisition and operating expenses (2) Tax (expense) or benefit (1) Net of tax Net of tax (1) Based on 35% tax rate (2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 14 for additional details). (In millions) Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities Amortization of defined benefit pension items: Actuarial gains (losses) Prior service (cost) credit Total reclassifications for the period 2016 Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income $ $ $ $ $ (83) 136 53 (18) 35 (15) 11 1 (3) 32 Affected Line Item in the Statements of Earnings Other-than-temporary impairment losses realized Other gains (losses) Total before tax Tax (expense) or benefit (1) Net of tax Acquisition and operating expenses (2) Acquisition and operating expenses (2) Tax (expense) or benefit (1) Net of tax Net of tax (1) Based on 35% tax rate (2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 14 for additional details). 12. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION See Note 1 for a discussion of the stock split that occurred in March 2018. All share and per-share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the stock split for any of the periods presented. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has outstanding share-based awards under the Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "Plan"). Share-based awards are designed to reward employees for their long-term contributions to the Company and provide incentives for them to remain with the Company. The number and frequency of share-based awards are based on competitive practices, operating results of the Company, government regulations, and other factors. The Plan, as amended on February 14, 2017, allows for a maximum number of shares issuable over its term of 75 million shares including 38 million shares that may be awarded in respect of awards other than options or stock appreciation rights. If any awards granted under the Plan are forfeited or are terminated before being exercised or settled for any reason other than tax forfeiture, then the shares underlying the awards will again be available under the Plan. 166                                                                                                                             Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The Plan allows awards to Company employees for incentive stock options (ISOs), non-qualifying stock options (NQSOs), restricted stock, restricted stock units, and stock appreciation rights. Non-employee directors are eligible for grants of NQSOs, restricted stock, and stock appreciation rights. As of December 31, 2018 , approximately 40.3 million shares were available for future grants under this plan. The ISOs and NQSOs have a term of 10 years , and the share-based awards generally vest upon time-based conditions or time and performance-based conditions. Time-based vesting generally occurs after three years . Performance-based vesting conditions generally include the attainment of goals related to Company financial performance. As of December 31, 2018 , the only performance-based awards issued and outstanding were restricted stock awards. Stock options and stock appreciation rights granted under the amended Plan have an exercise price of at least the fair market value of the underlying stock on the grant date and have an expiration date no later than 10 years from the grant date. Time-based restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock options granted after January 1, 2017 generally vest on a ratable basis over three years , and awards granted prior to the amendment vest on a three-year cliff basis. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors has the discretion to determine vesting schedules . Share-based awards granted to U.S.-based grantees are settled with authorized but unissued Company stock, while those issued to Japan- based grantees are settled with treasury shares. Summary of Share-Based Compensation Expense Share-based compensation expense consists primarily of expenses for stock options, restricted stock awards (including performance based restricted stock awards), and restricted stock units granted to employees. The following table presents the impact of the expense recognized in connection with share-based awards for the periods ended December 31. (In millions, except for per-share amounts) Impact on earnings from continuing operations Impact on earnings before income taxes Impact on net earnings Impact on net earnings per share: Basic Diluted Stock Options 2018 2017 2016   $ 57   57   45     $ .06   .06     $ 51   51   35     $ .05   .05     $ 68   68   46     $ .06   .06   The following table summarizes stock option activity under the employee stock option plan. (In thousands of shares) Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Granted in 2016 Canceled in 2016 Exercised in 2016 Outstanding at December 31, 2016 Granted in 2017 Canceled in 2017 Exercised in 2017 Outstanding at December 31, 2017 Granted in 2018 Canceled in 2018 Exercised in 2018 Outstanding at December 31, 2018 Stock Option Shares 15,836   1,328   (362)   (4,122)   12,680   626   (236)   (5,766)   7,304   67   (167)   (1,874)   5,330   167 Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share $ 25.47   30.70   27.82   24.46   26.28   35.80   24.95   30.11   28.03   44.59   32.11   26.78   $ 28.54                                                                                                                                                   Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In thousands of shares) Shares exercisable, end of year 2018 3,917   2017 4,208   2016 8,986   The Company estimates the fair value of each stock option granted using the Black-Scholes-Merton multiple option approach. Expected volatility is based on historical periods generally commensurate with the estimated terms of the options. The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercise and termination patterns within the model. Separate groups of employees that have similar historical exercise patterns are stratified and considered separately for valuation purposes. The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the Company's option model and represents the weighted-average period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the Treasury note rate with a term comparable to that of the estimated term of the options. The weighted-average fair value of options at their grant date was $8.81 per share for 2018 , compared with $7.64 for 2017 and $6.35 in 2016 . The following table presents the assumptions used in valuing options granted during the years ended December 31. Expected term (years) Expected volatility Annual forfeiture rate Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield 2018 7.0   2017 5.9   22.0 %   26.0 %   3.6   2.5   2.4   3.4   2.5   2.5   2016 6.4   27.0 % 3.2   2.2   2.9   The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2018 . (In thousands of shares) Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Range of Exercise Prices Per Share Stock Option Shares Outstanding $ 11.07 - $ 24.28   24.75 - 29.04 - 31.22 - 38.76 - 28.97   31.21   37.22   44.59   $ 11.07 - $ 44.59   1,181   1,718   1,226   1,134   71   5,330   Wgtd.-Avg. Remaining Contractual Life (Yrs.) 1.8   4.8   5.8   7.5   9.3   5.0   Wgtd.-Avg. Exercise Price Per Share $ 20.76   27.76   30.77   34.44   44.21   $ 28.54   Stock Option Shares Exercisable 1,181   1,026   1,221   488   1   3,917   Wgtd.-Avg. Exercise Price Per Share $ 20.76   26.95   30.77   33.86   38.76   $ 27.14   The aggregate intrinsic value in the following table represents the total pretax intrinsic value, and is based on the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the quoted closing common stock price of $45.56 as of December 31, 2018 , for those awards that have an exercise price currently below the closing price. As of December 31, 2018 , the aggregate intrinsic value of stock options outstanding was $91 million , with a weighted-average remaining term of 5.0 years . The total number of in-the-money stock options exercisable as of December 31, 2018 , was 3.9 million . The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercisable at that same date was $72 million , with a weighted-average remaining term of 4.1 years . The following table summarizes stock option activity during the years ended December 31. (In millions) Total intrinsic value of options exercised Cash received from options exercised Tax benefit realized as a result of options exercised and restricted stock releases Performance-Based Restricted Stock Awards 2018 2017 2016   $ 34   48   25     $ 87   58   74     $ 41   68   45   Under the Plan, the Company grants selected executive officers performance-based restricted stock awards (PBRS) each February whose vesting is contingent upon meeting various performance goals. PBRS are generally granted at-the-money and contingently cliff vest over a period of three years , generally subject to continued employment. In February 168                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 2018, the Company granted 432 thousand performance-based stock awards, which are contingent on the achievement of the Company's financial performance metrics and its market-based conditions. On the date of grant, the Company estimated the fair value of restricted stock awards with market-based conditions using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The model discounts the value of the stock at the assumed vesting date based on a risk-free interest rate. Based on estimates of actual performance versus the vesting thresholds, the calculated fair value percentage pay-out estimate will be updated each quarter. Actual performance, including modification for relative total shareholder return, may result in the ultimate award of 0% to 200% percent of the initial number of PBRS issued, with the potential for no award if company performance goals are not achieved during the three-year period. PBRS subject to accelerated vesting at the date of retirement eligibility is recognized over the implicit service period. The Company uses third-party analyses to assist in developing the assumptions used in, as well as calibrating, a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Company is responsible for determining the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of its share-based payment awards. Key assumptions used to value PBRS granted during 2018 follows: (In millions) Expected volatility (based on Aflac Inc. and peer group historical daily stock price) Expected life from grant date (years) Risk-free interest rate (based on U.S. Treasury yields at the date of grant) Restricted Stock Awards and Units 2018 16.48%   2.9 2.29%   The value of restricted stock awards and restricted stock units is based on the fair market value of our common stock at the date of grant. The following table summarizes restricted stock activity during the years ended December 31.   (In thousands of shares) Restricted stock at December 31, 2015 Granted in 2016 Canceled in 2016 Vested in 2016 Restricted stock at December 31, 2016 Granted in 2017 Canceled in 2017 Vested in 2017 Restricted stock at December 31, 2017 Granted in 2018 Canceled in 2018 Vested in 2018 Restricted stock at December 31, 2018 Shares 3,630   1,756   (152)   (1,498)   3,736   1,118   (202)   (1,018)   3,634   1,121   (105)   (1,243)   3,407   Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share $ 29.21   30.84   30.33   26.84   30.88   36.48   32.23   31.09   32.40   44.27   34.39   31.64   $ 36.52   As of December 31, 2018 , total compensation cost not yet recognized in the Company's financial statements related to restricted stock awards and restricted stock units was $36 million , of which $15 million ( 799 thousand shares) was related to restricted stock awards with a performance- based vesting condition. The Company expects to recognize these amounts over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.0 year . There are no other contractual terms covering restricted stock awards once vested. 169                                                                                                 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 13. STATUTORY ACCOUNTING AND DIVIDEND RESTRICTIONS The Company's insurance subsidiaries are required to report their results of operations and financial position to insurance regulatory authorities on the basis of statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by such authorities. Statutory accounting practices primarily differ from U.S. GAAP by charging policy acquisition costs to expense as incurred, establishing future policy benefit liabilities using different actuarial assumptions as well as valuing investments and certain assets and accounting for deferred taxes on a different basis. Aflac reports statutory financial statements that are prepared on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Nebraska Department of Insurance (NDOI). The NDOI recognizes statutory accounting principles and practices prescribed or permitted by the state of Nebraska for determining and reporting the financial condition and results of operations of an insurance company, and for determining a company's solvency under Nebraska insurance law. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners' (NAIC) Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual (SAP) has been adopted by the state of Nebraska as a component of those prescribed or permitted practices. Additionally, the Director of the NDOI has the right to permit other specific practices which deviate from prescribed practices. Prior to the Japan branch conversion on April 1, 2018, Aflac had been given explicit permission by the Director of the NDOI for two such permitted practices. These permitted practices, which did not impact the calculation of net income on a statutory basis or prevent the triggering of a regulatory event in the Company's RBC calculation, were as follows: • • Aflac reported as admitted assets the refundable lease deposits on the leases of commercial office space which house Aflac Japan's sales operations. These lease deposits are unique and part of the ordinary course of doing business in the country of Japan; these assets would be non-admitted under SAP. Aflac entered into a reinsurance agreement effective March 31, 2015 with a then unauthorized reinsurer. The effective date of this agreement predated the effective date of Nebraska's Amended Credit for Reinsurance statute (44-416) allowing certified reinsurers and also predated the subsequent approval of the agreement's assuming reinsurer as a Certified Reinsurer, which occurred on August 30, 2015 and December 24, 2015, respectively. Aflac obtained a permitted practice to recognize this treaty and counterparty as a Certified Reinsurer for the purpose of determining the collateral required to receive reinsurance reserve credit. On April 1, 2018, the Company entered into a series of transactions in order to complete the conversion of the Japan branch into a Japanese insurance corporation. As a result of the conversion, the permitted practices were no longer necessary, therefore they were canceled by the NDOI effective April 2, 2018. A reconciliation of Aflac's capital and surplus between SAP and practices permitted by the state of Nebraska is shown below for the years ended December 31: (In millions) Capital and surplus, Nebraska state basis State Permitted Practice: Refundable lease deposits – Japan Reinsurance - Japan Capital and surplus, NAIC basis 2018   $ 2,600     0     0     2017   $ 11,001   (43)   (818)     $ 2,600       $ 10,140   As of December 31, 2018 , Aflac's capital and surplus significantly exceeded the required company action level capital and surplus of $.5 billion . As determined on a U.S. statutory accounting basis, Aflac's net income was $1.3 billion in 2018 , $2.6 billion in 2017 and $2.8 billion in 2016 . Aflac Japan must report its results of operations and financial position to the Japanese Financial Services Agency (FSA) on a Japanese regulatory accounting basis as prescribed by the FSA. Capital and surplus of Aflac Japan, based on Japanese regulatory accounting practices, was $6.4 billion at December 31, 2018 , compared with $6.7 billion at December 31, 2017 . Japanese regulatory accounting practices differ in many respects from U.S. GAAP. Under Japanese regulatory accounting practices, policy acquisition costs are expensed immediately; policy benefit and claim reserving methods and assumptions are different; premium income is recognized on a cash basis; different consolidation criteria apply to VIEs; reinsurance is recognized on a different basis; and investments can have a separate accounting classification and treatment referred to as policy reserve matching bonds (PRM). The Parent Company depends on its subsidiaries for cash flow, primarily in the form of dividends and management fees. Consolidated retained earnings in the accompanying financial statements largely represent the undistributed earnings of the Company's insurance subsidiary. Amounts available for dividends, management fees and other payments 170                         Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data to the Parent Company by its insurance subsidiaries may fluctuate due to different accounting methods required by regulatory authorities. These payments are also subject to various regulatory restrictions and approvals related to safeguarding the interests of insurance policyholders. Aflac must maintain adequate RBC for U.S. regulatory authorities, and Aflac Japan must maintain adequate solvency margins for Japanese regulatory authorities. The maximum amount of dividends that can be paid to the Parent Company by Aflac without prior approval of Nebraska's director of insurance is the greater of the net income from operations, which excludes net realized investment gains, for the previous year determined under statutory accounting principles, or 10% of statutory capital and surplus as of the previous year-end. Dividends declared by Aflac during 2019 in excess of $1.3 billion would require such approval. Aflac declared dividends of $12.3 billion during 2018 , including non-cash extraordinary dividends of $11.0 billion which represented the statutory book value of Aflac Japan on April 2, 2018. After the Japan branch conversion as of April 1, 2018, Aflac Japan is required to meet certain financial criteria as governed by Japanese corporate law in order to provide dividends to the Parent Company. Under these criteria, dividend capacity at Aflac Japan is basically defined as retained earnings excluding capital reserves, which represent equity generated by capital profits that are statutorily required in Japan, less net after- tax unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities based on the previous fiscal year-end. Prior to April 1, 2018, a portion of Aflac Japan earnings, as determined on a Japanese regulatory accounting basis, could be remitted each year to Aflac U.S. after complying with solvency margin provisions and satisfying various conditions imposed by Japanese regulatory authorities for protecting policyholders. Profit remittances to the United States could fluctuate due to changes in the amounts of Japanese regulatory earnings. Among other items, factors affecting regulatory earnings include Japanese regulatory accounting practices and fluctuations in currency translation of Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated investments and related investment income into yen. Profits remitted by Aflac Japan to the Parent Company, after April 1, 2018, and to Aflac U.S., prior to April 1, 2018, were as follows for the years ended December 31: (In millions of dollars and billions of yen) 2018 In Dollars 2017 2016 2018 In Yen 2017 Profit remittances   $ 808       $ 1,150       $ 1,286   89.7   129.3   2016 138.5   14. BENEFIT PLANS Pension and Other Postretirement Plans The Company has funded defined benefit plans in Japan and the United States, however the U.S. plan was frozen to new participants effective October 1, 2013. The Company also maintains non-qualified, unfunded supplemental retirement plans that provide defined pension benefits in excess of limits imposed by federal tax law for certain Japanese, U.S. and former employees, however the U.S. plan was frozen to new participants effective January 1, 2015. U.S. employees who are not participants in the defined benefit plan receive a nonelective 401(k) employer contribution. The Company provides certain health care benefits for eligible U.S. retired employees, their beneficiaries and covered dependents ("other postretirement benefits"). The health care plan is contributory and unfunded. Effective January 1, 2014, employees eligible for benefits included the following: (1) active employees whose age plus service, in years, equaled or exceeded 80 (rule of 80 ); (2) active employees who were age 55 or older and have met the 15 years of service requirement; (3) active employees who would meet the rule of 80 in the next five years ; (4) active employees who were age 55 or older and who would meet the 15 years of service requirement within the next five years ; and (5) current retirees. For certain employees and former employees, additional coverage is provided for all medical expenses for life. Information with respect to the Company's benefit plans' assets and obligations as of December 31 was as follows: 171                             Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) Projected benefit obligation: Pension Benefits Other Japan U.S. Postretirement Benefits 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 Benefit obligation, beginning of year     $ 341     $ 329       $ 908     $ 798       $ 36   $ 37   Service cost Interest cost Actuarial (gain) loss Benefits and expenses paid Effect of foreign exchange rate changes Benefit