Consolidated Communications
Annual Report 2017

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K   ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from ________________ to ________________ Commission file number 000-51446 CONSOLIDATED COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 121 South 17th Street, Mattoon, Illinois (Address of principal executive offices) 02-0636095 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 61938-3987 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (217) 235-3311 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock—$0.01 par value Name of each exchange on which registered The NASDAQ Global Select Market Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Yes  No  Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  No  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  No  Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10- K.  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer  Accelerated filer  Non-accelerated filer  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company  Emerging growth company  If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  No  As of June 30, 2017, the aggregate market value of the shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant’s common stock was $1,035,944,934 based on the closing price as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. The market value calculations exclude shares held on the stated date by registrant’s directors and officers on the assumption such shares may be shares owned by affiliates. Exclusion from these public market value calculations does not necessarily conclude affiliate status for any other purpose. On February 26, 2018, the registrant had 70,776,044 shares of Common Stock outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Properties Item 3. Legal Proceedings Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Item 6. Selected Financial Data Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Executive Compensation PAGE 1 19 27 27 28 28 28 31 33 57 58 58 58 62 62 62 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 62 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Item 16. Form 10-K Summary SIGNATURES 62 62 63 67 68 Note About Forward-Looking Statements PART I The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) encourages companies to disclose forward-looking information so that investors can better understand a company’s future prospects and make informed investment decisions. Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including those relating to the impact on future revenue sources, pending and future regulatory orders, continued expansion of the telecommunications network and expected changes in the sources of our revenue and cost structure resulting from our entrance into new communications markets, are forward-looking statements and are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward- looking statements reflect, among other things, our current expectations, plans, strategies and anticipated financial results. There are a number of risks, uncertainties and conditions that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Many of these circumstances are beyond our ability to control or predict. Moreover, forward-looking statements necessarily involve assumptions on our part. These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate,” “project,” “intend,” “plan,” “should,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue” or similar expressions. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Consolidated,” the “Company,” “we” or “our”) to be different from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements that appear throughout this report. A detailed discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from such forward–looking statements is included in Part I – Item 1A – “Risk Factors”. Furthermore, undue reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements, which are based on the information currently available to us and speak only as of the date they are made. Except as required under federal securities laws or the rules and regulations of the SEC, we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements. Item 1. Business. Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. is a Delaware holding company with operating subsidiaries that provide a wide range of communication solutions to consumer, commercial and carrier channels across a 24-state service area. We were founded in 1894 as the Mattoon Telephone Company by the great-grandfather of one of the members of our Board of Directors, Richard A. Lumpkin. After several acquisitions, the Mattoon Telephone Company was incorporated as the Illinois Consolidated Telephone Company on April 10, 1924. We were incorporated under the laws of Delaware in 2002, and through our predecessors, we have been providing communication services in many of the communities we serve for more than a century. In addition to our focus on organic growth in our commercial and carrier channels, we have achieved business growth and a diversification of revenue and cash flow streams that have created a strong platform for future growth through our acquisitions over the last decade. Our strategic approach to evaluating potential transactions includes analysis of the market opportunity, the quality of the network, our ability to integrate the acquired company efficiently and the potential for creating significant operating synergies and generating positive cash flow at the inception of each acquisition. Operating synergies are created through the use of consistent platforms, convergence of processes and functional management of the combined entities. We measure our synergies during the first two years following an acquisition. For example, the acquisition of our Texas properties in 2004 tripled the size of our business and gave us the requisite scale to make system and platform decisions that would facilitate future acquisitions. The acquisition of our Pennsylvania properties in 2007 achieved synergies in excess of $12.0 million in annualized savings, which at the time, represented approximately 20% of their operating expense. The acquisition of SureWest Communications in 2012 achieved synergies of $29.5 million during the two years subsequent to the acquisition date. The acquisition of Enventis Corporation (“Enventis”) in October 2014 generated annual operating synergies of approximately $17.0 million during the first two years subsequent to the acquisition date. As a result of the acquisition of FairPoint Communications, Inc. (“FairPoint”) in July 2017, as described below, we expect to generate annual operating synergies of approximately $55.0 million over the first two years subsequent to the acquisition date. Through these acquisitions, we have positioned our business to provide services in rural, suburban and metropolitan markets, with service territories spanning the country. 1 Recent Business Developments On July 3, 2017, we completed the acquisition of FairPoint pursuant to the terms of a definitive agreement and plan of merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”) and acquired all the issued and outstanding shares of FairPoint in exchange for shares of our common stock. As a result, FairPoint became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. FairPoint is an advanced communications provider to business, wholesale and residential customers within its service territory, which spans across 17 states. FairPoint owns and operates a robust fiber-based network with more than 22,000 route miles of fiber, including 17,000 route miles of fiber in northern New England. The financial results for FairPoint have been included in our consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date. The acquisition reflects our strategy to diversify revenue and cash flows among multiple products and to expand our network to new markets. See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements included in this report in Part II – Item 8 – “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a more detailed discussion of this transaction. Available Information Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on our website at www.consolidated.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Copies are also available free of charge upon request to Consolidated Communications, Attn: Vice President Investor Relations and Treasurer, 121 S. 17th Street, Mattoon, Illinois 61938. Our website also contains copies of our Corporate Governance Principles, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and charter of each committee of our Board of Directors. The information found on our website is not part of this report or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC. The public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549 on official business days during the hours of 10:00 am to 3:00 pm. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings at www.sec.gov. Description of Our Business Consolidated is a broadband and business communications provider that provides a wide range of communication solutions to consumer, commercial and carrier customers across a 24-state service area and an advanced fiber network spanning approximately 36,000 fiber route miles. We offer residential Internet, video, phone and home security services as well as multi-service residential and small business bundles. Our business product suite includes data and Internet solutions, voice, data center services, security services, managed and IT Services, and an expanded suite of cloud services. Consolidated is dedicated to turning technology into solutions, connecting people and enriching how our customers work and live. We generate the majority of our consolidated operating revenues primarily from subscriptions to our video, data and transport services (collectively “broadband services”) to business and residential customers. Commercial and carrier services represent the largest source of our operating revenues and are expected to be key growth areas in the future. We continue to focus on broadband and commercial growth opportunities and are continually enhancing our broadband services and expanding our commercial product offerings for both small and large businesses in order to capitalize on technological advances in the industry. Our recent acquisition of FairPoint, as described above, provides us significantly greater scale and an expanded fiber network which allows for additional growth opportunities and expansion. We leverage our advanced fiber networks and tailor our services for business customers by developing solutions to fit their specific needs. In addition, we are expanding our suite of cloud services, which increases efficiency and enables greater scalability and reliability for businesses. We anticipate future momentum in commercial and carrier services as these products gain traction as well as from the customer demand for additional bandwidth and data-based services. We market our residential services by leading with broadband or bundled services. Our “triple play” bundle includes our Internet, video and phone services. As consumer demands for bandwidth continue to increase, our focus is on enhancing our broadband services, and progressively increasing consumer data speeds. We offer data speeds of up to 1 Gigabits per second (“Gbps”) in select markets. Where 1 Gbps speeds are not yet offered, the maximum broadband speed is 100 Megabits per second (“Mbps”), depending on the geographic market availability. Our competitive consumer broadband speeds allow us to continue to meet the needs of our customers and the demand for higher speeds driven by over-the-top 2 (“OTT”) content viewing. The availability of higher broadband speed also complements our TV Everywhere service, which allows our video subscribers to watch their favorite shows, movies and livestreams at home or on mobile and connected devices. In addition, we offer other on-demand OTT content, such as fubo, HBO Now and other sports and entertainment. A discussion of factors potentially affecting our operations is set forth in Part I – Item 1A – “Risk Factors”, which is incorporated herein by reference. Sources of Revenue The following tables summarize our sources of revenue and key operating statistics for the last three fiscal years: (In millions, except for percentages) Commercial and carrier: Data and transport services (includes VoIP) Voice services Other $ Consumer: Broadband (VoIP, data and video) Voice services Equipment sales and service Subsidies Network access Other products and services Total operating revenues Key Operating Statistics Consumer customers Voice connections Data connections Video connections Total connections 2017 2016 2015 % of Revenues % of Revenues % of Revenues $ $ $ 268.5 158.4 33.9 460.8 276.2 136.5 412.7 25.3 % $ 196.7 99.8 14.9 12.5 3.2 309.0 43.4 26.5 % $ 187.5 103.0 13.4 12.3 1.7 302.8 41.6 24.1 % 13.3 1.6 39.0 26.1 12.9 39.0 209.9 55.3 265.2 28.2 7.4 35.6 213.6 60.6 274.2 27.5 7.8 35.3 — 62.3 110.2 13.6 $ 1,059.6 — 5.9 10.4 1.3 43.1 48.3 63.8 13.8 100.0 % $ 743.2 5.8 6.5 8.6 1.9 55.0 56.3 69.7 17.7 100.0 % $ 775.7 7.1 7.3 9.0 2.3 100.0 % 2017 671,300 972,178 783,682 103,313 1,859,173 As of December 31, 2016 253,203 457,315 473,403 106,343 1,037,061 2015 268,934 482,735 456,100 117,882 1,056,717 The comparability of our consolidated results of operations and key operating statistics was impacted by the FairPoint acquisition that closed on July 3, 2017, as described above. FairPoint’s results are included in our consolidated financial statements as of the date of the acquisition. All telecommunications providers continue to face increased competition as a result of technology changes and legislative and regulatory developments in the industry. We continue to focus on commercial growth opportunities and are continually expanding our commercial product offerings for both small and large businesses to capitalize on industry technological advances. In addition, we expect our broadband services revenue to continue to grow as consumer and commercial demands for data based services increase, which will offset, in part, the anticipated decline in traditional voice services impacted by the ongoing industry-wide reduction in residential access lines. 3 Commercial and Carrier Data and Transport Services We provide a variety of business communication services to small, medium and large business customers, including many services over our advanced fiber network. The services we offer include scalable high speed broadband Internet access and Voice over Internet Protocol (“VoIP”) phone services, which range from basic service plans to virtual hosted systems. Our hosted VoIP package utilizes soft switching technology and enables our customers to have the flexibility of employing new telephone advances and features without investing in a new telephone system. The package bundles local service, calling features, Internet protocol (“IP”) business telephones and unified messaging, which integrates multiple messaging technologies into a single system and allows the customer to receive and listen to voice messages through email. In addition to Internet and VoIP services, we also offer a variety of commercial data connectivity services in select markets including private line, Wide Area Network (“WAN”) and Ethernet services to provide high bandwidth connectivity across point-to-point and multiple site networks. Networking services are available at a variety of speeds up to 10 Gbps. Data center and disaster recovery solutions also provide a reliable and local colocation option for commercial customers. We offer a suite of cloud-based services, which includes a hosted unified communications solution that replaces the customer’s on-site phone systems and data networks, managed network security services and data protection services. We also offer wholesale services to regional and national interexchange and wireless carriers, including cellular backhaul, dark fiber and other fiber transport solutions with speeds up to 100 Gbps. The demand for backhaul services continues to grow as wireless carriers are faced with escalating consumer and commercial demands for wireless data. Voice Services Voice services include basic local phone and long-distance service packages for business customers. The plans include options for voicemail, conference calling, linking multiple office locations and other custom calling features such as caller ID, call forwarding, speed dialing and call waiting. Services can be charged at a fixed monthly rate, a measured rate or can be bundled with selected services at a discounted rate. Through the acquisition of FairPoint, we are now a full service 9-1-1 provider and have installed and now maintain two turn-key, state of the art statewide next-generation emergency 9- 1-1 systems. These systems, located in Maine and Vermont, have processed over a million calls relying on the caller's location information for routing. Next-generation emergency 9-1-1 systems are an improvement over traditional 9-1-1 and are expected to provide the foundation to handle future communication modes such as texting and video. Other Other services revenues include business equipment sales and related hardware and maintenance support, rental income of customer premises equipment, video services and other miscellaneous revenues. 4 Consumer Broadband Services Broadband services include revenue from residential customers for subscriptions to our VoIP, data and video products. We offer high speed Internet access at speeds of up to 1 Gbps, depending on the nature of the network facilities that are available, the level of service selected and the location. Our data service plans also include wireless internet access, email and internet security and protection. Our VoIP digital phone service is also available in certain markets as an alternative to the traditional telephone line. We offer multiple voice service plans with customizable calling features and voicemail. Depending on geographic market availability, our video services range from limited basic service to advanced digital television, which includes several plans, each with hundreds of local, national and music channels including premium and pay-per-view channels as well as video on-demand service. Certain customers may also subscribe to our advanced video services, which consist of high-definition television, digital video recorders (“DVR”) and/or a whole home DVR. Our Whole Home DVR allows customers the ability to watch recorded shows on any television in the house, record multiple shows at one time and utilize an intuitive on-screen guide and user interface. Video subscribers also have access to our TV Everywhere service in certain markets, which allows subscriber access to full episodes of available shows, movies and live streams using a computer or mobile device. Voice Services We offer several different basic local phone service packages and long-distance calling plans, including unlimited flat-rate calling plans. The plans include options for voicemail and other custom calling features such as caller ID, call forwarding and call waiting. The number of local access lines in service directly affects the recurring revenue we generate from end users and continues to be impacted by the industry-wide decline in access lines. We expect to continue to experience erosion in voice connections due to competition from alternative technologies, including our own competing VoIP product. Equipment Sales and Service As an equipment integrator, we offered network design, implementation and support services, including maintenance contracts, in order to provide integrated communication solutions for our customers. We sold telecommunications equipment, such as key, Private Branch Exchange (“PBX”), IP-based telephone systems and other sophisticated hardware solutions, and offered support services to medium and large business customers. Through our acquisition of Enventis in 2014, we obtained a leading market relationship with Cisco Systems, Inc. and, as a result, were an accredited Master Level Unified Communications and Gold Certified Cisco Partner providing equipment solutions and support for business customers. Our strategic relationship with Cisco as the supplier allowed us to deploy a wide range of collaboration, data center and network technology solutions. We earned Cisco’s Master Cloud Builder Specialization and received the Data Center Interconnect designation. We maintained numerous Cisco specializations and authorizations, as well as partner relationships with EMC, NetApp, VMware and other industry-leading vendors in order to provide integrated communication solutions that best fit our customers’ needs. In December 2016, we completed the sale of our Enterprise Services equipment and IT Services business (“EIS”) to ePlus Technology inc. (“ePlus”). As part of the transaction, we entered into a Co-Marketing Agreement with ePlus, a nationwide systems integrator of technology solutions, to cross-sell both broadband network services and IT services. The strategic partnership will provide our business customers access to a broader suite of IT solutions, and will also provide ePlus customers access to Consolidated’s business network services. Subsidies Subsidies consist of both federal and state subsidies, which are designed to promote widely available, quality telephone service at affordable prices in rural areas. Subsidies are funded by end user surcharges to which telecommunications providers, including local, long-distance and wireless carriers, contribute on a monthly basis. Subsidies are allocated and distributed to participating carriers monthly based upon their respective costs for providing local service. Similar to access charges, subsidies are regulated by federal and state regulatory commissions. See Part I – Item 1 – “Regulatory Environment” below and Item 1A – “Risk Factors – Risks Related to the Regulation of Our Business” for further discussion regarding the subsidies we receive. 5 Network Access Services Network access services include interstate and intrastate switched access revenue, network special access services and end user access. Switched access revenue includes access services to other communications carriers to terminate or originate long-distance calls on our network. Special access circuits provide dedicated lines and trunks to business customers and interexchange carriers. Certain of our network access revenues are based on rates set or approved by federal and state regulatory commissions or as directed by law that are subject to change at any time. Other Products and Services Other products and services include revenues from telephone directory publishing, video advertising, billing and support services and other miscellaneous revenue. No customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated operating revenues during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Wireless Partnerships In addition to our core business, we also derive a portion of our cash flow and earnings from investments in five wireless partnerships. Wireless partnership investment income is included as a component of other income in the consolidated statements of operations. Our wireless partnership investment consists of five cellular partnerships: GTE Mobilnet of South Texas Limited Partnership (“Mobilnet South Partnership”), GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership (“RSA #17”), Pittsburgh SMSA Limited Partnership (“Pittsburgh SMSA”), Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(I) Limited Partnership (“RSA 6(I)”) and Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(II) Limited Partnership (“RSA 6(II)”). We own 2.34% of the Mobilnet South Partnership. The principal activity of the Mobilnet South Partnership is providing cellular service in the Houston, Galveston and Beaumont, Texas metropolitan areas. We account for this investment using the cost method. Income is recognized only upon cash distributions of our proportionate earnings in the partnership. We own 20.51% of RSA #17, which serves areas in and around Conroe, Texas. This investment is accounted for under the equity method. Income is recognized on our proportionate share of earnings and cash distributions are recorded as a reduction in our investment. San Antonio MTA, L.P., a wholly owned partnership of Cellco Partnership (doing business as Verizon Wireless), is the general partner for both the Mobilnet South Partnership and RSA #17. We own 3.60% of Pittsburgh SMSA, 16.67% of RSA 6(I) and 23.67% of RSA 6(II), all of which are majority owned and operated by Verizon Wireless. These partnerships cover territories that almost entirely overlap the markets served by our Pennsylvania Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier (“ILEC”) and Competitive Local Exchange Carrier operations. Because of our limited influence over Pittsburgh SMSA, we account for the investment using the cost method. RSA 6(I) and RSA 6(II) are accounted for under the equity method. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recognized income of $31.4 million, $32.6 million and $37.0 million, respectively, and received cash distributions of $30.0 million, $32.1 million and $45.3 million, respectively, from these wireless partnerships. Employees As of December 31, 2017, we employed approximately 3,930 employees, including part-time employees, compared to 1,676 employees as of December 31, 2016, as a result of the acquisition of FairPoint. We also use temporary employees in the normal course of our business. Approximately 48% of our employees were covered by collective bargaining agreements as of December 31, 2017 compared to 20% as of December 31, 2016, as a result of the acquisition of FairPoint. For a more detailed discussion regarding how the collective bargaining agreements could affect our business, see Part I - Item 1A – Risk Factors – “Risks Relating to Our Business”. 6 Sales and Marketing The key components of our overall marketing strategy include:  Organizing our sales and marketing activities around our three customer channels: consumer, commercial and carrier customers;  Positioning ourselves as a single point of contact for our customers’ communications needs;  Providing customers with a broad array of voice, data and video services and bundling these services whenever possible;  Identifying and broadening our commercial customer needs by developing solutions and providing integrated service offerings;  Providing excellent customer service, including 24/7 centralized customer support to coordinate installation of new services, repair and maintenance functions and creating more self-service tools through our online customer portal;  Developing and delivering new services to meet evolving customer needs and market demands; and  Leveraging brand recognition across all market areas. We currently offer our services through call centers, our website, communication centers and commissioned sales representatives. Our customer service call centers and dedicated sales teams serve as the primary sales channels for consumer, business and carrier services. Our sales efforts are supported by direct mail, bill inserts, newspaper, radio and television advertising, public relations activities, community events and website promotions. We market our services both individually and as bundled services, including our triple-play offering of voice, data and video services. By bundling our service offerings, we are able to offer and sell a more complete and competitive package of services, which we believe simultaneously increases our average revenue per user (“ARPU”) and adds value for the consumer. We also believe that bundling leads to increased customer loyalty and retention. Network Architecture and Technology We have made significant investments in our technologically advanced telecommunications networks and continue to enhance and expand our network by deploying technologies to provide additional capacity to our customers. As a result, we are able to deliver high-quality, reliable data, video and voice services in the markets we serve. Our wide-ranging network and extensive use of fiber provide an easy reach into existing and new areas. By bringing the fiber network closer to the customer premises, we can increase our service offerings, quality and bandwidth services. Our existing network enables us to efficiently respond and adapt to changes in technology and is capable of supporting the rising customer demand for bandwidth in order to support the growing amount of wireless data devices in our customers’ homes and businesses. Our networks are supported by advanced 100% digital switches, with a fiber network connecting all remote exchanges. We continue to enhance our copper network to increase bandwidth in order to provide additional products and services to our marketable homes. In addition to our copper plant enhancements, we have deployed fiber-optic cable extensively throughout our network, resulting in a 100% fiber backbone network that supports all of the inter-office and host-remote links, as well as the majority of business parks within our service areas. In addition, this fiber infrastructure provides the connectivity required to provide video service, Internet and long-distance services to our residential and commercial customers. Our fiber network utilizes fiber-to-the-home (“FTTH”) and fiber-to-the-node (“FTTN”) networks to offer bundled residential and commercial services. We operate fiber networks which we own or have entered into long-term leases for fiber network access. At December 31, 2017, our fiber-optic network consisted of approximately 36,000 route-miles, which includes approximately 21,640 route miles of fiber from our acquisition of FairPoint of which 17,000 route miles of fiber are located in the northern New England area. Our remaining network includes approximately 4,580 miles of fiber network in Minnesota and surrounding 7 areas, approximately 4,180 miles of fiber network in Texas, approximately 1,800 route-miles of fiber-optic facilities in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, approximately 1,840 miles of fiber network in Illinois, approximately 1,180 route-miles of fiber optic facilities in California that cover large parts of the greater Sacramento metropolitan area and over 770 route- miles of fiber optic facilities in Kansas City that service the greater Kansas City area, including both Kansas and Missouri. In 2014, we expanded our commercial services into the greater Dallas/Fort Worth market, utilizing our existing carrier- class fiber network in this area. This network previously was used to serve our wholesale and carrier customers. With the expansion of the network, we began offering fiber based services including dedicated Internet access, wide area network services and hosted private branch exchange (iPBX) to commercial customers in this market. We intend to continue to make strategic enhancements to our network including improvements in overall network reliability and increases to our broadband speeds. We offer data speeds of up to 1 Gbps in select markets, and up to 100 Mbps in markets where 1 Gbps is not yet available, depending on the geographical region. As of December 31, 2017, approximately 42% of the homes we serve on our legacy network had availability to broadband speeds of up to 100 Mbps. The majority of the homes in our recently acquired FairPoint service territories have availability to broadband speeds of 20 Mbps or less. As part of our integration initiatives of FairPoint, we plan to increase broadband speeds to more than 500,000 residents and small businesses across the Northern New England service area by the end of 2018. The upgrades are expected to enable customers to receive broadband speeds up to three times the speeds currently available and provide nearly 100,000 additional homes with access to data speeds of 1 Gbps. Through our extensive fiber network, we are also able to support the increased demand on wireless carriers for data bandwidth. In all the markets we serve, we have launched initiatives to support fiber backhaul services to cell sites. As of December 31, 2017, we had 2,539 cell sites in service and an additional 138 scheduled for completion in 2018. Business Strategies Diversify revenues and increase revenues per customer We continue to transform our business and diversify our revenue streams as we adapt to changes in the regulatory environment and advances in technology. As a result of acquisitions, our wireless partnerships and increases in the demand for data services, we continue to reduce our reliance on subsidies and access revenue. Utilizing our existing network and strategic network expansion initiatives, we are able to acquire and serve a more diversified business customer base and create new long-term revenue streams such as wireless carrier backhaul services. We will continue to focus on growing our broadband and commercial services through the expansion and extension of our fiber network to communities and corridors near our primary fiber routes where we believe we can offer competitive services and increase market share. We also continue to focus on increasing our revenue per customer, primarily by improving our data market penetration, increasing the sale of other value-added services and encouraging customers to subscribe to our service bundles. Improve operating efficiency We continue to seek to improve operating efficiency through technology, better practices and procedures and through cost containment measures. In recent years, we have made significant operational improvements in our business through the centralization of work groups, processes and systems, which has resulted in significant cost savings and reductions in headcount. Because of these efficiencies, we are better able to deliver a consistent customer experience, service our customers in a more cost-effective manner and lower our cost structure. We continue to evaluate our operations in order to align our cost structure with operating revenues while continuing to launch new products and improve the overall customer experience. Maintain capital expenditure discipline Across all of our service territories, we have successfully managed capital expenditures to optimize returns through disciplined planning and targeted investment of capital. For example, investments in our networks allows significant flexibility to expand our commercial footprint, offer new service offerings and provide services in a cost-efficient manner while maintaining our reputation as a high-quality service provider. We will continue to invest in strategic growth initiatives to expand our fiber network to new markets and customers in order to optimize new business, backhaul and wholesale opportunities. 