Assembly Biosciences Inc
Annual Report 2014

Plain-text annual report

Assembly Biosciences 2014 Annual Report Company Profile (“Assembly”) is a Assembly Biosciences biopharmaceutical company committed to developing novel oral therapies for the cure of intractable infectious diseases, focusing on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and C. difficile- associated infections (CDAD). On July 11, 2014, Assembly Biosciences was formed by the merger of private company Assembly Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Nasdaq- listed Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. Assembly is committed to advancing science and enhancing the health and well-being of patients with hard-to-treat infectious diseases by building a world class company focused on certain intractable conditions. Assembly has administrative offices in New York City and research facilities in San Francisco, California. Research activities the HBV program are also being conducted at Indiana University at Bloomington. for Pipeline Progress – Building Momentum HBV Lifecycle Modulation(1) “Downstream” Inhibit HBV Replication “Upstream” Modulating cccDNA Activity Current and Planned Development Research Hits Lead Optimization IND Enabling Phase I Phase II 2015 - 2016 2015 - 2016 2015 - 2016 To Be Selected 2015 - 2016 To Be Selected 2015 - 2016 Program ASMB-101 CpAM Capsid Targeted ASMB-102 CpAM Upstream Mechanism ASMB-103 CpAM Upstream Mechanism ASMB CpAM (Gen 2) Second generation Novel HBV Targets (Confidential) Microbiome CDAD Program Research Hits Lead Optimization IND Enabling Phase I Phase II MB-101 Targeted, Oral Delivery of Microbiome Therapeutics 2015 – 2016 Phase IB Newly Announced Programs Rights to all molecules and platforms are owned by and exclusive to Assembly (1) Downstream and upstream refers to the relative stage of the HBV lifecycle where the core protein is functionally involved. 2 Building a world class infectious disease company Our Programs The target of Assembly’s lead program is a clinical cure for HBV, a pathogen that infects 350 million people worldwide and is associated with an estimated 650,000 deaths each year. Assembly has discovered and is developing a series of new compounds, known as core protein allosteric modulators, or CpAMs, with the HBV core the potential protein—a viral essential protein-—at multiple complementary points in the viral lifecycle. polyfunctional to modulate program, which Assembly’s microbiome Assembly is pursuing as a treatment for CDAD, is based on the targeted delivery of novel microbiome-based therapies in a proprietary oral formulation, applying its novel coating and encapsulation for targeted delivery of complex agents to select regions of the gastrointestinal, or GI, tract. that allows technology Two Proprietary Technology Platforms, Best-In-Class Opportunity and Novel Drugs for HBV and CDAD HBV Platform Microbiome Platform • Multiple differentiated mechanisms and • C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD) molecules • Targeted, oral delivery of synthetic • Core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs): microbiome therapeutics • Multiple differentiated early-stage products in potential pipeline • Enables pursuit of combination or mono therapies of unique mechanisms to increase cure rates • 1st disease focus: CDAD infections • Expected in clinic in 2016; pipeline following All current platforms discovered and developed in-house 3 HBV-Cure Program – Our Approach HBV is a DNA-virus that establishes an intra- nuclear reservoir of closed circular covalent DNA (cccDNA) that sustains infection in the liver through chronic and occult hepatitis B. No current oral therapies can target its activity directly, and thus molecules that can modulate cccDNA are highly sought in the HBV field. The HBV Core (HBc) protein is a highly conserved viral protein that has no human homologue and is involved in numerous aspects of the HBV lifecycle, including interaction with the viral cccDNA. Assembly has discovered multiple novel series of CpAMs – small molecules that directly target and allosterically modulate HBc functions. Assembly’s HBV pipeline offers both first in class and best for developing agents that target multiple aspects of the viral lifecycle – such as HBc/cccDNA interactions. Assembly believes that its diversity of approaches to HBc provides Assembly a solid position to develop a foundation for a clinical cure of HBV. in class opportunities Prevent NEW cccDNA HBV CURE Silence cccDNA Inhibit Existing cccDNA 4 HBV-Cure Program – Our Advantage HBV is a unique virus that requires a unique research and development approach. We have invested in our science and research teams across the spectrum of HBV-specific drug discovery and clinical development core capabilities that we believe establish our company as a leader in HBV-Cure research and development. Including:  Proprietary HBV Biology and Biochemistry assays developed in house  A medicinal chemistry team that has discovered/developed >5 marketed drugs  And an HBV translational and clinical expertise based on >10 years of experience Our Core Competencies and Competitive Advantage HBV Biology Proprietary Enabling HBV Assays World Class Medicinal Chemistry HBV Clinical Expertise Intellectual Property 5 Assembly Biosciences, Inc. Potential First- and Best-in- Class HBV Platform With Potential to Cure HBV World Class Infectious Disease Company with Two Novel Platforms Experienced Management Team and Scientific Advisory Board with Leadership in HBV Core Protein Research Proven, In- House Discovery and Development Capabilities with Multiple Shots on Goal Novel Microbiome Program for CDAD 6 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549 FORM 10-K x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 or (cid:255) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Transition Period from __________ to __________ Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) Commission File Number: 001-35005 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. (Exact name of registrant specified in its charter) 2834 (Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) 20-8729264 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 99 Hudson Street, 5th Floor, New York, New York 10013 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (646) 706-5208 Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value Name of Exchange on which Registered Nasdaq Capital Market Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:255) No x Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes (cid:255) No x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No (cid:255) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No (cid:255) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. (cid:255) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer (cid:255) Non-accelerated filer (cid:255) Accelerated filer (cid:255) Smaller reporting company x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:255) No x The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, as of June 30, 2014, was approximately $30.5 million. Such aggregate market value was computed by reference to the closing price of the common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market on June 30, 2014. For purposes of making this calculation only, the registrant has defined affiliates as including only directors and executive officers and shareholders holding greater than 10% of the voting stock of the registrant as of June 30, 2014. As of March 10, 2015 there were 10,695,259 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value, outstanding. None. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) TABLE OF CONTENTS Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Financial Statements Page 1 1 12 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 38 44 47 47 48 F-1 i  References to Assembly Biosciences Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the “Company,” “Assembly,” “we,” “us,” and “our,” except where the context requires otherwise, refer to Assembly Biosciences, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, and “our board of directors” refers to the board of directors of Assembly Biosciences, Inc. Forward Looking Information This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, among other things, statements about: • • • • • • • • • • • the initiation, timing, progress and results of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, and our research and development programs; our plans to develop and commercialize our product candidates; our ability to establish and maintain additional collaborations or obtain additional funding; the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals; the implementation of our business model, strategic plans for our business, product candidates and technology; our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy; the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of our products; our competitive position; our intellectual property position; developments and projections relating to our competitors and our industry; and our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section, that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. PART I Item 1. Business Overview We are a biopharmaceutical company committed to developing novel oral therapies for the cure of intractable infectious diseases, focusing on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and C. difficile-associated infections (CDAD). On July 11, 2014, Assembly Biosciences was formed by the merger of private company Assembly Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Nasdaq-listed Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. The merger resulted in a shift in strategic focus, the addition of a new lead drug development program for the company, and changes in personnel. Assembly Pharmaceuticals was founded in 2012. The cure for HBV is based on the research and intellectual property of Indiana University professor Adam Zlotnick, PhD. Dr. Zlotnick is a pioneer in the biophysics of viral capsid assembly and in elucidating the role of core protein in HBV. His decades of research and development of novel screening technologies led to the discovery of multiple families of small molecule CpAMs. Other founders of Assembly include Chief Medical Officer and Vice President of Research & Development Uri Lopatin, MD, who previously led the HBV programs at Gilead Sciences and Roche Pharmaceuticals. We believe Assembly is well positioned to develop its two lead programs, with a senior scientific team that has over 30 years of combined experience working on HBV and a proven track record of innovation using deep science. The team has collectively discovered more than 20 clinical candidates and 10 marketed drugs. 1  The target of our lead program is a clinical cure for HBV, a pathogen that infects 350 million people worldwide and is associated with an estimated 650,000 deaths each year. Assembly has discovered and is developing a series of new compounds, known as core protein allosteric modulators, or CpAMs, with the potential to modulate the HBV core protein—a polyfunctional essential viral protein-—at multiple complementary points in the viral lifecycle. These core proteins are involved in several steps of the HBV lifecycle and are essential for HBV’s continued regeneration and survival. Modulation of these core proteins with Assembly’s CpAMs has demonstrated preclinical proof of principle and multiple cell-based models have shown that CpAMs can selectively reduce the production of viral antigens—viral proteins responsible for common symptoms related to HBV—as well as reduce viral load—the amount of infectious viral particles circulating in the bloodstream. Our CpAMs have multiple differentiated mechanisms and molecules, giving us a potential pipeline of differentiated early-stage products. This enables us to pursue both mono and combination therapies that have differentiated mechanisms, potentially facilitating the achievement of improved cure rates. Our goal is to develop single agents and combinations of anti-HBV therapeutics that will permanently eradicate the HBV infection. Our microbiome program, which we are pursuing as a treatment for CDAD, is based on the targeted delivery of novel microbiome- based therapies in a proprietary oral formulation, applying our novel coating and encapsulation technology that allows for targeted delivery of complex agents to select regions of the gastrointestinal, or GI, tract. Using this proprietary delivery platform, we aim to deliver several types of beneficial bacteria, in novel “synthetic formats’, to the gastrointestinal, or GI, tract. The technology builds upon experience reported in the literature of successfully treating CDAD with fecal material transplant, or FMT, and seeks to provide a potentially curative therapy using a targeted and specific microbiome therapy delivered in an oral capsule. We currently have administrative offices in New York City and research facilities in San Francisco, California. Research activities for the HBV program are also being conducted at Indiana University at Bloomington, under the aegis of Adam Zlotnick, PhD, Assembly Pharmaceuticals co-founder and head of our HBV Scientific Advisory Board, working closely with a local contingent of Assembly employees focused on rapidly and efficiently translating pharmacenticals scientific advances into drug discovery approaches. Business Strategy Assembly Biosciences is committed to advancing science and enhancing the health and well-being of patients with hard-to-treat infectious diseases by building a world class company focused on certain intractable conditions. This commitment, drives our efforts to develop novel approaches to treating HBV and CDAD. Assembly is forging a new and different path to treating these conditions, inspired by the needs of millions of affected patients and by our belief that our novel science may have the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional approaches. We have two promising proprietary technology platforms, and a portfolio of novel, potentially curative drugs for HBV and CDAD infections, both of which currently are intractable. We intend to progress these program portfolios using a variety of strategic arrangements, including potentially collaborations, licenses, partnerships and other types of business arrangements. These may provide non-dilutive resources for drug development, as well as clinical development and commercial expertise. HBV-Cure Program Our HBV-Cure research team is working on discovering and developing multiple core protein allosteric modifiers (CpAMs) with the potential to modulate the HBV core protein - a polyfunctional essential viral protein - at multiple complementary points in the viral lifecycle. The goal is to eradicate the infection with an orally-administered regimen. We believe that Assembly is uniquely positioned to execute on this strategy, with a senior scientific team that has over 30 years of combined experience working on HBV. Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a chronic infectious disease of the liver and is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and liver transplants worldwide. HBV is an underappreciated global epidemic—the World Health Organization estimates that nearly 350 million people worldwide, or approximately 6% of the world’s population, are infected with HBV. An estimated 10 to 30 million people are newly infected each year and 650,000 people die annually from HBV-related liver disease. The Centers for Disease Control has reported that almost two million people in the United States have been infected with HBV. HBV is an underappreciated global epidemic with twice as many people infected and with a higher mortality and morbidity rate than hepatitis C virus and HIV infections combined. An estimated 650,000 people die every year from HBV-related causes. While many patients currently receive treatment for their HBV infections, the majority do not, partly as a byproduct of the lack of effective treatments. The cure rate with current therapies is estimated at only 3-5%. Despite the low rate of diagnosis and drug treatment, the current market for HBV therapies is estimated at $3.2 billion, with significant growth expected in the years ahead as more effective drugs are launched. Current Treatments Current therapeutic options for HBV include: • Antiviral medications. Several antiviral medications - including lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera), telbivudine (Tyzeka) and entecavir (Baraclude) - can help fight the virus and slow its ability to damage the liver. 2 • • Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A). This synthetic version of a substance produced by the body to fight infection is used mainly for young people with hepatitis B who don't want to undergo long-term treatment or who might want to get pregnant within a few years. It's given by injection. Side effects may include depression, difficulty breathing and chest tightness. Liver transplant. If the liver has been severely damaged, a liver transplant may be an option. During a liver transplant, the surgeon removes the damaged liver and replaces it with a healthy liver. Most transplanted livers come from deceased donors, though a small number come from living donors who donate a portion of their livers. Our HBV Focus: Leveraging HBV Core Protein to Cure HBV using Core Protein Allosteric Modulators (CpAMs) HBV is a DNA-virus that establishes an intra-nuclear reservoir of closed circular covalent DNA (cccDNA) that sustains infection in the liver through chronic and occult hepatitis B. No current oral therapies can target its activity directly, and thus molecules that can modulate cccDNA are highly sought in the HBV field. The the HBV Core (HBc) protein is a highly conserved viral protein that has no human homologue and is involved in numerous aspects of the HBV lifecycle, including interaction with the viral cccDNA. Assembly has discovered multiple novel series of CpAMs – small molecules that directly target and allosterically modulate HBc functions. Assembly’s HBV pipeline offers both first in class and best in class opportunities for developing agents that target multiple aspects of the viral lifecycle – such as HBc/cccDNA interactions. We believe that our diversity of approaches to HBc provides us a solid position to develop a foundation for a clinical cure of HBV. To successfully eradicate HBV infections, researchers need to address both the “downstream” inhibition of HBV viral replication and the “upstream” part of the lifecycle that reflects cccDNA activity. We define downstream inhibition of the HBV lifecycle as anything targeting HBV from the point of capsid formation to release of viral particles from the cell for re-infection. Molecules that modulate core protein capsid alone present a downstream target approach and are unlikely to be curative on their own. We believe that our ability to develop multiple CpAms that target both the downstream and upstream aspects of the viral lifecycle will allow us to develop multiple combination regimens that will target “upstream” as well as “downstream” components of the HBV life cycle. Other core competencies and competitive advantages we bring to our lead program include our knowledge of HBV biology, our proprietary enabling assays, our world class chemistry and our relevant clinical expertise. A clinically and preclinically accepted benchmark for therapeutic agents with an effect on cccDNA activity is thought to be expression of viral antigens. In this regard, Assembly’s CpAMs have shown preclinical proof of principle. In a variety of cell culture molecules, CpAMs have demonstrated the ability to reduce viral antigens: HBV E antigen (HBeAg) and HBV S antigen (HBsAg). Sustained (off treatment) inhibition of HBsAg in patients is considered a functional cure, and is a key endpoint in clinical development. Our clinical strategy encompasses testing CpAMs as monotherapy and in combination. Our access to multiple classes can allow us to explore the activity of CpAMs in combination both across CpAM classes and with other classes of HBV therapies. Our planned clinical program includes Phase I (safety) studies of CpAMs as single agents in healthy volunteers. Phase IB studies in patients would include assessments of CpAMs as single agents and in combination with nucleoside polymerase inhibitors. The Phase II studies will explore duration of therapy in dose finding single agent and combination studies across CpAM classes and with other classes of therapy. Assembly is planning to select first generation lead molecules in the 2015-early 2016 timeframe and initiate clinical trials in 2016. Assembly’s CpAM platform also offers a multi-generation pipeline and Assembly plans to advance second and third generation CpAMs into clinical development in 2016-2017. Assembly also has research programs looking at other novel targets for HBV that are complementary in nature to our core protein programs. License Agreement and Intellectual Property Our licensor has filed multiple patent applications covering aspects of our HBV program. These include platform patent applications covering aspects of the HBV Core Protein, our novel mechanism of action, methods of treatment, and novel assays. We also have filed composition of matter patent applications for our novel CpAM agents. We expect to file additional patent applications going forward. On September 3, 2013, we entered into a license agreement (the “IURTC License Agreement”) with Indiana University Research and Technology Corporation (“IURTC”) to acquire the rights to develop and commercialize products associated with patents held by IURTC. As part of this agreement, we are obligated to make milestone payments based upon the successful accomplishment of clinical and regulatory milestones. The total amount of all potential future milestone payments at the end of 2014 was $825,000. Under the IURTC License Agreement, we are also obligated to pay IURTC royalty payments based on net sales of the licensed technology ranging from 0.5% to 1.75%. None of the criteria for these milestones have yet been met. The IURTC License Agreement also required us to transfer five percent (subject to anti-dilution rights) of the outstanding equity of the Company to IURTC. During May 2014, Assembly Pharmaceuticals issued 209,889 shares of common stock to IURTC, representing the five percent. 3 In addition, the IURTC License Agreement requires an annual diligence maintenance fee as follows: 2014 2015 2016 through the year in which first commercial sale occurs Year following first commercial sale and all subsequent years $ $ $ $ 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 We recorded a contingent license fee payable of $95,000 at December 31, 2013, representing the net present value adjusted for probability of occurrence of the future milestone payments and annual diligence maintenance fees. The discount is being accreted over the expected term of the payments, recorded as interest expense. Microbiome Platform (CDAD) Background In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential of the human microbiome - the billions of microbes living in and on people - to impact health and disease. An early and obvious target was CDAD, the most common nosocomial, or hospital acquired, infection, which is a significant medical problem in hospitals and long-term care facilities as it becomes increasingly resistant to common antibiotics. CDAD is estimated to afflict more than 500,000 people each year in the US. It is a serious illness resulting from infection of the inner lining of the colon by C. difficile bacteria, which produce toxins that cause inflammation of the colon, severe diarrhea and, in the most serious cases, death. Certain subpopulations, such as older patients, transplant patients, patients taking concomitant antibiotics and cancer patients, are at a higher risk of contracting CDAD. Patients typically develop CDAD from the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics that disrupt normal gastrointestinal (gut) flora, thus allowing C. difficile bacteria to flourish unchecked and produce toxins. C. difficile is a spore-forming bacterium and excretes spores into the hospital environment that can survive for months on dry surfaces in hospital rooms such as beds and doors. It also spreads when contamination from other patients is transmitted through the hands and clothing of healthcare workers. Current Treatments Therapeutic options for CDAD include fidaxomicin, oral vancomycin and the off-label use of metronidazole. However, approximately 35% of patients initially treated with these drugs either fail to respond or do not achieve a sustained response. About 50% of initially non- responsive patients fail to achieve a sustained response from second and third line treatment. Because of the difficulties in achieving a sustained response to treatment, we estimate that, in the U.S., there are more than 800,000 treatments per year for CDAD. Our CDAD Focus – Microbiome Therapeutics There has been considerable experience reported in the literature of successfully treating CDAD with fecal material transplants (FMT) from healthy individuals. FMT is believed to act by restoring a healthy balance of microbes in the gut. But use of FMT, because of the possibility of unknown and potentially damaging constituents, is problematic, and other options have been sought. Preliminary CDAD studies using selected bacterial strains or bacterial spores from processed FMT have been promising. These reports have demonstrated a significant and growing precedent of successful cures in patients who had failed all prior treatment, and provide a path to potentially curative therapy using a targeted and specific microbiome therapy—one that can achieve the therapeutic benefits of FMT but in a form that is more predictable, safe and drug-like. Proof-of-concept for this approach was demonstrated using a preparation of fecal material from normal donors that contained only bacterial spores In a U.S. Phase IB study, a single oral dose of spores administered in multiple capsules produced a 90% sustained response in 30 CDAD patients who had failed three prior regimens. In addition, the carriage of antibiotic resistant bacteria substantially declined in these patients. In another small study, a selection of 32 specific viral strains achieved a sustained response in two elderly patients with chronic refractory CDAD. The concept has also been validated in animal studies. Several publications in recent years have demonstrated that administering even a few strains of bacteria may be sufficient to have a curative effect in mouse models of CDAD, and one study suggested that even a single strain can be effective. In addition, testable mechanisms of how commensal bacteria may inhibit the growth and persistence of C. difficile have been reported or postulated. Our CDAD program is based on the premise that an oral capsule containing specific bacteria grown in monoculture and manufactured under pharmaceutical-like GMP conditions (in effect a ‘synthetic’ biologic product), might be effective in providing the therapeutic benefits of FMT therapy in a form that is economically viable and scalable for use in first line, as well as in second and third line treatment. In contrast, the commercial and clinical provision of whole or processed feces would require the provision of, or the purification and/or extraction from, human donor material, and as such is highly unlikely to be considered feasible except for a relatively small number of refractory CDAD patients who have failed antibiotic treatment at least three times. 4  However, we believe that the development of a ‘synthetic’ bacterial product for the treatment of CDAD, while promising, presents several basic challenges. The first challenge is the selection of bacterial strains likely to be effective. We believe that our ongoing bacterial discovery program enhances the probability that we will identify strains that will be effective in humans. This program involves collaboration with leading academic medical centers with relevant expertise, and includes special methods of identifying colonic strains from CDAD patients receiving FMT, use of machine learning-derived predictive algorithms, culturing, and, screening of promising strains, and confirmation in an animal model of CDAD. A second challenge is the effective and reliable oral delivery of billions of organisms to the colon using only a few capsules. To accomplish this, we in-licensed a delivery technology we call GemicelTM. Gemicel is a novel coating and encapsulation technology that allows controlled delivery of an oral formulation specifically targeted for pulsed release in the pH environment of selected portions of the GI system. We have demonstrated that our coating technology, which can be applied at body temperature ranges under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, does not cause any loss of a wide range of viable microorganisms. We have also demonstrated in vitro that, under conditions commonly accepted to represent conditions in each section of the GI tract lumen, the formulation can deliver its contents to the targeted sites. We are conducting a radiolabelled scintigraphy study in humans to further validate this technology and we expect results in mid-year 2015. A third challenge is to be able to process, scale up, and reliably and economically manufacture for clinical trials and, ultimately, commercialization, the strains we select for use in CDAD. There is considerable experience in industrial scale production of bacteria under GMP, and there are several commercial scale vendors. However certain bacteria can be very difficult to freeze-dry (lyophilize) for encapsulation, and some can be very difficult to grow at a large scale. We believe that it is feasible to mitigate clinical, regulatory and manufacturing risk by carefully selecting strains for clinical development that are effective in our preclinical assessments, that do not carry antibiotic resistance or virulence genes, and that can be lyophilized and grown at scale under standard anaerobic and/or aerobic conditions as required. We anticipate that our clinical development program for CDAD using selected, identified bacterial strains will encompass both first line as well as second and third line treatment. We expect that our first clinical trial will be in CDAD patients who have relapsed after three or four standard antibiotic regimens. We will explore various regimens for further clinical development in these initial studies. We estimate that the first clinical trial will begin in the first half of 2016, with data available in late 2016 or early 2017. Our Gemicel technology also has the potential to deliver viral antigens to immune responsive tissue in gut, with the potential to improve existing oral vaccines or to allow oral delivery of vaccines that are currently limited to intra-nasal or systemic delivery. We will be conducting experiments in animal models to assess whether oral administration of certain vaccines using Gemicel creates effective immune responses. If the technology were successful in this indication, we plan to license this application to a major vaccine manufacturer. We expect results from this program in the first half of 2016. Depending on the progress and success of our CDAD program we may decide to further leverage our discovery program and formulation technology to pursue other microbiome-related indications such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and metabolic diseases, as new data becomes available clarifying the relationship of the gut microbiome to these illnesses. License Agreement and Intellectual Property On November 8, 2013, we entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement with Therabiome, LLC, for all intellectual property and know-how owned or controlled by Therabiome relating to the oral delivery of pharmaceutical drugs to specific sites in the intestine, using a pH sensitive release platform technology. Under the agreement, Therabiome granted Assembly the exclusive worldwide license, with rights to sublicense, to develop the intellectual property for commercialization (a) in the use of bacteria, complex proteins, viral antigens and small molecules by oral delivery in (i) gastro-intestinal dysbiosis, including but not limited to C. difficile, irritable bowel syndrome-constipation and inflammatory bowel disease, (ii) auto-immune disorders and autism, including but not limited to as controlled by bacteria or virus, and (iii) orally delivered vaccines, including viral and bacterial, and (b) any oral delivery of small molecules using the licensed intellectual property. We will be solely responsible for all research and development activities with respect to any product we develop under the license. For the license, we paid Therabiome an upfront non-refundable license fee of $300,000. In September 2014, we paid Therabiome $100,000 upon the occurrence of the first proof of principle for a bacteria. We will be required to pay an additional $100,000 upon the occurrence of the proof of principle for a virus. We must pay Therabiome clinical and regulatory milestones for each product or therapy advanced from the platform, for U.S. regulatory milestones, depending on whether the milestone occurs before the filing of the first new drug application, or NDA, for a product or after the first, second or third NDA filings, as follows: 5  Regulatory and Clinical Milestones Upon the filing of an IND with the FDA: First dose first patient – human Phase I Clinical Trial First dose first patient – human Phase II Clinical Trial First dose first patient – human Phase III Clinical Trial Upon filing of an NDA or BLA with the FDA Upon marketing approval by the FDA $100,000 - $130,000 $250,000 - $325,000 $500,000 - $650,000 $750,000 - $975,000 $1,000,000 - $1,300,000 $3,000,000 Upon approval of a supplemental NDA (sNDA) for a new Indication, in the U.S $1,000,000 We also must pay Therabiome lesser amounts for foreign regulatory milestones, which vary by country and region, and which depend on whether the milestone occurs before the filing of the first NDA filing or after the first, second or third NDA filings. These payments will be: one-third of the U.S. milestones paid upon a foreign equivalent of an investigational new drug application, or IND and marketing approval for each product in the European Union or Japan; 10% of the U.S. milestones paid upon a foreign equivalent of an IND and marketing approval for each product in China; 10% of the U.S. milestone paid upon marketing approval for each product in India and Brazil; and 1% of the U.S. milestone paid upon marketing approval for each product in all other countries. We also must pay Therabiome royalties on annual net product sales in the low to mid-single digit percentages plus, once annual net sales exceed two specified thresholds, a one-time cash payment upon reaching each threshold. Government Regulation Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, including any manufacturing changes, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, post-approval monitoring and reporting, import and export of pharmaceutical products, such as those we are developing. United States drug approval process In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and implementing regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable United States requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold, issuance of warning letters and untitled letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement of profits or civil or criminal penalties. The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following: • • • • • • completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA’s good laboratory practice, or GLP, regulations; submission to the FDA of an investigational new drug application, or IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin; approval by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, at each clinical site before each trial may be initiated; performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with good clinical practices, or GCP, to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug for each indication; submission to the FDA of a new drug application, or NDA; satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product is produced to assess compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, requirements and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity; and • FDA review and approval of the NDA. Preclinical studies and IND Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry and formulation, as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess the potential for adverse events and in some cases to establish a rationale for therapeutic use. The conduct of preclinical studies is subject to federal regulations and requirements, including GLP regulations for safety/toxicology studies. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and plans for clinical studies, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. Some long-term preclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive adverse events and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the trial on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence. 6 Clinical trials Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include, among other things, the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing before their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under written study protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the study, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. In addition, an IRB at each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution, and the IRB must conduct continuing review. The IRB must review and approve, among other things, the study protocol and informed consent information to be provided to study subjects. An IRB must operate in compliance with FDA regulations. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health for public dissemination at www.clinicaltrials.gov. Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined: • • • Phase 1: The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients with the target disease or condition and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and, if possible, to gain an early indication of its effectiveness. Phase 2: The drug is administered to a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage. Phase 3: The drug is administered to an expanded patient population in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to generate sufficient data to statistically confirm the efficacy and safety of the product for approval, to establish the overall risk-benefit profile of the product and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product. Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA. Additionally, IND safety reports must be submitted for serious and unexpected suspected adverse reactions, findings from animal or in vitro testing or other studies that suggest a significant risk in humans, and any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. Phase 1, phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, or at all. Furthermore, the FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Marketing approval Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing, the results of the preclinical studies and clinical trials, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacture, controls and proposed labeling, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is additionally subject to a substantial application user fee, currently 2,235,200 and the sponsor of an approved NDA is also subject to annual product and establishment user fees, currently exceeding $110,370 per product and $569,200 per establishment. These fees are typically increased annually. The FDA conducts a preliminary review of all NDAs within the first 60 days after submission before accepting them for filing to determine whether they are sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the application must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. The FDA has agreed to specified performance goals in the review of NDAs. Under these goals, the FDA has committed to review most such applications for non-priority products within 10 months, and most applications for priority review products, that is, drugs that the FDA determines represent a significant improvement over existing therapy, within six months. The review process may be extended by the FDA for three additional months to consider certain information or clarification regarding information already provided in the submission. The FDA may also refer applications for novel drugs or products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. Before approving an NDA, the FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. In addition, before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP and integrity of the clinical data submitted. 7 The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and each may take many years to complete. Data obtained from clinical activities are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. The FDA may not grant approval on a timely basis, or at all. We may encounter difficulties or unanticipated costs in our efforts to develop our product candidates and secure necessary governmental approvals, which could delay or preclude us from marketing our products. After the FDA’s evaluation of the NDA and inspection of the manufacturing facilities, the FDA may issue an approval letter or a complete response letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If and when those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included. Even with submission of this additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval and refuse to approve the NDA. Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use for the product, require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, require that post-approval studies, including phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess a drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms, including Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMs, which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-market studies or surveillance programs. After approval, some types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes and additional labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval. Fast track designation The FDA is required to facilitate and expedite the development and review of drugs that are intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition for which there is no effective treatment and which demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Under the fast track program, the sponsor of a new drug candidate may request the FDA to designate the product for a specific indication as a fast track product concurrent with or after the filing of the IND for the product candidate. The FDA must determine if the product candidate qualifies for fast track designation within 60 days after receipt of the sponsor’s request. In addition to other benefits, such as the ability to use surrogate endpoints and have greater interactions with the FDA, the FDA may initiate review of sections of a fast track product’s NDA before the application is complete. This rolling review is available if the applicant provides and the FDA approves a schedule for the submission of the remaining information and the applicant pays applicable user fees. However, the FDA’s time period goal for reviewing a fast track application does not begin until the last section of the NDA is submitted. In addition, the fast track designation may be withdrawn by the FDA if the FDA believes that the designation is no longer supported by data emerging in the clinical trial process. Priority review Under FDA policies, a product candidate may be eligible for priority review, a review generally within a six-month time frame from the time a complete application is received. Products regulated by the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, or CDER, are eligible for priority review if they are intended for treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and provide a significant improvement compared to marketed products in the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a disease. A fast track designated product candidate would ordinarily meet the FDA’s criteria for priority review. Accelerated approval Under the FDA’s accelerated approval regulations, the FDA may approve a drug for a serious or life-threatening illness that provides meaningful therapeutic benefit to patients over existing treatments based upon a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. In clinical trials, a surrogate endpoint is a measurement of laboratory or clinical signs of a disease or condition that substitutes for a direct measurement of how a patient feels, functions or survives. Surrogate endpoints can often be measured more easily or more rapidly than clinical endpoints. A product candidate approved on this basis is subject to rigorous post-marketing compliance requirements, including the completion of phase 4 or post-approval clinical trials to confirm the effect on the clinical endpoint. Failure to conduct required post-approval studies, or confirm a clinical benefit during post-marketing studies, would allow the FDA to withdraw the drug from the market on an expedited basis. All promotional materials for drug candidates approved under accelerated regulations are subject to prior review by the FDA. Breakthrough therapy designation Under the provisions of the new Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, or FDASIA, enacted in 2012, a sponsor can request designation of a product candidate as a “breakthrough therapy.” A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. Drugs designated as breakthrough therapies also may be eligible for priority review. The FDA must take certain actions, such as holding timely meetings and providing advice, intended to expedite the development and review of an application for approval of a breakthrough therapy. Even if a product qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened. 8  Orphan drugs Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the generic identity of the drug and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. The first NDA applicant to receive FDA approval for a particular active ingredient to treat a particular disease with FDA orphan drug designation is entitled to a seven-year exclusive marketing period in the United States for that product, for that indication. During the seven-year exclusivity period, the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same orphan indication, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving a different drug for the same disease or condition, or the same drug for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of orphan drug designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the NDA application user fee. Pediatric information Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, an NDA or supplement to an NDA must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after approval of the product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements. A sponsor of a new drug also is required to submit to the FDA a pediatric study plan generally 60 days after an end-of-Phase 2 meeting with the agency. Unless otherwise required by regulation, the pediatric data requirements do not apply to products with orphan drug designation. Combination products The FDA regulates combinations of products that cross FDA centers, such as drug, biologic or medical device components that are physically, chemically or otherwise combined into a single entity, as a combination product. The FDA center with primary jurisdiction for the combination product will take the lead in the premarket review of the product, with the other center consulting or collaborating with the lead center. The FDA’s Office of Combination Products, or OCP, determines which center will have primary jurisdiction for the combination product based on the combination product’s “primary mode of action.” A mode of action is the means by which a product achieves an intended therapeutic effect or action. The primary mode of action is the mode of action that provides the most important therapeutic action of the combination product, or the mode of action expected to make the greatest contribution to the overall intended therapeutic effects of the combination product. Often it is difficult for the OCP to determine with reasonable certainty the most important therapeutic action of the combination product. In those difficult cases, the OCP will consider consistency with other combination products raising similar types of safety and effectiveness questions, or which center has the most expertise to evaluate the most significant safety and effectiveness questions raised by the combination product. A sponsor may use a voluntary formal process, known as a Request for Designation, when the product classification is unclear or in dispute, to obtain a binding decision as to which center will regulate the combination product. If the sponsor objects to that decision, it may request that the agency reconsider that decision. Other regulatory requirements Any drug manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to FDA approvals will be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion and reporting of adverse experiences with the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications or other labeling claims are subject to prior FDA review and approval. The FDA may impose a number of post-approval requirements, including REMs, as a condition of approval of an NDA. For example, the FDA may require post-marketing testing, including phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to further assess and monitor the product’s safety and effectiveness after commercialization. 9 In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information, imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy program. Other potential consequences include, among other things: • restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls; • fines, warning letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials; • refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, or suspension or revocation of product approvals; • product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; or • consent decrees, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off label uses may be subject to significant liability. Additional provisions In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, several other types of state and federal laws have been applied to restrict certain marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. These laws include anti-kickback statutes and false claims statutes. The federal anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Violations of the anti-kickback statute are punishable by imprisonment, criminal fines, civil monetary penalties and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory sanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor. Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to have a false claim paid. Recently, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly inflating drug prices they report to pricing services, which in turn were used by the government to set Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates, and for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. In addition, certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may also violate false claims laws. The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback law and false claims laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. Physician Drug Samples As part of the sales and marketing process, pharmaceutical companies frequently provide samples of approved drugs to physicians. The Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or the PDMA, imposes requirements and limitations upon the provision of drug samples to physicians, as well as prohibits states from licensing distributors of prescription drugs unless the state licensing program meets certain federal guidelines that include minimum standards for storage, handling and record keeping. In addition, the PDMA sets forth civil and criminal penalties for violations. Foreign Regulation In order to market any product outside of the United States, we would need to comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of our products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others. 10  New Legislation and Regulations From time to time, legislation is drafted, introduced and passed in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the testing, approval, manufacturing and marketing of products regulated by the FDA. In addition to new legislation, FDA regulations and policies are often revised or interpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. It is impossible to predict whether further legislative changes will be enacted or whether FDA regulations, guidance, policies or interpretations changed or what the effect of such changes, if any, may be. Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any drug products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. Sales of any of our product candidates, if approved, will depend, in part, on the extent to which the costs of the products will be covered by third-party payors, including government health programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial health insurers and managed care organizations. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a drug product may be separate from the process for setting the price or reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the drug product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific drug products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the approved drugs for a particular indication. In order to secure coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, we may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the product, in addition to the trials required to obtain FDA or other comparable regulatory approvals. Our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective. A payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Third-party reimbursement may not be sufficient to enable us to maintain price levels high enough to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. The containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal, state and foreign governments, and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services and examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of medical products and services, in addition to their safety and efficacy. If these third-party payors do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our products after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products at a profit. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost containment programs to limit the growth of government-paid health care costs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs. Adoption of such controls and measures, and tightening of restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could limit payments for pharmaceuticals such as the drug candidates that we are developing and could adversely affect our net revenue and results. Pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. Some countries provide that drug products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost- effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of drug products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. European Union member states may approve a specific price for a drug product or may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the drug product on the market. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for drug products, but monitor and control company profits. The downward pressure on health care costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has become very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. In addition, in some countries, cross-border imports from low-priced markets exert competitive pressure that may reduce pricing within a country. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for drug products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. The marketability of any products for which we may receive regulatory approval for commercial sale may suffer if the government and third-party payors fail to provide adequate coverage and reimbursement. In addition, an increasing emphasis on managed care in the United States has increased and we expect will continue to increase the pressure on drug pricing. Coverage policies, third-party reimbursement rates and drug pricing regulation may change at any time. In particular, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was enacted in the United States in March 2010 and contains provisions that may reduce the profitability of drug products, including, for example, increased rebates for drugs sold to Medicaid programs, extension of Medicaid rebates to Medicaid managed care plans, mandatory discounts for certain Medicare Part D beneficiaries and annual fees based on pharmaceutical companies’ share of sales to federal health care programs. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. 11 Manufacturing We do not own or operate, and currently have no plans to establish, any manufacturing facilities. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for pre-clinical and clinical testing, as well as for commercial manufacture of any products that we may commercialize. Employees As of February 28, 2015, we had 21 employees, and various consultants and multiple research contract research organizations with whom we have contracted. We use consulting agreements to avoid the costs customarily associated with employees to save resources. Corporate History On July 11, 2014, we merged with Assembly Pharmaceuticals Inc., which we refer to as the Assembly Merger. In connection with the Assembly Merger, on July 11, 2014, we changed our name from Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. to Assembly Biosciences, Inc. We were incorporated in Delaware in October 2005 under the name South Island Biosciences, Inc. (which was changed to Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. in April 2007). Corporate Information Our executive office is at 99 Hudson Street in New York, NY, 10013. Our telephone number is (646) 706-5208. Available information Our website address is www.assemblybio.com. The information contained on our website is not a part of, and should not be construed as being incorporated by reference, into this report. We make available free of charge through our website our press releases, Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Item 1A. Risk Factors This report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in this report. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this report and in any documents incorporated in this report by reference. If any of the following risks, or other risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe to not be significant, develop into actual events, then our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially adversely affected. If that happens, the market price of our common stock could decline, and stockholders may lose all or part of their investment. Risks Related to Our Business We have no approved products and currently are dependent on the success of our HBV and microbiome therapies. To date, we have no approved product on the market and have generated no product revenues. Our prospects are substantially dependent on our ability to develop and commercialize our HBV and microbiome therapies. Unless and until we receive approval from the FDA and other regulatory authorities for our product candidates, we cannot sell our product candidates and will not have product revenues. We will have to fund all of our operations and capital expenditures from cash on hand, any licensing fees and any future securities offerings or debt financings. In addition, all of our product candidates are in an early stage of development and their risk of failure is high. The data supporting our drug discovery and development programs are derived from either laboratory and pre-clinical studies. We cannot predict when or if any one of our product candidates will prove effective or safe in humans or will receive regulatory approval. The scientific evidence to support the feasibility of our product candidates is limited, and many companies, some with more resources than us, are and may be developing competitive product candidates. For these and other reasons, our drug discovery and development may not be successful and we may not generate viable products or revenue. 12 We depend entirely on the success of our product candidates, our HBV and microbiome therapies, both of which are in pre-clinical development. We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, either of our current or any of our other product candidates. Our HBV and microbiome therapies are our only current product candidates. Both are in pre-clinical development stages. Neither of our current product candidates has advanced into a pivotal study, and it may be years before such a study is initiated, if ever. The clinical trials of our product candidates are, and the manufacturing and marketing of our product candidates will be, subject to extensive and rigorous review and regulation by numerous government authorities in the United States and in other countries where we intend to test and, if approved, market any product candidate. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate, we must successfully meet a number of critical developmental milestones, including: • • • • • developing dosages that will be tolerated, safe and effective; demonstrating through clinical trials that the product candidate is safe and effective in patients for the intended indication; determining the appropriate delivery mechanism; demonstrating that the product candidate formulation will be stable for commercially reasonable time periods; and completing the development and scale-up to permit manufacture of our product candidates in commercial quantities and at acceptable prices. The time necessary to achieve these developmental milestones for any individual product candidate is long and uncertain, and we may not successfully complete these milestones for our HBV and microbiome therapies or any other product candidates that we may develop. We have not yet completed and may never complete the development of any product. If we are unable to complete development of our HBV or microbiome therapies, or any other product candidates that we may develop, we will be unable to generate revenue or build a sustainable or profitable business We have a limited operating history and a history of operating losses, and expect to incur significant additional operating losses. We were established in October 2005, began active operations in the spring of 2007 and have only a limited operating history. In addition, we have terminated our programs related to our three prior product candidates. Therefore, there is limited historical financial information upon which to base an evaluation of our performance. Our prospects must be considered in light of the uncertainties, risks, expenses, and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in their early stages of operations. We, and Assembly Pharmaceuticals prior to our merger, have generated losses since we began operations and, as of December 31, 2014, the combined company had an accumulated deficit of $139.7 million. Net cash outflows after the Assembly Merger was approximately $7.5 million. We expect to incur substantial additional losses over the next several years as we continue to pursue our research, development, preclinical studies and clinical trial activities. The amount of future losses and when, if ever, we will achieve profitability are uncertain. We have no products that have generated any commercial revenue, do not expect to generate revenues from the commercial sale of products unless and until our HBV or microbiome therapies or any other product candidate is approved by the FDA for sale, and we might never generate revenues from the sale of products. We are not currently profitable and might never become profitable. We have a history of losses and expect to incur significant operating and capital expenditures and resultant substantial losses and negative operating cash flow for the next several years, and beyond if we do not successfully launch and commercialize our HBV therapy or our microbiome program. We might never achieve or maintain profitability. We anticipate that our expenses will continue to be substantial in the foreseeable future as we: • • • continue to undertake research and development to identify potential product candidates; continue to undertake preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates; and seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates. As a result, we will need to generate significant revenues in order to achieve and maintain profitability. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability will depend on, among other things: • • • • successful completion of research, preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates; obtaining necessary regulatory approvals from the FDA and international regulatory agencies for our product candidates; establishing manufacturing, sales, and marketing arrangements with third parties for any approved products; and raising sufficient funds to finance our activities, if and when needed. We might not succeed at any of these undertakings. If we are unsuccessful at some or all of these undertakings, our business, prospects, and results of operations might be materially adversely affected. 