obligation, end of year Plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Benefits and expenses paid Effect of foreign exchange rate changes Fair value of plan assets, end of year 19   7   35   (11)   5   396   270   (9)   34   (11)   5   289   20   6   (10)   (14)   10   341   229   16   32   (14)   7   270   27   31   (69)   (22)   0   875   448   (30)   69   (22)   0   465   24       40       65       (19)       0       908       359       61       47       (19)       0       448       0   1   4   (4)   0   37   0   0   4   (4)   0   0   0   1   0   (2)   0   36   0   0   2   (2)   0   0   Funded status of the plans (1)     $ (107)     $ (71)       $ (410)     $ (460)       $ (37)   $ (36)   Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income: Net actuarial (gain) loss Prior service (credit) cost Total included in accumulated other comprehensive income     $ 95     $ 44       $ 174     $ 203       $ (2)   (2)   (4)   (4)       9   0   $ 6   0       $ 93     $ 42       $ 170     $ 199       $ 9   $ 6   Accumulated benefit obligation     $ 356     $ 307       $ 746     $ 756       N/A (2) N/A (2) (1) Recognized in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets (2) Not applicable 2018 Japan 2017 Pension Benefits 2016 2018 U.S. 2017 Other Postretirement Benefits 2016 2018 2017 2016 Weighted-average actuarial assumptions: Discount rate - net periodic benefit cost Discount rate - benefit obligations Expected long-term return on plan assets Rate of compensation increase Health care cost trend rates 1.25%   1.25%   1.75%   3.75%   4.25%   4.50%   3.75%   4.25%   4.50%   1.25 2.00 1.25 2.00 1.25 2.00 4.25 6.50 N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) 4.00 3.75 6.75 4.00 4.25 7.00 4.00 4.25 3.75 4.25 N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) N/A (1) 7.40 (2) 5.40 (2) 5.20 (2) (1) Not applicable (2) For the years 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , the health care cost trend rates are expected to trend down to 4.1% in 61 years , 4.5% in 77 years , and 4.5% in 74 years , respectively. The Company determines its discount rate assumption for its pension retirement obligations based on indices for AA corporate bonds with an average duration of approximately 20 years for the Japan pension plans and 17 years for the U.S. pension plans, and determination of the U.S. pension plans discount rate utilizes the 85 -year extrapolated yield 172                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data curve. In Japan, participant salary and future salary increases are not factors in determining pension benefit cost or the related pension benefit obligation. The Company bases its assumption for the long-term rate of return on assets on historical trends ( 10 -year or longer historical rates of return for the Japanese plan assets and 15 -year historical rates of return for the U.S. plan assets), expected future market movement, as well as the portfolio mix of securities in the asset portfolio including, but not limited to, style, class and equity and fixed income allocations. In addition, the Company's consulting actuaries evaluate its assumptions for long-term rates of return under Actuarial Standards of Practice (ASOP). Under the ASOP, the actual portfolio type, mix and class is modeled to determine a best estimate of the long-term rate of return. The Company in turn use those results to further validate its own assumptions. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plan. A one-percentage point increase and decrease in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects as of December 31, 2018 : (In millions) One percentage point increase: Increase in total service and interest costs Increase in postretirement benefit obligation One percentage point decrease: Decrease in total service and interest costs Decrease in postretirement benefit obligation Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost   $   $ 0   1   0   1   Pension and other postretirement benefit expenses are included in acquisition and operating expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, which includes $25 million , $35 million and $17 million of other components of net periodic pension cost and postretirement costs (other than services costs) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Total net periodic benefit cost includes the following components: (In millions) Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of net actuarial loss Amortization of prior service cost (credit) Net periodic (benefit) cost Pension Benefits Other Japan U.S. Postretirement Benefits 2018 2017   2016   2018   2017   2016 2018 2017 2016     $ 19       $ 20       $ 16       $ 27       $ 24       $ 23       $ 0       $ 0       $ 7       6       9       31       40       29       1       1       1   2   (6)       (5)       (4)       (26)       (24)       (23)       0       0       0   1       2       1       16       14       13       1       1       1   0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       (11)       $ 21       $ 23       $ 22       $ 48       $ 54       $ 42       $ 2       $ 2       $ (7)   Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income The following table summarizes the amounts recognized in other comprehensive loss (income) for the years ended December 31: 173                                                                                           Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions) 2018 Japan 2017 Pension Benefits 2016 2018 U.S. 2017 Other Postretirement Benefits 2016 2018 2017 2016 Net actuarial loss (gain)     $ 52       $ (21)       $ 26       $ (13)       $ 28       $ 27       $ 4       $ 0       $ (4)   Amortization of net actuarial loss (1)       (2)       (1)       (16)       (14)       (13)       (1)       (1)       (1)   Amortization of prior service cost Total 0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       11       $ 51       $ (23)       $ 25       $ (29)       $ 14       $ 14       $ 3       $ (1)       $ 6   No transition obligations arose during 2018 , and the transition obligations amortized to expense were immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . Amortization of actuarial losses to expense in 2019 is estimated to be $4 million for the Japanese plans, $11 million for the U.S. plans and $1 million for the other postretirement benefits plan. Amortization of prior service costs and credits and transition obligations for all plans is expected to be negligible in 2019 . Benefit Payments The following table provides expected benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate. (In millions) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024-2028   Funding Japan $ 12   12   12   19   15   89   Pension Benefits Other U.S. Postretirement Benefits $ 25   26   27   36   34   199   $ 3   3   4   4   4   17   The Company plans to make contributions of $33 million to the Japanese funded defined benefit plan and $10 million to the U.S. funded defined benefit plan in 2019 . The funding policy for the Company's non-qualified supplemental defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefits plan is to contribute the amount of the benefit payments made during the year. Plan Assets The investment objective of the Company's Japanese and U.S. funded defined benefit plans is to preserve the purchasing power of the plan's assets and earn a reasonable inflation-adjusted rate of return over the long term. Furthermore, the Company seeks to accomplish these objectives in a manner that allows for the adequate funding of plan benefits and expenses. In order to achieve these objectives, the Company's goal is to maintain a conservative, well-diversified and balanced portfolio of high-quality equity, fixed-income and money market securities. As a part of its strategy, the Company has established strict policies covering quality, type and concentration of investment securities. For the Company's Japanese plan, these policies include limitations on investments in derivatives including futures, options and swaps, and low-liquidity investments such as real estate, venture capital investments, and privately issued securities. For the Company's U.S. plan, these policies prohibit investments in precious metals, limited partnerships, venture capital, and direct investments in real estate. The Company is also prohibited from trading on margin. The plan fiduciaries for the Company's funded defined benefit plans have developed guidelines for asset allocations reflecting a percentage of total assets by asset class, which are reviewed on an annual basis. Asset allocation targets as of December 31, 2018 were as follows: 174                                                                                                             Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Domestic equities International equities Fixed income securities Other Total Japan Pension   U.S. Pension 5%   18 66 11 100%   40%   20 40 0 100%   The U.S. Pension Plan had $39 million in cash at December 31, 2018. The plan fiduciaries authorized investing a contribution made to the Plan in 2018 on a graduated basis over a period of time. The following table presents the fair value of Aflac Japan's pension plan assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31. All of these assets are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. (In millions) Japan pension plan assets: Equities: Japanese equity securities International equity securities Fixed income securities: Japanese bonds International bonds Insurance contracts Total 2018 2017 $ 14   50   34   160   31   $ 37   50   91   62   30   $ 289   $ 270   The following table presents the fair value of Aflac U.S.'s pension plan assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31. All of these assets are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. (In millions) U.S. pension plan assets: Mutual funds: Large cap equity funds Mid cap equity funds Real estate equity funds International equity funds Fixed income bond funds Aflac Incorporated common stock Cash and cash equivalents Total 2018 2017 $ 120   $ 124   17   13   92   179   5   39   22   13   108   175   5   1   $ 465   $ 448   The fair values of the Company's pension plan investments categorized as Level 1, consisting of mutual funds and common stock, are based on quoted market prices for identical securities traded in active markets that are readily and regularly available to the Company. The fair values of the Company's pension plan investments classified as Level 2 are based on quoted prices for similar assets in markets that are not active, other inputs that are observable, such as interest rates, yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks, and default rates, or other market-corroborated inputs. 