8 Pursue selective acquisitions We have in the past taken, and expect to continue to take in the future, a disciplined approach in pursuing company acquisitions. When we evaluate potential transactions, important factors include:  The market;  The quality of the network;  The ability to integrate the acquired company efficiently;  Existence of significant potential operating synergies; and  Whether the transaction will be cash flow accretive from day one. We believe all of the above criteria were met in connection with our acquisition of FairPoint in 2017. In the long term, we believe that this transaction will give us additional scale and will better position us financially, strategically and competitively to pursue additional acquisitions. Competition The telecommunications industry is subject to extensive competition, which has increased significantly in recent years. Technological advances have expanded the types and uses of services and products available. In addition, differences in the regulatory environment applicable to comparable alternative services have lowered costs for these competitors. As a result, we face heightened competition but also have new opportunities to grow our broadband business. Our competitors vary by market and may include other incumbent and competitive local telephone companies; cable operators offering video, data and VoIP products; wireless carriers; long distance providers; satellite companies; Internet service providers, online video providers and in some cases new forms of providers who are able to offer a broad range of competitive services. We expect competition to remain a significant factor affecting our operating results and that the nature and extent of that competition will continue to increase in the future. See Part I - Item 1A – “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Our Business”. Depending on the market area, we compete against AT&T and a number of other carriers, as well as Comcast, Time Warner, Mediacom, Armstrong, Suddenlink and NewWave Communications, in both the commercial and consumer markets. Google has also launched data and video services in a limited, but growing, number of service areas including the Kansas City market. Our competitors offer traditional telecommunications services as well as IP-based services and other emerging data-based services. Our competitors continue to add features and adopt aggressive pricing and packaging for services comparable to the services we offer. We continue to face competition from wireless and other fiber data providers as the demand for substitute communication services, such as wireless phones and data devices, continues to increase. Customers are increasingly foregoing traditional telephone services and land-based Internet service and relying exclusively on wireless service. Wireless companies are aggressively developing networks using next-generation data technologies in order to provide increasingly faster data speeds to their customers. In addition, the expanded availability for free or lower cost services, such as video over the Internet, complimentary Wi-Fi service and other streaming devices has increased competition among other providers including online digital distributors for our video and data services. In order to meet the competition, we have responded by continuing to invest in our network and business operations in order to offer new and enhanced services including faster broadband speeds and providing additional OTT video content. In our rural markets, services are more costly to provide than services in urban areas as a lower customer density necessitates higher capital expenditures on a per-customer basis. As a result, it generally is not economically viable for new entrants to overlap existing networks in rural territories. Despite the barriers to entry, rural telephone companies still face significant competition from wireless and video providers and, to a lesser extent, competitive telephone companies. Our other lines of business are subject to substantial competition from local, regional and national competitors. In particular, our wholesale and transport business serves other interexchange carriers and we compete with a variety of service providers including incumbent and competitive local telephone companies and other fiber data companies. For 9 our business systems products, we compete with other equipment providers or value added resellers, network providers, incumbent and competitive local telephone companies, and with cloud and data hosting service providers. We expect that competition in all of our businesses will continue to intensify as new technologies and changes in consumer behavior continue to emerge. Regulatory Environment The following summary does not describe all existing and proposed legislation and regulations affecting the telecommunications industry. Regulation can change rapidly, and ongoing proceedings and hearings could alter the manner in which the telecommunications industry operates. We cannot predict the outcome of any of these developments, nor their potential impact on us. See Part I – Item 1A – “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Regulation of Our Business”. Overview Our revenues, which include revenues from such telecommunications services as local telephone service, network access service and toll service, are subject to broad federal and/or state regulation and are derived from various sources, including:      Business and residential subscribers of basic exchange services; Surcharges mandated by state commissions and the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”); Long-distance carriers for network access service; Competitive access providers and commercial customers for network access service; and Support payments from federal or state programs. telecommunications The the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (the “Telecommunications Act”), federal and state regulators share responsibility for implementing and enforcing statutes and regulations designed to encourage competition and to preserve and advance widely available, quality telephone service at affordable prices. to extensive federal, state and local regulation. Under is subject industry At the federal level, the FCC generally exercises jurisdiction over facilities and services of local exchange carriers, such as our rural telephone companies, to the extent they are used to provide, originate or terminate interstate or international communications. The FCC has the authority to condition, modify, cancel, terminate or revoke our operating authority for failure to comply with applicable federal laws or FCC rules, regulations and policies. Fines or penalties also may be imposed for any of these violations. State regulatory commissions generally exercise jurisdiction over carriers’ facilities and services to the extent they are used to provide, originate or terminate intrastate communications. In particular, state regulatory agencies have substantial oversight over interconnection and network access by competitors of our rural telephone companies. In addition, municipalities and other local government agencies regulate the public rights-of-way necessary to install and operate networks. State regulators can sanction our rural telephone companies or revoke our certifications if we violate relevant laws or regulations. Federal Regulation Our incumbent local exchange companies and competitive local exchange companies must comply with the Communications Act of 1934, which requires, among other things, that telecommunications carriers offer services at just and reasonable rates and on non-discriminatory terms and conditions. The 1996 amendments to the Communications Act (contained in the Telecommunications Act discussed below) dramatically changed, and likely will continue to change, the landscape of the industry. 10 Removal of Entry Barriers The Telecommunications Act imposes a number of interconnection and other requirements on all local communications providers. All telecommunications carriers have a duty to interconnect directly or indirectly with the facilities and equipment of other telecommunications carriers. All local exchange carriers, including our competitive and incumbent local exchange companies, are required to:  Allow other carriers to resell their services;  Provide number portability where feasible;  Ensure dialing parity, meaning that consumers can choose their default local or long-distance telephone company without having to dial additional digits;  Ensure that competitors’ customers receive non-discriminatory access to telephone numbers, operator service, directory assistance and directory listings;  Afford competitors access to telephone poles, ducts, conduits and rights-of-way; and  Establish reciprocal compensation arrangements with other carriers for the transport and termination of telecommunications traffic. Furthermore, the Telecommunications Act imposes on incumbent telephone companies (other than rural telephone companies that maintain their so-called “rural exemption” as many of our subsidiaries do) additional obligations to:  Negotiate interconnection agreements with other carriers in good faith;  Interconnect their facilities and equipment with any requesting telecommunications carrier, at any technically feasible point, at non-discriminatory rates and on non-discriminatory terms and conditions;  Offer their retail services to other carriers for resale at discounted wholesale rates;  Provide reasonable notice of changes in the information necessary for transmission and routing of services over the incumbent telephone company’s facilities or in the information necessary for interoperability; and  Provide, at rates, terms and conditions that are just, reasonable and non-discriminatory, for the physical collocation of other carriers’ equipment necessary for interconnection or access to unbundled network elements (“UNEs”) at the premises of the incumbent telephone company. Access Charges On November 18, 2011, the FCC released its comprehensive order on intercarrier compensation and universal service reform. See “FCC Access Charge and Universal Service Reform Order” below for detailed discussion on the FCC order. A significant portion of our incumbent local exchange companies’ revenues come from network access charges paid by long-distance and other carriers for using our companies’ local telephone facilities for originating or terminating calls within our service areas. The amount of network access revenues our rural telephone companies receive is based on rates set or approved by federal and state regulatory commissions, and these rates are subject to change at any time. Intrastate network access charges are regulated by state commissions. The FCC order on intercarrier compensation and universal service reform required terminating state access charges to mirror terminating interstate access charges, and as of July 1, 2013, all terminating switched intrastate access charges mirror interstate access charges. The FCC regulates the prices we may charge for the use of our local telephone facilities to originate or terminate interstate and international calls. However, for purposes of the universal service funding they are regulated under the rules for price cap carriers. The FCC has structured these prices as a combination of flat monthly charges paid by customers and both usage-sensitive (per-minute) charges and flat monthly charges paid by long-distance or other carriers. 11 The FCC regulates interstate network access charges by imposing price caps on Regional Bell Operating Companies (“RBOCs”) and other large incumbent telephone companies. Some of our recently acquired FairPoint properties operate as RBOCs under rate-of-return regulation for interstate purposes. These price caps can be adjusted based on various formulas, such as inflation and productivity, and otherwise through regulatory proceedings. Incumbent telephone companies, such as our incumbent local exchange companies, may elect to base network access charges on price caps, but are not required to do so. We believe that price cap regulation gives us greater pricing flexibility for interstate services, especially in the increasingly competitive special access segment. It also provides us with the potential to increase our net earnings by becoming more productive and introducing new services. As we have acquired new properties, we have converted them to federal price cap regulation. In recent years, carriers have become more aggressive in disputing the FCC’s interstate access charge rates and the application of access charges to their telecommunications traffic. We believe these disputes have increased, in part, because advances in technology have made it more difficult to determine the identity and jurisdiction of traffic, giving carriers an increased opportunity to challenge access costs for their traffic. We cannot predict what other actions other long-distance carriers may take before the FCC or with their local exchange carriers, including our incumbent local exchange companies, to challenge the applicability of access charges. Due to the increasing deployment of VoIP services and other technological changes, we believe these types of disputes and claims are likely to continue to increase. Unbundled Network Element Rules The Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires incumbent local exchange companies to provide Unbundled Network Elements (UNEs) to competitive carriers, allowing such carriers entry into the local telecommunications market. These unbundling requirements, and the duty to offer UNEs to competitors, imposed substantial costs on the incumbent telephone companies and made it easier for customers to shift their business to other carriers. Competitive carriers continue to use UNEs to provide competing local services to customers in our operating areas. Each of the subsidiaries through which we operate our local telephone businesses is an incumbent local exchange company. The Telecommunications Act exempts rural telephone companies from certain of the more burdensome interconnection requirements. However, the rural exemption will cease to apply to competing cable companies if and when the rural carrier introduces video services in a service area, in which case, a competing cable operator providing video programming and seeking to provide telecommunications services in the area may interconnect. For our subsidiaries which provide video services in their major service areas, the rural exemption no longer applies to cable company competitors in those service areas. Additionally, in Texas, the Public Utilities Commission of Texas (“PUCT”) has removed the rural exemption for our Texas subsidiaries with respect to telecommunications services furnished by Sprint Communications, L.P. on behalf of cable companies. Our ILEC subsidiaries still have the rural exemption in place, with the exception of Northern New England Telephone Operations and Telephone Operating Company of Vermont. We believe the benefits of providing video services outweigh the loss of the rural exemptions to cable operators. Promotion of Universal Service In general, telecommunications service in rural areas is more costly to provide than service in urban areas. The lower customer density means that switching and other facilities serve fewer customers and loops are typically longer, requiring greater expenditures per customer to build and maintain. By supporting the high cost of operations in rural markets, Universal Service Fund (“USF”) subsidies promote widely available, quality telephone service at affordable prices in rural areas. Revenues from federal and certain states’ USFs totaled $62.3 million, $48.3 million and $56.3 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. FCC Access Charge and Universal Service Reform Order In November 2011, the FCC released a comprehensive order on access charge and universal service reform (the “Order”). The access charge portion of the Order systematically reduces minute-of-use-based interstate access, intrastate access and reciprocal compensation rates over a six to nine year period to an end state of bill-and-keep, in which each carrier recovers the costs of its network through charges to its own subscribers, rather than through intercarrier compensation. The reductions apply to terminating access rates and usage, with originating access to be addressed by the FCC in a later proceeding. To help with the transition to bill-and-keep, the FCC created two mechanisms. The first is an Access 12 Recovery Mechanism (“ARM”) which is funded from the Connect America Fund (“CAF”), and the second is an Access Recovery Charge (“ARC”) which is recovered from end users. The universal service portion of the Order redirects support from voice services to broadband services, and is now called the CAF. The Order requires rate of return study areas associated with holding companies to be treated as price cap carriers for universal service funding. For intercarrier compensation purposes, these rate of return carriers fall under the rate of return intercarrier compensation transition plan. Price cap study areas fall under the price cap rules for both universal service reform and intercarrier compensation reform. In 2012, CAF Phase I was implemented, which froze USF support to price cap carriers until the FCC implemented a broadband cost model to shift support from voice services to broadband services. The Order also modified the methodology used for ICC traffic exchanged between carriers. The initial phase of ICC reform was effective on July 1, 2012, beginning the transition of our terminating switched access rates to bill-and-keep over a seven year period for price cap carriers and a nine year period for rate of return carriers, and as a result, our network access revenue decreased approximately $2.8 million, $1.7 million and $1.3 million during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. In December 2014, the FCC released a report and order that addressed, among other things, the transition to CAF Phase II funding for price cap carriers and the acceptance criteria for CAF Phase II funding. For companies that accept the CAF Phase II funding, there is a three year transition period in instances where their current CAF Phase I funding exceeds the CAF Phase II funding. If CAF Phase II funding exceeds CAF Phase I funding, the transitional support is waived and CAF Phase II funding begins immediately. Companies are required to commit to a statewide build out requirement to 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream in funded locations. We accepted the CAF Phase II funding in August 2015, which was effective as of January 1, 2015. The annual funding under CAF Phase I of $36.6 million was replaced by annual funding under CAF Phase II of $13.9 million through 2020. With the sale of our Iowa ILEC in 2016, this amount was further reduced to $11.5 million through 2020. Subsequently, with the acquisition of FairPoint, this amount increased to $48.9 million through 2020. FairPoint accepted the annual CAF Phase II funding of $37.4 million through 2020 in August 2015. This includes CAF Phase II support in all of FairPoint’s operating states except Colorado and Kansas where the offered CAF Phase II support was declined. We continue to receive frozen CAF Phase I support in Colorado and Kansas until such time as the FCC CAF Phase II auction assigns support to another provider. The acceptance of CAF Phase II funding at a level lower than the frozen CAF Phase I support results in CAF Phase II Transitional funding over a three year period based on the difference between the CAF Phase I funding and the CAF Phase II funding at the rates of 75% in the first year, 50% in the second year and 25% in the third year. The annual reporting requirements include (i) filings of annual certifications that the carrier is both meeting its public interest obligations and is offering comparable broadband rates and (ii) the filing of a Service Quality Improvement plan. The initial plan was required to be filed by July 1, 2016, with progress reports filed every year thereafter. The plan must include, among other things, the total amount of CAF Phase II funding used to fund capital expenditures in the previous year and certification that the carrier is meeting the required interim deployment milestones. The CAF Phase II build-out milestone for the end of 2017 was 40%. This is measured separately by the Company’s operations in each state. The Company met this milestone for all states where it operates. Local Switching Support In 2015, FairPoint filed a Petition with the FCC asking the FCC to direct the National Exchange Carrier Association (“NECA”) to stop subtracting frozen Local Switching Support (“LSS”) from FairPoint’s ICC Eligible Recovery for FairPoint’s rate of return ILECs that participate in the NECA pooling process. This issue is unique to rate of return affiliates of price cap carriers because such companies are considered price cap carriers for the FCC’s CAF funding, but remain rate of return for ICC purposes. Effective January 1, 2012, FairPoint rate of return ILECs were placed under the price cap CAF Phase I interim support mechanism, whereby the ILECs continued to receive frozen USF support for all forms of USF received during 2011, including LSS. The rate of return rules for ICC included LSS support in that mechanism as well; therefore, NECA subtracted the frozen LSS support from the ICC Eligible Recovery amounts in accordance with FCC rules prohibiting duplicate recovery. When FairPoint accepted CAF Phase II support effective January 1, 2015, there was no longer any duplicate support and FairPoint requested NECA to stop subtracting LSS from FairPoint’s ICC Eligible Recovery. NECA declined to make that change, which led to FairPoint filing a Petition with the FCC asking the FCC to direct NECA to comply with FCC rules on ICC Eligible Recovery for rate of return ILECs. This issue also applies to Consolidated’s operations in Minnesota, which are also rate of return ILECs associated with a price 13 cap company. If the FCC Petition is successful, the combined LSS support for the period from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017 would be approximately $11.5 million. Our ongoing ICC Eligible Recovery support for 2018 would increase by approximately $4.0 million, and thereafter, decline by 5% per year through 2021. We cannot predict the outcome or timing of the FCC’s decision. FCC Rules for Business Data Services On April 20, 2017, the FCC adopted new rules for Business Data Services (“BDS”), which went into effect on August 1, 2017. BDS services are high speed data services provided on a point to point basis. The rules apply to interstate BDS services in areas served by price cap carriers. Under the new BDS rules, all packet-switched services and all transport services, channel terminations connecting wholesale customers to our networks and end user channel terminations in counties deemed competitive are competitive. End user channel terminations for DS0, DS1 and DS3 services are non- competitive in counties deemed by the FCC to be non-competitive, but are eligible for Phase I price flexibility. The FCC published a list of counties deemed competitive and non-competitive. Geographic areas previously under Phase II price flexibility will not be rate regulated for any BDS services. In our price cap operations, we can continue to offer competitive BDS services under tariff or we can remove the services from tariff. All competitive services must be de-tariffed within three years of the effective date of the BDS rules. We have complete price flexibility for BDS services deemed competitive. BDS services are subject to vigorous competition. We cannot determine the impact of the BDS rules on our revenues or operations. State Regulation We are subject to regulation by state governments in various states in which we operate. State regulatory commissions generally exercise jurisdiction over intrastate matters and other requirements. The following narrative is a summary of pending state specific regulatory matters. We may have pending matters in other states not listed below, however, those matters are expected to have minimal impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. California The California Public Utilities Commission (“CPUC”) has the power, among other things, to establish rates, terms and conditions for intrastate service, to prescribe uniform systems of accounts and to regulate the mortgaging or disposition of public utility properties. In an ongoing proceeding relating to the New Regulatory Framework, the CPUC adopted Decision 06-08-030 in 2006, which grants carriers broader pricing freedom in the provision of telecommunications services, bundling of services, promotions and customer contracts. This decision adopted a new regulatory framework, the Uniform Regulatory Framework (“URF”), which among other things (i) eliminates price regulation and allows full pricing flexibility for all new and retail services, (ii) allows new forms of bundles and promotional packages of telecommunication services, (iii) allocates all gains and losses from the sale of assets to shareholders and (iv) eliminates almost all elements of rate of return regulation, including the calculation of shareable earnings. In December 2010, the CPUC issued a ruling to initiate a new proceeding to assess whether, or to what extent, the level of competition in the telecommunications industry is sufficient to control prices for the four largest ILECs in the state. Subsequently, the CPUC issued a ruling temporarily deferring the proceeding. When the CPUC may open this proceeding is unclear and on hold at this time. The CPUC’s actions in this and future proceedings could lead to new rules and an increase in government regulation. The Company will continue to monitor this matter. New Hampshire Effective August 10, 2012, the New Hampshire legislature enacted Chapter 177 (known as Senate Bill 48) (“SB 48”) in its Session Laws of 2012. SB 48 created a new class of telecommunications carriers known as excepted local exchange carriers (“ELECs”) and our Northern New England operations qualify as an ELEC in New Hampshire. SB 48 essentially leveled the regulatory scheme imposed upon New Hampshire telecommunications carriers and states that the New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission (“NHPUC”) has no authority to impose or enforce any obligation on a specific ELEC that also is not applicable to all other ELECs in New Hampshire except with respect to wholesale obligations which 14 arise from the Telecommunications Act, as well as certain obligations related to telephone poles and carrier of last resort responsibilities. In New Hampshire, under SB 48, our exposure to annual service quality index penalties was eliminated and we have pricing discretion with respect to existing and new retail telecommunications services other than basic local exchange service and certain services provided to customers who qualify for the federal lifeline discount. Texas Our Texas rural telephone companies are each certified by the PUCT to provide local telephone services in their respective territories. In addition, our Texas long-distance and transport subsidiaries are registered with the PUCT as interexchange carriers. The transport subsidiary has also obtained a service provider certificate of operating authority (“SPCOA”) to better assist the transport subsidiary with its operations in municipal areas. Recently, to assist with expanding services offerings, CCES also obtained a SPCOA from the PUCT. While our Texas rural telephone company services are extensively regulated, our other services, such as long-distance and transport services, are not subject to any significant state regulation. Our Texas rural telephone companies operate as distinct companies from a regulatory standpoint. Each is separately regulated by the PUCT in order to preserve universal service, protect public safety and welfare, ensure quality of service and protect consumers. Each Texas rural telephone company must file and maintain tariffs setting forth the terms, conditions and prices for its intrastate services. Currently, both of our Texas rural telephone companies have immunity from adjustments to their rates, including their intrastate network access rates, because they elected “incentive regulation” under the Texas Public Utilities Regulatory Act (“PURA”). In order to qualify for incentive regulation, our rural telephone companies agreed to fulfill certain infrastructure requirements. In exchange, they are not subject to challenge by the PUCT regarding their rates, overall revenues, return on invested capital or net income. PURA prescribes two different forms of incentive regulation in Chapter 58 and Chapter 59. Under either election, the rates, including network access rates, an incumbent telephone company may charge for basic local services generally cannot be increased from the amount(s) on the date of election without PUCT approval. Even with PUCT approval, increases can only occur in very specific situations. Pricing flexibility under Chapter 59 is extremely limited. In contrast, Chapter 58 allows greater pricing flexibility on non-basic network services, customer-specific contracts and new services. Initially, both of our Texas rural telephone companies elected incentive regulation under Chapter 59 and fulfilled the applicable infrastructure requirements, but they changed their election status to Chapter 58 in 2003, which gives them some pricing flexibility for basic services, subject to PUCT approval. The PUCT could impose additional infrastructure requirements or other restrictions in the future, which could limit the amount of cash that is available to be transferred from our rural telephone companies to the parent entities. In September 2005, the Texas legislature adopted significant additional telecommunications legislation. Among other things, this legislation created a statewide video franchise for telecommunications carriers, established a framework to deregulate the retail telecommunications services offered by incumbent local telecommunications carriers, imposed concurrent requirements to reduce intrastate access charges and directed the PUCT to initiate a study of the Texas Universal Service Fund. Texas Universal Service The Texas Universal Service Fund is administered by the NECA. PURA, the governing law, directs the PUCT to adopt and enforce rules requiring local exchange carriers to contribute to a state universal service fund that helps telecommunications providers offer basic local telecommunications service at reasonable rates in high-cost rural areas. The Texas Universal Service Fund is also used to reimburse telecommunications providers for revenues lost for providing lifeline service. Our Texas rural telephone companies receive disbursements from this fund. Our Texas ILECs receive two state funds, the small and rural incumbent local exchange company plan High Cost Fund (“HCF”) and the high cost assistance fund (“HCAF”). The HCF is a line-based fund used to keep local rates low. The rate is applied on all residential lines and up to five single business lines. The amount we receive from the HCAF is a frozen monthly amount that was originally developed to offset high intrastate toll rates. 15 In September 2011, the Texas state legislature passed Senate Bill No. 980/House Bill No. 2603 which, among other things, mandated the PUCT to review the Universal Service Fund and issue recommendations by January 1, 2013 with the intent to effectively reduce the size of the Universal Service Fund. This would be accomplished by implementing an urban floor to offset state funding reductions with a phase-in period of four years. The PUCT recommended that (i) frozen line counts be lifted effective September 1, 2013 and (ii) rural and urban local rate benchmarks be developed. The large company fund review was completed in September 2012 and the PUCT addressed the small fund participants in Docket 41097 Rate Rebalancing (“Docket 41097”), as discussed below. In June 2013, the Texas state legislature passed Senate Bill No. 583 (“SB 583”). The provisions of SB 583 were effective September 1, 2013 and froze HCF and HCAF support for the remainder of 2013. As of January 1, 2014, our annual $1.4 million HCAF support was eliminated and the frozen HCF support returned to funding on a per line basis. In July 2013, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with the PUCT on Docket 41097, which was approved by the PUCT in August 2013. In accordance with the provisions of the settlement agreement, the HCF draw will be reduced by approximately $1.2 million annually over a four year period beginning June 1, 2014 through 2018. However, we have the ability to fully offset this reduction with increases to residential rates where market conditions allow. In addition, the PUCT is required to develop a needs test for post-2017 funding and has held workshops on various proposals. The PUCT issued its recommendation to the Texas state commissioners in May 2014, which was approved in December 2014. The needs test allows for a one-time disaggregation of line rates from a per line flat rate, and then a competitive test must be met to receive funding. The Company filed its submission for the needs test on December 28, 2016. The PUCT issued docket 46699 on January 4, 2017 to review the filing and a decision was granted in the second quarter of 2017. New York With the acquisition of FairPoint, we assumed grants from the NY Broadband Program (the “NYBB”). In 2015, New York established the $500.0 million NYBB to provide state grant funding to support projects that deliver high-speed Internet access to unserved areas with a goal of achieving statewide broadband access in New York by the end of 2018. FairPoint received and accepted award letters in March 2017 for grant awards totaling $36.7 million from the NYBB Phase 2 grants. These grants will support, in part, the extension and upgrading of high-speed broadband services to over 10,321 locations in our New York service territory. During the second quarter of 2017, a bid for Phase 3 grants, the final phase of the NYBB grants, was submitted by FairPoint. On January 31, 2018, the state notified us that we were awarded a portion of our Phase 3 bid, and we are currently reviewing the grant. We expect to treat the reimbursements as a contribution in aid of construction given the nature of the arrangement. To be eligible for the grant, the network must be capable of delivering speeds of 100 Mbps or greater in unserved and underserved locations. As a condition of the grant, we are required to offer the NYBB’s Required Pricing Tier as a service option to residential users for a period of five years from completion of construction of the network. This pricing requirement will provide for broadband Internet service at minimum speeds of 25/4 Mbps (download/upload). FairPoint Merger Requirements As part of our acquisition of FairPoint, we have regulatory commitments that vary by state, some of which require capital investments in our network over several years through 2020. The requirements include improved data speeds and other service quality improvements in select locations primarily in our Northern New England, New York and Illinois markets. In New Hampshire and Vermont, we are required to invest 13% and 14%, respectively, of total state revenues in capital improvements per year for 2018, 2019 and 2020. For our service territory in Maine, we are required to make capital expenditures of $16.4 million per year from 2018 through 2020. In addition, we are required to invest an incremental $1.0 million per year in each of these three states for service quality improvements. In New York, we are required to invest $4.0 million over three years to expand the broadband network to over 300 locations. In Illinois, we are required to invest an additional $1.0 million by December 31, 2018 to expand the availability and speeds of broadband services in areas served by the FairPoint Illinois ILECs. As of December 31, 2017, we have met all of the regulatory commitments for 2017. 