13 Pre-clinical testing and clinical trials involve a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results. Preclinical studies and clinical testing are expensive, can take many years to complete and their outcome is highly uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the preclinical study and clinical trial processes due to inadequate performance of a drug candidate or inadequate adherence by patients or investigators to clinical trial protocols. In addition, the results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. For example, in late June 2012, we reported that our second Phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of iferanserin in patients with hemorrhoidal disease did not meet its endpoints, despite favorable Phase II trial results. We also reported in February 2014 that our Phase III clinical trial for diltiazem for the treatment of anal fissures demonstrated no significant improvement compared to placebo despite favorable results in a prior Phase III trial. These same risks apply to our planned development of our current and any other product candidates. We are an early stage company and might not be able to commercialize any product candidates. We are an early stage company and have not demonstrated our ability to perform the functions necessary for the successful commercialization of any product candidates. The successful commercialization of any product candidates will require us to perform a variety of functions, including: • • • • continuing to undertake research and development and preclinical studies and clinical trials; participating in regulatory approval processes; formulating and manufacturing products; and conducting sales, marketing and distribution activities. Our development of our product candidates is subject to the risks of failure and delay inherent in the development of new pharmaceutical products and products based on new technologies, including: • • • • • • delays in product development, preclinical and clinical testing; unplanned expenditures in product development, preclinical and clinical testing; failure of a product candidate to demonstrate acceptable safety and efficacy; failure to receive regulatory approvals; emergence of superior or equivalent products; inability to manufacture and sell on our own, or through any others, product candidates on a commercial scale or at a financially viable cost; and • failure to achieve market acceptance. Because of these risks, our research and development efforts might not result in any commercially viable products. If we do not successfully complete a significant portion of these development efforts, obtain required regulatory approvals, and have commercial success with any approved products, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially harmed. There are substantial risks inherent in attempting to commercialize new drugs, and, as a result, we may not be able to successfully develop products for commercial use. Our HBV therapy research and development efforts involve therapeutics based on modulating forms of HBV core proteins with Core protein Allosteric Modulators, or CpAMs, which is a clinically unproven mechanism of action. The development of our CpAM technology is in the early stages, and the commercial feasibility and acceptance of our CpAM technology are unknown. Similarly, the technology for our microbiome therapy is in early stages of preclinical development. Scientific research and development requires significant amounts of capital and takes a long time to reach commercial viability, if it can be achieved at all. To date, our research and development projects have not produced commercially viable drugs, and may never do so. During the research and development process, we may experience technological barriers that we may be unable to overcome. Further, certain underlying premises in our development programs are not fully proven. More specifically, the theory that CpAMs can selectively reduce viral antigens in HBV patients and result in a functional cure is unproven. Thus, even if CpAM technology is successful at reducing antigen levels in HBV patients, it may not be a commercially viable drug if there is not a corresponding medical benefit related to the underlying HBV infection. Similarly, the ability to effectively and reliably deliver bacteria to the GI tract is unproven, and, even if it can be proven, it may be difficult or impossible to provide the treatment economically. Because of these uncertainties, it is possible that no commercial products will be successfully developed. If we are unable to successfully develop commercial products, we will be unable to generate revenue or build a sustainable or profitable business. 14 The results of both ongoing and future studies and trials for any of our product candidates might not be predictive of the results in any future studies or trials. The results of any earlier study or trial for any of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results for any future studies or trials. Further, the results of any study or trial for any of our product candidates may not be as positive as the results for any prior studies or trials, if at all. In addition, unforeseen safety issues could emerge in any future study or trial, which could severely hamper the likelihood of FDA or other regulatory approval of any product candidate. If any of these events were to occur, the development of any product candidate could be significantly delayed and more expensive than anticipated, and could lead us to abandon our development efforts entirely, any of which would have a significant adverse effect on our business. We will need additional financing to complete the development of any product candidate and fund our activities in the future. We anticipate that we will incur operating losses for the next several years as we continue to develop our HBV therapy and our microbiome program as well as initiate any development of any other product candidate and will require substantial funds during that time to support our operations. We expect that our current resources will provide us with sufficient capital to fund our operations into the second quarter of 2016. However, we might consume our available capital before that time if, for example, we are not efficient in managing our resources or if we encounter unforeseen costs, delays or other issues or if regulatory requirements change. If that happens, we may need additional financing to continue the development of our HBV therapy and our microbiome program. Thereafter, we will need additional capital to fund our operations in the future. However, there is no assurance that we will be successful in raising any necessary additional capital on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If such event or other unforeseen circumstances occurred and we were unable to raise capital, we could be forced to discontinue product development, sacrifice attractive business opportunities, cease operations entirely and sell or otherwise transfer all or substantially all of our remaining assets. Our product candidates face significant development and regulatory hurdles prior to marketing which could delay or prevent licensing, sales and/or milestone revenue. Before we or any commercial partner obtains the approvals necessary to sell any of our product candidate, we must show through pre-clinical studies and human testing in clinical trials that each potential product is safe and effective. The rates at which we complete our scientific studies and clinical trials depend on many factors, including, but are not limited to, our ability to obtain adequate supplies of the products to be tested and patient enrollment. Patient enrollment is a function of many factors, including the size of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial and other potential drug candidates being studied. Delays in patient enrollment for our trials may result in increased costs and longer development times. In addition, we will need additional financing to develop our product candidates, which we might seek and receive from third party commercial partners. Further, we currently do not have the infrastructure to market and sell our product candidates. If we partner with one or more third party entities, those commercial partners may demand and receive rights to control product development and commercialization. As a result, these commercial partners may conduct these programs and activities more slowly or in a different manner than expected. If any of these events were to occur, the development of any product candidate could be significantly delayed, more expensive or less lucrative to us than anticipated, any of which would have a significant adverse effect on our business. We are dependent on a license relationship for each of our HBV therapy and our microbiome program. Our license agreement with Indiana University Research and Technology Corporation, or IURTC, from whom we have licensed our HBV therapy, requires us to make milestone payments based upon the successful accomplishment of clinical and regulatory milestones related to our HBV therapy. The total amount of all potential future milestone payments at December 31, 2014 is $825,000. We also are obligated to pay IURTC royalty payments based on net sales of the licensed technology. We are also obligated to pay diligence maintenance fees ($25,000-$100,000) each year to the extent that the royalty, sublicensing, and milestone payments to IURTC are less than the diligence maintenance fee for that year. Our license with Therabiome, LLC, from whom we have licensed our microbiome program, also requires us to pay regulatory and clinical milestones as well as royalty payments to Therabiome. If we breach any of these obligations, we could lose our rights to our microbiome program. If we fail to comply with similar obligations to any other licensor, it would have the right to terminate the license, in which event we would not be able to commercialize drug candidates or technologies that were covered by the license. Also, the milestone and other payments associated with licenses will make it less profitable for us to develop our drug candidates than if we owned the technology ourselves. Our collaboration with Adam Zlotnick, the scientific founder of our HBV therapy is advantageous. If that collaboration is not maintained, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of our HBV therapy. Dr. Adam Zlotnick is the founder of our HBV therapy. We have entered into a three-year consulting agreement with Dr. Zlotnick pursuant to which he serves as the Chairman of our Scientific Advisory Board and provides consulting services as we request. Dr. Zlotnick could refuse to extend the agreement after its three-year term expires or we could terminate the consulting agreement for cause or no cause. Although Dr. Zlotnick assigned to us any rights to intellectual property related to our HBV therapy that arise during the term of the consulting agreement, and while the consulting agreement contains a non-compete during the term of the agreement, the loss of Dr. Zlotnick’s services could materially impair our ability to further the development of our HBV therapy. 15  Corporate and academic collaborators might take actions to delay, prevent, or undermine the success of our product candidates. Our operating and financial strategy for the development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacture, and commercialization of drug candidates heavily depends on collaborating with corporations, academic institutions, licensors, licensees, and other parties. However, there can be no assurance that we will successfully establish these collaborations. In addition, should a collaboration be terminated, replacement collaborators might not be available on attractive terms, or at all. The activities of any collaborator will not be within our control and might not be within our power to influence. There can be no assurance that any collaborator will perform its obligations to our satisfaction or at all, that we will derive any revenue or profits from these collaborations, or that any collaborator will not compete with us. If any collaboration is not successful, we might require substantially greater capital to undertake development and marketing of our proposed products and might not be able to develop and market these products effectively, if at all. In addition, a lack of development and marketing collaborations might lead to significant delays in introducing proposed products into certain markets and/or reduced sales of proposed products in such markets. We rely on data provided by our collaborators and others that has not been independently verified and could prove to be false, misleading, or incomplete. We rely on third-party vendors, scientists, and collaborators to provide us with significant data and other information related to our projects, preclinical studies and clinical trials, and our business. If these third parties provide inaccurate, misleading, or incomplete data, our business, prospects, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Preclinical and clinical testing required for our product candidates is expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is uncertain. In order to obtain FDA approval to market a new drug product, we must demonstrate safety and effectiveness in humans. To meet these requirements, we must conduct extensive preclinical testing and sufficient adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. Conducting clinical trials is a lengthy, time consuming, and expensive process. The length of time might vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty, and intended use of the product candidate, and often can be several years or more per trial. Delays associated with product candidates for which we are directly conducting preclinical studies or clinical trials might cause us to incur additional operating expenses. The commencement and rate of completion of clinical trials might be delayed by many factors, including, for example: • • • • • the lack of effectiveness during clinical trials; the emergence of unforeseen safety issues; inability to manufacture sufficient quantities of qualified materials under current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMPs, for use in clinical trials; slower than expected rates of patient recruitment; failure to recruit a sufficient number of patients; • modification of clinical trial protocols; • • • changes in regulatory requirements for clinical trials; delays, suspension, or termination of clinical trials by the institutional review board or ethics committee responsible for overseeing the study at a particular study site; and government, institutional review board, ethics committee, or other regulatory delays or clinical holds requiring suspension or termination of the trials. The results from preclinical testing and early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of results obtained in later clinical trials. Accordingly, even if we obtain or have obtained positive results from preclinical studies or early clinical trials, we might not achieve the same success in future clinical trials. For example, positive results were observed in earlier clinical trials of each of our two prior product candidates, but the subsequent clinical trials were not successful. Further, clinical trials might not provide statistically significant data supporting a product candidate’s safety and effectiveness to meet the requisite regulatory approvals. We have used and intend to continue to rely on one or more contract research organizations, or CROs, to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials. We are highly dependent on these CROs to conduct our studies and trials in accordance with the requirements of the FDA and good scientific practice. In the event the CROs fail to perform their duties in such a fashion, we may not obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. 16 The failure of preclinical studies and clinical trials to demonstrate safety and effectiveness for the desired indications could harm the development of that product candidate and other product candidates. This failure could cause us to abandon a product candidate and could delay development of other product candidates. Any delay in, or termination of, our preclinical studies or clinical trials would delay the filing of our New Drug Applications, or NDAs, with the FDA and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate product revenues. Any change in, or termination of, our clinical trials could materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operation. Unforeseen safety issues could hinder the development of our product candidates and their adoption, if approved. Safety issues could arise during development of our product candidates, which might delay testing or prevent further development entirely. We have not yet tested our HBV therapy or our microbiome therapy in clinical trials and safety issues could arise during that planned testing or testing of any other product candidates. If a product is approved, any limitation on use that might be necessary could hinder its adoption in the marketplace. In addition, if any product is approved, it could be used against any instructions that we publish that limit its use, which could subject us to litigation. We lack suitable facilities for certain preclinical and clinical testing and expect to rely on third parties to conduct some of our research and preclinical testing and our clinical trials and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such research, testing or trials. We do not have sufficient facilities to conduct all of our anticipated preclinical and clinical testing. As a result, we expect to contract with third parties to conduct most or all preclinical and clinical testing required for regulatory approval for our product candidates. We currently plan to outsource all clinical testing to third parties and are reliant on the services of these third parties to conduct studies on our behalf. If we are unable to continue with or retain third parties for these purposes on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop our product candidates. In addition, any failures by third parties to adequately perform their responsibilities may delay the submission of our product candidates for regulatory approval, which would impair our financial condition and business prospects. Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities also reduces our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal and regulatory requirements and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. In addition, these third parties are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such third parties, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical and preclinical programs. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our research, preclinical studies or clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, regulatory approvals for our product candidates. As a result, our results of operations and business prospects would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed. We will rely exclusively on third parties to formulate and manufacture our product candidates. We do not have and do not intend to establish our own manufacturing facilities. Consequently, we lack the physical plant to formulate and manufacture our own product candidates. If any product candidate we might develop or acquire in the future receives FDA approval, we will rely on one or more third-party contractors to manufacture our products. If, for any reason, we become unable to rely on any future source to manufacture our product candidates, either for clinical trials or, at some future date, for commercial quantities, then we would need to identify and contract with additional or replacement third-party manufacturers to manufacture compounds for preclinical, clinical and commercial purposes. We might not be successful in identifying additional or replacement third-party manufacturers, or in negotiating acceptable terms with any that we do identify. If we are unable to secure and maintain third-party manufacturing capacity, the development and sales of our products and our financial performance might be materially affected. In addition, before any of our collaborators can begin to commercially manufacture our product candidates, each manufacturing facility and process is subject to regulatory review. Manufacturing of drugs for clinical and commercial purposes must comply with the FDA’s cGMPs, and applicable non-U.S. regulatory requirements. The cGMP requirements govern quality control and documentation policies and procedures. Complying with cGMP and non-U.S. regulatory requirements will require that we expend time, money, and effort in production, recordkeeping, and quality control to assure that the product meets applicable specifications and other requirements. Any contracted manufacturing facility must also pass a pre-approval inspection prior to FDA approval. Failure to pass a pre-approval inspection might significantly delay FDA approval of our product candidates. If any of our future collaborators fails to comply with these requirements, it would be subject to possible regulatory action which could limit the jurisdictions in which we are permitted to sell our products, if approved. As a result, our business, financial condition, and results of operations might be materially harmed. 17 Our reliance on third-party manufacturers exposes us to the following risks: • We might be unable to identify manufacturers for commercial supply on acceptable terms or at all because the number of potential manufacturers is limited and the FDA must approve any replacement contractor. This approval would generally require compliance inspections. In addition, a new manufacturer would have to be educated in, or develop substantially equivalent processes for, production of our products after receipt of FDA approval, if any. • Our third-party manufacturers might be unable to formulate and manufacture our product candidates in the volume and of the quality required to meet our clinical and, if approved, commercial needs. • Our contract manufacturers might not perform as agreed or might not remain in the contract manufacturing business for the time required to supply our clinical trials or to successfully produce, store and distribute our products. • One or more of our contract manufacturers could be foreign, which increases the risk of shipping delays and adds the risk of import restrictions. • Drug manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA and corresponding state agencies to ensure strict compliance with cGMP and other government regulations and corresponding foreign requirements. We would not have complete control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and requirements. • If any third-party manufacturer makes improvements in the manufacturing process for our product candidates, we might not own, or might have to share, the intellectual property rights to the innovation with our licensors. • We might compete with other companies for access to these manufacturers’ facilities and might be subject to manufacturing delays if the manufacturers give other clients higher priority than us. Each of these risks could delay our development efforts, preclinical studies and clinical trials or the approval, if any, of our product candidates by the FDA or the commercialization of our product candidates and could result in higher costs or deprive us of potential product revenues. As a result, our business, financial condition, and results of operations might be materially harmed. If we cannot compete successfully for market share against other drug companies, we might not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer. If our product candidates receive FDA approval, they will compete with a number of existing and future drugs and therapies developed, manufactured and marketed by others. Existing or future competing drugs might provide greater therapeutic convenience or clinical or other benefits for a specific indication than our product candidates, or might offer comparable performance at a lower cost. If our product candidates fail to capture and maintain market share, we might not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer. We might compete against fully integrated pharmaceutical companies and smaller companies that are collaborating with larger pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations. Many of these competitors, either alone or together with their collaborative partners, operate larger research and development programs or have substantially greater financial resources than we do, as well as significantly greater experience in: • • • • • developing drugs; undertaking preclinical testing and human clinical trials; obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of drugs; formulating and manufacturing drugs; and launching, marketing and selling drugs. We might not obtain the same resources and experience as our competitors. If we are unable to perform these tasks effectively and efficiently, our results of operations might be materially adversely affected. Developments by competitors might render our product candidates or technologies obsolete or non-competitive. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are intensely competitive. In addition, the clinical and commercial landscape for HBV and CDAD is rapidly changing; we expect new data from commercial and clinical-stage products to continue to emerge. We will compete with organizations that have existing treatments and that are or will be developing treatments for the indications that our product candidates target. If our competitors develop effective treatments for HBV, CDAD or any other indication or field we might pursue, and successfully commercialize those treatments, our business and prospects might be materially harmed, due to intense competition in these markets. 18 If we are not able to develop collaborative marketing relationships with licensees or partners, or create an effective internal sales, marketing, and distribution capability, we might be unable to market our products successfully. To market our product candidates, if approved, we will have to establish our own marketing and sales force or out-license our product candidates to, or collaborate with, larger firms with experience in marketing and selling pharmaceutical products. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully establish our own marketing capabilities or establish marketing, sales, or distribution relationships with third parties; that such relationships, if established, will be successful; or that we will be successful in gaining market acceptance for our product candidates. To the extent that we enter into any marketing, sales, or distribution arrangements with third parties, our product revenues will be lower than if we marketed and sold our products directly, and any revenues we receive will depend upon the efforts of such third parties. If we are unable to establish such third-party sales and marketing relationships, or choose not to do so, we will have to establish our own in-house capabilities. We, as a company, have no experience in marketing or selling pharmaceutical products and currently have no sales, marketing, or distribution infrastructure. To market any of our products directly, we would need to develop a marketing, sales, and distribution force that both has technical expertise and the ability to support a distribution capability. To establish our own marketing, sales, and distribution capacity would significantly increase our costs, and require substantial additional capital. In addition, there is intense competition for proficient sales and marketing personnel, and we might not be able to attract individuals who have the qualifications necessary to market, sell, and distribute our products. There can be no assurance that we will be able to establish internal marketing, sales, or distribution capabilities. Physicians and patients might not accept and use our drugs. Even if the FDA approves one of our product candidates, physicians and patients might not accept and use it. Acceptance and use of our products will depend upon a number of factors, including: • • • • perceptions by members of the health care community, including physicians, about the safety and effectiveness of our product; cost-effectiveness of our product relative to competing products or therapies; availability of reimbursement for our product from government or other healthcare payors; and effective marketing and distribution efforts by us and our licensees and distributors, if any. If our current product candidates are approved, we expect sales to generate substantially all of our revenues for the foreseeable future, and as a result, the failure of these products to find market acceptance would harm our business and would require us to seek additional financing. Even if we are able to commercialize any product candidates, those products may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, which would harm our business. The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new medicines vary widely from country to country. In the United States, recently enacted legislation may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining approvals. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a medicine before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval for a medicine in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the medicine, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the medicine in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing approval. Our ability to commercialize any medicines successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these medicines and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for any product candidate that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, the level of reimbursement. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. 19 There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved medicines, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the medicine is approved by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any medicine will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new medicines, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the medicine and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost medicines and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for medicines may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of medicines from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Third party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government- funded and private payors for any approved product candidates that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize product candidates and our overall financial condition. If we lose key management or scientific personnel, cannot recruit qualified employees, directors, officers, or other significant personnel or experience increases in our compensation costs, our business might materially suffer. We are highly dependent on the services of our Chief Executive Officer and President, Derek Small, our Chief Medical Officer and Vice President of Research and Development, Dr. Uri Lopatin, our Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Lee D. Arnold, and our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, David J. Barrett. Our employment agreements with Mr. Small, Dr. Lopatin, Dr. Arnold and Mr. Barrett do not ensure their retention. This is also true for our other management team members, both present and future. Furthermore, our future success also depends, in part, on our ability to identify, hire, and retain additional management team members as our operations grow. We expect to experience intense competition for qualified personnel and might be unable to attract and retain the personnel necessary for the development of our business. Finally, we do not currently maintain, nor do we intend to obtain in the future, “key man” life insurance that would compensate us in the event of the death or disability of any of the members of our management team. The failure by us to retain, attract and motivate executives and other key employees could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we cannot enforce non-compete and confidentiality provisions applicable to our employees and consultants, our business might materially suffer. We include a non-compete provision in any employment agreement we enter into with an employee, including those for Messrs. Small, Barrett, Lopatin and Arnold, that runs during the term of the agreement and for a period of time after termination, depending on the individual. We include a confidentiality provision in any employment or consulting agreement we enter into with an employee or a consultant. The confidentiality provision runs during the term of the agreement and thereafter without limit. For future employees with whom we do not enter into an employment agreement, we will enter into a confidentiality agreement with the same provisions described above. To be able to enforce these non-compete and confidentiality provisions we would need to know of any breach and have sufficient funds to enforce the provisions. We cannot assure you that we would know of or be able to afford enforcement of any breach. In addition, such provisions are subject to state law and interpretation by courts, which could limit the scope and duration of these provisions. Any limitation on or non-enforcement of these non-compete and confidentiality provisions could have an adverse effect on our business. If we are unable to hire additional qualified personnel, our ability to grow our business might be harmed. As of February 28, 2015, we had 21 employees, and various consultants and multiple contract research organizations with whom we have contracted. We will need to hire or contract with additional qualified personnel with expertise in clinical research and testing, government regulation, formulation and manufacturing and sales and marketing to commercialize our HBV therapy and our microbiome program or any other product candidate we may seek to develop. We compete for qualified individuals with numerous biopharmaceutical companies, universities and other research institutions. Competition for these individuals is intense, and we cannot be certain that our search for such personnel will be successful. Attracting and retaining qualified personnel will be critical to our success. We might not successfully manage our growth. Our success will depend upon the expansion of our operations and the effective management of our growth, which will place a significant strain on our current and future management and other administrative and operational resources. To manage this growth, we must expand our facilities, augment our operational, financial and management systems and hire and train additional qualified personnel. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our business would be harmed. 20 We might seek to develop our business through acquisitions of or investment in new or complementary businesses, products or technologies, and the failure to manage these acquisitions or investments, or the failure to integrate them with our existing business, could have a material adverse effect on us. We might consider opportunities to acquire or invest in other technologies, products and businesses that might enhance our capabilities or complement our current product candidates. Potential and completed acquisitions and strategic investments involve numerous risks, including potential problems or issues associated with the following: • assimilating the purchased technologies, products or business operations; • maintaining uniform standards, procedures, controls and policies; • • unanticipated costs associated with the acquisition or investment; diversion of our management’s attention from our preexisting business; • maintaining or obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals or complying with regulatory requirements; and • adverse effects on existing business operations. We have no current commitments with respect to any acquisition or investment in other technologies or businesses. We do not know if we will identify suitable acquisitions, whether we will be able to successfully complete any acquisitions, or whether we will be able to successfully integrate any acquired product, technology or business into our business or retain key personnel, suppliers or collaborators. Our ability to successfully develop our business through acquisitions would depend on our ability to identify, negotiate, complete and integrate suitable target businesses or technologies and obtain any necessary financing. These efforts could be expensive and time consuming and might disrupt our ongoing operations. If we are unable to efficiently integrate any acquired business, technology or product into our business, our business and financial condition might be adversely affected. Risks Related to Our Regulatory and Legal Environment We are subject to extensive and costly government regulation. Product candidates employing our technology are subject to extensive and rigorous domestic government regulation including regulation by the FDA, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Department of Justice, state and local governments, and their respective foreign equivalents. The FDA regulates the research, development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacture, safety, effectiveness, record-keeping, reporting, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, import, and export of pharmaceutical products. The FDA regulates small molecule chemical entities, whether administered orally, topically or by injection, as drugs, subject to an NDA, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. If products employing our technologies are marketed abroad, they will also be subject to extensive regulation by foreign governments, whether or not they have obtained FDA approval for a given product and its uses. Such foreign regulation might be equally or more demanding than corresponding U.S. regulation. Government regulation substantially increases the cost and risk of researching, developing, manufacturing, and selling our product candidates. The regulatory review and approval process, which includes preclinical testing and clinical trials of each product candidate, is lengthy, expensive, and uncertain. We or our collaborators must obtain and maintain regulatory authorization to conduct clinical trials and approval for each product we intend to market, and the manufacturing facilities used for the products must be inspected and meet legal requirements. Securing regulatory approval requires submitting extensive preclinical and clinical data and other supporting information for each proposed therapeutic indication in order to establish the product’s safety and efficacy for each intended use. The development and approval process might take many years, requires substantial resources, and might never lead to the approval of a product. Even if we are able to obtain regulatory approval for a particular product, the approval might limit the intended medical uses for the product, limit our ability to promote, sell, and distribute the product, require that we conduct costly post-marketing surveillance, and/or require that we conduct ongoing post-marketing studies. Material changes to an approved product, such as, for example, manufacturing changes or revised labeling, might require further regulatory review and approval. Once obtained, any approvals might be withdrawn, including, for example, if there is a later discovery of previously unknown problems with the product, such as a previously unknown safety issue. If we, our collaborators, or our contract manufacturers fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements at any stage during the regulatory process, such noncompliance could result in, among other things, delays in the approval of applications or supplements to approved applications; refusal of a regulatory authority, including the FDA, to review pending market approval applications or supplements to approved applications; untitled letters or warning letters; fines; import and export restrictions; product recalls or seizures; injunctions; total or partial suspension of production; civil penalties; withdrawals of previously approved marketing applications; recommendations by the FDA or other regulatory authorities against governmental contracts; and/or criminal prosecutions. 21 We might not obtain the necessary U.S. or worldwide regulatory approvals to commercialize any product candidate. We cannot assure you that we will receive the approvals necessary to commercialize for sale any of our product candidates, or any product candidate we acquire or develop in the future. We will need FDA approval to commercialize our product candidates in the U.S. and approvals from the FDA-equivalent regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions to commercialize our product candidates in those jurisdictions. In order to obtain FDA approval of any product candidate, we must submit to the FDA an NDA demonstrating that the product candidate is safe for humans and effective for its intended use. This demonstration requires significant research, preclinical studies, and clinical trials. Satisfaction of the FDA’s regulatory requirements typically takes many years, depends upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate and requires substantial resources for research, development and testing. We cannot predict whether our research and clinical approaches will result in drugs that the FDA considers safe for humans and effective for their indicated uses. The FDA has substantial discretion in the drug approval process and might require us to conduct additional preclinical and clinical testing, perform post- marketing studies or otherwise limit or impose conditions on any approval we obtain. For example, the FDA proposed that we include an additional treatment arm in our pivotal Phase III trial for our former product candidate iferanserin, which increased the cost of that trial. The approval process might also be delayed by changes in government regulation, future legislation or administrative action or changes in FDA policy that occur prior to or during our regulatory review. Delays in obtaining regulatory approvals might: • • • delay commercialization of, and our ability to derive product revenues from, our product candidates; impose costly procedures on us; and diminish any competitive advantages that we might otherwise enjoy. Even if we comply with all FDA requests, the FDA might ultimately reject one or more of our NDAs. We cannot be sure that we will ever obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. Failure to obtain FDA approval of our product candidates will severely undermine our business by leaving us without a saleable product, and therefore without any source of revenues, until another product candidate could be developed or obtained. There is no guarantee that we will ever be able to develop an existing, or acquire another, product candidate. In foreign jurisdictions, we must receive approval from the appropriate regulatory authorities before we can commercialize any product candidates. The risks associated with foreign regulatory approval processes are similar to the risks associated with the FDA approval procedures described above. We cannot assure you that we will receive the approvals necessary to commercialize our product candidates for sale outside the U.S. Even if approved, our product candidates will be subject to extensive post-approval regulation. Once a product candidate is approved, numerous post-approval requirements apply. Among other things, the holder of an approved NDA is subject to ongoing FDA oversight monitoring and reporting obligations, including obligations to monitor and report adverse events and instances of the failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. Application holders must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for changes to the approved product, product labeling, or manufacturing process, depending on the nature of the change. Application holders also must submit advertising and other promotional material to the FDA and report on ongoing clinical trials. The FDA also has the authority to require changes in the labeling of approved drug products and to require post-marketing studies. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules in addition to other applicable federal and state laws. The distribution of product samples to physicians must comply with the requirements of the Prescription Drug Marketing Act. Manufacturing facilities remain subject to FDA inspection and must continue to adhere to the FDA’s cGMP requirements. Sales, marketing, and scientific/educational grant programs, among other activities, must comply with the anti-fraud and abuse provisions of the Social Security Act, the False Claims Act, and similar state laws, each as amended. Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and the Veteran’s Health Care Act of 1992, each as amended. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. All of these activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet these post-approval requirements can result in criminal prosecution, fines, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals, or refusal to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. In addition, even if we comply with FDA and other requirements, new information regarding the safety or effectiveness of a product could lead the FDA to modify or withdraw product approval. 22 We face the risk of product liability claims and might not be able to obtain insurance. Our business exposes us to the risk of product liability claims that are inherent in the development of drugs. If the use of one or more of our or our collaborators’ drugs harms people, we might be subject to costly and damaging product liability claims brought against us by clinical trial participants, consumers, health care providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling our products. Our inability to obtain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of pharmaceutical products we develop. We expect to obtain clinical trial insurance for our product candidates prior to beginning clinical trials. We cannot predict all of the possible harms or side effects that might result and, therefore, the amount of insurance coverage we obtain, if any, in the future might not be adequate to cover all liabilities we might incur. We intend to expand our insurance coverage to include product liability insurance covering the sale of commercial products if we obtain marketing approval for our drug candidates in development, but we might be unable to obtain commercially reasonable product liability insurance for any products approved for marketing. If we are unable to obtain insurance at an acceptable cost or otherwise protect against potential product liability claims, we will be exposed to significant liabilities, which might materially and adversely affect our business and financial position. If we are sued for any injury allegedly caused by our or our collaborators’ products, our liability could exceed our total assets and our ability to pay the liability. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us would decrease our cash and could cause the value of our common stock to decrease. We might be exposed to liability claims associated with the use of hazardous materials and chemicals. Our research, development and manufacturing activities and/or those of our third-party contractors might involve the controlled use of hazardous materials and chemicals. Although we will strive to have our safety procedures, and those of our contractors, for using, storing, handling and disposing of these materials comply with federal, state and local laws and regulations, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous or radioactive materials and waste products might require us to incur substantial compliance costs that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We currently do not carry hazardous materials liability insurance. We intend to obtain such insurance in the future if necessary, but cannot give assurance that we could obtain such coverage. Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property Our business depends on protecting our intellectual property. If we and our licensors IURTC and Therabiome do not obtain protection for our respective intellectual property rights, our competitors might be able to take advantage of our research and development efforts to develop competing drugs. Our success, competitive position and future revenues, if any, depend in part on our ability and the abilities of our licensors to obtain and maintain patent protection for our products, methods, processes and other technologies, to preserve our trade secrets, to prevent third parties from infringing on our proprietary rights and to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our novel technologies and medicines that are important to our business. To date, although our licensors have filed patent applications, we do not own or have any rights to any issued patents that cover any of our product candidates, and we cannot be certain that we will secure any rights to any issued patents with claims that cover any of our proprietary medicines and technologies. The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. The patent process also is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in protecting our products by obtaining and defending patents. These risks and uncertainties include the following: • Any patent rights, if obtained, might be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or otherwise might not provide any competitive advantage; • Our competitors, many of which have substantially greater resources than we do and many of which might make significant investments in competing technologies, might seek, or might already have obtained, patents that will limit, interfere with, or eliminate our ability to make, use, and sell our potential products either in the U.S. or in international markets; • As a matter of public policy regarding worldwide health concerns, there might be significant pressure on the U.S. government and other international governmental bodies to limit the scope of patent protection both inside and outside the U.S. for disease treatments that prove successful; and 23 • Countries other than the U.S. might have patent laws that provide less protection than those governing U.S. courts, allowing foreign competitors the ability to exploit these laws to create, develop, and market competing products. In addition, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and patent offices in other jurisdictions have often required that patent applications concerning pharmaceutical and/or biotechnology-related inventions be limited or narrowed substantially to cover only the specific innovations exemplified in the patent application, thereby limiting the scope of protection against competitive challenges. Thus, even if we or our licensors are able to obtain patents, the patents might be substantially narrower than anticipated. Patent and other intellectual property protection is crucial to the success of our business and prospects, and there is a substantial risk that such protections, if obtained, will prove inadequate. Our business and prospects will be harmed if we fail to obtain these protections or they prove insufficient. We might be involved from time to time in litigation to determine the enforceability, scope and validity of our proprietary rights. Any such litigation could result in substantial cost and divert management’s attention from our operations. We rely on trade secret protections through confidentiality agreements with our employees, customers and other parties, and the breach of these agreements could adversely affect our business and prospects. We rely on trade secrets and proprietary know-how, which we seek to protect, in part, through confidentiality, invention, and non- disclosure agreements with our employees, scientific advisors, consultants, collaborators, suppliers, and other parties. There can be no assurance that these agreements will not be breached, that we would have adequate remedies for any such breach or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known to or independently developed by our competitors. If any of these events occurs, or we otherwise lose protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know-how, the value of this information may be greatly reduced. If we infringe the rights of third parties we might have to forgo selling our future products, pay damages, or defend against litigation. If our product candidates, methods, processes and other technologies infringe the proprietary rights of other parties, we could incur substantial costs and we might have to: • • • • • • obtain licenses, which might not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all; abandon an infringing product candidate; redesign our products or processes to avoid infringement; stop using the subject matter claimed in the patents held by others; pay damages; and/or defend litigation or administrative proceedings which might be costly whether we win or lose, and which could result in a substantial diversion of our financial and management resources. Any of these events could substantially harm our earnings, financial condition and operations. Risks Related to Our Common Stock We might not be able to maintain the listing of our common stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market. Our common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “ASMB.” We might not be able to maintain the listing standards of that exchange. If we fail to maintain the listing requirements, our common stock might trade on the OTC Bulletin Board or in the “pink sheets” maintained by Pink OTC Markets, Inc. These alternative markets are generally considered to be markets that are less efficient and less broad than The NASDAQ Capital Market. The price of our common stock might fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Since we went public on December 22, 2010 and through February 27, 2015, the closing price of our common stock has fluctuated between $4.30 and $101.25 (after giving effect to the 1-for-5 reverse stock split effected on July 11, 2014), with significant volatility after we announced on June 25, 2012 that our prior product candidate iferanserin failed to meet the endpoints of our Phase III trial, and after we announced in February 2014 that our prior product candidate diltiazem demonstrated no significant improvement compared to placebo. Continued volatility in the market price of our common stock might prevent you from being able to sell your shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid for such shares. The trading price of our common stock might be volatile and subject to wide price fluctuations in response to various factors, including: • • • • the receipt or loss of required regulatory approvals for our product candidates; results of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and other studies involving our product candidates; availability of capital; future sales of our common stock; 24 • • • • • • • • • • • • • sale of shares of our common stock by our significant stockholders or members of our management; additions or departures of key personnel; investor perceptions of us and the pharmaceutical industry; issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports or recommendations, or the announcement of any changes to our credit rating; success or failure of our product candidates; introduction of new products or announcements of significant contracts, acquisitions or capital commitments by us or our competitors; threatened or actual litigation and government investigations; legislative, political or regulatory developments; the overall performance of the equity markets; actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial and operating results; general economic conditions; changes in interest rates; and changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles. These and other factors might cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially, which might limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares of our common stock and might otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, in recent years, the stock market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies across many industries. The changes frequently appear to occur without regard to the operating performance of the affected companies. Accordingly, the price of our common stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with our company, and these fluctuations could materially reduce our share price. Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval. At February 27, 2015, our executive officers, directors and one of our founders beneficially owned approximately 28% of our outstanding voting common stock. Therefore, these stockholders have the ability to influence us through their ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders. We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future and our stock may not appreciate in value. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the operation and growth of our business and do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, the success of an investment in shares of our common stock will depend upon any future appreciation in its value. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or that the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares will be able to be maintained. The requirements of being a public company add to our operating costs and might strain our resources and distract our management. As a public company, we face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses not faced by private companies. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition, and the rules and regulations implemented by the SEC, the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002, and The NASDAQ Capital Market, each of which imposes additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. These rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly, although we are currently unable to estimate these costs with any degree of certainty. Complying with these requirements might divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our prospects, business, and financial condition. Additionally, the expenses incurred by public companies generally for reporting and corporate governance purposes have been increasing. These increased costs will require us to divert a significant amount of money that we could otherwise use to develop our product candidates or otherwise expand our business. If we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our common stock, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation. 25 Several provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law and our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws could discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the market price of our securities. Several provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law and our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws could discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, and the market price of our securities could be reduced as a result. These provisions may include: • • • • prohibiting us from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder unless certain provisions are met; prohibiting cumulative voting in the election of directors; limiting the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders; and establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings; If securities analysts downgrade our stock or cease coverage of us, the price of our stock could decline. The trading market for our common stock relies in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. Currently, two financial analysts publish reports about us and our business. We do not control these or any other analysts. Furthermore, there are many large, well-established, publicly traded companies active in our industry and market, which may mean that it is less likely that we will receive widespread analyst coverage. If any of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock, our stock price would likely decline rapidly. If these analysts cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties We occupy space on the 5th floor at 99 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10013. We rent this space pursuant to a lease that runs until September 2015. Since January 2015, our principal laboratory facilities consist of approximately 6,000 square feet located at 409 Illinois Street, San Francisco, California. The sublease on all this space expires in December 2016. We believe our existing facilities are adequate for our current needs and that additional space will be available in the future on commercially reasonable terms as needed. Item 3. Legal Proceedings We are not a party to any legal proceedings and we are not aware of any claims or actions pending or threatened against us. In the future, we might from time to time become involved in litigation relating to claims arising from our ordinary course of business. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information for Common Stock Our common stock is traded under the symbol “ASMB” and is quoted on the NASDAQ Capital Market. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices for shares of our common stock, as reported by NASDAQ for the periods indicated (after giving effect to the 1- for-5 reverse stock split effected on July 11, 2014). 26 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter 2014 2013 High Low High Low $ $ $ $ 23.45 8.30 9.68 9.47 $ $ $ $ 6.10 4.25 6.40 6.51 $ $ $ $ 19.60 15.45 18.75 19.35 $ $ $ $ 10.60 9.55 10.50 12.35 On March 11, 2015, the closing price for the common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market was $14.18. Holders of Record As of February 28, 2015, there were 123 stockholders of record, which excludes stockholders whose shares were held in nominee or street name by brokers. Dividends We currently do not plan to declare dividends on shares of our common stock in the foreseeable future. We expect to retain our future earnings, if any, for use in the operation and expansion of our business. Equity Compensation Plans The information required by Item 5 of Form 10-K regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to “Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” in this report. Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. (In thousands) Balance Sheet Data: Total assets Deferred financing costs, net Total stockholders’ equity $ Statement of Operations Data: Operating expenses $ Loss from operations Interest income Interest expense Net loss Loss per Shares Data: $ 2014 2013 December 31, 2012 2011 2010 $ 71,225 - 58,571 $ 27,132 - 24,494 $ 20,556 - 17,810 $ 37,046 - 34,533 14,617 27 11,626 23,956 (23,956 ) 167 - (23,789 ) $ $ 19,605 (19,605 ) 201 - (19,404 ) $ $ 24,855 (24,855 ) 65 - (24,790 ) $ $ 34,002 (34,002 ) 76 (419 ) (34,345 ) $ $ 4,766 (4,766 ) 6 (10,530 ) (15,290 ) Basic and dilutive loss per share data $ (3.40 ) $ (5.00 ) $ (9.74 ) $ (17.86 ) $ (123.32 ) Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation Overview The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. We are a biopharmaceutical company committed to developing novel oral therapies for the cure of intractable infectious diseases, focusing on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and C. difficile-associated infections (CDAD). On July 11, 2014, Assembly Biosciences merged with a private company Assembly Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which was founded in 2012. The merger resulted in a shift in strategic focus, the addition of a new lead drug development program for the company, and changes in personnel. The target of our lead program is a clinical cure for HBV, for which we are developing a series of new compounds, known as core protein allosteric modulators, or CpAMs, with the potential to modulate the HBV core protein—a polyfunctional essential viral protein-—at multiple complementary points in the viral lifecycle. Our CDAD program is based on the targeted delivery of novel microbiome-based therapies in a proprietary oral formulation, applying our novel coating and encapsulation technology that allows for targeted delivery of complex agents to select regions of the gastrointestinal, or GI, tract. Using this proprietary delivery platform, we aim to deliver several types of beneficial bacteria, in novel “synthetic formats’, to the gastrointestinal, or GI, tract. 27 We currently have administrative offices in New York City and research facilities in San Francisco, California. Research activities for the HBV program are also being conducted at Indiana University at Bloomington, under the aegis of Adam Zlotnick, PhD, Assembly co- founder and head of our HBV Scientific Advisory Board. Since inception of the parent company, we have had no revenue from product sales, and have funded our operations principally through debt financings prior to our initial public offering in 2010 and through equity financings since then. Our operations to date have been primarily limited to organizing and staffing our company, licensing our product candidates, developing clinical trials for our product candidates, establishing manufacturing for our product candidates, maintaining and improving our patent portfolio and raising capital. We have generated significant losses to date, and we expect to continue to generate losses as we continue to develop our product candidates. As of December 31, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of $135,512,072. Net cash outflows after the Assembly Merger was approximately $7.5 million.. Because we do not generate revenue from any of our product candidates, our losses will continue as we seek regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates. As a result, our operating losses are likely to be substantial over the next several years as we continue the development of our product candidates and thereafter if none is approved or successfully launched. We are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when we will become profitable, if at all. Financial Operations Overview Research and Development Expense Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including our drug discovery efforts, target validation, lead optimization and the development of our product candidates, which include: · · · · employee-related expenses including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation expense; expenses incurred under agreements with third parties, including contract research organizations, or CROs, that conduct research and development, preclinical and clinical activities on our behalf and the cost of consultants; the cost of lab supplies and acquiring, developing, and manufacturing preclinical study materials; and facilities, depreciation, and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, insurance, and other operating costs. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are deferred and capitalized. The capitalized amounts are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed. We use our employee and infrastructure resources across multiple research and development programs, and we allocate internal employee-related and infrastructure costs, as well as certain third party costs, to each of our programs based on the personnel resources allocated to such program. Our research and development expenses, by major program, are outlined in the table below: HBV Microbiome Diltiazem Iferanserin Stock Base Compensation YE 2013 YE 2014 $ $ $ $ $ - 358,250 14,560,539 (585,347 ) 695,636 $ $ $ $ $ 2,536,378 1,559,136 3,913,887 - 2,707,336 Diltiazem and iferanserin were our prior product candidates that we are no longer developing. Since the Assembly merger in July 2014, the HBV and microbiome programs are currently the only focus of our company. The successful discovery and development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. As such, at this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the remainder of the development of our product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from our product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing medicines, including the uncertainty of: • identifying a lead candidate for each of the HBV and microbiome programs; • establishing an appropriate safety profile with IND-enabling toxicology studies; • successful enrollment in, and completion of clinical trials; • receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities; • establishing commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers; 28 • obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates; • launching commercial sales of the products, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others; and • a continued acceptable safety profile of the products following approval. A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any of our product candidates would significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect research and development costs to increase significantly for the foreseeable future as our product candidate development programs progress. However, we do not believe that it is possible at this time to accurately project total program- specific expenses through commercialization. There are numerous factors associated with the successful commercialization of any of our product candidates, including future trial design and various regulatory requirements, many of which cannot be determined with accuracy at this time based on our stage of development. Additionally, future commercial and regulatory factors beyond our control will impact our clinical development programs and plans. General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance, accounting, business development, legal and human resources functions. Other significant costs include facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters and fees for accounting and consulting services. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future to support continued research and development activities, potential commercialization of our product candidates and increased costs of operating as a public company. These increases will likely include increased costs related to the hiring of additional personnel and fees to outside consultants, lawyers and accountants, among other expenses. Additionally, we anticipate increased costs associated with being a public company including expenses related to services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and SEC requirements, insurance, and investor relations costs. Interest income Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities. Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those described in greater detail below. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid you in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identified net assets of businesses acquired. Our intangible assets with an indefinite life are related to in-process research and development ("IPR&D") programs acquired in the Assembly Merger, as we expect future research and development on these programs to provide us with substantial benefit for a period that extends beyond the foreseeable horizon. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are measured at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. We do not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Intangible assets related to IPR&D projects are considered to be indefinite lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated R&D efforts. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs if and when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the associated assets would be deemed finite lived and would then be amortized based on their respective estimated useful lives at that point in time. 29 We review goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for possible impairment. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit or the indefinite-lived intangible assets below their carrying values. We test goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets each year on December 31. We review the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets utilizing a discounted cash flow model, and, where appropriate, a market value approach is also utilized to supplement the discounted cash flow model. We make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows, discount rates, long-term growth rates and market values to determine each reporting unit’s estimated fair value Accrued research and development expenses As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued expenses. This process involves reviewing quotations and contracts, identifying services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. The significant estimates in our accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to CROs in connection with research and development activities for which we have not yet been invoiced. We base our expenses related to CROs on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with CROs that conduct research and development on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the research and development expense. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported revenue, if any, and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates their estimates and judgments. Management bases estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that they believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results might differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The Company’s significant estimates and assumptions include the initial fair value, recoverability and useful lives of intangible assets, including goodwill and the grant date fair value of stock-based compensation. Stock-Based Compensation We apply the fair value recognition provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which we refer to as ASC 718, to account for stock-based compensation. We recognize stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to employees and directors for their services on the Board of Directors based on the estimated fair value of each stock option on the date of grant, net of estimated forfeitures, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The grant date fair value of awards subject to service-based vesting, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective awards. In accordance with the ASC 718, stock options subject to both performance- and service-based vesting conditions are recognized using an accelerated recognition model if achievement of the performance requirements is considered to be probable. We account for stock options granted to non-employees, which primarily consist of consultants and members of our scientific advisory board, using the fair value method. Stock options granted to non-employees are subject to periodic revaluation over their vesting terms and stock-based compensation expense is recognized using an accelerated recognition model. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock option awards using various assumptions that require management to apply judgment and make estimates, including: • the expected term of the stock option award, which we calculate using the simplified method, as prescribed by the Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Payment, as we have insufficient historical information regarding our stock options to provide a basis for an estimate; 30 • • • the expected volatility of the underlying common stock, which we estimate based on the historical volatility of a representative group of publicly traded biopharmaceutical companies with similar characteristics to us, including development candidates in earlier stages of drug development and areas of therapeutic focus; the risk-free interest rate, which we based on the yield curve of U.S. Treasury securities with periods commensurate with the expected term of the options being valued; the expected dividend yield, which we estimate to be zero based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and have no present intention to pay cash dividends; and • the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant. If factors change and different assumptions are used, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. In addition to the assumptions used in our Black-Scholes option-pricing model, the amount of stock option expense we recognize in our consolidated statements of operations includes an estimate of stock option forfeitures. Under ASC 718, we are required to estimate the level of forfeitures expected to occur and record compensation expense only for those awards that we ultimately expect will vest. Due to the lack of historical forfeiture activity, we expect to estimate our forfeiture rate based on data from our representative group of companies. Changes in the estimated forfeiture rate can have a significant impact on our stock-based compensation expense as the cumulative effect of adjusting the rate is recognized in the period the forfeiture estimate is changed. For example, if a revised forfeiture rate is higher than the previously estimated forfeiture rate, an adjustment is made that will result in a decrease to the stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated financial statements. If a revised forfeiture rate is lower than the previously estimated forfeiture rate, an adjustment is made that will result in an increase to the stock-based compensation expense recognized in our consolidated financial statements. To date our forfeitures have not been material. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements Since our inception, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, including the use of structured finance, special purpose entities or variable interest entities. Contractual Obligations The following table summarizes our future contractual obligations and commercial commitments at December 31, 2014. Indiana University Regus (office lease) Total contractual obligations Less than 1 year $ $ $ 169,136 67,200 236,336 1-2 years - - - $ $ $ Milestone and royalty payments associated with certain agreements have not been included in the above table of contractual obligations as we cannot reasonably estimate if or when they will occur. At this time, no milestone payments, other than the milestone payments included in the table of contractual obligations, are probable of occurrence. Results of Operations General To date, we have not generated any revenues from operations and, at December 31, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $136 million primarily as a result of research and development expenses, purchases of in-process research and development and general and administrative expenses. While we may in the future generate revenue from a variety of sources, including license fees, milestone payments, research and development payments in connection with strategic partnerships and/or product sales, our product candidates are at an early stage of development and may never be successfully developed or commercialized. Accordingly, we expect to continue to incur substantial losses from operations for the foreseeable future and there can be no assurance that we will ever generate significant revenues. 31 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 Research and Development Expense Research and development expense was $10,716,737 for the year ended December 2014, a decrease of $4,312,341 or 28.7% from $15,029,078 for the same period in 2013. The reason for the net decrease in research and development expenses is due to the winding down of our Diltiazem program which resulted in a $9,987,000 reduction of costs in 2014, offset by increases in expenses related to the Microbiome program of approximately $1,560,000, increases in expenses related to the HBV program of approximately $2,536,000 and additional stock-based compensation of $2,020,000 due to new options granted to all employees. General and Administrative Expense General and administrative expense was $13,239,715 for the year ended December 2014, an increase of $8,664,014 or 189.3% from $4,575,701 for the same period in 2013. The primary reason was an increase of stock-based compensation expense of approximately $6,913,000 due to new stock options granted to employees and consultants, warrant expenses of $680,000, merger expenses of $471,000, accounting fees $78,000, sign on bonus and senior management bonuses of $559,000, D & O insurance of $55,000; offset by a decrease of $91,000 for consulting. Interest Expense and Income There was no interest expense in 2014 or 2013. Interest income was $167,653 for the year ended 2014 compared to $201,020 for the same period in 2013. Liquidity and Capital Resources As a result of our significant research and development expenditures and the lack of any FDA-approved products to generate product sales revenue, we have not been profitable and have generated operating losses since we were incorporated in October 2005. We have funded our operations through December 31, 2014 principally with debt prior to our initial public offering, and thereafter with equity financing, raising an aggregate of $111.5 million in net proceeds from public offerings and private placements from inception to December 31, 2014. In January 2014, we sold an aggregate of 92,472 shares of common stock under the amended at-the-market common equity sales program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $1,763,000. On October 6, 2014, we sold to various institutional investors an aggregate of 1,959,000 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering. The purchase price paid by the investors was $8.04 per share and an aggregate of approximately $14,963,000 in net proceeds were received. In connection with the offering, the Company entered into a placement agent agreement with William Blair & Company, L.L.C., who acted as sole placement agent in the offering, and pursuant to which the Company paid a placement agent fee equal to 5.0% of the gross proceeds of the offering. Cash Flows for the Three Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (In thousands) Statement of Cash Flows Data: Total cash (used in)/provided by: Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 $ $ (14,974 ) 277 16,726 (17,796 ) (6 ) 24,375 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents $ 2,029 $ 6,573 Net Cash Used in Operating Activities Net cash used in operating activities was $14,973,502 for the year ended December 31, 2014 and funded our research and development program build out and general and administrative expenses. The net loss of $23,788,799 for the year ended December 31, 2014 was greater than cash used in operating activities by $8,815,297. The primary reason for the difference is attributed to a stock-based compensation charge of $10,637,494. Net Cash Provided by Investing Activities Net cash provided by investing activities was $277,401 for the year ended December 31, 2014. Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities was $16,725,946 for the year ended December 31, 2014. Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2014 consisted of the sale of 2,051,472 shares of common stock for proceeds of $16,725,946. 32 Funding Requirements We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue the research, development and clinical trials of our product candidates. Furthermore, we expect to continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or future commercialization efforts. We monitor our cash needs and the status of the capital markets on a continuous basis. From time to time, we opportunistically raise capital and have done so numerous times since our initial public offering by issuing equity securities, most recently in October 2014. We expect to continue to raise capital when and as needed and at the time and in the manner most advantageous to the company. We expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements until at least the second quarter of 2016. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including: • • • • the scope, progress, results and costs of drug discovery, preclinical development, laboratory testing and future clinical trials for our product candidates; the extent to which we acquire or in-license other medicines and technologies; the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates; the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims; and • our ability to establish collaborations on favorable terms, if at all. Identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain marketing approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of medicines that we do not expect to be commercially available for many years, if at all. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through additional collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The ASU provides for a single comprehensive model for use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance. The accounting standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 with no early adoption permitted. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the guidance on our financial position, results of operation, and cash flows. In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-10, Development Stage Entities (Topic 915): Elimination of Certain Financial Reporting Requirements, Including an Amendment to Variable Interest Entities Guidance in Topic 810, Consolidation. The amendments in this update remove the definition of a development stage entity from the Master Glossary of the Accounting Standards Codification, thereby removing the financial reporting distinction between development stage entities and other reporting entities from GAAP. In addition, the amendments eliminate the requirements for development stage entities to (1) present inception-to-date information in the statements of income, cash flows and shareholder equity, (2) label the financial statements as those of a development stage entity, (3) disclose a description of the development stage activities in which the entity is engaged, and (4) disclose in the first year in which the entity is no longer a development stage entity that in prior years it had been in the development stage. A public entity is required to apply the amendments for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2014, and interim periods therein. An entity should apply the amendments retrospectively for all comparative periods presented. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted this guidance in the second quarter of 2014. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial position, statement of operations, or statement of cash flows. 33 In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-12, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718). The ASU clarifies how entities should treat performance targets that can be achieved after the requisite service period of a share-based payment award. The accounting standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the guidance on our financial position, results of operation, and cash flows. The FASB has issued ASU 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. The guidance, which is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted, extends the responsibility for performing the going-concern assessment to management and contains guidance on how to perform a going-concern assessment and when going-concern disclosures would be required under GAAP. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our consolidated financial statements. Cautionary Statement We operate in a highly competitive environment that involves a number of risks, some of which are beyond our control. The following statement highlights some of these risks. For more detail, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors”. Statements contained in this Form 10-K that are not historical facts, are or might constitute forward-looking statements under the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Although we believe the expectations reflected in such forward- looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, our expectations might not be attained. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from expected results. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations expressed in the report include, among others: risks related to the costs, timing, regulatory review and results of our studies and clinical trials; our ability to obtain FDA approval of our product candidates; our anticipated capital expenditures, our estimates regarding our capital requirements, and our need for future capital; our liquidity and working capital requirements; our expectations regarding our revenues, expenses and other results of operations; the unpredictability of the size of the markets for, and market acceptance of, any of our products; our ability to sell any approved products and the price we are able realize; our ability to obtain future funding on acceptable terms; our ability to retain and hire necessary employees and to staff our operations appropriately; our ability to compete in our industry and innovation by our competitors; our ability to stay abreast of and comply with new or modified laws and regulations that currently apply or become applicable to our business; estimates and estimate methodologies used in preparing our financial statements; the future trading prices of our common stock and the impact of securities analysts’ reports on these prices; and the risks set out in our filings with the SEC. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. We do not believe that our cash and equivalents have significant risk of default or illiquidity. Under our current investment policies, we invest our cash and cash equivalents in money market funds which invest in short-term U.S. Treasury securities with insignificant rates of return. While we believe our cash and equivalents do not contain excessive risk, we cannot provide absolute assurance that in the future our investments will not be subject to adverse changes in market value. In addition, we maintain significant amounts of cash and equivalents at one or more financial institutions that are in excess of federally insured limits. Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and clinical trial costs. We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our results of operations during 2014 or 2013. Our purchases of raw materials and finished goods are denominated in U.S. dollars. Consequently, we have not considered it necessary to use foreign currency contracts or other derivative instruments to manage changes in currency rates. We do not now, nor do we plan to, use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. However, these circumstances might change. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this report. An index of those financial statements is found on page F-1. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Not applicable. 34 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e),which is designed to provide reasonable assurance that information, which is required to be disclosed in our reports filed pursuant to the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is accumulated and communicated to management in a timely manner. At the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report were effective. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of these inherent limitations, management does not expect that our internal controls over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2014. This annual report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit us to provide only management’s report in this annual report. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no significant changes in our internal control over financial reporting or in other factors that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information Not applicable. PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Our current directors and their respective biographical summaries are as follows. Anthony Altig 59 Mr. Altig joined our Board in January 2012. Since 2008, Mr. Altig has been the Chief Financial Officer of Biotix Holdings, Inc., a company that manufactures microbiological consumables. From 2004 to 2007, Mr. Altig served as the Chief Financial Officer of Diversa Corporation (subsequently Verenium Corporation), a public company developing specialized industrial enzymes. Prior to joining Diversa, Mr. Altig served as the Chief Financial Officer of Maxim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a public biopharmaceutical company. In addition, Mr. Altig serves as a director and chairman of the audit committee for TearLab Corporation (formerly OccuLogix, Inc.), a publicly traded eyecare technology company, and served as a director of Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, which was a public company until its acquisition by Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in October 2013. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Mr. Altig’s extensive management experience and financial expertise, as well as his experience serving on the boards of directors of several public pharmaceutical and healthcare companies, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure. 35 Mark Auerbach 76 Richard DiMarchi 62 Russell H. Ellison, M.D., M.Sc. 67 Mr. Auerbach was elected to our Board in November 2010. Mr. Auerbach is the non executive chairman of the audit committee of RCS Capital Corporation (NYSE: RCAP), a publicly traded financial services company. Mr. Auerbach previously served as a director and chairman of the audit committee of Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a public company, from 2005 until its acquisition by Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in October 2013. From January 2006 through March 2010, Mr. Auerbach served as the chairman of the board of directors for Neuro-Hitech, Inc., an early-stage pharmaceutical company specializing in brain degenerative diseases. Over the last 20 years, Mr. Auerbach also has served as a director for several other companies, including Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc., a publicly traded manufacturer and marketer of generic pharmaceuticals and the parent of Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., Collexis Holdings, Inc., a public company which develops knowledge management and discovery software, and RxElite Holdings, Inc., a company which develops, manufactures, and markets generic prescription drug products in specialty generic markets. From 1993 to 2005, Mr. Auerbach served as chief financial officer of Central Lewmar LLC, a national fine paper distributor. Mr. Auerbach received his B.S. degree in accounting from Rider University. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Mr. Auerbach’s extensive financial experience, his accounting degree and his experience as a director of several public companies, including his service as the chair of the audit committee of one of those public companies, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure. Dr. DiMarchi became a director upon the closing of the Assembly acquisition in July 2014. Dr. DiMarchi is a co-founder of Assembly Pharmaceuticals and has served on its board since inception in 2012. Dr. DiMarchi currently holds the Cox Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Gill Chair in Biomolecular Sciences at Indiana University. Dr. DiMarchi was a co-founder and board member of biotechnology companies Ambrx and Marcadia, current founder of Assembly and Calibrium Biotech, and advisor to venture firms 5AM, Twilight Ventures, and others. Dr. DiMarchi retired as Group Vice President at Eli Lilly & Company, where he provided leadership for more than two decades in biotechnology, endocrine research, and product development. Dr. DiMarchi previously served as a board member of the biotechnology trade group BIO, Isis and Millennium BioTherapeutics. His current research is focused on developing macromolecules with enhanced therapeutic properties through biochemical and chemical optimization, an approach he has termed chemical-biotechnology. Dr. DiMarchi contributed significantly to the discovery of Humalog® and to the commercial development of Humulin®, Humatrope®, Glucagon®, Xigris®, Forteo®, and Evista®. Dr. DiMarchi is the recipient of numerous prestigious awards and in 2014 was inducted to the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Dr. DiMarchi received his PhD in Biochemistry from Indiana University, and completed his postdoctoral studies at the Rockefeller University. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Dr. DiMarchi’s medical training, extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as his experience serving on the board of directors of several private pharmaceutical companies, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure. Dr. Ellison joined our company as a director, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Medical Officer in June 2010, and served as our Chief Medical Officer until July 2014 and our Chief Executive Officer until February 2015. He was elected Chairman of our Board in January 2011, which position he held until February 2015. From July 2007 to January 2010, Dr. Ellison served as Executive Vice President of Paramount Biosciences LLC, a global pharmaceutical development and healthcare investment firm. Prior to that, Dr. Ellison served as Vice President of Clinical Development of Fibrogen, Inc., a privately held biotechnology company, Vice President of Medical Affairs and Chief Medical Officer of Sanofi-Synthelabo, USA, a pharmaceutical company, and Vice President, Medical Affairs and Chief Medical Officer of Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., a pharmaceutical company. Dr. Ellison previously served as a director of Cougar Biotechnology, Inc., a publicly traded pharmaceutical company that was acquired by Johnson & Johnson in July 2009, and CorMedix, Inc., a pharmaceutical company that went public in March 2010. He also has served as a director of several privately held development-stage biotechnology companies. Dr. Ellison holds an M.D. from the University of British Columbia and an M.Sc. (with distinction) from The London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Dr. Ellison’s medical training, extensive management experience in the pharmaceutical industry and experience in the capital markets, as well as his experience serving on the board of directors of a public pharmaceutical company and on the boards of directors of several private pharmaceutical companies, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure. 36 Myron Z. Holubiak 68 William Ringo 68 Mr. Holubiak joined our Board in July 2010. Mr. Holubiak currently serves as President of 1-800- DOCTORS, Inc., a position he has held since May 2007. Mr. Holubiak is the former President of Roche Laboratories, Inc., USA, a major research-based pharmaceutical company, a position he held from December 1998 to August 2001. Prior to that, he held many sales and marketing positions at Roche Laboratories during his 19-year tenure there. Since September 2002, Mr. Holubiak has served on the board of directors of BioScrip, Inc., a publicly traded company and a leading home infusion provider with nationwide pharmacy and nursing capabilities, and is currently chairman of the board. Since October 2012, Mr. Holubiak also has been a member of the board of directors of Intellicell Biosciences, Inc., a publicly traded regenerative medicine company. Mr. Holubiak is a founder and director as well as the chief executive officer of Leonard+Meron Biosciences, Inc., a privately held pharmaceutical company. Mr. Holubiak is also a trustee of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy Foundation. Mr. Holubiak received his B.S. in Molecular Biology and Biophysics from the University of Pittsburgh. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Mr. Holubiak’s extensive experience managing pharmaceutical and healthcare companies led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure. Mr. Ringo became a director upon the closing of the Assembly acquisition in July 2014, and became non-executive Chairman of the Board in February 2015. Since July 2010, Mr. Ringo has been a senior advisor with Barclays Capital, the global investment banking division of Barclays Bank PLC. Since July 2010, Mr. Ringo has also served as a strategic advisor with Sofinnova Ventures, a life sciences-focused investment firm. Prior to his advisory roles with Barclays Capital and Sofinnova Ventures, Mr. Ringo served as senior Vice President of Strategy and Business Development for Pfizer Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from April 2008 until his retirement in April 2010. From 2004 to 2006, Mr. Ringo served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Abgenix, Inc., a private biotechnology company acquired by Amgen. Mr. Ringo served on the Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. board of directors from Feburary 2011 until the October 2013 acquisition by Amgen. From 2001 to 2007, he served on various boards of directors, including Encysive Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and InterMune, Inc. where he was the non-executive chairman of the board of directors after serving as interim Chief Executive Officer from June to September 2003. From 1994 to 2002, he served as a director and chairman of the board for Community Health Systems, Inc. His experience in the global pharmaceutical sector also includes nearly 30 years with Eli Lilly and Company. Over the course of his career with Lilly, Mr. Ringo served in numerous executive roles, including Product Group President for oncology and critical care, President of internal medicine products, President of the infectious diseases business unit, and Vice President of sales and marketing for U.S. pharmaceuticals. He also was a member of Lilly's operating committee. Mr. Ringo is a director and chairman of the board of Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Mirati Therapeutics, Immune Design, and is an advisor to Ascendis Pharma A/S. He also serves on the board of directors of BioCrossroads, an Indiana initiative and public-private collaboration that focuses on growing, advancing, and investing in the life sciences. Mr. Ringo received his B.S. in business administration and his M.B.A. from the University of Dayton. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Mr. Ringo’s extensive management experience in the pharmaceutical industry and experience in the capital markets, as well as his experience serving on the board of directors of a public pharmaceutical company and on the boards of directors of several private pharmaceutical companies, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure. 37 Derek A. Small 39 Mr. Small became a director and our President and Chief Operating Officer upon the closing of the Assembly acquisition in July 2014, and became Chief Executive Officer in February 2015. Mr. Small is a co-founder of Assembly Pharmaceuticals, and has served as Executive Chairman of the company since inception in 2012. From March 2008 to January 2014, Mr. Small served as a founding director, President, and Chief Executive Officer of Naurex, Inc., a privately held biotechnology company. From January 2009 to April 2012, Mr. Small also served as founding director, President, and Chief Executive Officer to Coferon, Inc., a privately held biotechnology company. Each of these companies was founded as portfolio companies of Luson Bioventures, a biotechnology and biopharmaceutical venture creation firm that Mr. Small founded in 2007. Mr. Small continues to serve on the Board of Directors of Naurex, Inc. Mr. Small received his BS in Business from Franklin College, including participation in the Harlaxton College affiliate program in England. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Mr. Small’s extensive management experience in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as his experience serving on the board of directors of several private pharmaceutical companies, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure. Audit Committee Our Board has established an Audit Committee of which directors Mark Auerbach (Chairman), Anthony Altig and William Ringo are members. The Board has determined that each of Mr. Altig, Mr. Auerbach and Mr. Ringo qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as that term is defined in Item 407(d) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC. Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance Pursuant to Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, our directors and executive officers are required to file reports with the SEC indicating their holdings of and transactions in our equity securities. To our knowledge, based solely on our review of the copies of such reports furnished to us and written representations that our officers, directors and holders of more than 10% of our common stock complied with all applicable filing requirements during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, with the exception of (i) a late filing made by Adam Zlotnick who filed a late Form 3 on September 9, 2014 reporting a 10% or greater ownership interest arising on July 11, 2014, (ii) a late filing made by Adam Zlotnick who filed a late Form 4 on September 9, 2014 reporting the grant of a stock option on July 10, 2014, (iii) a late filing made by Russell Ellison who filed a late Form 4 on March 12, 2014 reporting the grant of stock options on January 15, 2014, and (iv) a late filing made by David Barrett who filed a late Form 4 on March 12, 2014 reporting the grant of certain stock options on January 15, 2014. Code of Ethics Our Board has adopted a Code of Ethics for our principal executive officer and all senior financial officers and a Code of Conduct applicable to all of our employees and our directors. Both Codes are available under the Investor Relations-Corporate Governance section of our website at www.assemblybio.com. Item 11. Executive Compensation Director Compensation The following table shows the compensation earned by each of our non-employee directors for the year ended December 31, 2014. Non-Employee Director Compensation in Fiscal 2014 Anthony E. Altig Mark Auerbach Richard DiMarchi Joseph Felder Myron Holubiak William Ringo $ Fees Earned or Paid in Cash 40,000 45,000 20,000 20,000 45,000 20,000 $ Option Awards (1) (2) 373,168 339,017 357,198 - 339,017 357,198 (3) (4) (3) All Other $ Compensation - - - - - - $ Total ($) 413,168 384,017 377,198 20,000 384,017 377,198 (1) As of December 31, 2014, our non-employee directors held the following options to purchase shares of our common stock: Mr. Altig, 64,000 shares; Mr. Auerbach, 64,000 shares; Mr. DiMarchi, 64,000 shares; Mr. Holubiak, 64,000 shares; and Mr. Ringo, 64,000 shares. 38  (2) The reported amount in the table above of the stock option grants made in 2014 represents the aggregate grant date fair value of the options computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are included in Note 6 of the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (3) Became a director on July 11, 2014. (4) Dr. Felder ceased to be a director on July 10, 2014. Directors receive a grant of options annually as determined by the Compensation Committee. Upon joining the Board, a new director will be granted 64,000 stock options. Each non-employee director receives an annual cash fee of $35,000 per year. The Chairman of the Board receives an annual cash fee of $35,000 per year. Members of the Audit Committee receive a fee of $7,500 per year with the Chair of the committee receiving an additional $7,500. Members of the Compensation Committee and the Nominating and Governance Committee receive a fee of $5,000 per year with the Chair of the committee receiving an additional fee of $5,000. Executive Compensation Our executive officers are Mr. Derek Small, our President and Chief Executive Officer, David J. Barrett, our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, Dr. Uri Lopatin, our Chief Medical Officer, and Lee Arnold, our Chief Scientific Officer. Information on Mr. Small is provided under Item 10 above. Information on Mr. Barrett and Drs. Lopatin and Arnold is below. We refer to anyone who served as an executive officer in 2014 as a Named Executive Officer. Age (as of Name 02/28/15) Business Experience For Last Five Years David J. Barrett 39 Dr. Lopatin 43 Mr. Barrett joined us as Chief Financial Officer in July 2010. From April 2006 to September 2009, Mr. Barrett served as Chief Financial Officer of Neuro-Hitech, Inc., a public company focused on developing, marketing and distributing branded and generic pharmaceutical products. From September 2003 to April 2006, Mr. Barrett was the Chief Financial Officer /Vice President of Finance of Overture Asset Managers and Overture Financial Services, which, at the time, was a start-up asset management firm that assembled investment products and platforms to distribute turnkey and unbundled investment solutions to financial intermediaries and institutional investors. From July 1999 to September 2003, Mr. Barrett was employed as a Manager at Deloitte & Touche, LLP. Mr. Barrett also is a director of Coronado Biosciences, Inc. (NASDAQ: CNDO), a biopharmaceutical Company. Mr. Barrett received his B.S. in Accounting and Economics and his M.S. in Accounting from the University of Florida. He is a certified public accountant. the completion of in July 2014 upon Dr. Lopatin joined us as Chief Medical Officer and Vice President Research and Development the merger with Assembly Pharmaceuticals. At Assembly Pharmaceuticals, he was Chief Medical Officer and Vice President Research and Development, a position he held since October, 2012. Prior to that, he was a Senior Director for Clinical and Translational Research-Liver Disease at Gilead Sciences from October, 2010 to September, 2012, a Translational Medical Leader at Roche from May, 2008 to September, 2010. He has designed and coordinated pre-clinical and clinical collaborations, as well as phase I through IV clinical studies of multiple new molecular entities. Dr. Lopatin has published extensively, especially on hepatitis B and immunology and is an author of multiple patents in the field of treatment and diagnosis for viral hepatitis. Dr. Lopatin received his infectious disease Board certification following fellowship training in ID at the NIH, and internal medicine board certification following completion of residency at NYU. He received his MD in 2000 from University of Medicine and Dentistry-New Jersey Medical School. 39 Dr. Arnold 55 Dr. Lee Arnold joined us a Chief Scientific Officer in July 2014 upon the completion of the merger with Assembly Pharmaceuticals. At Assembly Pharmaceuticals, he served as Chief Scientific Officer since May 2014. Dr. Arnold has an exceptionally broad research background ranging from synthetic and medicinal chemistry, structure-based drug design, biochemistry and biophysics, drug metabolism, to preclinical efficacy, safety, toxicology, Process R&D, and IND-enabling studies. With pharma experience from Syntex, Pfizer, BASF/Abbott Bioresearch, and OSI Pharmaceuticals, he brings a history of over 27 years of industry contributions in molecularly-targeted small-molecule drug discovery in oncology, immunology and infectious disease. From July 2009 to April 2014, Dr. Arnold was Chief Scientific Officer for Coferon, Inc. Dr. Arnold led the creation, refinement, and deployment of an unprecedented self-assembling drug molecule platform to deliver larger, more potent and selective drugs into cells in parts. During his career, Dr. Arnold has played a direct role in delivering 7 innovative drug candidates into development for oncology. One of his inventions, TARCEVA, is the first orally-active kinase inhibitor demonstrated to improve survival in lung and pancreatic carcinoma patients. Since 2007 he has also been a visiting professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and a member of the Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery. Dr. Arnold is recognized in drug discovery through his inventorship on over sixty-five patent filings, more than thirty peer-reviewed publications, and numerous conference presentations. Executive Compensation Components of our Executive Compensation Program The principal components of our executive compensation program are base salary, annual bonus, and long-term incentives. Our Compensation Committee believes that each component of executive compensation must be evaluated and determined with reference to competitive market data, individual and corporate performance, our recruiting and retention goals, internal equity and consistency, and other information we deem relevant. We believe that in the biopharmaceutical industry stock option and/or other equity awards are a primary motivator in attracting and retaining executives, in addition to salary and cash incentive bonuses. The components of our compensation package are set forth below. Base Salary We provide base salaries for our Named Executive Officers to compensate them for their services rendered during the fiscal year. Base salaries for our Named Executive Officers have been established based on their position and scope of responsibilities, their prior experience and training, and competitive market compensation data we review for similar positions in our industry. Base salaries are reviewed periodically and may be increased for merit reasons based on the executive’s performance, for retention reasons or if the base salary is not competitive to salaries paid by comparative companies for similar positions. Additionally, we may adjust base salaries throughout the year for promotions or other changes in the scope or breadth of an executive’s role or responsibilities. Annual Incentive Bonus A significant element of the cash compensation of our Named Executive Officers is an annual performance-based cash bonus. A Named Executive Officer’s target bonus is generally set as a percentage of base salary to reward strong performance and retain his employment in a competitive labor market. In the case of Drs. Ellison, Lopatin and Arnold, and Messrs. Small and Barrett, their employment agreements, effective through 2014, provided an annual bonus of up to 50% and 30% of their base salary, respectively. Their current employment agreements provide for bonus opportunities of 50%, 30%, 30%, 50% and 50%, respectively. Bonuses are based on the achievement of significant company goals, including research and clinical development, financial, business development and operational milestones, with specific goals tailored to the executive officer’s area of responsibility. The performance goals generally are determined by our Compensation Committee in the first quarter of the calendar year but the bonuses are determined at the time bonuses are paid. Additionally, the Board or the Compensation Committee may increase or decrease an executive’s bonus payment (above or below the target) based on its assessment of the company’s and an executive’s individual performance during a given year. For 2014, annual bonuses were based on achievement of company goals related to development of our HBV and Microbiome therapy programs, financial operations/investor relations, strategic planning, business development/commercialization, and corporate governance. In addition, our Compensation Committee determined that the performance of the Named Executive Officers should be evaluated in three distinct time periods – pre-merger, merger period, and post- merger, reflecting the types of activities associated with each of these periods. Each officer's potential bonus was weighted differently for each set of goals, depending on his respective area of responsibility. For the business and financial executive positions, the Compensation Committee believed no bonuses should be awarded for the pre-merger period because the activities and performance during that time period were recognized at the time of the merger; for the merger and post-merger periods, these executives were generally considered to have met their goals. For the science/technical executive position, both leaders were considered to have performed well in pursuit of the development objectives. The resulting bonuses were as follows for 2014: $116,667 for Mr. Small (67% of his total possible bonus for 2014); $142,500 for Dr. Ellison (60%); $150,000 for Mr. Barrett (100%); $104,400 for Dr. Lopatin (120 %); and $51,188 for Dr. Arnold (54%). The bonus amounts for Mr. Small and Drs. Lopatin and Arnold are based on their salaries paid by us during 2014, beginning immediately after the Assembly merger on July 11, 2014. 40 Long-term Incentives Our equity-based long-term incentive program is designed to align our Named Executive Officers’ long-term incentives with stockholder value creation. We believe that long-term participation by our executive officers in equity-based awards is a critical factor in the achievement of long-term company goals and business objectives. Our 2014 Plan allows the grant to executive officers of stock options, as well as other forms of equity incentives, as part of our overall compensation program. Grants of options to our executive officers other than our Chief Executive Officer are recommended by the Chief Executive Officer and finalized by the Compensation Committee and/or the Board. Grants of options to our Chief Executive Officer are made by the Compensation Committee and/or the Board. In July 2014, we cancelled all outstanding options issued under our 2006 Plan and all outstanding options and unvested restricted stock units issued under our 2010 Plan. At the same time, our Board and our stockholders adopted and approved our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan and we granted the following stock options to our Named Executive Officers: Dr. Ellison, 800,000 options; Mr. Barrett, 741,800 options; and Dr. Lopatin, 160,000 options. No options were granted to Mr. Small and Dr. Arnold because we assumed options to purchase 466,238 shares and 155,412 shares, respectively, in the merger with Assembly Pharmaceuticals, which had previously granted them those options. In approving these stock options, the Board’s guiding principle was to create a program that is designed to incentivize management to generate a significant increase in total shareholder return as measured by sustained increases in our stock price. Other Compensation We maintain broad-based benefits and perquisites that are provided to all eligible employees, including health insurance, life and disability insurance, dental insurance and paid vacation. Pension Benefits We do not maintain any qualified or non-qualified defined benefit plans. As a result, none of our Named Executive Officers participate in or have account balances in qualified or non-qualified defined benefit plans sponsored by us. Our Compensation Committee may elect to adopt qualified or non-qualified benefit plans in the future if it determines that doing so is in our best interests. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation None of our Named Executive Officers participate in or have account balances in nonqualified defined contribution plans or other non- qualified deferred compensation plans maintained by us. Our Compensation Committee may elect to provide our officers and other employees with non-qualified defined contribution or other non-qualified deferred compensation benefits in the future if it determines that doing so is in our best interests. Summary Compensation Table The following table sets forth all compensation earned in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 by our Named Executive Officers. Name and Principal Position Derek Small President and Chief Executive Officer Russell H. Ellison, M.D. President and Chief Excecutive Officer Year (3) 2014 $ 160,416 Salary Bonus $ 150,000 $ 2013 - (4) 2014 465,000 2013 375,000 David J. Barrett Chief Financial Officer 2014 2013 299,358 250,000 Uri Lopatin, M.D. Chief Medical Officer 2014 2013 120,833 - 100,000 - Lee Arnold, M.D. Chief Scientific Officer 2014 2013 144,375 - - - Non-equity Incentive Plan Compensation Stock Awards - - - 147,500 - 147,500 - - - - Option Awards (1) - $ (2) $ 116,667 All Other - $ Total $ 427,083 - - 4,694,538 142,500 - 18,750 4,373,237 - 892,996 - - - 150,000 68,750 104,400 - 51,188 - - - - - - - - - 5,302,038 541,250 4,822,595 466,250 1,218,229 - 195,563 - - - - - - (1) The reported amounts represent the grant date fair value of the award, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are included in Note 6 of the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (2) Non-equity incentive plan compensation represents amounts paid as annual performance awards. (3) Became an employee on July 11, 2014. (4) Dr. Ellison ceased to be an employee on February 10, 2015. 41 Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2014 The following table contains certain information concerning unexercised options and unvested restricted stock units for the Named Executive Officers as of December 31, 2014. Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable (#) Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable (#) Grant Date Option Exercise Price ($) Option Expiration Date 5/15/2014 7/10/2014 7/10/2014 7/10/2014 5/15/2014 (1) (2) (2) (2) (3) 142,462 266,667 247,267 53,333 34,536 323,776 $ 533,333 494,533 106,667 120,877 2.22 7.20 7.20 7.20 2.22 5/15/2024 7/11/2017 7/11/2017 7/11/2017 5/15/2024 Name Derek Small Russell Ellison David Barrett Uri Lopatin Lee Arnold (1) These options were assumed in the Assembly merger and vest 1/36 on a monthly basis beginning on February 2, 2014. (2) One-third of the options vest on the grant date, one-third vest on the first anniversary of the grant date and one-third vest on the second anniversary of the grant date. (3) These options were assumed in the Assembly merger and vest 1/36 on a monthly basis beginning on May 15, 2014. Employment Arrangements All of our Named Executive Officers serve pursuant to an employment agreement. In January 2014, we entered into an employment agreement with each of Russell Ellison and David Barrett. Each employment agreement has a term of two years and will be automatically extended for additional one-year periods unless we notify the officer at least 180 days prior to the then current expiration date that we intend to not extend the employment agreement. The employment agreements provide for a base salary of $475,000 per year for Dr. Ellison and $300,000 for Mr. Barrett, and an annual discretionary bonus of up to 50% of the officer’s base salary based on financial, clinical development and business milestones established by the Board of Directors. Under the employment agreements, Dr. Ellison and Mr. Barrett are prohibited for 12 months after termination of employment from (i) engaging within the restricted territory (as defined in the agreement) in developing novel prescription drugs for the specific disease treatment of hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and fecal incontinence or any other business in which we are actively engaged at the time of termination of employment, (ii) holding a position in or with responsibility for all or a part of the restricted territory (A) with any person or entity engaged in such a business and for which the officer will perform services that are the same or substantially similar to those performed by him for us within 12 months prior to termination of employment, or (B) in which the officer will use or disclose any of our confidential information, (iii) being employed or engaged by any person or entity that was an agent or customer of ours with whom the officer worked during his employment with us and for whom he will be performing services that are the same or substantially similar to those services he provided to the agent or customer during the officer’s employment with us, (iv) soliciting our customers for purposes of marketing or selling similar or competitive products, or interfering with the business relationship between our company and our customers, and (v) inducing any employee or consultant of ours to terminate employment or a contractual relationship with us. In the employment agreement, the term “restricted territory” is defined generally as any country in which we conduct business as of the date of termination of the officer’s employment. 42 If we terminate either Dr. Ellison or Mr. Barrett for cause (as defined in the agreement) or if he terminates without good reason (as defined in the agreement), we will pay his then-current base salary through the date of his termination and any expense reimbursement amounts owed through the date of termination. If Dr. Ellison’s or Mr. Barrett’s employment is terminated as a result of death, then we will pay to his estate his then-current base salary for a period of 12 months following such termination. If either Dr. Ellison’s or Mr. Barrett’s employment is terminated in connection with or within six months of a change of control (as defined in the agreement), we will provide him the following benefits: (i) a lump-sum payment equal to 18 months of his then-current base salary, (ii) the full annual discretionary bonus as established by the Board, (iii) immediate vesting in full of all equity awards, (iv) extension of the exercise period for all stock options to the end of their term, and (v) reimbursement of COBRA premiums for 18 months or until the officer is eligible for insurance benefits from another employer, whichever is earlier. In the employment agreement, the term “change in control” is defined generally as the acquisition by any person of more than 50% of the voting power of our then-outstanding securities, and/or the merger or consolidation of our company or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets. If either Dr. Ellison’s or Mr. Barrett’s employment is terminated as a result of disability, by us without cause (as defined in the agreement), or by the officer for good reason (as defined in the agreement), we will provide him the following benefits: (i) continued payment of his then-base salary for 12 months following date of termination of employment, (ii) immediate vesting in full of all equity awards that would have become vested during the 12 months following termination of employment, (iii) extension of the exercise period for all vested stock options to the end of their term, and (iv) reimbursement of COBRA premiums for 18 months or until the officer is eligible for insurance benefits from another employer, whichever is earlier. In the employment agreements, the term “cause” is defined generally as (i) willful failure to perform the officer’s duties, (ii) willful or intentional misconduct or gross negligence, (iii) indictment of any felony or a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, (iv) engagement in some form of harassment prohibited by law, (v) intentional misappropriation or embezzlement of our property, (vi) breach by the officer of the non-misappropriation, non-compete and non-solicitation provisions of the agreement, and (vii) uncured breach by the officer of any other provision of the agreement. In the employment agreements, the term “good reason” is defined generally as (i) any material reduction of the officer’s duties, responsibilities, or authority, (ii) any material reduction of the officer’s compensation or benefits, (iii) relocation of our headquarters or the officer’s residence or primary place of employment to a location outside a 30-mile radius of New York, New York. In connection with the Assembly Pharmaceuticals merger, we amended Dr. Ellison’s Employment Agreement. Pursuant to the amendment, Dr. Ellison will continue to serve as our Chief Executive Officer (which title he relinquished in February 2015). However, our Board may appoint Derek Small as Chief Executive Officer at any time at which time Dr. Ellison’s employment as Chief Executive Officer will end, but he would become the Executive Chairman of the Board. The amendment further amends the definition of “good reason” to reflect Dr. Ellison’s transition to the position of Executive Chair by: (i) eliminating good reason based upon any material reduction of Dr. Ellison’s duties, responsibilities or authority, and (ii) adding good reason based upon a failure of the Board to appoint him as Executive Chair or the Board’s removal of Dr. Ellison as Executive Chair, provided that such failure or removal is not in connection with either a termination of Dr. Ellison’s employment for cause (as defined by the employment agreement), or as a result of the failure of our stockholders to elect Dr. Ellison to the Board. In connection with the Assembly Pharmaceuticals merger, we entered into employment agreements with Derek Small, Uri Lopatin and Lee Arnold. Pursuant to these agreements, Mr. Small serves as President, Chief Operating Officer and Budget Chief (in February 2015, Mr. Small became our President and Chief Executive Officer and relinquished his title of Chief Operating Officer), Dr. Lopatin serves as Chief Medical Officer and Vice President, Research and Development, and Dr. Arnold serves as Chief Scientific Officer and Vice President, Research and Development. Mr. Small’s employment agreement has a term of two years and Dr. Lopatin and Dr. Arnold’s employment agreements provide for at-will employment, subject to payment of severance benefits depending on the circumstances of termination. The employment agreements provide for a base salary of $350,000 per year for Mr. Small, $290,000 per year for Dr. Lopatin and $315,000 per year for Dr. Arnold. Each employee is also eligible for an annual discretionary bonus based on achievement of financial, clinical development and business milestones established by the Board of Directors, with Mr. Small eligible for a bonus of up to 50% of his base salary, and Dr. Arnold and Dr. Lopatin eligible for a bonus of up to 30% of their respective base salaries. Mr. Small and Dr. Lopatin will also be eligible for a retention bonus payable after three months of employment in the amount of $150,000 for Mr. Small and $100,000 for Dr. Lopatin. Under the employment agreements, Mr. Small and Dr. Arnold are prohibited for 12 months after termination of employment from engaging in certain competitive activities. Dr. Lopatin will be subject to and bound by a Confidentiality and Assignment of Inventions Agreement. On February 10, 2015, we named Mr. Small our Chief Executive Officer, in addition to his current position as President, and we named Mr. Barrett our Chief Operating Officer, in addition to his current role as Chief Financial Officer. In his new position, Mr. Small received a 20% salary increase, bringing his salary to $420,000, and for his additional responsibility, Mr. Barrett receive a 3% salary increase, bring his salary to $357,000. As had been agreed during the Assembly merger, Mr. Small succeeded Dr. Ellison as our Chief Executive Officer. At the same time, our current director William Ringo succeeded Dr. Ellison as Chairman. Dr. Ellison will continue to serve as a director until the 2015 annual meeting, and he will also continue as a Senior Advisor and head of our microbiome development program. The succession constitutes a “termination without cause” under Dr. Ellison’s employment agreement. As a result, subject to Dr. Ellison signing a release agreement and the passage of the required revocation period provided therein, Dr. Ellison will be entitled to 12 months of salary, immediate vesting of an additional one third of his outstanding option and an extension of the exercise period to the option expiration date of July 10, 2024, and reimbursement of COBRA premiums for 12 months or until he is eligible for insurance benefits from another employer, whichever is earlier. 43 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Principal Stockholders The following table sets forth certain information regarding the ownership of shares of our common stock as of February 27, 2015 by (1) each person known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of the outstanding shares of common stock, (2) each director of our company, (3) each of the Named Executive Officers, as listed in the Summary Compensation Table below, and (4) all directors and executive officers of our company as a group. 44 This table is based upon information supplied by our Named Executive Officers, directors and principal stockholders and from Schedules 13G filed with the SEC. Unless otherwise indicated in the footnotes to this table and subject to community property laws where applicable, each of the stockholders named in this table has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares indicated as beneficially owned. Share ownership in each case includes shares issuable upon exercise of options and warrants that may be exercised within 60 days after February 27, 2015 for purposes of computing the percentage of common stock owned by such person, but not for purposes of computing the percentage owned by any other person. Unless otherwise noted, the address for each person listed is 99 Hudson Street, 5th Floor, New York, New York 10013. Applicable percentages are based on 10,693,259 shares outstanding on February 27, 2015. Name of Beneficial Owner Shares Beneficially Owned Percentage Owned (% ) 5% Stockholders: EcoR1 Capital, LLC (1) 409 Illinois Street San Francisco, California 94158 Jennison Associates LLC 466 Lexington Avenue New York , NY 10017 Visium Asset Management, LP (2) 888 Seventh Avenue New York, NY 10019 QVT Financial LP (3) 1177 Avenue of the Americas, 9th Floor New York, NY 10036 Adam Zlotnick (4) 615 Clifton Ave Bloonington, IN 47401 Directors and Named Executive Officers: Anthony Altig (5) Mark Auerbach (6) Richard DiMarchi (7) Russell H. Ellison (8) Myron Holubiak (6) William Ringo (9) Derek Small (10) David J. Barrett (11) Uri Lopatin (12) Lee Arnold (6) All directors and executive officers as a group (10 persons) (13) * Less than 1%. 