175                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 401(k) Plan The Company sponsors a 401(k) plan in which it matches a portion of U.S. employees' contributions. The plan provides for salary reduction contributions by employees and provides for matching contributions which, starting January 1, 2018, the Company increased to 100% of each employee's contributions which were not in excess of 4% of the employee's annual cash compensation as a result of tax reform. In 2017 and 2016, the plan provided for matching contributions by the Company of 50% of each employee's contributions which were not in excess of 6% of the employee's annual compensation. Also, as a result of U.S. tax reform legislation enacted in December 2017, the Company announced it would made a one-time contribution of $500 to the 401(k) plan to all employees active on December 31, 2017. This contribution was made by January 31, 2018. The Company also provides a nonelective contribution to the 401(k) plan of 2% of annual cash compensation for employees who opted out of the future benefits of the U. S. defined benefit plan and for new U. S. employees. The 401(k) contributions by the Company, included in acquisition and operating expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, were $18 million in 2018 , $15 million in 2017 and $11 million in 2016 . The plan trustee held approximately 2.7 million shares of the Company's common stock for plan participants at December 31, 2018 . Stock Bonus Plan Aflac U.S. maintains a stock bonus plan for eligible U.S. sales associates. Plan participants receive shares of Aflac Incorporated common stock based on their new annualized premium sales and their first-year persistency of substantially all new insurance policies. The cost of this plan, which was capitalized as deferred policy acquisition costs, amounted to $31 million in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . 15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES The Company has two outsourcing agreements with a technology and consulting corporation. The first agreement provides mainframe computer operations, distributed mid-range server computer operations, and related support for Aflac Japan. It has a remaining term of four years and an aggregate remaining cost of 36.1 billion yen ( $326 million using the December 31, 2018 , exchange rate). The second agreement provides application maintenance and development services for Aflac Japan. It has a remaining term of five years and an aggregate remaining cost of 8.6 billion yen ( $77 million using the December 31, 2018 , exchange rate). The Company has an outsourcing agreement with a management consulting and technology services company to provide application maintenance and development services for its Japanese operation. The agreement has a remaining term of three years with an aggregate remaining cost of 10.4 billion yen ( $94 million using the December 31, 2018 , exchange rate). The Company has two outsourcing agreements with information technology and data services companies to provide application maintenance and development services for its Japanese operation. The first agreement has a remaining term of one year with an aggregate remaining cost of .6 billion yen ( $5 million using the December 31, 2018 , exchange rate). The second agreement has a remaining term of four years with an aggregate remaining cost of 5.8 billion yen ( $52 million using the December 31, 2018 , exchange rate). The Company leases office space and equipment under agreements that expire in various years through 2028 . Future minimum lease payments due under non-cancelable operating leases at December 31, 2018 , were as follows: (In millions) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total future minimum lease payments 176 $ 63 47 35 31 8 18 $ 202   Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits considered to be in the normal course of business. Members of the Company's senior legal and financial management teams review litigation on a quarterly and annual basis. The final results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty. Although some of this litigation is pending in states where large punitive damages, bearing little relation to the actual damages sustained by plaintiffs, have been awarded in recent years, the Company believes the outcome of pending litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on certain investment commitments. Guaranty Fund Assessments The United States insurance industry has a policyholder protection system that is monitored and regulated by state insurance departments. These life and health insurance guaranty associations are state entities (in all 50 states as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia) created to protect policyholders of an insolvent insurance company. All insurance companies (with limited exceptions) licensed to sell life or health insurance in a state must be members of that state’s guaranty association. Under state guaranty association laws, certain insurance companies can be assessed (up to prescribed limits) for certain obligations to the policyholders and claimants of impaired or insolvent insurance companies that write the same line or similar lines of business. In 2009, the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner placed long-term care insurer Penn Treaty Network America Insurance Company and its subsidiary American Network Insurance Company (collectively referred to as Penn Treaty), neither of which is affiliated with Aflac, in rehabilitation and petitioned a state court for approval to liquidate Penn Treaty. A final order of liquidation was granted by a recognized judicial authority on March 1, 2017, and as a result, Penn Treaty is in the process of liquidation. The Company estimated and recognized the impact of its share of guaranty fund assessments resulting from the liquidation using a discounted rate of 4.25% . The Company recognized a discounted liability for the assessments of $62 million (undiscounted $94 million ), offset by discounted premium tax credits of $48 million (undiscounted $74 million ), for a net $14 million impact to net income in the quarter ended March 31, 2017. The Company paid a majority of these assessments by March 31, 2018, and a majority of the tax credit will be realized over the next four years. The Company used the cost estimate provided as of the liquidation date by the National Organization of Life and Health Guaranty Associations (NOLHGA) to calculate its estimated assessments and tax credits. Other guaranty fund assessments for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 were immaterial. 16. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA In management's opinion, the following quarterly financial information fairly presents the results of operations for such periods and is prepared on a basis consistent with the Company's annual audited financial statements. 177   Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (In millions, except for per-share amounts) Net premium income Net investment income Realized investment gains (losses) Other income (loss) Total revenues Total benefits and expenses Earnings before income taxes Total income tax Net earnings Net earnings per basic share Net earnings per diluted share March 31, 2018 $ 4,745   837   (134)   16   5,464   4,482   982   265   717   .92   .91   $ $ June 30, 2018 $ 4,706   862   3   18   5,589   4,458   1,131   299   832   1.08   1.07   $ $ Quarterly amounts may not agree in total to the corresponding annual amounts due to rounding. (In millions, except for per-share amounts) Net premium income Net investment income Realized investment gains (losses) Other income (loss) Total revenues Total benefits and expenses Earnings before income taxes Total income tax Net earnings Net earnings per basic share Net earnings per diluted share March 31, 2017 $ 4,638   794   (140)   17   5,309   4,411   898   306   592   .74   .73   $ $ June 30, 2017 $ 4,665   802   (56)   17   5,428   4,383   1,045   332   713   .90   .89   $ $ Quarterly amounts may not agree in total to the corresponding annual amounts due to rounding. 178 September 30, 2018 $ 4,636   December 31, 2018 $ 4,591   870   56   15   5,577   4,431   1,146   301   845   1.10   1.09   $ $ 874   (355)   16   5,126   4,404   722   197   525   .69   .69   $ $ September 30, 2017 $ 4,648   December 31, 2017 $ 4,580   811   30   17   5,506   4,431   1,075   359   716   .91   .90   $ $ 812   15   17   5,424   4,425   999   (1,585)   2,584   3.29   3.27   $ $                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE There have been no changes in, or disagreements with, accountants on accounting and financial disclosure matters during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this annual report (the “Evaluation Date”). Based on such evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Internal Control Over Financial Reporting (a) Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting is incorporated herein by reference from Part II, Item 8 of this report. (b) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm The Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm on the Company's internal control over financial reporting is incorporated herein by reference from Part II, Item 8 of this report. (c) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the last fiscal quarter of 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Not applicable. 179 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Pursuant to General Instruction G to Form 10-K, Items 10 through 14 are incorporated by reference from the Company's definitive Notice and Proxy Statement relating to the Company's 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or about March 22, 2019, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act. The Audit Committee Report and Compensation Committee Report to be included in such proxy statement shall be deemed to be furnished in this report and shall not be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 as a result of such furnishing in Items 10 and 11, respectively. PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Executive Officers - see Part I, Item 1 herein ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Refer to the Information Contained in the Proxy Statement under Captions (filed electronically) 1. Election of Directors; Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance; Audit and Risk Committee; Audit and Risk Committee Report; Director Nominating Process; and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics Director Compensation; Compensation Committee; Compensation Committee Report; Compensation Discussion and Analysis; 2018 Summary Compensation Table; 2018 Grants of Plan-Based Awards; 2018 Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End; 2018 Option Exercises and Stock Vested; Pension Benefits; Nonqualified Deferred Compensation; Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change-In- Control; and Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Principal Shareholders; Election of Directors (Proposal 1); Security Ownership of Management; and Equity Compensation Plan Information ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Related Person Transactions; and Director Independence ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Proposal 3); and Audit and Risk Committee 180           Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES PART IV (a) 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Page(s) Included in Part II, Item 8, of this report: Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Statements of Earnings for each of the years in the three- year period ended December 31, 2018 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Unaudited Consolidated Quarterly Financial Data 2. FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES Included in Part IV of this report: Schedule II - Schedule III - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 Supplementary Insurance Information as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 Schedule IV - Reinsurance for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 3. EXHIBIT INDEX An “Exhibit Index” has been filed as part of this Report beginning on the following page and is incorporated herein by this reference. 