16 Local Government Authorizations In the various states we operate in, we operate under a structure in which each municipality or other regulatory agencies may impose various fees, such as for the privilege of originating and terminating messages and placing facilities within the municipality, for obtaining permits for street opening and construction, and/or for operating franchises to install and expand fiber optic facilities. Regulation of Broadband and Internet Services Video Services Our cable television subsidiaries each require a state or local franchise or other authorization in order to provide cable service to customers. Each of these subsidiaries is subject to regulation under a framework that exists in Title VI of the Communications Act. Under this framework, the responsibilities and obligations of franchising bodies and cable operators have been carefully defined. The law addresses such issues as the use of local streets and rights of way; the carriage of public, educational and governmental channels; the provision of channel space for leased commercial access; the amount and payment of franchise fees; consumer protection and similar issues. In addition, Federal laws place limits on the common ownership of cable systems and competing multichannel video distribution systems, and on the common ownership of cable systems and local telephone systems in the same geographic area. Many provisions of the federal law have been implemented through FCC regulations. The FCC has expanded its oversight and regulation of the cable television-related matters recently. In some cases, it has acted to assure that new competitors in the cable television business are able to gain access to potential customers and can also obtain licenses to carry certain types of video programming. The Communications Act also authorizes the licensing and operation of open video systems (“OVS”). An OVS is a form of multichannel video delivery that was initially intended to accommodate unaffiliated providers of video programming on the same network. The OVS regulatory structure also offered a means for a single provider to serve less than an entire community. Our Kansas City operations in Missouri utilize an OVS that allows us to operate in only a part of Kansas City. A number of state and local provisions also affect the operation of our cable systems. The California legislature adopted the Digital Infrastructure and Video Competition Act of 2006 (“DIVCA”) to encourage further entrance of telephone companies and other new cable operators to compete against the large incumbent cable operators. DIVCA changed preexisting California law to require new franchise applicants to obtain franchise authorizations on the state level. In addition, DIVCA established a general set of state-defined terms and conditions to replace numerous terms and conditions that had applied uniquely in local municipalities, and it repealed a state law that had prohibited local governments from adopting terms for new competitive franchises that differed in any material way from the incumbent’s franchise even if competitive circumstances were very different. Some portions of this law are also available to incumbent cable operators with existing local franchises who compete against us. A state franchising law has also been enacted in Kansas. While these laws have reduced franchise burdens on our subsidiaries and have made it easier for them to seek out and enter new markets, they also have reduced the entry barriers for others who may want to enter our cable television markets. Federal law and regulation also affects numerous issues related to video programming and other content. Under federal law, certain local television broadcast stations (both commercial and non-commercial) can elect, every three years, to take advantage of rules that require a cable operator to distribute the station’s content to the cable system’s customers without charge, or to forego this “must-carry” obligation and to negotiate for carriage on an arm’s length contractual basis, which typically involves the payment of a fee by the cable operator, and sometimes involves other consideration as well. The current three year cycle began on January 1, 2018. The Company has successfully negotiated agreements with all of the local television broadcast stations that would have been eligible for “must carry” treatment in each of its markets. Federal law and regulations regulate access to certain programming content that is delivered by satellite. The FCC has provisions in place that ban certain discriminatory practices and unfair acts, and include a presumption that the withholding 17 of regional sports programming by content affiliates of incumbent cable operators is presumptively unlawful. The existing FCC complaint process for program access for both satellite and terrestrially-delivered content is governed on a case-by- case basis. The FCC currently is considering adopting rules that could make it less burdensome for competing multichannel video programming providers who are denied access to cable-affiliated satellite programming on reasonable terms and conditions to pursue and meet evidentiary standards with respect to program access complaints. This proceeding remains pending before the FCC. The FCC adopted an order banning exclusive contracts between affiliates where the programming is sent via terrestrial media, and banning certain other unfair acts, making it clear that the withholding of regional sports programming and high definition television programming by content affiliates of incumbent cable operators would receive special attention. Unlike the satellite provisions, the new rules will not expire. The contractual relationships between cable operators and most providers of content who are not television broadcast stations generally are not subject to FCC oversight or other regulation. The majority of providers of content to our subsidiaries, including content providers affiliated with incumbent cable operators such as Comcast, but who are not subject to any FCC or Department of Justice (“DOJ”) conditions, do so through arm’s length contracts where the parties have mutually agreed upon the terms of carriage and the applicable fees. The transition to digital television (“DTV”) has led the FCC to adopt and implement new rules designed to ease the shift. These rules also can be expected to make broadcast content more accessible over the air to smartphones, personal computers and other non-television devices. Local television broadcast stations will also be able to offer more content over their assigned digital spectrum after the DTV transition, including additional channels. The Company continues to monitor the emergence of video content options for customers that have become available over the Internet, and that may be made available for free, by individual subscription or in conjunction with a separate cable service agreement. In some cases, this involves the ability to watch episodes of desirable network television programming and to procure additional content related to programs carried on linear cable channels. These options have increased significantly and could lead cable television customers to terminate or reduce their level of services. At this time, OTT programming options cannot duplicate the nature or extent of desirable programming carried by cable systems, and the market is still comparatively nascent, but in light of changing technology and events such as the Comcast-NBC transaction, the OTT market will continue to grow and evolve rapidly. Cable operators depend, to some degree, upon their ability to utilize the poles (and conduit) of electric and telephone utilities. The terms and conditions under which such attachments can be made were established in the federal Pole Attachment Act of 1978, as amended. The Pole Attachment Act outlined the formula for calculating the fee to be charged for the use of utility poles, a formula that assesses fees based on the proportionate amount of space assigned for use and an allocation of certain qualified costs of the pole owner. The FCC has put a structure in place for pole attachment regulation that has covered cable operators and other types of providers. The FCC has adopted new rules that apply a single rate to all providers who use poles, whether they are cable operators, telecommunications providers, or Internet providers, even if they use the attachment to offer more than one service. These rules only affect attachments in states where the federal rules apply. States have the option to opt out of the federal formula and to regulate pole attachments independently. Of the states we operate in, California, Maine, Massachusetts New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Vermont and Washington have elected to separately regulate pole attachments and pole attachment rates. All of the other states in which we operate in follow the FCC regulations and federal formula. The FCC decision has been appealed, and the ultimate outcome of the appeal cannot be predicted. Cable operators are subject to longstanding cable copyright obligations where they pay copyright fees for some types of programming that are considered secondary retransmissions. The copyright fees are updated from time to time, and are paid into a pool administered by the United States Copyright Office for distribution to qualifying recipients. The FCC has so far declined to require that cable operators allow unaffiliated Internet service providers to gain access to customers by using the network of the operator’s cable system. The FCC also has considered the benefits of a requirement that cable operators offer programming on their systems on an a la carte or themed basis, but to date has not adopted regulations requiring such action. These matters may resurface in the future, particularly as the OTT market grows. In light of the fact that programming is increasingly being made available through Internet connections, some cable operators have considered their own a la carte alternatives. Content owners with linear channels continue to provide greater “on demand” programming and offerings that maintain the value of their linear channels for customers. 18 The outcome of pending matters cannot be determined at this time but could lead to increased costs for the Company in connection with our provision of cable services and could affect our ability to compete in the markets we serve. Internet Services The provision of Internet access services is not significantly regulated by either the FCC or the state commissions. The Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) has authority to regulate Internet Service Providers with respect to privacy and competitive practices. During 2017, the FCC adopted an order eliminating its previous classification of Internet service as a telecommunications service regulated under Title II of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. This effectively limits the FCC’s authority over Internet Service Providers. The FCC retained rules requiring Internet Service Providers to disclose practices associated with blocking, throttling and paid prioritization of Internet traffic. The FCC order has been challenged in court and the outcome of the challenge cannot be determined at this time. The outcome of pending matters before the FCC and the FTC and any potential congressional action cannot be determined at this time but could lead to increased costs for the Company in connection with our provision of Internet services, and could affect our ability to compete in the markets we serve. Item 1A. Risk Factors. Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to those described below, that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the trading price of our common stock. Risks Relating to Our Business We expect to continue to face significant competition in all parts of our business and the level of competition could intensify among our customer channels. The telecommunications industry is highly competitive. We face actual and potential competition from many existing and emerging companies, including other incumbent and competitive local telephone companies, long-distance carriers and resellers, wireless companies, Internet service providers, satellite companies and cable television companies, and, in some cases, from new forms of providers who are able to offer competitive services through software applications requiring a comparatively small initial investment. Due to consolidations and strategic alliances within the industry, we cannot predict the number of competitors we will face at any given time. The wireless business has expanded significantly and has caused many subscribers with traditional telephone and land- based Internet access services to give up those services and rely exclusively on wireless service. In addition, consumers’ options for viewing television shows have expanded as content becomes increasingly available through alternative devices. Some providers, including television and cable television content owners, have initiated over-the-top (“OTT”) services that deliver video content to televisions and computers over the Internet. OTT services can include episodes of highly- rated television series in their current broadcast seasons. They also can include content that is related to broadcast or sports content that we carry, but that is distinct and may be available only through the alternative source. Consumers can pursue each of these options without foregoing any of the other options. We may not be able to successfully anticipate and respond to many of the various competitive factors affecting the industry, including regulatory changes that may affect our competitors and us differently, new technologies, services and applications that may be introduced, changes in consumer preferences, demographic trends, and discount or bundled pricing strategies by competitors. The incumbent telephone carrier in the markets we serve enjoys certain business advantages, including size, financial resources, favorable regulatory position, a more diverse product mix, brand recognition and connection to virtually all of our customers and potential customers. The largest cable operators also enjoy certain business advantages, including size, financial resources, ownership of or superior access to desirable programming and other content, a more diverse product mix, brand recognition and first-in-field advantages with a customer base that generates positive cash flow for its operations. Our competitors continue to add features, increase data speeds and adopt aggressive pricing and packaging for services comparable to the services we offer. Their success in selling services that are competitive with ours among our various customer channels could lead to revenue erosion in other related areas. We face intense competition in our markets for long-distance, Internet access, video service and other ancillary services that are important to our business and to our growth strategy. If we do not compete effectively we could lose customers, revenue and market share; customers 19 may reduce their usage of our services or switch to a less profitable service; and we may need to lower our prices or increase our marketing efforts to remain competitive. We must adapt to rapid technological change. If we are unable to take advantage of technological developments, or if we adopt and implement them at a slower rate than our competitors, we may experience a decline in the demand for our services. Our industry operates in a technologically complex environment. New technologies are continually developed and products and services undergo constant improvement. Emerging technologies offer consumers a variety of choices for their communication and broadband needs. To remain competitive, we will need to adapt to future changes in technology to enhance our existing offerings and to introduce new or improved offerings that anticipate and respond to the varied and continually changing demands of our various customer channels. Our business and results of operations could be adversely affected if we are unable to match the benefits offered by competing technologies on a timely basis or at an acceptable cost, and if we fail to employ technologies desired by our customers before our competitors do so or if we do not successfully execute on our technology initiatives. New technologies, particularly alternative methods for the distribution, access and viewing of content, have been, and will likely continue to be, developed that will further increase the number of competitors that we face and drive changes in consumer behavior. Consumers seek more control over when, where and how they consume content and are increasingly interested in communication services outside of the home and in newer services in wireless Internet technology and devices such as tablets, smartphones and mobile wireless routers that connect to such devices. These new technologies, distribution platforms and consumer behaviors may have a negative impact on our business. In addition, evolving technologies can reduce the costs of entry for others, resulting in greater competition and significant new advantages to competitors. Technological developments could require us to make significant new capital investment in order to remain competitive with other service providers. If we do not replace or upgrade our network and its technology once it becomes obsolete, we will not be able to compete effectively and will likely lose customers. We also may be placed at a cost disadvantage in offering our services. Technology changes are also allowing individuals to bypass telephone companies and cable operators entirely to make and receive calls, and to provide for the distribution and viewing of video programming without the need to subscribe to traditional voice and video products and services. Increasingly, this can be done over wireless facilities and other emerging mobile technologies as well as traditional wired networks. Wireless companies are aggressively developing networks using next-generation data technologies, which are capable of delivering high-speed Internet service via wireless technology to a large geographic footprint. As these technologies continue to expand in availability and reliability, they could become an effective alternative to our high-speed Internet services. Although we use fiber optics in parts of our networks, including in some residential areas, we continue to rely on coaxial cable and copper transport media to serve customers in many areas. The facilities we use to offer our video services, including the interfaces with customers, are undergoing a rapid evolution, and depend in part on the products, expertise and capabilities of third parties. If we cannot develop new services and products to keep pace with technological advances, or if such services and products are not widely embraced by our customers, our results of operations could be adversely impacted. Shifts in our product mix may result in declines in operating profitability. Margins vary among our products and services. Our profitability may be impacted by technological changes, customer demands, regulatory changes, the competitive nature of our business and changes in the product mix of our sales. These shifts may also result in our long- lived assets becoming impaired or our inventory becoming obsolete. We review long-lived assets for potential impairment if certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may be present. We currently manage potential inventory obsolescence through reserves, but future technology changes may cause inventory obsolescence to exceed current reserves. We receive cash distributions from our wireless partnership interests and the amounts of such future distributions and our continued receipt of such future distributions are not guaranteed. We own five wireless partnership interests consisting of 2.34% of GTE Mobilnet of South Texas Limited Partnership, which provides cellular service in the Houston, Galveston and Beaumont, Texas metropolitan areas; 3.60% of Pittsburgh SMSA Limited Partnership, which provides cellular service in and around the Pittsburgh metropolitan area; 20.51% of GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership (“RSA #17”); 16.67% of Pennsylvania RSA 6(I) Limited Partnership (“RSA 6(I)”) and 23.67% of Pennsylvania RSA 6(II) Limited Partnership (“RSA 6(II)”). RSA #17 provides cellular service to a limited rural area in Texas. RSA 6(I) and RSA 6(II) provide cellular service in and around our Pennsylvania service territory. 20 In 2017, 2016 and 2015, we received cash distributions from these partnerships of $30.0 million, $32.1 million and $45.3 million, respectively. The cash distributions we receive from these partnerships are based on our percentage of ownership and the partnerships’ operating results, cash availability and financing needs, as determined by the General Partner at the date of the distribution. We cannot control the timing, dollar amount or certainty of any future cash distributions from these partnerships. If cash distributions from these partnerships decrease or end in the future, our results of operations could be adversely affected, and as a result, we may be unable to fulfill our long-term obligations or our ability to pay cash dividends to our shareholders may be restricted. A disruption in our networks and infrastructure could cause delays or interruptions of service, which could cause us to lose customers and incur additional expenses. Our customers depend on reliable service over our network. The primary risks to our network infrastructure include physical damage to lines, security breaches, capacity limitations, power surges or outages, software defects and disruptions beyond our control, such as natural disasters and acts of terrorism. From time to time in the ordinary course of business, we will experience short disruptions in our service due to factors such as physical damage, inclement weather and service failures of our third party service providers. We could experience more significant disruptions in the future. Disruptions may cause interruptions in service or reduced capacity for customers, either of which could cause us to lose customers and incur unexpected expenses. A cyber-attack that bypasses our IT and/or network security systems causing an IT and/or network security breach may lead to unauthorized use or disabling of our network, theft of customer data, unauthorized use or publication of our intellectual property and/or confidential business information and could harm our competitive position or otherwise adversely affect our business. Attempts by others to gain unauthorized access to organizations' IT systems or network elements are becoming more sophisticated and are sometimes successful. These attempts may include covertly introducing malware to companies' computers and networks, impersonating authorized users or "hacking" into systems. We seek to prevent such security incidents and to detect and investigate all security incidents that do occur and to prevent their recurrence, but in some cases, we might be unaware of an incident or its magnitude and effect. Significant IT or network security failures could result in the theft, loss, damage, unauthorized use or publication of our intellectual property and/or confidential business information, which could harm our competitive position, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, expose us to litigation, reduce the value of our investment in research and development and other strategic initiatives or otherwise adversely affect our business. To the extent that any security breach results in inappropriate disclosure of our customers' or licensees' confidential information, we may incur liability as a result. Our operations require substantial capital expenditures and our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity may be impacted if funds for capital expenditures are not available when needed. We require significant capital expenditures to maintain, upgrade and enhance our network facilities and operations. While we have historically been able to fund capital expenditures from cash generated from operations and borrowings under our revolving credit facility, the other risk factors described in this section could materially reduce cash available from operations or significantly increase our capital expenditure requirements, and these outcomes may result in our inability to fund the necessary level of capital expenditures to maintain, upgrade or enhance our network. This could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. If we cannot obtain and maintain necessary rights-of-way for our network, our operations may be interrupted and we would likely face increased costs. We are dependent on easements, franchises and licenses from various private parties, such as established telephone companies and other utilities, railroads and long-distance companies and from state highway authorities, local governments and transit authorities for access to aerial pole space, underground conduits and other rights- of-way in order to construct and operate our networks. Some agreements relating to rights-of-way may be short-term or revocable at will, and we cannot be certain that we will continue to have access to existing rights-of-way after the governing agreements are terminated or expire. If any of our right-of-way agreements were terminated or could not be renewed, we may be forced to remove our network facilities from the affected areas, relocate or abandon our networks, which would interrupt our operations, force us to find alternative rights-of-way and incur unexpected capital expenditures. We may be unable to obtain necessary hardware, software and operational support from third party vendors. We depend on third party vendors to supply us with a significant amount of hardware, software and operational support necessary to provide certain of our services and to maintain, upgrade and enhance our network facilities and operations and to support our information and billing systems. Some of our third-party vendors are our primary source of supply for products and services for which there are few substitutes. If any of these vendors should experience financial difficulties, have demand that exceeds their capacity or they cannot otherwise meet our specifications, our ability to provide some services may be materially adversely affected in which case our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. 21 Video content costs are substantial and continue to increase. We expect video content costs to continue to be one of our largest operating costs associated with providing video service. Video programming content includes cable-oriented programming designed to be shown in linear channels, as well as the programming of local over-the-air television stations that we retransmit. In addition, on-demand programming is being made available in response to customer demand. In recent years, the cable industry has experienced rapid increases in the cost of programming, especially the cost of sports programming and local broadcast station retransmission content. Programming costs are generally assessed on a per- subscriber basis, and therefore, are directly related to the number of subscribers to which the programming is provided. Our relatively small base of subscribers limits our ability to negotiate lower per-subscriber programming costs. Larger providers can often qualify for discounts based on the number of their subscribers. This cost difference can cause us to experience reduced operating margins, while our competitors with a larger subscriber base may not experience similar margin compression. In addition, escalators in existing content agreements cause cost increases that exceed general inflation. While we expect these increases to continue, we may not be able to pass our programming cost increases on to our customers, particularly as an increasing amount of programming content becomes available via the Internet at little or no cost. Also, some competitors or their affiliates own programming in their own right and we may not be able to secure license rights to that programming. As our programming contracts with content providers expire, there is no assurance that they will be renewed on acceptable terms or that they will be renewed at all, in which case we may not be able to provide such programming as part of our video services packages and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. We have employees who are covered by collective bargaining agreements. If we are unable to enter into new agreements or renew existing agreements before they expire, we could have a work stoppage or other labor actions that could materially disrupt our ability to provide services to our customers. As of December 31, 2017, approximately 48% of our employees were covered by collective bargaining agreements as compared to 20% as of December 31, 2016 as a result of the acquisition of FairPoint. These employees are hourly workers throughout our service territories and are represented by various unions and locals. All of the existing collective bargaining agreements expire between 2018 through 2020, of which contracts covering 38% of our employees will expire in 2018. We cannot predict the outcome of negotiations of the collective bargaining agreements covering our employees. If we are unable to reach new agreements or renew existing agreements, employees subject to collective bargaining agreements may engage in strikes, work stoppages or slowdowns, or other labor actions, which could materially disrupt our ability to provide services. New labor agreements, or the renewal of existing agreements, may impose significant new costs on us, which could adversely affect our financial condition and result of operations. While we believe our relations with the unions representing these employees are good, any protracted labor disputes or labor disruptions by any of our employees could have a significant negative effect on our financial results and operations. Our ability to retain certain key management personnel and attract and retain highly qualified management and other personnel in the future could have an adverse effect on our business. We rely on the talents and efforts of key management personnel, many of whom have been with our company and in our industry for decades. While we maintain long-term and emergency transition plans for key management personnel and believe we could either identify internal candidates or attract outside candidates to fill any vacancy created by the loss of any key management personnel, the loss of one or more of our key management personnel and the ability to attract and retain highly qualified technical and management personnel in the future could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Acquisitions present many risks and we may be unable to realize the anticipated benefits of recent acquisitions. From time to time, we make acquisitions and investments or enter into other strategic transactions. In connection with these types of transactions, we may incur unanticipated expenses; fail to realize anticipated benefits; have difficulty incorporating the acquired businesses; disrupt relationships with current and new employees, customers and vendors; incur significant indebtedness or have to delay or not proceed with announced transactions. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We may face significant challenges in combining the operations of an acquired business, such as FairPoint, into our operations in a timely and efficient manner. The failure to successfully integrate an acquired business and to manage successfully the challenges presented by the integration process may result in our not achieving the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, including operational and financial synergies. Even if we are successful in integrating acquired businesses, 22 we cannot be assured that the integration will result in the realization of the full benefit of anticipated financial synergies or that these benefits will be realized within the expected time frames. Risks Relating to Current Economic Conditions Unfavorable changes in financial markets could adversely affect pension plan investments resulting in material funding requirements to meet our pension obligations. We expect that we will continue to make future cash contributions to our pension plans, the amount and timing of which will depend on various factors including funding regulations, future investment performance, changes in future discount rates and mortality tables and changes in participant demographics. Unfavorable fluctuations or adverse changes in any of these factors, most of which are outside our control, could impact the funded status of the plans and increase future funding requirements. Returns generated on plan assets have historically funded a large portion of the benefits paid under these plans. If the financial markets experience a downturn and returns fall below the estimated long-term rate of return, our future funding requirements could increase significantly, which could adversely affect our cash flows from operations. Weak economic conditions may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Downturns in the economic conditions in the markets and industries we serve could adversely affect demand for our products and services and have a negative impact on our results of operations. Economic weakness or uncertainty may make it difficult for us to obtain new customers and may cause our existing customers to reduce or discontinue their services to which they subscribe. This risk may be worsened by the expanded availability of free or lower cost services, such as video over the Internet or substitute services, such as wireless phones and data devices. Weak economic conditions may also impact the ability of third parties to satisfy their obligations to us. Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and Payment of Dividends Our Board of Directors could, at its discretion, depart from or change our dividend policy at any time. Our Board of Directors maintains a current dividend practice for the payment of quarterly dividends at an annual rate of approximately $1.55 per share of common stock. We are not required to pay dividends and our stockholders do not have contractual or other legal rights to receive them. Our Board of Directors may decide at any time, in its discretion, to decrease the amount of dividends, change or revoke the dividend policy or discontinue paying dividends entirely. Our ability to pay dividends is dependent on our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, expected cash needs, debt covenant compliance and other factors considered relevant by our Board of Directors. If we do not pay dividends, for any reason, shares of our common stock could become less liquid and the market price of our common stock could decline. We might not have sufficient cash to maintain current dividend levels. Our debt agreements, applicable state, legal and corporate law, regulatory requirements and other risk factors described in this section, could materially reduce the cash available from operations or significantly increase our capital expenditure requirements, and these outcomes could cause funds not to be available when needed in an amount sufficient to support our current dividend practice. If we continue to pay dividends at the level currently anticipated under our dividend policy, our ability to pursue growth opportunities may be limited. Our dividend practice could limit, but not preclude, our ability to grow. If we continue paying dividends at the level currently anticipated, we may not retain a sufficient amount of cash to fund a material expansion of our business, including any acquisitions or growth opportunities requiring significant and unexpected capital expenditures. For that reason, our ability to pursue any material expansion of our business may depend on our ability to obtain third-party financing. We cannot guarantee that such financing will be available to us on reasonable terms or at all. The price of our common stock may be volatile and may fluctuate substantially, which could negatively affect holders of our common stock. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate widely as a result of various factors including, but not limited to, period-to-period fluctuations in our operating results, the volume of sales of our common stock, the limited number of holders of our common stock and the resulting limited liquidity in our common stock, dilution, developments in the communications industry, the failure of securities analysts to cover our common stock, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts, short interests in our common stock, competitive factors, regulatory developments, labor disruptions, economic and other external factors, general market conditions and market conditions affecting the stock of communications companies in general. Communications companies have, in the past, experienced extreme volatility in the trading prices and volumes of their securities, which has often been unrelated to operating performance. High levels of market volatility may have a significant adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods 23 of volatility in their stock prices. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management's attention and resources, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and/or the market price of our common stock. Our organizational documents could limit or delay another party’s ability to acquire us and, therefore, could deprive our investors of a possible takeover premium for their shares. A number of provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws will make it difficult for another company to acquire us. Among other things, these provisions:  Divide our Board of Directors into three classes, which results in roughly one-third of our directors being elected each year;  Provide that directors may only be removed for cause and then only upon the affirmative vote of holders of two-thirds or more of the voting power of our outstanding common stock;  Require the affirmative vote of holders of two-thirds or more of the voting power of our outstanding common stock to amend, alter, change or repeal specified provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws;  Require stockholders to provide us with advance notice if they wish to nominate any candidates for election to our Board of Directors or if they intend to propose any matters for consideration at an annual stockholders meeting; and  Authorize the issuance of so-called “blank check” preferred stock without stockholder approval upon such terms as the Board of Directors may determine. We also are subject to laws that may have a similar effect. For example, federal and certain state telecommunications laws and regulations generally prohibit a direct or indirect transfer of control over our business without prior regulatory approval. Similarly, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law restricts our ability to engage in a business combination with an “interested stockholder”. These laws and regulations make it difficult for another company to acquire us, and therefore, could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. In addition, the rights of our common stockholders will be subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of holders of any class or series of preferred stock that we may issue in the future. Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness and Our Capital Structure We have a substantial amount of debt outstanding and may incur additional indebtedness in the future, which could restrict our ability to pay dividends and fund working capital and planned capital expenditures. As of December 31, 2017, we had $2.3 billion of debt outstanding. Our substantial level of indebtedness could adversely impact our business, including:  We may be required to use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make principal and interest payments on our debt, which will reduce funds available for operations, future business opportunities, strategic initiatives and dividends;  We may have limited flexibility to react to changes in our business and our industry;  It may be more difficult for us to satisfy our other obligations;  We may have a limited ability to borrow additional funds or to sell assets to raise funds if needed for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other purposes;  We may become more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions, including changes in interest rates; and  We may be at a disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt. 24 We cannot guarantee that we will generate sufficient revenues to service our debt and have adequate funds left over to achieve or sustain profitability in our operations, meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs, compete successfully in our markets, or pay dividends to our stockholders. Our credit agreement and the indentures governing our Senior Notes contain covenants that limit management’s discretion in operating our business and could prevent us from capitalizing on opportunities and taking other corporate actions. Among other things, our credit agreement limits or restricts our ability (and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries), and the separate indentures governing the Senior Notes limit the ability of our subsidiary, Consolidated Communications, Inc., and its restricted subsidiaries to: incur additional debt and issue preferred stock; make restricted payments, including paying dividends on, redeeming, repurchasing or retiring our capital stock; make investments and prepay or redeem debt; enter into agreements restricting our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends, make loans or transfer assets to us; create liens; sell or otherwise dispose of assets, including capital stock of, or other ownership interests in subsidiaries; engage in transactions with affiliates; engage in sale and leaseback transactions; engage in a business other than telecommunications; and consolidate or merge. In addition, our credit agreement requires us to comply with specified financial ratios, including ratios regarding total leverage and interest coverage. Our ability to comply with these ratios may be affected by events beyond our control. These restrictions limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions, meet capital needs or otherwise constrain our activities or business plans. They also may adversely affect our ability to finance our operations, enter into acquisitions or engage in other business activities that would be in our interest. A breach of any of the covenants contained in our credit agreement, in any future credit agreement, or in the separate indentures governing the Senior Notes, or our inability to comply with the financial ratios could result in an event of default, which would allow the lenders to declare all borrowings outstanding to be due and payable. If the amounts outstanding under our credit facilities were to be accelerated, we cannot assure that our assets would be sufficient to repay in full the money owed. In such a situation, the lenders could foreclose on the assets and capital stock pledged to them. We may not be able to refinance our existing debt if necessary, or we may only be able to do so at a higher interest expense. We may be unable to refinance or renew our credit facilities and our failure to repay all amounts due on the maturity dates would cause a default under the credit agreement. Alternatively, any renewal or refinancing may occur on less favorable terms. If we refinance our credit facilities on terms that are less favorable to us than the terms of our existing debt, our interest expense may increase significantly, which could impact our results of operations and impair our ability to use our funds for other purposes, such as to pay dividends. Our variable-rate debt subjects us to interest rate risk, which could impact our cost of borrowing and operating results. Certain of our debt obligations are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. Increases in interest rates could negatively impact our results of operations and operating cash flows. We utilize interest rate swap agreements to convert a portion of our variable-rate debt to a fixed-rate basis. However, we do not maintain interest rate hedging agreements for all of our variable-rate debt and our existing hedging agreements may not fully mitigate our interest rate risk, may prove disadvantageous or may create additional risks. Changes in fair value of cash flow hedges that have been de-designated or determined to be ineffective are recognized in earnings. Significant increases or decreases in the fair value of these cash flow hedges could cause favorable or adverse fluctuations in our results of operations. Risks Related to the Regulation of Our Business We are subject to a complex and uncertain regulatory environment, and we face compliance costs and restrictions greater than those of many of our competitors. Our businesses are subject to regulation by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) and other federal, state and local entities. Rapid changes in technology and market conditions have resulted in changes in how the government addresses telecommunications, video programming and Internet services. Many businesses that compete with our Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier (“ILEC”) and non-ILEC subsidiaries are comparatively less regulated. Some of our competitors are either not subject to utilities regulation or are subject to significantly fewer regulations. In contrast to our subsidiaries regulated as cable operators and satellite video providers, competing on-demand and OTT providers and motion picture and DVD firms have almost no regulation of their video activities. Recently, federal and state authorities have become more active in seeking to address critical issues in each of our product and service markets. The adoption of new laws or regulations, or changes to the existing regulatory framework at the federal or state level, could require significant and costly adjustments that would adversely affect our business plans. 25 New regulations could impose additional costs or capital requirements, require new reporting, impair revenue opportunities, potentially impede our ability to provide services in a manner that would be attractive to our customers and potentially create barriers to enter new markets or to acquire new lines of business. We face continued regulatory uncertainty in the immediate future. Not only are these governmental entities continuing to move forward on these matters, their actions remain subject to reconsideration, appeal and legislative modification over an extended period of time, and it is unclear how their actions will ultimately impact our markets. We cannot predict future developments or changes to the regulatory environment or the impact such developments or changes may have on us. We receive support from various funds established under federal and state laws, and the continued receipt of that support is not assured. A significant portion of our revenues come from network access and subsidies. An order adopted by the FCC in 2011 (the “Order”) significantly impacts the amount of support revenue we receive from the Universal Service Fund (“USF”), Connect America Fund (“CAF”) and intercarrier compensation (“ICC”). The Order reformed core parts of the USF, broadly recast the existing ICC scheme, established the CAF to replace support revenues provided by the current USF and redirected support from voice services to broadband services. In 2012, CAF funding was implemented, which froze USF support to price cap carriers until the FCC implemented a broadband cost model to shift support from voice services to broadband services. See Part I – Item 1 – “Regulatory Environment” above for statistics of current CAF funding levels. We receive subsidy payments from various federal and state universal service support programs, including high-cost support, Lifeline and E-Rate programs for schools and libraries. The total cost of the various federal universal service programs has increased significantly in recent years, putting pressure on regulators to reform the programs and to limit both eligibility and support. We cannot predict when or how such matters will be decided or the effect on the subsidy payments we receive. However, future reductions in the subsidy payments we receive may directly affect our profitability and cash flows. Increased regulation of the Internet could increase our cost of doing business. Current laws and regulations governing access to, or commerce on, the Internet are limited. As the Internet continues to become more significant, federal, state and local governments may adopt new rules and regulations applicable to, or apply existing laws and regulations to, the Internet. During 2017, the FCC adopted an order eliminating its previous classification of Internet service as a telecommunications service regulated under Title II of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. This effectively limits the FCC’s authority over Internet Service Providers. The FCC retained rules requiring Internet Service Providers to disclose practices associated with blocking, throttling and paid prioritization of Internet traffic. The FCC order has been challenged in court and the outcome of the challenge cannot be determined at this time. The outcome of pending matters before the FCC and the FTC and any potential congressional action cannot be determined at this time but could lead to increased costs for the Company in connection with our provision of Internet services, and could affect our ability to compete in the markets we serve. We are subject to extensive laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, natural resources and worker health and safety. Our operations and properties are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, natural resources and worker health and safety, including laws and regulations governing and creating liability in connection with the management, storage and disposal of hazardous materials, asbestos and petroleum products. We are also subject to laws and regulations governing air emissions from our fleet vehicles. As a result, we face several risks, including:  Hazardous materials may have been released at properties that we currently own or formerly owned (perhaps through our predecessors). Under certain environmental laws, we could be held liable, without regard to fault, for the costs of investigating and remediating any actual or threatened contamination at these properties and for contamination associated with disposal by us, or by our predecessors, of hazardous materials at third- party disposal sites; 26  We could incur substantial costs in the future if we acquire businesses or properties subject to environmental requirements or affected by environmental contamination. In particular, environmental laws regulating wetlands, endangered species and other land use and natural resources may increase the costs associated with future business or expansion or delay, alter or interfere with such plans;  The presence of contamination can adversely affect the value of our properties and make it difficult to sell any affected property or to use it as collateral; and  We could be held responsible for third-party property damage claims, personal injury claims or natural resource damage claims relating to contamination found at any of our current or past properties. The cost of complying with environmental requirements could be significant. Similarly, the adoption of new environmental laws or regulations, or changes in existing laws or regulations or their interpretations, could result in significant compliance costs or unanticipated environmental liabilities. Our business may be impacted by new or changing tax laws or regulations and actions by federal, state, and/or local agencies, or by how judicial authorities apply tax laws. Our operations are subject to various federal, state and local tax laws and regulations. In connection with the products and services we sell, we calculate, collect, and remit various federal, state, and local taxes, surcharges and regulatory fees (“tax” or “taxes”) to numerous federal, state and local governmental authorities. In many cases, the application of tax laws are uncertain and subject to differing interpretations, especially when evaluated against new technologies and telecommunications services, such as broadband Internet access and cloud related services. Tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. Changes in tax laws, or changes in interpretations of existing laws, could materially affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. For example, the U.S. recently enacted a major federal tax reform that had a significant impact on our tax obligations and effective income tax rate in 2017. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 2. Properties. Our corporate headquarters are located at 121 S. 17th Street, Mattoon, Illinois, a leased facility. We also own and lease office facilities and related equipment for administrative personnel, central office buildings and operations in each of the 24 states in which we operate. In addition to land and structures, our property consists of equipment necessary for the provision of communication services, including central office equipment, customer premises equipment and connections, pole lines, video head-end, remote terminals, aerial and underground cable and wire facilities, vehicles, furniture and fixtures, computers and other equipment. We also own certain other communications equipment held as inventory for sale or lease. In addition to plant and equipment that we wholly-own, we utilize poles, towers and cable and conduit systems jointly- owned with other entities and lease space on facilities to other entities. These arrangements are in accordance with written agreements customary in the industry. We have appropriate easements, rights-of-way and other arrangements for the accommodation of our pole lines, underground conduits, aerial and underground cables and wires. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements and Part II – Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for information regarding our lease obligations. 27 Item 3. Legal Proceedings. From time to time we may be involved in litigation that we believe is of the type common to companies in our industry, including regulatory issues. While the outcome of these claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the outcome of any of these legal matters will have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included in this report in Part II – Item 8 – “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a discussion of recent developments related to these legal proceedings. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not Applicable. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “CNSL”. As of February 26, 2018, there were approximately 4,603 stockholders of record of the Company’s common stock. The following table indicates the high and low stock closing prices of the Company’s common stock as reported on the NASDAQ for each of the quarters ending on the dates indicated: Period First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Dividend Policy and Restrictions 2017 2016 Low Low High High $ 27.48 $ 22.06 $ 25.76 $ 18.48 $ 24.42 $ 19.47 $ 27.24 $ 23.53 $ 22.04 $ 17.46 $ 28.38 $ 23.41 $ 20.42 $ 12.19 $ 29.68 $ 22.28 Our Board of Directors declared dividends of approximately $0.38738 per share in each of the periods listed above. We expect to continue to pay quarterly dividends at an annual rate of approximately $1.55 per share during 2018. Future dividend payments are at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Changes in our dividend program will depend on our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, debt covenant compliance, expected cash needs and other factors considered relevant by our Board of Directors. Dividends on our common stock are not cumulative. See Part II - Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources” for discussion regarding restrictions on the payment of dividends. See Part I – Item 1A – “Risk Factors” of this report, which sets forth several factors that could prevent stockholders from receiving dividends in the future. Additional information concerning dividends may be found in “Selected Financial Data” in Part II – Item 6, which is incorporated herein by reference. 28 Share Repurchases During the quarter ended December 31, 2017, we repurchased 41,920 common shares surrendered by employees in the administration of employee share-based compensation plans. The following table summarizes the share repurchase activity: Purchase period October 1-October 31, 2017 November 1-November 30, 2017 December 1-December 31, 2017 Performance Graph Total number of Average price announced plans shares purchased paid per share — — 41,920 or programs n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a $ 12.63 Total number of Maximum number shares purchased of shares that may as part of publicly yet be purchased under the plans or programs n/a n/a n/a The following graph shows a five-year comparison of cumulative total shareholder return of our common stock (assuming reinvestment of dividends) with the S&P 500 index, the Dow Jones US Fixed Line Telecommunications Subsector index and a customized peer group of four companies that includes, in addition to us: Alaska Communications Systems Group, Inc., Otelco, Inc. and Shenandoah Telecommunications Company. The comparison of total return on investment (change in year-end stock price plus reinvested dividends) for each of the periods assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2012 in each index and in the peer group. The stock performance shown on the graphs below is not necessarily indicative of future price performance. 29 COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among Consolidated Communications Holdings, the S&P 500 Index, the Dow Jones US Fixed Line Telecommunications Subsector Index, and a Peer Group (In dollars) Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. S&P 500 Dow Jones US Fixed Line Telecommunications 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 $ 100.00 $ 134.71 $ 205.52 $ 166.49 $ 227.89 $ 110.97 $ 100.00 $ 132.39 $ 150.51 $ 152.59 $ 170.84 $ 208.14 Subsector Peer Group $ 100.00 $ 111.73 $ 115.37 $ 119.09 $ 147.06 $ 146.18 $ 100.00 $ 142.93 $ 193.03 $ 196.41 $ 255.60 $ 223.15 As of December 31, Sale of Unregistered Securities During the year ended December 31, 2017, we did not sell any equity securities of the Company which were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. 30 Item 6. Selected Financial Data. The selected financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with Part II - Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, and other financial data included elsewhere in this annual report. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in future periods. (In millions, except per share amounts) 2017 (1) Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 (2) 2016 2013 Operating revenues $ 1,059.6 $ 743.2 $ 775.7 $ 635.7 $ 601.6 Cost of products and services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative expense Acquisition and other transaction costs (3) Intangible asset impairment Depreciation and amortization Income from operations Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Other income, net Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Income (loss) from continuing operations Discontinued operations, net of tax (4) Net income (loss) Net income of noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders Income (loss) per common share - basic and diluted: Income (loss) from continuing operations Discontinued operations, net of tax Net income (loss) per common share - basic and diluted 446.1 249.3 33.7 — 291.8 38.7 (129.8) — 31.5 (59.6) (124.9) 65.3 — 65.3 0.4 64.9 1.07 — 1.07 $ $ $ $ $ $ 322.8 157.1 1.2 0.6 174.0 87.5 (76.8) (6.6) 34.1 38.2 23.0 15.2 — 15.2 0.3 14.9 0.29 — 0.29 $ $ $ 328.4 178.2 1.4 — 179.9 87.8 (79.6) (41.2) 35.1 2.1 2.8 (0.7) — (0.7) 0.2 (0.9) (0.02) — (0.02) $ $ $ 242.7 140.6 11.8 — 149.4 91.2 (82.5) (13.8) 33.5 28.4 13.0 15.4 — 15.4 0.3 15.1 0.35 — 0.35 $ $ $ 222.5 135.4 0.8 — 139.3 103.6 (85.8) (7.7) 37.3 47.4 17.5 29.9 1.2 31.1 0.3 30.8 0.73 0.03 0.76 Weighted-average number of shares - basic and diluted 60,373 50,301 50,176 41,998 39,764 Cash dividends per common share $ 1.55 $ 1.55 $ 1.55 $ 1.55 $ 1.55 Consolidated cash flow data from continuing operations: Cash flows from operating activities Cash flows used for investing activities Cash flows (used for) provided by financing activities Capital expenditures $ 210.0 (1,042.7) 821.3 181.2 $ 218.2 (108.3) (98.7) 125.2 $ 219.2 (119.5) (90.4) 133.9 $ 187.8 (246.9) 60.2 109.0 $ 168.5 (107.4) (71.6) 107.4 Consolidated Balance Sheet: Cash and cash equivalents Total current assets Net property, plant and equipment Total assets Total debt (including current portion) Stockholders’ equity Other financial data (unaudited): Adjusted EBITDA (5) $ 15.7 213.7 2,037.6 3,719.1 2,341.2 573.9 $ 27.1 133.2 1,055.2 2,092.8 1,391.7 176.3 $ 15.9 126.4 1,093.3 2,138.5 1,388.8 250.7 $ 6.7 134.1 1,137.5 2,211.8 1,351.2 330.8 $ 5.6 87.7 885.4 1,733.8 1,208.3 152.3 $ 414.1 $ 305.8 $ 328.9 $ 288.4 $ 286.5 (1) On July 3, 2017, we acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of FairPoint in exchange for shares of our common stock. The financial results for FairPoint have been included in our consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date. (2) On October 16, 2014, we completed our acquisition of Enventis Corporation (“Enventis”) in which we acquired all the issued and outstanding shares of Enventis in exchange for shares of our common stock. The financial results for Enventis have been included in our consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date. 31 (3) Acquisition and other transaction costs includes costs incurred related to acquisitions, including severance costs. (4) In September 2013, we completed the sale of the assets and contractual rights of our prison services business for a total cash price of $2.5 million, resulting in a gain of $1.3 million, net of tax. The financial results and net gain from the sale of the prison services business are included in income from discontinued operations for the years ended on or before December 31, 2013. (5) In addition to the results reported in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“US GAAP” or “GAAP”), we also use certain non-GAAP measures such as EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to evaluate operating performance and to facilitate the comparison of our historical results and trends. These financial measures are not a measure of financial performance under US GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) as a measure of performance and net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity. They are not, on their own, necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs as determined in accordance with GAAP. The calculation of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP are provided below. EBITDA is defined as net earnings before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is comprised of EBITDA, adjusted for certain items as permitted or required under our credit facility as described in the reconciliations below. These measures are a common measure of operating performance in the telecommunications industry and are useful, with other data, as a means to evaluate our ability to fund our estimated uses of cash. The following tables are a reconciliation of net income (loss) from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA: Year Ended December 31, (In millions, unaudited) Net income (loss) from continuing operations Add (subtract): Interest expense, net of interest income Income tax expense (benefit) Depreciation and amortization EBITDA Adjustments to EBITDA: Other, net (a) Investment distributions (b) Loss on extinguishment of debt (c) Intangible asset impairment (d) Non-cash, stock-based compensation (e) Adjusted EBITDA 2016 2017 65.3 $ 15.2 $ (0.7) $ 15.4 $ 29.9 2015 2013 2014 $ 129.8 (124.9) 291.8 362.0 76.8 23.0 174.0 289.0 79.6 2.8 179.9 261.6 82.5 13.0 149.4 260.3 85.8 17.5 139.3 272.5 19.3 30.0 — — 2.8 (31.5) 34.8 7.7 — 3.0 $ 414.1 $ 305.8 $ 328.9 $ 288.4 $ 286.5 (23.9) 34.6 13.8 — 3.6 (25.5) 32.1 6.6 0.6 3.0 (22.3) 45.3 41.2 — 3.1 (a) Other, net includes the equity earnings from our investments, dividend income, income attributable to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries, acquisition and transaction related costs including severance, non-cash pension and post- retirement benefits and certain other miscellaneous items. (b) Includes all cash dividends and other cash distributions received from our investments. (c) Represents the redemption premium and write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs in connection with the redemption or retirement of our debt obligations. (d) Represents intangible asset impairment charges recognized during the period. (e) Represents compensation expenses in connection with the issuance of stock awards, which because of their non-cash nature, these expenses are excluded from adjusted EBITDA. 32 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Reference is made to Part I – Item 1 – “Note About Forward-Looking Statements” and Part I – Item 1A – “Risk Factors” which describes important factors that could cause actual results to differ from expectations and non-historical information contained herein. In addition, the following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand the results of operations and financial condition of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. (“Consolidated”, the “Company”, “we” or “our”). MD&A should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements (“Notes”) as of and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Throughout MD&A, we refer to certain measures that are not a measure of financial performance in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“US GAAP” or “GAAP”). We believe the use of these non- GAAP measures on a consolidated basis provides the reader with additional information that is useful in understanding our operating results and trends. These measures should be viewed in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, those measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. See the Non-GAAP Measures section below for a more detailed discussion on the use and calculation of these measures. Overview Consolidated is a broadband and business communications provider that provides a wide range of communication solutions to consumer, commercial and carrier customers across a 24-state service area and an advanced fiber network spanning more than 36,000 fiber route miles. We offer residential Internet, video, phone and home security services as well as multi-service residential and small business bundles. Our business product suite includes data and Internet solutions, voice, data center services, security services, managed and IT Services, and an expanded suite of cloud services. We provide wholesale solutions to carriers and other service providers including data, voice and network connections. We generate the majority of our consolidated operating revenues primarily from subscriptions to our video, data and transport services (collectively “broadband services”) to business and residential customers. Commercial and carrier services represent the largest source of our operating revenues and are expected to be key growth areas in the future. We continue to focus on broadband and commercial growth opportunities and are continually enhancing our broadband services and expanding our commercial product offerings for both small and large businesses in order to capitalize on technological advances in the industry. Our recent acquisition of FairPoint Communications, Inc. (“FairPoint”), as described below, provides us significantly greater scale and an expanded fiber network which allows for additional growth opportunities and expansion. We leverage our advanced fiber networks and tailor our services for business customers by developing solutions to fit their specific needs. In addition, we are expanding our suite of cloud services, which increases efficiency and enables greater scalability and reliability for businesses. We anticipate future momentum in commercial and carrier services as these products gain traction as well as from the demand from customers for additional bandwidth and data-based services. We market our residential services by leading with broadband or bundled services. Our “triple play” bundle includes our Internet, video and phone services. As consumer demands for bandwidth continue to increase, our focus is on enhancing our broadband services, and progressively increasing consumer data speeds. We offer data speeds of up to 1 Gbps in select markets, and up to 100 Mbps in markets where 1 Gbps is not yet available, depending on the geographical region. As of December 31, 2017, approximately 42% of the homes we serve on our legacy network had availability to broadband speeds of up to 100 Mbps. The majority of the homes in our recently acquired FairPoint service territories have availability to broadband speeds of 20 mbps or less. As part of our integration initiatives of FairPoint, we plan to increase broadband speeds to more than 500,000 residents and small businesses across the Northern New England service area by the end of 2018. The upgrades are expected to enable customers to receive broadband speeds up to three times the speeds currently available and provide nearly 100,000 additional homes with access to data speeds of 1 Gbps. Our competitive consumer broadband speeds allow us to continue to meet the needs of our customers and the demand for higher speeds driven by over-the-top (“OTT”) content viewing. The availability of higher broadband speed also complements our TV Everywhere service, which allows our video subscribers to watch their favorite shows, movies and livestreams at home or on any device. In addition, we offer other in-demand OTT content, such as fubo, HBO Now and other sports and entertainment. 33 The consumer demand for OTT video services either to augment their current video subscription viewing options or to entirely replace their video subscription may impact our future video subscriber base, which could result in a decline in video revenue as well as a reduction in video programing costs. Excluding FairPoint, total video connections decreased 9% as of December 31, 2017 compared to 2016. We believe the trend in changing consumer viewing habits will continue to impact our business results and complement our strategy of providing consumers higher broadband speed to facilitate OTT video and content viewing. Operating revenues also continue to be impacted by the anticipated industry-wide trend of a decline in voice services, access lines and related network access revenue. Many customers are choosing to subscribe to alternative communication services and competition for these subscribers continues to increase. Excluding FairPoint, total voice connections decreased 4% as of December 31, 2017 compared to 2016. Competition from wireless providers, Competitive Local Exchange Carriers and cable television providers has increased in recent years in the markets we serve. We have been able to mitigate some of the access line losses through marketing initiatives and product offerings, such as our VoIP service. As discussed in the “Regulatory Matters” section below, our operating revenues are impacted by legislative or regulatory changes at the federal and state levels, which could reduce or eliminate the current subsidies revenue we receive. A number of proceedings and recent orders relate to universal service reform, intercarrier compensation and network access charges. There are various ongoing legal challenges to the orders that have been issued. As a result, it is not yet possible to fully determine the impact of the regulatory changes on our operations. Significant Recent Developments Acquisitions FairPoint Communications, Inc. On July 3, 2017, we completed our merger with FairPoint (the “Merger”) and pursuant to the terms of a definitive agreement and plan of merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), acquired all the issued and outstanding shares of FairPoint in exchange for shares of our common stock. As a result, FairPoint became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. FairPoint is an advanced communications provider to business, wholesale and residential customers within its service territory, which spans across 17 states. FairPoint owns and operates a robust fiber-based network with more than 22,000 route miles of fiber, including 17,000 route miles of fiber in northern New England. The financial results for FairPoint have been included in our consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date. The acquisition reflects our strategy to diversify revenue and cash flows among multiple products and to expand our network to new markets. At the effective time of the Merger, each share of common stock, par value of $0.01 per share, of FairPoint issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger converted into and became the right to receive 0.7300 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of Consolidated and cash in lieu of fractional shares, as set forth in the Merger Agreement. Based on the closing price of our common stock on the last complete trading day prior to the effective date of the Merger, the total value of the consideration exchanged was approximately $431.0 million, exclusive of debt of approximately $919.3 million. On the date of the Merger, we issued an approximate aggregate total of 20.1 million shares of our common stock to the former FairPoint stockholders and we assumed approximately 2,615,153 outstanding warrants, each eligible to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $66.86 per share, subject to adjustment in accordance with the warrant agreement, and exercisable any time on or prior to January 24, 2018. On January 24, 2018, all of the warrants expired in accordance with their terms without being exercised. To finance the Merger, in December 2016, we secured committed debt financing through a $935.0 million incremental term loan facility, as described in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section below, that, in addition to cash on hand and other sources of liquidity, was used to repay and redeem certain existing indebtedness of FairPoint and pay the fees and expenses in connection with the Merger. 34 Champaign Telephone Company, Inc. On April 18, 2016, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire substantially all of the assets of Champaign Telephone Company, Inc. and its sister company, Big Broadband Services, LLC (collectively “CTC”), a private business communications provider in the Champaign-Urbana, IL area. The acquisition was completed on July 1, 2016. The aggregate purchase price, including customary working capital adjustments, consisted of cash consideration of $13.4 million, which was paid from our existing cash resources. Divestitures In connection with our acquisition of FairPoint, we committed to a formal plan to sell our subsidiaries Peoples Mutual Telephone Company and Peoples Mutual Long Distance Company (collectively, “Peoples”), which were acquired as part of the acquisition of FairPoint. Peoples operates as a local exchange carrier in Virginia and provides telecommunications services to residential and business customers. In November 2017, the Company entered into an agreement to sell all of the issued and outstanding stock of Peoples in exchange for cash of approximately $21.0 million, subject to certain contractual adjustments. The closing of the transaction is subject to certain regulatory approvals, which are expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2018. On December 6, 2016, we completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of the Company’s Enterprise Services equipment and IT Services business (“EIS”) to ePlus Technology inc. (“ePlus”) for cash proceeds of $9.2 million net of a customary working capital adjustment. As part of the transaction, we entered into a Co-Marketing Agreement with ePlus, a nationwide systems integrator of technology solutions, to cross-sell both broadband network services and IT services. The strategic partnership provides our business customers access to a broader suite of IT solutions, and also provides ePlus customers access to Consolidated’s business network services. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recognized a gain of $0.6 million on the sale, which is included in other, net in the consolidated statement of operations. On May 3, 2016, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell all of the issued and outstanding stock of Consolidated Communications of Iowa Company (“CCIC”), formerly Heartland Telecommunications Company of Iowa. CCIC operates as an incumbent local exchange carrier providing telecommunications and data services to residential and business customers in 11 rural communities in northwest Iowa and surrounding areas. The sale was completed on September 1, 2016 for total cash proceeds of approximately $21.0 million, net of certain contractual and customary working capital adjustments. In May 2016, in connection with the expected sale, the carrying value of CCIC was reduced to its estimated fair value and we recognized an impairment loss of $0.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. We recognized an additional loss on the sale of $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2016, which is included in other, net in the consolidated statement of operations, as a result of changes in estimated working capital. We recognized a taxable gain on the transaction resulting in current income tax expense of $7.