1,009,752 9.4 % 893,913 8.4 % 834,284 7.8 % 535,000 5.0 % 1,363,676 12.7 % 29,333 21,333 332,158 556,546 21,333 41,798 818,657 267,203 674,984 51,804 2,815,149 * * 3.1 % 5.0 % * * 7.5 % 2.4 % 6.3 % * 23.7 % 45 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Based on the information contained in Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 17, 2015 by EcoR1 Capital, LLC, EcoR1 Capital Fund, L.P. and EcoR1 Capital Fund Qualified, L.P. According to the Schedule 13G/A, all three reporting persons hold shared voting and dispositive power over the shares. EcoR1 Capital Fund, L.P. directly owned 383,729 shares of common stock and EcoR1 Capital Fund Qualified, L.P. directly owned 626,023 shares of common stock. EcoR1 Capital, LLC, as the general partner of each of Capital Fund and Qualified Fund, may be deemed to beneficially own the 1,009,752 shares of common stock owned in the aggregate by Capital Fund and Qualified Fund. Oleg. Nodelman, as the Manager of EcoR1 Capital, LLC may be deemed to beneficially own the 1,009,752 shares of common stock owned in the aggregate by Capital Fund and Qualified Fund. Based on the information contained in Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 13, 2015 by Visium Asset Management, LP (“VAM”), Visium Balanced Master Fund, Ltd., JG Asset, LLC and Jacob Gottlieb. According to the Schedule 13G/A, all three reporting persons hold shared voting and dispositive power over the shares. VAM is investment manager to pooled investment funds and may be deemed to beneficially own the shares that are beneficially owned by the pooled investment funds. JG Asset, LLC is the general partner of VAM and may be deemed to beneficially own the shares that are beneficially owned by VAM. Jacob Gottlieb is the managing member of JG Asset, LLC and and may be deemed to beneficially own the shares that are beneficially owned by JG Asset, LLC. Based on the information contained in Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on January 2, 2015 by QVT Financial LP, QVT Financial GP LLC and QVT Associates GP LLC. According to the Schedule 13G, all three reporting persons hold shared voting and dispositive power over the shares. QVT Financial LP (“QVT Financial”) is the investment manager for private investment funds (collectively, the “Funds”). The Funds aggregately own 535,000 shares of common stock. Accordingly, QVT Financial may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of an aggregate amount of 535,000 shares of common stock, consisting of the shares owned by the Funds. QVT Financial GP LLC, as General Partner of QVT Financial, may be deemed to beneficially own the same number of shares of common stock reported by QVT Financial. QVT Associates GP LLC, as General Partner of the Funds, may be deemed to beneficially own the aggregate number of shares of common stock owned by the Funds, and accordingly, QVT Associates GP LLC may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of an aggregate amount of 535,000 shares of common stock. Includes 1,321,009 shares of common stock and 42,667 shares that Dr. Zlotnick has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of February 28, 2015 pursuant to the exercise of stock options. Includes 8,000 shares of common stock and 21,333 shares that Mr. Altig has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of February 28, 2015 pursuant to the exercise of stock options. Consists of shares that the individual has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of February 28, 2015 pursuant to the exercise of stock options. Includes 310,825 shares of common stock and 21,333 shares that Dr. DiMarchi has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of February 28, 2015 pursuant to the exercise of stock options. Consists of (i) 21,600 shares of common stock, (ii) 1,613 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of a warrant, and (iii) 533,333 shares that Dr. Ellison has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of February 28, 2015 pursuant to the exercise of stock options. Includes 20,465 shares of common stock and 21,333 shares that Mr. Ringo has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of February 28, 2015 pursuant to the exercise of stock options. Includes 624,391 shares of common stock and 194,266 shares that Mr. Small has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of February 28, 2015 pursuant to the exercise of stock options. Consists of (i) 19,936 shares of common stock, and (ii) 247,267 shares that Mr. Barrett has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of February 28, 2015 pursuant to the exercise of stock options. Includes 621,651 shares of common stock and 53,333 shares that Dr. Lopatin has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of February 28, 2015 pursuant to the exercise of stock options. (13) Includes the shares described in footnotes (5) through (12). 46 Equity Compensation Plans The following table sets forth the indicated information as of December 31, 2014 with respect to our equity compensation plans: Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by our shareholders: 2014 Stock Incentive Plan 2010 Stock Incentive Plan Options Assumed in Assembly Pharmaceuticals Merger Equity compensation plans not approved by our shareholders: 2008 Warrants 2009 Placement Agent Warrants 2010 Warrants Consultant Warrants 2010 Placement Agent Warrants Underwriter Warrants Torreya Warrants Total Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights warrants, and rights outstanding options, 2,560,000 $ 68,000 $ 621,651 1,989 $ 7,191 $ 68,517 $ 16,909 $ 16,450 $ 39,440 $ 120,265 $ 3,520,412 7.20 8.13 - 332.30 62.00 33.00 30.80 37.50 37.50 5.13 Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans - 696,100 - - - - - - - 696,100 Our equity compensation plan consists of the 2014 Stock Plan and 2010 Plan which were approved by our stockholders. Our equity compensation arrangements that have not been approved by our stockholders consist of warrants to purchase shares of our common stock issued to: Paramount BioCapital as placement agent in our 2008 common stock offering; S.L.A. Pharma to whom we issued a warrant for 13,605 shares as part of an amendment to the license agreement between us and S.L.A. Pharma for VEN 307 and VEN 308; three consultants; National Securities Corporation as placement agent in our 2010 convertible note offering; the underwriters of our initial public offering and warrants issued to Torreya Capital, our financial advisor in the Assembly Pharmaceuticals merger. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Independence of Directors Because our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, our Board applies the NASDAQ Capital Market’s test for director independence to all of our directors. Using that test, the Board has determined that directors Mark Auerbach, Anthony Altig, Richard DiMarchi, Myron Holubiak and William Ringo are independent under the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules. Derek Small is not independent because he is our President and Chief Executive Officer. Russell Ellison is not independent because he is our immediate post Chief Executive Officer. As part of such determination of independence, our Board has affirmatively determined that each of Mr. Altig, Mr. Auerbach, Mr. DiMarchi, Mr. Holubiak and Mr. Ringo does not have a relationship with our company that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out his responsibilities as a director. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions The written charter of our Audit Committee authorizes and the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules require our Audit Committee to review and approve related party transactions. In reviewing related party transactions, our Audit Committee applies the basic standard that transactions with affiliates should be made on terms no less favorable to us than could have been obtained from unaffiliated parties. Therefore, the Audit Committee reviews the benefits of the transactions, terms of the transactions and the terms available from unrelated third parties, as applicable. All transactions other than compensatory arrangements between us and our officers, directors, principal stockholders and their affiliates will be approved by our Audit Committee or a majority of the disinterested directors, and will continue to be on terms no less favorable to us than could be obtained from unaffiliated third parties. There were no related party transactions in 2014 and, as of the date of this report, none have been undertaken in 2015. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services Audit Fees. Audit fees include fees billed to us by EisnerAmper in connection with its annual audit of our financial statements and procedures related to our regulatory filings, including regulatory filings and the comfort letters for our 2014 and 2013 public offerings and our 2014, 2013 and 2012 at-the-market sales program. The aggregate fees billed to us by EisnerAmper for such audit services rendered for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were $239, 404 and $177,479, respectively. 47 Audit-Related Fees. Audit-related services consist solely of routine accounting consultations. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, EisnerAmper did not bill us for any audit-related services. Tax Fees. Tax fees include corporate tax compliance, assistance with an IRS examination as well as advisory services. The aggregate fees billed to us by EisnerAmper for tax-related services in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were $10,000 and $15,500, respectively. All Other Fees. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, EisnerAmper did not bill us for any other fees. The Audit Committee of the Board considered all of the above activities to be compatible with the maintenance of EisnerAmper’s independence. The Audit Committee discussed these services with EisnerAmper and our management to determine that they are permitted under the rules and regulations concerning auditor independence promulgated by the SEC to implement the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Although the Audit Committee does not have formal pre-approval policies and procedures in place, it pre-approved all of the services performed by EisnerAmper as discussed above, as required by SEC regulation. Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) Exhibits. The following exhibits are filed as part of this registration statement: Exhibit Number 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.8 4.9 Description of Document Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement, dated January 30, 2012 between Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. Underwriting Agreement, dated January 30, 2013, by and Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and William Blair & Company, LLC. Underwriting Agreement, dated January 30, 2013, by and Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and William Blair & Company, LLC. Amendment No. 1, dated September 13, 2013, to Sales Agreement, dated January 20, 2012, between Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation dated November 11, 2010. Amended and Restated Bylaws dated July 12, 2010. Certificate of Designation of Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock of Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. filed on January 30, 2013. Specimen of Common Stock Certificate. Form of Warrant issued to investors between June and September 2008. Warrants issued to Paramount Credit Partners, LLC on January 23, March 25, June 1 and June 24, 2009. Form of Warrant issued to investors in February and March, 2010. Form of Warrant issued to investors in May 2010. 4.10 Form of Placement Agent Warrant issued to Paramount BioCapital, Inc. on March 11, 2008. Registrant’s Form S-3 Dated 01/31/2012 Exhibit No. 1.2 Filed Herewith 8-K 01/30/2013 1.5 8-K 01/30/2013 1.6 8-K 09/13/2013 1.7 S-1/A 11/16/2010 3.1 S-1 8-K 07/20/2010 01/30/2013 3.2 4.14 S-1/A 10/29/2010 S-1 07/20/2010 S-1/A 10/04/2010 S-1/A S-1/A 10/04/2010 10/04/2010 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.9 S-1 07/20/2010 4.10 48 Exhibit Number 4.11 Description of Document Placement Agent Warrants issued to National Securities Corporation on February 26, March 31 and May 6, 2010, as amended October 28, 2010 and November 30, 2010. Registrant’s Form Dated Exhibit No. Filed Herewith S-1/A 12/06/2010 4.11 4.12 Warrant issued to S.L.A. Pharma AG on August 30, S-1/A 10/04/2010 2010. 4.13 10.1* Form of underwriters warrant dated December 22, 2010. Exclusive License Agreement dated March 23, 2007 by S-1/A S-1/A 12/06/2010 11/16/2010 4.12 4.13 10.1 and between S.L.A. Pharma AG and Paramount Biosciences, LLC, as amended on July 24, 2008, November 20, 2008, June 1, 2009, December 18, 2009 and June 24, 2010 and letter agreements dated October 27, 2008, November 20, 2008 and January 22, 2009. Assignment and Assumption Agreement dated August 2, 2007, by and between Paramount Biosciences LLC and Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated July 19, 2010 by and between Russell H. Ellison and Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. Amendment No. 6, dated August 30, 2010, to Exclusive License Agreement by and between S.L.A. Pharma AG and Paramount Biosciences, LLC (assigned to Ventrus Biosciences). Employment Agreement dated November 11, 2010 by and between David J. Barrett and Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. 10.2 10.5 10.10 10.12 S-1 07/20/2010 10.2 8-K 07/20/2010 10.5 S-1/A 10/04/2010 10.10 S-1/A 11/15/2010 10.12 10.16 Amendment No. 7, dated June 6, 2011, to Exclusive S-1 06/06/2011 10.16 License Agreement by and between S.L.A. Pharma AG and Paramount Biosciences, LLC (assigned to Ventrus Biosciences). 10.20 Employment Agreement dated January 15, 2014 and 8-K 01/16/2014 10.20 effective December 22, 2013, by and between Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and Dr. Russell H. Ellison. 10.21 Employment Agreement dated January 15, 2014 and 8-K 01/16/2014 10.21 10.22* effective December 22, 2013, by and between Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and David J. Barrett. License and Collaboration Agreement dated November 8, 2013, by and between Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and Therabiome, LLC. 10-K 03/31/2014 10.22 10.23 Amendment dated July 11, 2014, to Employment 8-K 07/14/2014 10.23 Agreement, effective as of December 22, 2013 between Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and Russell H. Ellison. 10.24 Employment Agreement, dated July 11, 2014, between Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and Derek A. Small. 10.25 Employment Agreement, dated July 11, 2014, between Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and Uri A. Lopatin. 10.26 Employment Agreement, dated July 11, 2014, between Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. and Lee D. Arnold 8-K 8-K 8-K 07/14/2014 10.24 07/14/2014 10.25 07/14/2014 10.26 49 Registrant’s Form 10-Q Dated 11/17/2014 Exhibit No. 10.29 Filed Herewith X X X X X X Exhibit Number 10.27* Description of Document Exclusive License Agreement with Indiana University Research and Technology Corporation 21.1 23.1 List of Subsidiaries of Assembly Biosciences, Inc. Consent of EisnerAmper LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 31.1 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 31.2 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 32.1 32.2 Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S. C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S. C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. XBRL Instance Document. 101.INS 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definitions Linkbase Document. *Certain information in this exhibit has been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a confidential treatment request. 50 SIGNATURES In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act, the Registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. Date: March 12, 2015 /s/ Derek Small By: Name: Derek Small Title: President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated. SIGNATURES Signature /s/ Derek Small Derek Small /s/ David J. Barrett David J. Barrett /s/ Anthony E. Altig Anthony E. Altig /s/ Mark Auerbach Mark Auerbach /s/ Richard DiMarchi Richard DiMarchi /s/ Russell H. Ellison Russell H. Ellison /s/ Myron Z. Holubiak Myron Z. Holubiak /s/ William Ringo William Ringo Title President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Date March 12, 2015 Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operations Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) March 12, 2015 Director Director Director Director Director Director March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 March 12, 2015 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Page F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-1 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders Assembly Biosciences, Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Assembly Biosciences, Inc. and subsidiary (the “Company”) (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2014. The financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Assembly Biosciences, Inc. and subsidiary as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. /s/ EisnerAmper LLP New York, New York March 12, 2015 F-2 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ASSETS Current assets Cash Other current assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Security deposits Intangible assets Goodwill Total assets LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT Current liabilities Accounts payable Accrued expenses Total current liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities $ $ $ December 31, 2014 2013 $ $ $ 29,091,113 125,284 29,216,397 156,441 115,005 29,000,000 12,737,350 71,225,193 907,601 146,420 1,054,021 11,600,000 12,654,021 27,061,268 63,672 27,124,940 7,102 - - - 27,132,042 2,614,619 23,435 2,638,054 - 2,638,054 Stockholders' equity Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; Series A non- voting convertible preferred stock: 0 and 44,000 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively Common stock, $0.001 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 10,672,059 shares and 4,146,779 shares issued, and outstanding at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively Additional paid-in capital Common stock issuable, 0 and 125,000 shares at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 Accumulated deficit Total stockholders' equity Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ - 44 10,672 194,072,572 - (135,512,072 ) 58,571,172 71,225,193 $ 4,147 135,844,320 368,750 (111,723,273 ) 24,493,988 27,132,042 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements F-3 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Operating expenses: Research and development General and administrative Total operating costs and expenses Loss from operations Other income Interest income Total other income Net loss Net loss per share, basic and diluted Year Ened December 31, 2014 2013 $ 10,716,737 13,239,715 23,956,452 (23,956,452 ) 15,029,078 4,575,701 19,604,779 (19,604,779 ) 167,653 167,653 (23,788,799 ) $ 201,020 201,020 (19,403,759 ) (3.40 ) $ (5.00 ) $ $ $ Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted 6,998,875 3,878,697 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements F-4 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) CONSOLDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGE IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Balance as of December 31, 2012 2,586,870 $ 2,587 - $ Additional Common Stock Accumulated Total Stockholders' Common Stock Shares Amount Shares Preferred Stock Amou nt Paid-in Capital - $ 110,127,113 $ 1,559,909 1,560 - - 19,203,054 - - 44,000 44 5,169,956 Issuable - $ - - Deficit (92,319,514 ) $ Equity 17,810,186 - 19,204,614 - 5,170,000 - - - Balance as of December 31, 2013 4,146,779 $ 4,147 44,000 - - - - - - 2,051,472 2,051 4,008,808 4,009 25,000 25 - - - Proceeds from common stock sold, net of costs Proceeds from preferred stock sold, net of costs Restricted stock granted to four employees Stock-based compensation Net loss Proceeds from common stock sold, net of costs Issuance of common stock for business combination Issuance of common stock in exchange for restricted stock units Conversion of preferred stock to common stock Fair value of options assumed Issuance of warrants for services Stock-based compensation Net loss - 368,725 (368,750 ) 440,000 - 440 (44,000 ) - - (44 ) - (396 ) 758,948 - - - - - - - 758,948 - - - Balance as of December 31, 2014 10,672,059 $ 10,672 - - - - - - - $ 679,447 - - 10,637,494 - - - $ 194,072,572 $ - - - - - (23,788,799 ) - $ (135,512,072 ) $ 679,447 10,637,494 (23,788,799 ) 58,571,172 - - - - 1,344,197 - 44 $ 135,844,320 $ 368,750 - - - - (19,403,759 ) 368,750 $ (111,723,273 ) 368,750 1,344,197 (19,403,759 ) 24,493,988 $ - 16,723,895 - 29,060,139 - - - 16,725,946 - 29,064,148 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements F-5 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Year Ended Decmber 31, 2014 2013 $ (23,788,799 ) $ (19,403,759 ) 6,216 1,712,947 - (4,088 ) 767,374 (874,778 ) (17,796,088 ) (6,477 ) - - (6,477 ) 24,374,614 24,374,614 6,572,049 20,489,219 27,061,268 - - - - - - - - - - - - Cash flows from operating activities Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation Issuance of warrants for services Changes in assets and liabilities: Other current assets Accounts payable Accrued expenses Net cash used in operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of fixed assets Security deposits collected Cash acquired in business combination Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of cost Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase in cash Cash at the beginning of the period Cash at the end of the period Supplemental schedule of non-cash financing activities Assembly business combination Other current assets Equipment, net Intangible assets Goodwill Security deposits Accounts payable and accrued expenses Share exchange - business combination Fair value of vested options and restricted stock units assumed - in connection with business combination Deferred tax liability Cash acquired in business combination 10,974 10,637,494 679,447 (54,472 ) (2,481,917 ) 23,771 (14,973,502 ) (149,963 ) (81,999 ) 509,363 277,401 16,725,946 16,725,946 2,029,845 27,061,268 29,091,113 (23,540 ) (10,350 ) (29,000,000 ) (12,737,350 ) (16,606 ) 874,113 29,064,148 $ $ $ $ 758,948 11,600,000 509,363 $ $ Issuance of common stock in exchange for restricted stock units Conversion of preferred stock to common stock 368,750 440 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements F-6 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 Note 1 – Nature of Business Organization and business and basis of presentation Assembly Biosciences, Inc. (“Assembly” or the “Company”) (formerly known as Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) a biopharmaceutical company committed to developing novel oral therapies for the cure of intractable infectious diseases, focusing on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and C. difficile-associated infections (CDAD). On July 11, 2014, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary merged with and into Assembly Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Assembly Merger”), with Assembly Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Assembly Pharmaceuticals”) as the surviving entity. In connection with the Assembly Merger, on July 11, 2014, the Company changed its name from Ventrus Biosciences, Inc. to Assembly Biosciences, Inc. The target of the Company’s lead program is a clinical cure for HBV, for which the Company is developing a series of new compounds, known as core protein allosteric modulators, or CpAMs, with the potential to modulate the HBV core protein—a polyfunctional essential viral protein-—at multiple complementary points in the viral lifecycle. The Company’s CDAD program is based on the targeted delivery of novel microbiome-based therapies in a proprietary oral formulation, applying the company’s novel coating and encapsulation technology that allows for targeted delivery of complex agents to select regions of the gastrointestinal, or GI, tract. Using this proprietary delivery platform, the Company aims to deliver several types of beneficial bacteria, in novel “synthetic formats’, to the GI tract. The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the Company’s accounts and the accounts of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Assembly Pharmaceuticals, from the date of Assembly Merger. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders approved a 1-for-5 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock. The reverse stock split became effective on July 11, 2014. All share and per share amounts in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been retroactively adjusted for all periods presented to give effect to this reverse stock split, including reclassifying an amount equal to the reduction in par value of common stock to additional paid-in capital. Capital resources The Company has not derived any revenue from product sales to date as the products have not been approved for sale by the FDA or any foreign regulatory agency. Since inception, the Company’s operations have been financed primarily through the sale of equity securities, the proceeds from the exercise of warrants and stock options and issuance of debt. The Company has incurred losses from operations and negative cash flows since inception and expects to continue to incur substantial losses for the next several years as it continues its product development efforts. Management believes the Company currently has sufficient funds to meet its operating requirements for the next twelve months. If the Company cannot generate significant cash from its operations, it intends to obtain any additional funding it requires through strategic relationships, public or private equity or debt financings, or other arrangements and it cannot assure such funding will be available on reasonable terms, or at all. Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements Cash and cash equivalents All highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase are considered to be cash equivalents. All of the Company’s cash equivalents have liquid markets and high credit ratings. The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit and other accounts, the balances of which, at times and at December 31, 2014, exceed federally insured limits. F-7 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identified net assets of businesses acquired. The Company’s intangible assets with an indefinite life are related to in-process research and development ("IPR&D") programs acquired in the Assembly Merger, as the Company expects future research and development on these programs to provide the Company with substantial benefit for a period that extends beyond the foreseeable horizon. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are measured at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. The Company does not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Intangible assets related to IPR&D projects are considered to be indefinite lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated R&D efforts. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs if and when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the associated assets would be deemed finite lived and would then be amortized based on their respective estimated useful lives at that point in time. The Company reviews goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for possible impairment. Goodwill and indefinite- lived intangible assets are reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit or the indefinite-lived intangible assets below their carrying values. The Company tests its goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets each year on December 31. The Company reviews the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets utilizing a discounted cash flow model, and, where appropriate, a market value approach is also utilized to supplement the discounted cash flow model. The Company makes assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows, discount rates, long- term growth rates and market values to determine each reporting unit’s estimated fair value Impairment of Long-lived Assets The Company monitors the carrying value of long-lived assets for potential impairment and tests the recoverability of such assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If a change in circumstance occurs, the Company performs a test of recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset or asset group to its undiscounted expected future cash flows. If cash flows cannot be separately and independently identified for a single asset, the Company will determine whether impairment has occurred for the group of assets for which the Company can identify the projected cash flows. If the carrying values are in excess of undiscounted expected future cash flows, the Company measures any impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset or asset group to its carrying value. The Company deemed there was no impairment of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Business Combinations The Assembly Merger (see Note 3) was made at a price above the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed including deferred tax liability, resulting in goodwill, based on the Company’s expectations of synergies and other benefits of combining the acquired business. These synergies and benefits include elimination of redundant functions and staffing and use of the Company’s existing infrastructure to expand development of the product candidates of the acquired business in a cost efficient manner. Significant judgment is required in estimating the fair value of intangible assets and in assigning their respective useful lives. The fair value estimates are based on available historical information and on future expectations and assumptions deemed reasonable by management, but which are inherently uncertain. Net assets acquired are recorded at their fair values on the date of acquisition. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost and consist of lab equipment and computer hardware and software. The Company computes depreciation under the straight-line method over the following estimated useful life of the related assets: • Lab equipment • Computer hardware and software 3 to 5 years 3 to 5 years Stock-based Compensation The Company’s share-based compensation cost is measured at grant date, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock option, and is recognized as expense over the employee’s or director’s requisite service period on a straight-line basis. The Company accounts for stock options granted to non-employees on a fair value basis which is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The initial non-cash charge to operations for non-employee options and warrants with vesting are revalued at the end of each reporting period until vested and recognized as consulting expense over the related vesting period. F-8 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 On April 5, 2013, the Company granted restricted stock units to four employees under the 2010 Plan for an aggregate of 100,000 shares of common stock. Of these units, 25% vested immediately at the grant date. The Company valued the restricted stock grant, 75% of which vests in three equal installments when the 20-day trading volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock is at least $20.75, $25.75 and $30.75, using the Monte Carlo simulation model. The unvested 75% of the units were forfeited on July 10, 2014 and the holders received options. Warrants For the purpose of valuing the warrants (See Note 6), the Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model utilizing the following assumptions: Volatility - 97.3%, risk free interest rate – 1.66%, term – 5 year, exercise price - $5.13, dividends – n/a. To determine the risk- free interest rate, the Company utilized the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant with a term consistent with the expected term of the Company’s awards. The Company estimated the expected life of the warrants based on the full term of the warrant. The expected dividend yield reflects the Company’s current and expected future policy for dividends on its common stock. The expected stock price volatility for the Company’s stock was calculated by examining historical volatilities for publicly traded industry peers as the Company did not have any trading history for its common stock at the time the grants were issued. Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs include salaries and personnel-related costs, consulting fees, fees paid for contract research services, fees paid to clinical research organizations and other third parties associated with clinical trials, the costs of laboratory equipment and facilities, and other external costs. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are deferred and capitalized. The capitalized amounts are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed. Income taxes The Company’s income tax expense consists of current and deferred income tax expense or benefit. Current income tax expense or benefit is the amount of income taxes expected to be payable or refundable for the current year. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company had adopted the provisions that tax positions must meet a “more-likely-than-not” recognition threshold to be recognized. The Company has no unrecognized tax benefits recorded for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. When an accrual for interest and penalties is required, interest and penalties will be recognized in tax expense. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various states. There are currently no federal income tax examinations in process. The 2010 through 2014 tax years remain subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and other taxing authorities for U.S. federal and state/local tax purposes. The Company does, however, have prior year net operating losses dating back to 2007, which are subject to examination. Loss per common share Basic net loss per common share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity unless inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive. Since the Company has only incurred losses, basic and diluted net loss per share is the same. Securities that could potentially dilute loss per share in the future that was not included in the computation of diluted loss per share at December 31, 2014 and 2013 are as follows: F-9 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 Convertible preferred stock Non-vested restricted stock units Warrants to purchase common stock Options to purchase common stock Total Use of estimates As of December 31, 2014 - - 270,761 3,249,651 3,520,412 2013 44,000 75,000 172,209 467,698 758,907 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates inherent in the preparation of the accompanying financial statements include recoverability and useful lives of long- lived assets, the valuation allowance related to the Company’s deferred tax assets and the fair value of stock options and warrants granted to employees, consultants, directors, investors, licensors, placement agents and underwriters. Certain of the Company’s estimates, including the carrying amount of the intangible assets, could be affected by external conditions, including those unique to the Company and general economic conditions. It is reasonably possible that these external factors could have an effect on the Company’s estimates and could cause actual results to differ from those estimates and assumptions. Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company holds these investments in highly rated financial institutions, and, by policy, limits the amounts of credit exposure to any one financial institution. These amounts at times may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any credit losses in such accounts and does not believe it is exposed to any significant credit risk on these funds. The Company has no off-balance sheet concentrations of credit risk, such as foreign currency exchange contracts, option contracts or other hedging arrangements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The ASU provides for a single comprehensive model for use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance. The accounting standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 with no early adoption permitted. In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-10, Development Stage Entities (Topic 915) — Elimination of Certain Financial Reporting Requirements, Including an Amendment to Variable Interest Entities Guidance in Topic 810, Consolidation. The amendments in this update remove the definition of a development stage entity from the Master Glossary of the Accounting Standards Codification, thereby removing the financial reporting distinction between development stage entities and other reporting entities from GAAP. In addition, the amendments eliminate the requirements for development stage entities to (1) present inception-to-date information in the statements of income, cash flows and shareholder equity, (2) label the financial statements as those of a development stage entity, (3) disclose a description of the development stage activities in which the entity is engaged, and (4) disclose in the first year in which the entity is no longer a development stage entity that in prior years it had been in the development stage. A public entity is required to apply the amendments for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2014, and interim periods therein. An entity should apply the amendments retrospectively for all comparative periods presented. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance was adopted by the Company in the second quarter of 2014. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, statement of operations, or statement of cash flows. In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-12, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718). The ASU clarifies how entities should treat performance targets that can be achieved after the requisite service period of a share-based payment award. The accounting standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. F-10 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 The FASB has issued ASU 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. The guidance, which is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted, extends the responsibility for performing the going-concern assessment to management and contains guidance on how to perform a going-concern assessment and when going-concern disclosures would be required under GAAP. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements. Accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements upon adoption. Note 3 - Assembly Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Transaction On July 11, 2014, the Company completed the Assembly Merger, whereby Assembly Pharmaceuticals became the Company’s wholly- owned subsidiary. Pursuant to the terms of the Assembly Merger, the shares of Assembly Pharmaceuticals were converted into an aggregate of 4,008,848 shares of the Company’s common stock. Also pursuant to the terms of the Assembly Merger, the options to purchase shares of Assembly Pharmaceuticals were assumed by the Company and became exercisable for an aggregate of 621,651 shares of the Company’s common stock. The allocation of the purchase price to the Assembly balance sheet is shown below: Cash and cash equivalents Other current assets Equipment, net IPR&D Goodwill Security deposits Total assets Accrued expenses Deferred tax liability Total liabilities Net assets acquired $ $ 509,363 23,540 10,350 29,000,000 12,737,350 16,606 42,297,209 874,113 11,600,000 12,474,113 29,823,096 The transaction was accounted for using the acquisition method. Accordingly, goodwill has been measured as the excess of the total consideration over the amounts assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed including the related deferred tax liability. On the acquisition date, the fair value of net assets acquired was $29,823,096. The fair value of stock issued to the Assembly Pharmaceuticals shareholders as part of the consideration of $29,064,148 was based on reference to quoted market values of the Company’s common stock as of the date of acquisition. The options assumed in the Assembly Merger were valued at approximately $758,948. The fair value of the net assets acquired in the Assembly Merger is preliminary and is subject to change over the upcoming periods. The following table presents the unaudited pro forma financial results, as if the Assembly Merger had been completed as of January 1, 2013 and 2014. Pro Forma Revenues Net loss Loss per share - basic and diluted Note 4 - Goodwill For the Years Ended December 31, 2014 - (26,352,751 ) (2.90 ) $ $ 2013 - (20,347,860 ) (2.58 ) $ $ In July 2014, the Company completed its acquisition of Assembly Pharmaceuticals (Note 3). The fair value of consideration paid, common stock and assumed options, totaled $29,823,096, which, net of amounts allocated to assets and liabilities acquired at fair value, resulted in an allocation to goodwill of $12,737,350. The Company only has one operating segment. Goodwill is recorded as an indefinite-lived asset and is not amortized for financial reporting purposes but is tested for impairment on an annual basis or when indications of impairment exist. No goodwill impairment losses have been recognized. Goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes since the tax basis is $0. The Company will perform its annual impairment test of the carrying value of the Company’s goodwill each year on December 31. F-11 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 No goodwill existed as of December 31, 2013. The change in the net book value of goodwill from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2014 is shown in the table below: As of December 31, 2013 Acquisitions As of December 31, 2014 Note 5 - Intangible assets, net $ $ - 12,737,350 12,737,350 In July 2014, the Company completed its acquisition of Assembly Pharmaceuticals (Notes 1 and 3). The Company acquired in-process research and development related to Assembly Pharmaceuticals’ technology which is an indefinite lived intangible asset. No intangible assets existed as of December 31, 2013. The change in intangible assets from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2014 is shown in the table below: As of December 31, 2013 Acquisitions - IPR&D As of December 31, 2014 Note 6 - Stockholders’ Equity Common and Preferred Stock Transactions $ $ - 29,000,000 29,000,000 In January 2014, the Company sold an aggregate of 92,472 shares of its common stock in its amended at-the-market common equity offering program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $1,763,000 or $19.07 per share. In February 2014, all 44,000 outstanding shares of the Company’s Series A non-voting convertible preferred stock converted into an aggregate 440,000 shares of common stock. In July 2014, the Company issued 25,000 shares of common stock upon vesting of the restricted stock units. On October 6, 2014, the Company sold to various institutional investors an aggregate of 1,959,000 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering. The purchase price paid by the investors was $8.04 per share and an aggregate of approximately $14,963,000 in net proceeds were received. In connection with the offering, the Company entered into a placement agent agreement with William Blair & Company, L.L.C., who acted as sole placement agent in the offering, and pursuant to which the Company paid a placement agent fee equal to 5.0% of the gross proceeds of the offering. Reverse Stock Split The Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders approved a 1-for-5 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock. The reverse stock split became effective on July 11, 2014. All share and per share amounts in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been retroactively adjusted for all periods presented to give effect to this reverse stock split, including reclassifying an amount equal to the reduction in par value of common stock to additional paid-in capital. Assembly Merger On July 11, 2014, the Company completed the Assembly Merger, whereby Assembly Pharmaceuticals became the Company’s wholly- owned subsidiary. Pursuant to the terms of the Assembly Merger, the shares of Assembly Pharmaceuticals, common stock issued and outstanding were converted into an aggregate of 4,008,848 shares of the Company’s common stock. Also pursuant to the terms of the Assembly Merger, the options to purchase shares of Assembly Pharmaceuticals common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Assembly Merger were assumed by the Company and became exercisable for an aggregate of 621,651 shares of the Company’s common stock. The fully vested assumed options in the Assembly Merger were valued at $758,948 using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of the options was recorded as a component of stockholders’ equity. The fair value of the options was determined using the Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions: risk free interest rate - 1.66% - 2.15%, volatility - 97.33% - 102.8%, expected term 5 - 6.1 years, expected dividends- N/A. F-12 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 Options, Warrants and Restricted Stock Units: Options The Company has two equity incentive plans available for the granting of equity awards. In July 2014, the stockholders approved the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, under which, as of December 31, 2014, there were options for an aggregate of 2,560,000 shares of common stock outstanding and no shares available for grant. Prior to July 10, 2014, the Company’s stockholders had approved the 2010 Stock Plan. The Company also had outstanding on July 10, 2014, options to purchase 403 shares of common stock issued pursuant to its 2006 Stock Plan which plan was terminated in 2010. From January 1, 2014 to July 10, 2014, an aggregate of 57,953 options were forfeited and on July 10, 2014, all of the Company’s directors and employees forfeited an additional aggregate of 514,445 options. Through July 10, 2014, an aggregate of 122,700 options to acquire the Company’s Common Stock was granted to employees. Also on July 10, 2014, Company’s stockholders approved the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, under which an aggregate of 2,560,000 shares of the Company’s common stock is reserved for the issuance of equity awards to employees, directors and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries. On July 10, 2014, the Company granted all of these options to various employees and directors with an exercise price of $7.20 and which vest one third on the date of grant, one third on the first anniversary of the option grant date and one third on the second anniversary of the option grant date. The cancellation and reissuance of these stock options was treated as a modification and, accordingly, total stock-based compensation expense related to these awards increased $15,003,740, which will be recognized over the new vesting period. The options assumed on the Assembly Merger are outside the Company’s stock option plans. On July 10, 2014, Dr. Felder ceased to be a director and 11,800 options vested on July 10, 2014. These 11,800 options subsequently expired 90 days after termination of his board service in 2014. A summary of the Company’s option activity under its option plans and related information is as follows: Outstanding as of December 31, 2013 Assumed Granted Forfeited Expired Outstanding as of December 31, 2014 Options vested and exercisable Number of Shares 467,698 621,651 2,750,700 (590,398 ) (11,800 ) $ 3,249,651 1,086,425 $ $ Weighted Average Exercise Price Total Intrinsic Value 29.35 2.22 7.75 26.84 7.20 6.26 6.17 $ $ $ - 3,506,112 1,689,600 - - 5,187,924 1,832,125 The Company expects that all outstanding unvested options will vest. The fair value of the options granted for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, was based on the following assumptions: Exercise price Expected stock price volatility Risk-free rate of interest Term (years) Year ended December 31, 2014 $2.22 - $8.13 94.37% - 105.03% 1.65% - 2.53% 4.9 - 10.0 2013 $12.35 - $16.55 59.32% - 77.34% 1.23% - 2.34% 7 F-13 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 Estimated future employees’ stock-based compensation expense relating to unvested stock options is as follows: 2015 2016 2017 Total Future Stock Option Compensation Expenses 6,280,264 1,703,957 34,943 8,019,164 $ The weighted average remaining contractual life of options outstanding at December 31, 2014 is approximately 9.5 years. Stock-based compensation expensed to research and development expense for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 was $2,707,337 and $695,636, respectively. Stock-based compensation expensed to general and administrative expense for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 was $7,930,157 and $1,017,311, respectively. Warrants In connection with the Company’s financings from 2007 to 2010, the Company issued warrants to investors and/or placement agents, as well as certain consultants, to purchase shares of common stock. In connection with the Assembly Merger, the Company issued warrants to purchase up to 120,265 shares of its common stock to its financial advisor for the Assembly Merger. The warrants were valued at $679,447 and expensed during the quarter ended September 30, 2014. A summary of the Company’s warrant activity and related information is as follows: Outstanding as of December 31, 2013 Issued Expired Outstanding as of December 31, 2014 Exercisable as of December 31, 2014 Restricted Stock Units Warrants Weighted Average Exercise Price 172,209 120,265 (21,713 ) 270,761 270,761 $ $ $ 38.85 5.13 33.00 24.34 24.34 On April 5, 2013, the Company granted restricted stock units to four employees under the 2010 Plan for an aggregate of 100,000 shares of common stock. Of these units, 25% vested immediately at the grant date. The remaining 75% of the units were forfeited on July 10, 2014 and the holders received options (see options above). A summary of the status of our restricted stock units as of December 31, 2014 is as follows: Outstanding as of December 31, 2013 Forfeited Outstanding as of December 31, 2014 Number of Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price 75,000 (75,000 ) - $ $ 10.20 10.20 - F-14 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 Note 7 - Income Taxes There was no current or deferred income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. The Company’s deferred tax assets as of December 31 consist of the following: Deferred tax assets: Net-operating loss carryforward Stock-based compensation In-Process R&D R&D credit Other Total Deferred Tax Assets Valuation allowance Deferred Tax Asset, Net of In-process research and development (Assembly Merger) Deferred Tax Liability As of December 31, 2014 2013 $ 38,094,000 11,691,000 5,697,000 2,600,000 2,000 32,193,000 6,617,000 6,017,000 2,149,000 - 58,084,000 (58,084,000 ) - $ 46,976,000 (46,976,000 ) - 11,600,000 11,600,000 $ - - $ $ $ The Company recognized a $11,600,000 deferred tax liability in 2014 as a result of the acquisition of Assembly Pharmaceuticals in July 2014. Due to the acquisition, a temporary difference between the book fair value and the tax basis of the other in-process research and development acquired created an approximately $11,600,000 deferred tax liability and additional goodwill was recorded. At December 31, 2014, the Company had potentially utilizable gross Federal net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $86,551,323, State net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $79,958,236 and research and development credit carry forward of approximately $2,600,174, all of which expire between 2027 and 2031. An ownership change under Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 382 could have occurred due to common stock issued in the IPO and debt conversions in December 2010 and also in the Assembly Merger in July 2014. Due to the change in ownership provisions of the IRC, the availability of the Company’s net operating loss carry forwards could be subject to annual limitations against taxable income in future periods, which could substantially limit the eventual utilization of such carry forwards. As of now, the Company has not analyzed the historical or potential impact of its equity financings on beneficial ownership. The Company will undertake to perform an IRC 382 study within the next year to determine the extent of a limitation. The effects of the study could cause a significant reduction in the deferred tax asset with an offsetting reduction in the valuation allowance. Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate State Taxes, Net of Federal Tax Benefit Change in Valuation Allowance Income Taxes Provision (Benefit) For the years ended December 31, 2014 2013 (34.0 )% (11.0 )% 45.0 % 0.0 % (34.0 )% (11.0 )% 45.0 % 0.0 % F-15 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 Note 8 - License Agreements HBV Research Agreement with Indiana University The Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Assembly Pharmaceuticals, is party to a license agreement with Indiana University Research and Technology Corporation (“IURTC”) from whom it has licensed the Company’s HBV therapy. The license agreement requires the Company to make milestone payments based upon the successful accomplishment of clinical and regulatory milestones related to the HBV therapy. The total amount of all potential future milestone payments at December 31, 2014 is $825,000. The Company also is obligated to pay IURTC royalty payments based on net sales of the licensed technology. The Company is also obligated to pay diligence maintenance fees (starting at $25,000 in 2014 and rising to $100,000 in the year following first commercial sale of licensed product) each year to the extent that the royalty, sublicensing, and milestone payments to IURTC are less than the diligence maintenance fee for that year. Microbiome Targeted Colonic Delivery Platform On November 8, 2013, Assembly entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement with Therabiome, LLC, for all intellectual property and know-how owned or controlled by Therabiome relating to the oral delivery of pharmaceutical drugs to specific sites in the intestine, using a pH sensitive controlled release platform technology. Under the agreement, Therabiome granted to Assembly the exclusive worldwide license, with rights to sublicense, to develop the intellectual property for commercialization (a) in the use of bacteria, viruses, proteins and small molecules by oral delivery in (i) gastro- intestinal dysbiosis, including but not limited to C. difficile, irritable bowel syndrome-constipation and inflammatory bowel disease, (ii) auto-immune disorders and autism, including but not limited to as controlled by bacteria or virus, and (iii) orally delivered vaccines, including viral and bacterial, and (b) any oral delivery of small molecules using the licensed intellectual property. Assembly will be solely responsible for all research and development activities with respect to any product it develops under the license. For the license, Assembly paid Therabiome an upfront non-refundable license fee of $300,000. Assembly must pay Therabiome clinical and regulatory milestones for each product or therapy advanced from the platform for U.S. regulatory milestones. Assembly also must pay Therabiome lesser amounts for foreign regulatory milestones, which vary by country and region. Assembly also must pay Therabiome royalties on annual net sales of a product in the low to mid-single digit percentages plus, once annual net sales exceed two certain thresholds, a one-time cash payment upon reaching each threshold. Therabiome must pay Assembly royalties on annual net sales of any product it develops, using the intellectual property, in the low double to mid-double digit percentages, depending on the level of development or involvement Assembly had in the product. Diltiazem (VEN 307) and Phenylepherine (VEN 308) The Company had an exclusive royalty-bearing license agreement with S.L.A. Pharma, AG (“S.L.A. Pharma”) to sell, make and use diltiazem (VEN 307) for treatment, through topical administration, of anal fissures and phenylepherine (VEN 308) for treatment, through topical administration, of fecal incontinence (referred to collectively as the “Compound Technologies”) in the United States, Canada and Mexico. In the event that the Compound Technologies were commercialized, Assembly was obligated to pay to S.L.A. Pharma annual royalties, based upon net sales of the products. In addition, Assembly was required to make payments to S.L.A. Pharma up to an aggregate amount of $20 million upon the achievement of various milestones related to regulatory events. On July 24, 2014, the Company notified S.L.A. Pharma that it was terminating the license agreement. The termination was effective on October 22, 2014. There were no early termination penalties as a result of the termination and the Company has no continuing obligation to make payment to S.L.A. Pharma under the agreement. The Company terminated the agreement to focus on the development of its potentially curative programs for HBV, which program was acquired on July 11, 2014 in the merger with Assembly Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and CDAD, which was licensed in November 2013 from Therabiome, LLC. F-16 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies Lease As of December 31, 2014, the Company had offices in New York, NY with an $8,400 monthly payment. The lease expires in September 2015. In January 2015, the Company entered into a lease in San Francisco, CA with an $36,145 monthly payment. The lease expires in December 2016. Employment agreements On January 15, 2014, the Company entered into an employment agreement with each of its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, with an effective date of December 22, 2013. Each agreement has a term of two years and will be automatically extended for additional one-year periods unless the Company notifies the officer at least 180 days prior to the then current expiration date that it intends to not extend the employment agreement. The employment agreements provide for a base salary of $475,000 per year for the Chief Executive Officer and $300,000 for the Chief Financial Officer, and an annual discretionary bonus of up to 50% of the officer’s base salary based on financial, clinical development and business milestones established by the Board of Directors. In connection with the Assembly Merger, the Company amended the Chief Executive Officer’s employment agreement. Pursuant to the amendment, the Chief Executive Officer will continue to serve as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. However, after the Assembly Merger, at any time the Company’s Board may appoint the Company’s President and Chief Operating Officer as Chief Executive Officer. In such event, the Chief Executive Officer will become the Executive Chair, and his employment as Chief Executive Officer will end. In December 2014, the compensation committee approved a change of base salary to $350,000 per year for the Chief Financial Officer. In connection with the Assembly Merger, effective July 11, 2014, the Company entered into employment agreements with its President and Chief Operating Officer, its Chief Medical Officer, and its Chief Scientific Officer. The President’s employment agreement has a term of two years and will be automatically extended for additional one-year periods unless the Company notifies the President at least 180 days prior to the then current expiration date that it intends to not extend the employment agreement. The other two employment agreements provide for at-will employment, subject to payment of severance benefits depending on the circumstances of termination. The employment agreements provide for a base salary of $350,000 per year for the President, $290,000 per year for the Chief Medical Officer and $315,000 per year for the Chief Scientific Officer. Each employee is also eligible for an annual discretionary bonus based on achievement of financial, clinical development and business milestones established by the Board of Directors, with the President eligible for a bonus of up to 50% of his base salary, and the Chief Medical Officer and the Chief Scientific Officer eligible for a bonus of up to 30% of their respective base salaries. The President and the Chief Medical Officer also received a retention bonus payable after three months of employment in the amount of $150,000 and $100,000, respectively. Litigation In June 2012, the Company announced that its product iferanserin (VEN 309), failed to meet its end point at the completion of its Phase III clinical trial. In May 2013 two purported class action lawsuits alleging violations of the federal securities laws were filed in New York against the Company, two of its executive officers and the lead underwriter of its initial public offering. The lawsuits included allegations that, during the class period between December 17, 2010 and June 25, 2012, the Company and its executive officers and underwriter made various statements related to the Company’s product, iferanserin (VEN 309), including but not limited to, the market for the product, the potential competitors, and the results of clinical trials, thereby inflating the price of our common stock. The complaints sought unspecified damages, interest, attorneys’ fees, and other costs. On July 23, 2013, the Court consolidated the actions and appointed lead plaintiffs and lead counsel. On September 16, 2013, lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint. On November 22, 2013, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint (the “Motion to Dismiss”). On May 5, 2014, the Court granted the Motion to Dismiss and dismissed the class action with prejudice. On May 19, 2014, lead plaintiffs filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the Court’s order dismissing the class action with prejudice (the “Motion for Reconsideration”). On July 2, 2014, the Court entered an order denying the Motion for Reconsideration. Lead plaintiffs had until August 2, 2014 to file notice of an appeal, but no appeal was filed. F-17 ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY (formerly Ventrus Biosciences, Inc.) Notes to Financial Statements December 31, 2014 and 2013 Note 10- Subsequent Event On February 10, 2015, the Company named Mr. Small its Chief Executive Officer, in addition to his current position as President, and named Mr. Barrett its Chief Operating Officer, in addition to his current role as Chief Financial Officer. In his new position, Mr. Small received a 20% salary increase, bringing his salary to $420,000, and for his additional responsibility, Mr. Barrett receive a 3% salary increase, bring his salary to $360,500. As had been agreed during the Assembly Merger, Mr. Small succeeded Dr. Ellison as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. At the same time, the Company’s current director William Ringo succeeded Dr. Ellison as Chairman. Dr. Ellison will continue to serve the Company as a director until the 2015 annual meeting, and he will also continue as a Senior Advisor and head of the Company’s microbiome development program. The succession constitutes a “termination without cause” under Dr. Ellison’s employment agreement. As a result, subject to Dr. Ellison signing a release agreement and the passage of the required revocation period provided therein, Dr. Ellison will be entitled to 12 months of salary, immediate vesting of an additional one third of his outstanding options an extension of the exercise period (which would otherwise have been shortened to 90 days subsequent to his termination) to the option expiration date of July 10, 2024, and reimbursement of COBRA premiums for 12 months or until he is eligible for insurance benefits from another employer, whichever is earlier. F-18 CORPORATE INFORMATION Directors Anthony Altig Chief Financial Officer, Biotix Holdings, Inc. Officers Derek A. Small President and Chief Executive Officer Mark Auerbach Director, RCS Capital Corporation David J. Barrett, C.P.A. Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer Richard DiMarchi Cox Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry, Indiana University Uri Lopatin, M.D. Chief Medical Officer and Vice President of Research and Development Russell H. Ellison, M.D., M.Sc. Consultant, Assembly Biosciences, Inc. Lee D. Arnold, M.D. Chief Scientific Officer Myron Z. Holubiak President, Leonard & Meron Biosciences, Inc. William Ringo Senior Advisor, Barclays Capital Derek A. Small President and Chief Executive Officer, Assembly Biosciences, Inc. Headquarters 99 Hudson Street, 5th Floor New York, New York 10013 212.554.4506 Website www.assemblybio.com Transfer Agent VStock Transfer, LLC 18 Lafayette Place Woodmere, New York 11598 212.828.8436 Stock Listing Assembly Biosciences, Inc. common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and quoted under the symbol “ASMB” 

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