87 89 90 91 93 94 95 177 187 193 194 Schedules other than those listed above are omitted because they are not required, are not material, are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto. In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this annual report, please remember they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about the Company or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and: • • should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate; have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement; • may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to you or other investors; and • were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. 181                                                                                                                               (b) EXHIBIT INDEX (1) 3.0 3.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Articles of Incorporation, as amended – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for June 30, 2008, Exhibit 3.0 (File No. 001-07434). Bylaws of the Corporation, as amended and restated – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated November 10, 2015, Exhibit 3.1 ( File No. 001-07434) There are no instruments with respect to long-term debt not being registered in which the total amount of securities authorized exceeds 10% of the total assets of Aflac Incorporated and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. We agree to furnish a copy of any long-term debt instrument to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. Indenture, dated as of May 21, 2009, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated May 21, 2009, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 17, 2009, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 6.900% Senior Note due 2039) – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated December 14, 2009, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 9, 2010, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 6.45% Senior Note due 2040) - incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated August 4, 2010, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 10, 2012, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 4.00% Senior Note due 2022) - incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated February 8, 2012, Exhibit 4.2 (File No. 001-07434). Eighth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 10, 2013, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 3.625% Senior Note due 2023) - incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated June 10, 2013, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Ninth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 7, 2014, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 3.625% Senior Note due 2024) - incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated November 4, 2014, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Tenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 12, 2015, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 2.40% Senior Note due 2020) - incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated March 9, 2015, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Eleventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 12, 2015, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 3.25% Senior Note due 2025) - incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated March 9, 2015, Exhibit 4.2 (File No. 001-07434). Twelfth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 19, 2016, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 2.875% Senior Note due 2026) - incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated September 19, 2016, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Thirteenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 19, 2016, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 4.000% Senior Note due 2046) – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated September 19, 2016, Exhibit 4.2 (File No. 001-07434). Fourteenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 25, 2017, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of .932% Senior Note due 2027) – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated January 25, 2017, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Fifteenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 18, 2018, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 1.159% Senior Note due 2030) – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated October 18, 2018, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Sixteenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 18, 2018, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 1.488% Senior Note due 2033) – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated October 18, 2018, Exhibit 4.2 (File No. 001-07434). 182                                                                                   4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 10.0 * 10.1 * 10.2 * 10.3 * 10.4 * 10.5 * 10.6 * 10.7 * 10.8 * 10.9 * 10.10 * 10.11 * 10.12 * 10.13 * 10.14 * 10.15 * 10.16 * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Seventeenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 18, 2018, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 1.750% Senior Note due 2038) – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated October 18, 2018, Exhibit 4.3 (File No. 001-07434). Eighteenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 31, 2018, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 4.750% Senior Note due 2049) – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated October 31, 2018, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Subordinated Indenture, dated as of September 26, 2012, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated September 26, 2012, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 23, 2017, between Aflac Incorporated and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (including the form of 2.108% Subordinated Debenture due 2047) - incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated October 23, 2017, Exhibit 4.1 (File No. 001-07434). American Family Corporation Retirement Plan for Senior Officers, as amended and restated October 1, 1989 – incorporated by reference from 1993 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.2 (File No. 001-07434). Amendment to American Family Corporation Retirement Plan for Senior Officers, dated December 8, 2008 – incorporated by reference from 2008 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.1 (File No. 001-07434). Second Amendment to the American Family Corporation Retirement Plan for Senior Officers, dated November 16, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for September 30, 2016, Exhibit 10.2 (File No. 001-07434). Third Amendment to the American Family Corporation Retirement Plan for Senior Officers, dated October 18, 2016 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for September 30, 2016, Exhibit 10.3 (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Incorporated Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, as amended and restated January 1, 2009 – incorporated by reference from 2008 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.5 (File No. 001-07434). First Amendment to the Aflac Incorporated Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, as amended and restated January 1, 2009 – incorporated by reference from 2012 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.3 (File No. 001-07434). Second Amendment to the Aflac Incorporated Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, as amended and restated January 1, 2009 – incorporated by reference from 2014 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.4 (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Incorporated Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated, effective September 1, 2015 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for September 30, 2015, Exhibit 10.5 (File No. 001-07434). First Amendment to the Aflac Incorporated Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated, effective September 1, 2015 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for September 30, 2016, Exhibit 10.8 (File No. 001- 07434). Second Amendment to the Aflac Incorporated Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated, effective September 1, 2015 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2017, Exhibit 10.9 (File No. 001- 07434). Third Amendment to the Aflac Incorporated Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated, effective September 1, 2015. Aflac Incorporated 2013 Management Incentive Plan – incorporated by reference from the 2012 Proxy Statement, Appendix B (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Incorporated 2018 Management Incentive Plan - incorporated by reference from the 2017 Proxy Statement, Appendix B (File No. 001-07434). 1999 Aflac Associate Stock Bonus Plan, amended and restated as of January 1, 2013 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2013, Exhibit 10.10 (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Incorporated 1997 Stock Option Plan – incorporated by reference from the 1997 Shareholders’ Proxy Statement, Appendix B (File No. 001-07434). Form of Officer Stock Option Agreement (Non-Qualifying Stock Option) under the Aflac Incorporated 1997 Stock Option Plan – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated January 28, 2005, Exhibit 10.5 (File No. 001-07434). Form of Officer Stock Option Agreement (Incentive Stock Option) under the Aflac Incorporated 1997 Stock Option Plan – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated January 28, 2005, Exhibit 10.6 (File No. 001-07434). 