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 to reflect the tax impact of the divestiture. 35 Results of Operations The following tables reflect our financial results on a consolidated basis and key operating statistics as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. (In millions, except for percentages) Operating Revenues Commercial and carrier: Data and transport services (includes VoIP) Voice services Other Consumer: Broadband (VoIP, data and video) Voice services Equipment sales and service Subsidies Network access Other products and services Total operating revenues Operating Expenses Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative costs Acquisition and other transaction costs Loss on impairment Depreciation and amortization Total operating expenses Income from operations Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Other income Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders Financial Data 2017 2016 2015 % Change 2017 vs. 2016 2016 vs. 2015 $ 268.5 158.4 33.9 460.8 $ 196.7 99.8 12.5 309.0 $ 187.5 103.0 12.3 302.8 37 % 59 171 49 5 % (3) 2 2 276.2 136.5 412.7 — 62.3 110.2 13.6 1,059.6 446.1 249.3 33.7 — 291.8 1,020.9 38.7 (129.8) — 31.5 (124.9) 65.3 0.4 209.9 55.3 265.2 43.1 48.3 63.8 13.8 743.2 322.8 157.1 1.2 0.6 174.0 655.7 87.5 (76.8) (6.6) 34.1 23.0 15.2 0.3 213.6 60.6 274.2 55.0 56.3 69.7 17.7 775.7 328.4 178.2 1.4 — 179.9 687.9 87.8 (79.6) (41.2) 35.1 2.8 (0.7) 0.2 32 147 56 (100) 29 73 (1) 43 38 59 2,708 (100) 68 56 (56) 69 (100) (8) (643) 330 33 (2) (9) (3) (22) (14) (8) (22) (4) (2) (12) (14) 100 (3) (5) (0) (4) (84) (3) 721 2,271 50 $ 64.9 $ 14.9 $ (0.9) 336 1,756 Adjusted EBITDA (1) $ 414.1 $ 305.8 $ 328.9 35 % (7) % (1) A non-GAAP measure. See the Non-GAAP Measures section below for additional information and reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure. 36 Key Operating Statistics 2017 671,300 2016 253,203 % Change 2017 vs. 2016 2016 vs. 2015 165 % (6) % 2015 268,934 972,178 783,682 103,313 457,315 473,403 106,343 482,735 456,100 117,882 113 66 (3) (5) 4 (10) Consumer customers Voice connections Data connections Video connections Total connections 1,859,173 1,037,061 1,056,717 79 % (2) % The comparability of our consolidated results of operations and key operating statistics was impacted by the FairPoint acquisition that closed on July 3, 2017, as described above. FairPoint’s results are included in our consolidated financial statements as of the date of the acquisition. Operating Revenues Commercial and Carrier Data and Transport Services We provide a variety of business communication services to small, medium and large business customers, including many services over our advanced fiber network. The services we offer include scalable high speed broadband Internet access and VoIP phone services, which range from basic service plans to virtual hosted systems. In addition to Internet and VoIP services, we also offer private line data services to businesses that include dedicated Internet access through our Metro Ethernet network. Wide Area Network (“WAN”) products include point-to-point and multi-point deployments from 2.5 Mbps to 10 Gbps to accommodate the growth patterns of our business customers. Data center and disaster recovery solutions provide a reliable and local colocation option for commercial customers. We also offer wholesale services to regional and national interexchange and wireless carriers, including cellular backhaul and other fiber transport solutions. Data and transport services revenue increased $71.8 million during 2017 compared to 2016 and $9.2 million during 2016 compared to 2015 primarily due to the acquisition of CTC in 2016, an increase in data connections and a continued increase in Internet access and Metro Ethernet revenues and the acquisition of FairPoint in July 2017, which accounted for $67.2 million of the annual increase in data and transport services revenue during 2017 compared to 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2017, growth in data and transport services was hampered by increased competition and price compression as customers are migrating from legacy products to Ethernet based products, which have a lower average revenue per user. Future declines are expected to be partially offset with the increasing demand for bandwidth and other Ethernet services. Voice Services Voice services include basic local phone and long-distance service packages for business customers. The plans include options for voicemail, conference calling, linking multiple office locations and other custom calling features such as caller ID, call forwarding, speed dialing and call waiting. Services can be charged at a fixed monthly rate, a measured rate or can be bundled with selected services at a discounted rate. Through the acquisition of FairPoint, we are now a full service 9- 1-1 provider and have installed and now maintain two turn-key, state of the art statewide next-generation emergency 9-1- 1 systems. These systems, located in Maine and Vermont, have processed over a million calls relying on the caller's location information for routing. Next-generation emergency 9-1-1 systems are an improvement over traditional 9-1-1 and are expected to provide the foundation to handle future communication modes such as texting and video. Voice services revenue increased $58.6 million during 2017 compared to 2016 and decreased $3.2 million during 2016 compared to 2015. Excluding the additional revenue from FairPoint of $65.6 million in 2017, voice services revenue decreased $7.0 million during 2017 compared to 2016. The decline in voice services revenue was primarily due to a 6% decline in access lines during 2017 compared to 2016, and a 7% decline in access lines during 2016 compared to 2015 as 37 commercial customers are increasingly choosing alternative technologies, including our own VoIP product, and the broad range of features that Internet-based voice services can offer. Other Other services revenue includes business equipment sales and related hardware and maintenance support, rental income of customer premises equipment, video services and other miscellaneous revenue. Other services revenue increased $21.4 million during 2017 compared to 2016 and increased $0.2 million during 2016 compared to 2015. Excluding the additional revenue from FairPoint of $15.9 million in 2017, other services revenue increased by $5.5 million during 2017 compared to 2016, due to an increase in business equipment and structured cabling sales contributed by the acquisition of CTC in 2016 and additional revenue related to the Co-Marketing Agreement entered into with ePlus in connection with the sale of EIS in 2016. Consumer Broadband Services Broadband services include revenue from residential customers for subscriptions to our VoIP, data and video products. We offer high speed Internet access at speeds of up to 1 Gbps, depending on the nature of the network facilities that are available, the level of service selected and the location. Our VoIP digital phone service is also available in certain markets as an alternative to the traditional telephone line. Depending on geographic market availability, our video services range from limited basic service to advanced digital television, which includes several plans each with hundreds of local, national and music channels including premium and pay-per-view channels as well as video on-demand service. Certain customers may also subscribe to our advanced video services, which consist of high-definition television, digital video recorders (“DVR”) and/or a whole home DVR. Broadband services revenue increased $66.3 million during 2017 compared to 2016 and decreased $3.7 million during 2016 compared to 2015. Excluding the additional revenue from FairPoint of $74.2 million in 2017, broadband services revenue decreased by $7.9 million during 2017 compared to 2016. The decline in broadband services revenue during 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily due to a decline in data and video connections of 5% and 10%, respectively. The decline in broadband services revenue during 2016 compared to 2015 was also primarily due to a decline in data and video connections of 5% and 11%, respectively. The decline in connections was primarily a result of increased competition as consumers are choosing to subscribe to alternative communication services particularly for video services. VoIP revenue also declined during the same period due to a 9% and 11% decline in connections, respectively, as more consumers continue to rely exclusively on wireless service. Voice Services We offer several different basic local phone service packages and long-distance calling plans, including unlimited flat-rate calling plans. The plans include options for voicemail and other custom calling features such as caller ID, call forwarding and call waiting. Voice services revenue increased $81.2 million during 2017 compared to 2016 and decreased $5.3 million during 2016 compared to 2015. Excluding the additional revenue from FairPoint of $87.1 million in 2017, voice services revenue decreased $5.9 million during 2017 compared to 2016. The decline in voice services revenue was primarily due to an 8% decline in access lines during 2017 compared to 2016, and a 10% decline in access lines during 2016 compared to 2015. The number of local access lines in service directly affects the recurring revenue we generate from end users and continues to be impacted by the industry-wide decline in access lines. We expect to continue to experience erosion in voice connections due to competition from alternative technologies, including our own competing VoIP product. Equipment Sales and Service Until the sale of EIS in December 2016, we were an accredited Master Level Unified Communications and Gold Certified Cisco Partner providing equipment solutions and support for business customers. As an equipment integrator, we offered network design, implementation and support services, including maintenance contracts, in order to provide integrated communication solutions for our customers. When an equipment sale involved multiple deliverables, revenue was allocated to each respective element based on relative selling price. Equipment sales and service revenues decreased 38 $43.1 million during 2017 compared to 2016 and decreased $11.9 million during 2016 compared to 2015 due to the sale of EIS in December 2016. Subsidies Subsidies consist of both federal and state subsidies, which are designed to promote widely available, quality telephone service at affordable prices in rural areas. Subsidies increased $14.0 million during 2017 compared to 2016 and decreased $8.0 million during 2016 compared to 2015. Excluding the additional revenue from FairPoint of $23.4 million in 2017, subsidies revenue decreased $9.4 million during 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to the scheduled reduction in the annual Connect America Fund (“CAF”) Phase II funding rate in August 2017, the sale of CCIC in September 2016 and a decrease in state funding support for our Texas Incumbent Local Exchange Company (“ILEC”). See the “Regulatory Matters” section below for further discussion of the subsidies we receive. Network Access Services Network access services include interstate and intrastate switched access revenue, network special access services and end user access. Switched access revenue includes access services to other communications carriers to terminate or originate long-distance calls on our network. Special access circuits provide dedicated lines and trunks to business customers and interexchange carriers. Network access services revenue increased $46.4 million during 2017 compared to 2016 and decreased $5.9 million during 2016 compared to 2015. Excluding the additional revenue from FairPoint of $55.5 million in 2017, network access services revenue decreased $9.1 million during 2017 compared to 2016. The decline in network access services revenue during 2017 compared to 2016 and during 2016 compared to 2015 was primarily a result of the continuing decline in interstate rates, minutes of use, voice connections and carrier circuits; however, a portion of the decrease can be attributed to carriers shifting to our fiber Metro Ethernet product, contributing to the growth in that area. Other Products and Services Other products and services include revenues from telephone directory publishing, video advertising, billing and support services and miscellaneous revenue. Other products and services revenue decreased $0.2 million during 2017 compared to 2016 and $3.9 million during 2016 compared to 2015. Excluding the additional revenue from FairPoint of $0.7 million in 2017, other products and services revenue decreased $0.9 million during 2017 compared to 2016. The declines in other products and services revenue was primarily due to a decline in telephone directory advertising revenues. Operating Expenses Cost of Services and Products Cost of services and products increased $123.3 million during 2017 compared 2016 due to the acquisition of FairPoint which accounted for $160.2 million of the increase. Excluding FairPoint, cost of services and products decreased $36.9 during 2017 primarily from a decline in cost of goods sold related to equipment sales of $29.8 million as a result of the sale of EIS in 2016, as discussed above. Employee costs also decreased due to savings from a reduction in headcount as part of cost saving initiatives. In addition, video programming costs decreased as a result of a 9% decline in video connections, which was largely offset by an increase in programming costs per channel as costs continue to rise as a result of annual rate increases. Video programming costs are impacted by license fees charged by cable networks, the amount and quality of the content we provide and the number of video subscribers we serve. In 2016, cost of services and products decreased $5.6 million compared to 2015. Cost of goods sold related to equipment sales decreased $8.5 million in 2016 compared to 2015 as a result of changes in non-recurring equipment sales and the sale of EIS in December. Video programming costs decreased as a result of a 10% decline in video connections, which was largely offset by an increase in programming costs per channel. However, network access costs increased due to growth in carrier and wireless backhaul services during 2016. The change in cost of services and products during 2016 was also impacted by an increase in pension expense, but was offset in part by a reduction in incentive compensation. Selling, General and Administrative Costs Selling, general and administrative costs increased $92.2 million during 2017 compared to 2016. The acquisition of FairPoint contributed $98.6 million of the increase. Excluding FairPoint, selling, general and administrative costs 39 decreased $6.4 million during 2017 primarily due to a decline in employee costs of $8.2 million from a reduction in headcount as well as a decrease in incentive compensation and pension expense in the current year. Professional fees decreased due to declines in expenses related to legal, audit and tax services. Advertising expense also decreased due to a reduction in radio advertising and marketing promotions in 2017. However, bad debt expense increased primarily as a result of favorable adjustments in the prior year. The change in selling, general and administrative expense was also impacted by integration costs incurred in 2017 related to the acquisition of FairPoint. Selling, general and administrative costs decreased $21.1 million during 2016 compared to 2015 primarily due to a decline in employee-related costs from a reduction in headcount as part of the Company’s cost saving initiatives implemented in 2015 as well as a decrease in incentive compensation. In addition, one-time severance costs of $7.2 million were incurred in 2015 as a result of an early retirement program offered to a group of select employees. Bad debt expense also decreased as a result of recoveries recognized in 2016 and increased reserves in the prior year periods. However, advertising expense increased due to additional radio advertising and marketing promotions in 2016. Acquisition and Other Transaction Costs Acquisition and other transaction costs increased $32.5 million in 2017 compared to 2016 as a result of the acquisition of FairPoint, which closed in July 2017. Transaction costs consist primarily of legal, finance and other professional fees incurred in connection with the Merger as well as expenses related to change-in-control payments to former employees of the acquired company. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization expense increased $117.8 million during 2017 compared to 2016 primarily as a result of the acquisition of FairPoint which accounted for $131.1 million of the increase. Excluding FairPoint, depreciation and amortization expense decreased $13.3 million during 2017 due to the sale of EIS and CCIC in 2016 and certain intangibles and software becoming fully amortized in 2017 and 2016, which was offset in part by ongoing capital expenditures related to outside plant and success-based capital projects for consumer and commercial services as well as CAF Phase II funding requirements. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $5.9 million during 2016 compared to 2015, primarily due certain circuit equipment, outside plant and software becoming fully depreciated in 2016. This decline was offset in part by ongoing capital expenditures related to network enhancements and success-based capital projects. Regulatory Matters Our revenues are subject to broad federal and/or state regulation, which include such telecommunications services as local telephone service, network access service and toll service and are derived from various sources, including:  Business and residential subscribers of basic exchange services;  Surcharges mandated by state commissions and the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”);  Long distance carriers for network access service;  Competitive access providers and commercial customers for network access service; and  Support payments from federal or state programs. telecommunications the The Telecommunications Act of 1996, federal and state regulators share responsibility for implementing and enforcing statutes and regulations designed to encourage competition and to preserve and advance widely available, quality telephone service at affordable prices. to extensive federal, state and local regulation. Under is subject industry At the federal level, the FCC generally exercises jurisdiction over facilities and services of local exchange carriers, such as our rural telephone companies, to the extent they are used to provide, originate or terminate interstate or international communications. The FCC has the authority to condition, modify, cancel, terminate or revoke our operating authority for 40 failure to comply with applicable federal laws or FCC rules, regulations and policies. Fines or penalties also may be imposed for any of these violations. State regulatory commissions generally exercise jurisdiction over carriers’ facilities and services to the extent they are used to provide, originate or terminate intrastate communications. In particular, state regulatory agencies have substantial oversight over interconnection and network access by competitors of our incumbent local exchange companies. In addition, municipalities and other local government agencies regulate the public rights-of-way necessary to install and operate networks. State regulators can sanction our rural telephone companies or revoke our certifications if we violate relevant laws or regulations. FCC Matters In general, telecommunications service in rural areas is more costly to provide than service in urban areas. The lower customer density means that switching and other facilities serve fewer customers and loops are typically longer, requiring greater expenditures per customer to build and maintain. By supporting the high-cost of operations in rural markets, Universal Service Fund (“USF”) subsidies promote widely available, quality telephone service at affordable prices in rural areas. Revenues from the federal and certain states’ USFs increased $14.0 million in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to additional revenue of $23.4 million from the acquisition of FairPoint. Excluding FairPoint, revenues from the federal and certain states’ USFs decreased by $9.4 million primarily due to the scheduled reduction in the annual CAF Phase II transition funding in August 2017, the sale of CCIC in September 2016 and a decrease in state funding support for our Texas ILEC. An order adopted by the FCC in 2011 (the “Order”) has significantly impacted the amount of support revenue we receive from the USF, CAF and intercarrier compensation (“ICC”). The Order reformed core parts of the USF, broadly recast the existing ICC scheme, established the CAF to replace support revenues provided by the current USF and redirected support from voice services to broadband services. In 2012, CAF Phase I was implemented, which froze USF support to price cap carriers until the FCC implemented a broadband cost model to shift support from voice services to broadband services. The Order also modified the methodology used for ICC traffic exchanged between carriers. The initial phase of ICC reform was effective on July 1, 2012, beginning the transition of our terminating switched access rates to bill-and- keep over a seven year period for our price cap study areas and nine years for our rate of return study areas, and as a result, our network access revenue decreased approximately $2.8 million, $1.7 million and $1.3 million during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. In December 2014, the FCC released a report and order that addressed, among other things, the transition to CAF Phase II funding for price cap carriers and the acceptance criteria for CAF Phase II funding. For companies that accept the CAF Phase II funding, there is a three year transition period in instances in which their current CAF Phase I funding exceeds the CAF Phase II funding. If CAF Phase II funding exceeds CAF Phase I funding, the transitional support is waived and CAF Phase II funding begins immediately. Companies are required to commit to a statewide build out requirement to 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream in funded locations. We accepted the CAF Phase II funding in August 2015, which was effective as of January 1, 2015. The annual funding under CAF Phase I of $36.6 million was replaced by annual funding under CAF Phase II of $13.9 million through 2020. With the sale of our Iowa ILEC in 2016, this amount was further reduced to $11.5 million through 2020. Subsequently, with the acquisition of FairPoint, this amount increased to $48.9 million through 2020. FairPoint accepted the annual CAF Phase II funding of $37.4 million through 2020 in August 2015. This includes CAF Phase II support in all of FairPoint’s operating states except Colorado and Kansas where the offered CAF Phase II support was declined. We continue to receive frozen CAF Phase I support in Colorado and Kansas until such time as the FCC CAF Phase II auction assigns support to another provider. The acceptance of CAF Phase II funding at a level lower than the frozen CAF Phase I support results in CAF Phase II Transitional funding over a three year period based on the difference between the CAF Phase I funding and the CAF Phase II funding at the rates of 75% in the first year, 50% in the second year and 25% in the third year. The specific obligations associated with CAF Phase II funding include the obligation to serve approximately 126,900 locations by December 31, 2020 (with interim milestones of 40%, 60% and 80% completion by December 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively); to provide broadband service to those locations with speeds of 10 Mbps per second down and 1 Mbps up; to achieve latency of less than 100 milliseconds; to provide data of at least 100 gigabytes per month; and to offer pricing reasonably comparable to pricing in urban areas. As of December 31, 2017, we met the milestone for 2017 in all states in which we operate. 41 Local Switching Support In 2015, FairPoint filed a Petition with the FCC asking the FCC to direct National Exchange Carrier Association (“NECA”) to stop subtracting frozen Local Switching Support (“LSS”) from FairPoint’s ICC Eligible Recovery for FairPoint’s rate of return ILECs that participate in the NECA pooling process. This issue is unique to rate of return affiliates of price cap carriers because such companies are considered price cap carriers for the FCC’s CAF funding, but remain rate of return for ICC purposes. Effective January 1, 2012, FairPoint rate of return ILECs were placed under the price cap CAF Phase I interim support mechanism, whereby the ILECs continued to receive frozen USF support for all forms of USF received during 2011, including LSS. The rate of return rules for ICC included LSS support in that mechanism as well; therefore, NECA subtracted the frozen LSS support from the ICC Eligible Recovery amounts in accordance with FCC rules prohibiting duplicate recovery. When FairPoint accepted CAF Phase II support effective January 1, 2015, there was no longer any duplicate support and FairPoint requested NECA to stop subtracting LSS from FairPoint’s ICC Eligible Recovery. NECA declined to make that change, which led to FairPoint filing a Petition with the FCC asking the FCC to direct NECA to comply with FCC rules on ICC Eligible Recovery for rate of return ILECs. This issue also applies to Consolidated’s operations in Minnesota, which are also rate of return ILECs associated with a price cap company. If the FCC Petition is successful, the combined LSS support for the period from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017 would be approximately $11.5 million. Our ongoing ICC Eligible Recovery support for 2018 would increase by approximately $4.0 million, and thereafter, decline by 5% per year through 2021. We cannot predict the outcome or timing of the FCC’s decision. FCC Rules for Business Data Services On April 20, 2017, the FCC adopted new rules for Business Data Services (“BDS”) which went into effect August 1, 2017. BDS services are high speed data services provided on a point to point basis. The rules apply to interstate BDS services in areas served by price cap carriers. Under the new BDS rules, all packet-switched services and all transport services, channel terminations connecting wholesale customers to our networks and end user channel terminations in counties deemed competitive are competitive. End user channel terminations for DS0, DS1 and DS3 services are non-competitive in counties deemed by the FCC to be non-competitive, but are eligible for Phase I price flexibility. The FCC published a list of counties deemed competitive and non-competitive. Geographic areas previously under Phase II price flexibility will not be rate regulated for any BDS services. In our price cap operations we can continue to offer competitive BDS services under tariff or we can remove the services from tariff. All competitive services must be detariffed within three years of the effective date of the BDS rules. We have complete price flexibility for BDS services deemed competitive. BDS services are subject to vigorous competition. We cannot determine the impact of the BDS rules on our revenues or operations. State Matters California In an ongoing proceeding relating to the New Regulatory Framework, the California Public Utilities Commission (“CPUC”) adopted Decision 06-08-030 in 2006, which grants carriers broader pricing freedom in the provision of telecommunications services, bundling of services, promotions and customer contracts. This decision adopted a new regulatory framework, the Uniform Regulatory Framework (“URF”), which among other things (i) eliminates price regulation and allows full pricing flexibility for all new and retail services, (ii) allows new forms of bundles and promotional packages of telecommunication services, (iii) allocates all gains and losses from the sale of assets to shareholders and (iv) eliminates almost all elements of rate of return regulation, including the calculation of shareable earnings. In December 2010, the CPUC issued a ruling to initiate a new proceeding to assess whether, or to what extent, the level of competition in the telecommunications industry is sufficient to control prices for the four largest ILECs in the state. Subsequently, the CPUC issued a ruling temporarily deferring the proceeding. When the CPUC may open this proceeding is unclear and on hold at this time. The CPUC’s actions in this and future proceedings could lead to new rules and an increase in government regulation. The Company will continue to monitor this matter. 42 Texas The Texas Public Utilities Regulatory Act (“PURA”) directs the Public Utilities Commission of Texas (“PUCT”) to adopt and enforce rules requiring local exchange carriers to contribute to a state universal service fund that helps telecommunications providers offer basic local telecommunications service at reasonable rates in high-cost rural areas. The Texas Universal Service Fund is also used to reimburse telecommunications providers for revenues lost by providing lifeline service. Our Texas rural telephone companies receive disbursements from this fund. Our Texas ILECs have historically received support from two state funds, the small and rural incumbent local exchange company plan High Cost Fund (“HCF”) and the High Cost Assistance Fund (“HCAF”). The HCF is a line-based fund used to keep local rates low. The rate is applied on all residential lines and up to five single business lines. The amount we receive from the HCAF is a frozen monthly amount that was originally developed to offset high intrastate toll rates. In September 2011, the Texas state legislature passed Senate Bill No. 980/House Bill No. 2603 which, among other things, mandated the PUCT to review the Universal Service Fund and issue recommendations by January 1, 2013 with the intent to effectively reduce the size of the Universal Service Fund. This would be accomplished by implementing an urban floor to offset state funding reductions with a phase-in period of four years. The PUCT recommended that (i) frozen line counts be lifted effective September 1, 2013 and (ii) rural and urban local rate benchmarks be developed. The large company fund review was completed in September 2012 and the PUCT addressed the small fund participants in Docket 41097 Rate Rebalancing (“Docket 41097”), as discussed below. In June 2013, the Texas state legislature passed Senate Bill No. 583 (“SB 583”). The provisions of SB 583 were effective September 1, 2013 and froze HCF and HCAF support for the remainder of 2013. As of January 1, 2014, our annual $1.4 million HCAF support was eliminated and the frozen HCF support returned to funding on a per line basis. In July 2013, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with the PUCT on Docket 41097, which was approved by the PUCT in August 2013. In accordance with the provisions of the settlement agreement, the HCF draw will be reduced by approximately $1.2 million annually over a four year period beginning June 1, 2014 through 2018. However, we have the ability to fully offset this reduction with increases to residential rates where market conditions allow, which the Company filed for in April 2014 and implemented in June 2014. In addition, the PUCT is required to develop a needs test for post-2017 funding and has held workshops on various proposals. The PUCT issued its recommendation to the Texas state commissioners in May 2014, which was approved in December 2014. The needs test allows for a one-time disaggregation of line rates from a per line flat rate, then a competitive test must be met to receive funding. The Company filed its submission for the needs test on December 28, 2016. The PUCT issued docket 46699 on January 4, 2017 to review the filing and a decision was granted in the second quarter of 2017. New York With the acquisition of FairPoint, we assumed grants from the NY Broadband Program (the "NYBB"). In 2015, New York established the $500 million NYBB to provide state grant funding to support projects that deliver high-speed Internet access to unserved and underserved areas with a goal of achieving statewide broadband access in New York by the end of 2018. FairPoint received and accepted award letters in March 2017 for grant awards totaling $36.7 million from the NYBB Phase 2 grants. These grants will support, in part, the extension and upgrading of high-speed broadband services to over 10,321 locations in our New York service territory. During the second quarter of 2017, a bid for Phase 3 grants was submitted by FairPoint, the final phase of the NYBB grants. On January 31, 2018, the state notified us that we were awarded a portion of our Phase 3 bid, and are currently reviewing the grant. We expect to treat the reimbursements as a contribution in aid of construction given the nature of the arrangement. To be eligible for the grant, the network must be capable of delivering speeds of 100 Mbps or greater in unserved and underserved locations. As a condition of the grant, we are required to offer the NYBB’s Required Pricing Tier as a service option to residential users for a period of five years from completion of construction of the network. This pricing requirement will provide for broadband Internet service at minimum speeds of 25/4 Mbps (download/upload). 43 FairPoint Merger Requirements As part of our acquisition of FairPoint, we have regulatory commitments that vary by state, some of which require capital investments in our network over several years through 2020. The requirements include improved data speeds and other service quality improvements in select locations primarily in our Northern New England, New York and Illinois markets. In New Hampshire and Vermont, we are required to invest 13% and 14%, respectively, of total state revenues in capital improvements per year for 2018, 2019 and 2020. For our service territory in Maine, we are required to make capital expenditures of $16.4 million per year from 2018 through 2020. In addition, we are required to invest an incremental $1.0 million per year in each of these three states for service quality improvements. In New York, we are required to invest $4.0 million over three years to expand the broadband network to over 300 locations. In Illinois, we are required to invest an additional $1.0 million by December 31, 2018 to increase broadband availability and speeds in areas we serve by the FairPoint Illinois ILECs. As of December 31, 2017, we have met all of the merger requirements for 2017. Other Regulatory Matters We are also subject to a number of regulatory proceedings occurring at the federal and state levels that may have a material impact on our operations. The FCC and state commissions have authority to issue rules and regulations related to our business. A number of proceedings are pending or anticipated that are related to such telecommunications issues as competition, interconnection, access charges, intercarrier compensation, broadband deployment, consumer protection and universal service reform. Some proceedings may authorize new services to compete with our existing services. Proceedings that relate to our cable television operations include rulemakings on set top boxes, carriage of programming, industry consolidation and ways to promote additional competition. There are various on-going legal challenges to the scope or validity of FCC orders that have been issued. As a result, it is not yet possible to fully determine the impact of the related FCC rules and regulations on our operations. Non-Operating Items Interest Expense, Net Interest expense, net of interest income, increased $53.0 million during 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to the issuance of the $935.0 million incremental term loan in 2017. In addition, we incurred ticking fees of $18.0 million and amortized commitment fees of $11.7 million in 2017 related to the committed financing secured for the acquisition of FairPoint, as described in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section below. Interest expense also increased as a result of ineffectiveness recognized on our interest rate swap agreements during 2017. Interest expense, net of interest income, decreased $2.8 million during 2016 compared to 2015 primarily due to a reduction in the interest rate for our outstanding senior notes. In June 2015, we issued an additional $300.0 million in 6.50% Senior Notes due 2022, which were used, in part, to redeem the then-remaining amount of our outstanding 10.875% Senior Notes due 2020. Interest expense was also reduced in 2016 from a decline in outstanding debt under our revolving credit facility as well as a decrease in interest expense related to our interest rate swap agreements. Loss on Extinguishment of Debt In 2016, we amended our Credit Agreement to restate and amend our term loan credit facilities. In connection with entering into the amended and restated credit agreement, we incurred a loss on the extinguishment of debt of $6.