183                                                                                                          10.17 * 10.18 * 10.19 * 10.20 * 10.21 * 10.22 * 10.23 * 10.24 * 10.25 * 10.26 * 10.27 * 10.28 * 10.29 * 10.30 * 10.31 * 10.32 * 10.33 * 10.34 * 10.35 * 10.36 * 10.37 * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Notice of grant of stock options and stock option agreement to officers under the Aflac Incorporated 1997 Stock Option Plan – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated January 28, 2005, Exhibit 10.7 (File No. 001-07434). 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from the 2012 Proxy Statement, Appendix A (File No. 001-07434). Form of Non-Employee Director Stock Option Agreement (NQSO) under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.13 (File No. 001-07434). Notice of grant of stock options to non-employee director under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.14 (File No. 001-07434). Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.15 (File No. 001-07434). Notice of restricted stock award to non-employee director under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.16 (File No. 001-07434). U.S. Form of Employee Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.17 (File No. 001-07434). Japan Form of Employee Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.18 (File No. 001-07434). Notice of time based restricted stock award under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for June 30, 2013, Exhibit 10.22 (File No. 001- 07434). Notice of performance based restricted stock award under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.20 (File No. 001-07434). U.S. Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement (Non-Qualifying Stock Option) under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long- Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.21 (File No. 001-07434). Japan Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement (Non-Qualifying Stock Option) under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.22 (File No. 001-07434). U.S. Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement (Incentive Stock Option) under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.23 (File No. 001-07434). U.S. Notice of grant of stock options under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for June 30, 2013, Exhibit 10.28 (File No. 001- 07434). Japan Notice of grant of stock options under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for June 30, 2013, Exhibit 10.29 (File No. 001- 07434). Japan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2016, Exhibit 10.26 (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated February 14, 2017 – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated May 1, 2017, Exhibit 10.1 (File No. 001-07434). Form of Non-Employee Director Stock Option Agreement (Non-Qualifying Stock Option) under the Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated February 14, 2017 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for June 30, 2017, Exhibit 10.33 (File No. 001-07434). Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated February 14, 2017 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for June 30, 2017, Exhibit 10.34 (File No. 001-07434). Notice of time based restricted stock unit and restricted stock unit agreement under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long- Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2018, Exhibit 10.1 (File No. 001-07434). 2017 Notice of performance based restricted stock and restricted stock award agreement under the 2004 Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated March 14, 2012 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2018, Exhibit 10.2 (File No. 001-07434). 184                                                                                           10.38 * 10.39 * 10.40 * 10.41 * 10.42 * 10.43 * 10.44 * 10.45 * 10.46 * 10.47 * 10.48 10.49 21 23 31.1 31.2 32 101.INS - - - - - - - - - - - - Notice of time based restricted stock unit and restricted stock unit agreement under the Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated February 14, 2017 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2018, Exhibit 10.3 (File No. 001-07434). 2018 Notice of performance based restricted stock and restricted stock award agreement under the Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated February 14, 2017 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2018, Exhibit 10.4 (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Incorporated Retirement Plan for Directors Emeritus, as amended and restated, dated February 9, 2010 – incorporated by reference from 2009 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.26 (File No. 001-07434). Amendment to Aflac Incorporated Retirement Plan for Directors Emeritus, as amended and restated, dated August 10, 2010 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for September 30, 2010, Exhibit 10.27 (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Incorporated Employment Agreement with Daniel P. Amos, as amended and restated, dated August 20, 2015 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for September 30, 2015, Exhibit 10.29 (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Employment Agreement with Eric M. Kirsch, as amended and restated, dated December 1, 2015 – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated December 1, 2015, Exhibit 10.1 (File No. 001-07434). Amendment to Aflac Employment Agreement with Eric M. Kirsch, dated November 30, 2017 – incorporated by reference from 2017 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.42 (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Incorporated Employment Agreement with Frederick J. Crawford, effective June 30, 2015 – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated June 24, 2015, Exhibit 10.1 (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Incorporated Employment Agreement with Charles D. Lake II, dated January 1, 2018 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2018, Exhibit 10.5 (File No. 001-07434). Aflac Incorporated Employment Agreement with Audrey Boone Tillman, dated June 11, 2015 – incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for March 31, 2018, Exhibit 10.6 (File No. 001-07434). Basic Agreement regarding the “Strategic Alliance Based on Capital Relationship”, dated December 19, 2018, by and among Japan Post Holdings Co., Ltd., Aflac Incorporated and Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated December 19, 2018, Exhibit 10.1 (File No. 001-07434). Letter Agreement, dated December 19, 2018, by and between Japan Post Holdings Co., Ltd. and Aflac Incorporated – incorporated by reference from Form 8-K dated December 19, 2018, Exhibit 10.2 (File No. 001-07434). -   Subsidiaries. - - - - - - - - - - Consent of independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, to Form S-8 Registration Statement No. 333- 158969 with respect to the Aflac Incorporated 401(k) Savings and Profit Sharing Plan. Consent of independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, to Form S-8 Registration Statement Nos. 333- 135327, 333-161269, and 333-202781 with respect to the Aflac Incorporated Executive Deferred Compensation Plan. Consent of independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, to Form S-8 Registration Statement No. 333- 200570 with respect to the Aflac Incorporated Market Director Deferred Compensation Plan. Consent of independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, to Form S-8 Registration Statement No. 333- 115105 and 333-219888 with respect to the Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan. Consent of independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, to Form S-3 Registration Statement No. 333- 219784 with respect to the AFL Stock Plan. Consent of independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, to Form S-3 Registration Statement No. 333- 227244 with respect to the Aflac Incorporated shelf registration statement. Certification of CEO dated February 22, 2019, required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Certification of CFO dated February 22, 2019, required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Certification of CEO and CFO dated February 22, 2019, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 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(1) Copies of any exhibit are available upon request by calling our Investor Relations Department at 800.235.2667 - option 3 * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Item 15(b) of this report. 186                   (c) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES SCHEDULE II CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT Aflac Incorporated (Parent Only) Condensed Statements of Earnings (In millions) Revenues: Management and service fees from subsidiaries (1) Net investment income Interest from subsidiaries (1) Realized investment gains (losses) Change in fair value of the cross-currency interest rate swaps Total revenues Operating expenses: Interest expense Other operating expenses (2) Total operating expenses Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of subsidiaries Income tax expense (benefit) Earnings before equity in earnings of subsidiaries Equity in earnings of subsidiaries (1) Net earnings (1) Eliminated in consolidation (2) Includes expense of $13 in 2017 and $137 in 2016 for the early extinguishment of debt See the accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Statements. See the accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 187 Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016   $ 190     $ 297     $ 265   69   4   90   (106)   247   188   225   413   (166)   (12)   (154)   3,074   30   5   67   (68)   331   197   180   377   (46)   (23)   (23)   4,627   18   5   84   (159)   213   213   277   490   (277)   (102)   (175)   2,834     $ 2,920     $ 4,604     $ 2,659                                                                                                                 SCHEDULE II CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT Aflac Incorporated (Parent Only) Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (In millions) Net earnings Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes: Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during period Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities during period (1) Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period Pension liability adjustment during period Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes Total comprehensive income (loss) Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016   $ 2,920       $ 4,604       $ 2,659   232   (3,109)   2   (25)   286   1,733   1   9   283   2,799   3   (45)   (2,900)   2,029   3,040   (797)   (2,103)   631   1,398   1,035   2,005     $ 817       $ 6,002       $ 4,664   (1) See Note 1 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2018 related to financial instruments. See the accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Statements. See the accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 188                                                                                                    SCHEDULE II CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT Aflac Incorporated (Parent Only) Condensed Balance Sheets (In millions, except for share and per-share amounts) Assets: Investments and cash: Fixed maturity securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost $1,209 in 2018 and $1,163 in 2017) Investments in subsidiaries (1) Other investments Cash and cash equivalents Total investments and cash Due from subsidiaries (1) Income taxes receivable Other assets Total assets Liabilities and shareholders' equity: Liabilities: Employee benefit plans Notes payable Other liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders' equity: Common stock of $.10 par value. In thousands: authorized 1,900,000 shares in 2018 and 2017; issued 1,347,540 shares in 2018 and 1,345,762 shares in 2017 Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities (2) Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives Pension liability adjustment Treasury stock, at average cost Total shareholders' equity December 31, 2018 2017 $ 1,222   $ 1,213   26,230   21   1,767   29,240   98   176   390   26,869   51   1,725   29,858   90   121   366   $ 29,904   $ 30,435   $ 310   $ 341   5,765   367   6,442   135   2,177   31,788   (1,847)   4,234   (24)   (212)   (12,789)   23,462   5,267   229   5,837   135   2,052   29,895   (1,750)   5,964   (23)   (163)   (11,512)   24,598   Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 29,904   $ 30,435   (1) Eliminated in consolidation (2) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2018 related to financial instruments. See the accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Statements. See the accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 189                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    SCHEDULE II CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT Aflac Incorporated (Parent Only) Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (In millions) Cash flows from operating activities: Net earnings Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided from operating activities: Equity in earnings of subsidiaries (1) Cash dividends received from subsidiaries Other, net Net cash provided (used) by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Fixed maturity securities sold Fixed maturity securities purchased Other investments sold (purchased) Settlement of derivatives Additional capitalization of subsidiaries (1) Other, net Net cash provided (used) by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Purchases of treasury stock Proceeds from borrowings Principal payments under debt obligations Dividends paid to shareholders Treasury stock reissued Proceeds from exercise of stock options Net change in amount due to/from subsidiaries (1) Other, net Net cash provided (used) by financing activities Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents, end of period Years ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 2,920       $ 4,604       $ 2,659   (3,074)   1,820   99   1,765   207   (254)   31   (2)   (62)   (107)   (187)   (1,301)   1,020   (550)   (793)   58   34   (4)   0   (1,536)   42   1,725   (4,627)   2,001   (46)   1,932   263   (329)   (47)   223   (69)   (218)   (177)   (1,351)   1,040   (1,161)   (661)   33   38   (5)   0   (2,067)   (312)   2,037   (2,834)   2,020   294 (2) 2,139   225   (229)   6   0   (36)   (25)   (59)   (1,422)   986   (621)   (658)   46   36   (6)   (125) (2) (1,764)   316   1,721   $ 1,767       $ 1,725       $ 2,037   (1) Eliminated in consolidation (2) Operating activities excludes and financing activities includes a cash outflow of $137 in 2016 for the payment associated with the early extinguishment of debt See the accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Statements. See the accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 190                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                SCHEDULE II CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT Aflac Incorporated (Parent Only) Notes to Condensed Financial Statements The accompanying condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries included in Part II, Item 8 of this report. (A) Notes Payable A summary of notes payable as of December 31 follows: (In millions) 2.40% senior notes paid November 2018 4.00% senior notes due February 2022 3.625% senior notes due June 2023 3.625% senior notes due November 2024 3.25% senior notes due March 2025 2.875% senior notes due October 2026 6.90% senior notes due December 2039 6.45% senior notes due August 2040 4.00% senior notes due October 2046 4.750% senior notes due January 2049 Yen-denominated senior notes and subordinated debentures: .932% senior notes due January 2027 (principal amount 60.0 billion yen) 1.159% senior notes due October 2030 (principal amount 29.3 billion yen) 1.488% senior notes due October 2033 (principal amount 15.2 billion yen) 1.750% senior notes due October 2038 (principal amount 8.9 billion yen) 2.108% subordinated debentures due October 2047 (principal amount 60.0 billion yen) Yen-denominated loans: Variable interest rate loan due September 2021 (.32% in 2018 and 2017, principal amount 5.0 billion yen) Variable interest rate loan due September 2023 (.47% in 2018 and 2017, principal amount 25.0 billion yen) Total notes payable 2018 2017 $ 0   348   698   746   447   297   220   254   394   540   538 262   136   79   536   45   225   $ 548   348   697   745   446   297   220   254   394   0   528    0   0   0   526   44   220   $ 5,765 $ 5,267 Amounts in the table above are reported net of debt issuance costs and issuance premiums or discounts, if applicable, that are being amortized over the life of the notes. In October 2018, the Parent Company issued $550 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.750% per annum, payable semi-annually, and have a 30 -year maturity. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the yield to maturity for a United States Treasury security with a maturity comparable to the remaining term of the notes, plus 25 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date. In November 2018, the Parent Company used the net proceeds from the October 2018 issuance of senior notes to redeem $550 million of the Parent Company's 2.40% senior notes due in 2020. In October 2018, the Parent Company issued three series of senior notes totaling 53.4 billion yen through a public debt offering under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The first series, which totaled 29.3 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.159% per annum, payable semi- annually, and has a 12 -year maturity. The second series, which totaled 15.2 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.488% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 15 -year maturity. 191                                                                                                                                       The third series, which totaled 8.9 billion yen, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.750% per annum, payable semi-annually, and has a 20 -year maturity. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance. The aggregate contractual maturities of notes payable during each of the years after December 31, 2018 , are as follows: (In millions) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total $ 0   0   45   350   925   4,493   $ 5,813   For further information regarding notes payable, see Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (B) Derivatives At December 31, 2018 , the Parent Company's outstanding freestanding derivative contracts were swaps associated with its notes payable, consisting of cross-currency interest rate swaps, also referred to as foreign currency swaps, associated with the Parent Company's senior notes due in February 2022, June 2023, November 2024 and March 2025. The Parent Company does not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes, nor does it engage in leveraged derivative transactions. For further information regarding these derivatives, see Notes 1, 4 and 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (C) Income Taxes The Parent Company and its eligible U.S. subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return. Income tax liabilities or benefits are recorded by each principal subsidiary based upon separate return calculations, and any difference between the consolidated provision and the aggregate amounts recorded by the subsidiaries is reflected in the Parent Company financial statements. For further information on income taxes, see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (D) Dividend Restrictions See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding dividend restrictions. (E) Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information (In millions) Interest paid Noncash financing activities: 2018 2017 2016   $ 179       $ 195       $ 209   Treasury stock issued for shareholder dividend reinvestment 8   29   26   192                                         SCHEDULE III SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Years ended December 31, (In millions) 2018: Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. All other Intercompany eliminations Total 2017: Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. All other Intercompany eliminations Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Future Policy Benefits & Unpaid Policy Claims Unearned Premiums Other Policyholders' Funds $ $ $ 6,384   3,491   0   0   9,875   6,150   3,355   0   0   $ $ $ 80,672   10,864   183   (767)   90,952   76,353   10,506   138   (748)   $ 4,977   $ 7,145   $ $ 117   0   (4)   5,090   5,840   119   0   0   $ $ 0   1   0   7,146   6,939   0   0   0   Total $ 9,505   $ 86,249   $ 5,959   $ 6,939   Segment amounts may not agree in total to the corresponding consolidated amounts due to rounding. Years Ended December 31, Net Premium Revenue Net Investment Income Benefits and Claims, net Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Other Operating Expenses Premiums Written (In millions) 2018: Aflac Japan $ 12,762     $ 2,639       $ Aflac U.S. All other Total 2017: Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. All other Total 2016: Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. All other Total 5,708     207     727   76   8,913   2,887   200   $ $ $ $ 18,677     $ 3,442       $ 12,000   12,752     $ 2,463       $ 5,563     216     721   36   9,087   2,885   209   18,531     $ 3,220       $ 12,181   13,537     $ 2,554       $ 5,454     234     703   21   9,828   2,869   222   $ 19,225     $ 3,278       $ 12,919   $ $ $ $ $ $ 710   534   1       $ 2,374     $ 1,736     420     12,298 5,707 0 1,245       $ 4,530     $ 18,005 630   502   0       $ 2,257     $ 1,658     421     12,092 5,565 0 1,132       $ 4,336     $ 17,657 644   497   0       $ 2,326     $ 1,593     513     12,762 5,452 0 1,141       $ 4,432     $ 18,214 Segment amounts may not agree in total to the corresponding consolidated amounts due to rounding. See the accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 193                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           SCHEDULE IV REINSURANCE Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries Years Ended December 31, Gross Amount Ceded to Other Companies Assumed from Other companies Net Amount Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net 151,457     $ 4,702       $ 0     $ 146,755     0%   15,330     $ 541       $ 214     $ 15,003     3,688   14   0   3,674     19,018     $ 555       $ 214     $ 18,677     1%   0 1%   152,502     $ 4,121       $ 0     $ 148,381     0%   14,829     $ 554       $ 222     $ 14,497     4,046   12   0   4,034     18,875     $ 566       $ 222     $ 18,531     1%   0 1%   151,093     $ 3,741       $ 0     $ 147,352     0%   14,839     $ 595       $ 241     $ 14,485     4,753   13   0   4,740     19,592     $ 608       $ 241     $ 19,225     1%   0 1%   $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (In millions) 2018: Life insurance in force Premiums: Health insurance Life insurance Total earned premiums 2017: Life insurance in force Premiums: Health insurance Life insurance Total earned premiums 2016: Life insurance in force Premiums: Health insurance Life insurance Total earned premiums Premiums by type may not agree in total to the corresponding consolidated amounts due to rounding. See the accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 194                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Aflac Incorporated By: /s/ Daniel P. Amos (Daniel P. Amos) Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board of Directors February 25, 2019 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. /s/ Daniel P. Amos (Daniel P. Amos) /s/ Frederick J. Crawford (Frederick J. Crawford) /s/ June Howard (June Howard)   Chief Executive Officer,   Chairman of the Board of Directors   Executive Vice President,   Chief Financial Officer   February 25, 2019   February 25, 2019   Senior Vice President, Financial Services;   February 25, 2019   Chief Accounting Officer 195                                                                   /s/ W. Paul Bowers (W. Paul Bowers) /s/ Toshihiko Fukuzawa (Toshihiko Fukuzawa) /s/ Douglas W. Johnson (Douglas W. Johnson) /s/ Robert B. Johnson (Robert B. Johnson) /s/ Thomas J. Kenny (Thomas J. Kenny) /s/ Karole F. Lloyd (Karole F. Lloyd) /s/ Joseph L. Moskowitz (Joseph L. Moskowitz) /s/ Barbara K. Rimer (Barbara K. Rimer) /s/ Katherine T. Rohrer (Katherine T. Rohrer) /s/ Melvin T. Stith (Melvin T. Stith) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 196 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Aflac Incorporated 2018 Form 10-K EXHIBIT 10.10 THIRD AMENDMENT TO THE AFLAC INCORPORATED EXECUTIVE DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN (As amended and restated effective September 1, 2015) THIS AMENDMENT to the Aflac Incorporated Executive Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Plan”) is effective as stated below. WITNESSETH: WHEREAS ,  Aflac  Incorporated  (the  “Company”)  has  previously  established  the  Plan  for  the  benefit  of  its  eligible employees and their beneficiaries; and WHEREAS ,  pursuant  to  Section  10.1  of  the  Plan,  the  Retirement  Plan  Administrative  Committee  (the  “Committee”)  is authorized to amend the Plan; and WHEREAS , the Committee wishes to amend the Plan (i) to modify eligibility under the Plan to be consistent with the new employee grading system implemented by the Company, and (ii) to give the Committee the authority to select individuals who do not otherwise qualify as eligible employees but who will be eligible to elect to defer compensation under the Plan. NOW, THEREFORE, effective as of January 1, 2019, the Plan is hereby amended as follows: 1. Section 1.26 is amended by deleting said section in its entirety and substituting in lieu thereof the following: 1.26      Eligible Employee means, for a Plan Year, an individual (i) who is a U.S.-based employee of a Participating Company;  and  (ii)  who  is  designated  by  the  Company  under  its  employee  grading  system  as  a  “Grade  14”  or  any  higher grade; but (iii) who neither (A) holds the title of (1) a Market Director, Co-Market Director, or Assistant Market Director, (2) Territory Vice President, or (3) Sales Senior Vice President, nor (B) (1) is eligible to earn an annual bonus under the Aflac Sales Incentive Plan (or any successor of that plan) and (2) is designated by the Company under its employee grading system as a “Grade 14” or any higher grade. In addition, any U.S.-based employee of a Participating Company who was eligible to, and  actually  made,  Deferral  Contributions  under  the  Plan  for  the  2017  and/or  2018  Plan  Years  will  remain  an  Eligible Employee even if such employee is not designated as a “Grade 14” or any higher grade as required under the immediately preceding  sentence.  The  Compensation  Committee,  from  time  to  time  and  in  its  sole  discretion,  may  designate  such  other individuals,  on  an  individual  basis  or  as  part  of  a  specified  group,  as  eligible  to  participate  in  the  Plan.  In  addition,  the Administrative Committee from time to time and in its sole discretion, may designate such other individuals, on an individual basis  or  as  part  of  a  specified  group,  as  eligible  to  participate  in  the  Plan  but  solely  for  purposes  of  making  Deferral Contributions and not for purposes of receiving Matching Contributions, Discretionary Contributions or Executive Employer Contributions. To be an “Eligible Employee”, such an employee must be a member of a select group of key management or highly compensated employees of the Affiliates. 2. Section 3.3 is amended by adding to the end of said section the following: Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Chief Executive Officer of the Controlling Company and the Senior Human Resources Officer of the Controlling Company may not determine that the Controlling Company will make Matching Contributions for any  individuals  who  are  Eligible  Employees  solely  due  to  their  designation  as  such  by  the  Administrative  Committee  (as provided under Section 1.26). 2. Except as specifically amended hereby, the Plan will remain in full form and effect. IN WITNESS WHEREOF , an officer of Aflac Incorporated has executed this Amendment as of the date written below. AFLAC INCORPORATED By: /s/ Matthew D. Owenby Date: November 13, 2018                                   Aflac Incorporated 2018 Form 10-K EXHIBIT 21 Aflac Incorporated SUBSIDIARIES The following list sets forth the subsidiaries of Aflac Incorporated: Company American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac) American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (1) Aflac Asset Management LLC Aflac Asset Management Japan Ltd. (2) Aflac International, Inc. Aflac Insurance Services Co., Ltd. (3) Aflac Payment Services Co., Ltd. (3) Aflac Heartful Services Co., Ltd. (4) Aflac Information Technology, Inc. Aflac Corporate Ventures LLC Aflac Ventures LLC (5) Empoweredbenefits, LLC (5) Aflac Benefits Advisors, Inc. Communicorp, Inc. Continental American Insurance Company Continental American Group, LLC (6) Aflac Holdings LLC Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. (7) Octagon Delaware Trust (8) Apollo AF Loan Trust (8) Global Investment Fund I (8) Tier One Insurance Company NIO Innovative Technologies Ltd. (1) Subsidiary of Aflac (2) Subsidiary of Aflac Asset Management LLC (3) Subsidiary of Aflac International, Inc. (4) 70% owned by Aflac International, Inc. 10% owned by Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. 10% owned by Aflac Insurance Services Co., Ltd., and 10% owned by Aflac Payment Services Co., Ltd. (5) Subsidiary of Aflac Corporate Ventures LLC (6) Subsidiary of Continental American Insurance Company (7) Subsidiary of Aflac Holdings LLC (8) Subsidiary of Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. Jurisdiction Nebraska New York Delaware Japan Georgia Japan Japan Japan Georgia Delaware Delaware North Carolina Georgia Georgia Nebraska Georgia Nebraska Japan Delaware Delaware Delaware Oklahoma Northern Ireland, U.K.     Aflac Incorporated 2018 Form 10-K EXHIBIT 23 The Board of Directors Aflac Incorporated: Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement No. 333-219784, and 333-227244 on Form S-3; and No. 333-135327, 333-161269, 333-202781, 333-158969, 333-200570, 333-115105, and 333-219888 on Form S-8 of Aflac Incorporated of our reports dated February 25, 2019 , with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of Aflac Incorporated as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II, III, and IV (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”), and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, which reports appear in the December 31, 2018 annual report on Form 10‑K of Aflac Incorporated. /s/ KPMG LLP Atlanta, Georgia February 25, 2019 Aflac Incorporated 2018 Form 10-K EXHIBIT 31.1 I, Daniel P. Amos, certify that: Certification of Chief Executive Officer 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Aflac Incorporated; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) c) d) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 25, 2019 /s/ Daniel P. Amos Daniel P. Amos Chairman and Chief Executive Officer                              Aflac Incorporated 2018 Form 10-K EXHIBIT 31.2 I, Frederick J. Crawford, certify that: Certification of Chief Financial Officer 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Aflac Incorporated; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) b) c) d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 25, 2019 /s/ Frederick J. Crawford Frederick J. Crawford Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer                            Aflac Incorporated 2018 Form 10-K EXHIBIT 32 Certification of CEO and CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Aflac Incorporated (the “Company”) for the annual period ended December 31, 2018 , as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Daniel P. Amos, as Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Frederick J. Crawford, as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of his knowledge: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Daniel P. Amos Name: Title: Date:   Daniel P. Amos   Chief Executive Officer   February 25, 2019 /s/ Frederick J. Crawford Name: Title: Date:   Frederick J. Crawford   Chief Financial Officer   February 25, 2019   

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