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. In 2014, we redeemed $72.8 million of the original aggregate principal amount of our 10.875% Senior Notes due 2020, as described in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section below. In connection with the redemption of the 2020 Notes, we paid $84.1 million and recognized a loss of $13.8 million on the partial extinguishment of debt during the year ended December 31, 2014. In 2015, we redeemed the remaining $227.2 million of the 2020 Notes for $261.9 million and recognized a loss on the extinguishment of debt of $41.2 million during 2015. Other Income Other income decreased $2.6 million during 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to a decline in investment income from our wireless partnership interests of $1.2 million. The remaining decrease was largely due to the reversal of a legal contingency of $0.8 million in 2016. 44 Other income decreased $1.0 million during 2016 compared to 2015 primarily due to a decline in investment income of $3.7 million due to lower earnings from our wireless partnership interests. In addition, we recognized an impairment loss of $0.8 million as a result of the sale of our equity interest in Central Valley Independent Network, LLC in 2015. However, this was offset in part by the reversal of a legal contingency of $0.8 million in 2016 while 2015 included additional reserves related to disputed tax assessments. Income Taxes Income taxes decreased $147.9 million in 2017 compared to 2016. Our effective rate was 209.5% for 2017 compared to 60.2% for 2016. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law on December 22, 2017, making significant changes to the U.S. tax law. The Company has calculated its best estimate of the impact of the Tax Act in its year end income tax provision in accordance with its understanding of the Tax Act and guidance available as of the date of this filing and, as a result, has recorded a non-cash tax benefit estimate of $112.9 million as a reduction in income tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2017, the period in which the legislation was enacted. This provisional income tax benefit reflects the impact of re-measurement of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities to the lower tax rate at which they are expected to reverse. The corresponding federal and state impact is $(123.0) million and $10.1 million, respectively. The acquisition of FairPoint on July 3, 2017 resulted in changes to our unitary state filings and correspondingly the Company’s state deferred income taxes. These changes resulted in a net increase of $5.2 million to our net state deferred tax liabilities and a corresponding increase to our state tax provision. The Company also incurred non-deductible expenses in relation to the acquisition that resulted in an increase to our tax provision of $3.4 million. In 2017, we placed additional valuation allowances on state NOL and state tax credit carryforwards of $47.5 million and related deferred tax assets of $2.6 million compared to $8.4 million and related deferred tax assets of $0.6 million in 2016. In 2016, we recorded a net decrease of $1.5 million to our net state deferred tax liabilities and a corresponding decrease to our state tax expense due to changes in state deferred income tax rates. On September 1, 2016, we completed the sale of all the issued and outstanding stock of CCIC in a taxable transaction. As a result, we recorded an increase to our current tax expense of $7.2 million to reflect the tax impact of the transaction. On December 5, 2016, we completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of our EIS business. As a result, we recorded an increase to our current tax expense of $1.5 million related to the derecognition of $4.2 million of noncash goodwill allocated to the disposed business that is not deductible for tax purposes. Exclusive of discrete adjustments, our effective tax rate for 2017 would have been approximately 39.3% compared to 38.8% for 2016. The 2017 effective tax rate differed from the federal and state statutory rates primarily due to differences in allocable income for the Company’s state tax filings. Income taxes increased $20.2 million in 2016 compared to 2015. Our effective rate was 60.2% for 2016 compared to 131.9% for 2015. In 2016, we placed additional valuation allowances on state NOL and state tax credit carryforwards of $8.4 million and related deferred tax assets of $0.6 million. We also recorded a net decrease of $1.5 million to our net state deferred tax liabilities and a corresponding decrease to our state tax expense due to changes in state deferred income tax rates. On September 1, 2016, we completed the sale of all the issued and outstanding stock of CCIC in a taxable transaction. As a result, we recorded an increase to our current tax expense of $7.2 million to reflect the tax impact of the transaction. On December 5, 2016, we completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of our EIS business. As a result, we recorded an increase to our current tax expense of $1.5 million related to the derecognition of $4.2 million of noncash goodwill allocated to the disposed business that is not deductible for tax purposes. In 2015, we placed additional valuation allowances on state NOL and state tax credit carryforwards of $5.0 million and related deferred tax assets of $0.9 million. We also recorded a net increase of $1.9 million to our net state deferred tax liabilities and a corresponding increase to our state tax expense due to changes in state deferred income tax rates. Exclusive of these adjustments, our effective tax rate for 2016 would have been approximately 38.8% compared to 7.9% for 2015. The 2016 effective tax rate differed from the federal and state statutory rates primarily due to differences in allocable income for the Company’s state tax filings. Non-GAAP Measures In addition to the results reported in accordance with US GAAP, we also use certain non-GAAP measures such as EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to evaluate operating performance and to facilitate the comparison of our historical results and trends. These financial measures are not a measure of financial performance under US GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income as a measure of performance and net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity. They are not, on their own, necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs as determined in accordance with GAAP. The calculation of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP are provided below. 45 EBITDA is defined as net earnings before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is comprised of EBITDA, adjusted for certain items as permitted or required under our credit facility as described in the reconciliations below. These measures are a common measure of operating performance in the telecommunications industry and are useful, with other data, as a means to evaluate our ability to fund our estimated uses of cash. The following tables are a reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: (In thousands, unaudited) Net income (loss) Add (subtract): Interest expense, net of interest income Income tax expense (benefit) Depreciation and amortization EBITDA Adjustments to EBITDA: Other, net (1) Investment distributions (2) Loss on extinguishment of debt Non-cash, stock-based compensation (3) Adjusted EBITDA Year Ended December 31, 2016 15,196 $ $ 2017 65,299 $ 2015 (671) 129,786 (124,927) 291,873 362,031 76,826 22,962 174,010 288,994 79,618 2,775 179,922 261,644 19,314 29,993 — 2,766 $ 414,104 (24,955) 32,144 6,559 3,017 $ 305,759 (22,360) 45,316 41,242 3,060 $ 328,902 (1) Other, net includes the equity earnings from our investments, dividend income, income attributable to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries, acquisition and transaction related costs including severance, non-cash pension and post- retirement benefits and certain other miscellaneous items. (2) Includes all cash dividends and other cash distributions received from our investments. (3) Represents compensation expenses in connection with issuance of stock awards, which because of the non-cash nature of these expenses are excluded from adjusted EBITDA. Outlook and Overview Liquidity and Capital Resources Our operating requirements have historically been funded from cash flows generated from our business and borrowings under our credit facilities. We expect that our future operating requirements will continue to be funded from cash flows from operating activities, existing cash and cash equivalents, and, if needed, from borrowings under our revolving credit facility and our ability to obtain future external financing. We anticipate that we will continue to use a substantial portion of our cash flow to fund capital expenditures, meet scheduled payments of long-term debt, make dividend payments and to invest in future business opportunities. 46 The following table summarizes our cash flows: (In thousands) Cash flows provided by (used in): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Years Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2015 $ 210,027 $ (1,042,711) 821,264 (11,420) $ $ 218,233 $ (108,287) (98,747) 11,199 $ 219,179 (119,540) (90,440) 9,199 Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities was $210.0 million in 2017, a decrease of $8.2 million compared to the same period in 2016. Cash flows provided by operating activities decreased despite the additional cash flows provided by the addition of the FairPoint operations of $83.2 million primarily as a result of a reduction in revenue and additional transaction and interests costs paid in 2017 related to the acquisition of FairPoint. In addition, cash contributions to our defined benefit pension plan increased $12.2 million in 2017 compared to 2016. Cash distributions received from our wireless partnerships also decreased $2.1 million in 2017 compared to 2016. Cash Flows Used In Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities was $1,042.7 million during 2017 and consisted primarily of cash used for the acquisition of FairPoint and for capital expenditures. Acquisition of FairPoint In July 2017, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of FairPoint in exchange for shares of our common stock and cash in lieu of fractional shares. The purchase price consisted of the repayment of debt of $862.4 million, net of cash acquired, and the issuance of shares of our common stock valued at $431.0 million. The funds required to repay FairPoint’s outstanding debt was financed in part through a $935.0 million incremental term loan facility, as described below. Capital Expenditures Capital expenditures continue to be our primary recurring investing activity and were $181.2 million in 2017, an increase of $56.0 million compared to 2016 driven by the acquisition of FairPoint in July 2017. Capital expenditures for 2018 are expected to be $235.0 million to $245.0 million, of which approximately 50% is planned for success-based capital projects for consumer, commercial and carrier initiatives. Capital expenditures in 2018 and subsequent years will depend on various factors, including competition, changes in technology, regulatory changes and the timing in the deployment of new services. We expect to continue to invest in existing and new services and the expansion of our fiber network in order to retain and acquire more customers through a broader set of products and an expanded network footprint. Other Acquisitions and Dispositions On July 1, 2016, we acquired substantially all of the assets of CTC, a private business communications provider in the Champaign-Urbana, IL area. The aggregate purchase price, including customary working capital adjustments, consisted of cash consideration of $13.4 million, which was paid from our existing cash resources. In 2016, we received cash proceeds of $30.1 million for the sale of CCIC, our rural ILEC business located in northwest Iowa and the sale of EIS, our non-core equipment and IT services business. Cash Flows Provided by (Used In) Financing Activities Net cash used in financing activities consists primarily of our proceeds from and principal payments on long-term borrowings and the payment of dividends. 47 Long-term Debt The following table summarizes our indebtedness as of December 31, 2017: (In thousands) 6.50% Senior Notes, net of discount Term loans, net of discount Revolving loan Capital leases Balance 496,331 $ 1,813,069 22,000 23,890 2,355,290 $ Maturity Date October 1, 2022 October 5, 2023 October 5, 2021 Rate(1) 6.50 % LIBOR plus 3.00 % LIBOR plus 3.00 % 6.46 % (2) (1) At December 31, 2017, the 1-month LIBOR applicable to our borrowings was 1.57%. The term loans are subject to a 1.00% LIBOR floor. (2) Weighted-average rate. Credit Agreement In October 2016, the Company, through certain of its wholly owned subsidiaries, entered into a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with various financial institutions (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement consists of a $110.0 million revolving credit facility, an initial term loan in the aggregate amount of $900.0 million (the “Initial Term Loan”) and an incremental term loan in the aggregate amount of $935.0 million (the “Incremental Term Loan”), collectively (the “Term Loans”). The Incremental Term Loan was issued on July 3, 2017 upon completion of the FairPoint Merger, as described below. The Credit Agreement also includes an incremental loan facility which provides the ability to borrow, subject to certain terms and conditions, incremental loans in an aggregate amount of up to the greater of (a) $300.0 million and (b) an amount which would cause its senior secured leverage ratio not to exceed 3.00:1.00 (the “Incremental Facility”). Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries, including certain of the FairPoint subsidiaries acquired in the Merger, with the exception of Consolidated Communications of Illinois Company and our majority-owned subsidiary, East Texas Fiber Line Incorporated. The Initial Term Loan was issued in an original aggregate principal amount of $900.0 million with a maturity date of October 5, 2023, but is subject to earlier maturity on March 31, 2022 if the Company’s unsecured Senior Notes due in October 2022 are not repaid in full or redeemed in full on or prior to March 31, 2022. The Initial Term Loan contains an original issuance discount of 0.25% or $2.3 million, which is being amortized over the term of the loan. The Initial Term Loan requires quarterly principal payments of $2.25 million and has an interest rate of 3.00% plus the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR“) subject to a 1.00% LIBOR floor. In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, in December 2016, the Company entered into two amendments to the Credit Agreement to secure committed financing related to the acquisition of FairPoint. On December 14, 2016, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement and on December 21, 2016, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, pursuant to which a syndicate of lenders agreed to provide the Incremental Term Loan, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The Incremental Term Loan was made pursuant to the Incremental Facility set forth in the Credit Agreement. Fees of $2.5 million paid to the lenders in connection with Amendment No. 1 are reflected as an additional discount on the Initial Term Loan and are being amortized over the term of the debt as interest expense. Ticking fees accrued on the incremental term loan commitments from January 15, 2017 through the July 3, 2017 Merger closing date at a rate of 3.00% plus LIBOR subject to a 1.00% LIBOR floor and became due and payable on the closing date. In connection with entering into the committed financing, commitment fees of $14.0 million were capitalized in December 2016 and were amortized to interest expense over the term of the commitment period through July 2017. On July 3, 2017, the Merger with FairPoint was completed and the net proceeds from the incurrence of the Incremental Term Loan were used, in part, to repay and redeem certain existing indebtedness of FairPoint and to pay certain fees and expenses in connection with the Merger and the related financing. The Incremental Term Loan included an original issue discount of 0.50% and has the same maturity date and interest rate as the Initial Term Loan. The Incremental Term Loan requires quarterly principal payments of $2.34 million, which began in December 2017. 48 In addition, effective contemporaneously with the Merger, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Credit Agreement, among other things, to increase the permitted amount of outstanding letters of credit from $15.0 million to $20.0 million and to provide that certain existing letters of credit of FairPoint be deemed to be letters of credit under the Credit Agreement. The revolving credit facility has a maturity date of October 5, 2021 and an applicable margin (at our election) of between 2.50% and 3.25% for LIBOR-based borrowings or between 1.50% and 2.25% for alternate base rate borrowings, depending on our leverage ratio. Based on our leverage ratio at December 31, 2017, the borrowing margin for the next three month period ending March 31, 2018 will be at a weighted-average margin of 3.00% for a LIBOR-based loan or 2.00% for an alternate base rate loan. The applicable borrowing margin for the revolving credit facility is adjusted quarterly to reflect the leverage ratio from the prior quarter-end. As of December 31, 2017, borrowings of $22.0 million were outstanding under the revolving credit facility, which consisted of LIBOR-based borrowings of $17.0 million and alternate base rate borrowings of $5.0 million. At December 31 2016, there were no outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility. Stand-by letters of credit of $18.3 million were outstanding under our revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2017. The stand-by letters of credit are renewable annually and reduce the borrowing availability under the revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2017, $69.7 million was available for borrowing under the revolving credit facility. The weighted-average interest rate on outstanding borrowings under our credit facility was 4.58% and 4.00% at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Interest is payable at least quarterly. 2016 Amendment to the Credit Agreement In connection with entering into the restated Credit Agreement in October 2016, fees of $3.9 million were capitalized as deferred debt issuance costs. These capitalized costs are amortized over the term of the debt and are included as a component of interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. We also incurred a loss on the extinguishment of debt of $6.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 related to the repayment of the outstanding term loan under the previous credit agreement which was scheduled to mature in December 2020. Credit Agreement Covenant Compliance The Credit Agreement contains various provisions and covenants, including, among other items, restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, incur additional indebtedness, and issue capital stock. We have agreed to maintain certain financial ratios, including interest coverage and total net leverage ratios, all as defined in the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2017, we were in compliance with the Credit Agreement covenants. In general, our Credit Agreement restricts our ability to pay dividends to the amount of our Available Cash as defined in our Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2017, and including the $27.4 million dividend declared in October 2017 and paid on February 1, 2018, we had $257.7 million in dividend availability under the credit facility covenant. Under our Credit Agreement, if our total net leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, as of the end of any fiscal quarter, is greater than 5.10:1.00, we will be required to suspend dividends on our common stock unless otherwise permitted by an exception for dividends that may be paid from the portion of proceeds of any sale of equity not used to fund acquisitions, or make other investments. During any dividend suspension period, we will be required to repay debt in an amount equal to 50.0% of any increase in Available Cash, among other things. In addition, we will not be permitted to pay dividends if an event of default under the Credit Agreement has occurred and is continuing. Among other things, it will be an event of default if our total net leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio as of the end of any fiscal quarter is greater than 5.25:1.00 and less than 2.25:1.00, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, our total net leverage ratio under the Credit Agreement was 4.09:1.00, and our interest coverage ratio was 5.73:1.00. Senior Notes 6.50% Senior Notes due 2022 In September 2014, we completed an offering of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.50% Senior Notes due in October 2022 (the “Existing Notes”). The Existing Notes were priced at par, which resulted in total gross proceeds of $200.0 million. On June 8, 2015, we completed an additional offering of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 49 6.50% Senior Notes due 2022 (the “New Notes” and together with the Existing Notes, the “Senior Notes”). The New Notes were issued as additional notes under the same indenture pursuant to which the Existing Notes were previously issued on in September 2014. The New Notes were priced at 98.26% of par with a yield to maturity of 6.80% and resulted in total gross proceeds of approximately $294.8 million, excluding accrued interest. The discount is being amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the notes. The Senior Notes mature on October 1, 2022 and interest is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year. Consolidated Communications, Inc. (“CCI”) is the primary obligor under the Senior Notes, and we and certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, including certain of the FairPoint subsidiaries, have fully and unconditionally guaranteed the Senior Notes. The Senior Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Senior Notes, together with cash on hand, were used, in part, to finance the acquisition of Enventis Corporation (“Enventis”) in 2014 including related fees and expenses, to repay the existing indebtedness of Enventis and to redeem our then outstanding $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 10.875% Senior Notes due 2020 (the “2020 Notes”). In December 2014, we paid $84.1 million to redeem $72.8 million of the original aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes and recognized a loss of $13.8 million on the partial extinguishment of debt during the year ended December 31, 2014. In June 2015, we redeemed the remaining $227.2 million of the original aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes. In connection with the redemption of the 2020 Notes, we paid $261.9 million and recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $41.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2015. On October 16, 2015, we completed an exchange offer to register all of the Senior Notes under the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”). The terms of the registered Senior Notes are substantially identical to those of the Senior Notes prior to the exchange, except that the Senior Notes are now registered under the Securities Act and the transfer restrictions and registration rights previously applicable to the Senior Notes no longer apply to the registered Senior Notes. The exchange offer did not impact the aggregate principal amount or the remaining terms of the Senior Notes outstanding. Senior Notes Covenant Compliance Subject to certain exceptions and qualifications, the indenture governing the Senior Notes contains customary covenants that, among other things, limits CCI’s and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to: incur additional debt or issue certain preferred stock; pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock or prepay subordinated indebtedness; purchase or redeem any equity interests; make investments; create liens; sell assets; enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments by restricted subsidiaries; consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of its assets; engage in transactions with its affiliates; or enter into any sale and leaseback transactions. The indenture also contains customary events of default. Among other matters, the Senior Notes indenture provides that CCI may not pay dividends or make other restricted payments, as defined in the indenture, if its total net leverage ratio is 4.75:1.00 or greater. This ratio is calculated differently than the comparable ratio under the Credit Agreement; among other differences, it takes into account, on a pro forma basis, synergies expected to be achieved as a result of certain acquisitions but not yet reflected in historical results. At December 31, 2017, this ratio was 4.22:1.00. If this ratio is met, dividends and other restricted payments may be made from cumulative consolidated cash flow since April 1, 2012, less 1.75 times fixed charges, less dividends and other restricted payments made since May 30, 2012. Dividends may be paid and other restricted payments may also be made from a “basket” of $50.0 million, none of which has been used to date, and pursuant to other exceptions identified in the indenture. Since dividends of $433.6 million have been paid since May 30, 2012, including the quarterly dividend declared in October 2017 and paid on February 1, 2018, there was $888.3 million of the $1,321.9 million of cumulative consolidated cash flow since May 30, 2012 available to pay dividends at December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2017, the Company was in compliance with all terms, conditions and covenants under the indenture governing the 2022 Notes. Capital Leases We lease certain facilities and equipment under various capital leases which expire between 2018 and 2022. As of December 31, 2017, the present value of the minimum remaining lease commitments was approximately $23.9 million, of which $11.3 million was due and payable within the next twelve months. The leases require total remaining rental payments of $26.0 million as of December 31, 2017, of which $2.8 million will be paid to LATEL LLC, a related party entity. 50 Dividends We paid $94.1 million and $78.4 million in dividend payments to shareholders during 2017 and 2016, respectively. In October 2017, our board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.38738 per common share, which was paid on February 1, 2018 to stockholders of record at the close of business on January 15, 2018. In addition, on February 23, 2018, our board of directors declared its next quarterly dividend of $0.38738 per common share, which is payable on May 1, 2018 to stockholders of record at the close of business on April 15, 2018. Our current annual dividend rate is approximately $1.55 per share. The cash required to fund dividend payments is in addition to our other expected cash needs, which we expect to fund with cash flows from our operations. In addition, we expect we will have sufficient availability under our revolving credit facility to fund dividend payments in addition to any expected fluctuations in working capital and other cash needs, although we do not intend to borrow under this facility to pay dividends. We believe that our dividend policy will limit, but not preclude, our ability to grow. If we continue paying dividends at the level currently anticipated under our dividend policy, we may not retain a sufficient amount of cash, and may need to seek refinancing, to fund a material expansion of our business, including any significant acquisitions or to pursue growth opportunities requiring capital expenditures significantly beyond our current expectations. In addition, because we expect a significant portion of cash available will be distributed to holders of common stock under our dividend policy, our ability to pursue any material expansion of our business will depend more than it otherwise would on our ability to obtain third- party financing. Sufficiency of Cash Resources The following table sets forth selected information regarding our financial condition: (In thousands, except for ratio) Cash and cash equivalents Working capital (deficit) Current ratio $ December 31, 2017 15,657 (42,281) 0.83 $ 2016 27,077 (16,884) 0.89 Our net working capital position declined $25.4 million as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 primarily as a result of an increase in the current portion of long-term debt obligations and dividends payable as a result of the FairPoint acquisition in 2017. Our most significant use of funds in 2018 is expected to be for: (i) dividend payments of between $110.0 million and $112.0 million; (ii) interest payments on our indebtedness of between $115.0 million and $120.0 million and principal payments on debt of $18.3 million; and (iii) capital expenditures of between $235.0 million and $245.0 million. In the future, our ability to use cash may be limited by our other expected uses of cash, including our dividend policy, and our ability to incur additional debt will be limited by our existing and future debt agreements. We believe that cash flows from operating activities, together with our existing cash and borrowings available under our revolving credit facility, will be sufficient for at least the next twelve months to fund our current anticipated uses of cash. After that, our ability to fund these expected uses of cash and to comply with the financial covenants under our debt agreements will depend on the results of future operations, performance and cash flow. Our ability to fund these expected uses from the results of future operations will be subject to prevailing economic conditions and to financial, business, regulatory, legislative and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. We may be unable to access the cash flows of our subsidiaries since certain of our subsidiaries are parties to credit or other borrowing agreements, or subject to statutory or regulatory restrictions, that restrict the payment of dividends or making intercompany loans and investments, and those subsidiaries are likely to continue to be subject to such restrictions and prohibitions for the foreseeable future. In addition, future agreements that our subsidiaries may enter into governing the terms of indebtedness may restrict our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or advance cash in any other manner to us. To the extent that our business plans or projections change or prove to be inaccurate, we may require additional financing or require financing sooner than we currently anticipate. Sources of additional financing may include commercial bank borrowings, other strategic debt financing, sales of nonstrategic assets, vendor financing or the private or public sales of 51 equity and debt securities. There can be no assurance that we will be able to generate sufficient cash flows from operations in the future, that anticipated revenue growth will be realized, or that future borrowings or equity issuances will be available in amounts sufficient to provide adequate sources of cash to fund our expected uses of cash. Failure to obtain adequate financing, if necessary, could require us to significantly reduce our operations or level of capital expenditures, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, and the results of operations. Surety Bonds In the ordinary course of business, we enter into surety, performance and similar bonds as required by certain jurisdictions in which we provide services. As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately $5.0 million of these bonds outstanding. Contractual Obligations As of December 31, 2017, our contractual obligations were as follows: (In thousands) Long-term debt Interest on long-term debt obligations (1) Capital leases Operating leases Unconditional purchase obligations: (2) Unrecorded Recorded (3) Pension funding (4) Less than 1 - 3 3 - 5 1 Year $ 18,350 115,747 11,346 15,151 Years $ 36,700 230,851 12,052 21,169 Years $ 558,700 226,855 492 8,465 Thereafter $ 1,729,663 59,127 — 8,641 Total $ 2,343,413 632,580 23,890 53,426 58,913 64,853 36,880 62,132 — 73,288 16,898 — 66,481 6,273 — — 144,216 64,853 176,649 (1) Interest on long-term debt includes amounts due on fixed and variable rate debt. As the rates on our variable debt are subject to change, the rates in effect at December 31, 2017 were used in determining our future interest obligations. Expected settlements of interest rate swap agreements were estimated using yield curves in effect at December 31, 2017. (2) Unrecorded purchase obligations include binding commitments for future capital expenditures and service and maintenance agreements to support various computer hardware and software applications and certain equipment. If we terminate any of the contracts prior to their expiration date, we would be liable for minimum commitment payments as defined by the contractual terms of the contracts. (3) Recorded obligations include amounts in accounts payable and accrued expenses for external goods and services received as of December 31, 2017 and expected to be settled in cash. (4) Expected contributions to our pension and post-retirement benefit plans for the next 5 years. Actual contributions could differ from these estimates and extend beyond 5 years. Defined Benefit Pension Plans As required, we contribute to a qualified defined pension plan (the “Retirement Plan”) and non-qualified supplemental retirement plans (the “Supplemental Plans”) and other post-retirement benefit plans, which provide retirement benefits to certain eligible employees. In connection with the acquisition of FairPoint, we have assumed sponsorship of its two non- contributory qualified defined benefit pension plans (collectively with the Retirement Plan and Supplemental Plans, the “Pension Plans”) and a post-retirement benefit plan as of the date of acquisition. Contributions are intended to provide for benefits attributed to service to date. Our funding policy is to contribute annually an actuarially determined amount consistent with applicable federal income tax regulations. The cost to maintain our Pension Plans and future funding requirements are affected by several factors including the expected return on investment of the assets held by the Pension Plans, changes in the discount rate used to calculate pension expense and the amortization of unrecognized gains and losses. Returns generated on the Pension Plans assets have historically funded a significant portion of the benefits paid under the Pension Plans. We used a weighted average expected 52 long-term rate of return of 7.23% and 7.75% in 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of January 1, 2018, we estimate the weighted average long-term rate of return of Plan assets will be 7.03%. The Pension Plans invest in marketable equity securities which are exposed to changes in the financial markets. If the financial markets experience a downturn and returns fall below our estimate, we could be required to make material contributions to the Pension Plans, which could adversely affect our cash flows from operations. Net pension and post-retirement costs/(benefit) were $3.8 million, $2.9 million and $(2.2) million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We contributed $12.5 million, $0.3 million and $12.2 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively to our Pension Plans. For our other post-retirement plans, we contributed $6.5 million, $3.6 million and $3.0 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. In 2018, we expect to make contributions totaling approximately $26.9 million to our Pension Plans and $10.0 million to our other post-retirement benefit plans. Our contribution amounts meet the minimum funding requirements as set forth in employee benefit and tax laws. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements for a more detailed discussion regarding our pension and other post-retirement plans. Income Taxes The timing of cash payments for income taxes, which is governed by the Internal Revenue Service and other taxing jurisdictions, will differ from the timing of recording tax expense and deferred income taxes, which are reported in accordance with GAAP. For example, tax laws in effect regarding accelerated or “bonus” depreciation for tax reporting resulted in less cash payments than the GAAP tax expense. Acceleration of tax deductions could eventually result in situations where cash payments will exceed GAAP tax expense. Related Party Transactions A portion of the 2020 Notes were sold to accredited investors consisting of certain members of the Company’s Board of Directors or a trust of which a director is the beneficiary (“related parties”). In May 2012, the related parties purchased $10.8 million of the 2020 Notes on the same terms available to other investors, except that the related parties were not entitled to registration rights. In 2015, the 2020 Notes were fully redeemed and we paid an early redemption premium of $1.5 million and recognized interest expense of approximately $0.7 million in the aggregate for the 2020 Notes purchased by related parties. In September 2014, $5.0 million of the 2022 Notes were sold to a trust, the beneficiary of which is a member of the Company’s Board of Directors and we recognized approximately $0.3 million in each of 2017 and 2016 in interest expense for the 2022 Notes purchased by the related party. In December 2010, we entered into new lease agreements with LATEL LLC (“LATEL”) for the occupancy of three buildings on a triple net lease basis. Each of the three lease agreements has a maturity date of May 31, 2021, and has been accounted for as capital leases. Each of the three lease agreements has two five-year options to extend the terms of the lease after the expiration date. Our Board of Directors member, Richard A. Lumpkin, and his immediate family had a beneficial ownership interest of 68.5% in 2017 and 2016, of LATEL, directly or through Agracel, Inc. (“Agracel”). Agracel is real estate investment company of which Mr. Lumpkin, together with his family, had a beneficial interest of 37.0% in 2017 and 2016. Agracel is the sole managing member and 50% owner of LATEL. In addition, Mr. Lumpkin is a director of Agracel. The three leases require total rental payments to LATEL of approximately $7.9 million over the term of the leases. The carrying value of the capital leases at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was approximately $2.2 million and $2.7 million, respectively. We recognized $0.3 million in interest expense in 2017 and $0.4 million in interest expense in each of 2016 and 2015 and amortization expense of $0.4 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015 related to the capitalized leases. Mr. Lumpkin also has a minority ownership interest in First Mid-Illinois Bancshares, Inc. (“First Mid-Illinois”). We provide telecommunication products and services to First Mid-Illinois and we received approximately $0.7 million in each of 2017 and 2016 and $0.8 million in 2015 for these services. Regulatory Matters As discussed in the “Regulatory Matters” section above, in December 2014, the FCC released a report and order that significantly impacts the amount of support revenue we receive from the USF, CAF and ICC by redirecting support from voice services to broadband services. The annual funding under CAF Phase I of $36.6 million was replaced by annual funding under CAF Phase II of $13.9 million through 2020. With the sale of our Iowa ILEC in 2016, this amount was further reduced to $11.5 million through 2020. Subsequently, with the acquisition of FairPoint, this amount increased to 53 $48.9 million through 2020. FairPoint accepted the annual CAF Phase II funding of $37.4 million through 2020 in August 2015. This includes CAF Phase II support in all of FairPoint’s operating states except Colorado and Kansas where the offered CAF Phase II support was declined. We continue to receive frozen CAF Phase I support in Colorado and Kansas until such time as the FCC CAF Phase II auction assigns support to another provider. The acceptance of CAF Phase II funding at a level lower than the frozen CAF Phase I support results in CAF Phase II Transitional funding over a three year period based on the difference between the CAF Phase I funding and the CAF Phase II funding at the rates of 75% in the first year, 50% in the second year and 25% in the third year. The Order also modifies the methodology used for ICC traffic exchanged between carriers. As a result of implementing the provisions of the Order, our network access revenue decreased approximately $2.8 million, $1.7 million and $1.3 million during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We anticipate that network access revenue will continue to decline as a result of the Order through 2018 by as much as $3.0 million. In accordance with the provisions of SB 583, as discussed in the “Regulatory Matters” section above, our annual $1.4 million Texas HCAF support was eliminated effective January 1, 2014. In addition, in accordance with the provisions of the settlement agreement reached with the PUCT, the HCF draw will be reduced by approximately $1.2 million annually over a four year period beginning June 1, 2014 through 2018. However, we have the ability to fully offset this reduction with increases to residential rates where market conditions allow. Critical Accounting Estimates Our significant accounting policies and estimates are discussed in the Notes to our consolidated financial statements. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are affected by management’s application of our accounting policies. Our judgments are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making estimates about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. However, because future events and the related effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results may differ from our estimates and assumptions and such differences could be material. Management believes that the following accounting estimates are the most critical to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Our indefinite-lived intangible assets are not subject to amortization and are tested for impairment annually or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. We evaluate the carrying value of our indefinite-lived assets as of November 30 of each year. Goodwill As discussed more fully in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, goodwill is not amortized but instead evaluated for impairment annually, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate potential impairment. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying value of our goodwill was $1,038.0 million and $756.9 million, respectively. Goodwill increased $281.2 million during 2017 as a result of the acquisition of FairPoint, as described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements. The evaluation of goodwill may first include a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Events and circumstances integrated into the qualitative assessment process include a combination of macroeconomic conditions affecting equity and credit markets, significant changes to the cost structure, overall financial performance and other relevant events affecting the reporting unit. Following the acquisition of FairPoint, we performed a quantitative assessment of the carrying value of goodwill as of November 30, 2017. Functional management within the organization evaluates the operations of our single reporting unit on a consolidated basis rather than at a geographic level or on any other component basis. In general, product managers and cost managers are responsible for managing costs and services across territories rather than treating the territories as separate business units. All of the properties are managed at a functional level. As a result, we evaluate the operations for all our service territories as a single reporting unit. 54 The estimated fair value of our single reporting unit is determined using a combination of market-based approaches and a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The assumptions used in the estimate of fair value are based upon a combination of historical results and trends, new industry developments, future cash flow projections, as well as relevant comparable company earnings multiples for the market-based approaches. Such assumptions are subject to change as a result of changing economic and competitive conditions. The market-based approaches used in the valuation effort includes the publicly-traded market capitalization, guideline public companies and guideline transaction methods. We use a weighting of the results derived from the valuation approaches to estimate the fair value of the single reporting unit. Key assumptions used in the DCF model include the following:  Cash flow assumptions regarding investment in network facilities, distribution channels and customer base (the assumptions underlying these inputs are based upon a combination of historical results and trends, new industry developments and the Company’s business plans);  6.0% weighted average cost of capital based on comparable public companies and adjusting for risks unique to our business and the cash flow assumptions utilized in the analysis; and  1.0% terminal growth rate. At November 30, 2017, the fair value of the single reporting unit’s total equity on a control basis was estimated at approximately $1,275.0 million, and the associated carrying value of its equity was $496.2 million. For all valuation methods used, the fair value of equity exceeds its carrying value. The use of different estimates or assumptions in the DCF model could result in a different fair value conclusion. As a sensitivity calculation, if the discount rate in our DCF model was increased 100 basis points from 6.0% to 7.0%, the fair value would decrease from approximately $1,275.0 million to approximately $1,122.0 million, which would not result in an impairment of goodwill, assuming there are no changes to the market-based approaches used in the valuation. Assuming our market capitalization control based value decreased by 25%, the discount rate in our DCF model was increased 200 basis points, the DCF terminal growth rate decreased by 0.05 percentage point, and each of the market-based valuation approaches decreased in value by 5%, the fair value of approximately $1,275.0 million would decrease by approximately $497.0 million to approximately $778.2 million, which would not result in an impairment of goodwill. As discussed above, the other market-based approaches are subject to change as a result of changing economic and competitive conditions. Negative changes relating to the Company’s operations could result in a potential impairment of goodwill. Changes in the overall weighting of the DCF model and the market-based approach valuation models may also impact the resulting fair value and could result in potential impairment of goodwill. Trade Names As discussed more fully in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, trade names are generally not amortized but instead evaluated annually, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate potential impairment using a preliminary qualitative assessment and two-step process quantitative process, if deemed necessary. The carrying value of our trade names, excluding any finite lived trade names, was $10.6 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016. For the 2017 assessment, we used the quantitative approach to evaluate the fair value compared to the carrying value of the trade names. Based on our assessment, we concluded that the trade names were not impaired. When we use the quantitative approach to estimate the fair value of our trade names, we use DCFs based on a relief from royalty method. If the fair value of our trade names was less than the carrying amount, we would recognize an impairment charge for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the trade name. In accordance with Accounting Codification Standard 350 Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”) separately recorded indefinite-lived intangible assets, whether acquired or internally developed, shall be combined into a single unit of accounting for purposes of testing impairment if they are operated as a single asset and, as such, are essentially inseparable from one another. An indefinite- lived intangible asset may need to be removed from the accounting unit if it is disposed of, the accounting unit is reconsidered or one or more of the separate indefinite-lived intangible asset(s) within the accounting unit is now considered finite-lived rather than indefinite-lived. We perform our impairment testing of our trade names as single units of accounting based on their use in our business. 55 Revenue Recognition We recognize certain revenues pursuant to various cost recovery programs from federal and state USF. Revenues are calculated based on our estimates and assumptions regarding various financial data, including operating expenses, taxes and investment in property, plant and equipment. Non-financial data estimates are also utilized, including projected demand usage and detailed network information. We must also make estimates of the jurisdictional separation of this data to assign current financial and operating data to the interstate or intrastate jurisdiction. These estimates are finalized in future periods as actual data becomes available to complete the separation studies. We have historically collected revenues recognized through these programs; however, adjustments to estimated revenues in future periods are possible. These adjustments could be necessitated by adverse regulatory developments with respect to these subsidies and revenue sharing arrangements, changes in allowable rates of return and the determination of recoverable costs or decreases in the availability of funds in the programs due to increased participation by other carriers. Income Taxes Our current and deferred income taxes and associated valuation allowances are impacted by events and transactions arising in the normal course of business as well as in connection with the adoption of new accounting standards, acquisitions of businesses and non-recurring items. Assessment of the appropriate amount and classification of income taxes is dependent on several factors, including estimates of the timing and realization of deferred income tax assets and the timing of income tax payments. Actual amounts may materially differ from these estimates as a result of changes in tax laws as well as unanticipated future transactions impacting related income tax balances. We account for tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in our tax returns in accordance with the accounting guidance applicable for uncertainty in income taxes, which requires the use of a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Tax Act was signed into law on December 22, 2017, making significant changes to the U.S. tax law. The new tax legislation contains several key tax provisions including, but not limited to, a reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, as well as a variety of other changes including acceleration of expensing of certain business assets acquired and placed in service after September 27, 2017, limitation of the tax deductibility of interest expense, and reductions in the amount of executive pay that could qualify as a tax deduction. The Company has calculated the provisional amount of the impact of the Tax Act in its year end income tax provision in accordance with its understanding of the Tax Act and guidance available as of the date of this filing. Accounting Standard Codification 740, Income Taxes requires us to recognize the effect of the tax law changes in the period of enactment. However, on December 22, 2017, SAB 118 was issued to address the application of US GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 will allow us to record provisional amounts during a measurement period which is similar to the measurement period used when accounting for business combinations. SAB 118 would allow for a measurement period of up to one year after the enactment date of the Tax Act to finalize the recording of the related tax impacts. Any subsequent adjustment to these amounts will be recorded to tax expense in the quarter of 2018 when the analysis is complete. Pension and Post-retirement Benefits The amounts recognized in our financial statements for pension and post-retirement benefits are determined on an actuarial basis utilizing several critical assumptions. We make significant assumptions in regards to our pension and post-retirement plans, including the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, the discount rate used to value the periodic pension expense and liabilities, future salary increases and actuarial assumptions relating to mortality rates and healthcare trend rates. Changes in these estimates and other factors could significantly impact our benefit cost and obligations to maintain pension and post-retirement plans. Our pension investment strategy is to maximize long-term returns on invested plan assets while minimizing the risk of volatility. Accordingly, we target our allocation percentage at approximately 66% in equity funds, with the remainder in fixed income and cash equivalents. Our assumed rate considers this investment mix as well as past trends. We used a weighted average expected long-term rate of return of 7.23% and 7.75% in 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of January 1, 2018, we estimate that the weighted average expected long-term rate of return of pension plan assets will be 7.03%. 56 In determining the appropriate discount rate, we consider the current yields on high-quality corporate fixed-income investments with maturities that correspond to the expected duration of our pension and post-retirement benefit plan obligations. For our 2017 and 2016 projected benefit obligations, we used a discount rate of 3.75% and 4.27%, respectively, for our pension plans and 3.67% and 4.12%, respectively, for our other post-retirement plans. Our Pension Plans are sensitive to changes in the discount rate and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. A one percentage-point increase or decrease in the discount rate and expected long-term rate of return would have the following effects on net periodic pension cost of the Pension Plans: (In thousands) 1-Percentage- Point Increase 1-Percentage- Point Decrease Discount rate Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets $ $ (2,661) (3,758) $ $ 2,897 3,758 Our post-retirement benefit plans are sensitive to the healthcare cost trend rate assumption. For purposes of determining the cost and obligation for post-retirement medical benefits, a 7.50% healthcare cost trend rate was assumed for 2017, declining to the ultimate trend rate of 5.00% in 2022. A 1.00% increase in the assumed healthcare cost trend rate would result in increases of approximately $4.0 million and $0.2 million in the post-retirement benefit obligation and total service and interest cost, respectively. A 1.00% decrease in the assumed healthcare cost trend would result in decreases of approximately $3.9 million and $0.2 million in the post-retirement benefit obligation and in the total service and interest cost, respectively. Acquisitions Acquired businesses are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. The acquisition method requires that the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their estimated fair value as of the date of the acquisition, with the excess of the purchase price over the net assets acquired being recorded as goodwill. Valuations to determine the fair value of the net assets acquired requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions. We believe these estimates and assumptions are reasonable; however, such assumptions are inherently uncertain and actual results could differ from those estimates. At December 31, 2017, the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the FairPoint acquisition are based on a preliminary valuation, which is subject to change within the measurement period as additional information is obtained. Upon completion of the final fair value assessment, the fair values of the net assets acquired may differ from the preliminary assessment. We are in the process of finalizing the valuation of the net assets acquired, most notably, the valuation of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, pension and other post-retirement obligations and deferred income taxes. Any changes to the initial estimates of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be recorded to those assets and liabilities and residual amounts will be allocated to goodwill. We expect to complete the valuation of the net assets acquired during the second quarter of 2018. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For information regarding the impact of certain recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 1 “Business Description & Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the consolidated financial statements included in this report in Part II - Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Our exposure to market risk is primarily related to the impact of interest rate fluctuations on our debt obligations. Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market interest rates on our variable rate obligations. In order to manage the volatility relating to changes in interest rates, we utilize derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swaps to maintain a mix of fixed and variable rate debt. We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. Our interest rate swap agreements effectively convert a portion of our floating-rate debt to a fixed-rate basis, thereby reducing the impact of interest rate changes on future cash interest payments. We calculate the potential change in interest expense caused by changes in market interest rates by determining the effect of the hypothetical rate increase on the portion of our variable rate debt that is not subject to a variable rate floor or hedged through the interest rate swap agreements. 57 At December 31, 2017, the majority of our variable rate debt was subject to a 1.00% London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) floor thereby reducing the impact of fluctuations in interest rates. Based on our variable rate debt outstanding as of December 31, 2017, a 1.00% change in market interest rates would increase or decrease annual interest expense by approximately $10.9 million and $6.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, the fair value of our interest rate swap agreements amounted to a net liability of $0.5 million. Pre-tax deferred gains related to our interest rate swap agreements included in accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCI”) was $0.6 million at December 31, 2017. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data For information pertaining to our Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, refer to pages F-1 to F-54 of this report, which are incorporated herein by reference. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Not applicable. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms; and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. In connection with the filing of this Form 10-K, management evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of the design to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2017. Based upon that evaluation and subject to the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of December 31, 2017. Inherent Limitation of the Effectiveness of Internal Control A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the internal control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations of any internal control system, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected. MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a–15(f). Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017. In making this assessment, management used the framework set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based upon this assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2017, our internal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance that the desired control objectives were achieved. Our annual assessment of our internal control over financial reporting excludes FairPoint Communications, Inc. (“FairPoint”), which was acquired on July 3, 2017. FairPoint’s operating revenues, net income and total assets constitute approximately 37%, 35% and 45%, respectively, of the amounts reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017. Under guidance issued by the SEC, companies 58 are allowed to exclude acquisitions from their assessment of internal control over financial reporting during the first year of an acquisition while integrating the acquired company. The effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10- K. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Based upon the evaluation performed by our management, which was conducted with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2017, except for changes resulting from the acquisition of FairPoint, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. As of December 31, 2017, management is in the process of integrating FairPoint’s internal controls over financial reporting. 59 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the COSO criteria. As indicated in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of FairPoint Communications, Inc., which is included in the 2017 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted 45% of total assets as of December 31, 2017 and 37% and 35% of revenues and net income, respectively, for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of FairPoint Communications, Inc. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 and the related notes of the Company and our report dated March 1, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. 60 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP St. Louis, Missouri March 1, 2018 61 Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III Our Board of Directors adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (“the code”) that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. A copy of the code is posted on our investor relations website at www.consolidated.com. Information contained on the website is not incorporated by reference in, or considered to be a part of, this document. Additional information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our proxy statement for the annual meeting of our shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after our fiscal year-end of December 31, 2017. Item 11. Executive Compensation Incorporated herein by reference to our proxy statement for the annual meeting of our shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after our fiscal year-end of December 31, 2017. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Incorporated herein by reference to our proxy statement for the annual meeting of our shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after our fiscal year-end of December 31, 2017. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Incorporated herein by reference to our proxy statement for the annual meeting of our shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after our fiscal year-end of December 31, 2017. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Incorporated herein by reference to our proxy statement for the annual meeting of our shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after our fiscal year-end of December 31, 2017. 62 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules PART IV a) (1) All Financial Statements Location The following consolidating financial statements and independent auditors’ reports are filed as part of this report on Form 10-K in Item 8–“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”: Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Statements of Operations for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 (2) Financial Statement Schedules Location Independent Auditors’ Report –Ernst & Young LLP Pennsylvania RSA No. 6 (II) Limited Partnership Balance Sheets - As of December 31, 2017 (unaudited) and 2016 (unaudited) Pennsylvania RSA No. 6 (II) Limited Partnership Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 (unaudited), 2016 (unaudited) and 2015 Pennsylvania RSA No. 6 (II) Limited Partnership Statements of Changes in Partners’ Capital – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 (unaudited), 2016 (unaudited) and 2015 Pennsylvania RSA No. 6 (II) Limited Partnership Statements of Cash Flows – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 (unaudited), 2016 (unaudited) and 2015 Pennsylvania RSA No. 6 (II) Limited Partnership - Notes to Financial Statements Independent Auditors’ Report –Ernst & Young LLP GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership Balance Sheets - As of December 31, 2017 (unaudited) and 2016 GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 (unaudited), 2016 and 2015 GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership Statements of Changes in Partners’ Capital – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 (unaudited), 2016 and 2015 GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership Statements of Cash Flows – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 (unaudited), 2016 and 2015 GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership - Notes to Financial Statements All other financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or the information is otherwise included in the notes to the financial statements. S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-23 S-24 S-25 S-26 S-27 S-28 63  (3) Exhibits The exhibits listed below on the accompanying Index to Exhibits are filed or furnished as part of this report. Exhibit No. 2.1* 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Description Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 3, 2016, by and among the Company, FairPoint Communications, Inc. and Falcon Merger Sub, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 3, 2016), as amended by the First Amendment thereto, dated as of January 20, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Annex I to our Registration Statement on Form S-4/A, as filed on February 24, 2017) Form of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 7 to Form S-1 dated July 19, 2005, file no. 333-121086) Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc., as filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on May 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 4, 2011) Amended and Restated Bylaws of Consolidated Communications Holdings Inc., as amended as of June 29, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 29, 2014) Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 7 to Form S-1 dated July 19, 2005, file no. 333-121086) Indenture, dated as of September 18, 2014, between Consolidated Communications, Inc. (“CCI”) (as successor to Consolidated Communications Finance II Co. (“CCFII Co.”) and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 18, 2014) First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 16, 2014, among the Company, CCI, Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services, Inc. (“CCES”), Consolidated Communications of Fort Bend Company (“CCFBC”) Consolidated Communications of Pennsylvania Company, LLC (“CCPC”), Consolidated Communications Services Company (“CCSC”), Consolidated Communications of Texas Company (“CCTC”), SureWest Communications (“SW Communications”), SureWest Fiber Ventures, LLC (“SW Fiber Ventures”), SureWest Kansas, Inc. (“SW Kansas”), SureWest Long Distance (“SW Long Distance”), SureWest Telephone (“SW Telephone”), SureWest TeleVideo (“SW TeleVideo”), and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 16, 2014) Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 14, 2014, among Enventis Corporation, Cable Network, Inc., Crystal Communications, Inc., Enventis Telecom, Inc., Heartland Telecommunications Company of Iowa, Inc., Mankato Citizens Telephone Company, Mid-Communications, Inc., National Independent Billing, Inc., IdeaOne Telecom Inc. and Enterprise Integration Services, Inc. (collectively, the “Enventis Subsidiaries”), CCI and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 14, 2014) Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 8, 2015, among CCES, CCFBC, CCPC, CCSC, CCTC, SW Fiber Ventures, SW Kansas, SW Telephone, SW TeleVideo, each of the Enventis Subsidiaries; the Company; CCI; and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 8, 2015) 64 4.6 4.7** 4.8** 4.9 4.10** 4.11 4.12 10.1 Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 1, 2016, among CCTC; Consolidated Communications of Fort Bend Company; CCSC; Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services, Inc.; Consolidated Communications of Pennsylvania Company, LLC; Consolidated Communications of California Company; Crystal Communications, Inc.; Enventis Telecom, Inc.; Consolidated Communications of Iowa Company; Consolidated Communications of Minnesota Company; Consolidated Communications of Mid-Comm. Company, IdeaOne Telecom, Inc.; SureWest TeleVideo.; the Company; Consolidated Communications, Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 1, 2016) Joinder Agreement (to Guaranty Agreement and Collateral Agreement), dated as of November 14, 2014, among each of the Enventis Subsidiaries, the Company, CCI, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, a national banking association, as Administrative Agent for the Lenders under the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated December 23, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 14, 2014) Joinder Agreement, dated as of July 3, 2017, among CCI, the subsidiaries of the Company party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent for the Lenders under the Credit Agreement (incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 3, 2017) Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 3, 2017, among the Company, CCI, the subsidiaries of the Company party thereto and Well Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 3, 2017) Joinder Agreement, dated as of August 4, 2017, among CCI, the subsidiaries of the Company party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent for the Lenders under the Credit Agreement (incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 4, 2017) Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 4, 2017, among the Company, CCI, the subsidiaries of the Company party thereto and Well Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 4, 2017) Form of 6.50% Senior Note due 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 18, 2014) Restatement Agreement, dated as of October 5, 2016, by and among the Company, CCI, the lenders referred to therein, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, including the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement attached as Annex A to the Restatement Agreement, by and among the Company, CCI, the lenders referred to therein, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, attached as Annex A to such Restatement Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 5, 2016), as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 14, 2016, by and among the Company, CCI, the lenders party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent and other agents party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8- K dated December 14, 2016) Amendment No. 2 to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2016, by and among the Company, CCI, certain other subsidiaries of the Company, the lenders party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent and other agents party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 21, 2016) and Amendment No. 3 to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of July 3, 2017, by and among the Company, CCI, the lenders party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent and other agents party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 3, 2017) 65 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Form of Collateral Agreement, dated December 31, 2007, by and among the Company, CCI, Consolidated Communications Acquisition Texas, Inc., Fort Pitt Acquisition Sub Inc., certain subsidiaries of the Company identified on the signature pages thereto, in favor of Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (successor by merger to Wachovia Bank, National Association), as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2007, file no. 000-51446) Form of Guaranty Agreement, dated December 31, 2007, made by the Company and certain subsidiaries of the Company identified on the signature pages thereto, in favor of Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (successor by merger to Wachovia Bank, National Association), as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2007, file no. 000-51446) Lease Agreement, dated December 22, 2010, between LATEL, LLC and Consolidated Communications Services Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 22, 2010) Lease Agreement, dated December 22, 2010, between LATEL, LLC and Illinois Consolidated Telephone Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 22, 2010) Lease Agreement, dated December 22, 2010, between LATEL, LLC and Illinois Consolidated Telephone Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 22, 2010) 10.7*** 10.8*** Amended and Restated Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. Restricted Share Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Amendment No. 7 to Form S-1 dated July 19, 2005, file no. 333-121086) Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective May 4, 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on March 27, 2015) 10.9*** Form of Employment Security Agreement with certain of the Company’s employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012) 10.10*** Form of Employment Security Agreement with Robert J. Currey (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 4, 2009) 10.11*** Form of Employment Security Agreement with certain of the Company’s other executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 4, 2009) 10.12*** Form of Employment Security Agreement with the Company’s and its subsidiaries vice president and director level employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2007, file no. 000-51446) 10.13*** Executive Long-Term Incentive Program, as revised March 12, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 12, 2007, file no. 000-51446) 10.14*** Form of 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Stock Grant Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017) 10.15*** Form of 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Grant Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-K for the quarter ended March 31, 2017) 10.16*** Form of 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Grant Certificate for Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 12, 2007, file no. 000-51446) 66 10.17*** Description of the Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 12, 2007, file no. 000-51446) 10.18 10.19 21 23.1 23.2 31.1 31.2 32.1 101 Form of Indemnification Agreement with Directors and Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 7, 2013) Commitment Letter, dated as of December 3, 2016, from (i) Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., (ii) The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., MUFG Union Bank, N.A., MUFG Securities Americas Inc. (collectively, “MUFG”) and/or any other affiliates or subsidiaries as MUFG collectively deems appropriate to provide the services referred to therein, (iii) TD Securities (USA) LLC, (iv) The Toronto-Dominion Bank, New York Branch, and (v) Mizuho Bank, Ltd. and agreed to and accepted by Consolidated Communications, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 3, 2016) List of subsidiaries of the Registrant Consent of Ernst & Young LLP Consent of Ernst & Young LLP Certificate of Chief Executive Officer of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13(a)-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Certificate of Chief Financial Officer of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13(a)-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The following financial information from Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. *Schedules and other attachments to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, which are listed in the exhibit, are omitted. The Company agrees to furnish a supplemental copy of any schedule or other attachment to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. **Annexes to the Joinder Agreement, which are listed in the exhibit, are omitted. The Company agrees to furnish a supplemental copy of any annex to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. ***Compensatory plan or arrangement. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary Not Applicable. 67 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Mattoon, Illinois on March 1, 2018. SIGNATURES CONSOLIDATED COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC. By: /s/ C. ROBERT UDELL JR. C. Robert Udell Jr. Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title By: /s/ C. ROBERT UDELL JR. President and C. Robert Udell Jr. Chief Executive Officer, Director (Principal Executive Officer) Date March 1, 2018 By: /s/ STEVEN L. CHILDERS Steven L. Childers Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) March 1, 2018 By: /s/ ROBERT J. CURREY Chairman of the Board March 1, 2018 Robert J. Currey By: /s/ RICHARD A. LUMPKIN Director Richard A. Lumpkin By: /s/ ROGER H. MOORE Roger H. Moore Director By: /s/ MARIBETH S. RAHE Director Maribeth S. Rahe By: /s/ TIMOTHY D. TARON Director Timothy D. Taron By: /s/ THOMAS A. GERKE Thomas A. Gerke Director By: /s/ DALE E. PARKER Director Dale E. Parker By: /s/ WAYNE L. WILSON Wayne L. Wilson Director March 1, 2018 March 1, 2018 March 1, 2018 March 1, 2018 March 1, 2018 March 1, 2018 March 1, 2018 68 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated March 1, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002. St. Louis, Missouri March 1, 2018 F-1 CONSOLIDATED COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (amounts in thousands except per share amounts) Net revenues Operating expense: Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative expenses Acquisition and other transaction costs Loss on impairment Depreciation and amortization Income from operations Other income (expense): Interest expense, net of interest income Loss on extinguishment of debt Investment income Other, net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2015 $ 1,059,574 $ 743,177 $ 775,737 446,065 249,332 33,650 — 291,873 38,654 322,792 157,111 1,214 610 174,010 87,440 328,400 178,227 1,413 — 179,922 87,775 (129,786) — 31,749 (245) (59,628) (76,826) (6,559) 32,972 1,131 38,158 (79,618) (41,242) 36,690 (1,501) 2,104 (124,927) 22,962 2,775 65,299 354 64,945 $ 15,196 265 14,931 $ (671) 210 (881) $ Net income (loss) per basic and diluted common shares attributable to common shareholders $ 1.07 $ 0.29 $ (0.02) Dividends declared per common share $ 1.55 $ 1.55 $ 1.55 See accompanying notes. F-2 CONSOLIDATED COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (amounts in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2015 Net income (loss) Pension and post-retirement obligations: Change in net actuarial loss and prior service credit, net of tax (benefit) of $(2,833), $(9,534) and $(3,533) in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively Amortization of actuarial losses and prior service credit to earnings, net of tax expense of $2,081, $1,738 and $1,098 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively Derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges: Change in fair value of derivatives, net of tax (benefit) of $(161), $(180) and $(672) in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively Reclassification of realized loss to earnings, net of tax expense of $488, $516 and $518 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively Comprehensive income (loss) Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common shareholders $ 65,299 $ 15,196 $ (671) (4,467) (14,831) (5,547) 3,153 2,706 1,707 (250) (289) (1,072) 758 64,493 354 $ 64,139 $ 836 3,618 265 853 (4,730) 210 3,353 $ (4,940) See accompanying notes. F-3 CONSOLIDATED COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts) ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts Income tax receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Assets held for sale Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Investments Goodwill Other intangible assets Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable Advance billings and customer deposits Dividends payable Accrued compensation Accrued interest Accrued expense Current portion of long-term debt and capital lease obligations Liabilities held for sale Total current liabilities Long-term debt and capital lease obligations Deferred income taxes Pension and other post-retirement obligations Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 11) Shareholders’ equity: December 31, 2017 2016 $ 15,657 121,528 21,846 33,318 21,310 213,659 $ 27,077 56,216 21,616 28,292 — 133,201 2,037,606 108,858 1,038,032 306,783 14,188 $ 3,719,126 1,055,186 106,221 756,877 31,612 9,661 $ 2,092,758 $ 24,143 42,526 27,418 49,770 9,343 72,041 29,696 1,003 255,940 $ 6,766 26,438 19,605 16,971 11,260 54,123 14,922 — 150,085 2,311,514 209,720 334,193 33,817 3,145,184 1,376,754 244,298 130,793 14,573 1,916,503 Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 100,000,000 shares authorized, 70,777,354 and 50,612,362 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net Noncontrolling interest Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 708 615,662 (48,083) 5,655 573,942 506 217,725 (47,277) 5,301 176,255 $ 3,719,126 $ 2,092,758 See accompanying notes. F-4 CONSOLIDATED COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (amounts in thousands) Accumulated Common Stock Shares Additional Retained Paid-in Amount Capital Earnings (Deficit) Other Non- Comprehensive controlling Loss, net Interest Total Balance at December 31, 2014 Cash dividends on common stock Shares issued under employee plan, net of forfeitures Non-cash, share-based compensation Purchase and retirement of common stock Tax on restricted stock vesting Other comprehensive income (loss) Net income (loss) Balance at December 31, 2015 Cash dividends on common stock Shares issued under employee plan, net of forfeitures Non-cash, share-based compensation Purchase and retirement of common stock Tax on restricted stock vesting Other comprehensive income (loss) Net income Balance at December 31, 2016 Cash dividends on common stock Shares issued upon acquisition of FairPoint Shares issued under employee plan, net of forfeitures Non-cash, share-based compensation Purchase and retirement of common stock Other comprehensive income (loss) Cumulative adjustment: unrecognized excess tax benefits Other Net income Balance at December 31, 2017 50,365 $ 504 $ 357,139 $ (78,250) — — — $ — (31,640) $ — 4,826 $ 330,829 (78,250) — 161 — (56) — — — 770 1 2,994 — (1,125) — 210 — — — — — 50,470 $ 505 $ 281,738 $ — — — — — — — (881) (881) $ (64,423) (14,050) 188 — (46) — — — 1 — — — — — 50,612 $ 506 $ 217,725 $ — 94 — 2,980 — (1,231) — (1,433) — — — — 14,931 (34,764) (67,187) — — $ — — — — (4,059) — (35,699) $ — — — — — (11,578) — (47,277) $ — — — — — — 210 771 2,994 (1,125) 210 (4,059) (671) 5,036 $ 250,699 (78,473) — — — — — — 265 95 2,980 (1,231) (1,433) (11,578) 15,196 5,301 $ 176,255 (101,951) — 20,104 201 430,752 — — — 430,953 121 — (60) — 1 — — — 104 2,766 (571) — — — — — — — — (806) — — — — 105 2,766 (571) (806) — — — — — — 70,777 $ 708 $ 615,662 $ — (350) 2,242 — — 64,945 — $ — — — (48,083) $ — — 354 2,242 (350) 65,299 5,655 $ 573,942 See accompanying notes. F-5 CONSOLIDATED COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (amounts in thousands) 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 $ 65,299 $ 15,196 $ (671) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Deferred income taxes Cash distributions from wireless partnerships in excess of/(less than) current earnings Stock-based compensation expense Amortization of deferred financing costs Loss on extinguishment of debt Other, net Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquired businesses: Accounts receivable, net Income tax receivable Prepaids and other assets Accounts payable Accrued expenses and other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Business acquisition, net of cash acquired Purchases of property, plant and equipment, net Proceeds from sale of assets Proceeds from business dispositions Proceeds from sale of investments Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from bond offering Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Payment of capital lease obligations Payment on long-term debt Redemption of senior notes Payment of financing costs Share repurchases for minimum tax withholding Dividends on common stock Other Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period 291,873 (126,127) (1,411) 2,766 17,076 — 3,208 (2,607) 180 1,059 4,968 (46,257) 210,027 (862,385) (181,185) 859 — — (1,042,711) 174,010 20,863 (504) 3,017 3,223 6,559 (920) 5,353 2,251 (14,282) (1,067) 4,534 218,233 (13,422) (125,192) 208 30,119 — (108,287) 179,922 5,828 8,585 3,060 3,378 41,242 506 8,688 (4,927) 163 (2,701) (23,894) 219,179 — (133,934) 13,548 — 846 (119,540) 294,780 69,000 (1,107) (107,100) (261,874) (4,805) (1,125) (78,209) — (90,440) 9,199 6,679 15,878 — 1,052,325 (7,933) (111,337) — (16,732) (571) (94,138) (350) 821,264 (11,420) 27,077 15,657 $ — 936,750 (2,885) (943,050) — (9,912) (1,231) (78,419) — (98,747) 11,199 15,878 27,077 $ $ See accompanying notes. F-6 CONSOLIDATED COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2016 AND 2015 1. BUSINESS DESCRIPTION & SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Business and Basis of Accounting Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”, “we” or “our”) is a holding company with operating subsidiaries (collectively “Consolidated”) that provide communication solutions to consumer, commercial and carrier customers across a 24-state service area. Leveraging our advanced fiber network spanning more than 36,000 fiber route miles, we offer residential Internet, video, phone and home security services as well as multi-service residential and small business bundles. Our business product suite includes data and Internet solutions, voice, data center services, security services, managed and IT Services, and an expanded suite of cloud services. As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately 972 thousand voice connections, 784 thousand data connections and 103 thousand video connections. Use of Estimates Preparation of the financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that effect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates. Our critical accounting estimates include (i) impairment evaluations associated with indefinite-lived intangible assets (Note 1), (ii) revenue recognition (Note 1), (iii) the determination of deferred tax asset and liability balances (Notes 1 and 10), (iv) pension plan and other post-retirement costs and obligations (Notes 1 and 9) and (v) business combinations (Note 3). Principles of Consolidation Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and our wholly-owned subsidiaries and subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Recent Business Developments On December 3, 2016, we entered into a definitive agreement and plan of merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with FairPoint Communications, Inc. (“FairPoint”) to acquire all the issued and outstanding shares of FairPoint in exchange for shares of our common stock. On July 3, 2017, the merger (the “Merger”) was completed and FairPoint became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. The financial results for FairPoint have been included in our consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date. For a more complete discussion of the transaction, refer to Note 3. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Our cash equivalents consist primarily of money market funds. The carrying amounts of our cash equivalents approximate their fair value. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts receivable consists primarily of amounts due to the Company from normal business activities. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses that result from the inability of our customers to make required payments. The allowance for doubtful accounts is maintained based on customer payment levels, historical experience and management’s views on trends in the overall receivable agings. In addition, for larger accounts, we perform analyses of risks on a customer-specific basis. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition and management believes that an adequate allowance for doubtful accounts has been provided. Uncollectible accounts are F-7 removed from accounts receivable and are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts when internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful. The following table summarizes the activity in allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: (In thousands) Balance at beginning of year Provision charged to expense Write-offs, less recoveries Acquired allowance for doubtful accounts Balance at end of year Investments Year Ended December 31, 2015 2017 2016 $ 2,813 $ 3,235 $ 2,752 3,525 2,798 (3,042) (3,220) — — $ 6,667 $ 2,813 $ 3,235 7,072 (6,516) 3,298 Our investments are primarily accounted for under either the equity or cost method. If we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operations and financial policies of an affiliated company, the investment in the affiliated company is accounted for using the equity method. If we do not have control and also cannot exercise significant influence, the investment in the affiliated company is accounted for using the cost method. We review our investment portfolio periodically to determine whether there are identified events or circumstances that would indicate there is a decline in the fair value that is considered to be other than temporary. If we believe the decline is other than temporary, we evaluate the financial performance of the business and compare the carrying value of the investment to quoted market prices (if available) or the fair value of similar investments. If an investment is deemed to have experienced an impairment that is considered other-than temporary, the carrying amount of the investment is reduced to its quoted or estimated fair value, as applicable, and an impairment loss is recognized in other income (expense). Fair Value of Financial Instruments We account for certain assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. A financial asset or liability’s classification within a three-tiered value hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques into three broad levels in order to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows: Level 1 – Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 – Inputs that reflect quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets and inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace. Level 3 – Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. We capitalize additions and substantial improvements and expense repairs and maintenance costs as incurred. We capitalize the cost of internal-use network and non-network software which has a useful life in excess of one year. Subsequent additions, modifications or upgrades to internal-use network and non-network software are capitalized only to the extent that they allow the software to perform a task it previously did not perform. Software maintenance and training costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Also, we capitalize interest associated with the development of internal-use network and non-network software. F-8 Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following as of December 31, 2017 and 2016: December 31, December 31, Estimated (In thousands) Land and buildings Central office switching and transmission Outside plant cable, wire and fiber facilities Furniture, fixtures and equipment Assets under capital lease Total plant in service Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization Plant in service Construction in progress Construction inventory Totals 2017 Useful Lives 2016 $ 252,369 $ 105,923 18 - 40 years 861,608 3 - 25 years 1,201,042 3 - 50 years 167,125 3 - 15 years 28,355 3 - 11 years 1,099,948 1,843,896 265,045 45,135 3,506,393 (1,598,093) 1,908,300 89,144 40,162 2,364,053 (1,345,551) 1,018,502 21,956 14,728 $ 2,037,606 $ 1,055,186 Construction inventory, which is stated at weighted average cost, consists primarily of network construction materials and supplies that when issued are predominately capitalized as part of new customer installations and the construction of the network. We record depreciation using the straight line method over estimated useful lives using either the group or unit method. The useful lives are estimated at the time the assets are acquired and are based on historical experience with similar assets, anticipated technological changes and the expected impact of our strategic operating plan on our network infrastructure. In addition, the ranges of estimated useful lives presented above are impacted by the accounting for business combinations as the lives assigned to these acquired assets are generally much shorter than that of a newly acquired asset. The group method is used for depreciable assets dedicated to providing regulated telecommunication services, including the majority of the network, outside plant facilities and certain support assets. A depreciation rate for each asset group is developed based on the average useful life of the group. The group method requires periodic revision of depreciation rates. When an individual asset is sold or retired, the difference between the proceeds, if any, and the cost of the asset is charged or credited to accumulated depreciation, without recognition of a gain or loss. The unit method is primarily used for buildings, furniture, fixtures and other support assets. Each asset is depreciated on the straight-line basis over its estimated useful life. When an individual asset is sold or retired, the cost basis of the asset and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any associated gain or loss is recognized. Depreciation and amortization expense related to property, plant and equipment was $263.8 million, $161.1 million and $167.1 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Amortization of assets under capital leases is included in the depreciation and amortization expense in the consolidated statements of operations. We evaluate the recoverability of our property, plant and equipment whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If the total of the expected future undiscounted cash flows were less than the carrying amount of the asset group, we would recognize an impairment charge for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset group. Intangible Assets Indefinite-Lived Intangibles Goodwill and tradenames are evaluated for impairment annually or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. We evaluate the carrying value of goodwill and tradenames as of November 30 of each year. Goodwill Goodwill is the excess of the acquisition cost of a business over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but instead evaluated annually for impairment. The evaluation of goodwill may first include a F-9 qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Events and circumstances integrated into the qualitative assessment process include a combination of macroeconomic conditions affecting equity and credit markets, significant changes to the cost structure, overall financial performance and other relevant events affecting the reporting unit. For the 2017 assessment, we evaluated the fair value of goodwill compared to the carrying value using the quantitative approach. When we use the quantitative approach to assess the goodwill carrying value and the fair value of our single reporting unit, the fair value of our reporting unit is compared to its carrying amount, including goodwill. The estimated fair value of the reporting unit is determined using a combination of market-based approaches and a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The assumptions used in the estimate of fair value are based upon a combination of historical results and trends, new industry developments and future cash flow projections, as well as relevant comparable company earnings multiples for the market-based approaches. Such assumptions are subject to change as a result of changing economic and competitive conditions. We use a weighting of the results derived from the valuation approaches to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit. For the November 30, 2017 assessment, using the quantitative approach, we concluded that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value at November 30, 2017 and that there was no impairment of goodwill. In measuring the fair value of our reporting unit as previously described, we consider the fair value of our reporting unit in relation to our overall enterprise value, measured as the publicly traded stock price multiplied by the fully diluted shares outstanding plus the value of outstanding debt. Our reporting unit fair value models are consistent with a range in value indicated by both the preceding three month average stock price and the stock price on the valuation date, plus an estimated acquisition premium which is based on observable transactions of comparable companies, if applicable. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the impairment test is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss. The second step compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The implied fair value is determined by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit to all of the assets and liabilities other than goodwill in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation. The excess of the fair value of a reporting unit over the amounts assigned to its assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. If the carrying amount of goodwill is greater than the implied fair value of that goodwill, then an impairment charge would be recorded equal to the difference between the implied fair value and the carrying value. We did not recognize any goodwill impairment in 2017, 2016 or 2015 as a result of the impairment test. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying value of goodwill was $1,038.0 million and $756.9 million, respectively. Goodwill increased $281.2 million during 2017 as a result of the acquisition of FairPoint, as described in Note 3. Trade Names Our most valuable trade name is the federally registered mark CONSOLIDATED, a design of interlocking circles, which is used in association with our telephone communication services. The Company’s corporate branding strategy leverages a CONSOLIDATED naming structure. All of the Company’s business units and several of our products and services incorporate the CONSOLIDATED name. Trade names with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are tested for impairment at least annually. If facts and circumstances change relating to a trade name’s continued use in the branding of our products and services, it may be treated as a finite-lived asset and begin to be amortized over its estimated remaining life. The carrying value of our trade names, excluding any finite lived trade names, was $10.6 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016. For the 2017 assessment, we used the quantitative approach to evaluate the fair value compared to the carrying value of the trade names. Based on our assessment, we concluded that the fair value of the trade names continued to exceed the carrying value. When we use the quantitative approach to estimate the fair value of our trade names, we use DCFs based on a relief from royalty method. If the fair value of our trade names was less than the carrying amount, we would recognize an impairment charge for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the assets. We perform our impairment testing of our trade names as single units of accounting based on their use in our single reporting unit. Finite-Lived Intangible Assets Finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization consist primarily of our customer lists of an established base of customers that subscribe to our services, trade names of acquired companies and other intangible assets. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized using an accelerated amortization method or on a straight-line basis over their estimated F-10 useful lives. We evaluate the potential impairment of finite-lived intangible assets when impairment indicators exist. If the carrying value is no longer recoverable based upon the undiscounted future cash flows of the asset, an impairment equal to the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset is recognized. We did not recognize any intangible impairment charges in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 or 2015. The components of finite-lived intangible assets are as follows: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 (In thousands) Useful Lives Gross Carrying Accumulated Gross Carrying Accumulated Amortization Amortization Amount Amount Customer relationships Trade names Other intangible assets Total 3 - 13 years <1 - 2 years 1 - 5 years $ $ 516,561 $ 3,390 7,380 527,331 $ (223,261) $ (3,390) (4,454) (231,105) $ 216,261 $ 2,290 5,600 224,151 $ (198,353) (2,290) (2,453) (203,096) Amortization expense related to the finite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $28.0 million, $12.9 million and $12.8 million, respectively. Expected future amortization expense of finite-lived intangible assets is as follows: (In thousands) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter Total $ 66,341 66,131 50,441 39,373 30,850 43,090 $ 296,226 Derivative Financial Instruments We use derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to the risks associated with fluctuations in interest rates. Our interest rate swap agreements effectively convert a portion of our floating-rate debt to a fixed-rate basis, thereby reducing the impact of interest rate changes on future cash interest payments. At the inception of a hedge transaction, we formally document the relationship between the hedging instruments including our objective and strategy for establishing the hedge. In addition, the effectiveness of the derivative instrument is assessed at inception and on an ongoing basis throughout the hedging period. Counterparties to derivative instruments expose us to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance. We execute agreements only with financial institutions we believe to be creditworthy and regularly assess the credit worthiness of each of the counterparties. We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheet. Fair value is determined based on projected interest rate yield curves and an estimate of our nonperformance risk or our counterparty’s nonperformance credit risk, as applicable. We do not anticipate any nonperformance by any counterparty. For derivative instruments designated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair value is recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) and is recognized as an adjustment to earnings over the period in which the hedged item impacts earnings. When an interest rate swap agreement terminates, any resulting gain or loss is recognized over the shorter of the remaining original term of the hedging instrument or the remaining life of the underlying debt obligation. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of any hedging derivative is recognized immediately in earnings. If a derivative instrument is de-designated, the remaining gain or loss in AOCI on the date of de-designation is amortized to earnings over the remaining term of the hedging instrument. For derivative financial instruments that are not designated as a hedge, changes in fair value are recognized on a current basis in earnings. Cash flows from hedging activities are classified under the same category as the cash flows from the hedged items in our consolidated statement of cash flows. See Note 7 for further discussion of our derivative financial instruments. F-11 Share-based Compensation We recognize share-based compensation expense for all restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and performance share awards (“PSAs”) (collectively, “stock awards”) based on the estimated fair value of the stock awards on the date of grant. We recognize the expense associated with RSAs and PSAs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which generally ranges from immediate vesting to a four-year vesting period. See Note 8 for additional information regarding share-based compensation. Pension Plan and Other Post-Retirement Benefits We maintain noncontributory defined benefit pension plans and provide certain post-retirement health care and life insurance benefits to certain eligible employees. We also maintain two unfunded supplemental retirement plans to provide incremental pension payments to certain former employees. See Note 9 for a more detailed discussion regarding our pension and other post-retirement benefits. We recognize pension and post-retirement benefits expense during the current period in the consolidated statement of operations using certain assumptions, including the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, interest cost implied by the discount rate, expected health care cost trend rate and the amortization of unrecognized gains and losses. We determine expected long-term rate of return on plan assets by considering historical investment performance, plan asset allocation strategies and return forecasts for each asset class and input from its advisors. Projected returns by such advisors were based on broad equity and fixed income indices. The expected long-term rate of return is reviewed annually in conjunction with other plan assumptions, if considered necessary, revised to reflect changes in the financial markets and the investment strategy. Our plan assets are valued at fair value as of the measurement date. Our discount rate assumption is determined annually to reflect the rate at which the benefits could be effectively settled and approximate the timing of expected future payments based on current market determined interest rates for similar obligations. We use bond matching model BOND:Link comprising of high quality corporate bonds to match cash flows to the expected benefit payments. We recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of our defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans as either an asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheet. Actuarial gains and losses that arise during the year are recognized as a component of comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes, and included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). These gains and losses are amortized over future years as a component of the net periodic benefit cost. Income Taxes Our estimates of income taxes and the significant items resulting in the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities are disclosed in Note 10 and reflect our assessment of future tax consequences of transactions that have been reflected in our financial statements or tax returns for each taxing jurisdiction in which we operate. We base our provision for income taxes on our current period income, changes in our deferred income tax assets and liabilities, income tax rates, changes in estimates of our uncertain tax positions and tax planning opportunities available in the jurisdictions in which we operate. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities when there are temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and tax basis of our assets and liabilities and for the expected benefits of using net operating loss and tax credit loss carryforwards. We establish valuation allowances when necessary to reduce the carrying amount of deferred income tax assets to the amounts that we believe are more likely than not to be realized. We evaluate the need to retain all or a portion of the valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets. When a change in the tax rate or tax law has an impact on deferred taxes, we apply the change based on the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. As we operate in more than one state, changes in our state apportionment factors, based on operating results, may affect our future effective tax rates and the value of our deferred tax assets and liabilities. We record a change in tax rates in our consolidated financial statements in the period of enactment. Income tax consequences that arise in connection with a business combination include identifying the tax basis of assets and liabilities acquired and any contingencies associated with uncertain tax positions assumed or resulting from the business combination. Deferred tax assets and liabilities related to temporary differences of an acquired entity are recorded as of the date of the business combination and are based on our estimate of the appropriate tax basis that will be accepted by the various taxing authorities. F-12 We record unrecognized tax benefits as liabilities in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 740, Income Taxes, and adjust these liabilities in the appropriate period when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information. In certain instances, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available. We classify interest and penalties, if any, associated with our uncertain tax positions as a component of interest expense and general and administrative expense, respectively. See Note 10 for further discussion on income taxes. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the product to the customer has occurred or services have been rendered, the price to the customer is fixed or determinable and collectability of the sales price is reasonably assured. Services Revenue based on a flat fee, dedicated network access, data communications, digital TV, Internet access service and broadband service, or revenue derived principally from local telephone, is billed in advance and is recognized in subsequent periods when the services have been provided, with the exception of certain governmental accounts which are billed in arrears. Certain of our bundled service packages may include multiple deliverables. We offer a base service bundle which consists of voice services, including a phone line, calling features and long-distance. Customers may choose to add additional services, including high-speed Internet and digital/IP television services, to the base service bundle. Separate units of accounting within the bundled service package include voice services, high-speed Internet and digital/IP television services. Revenue for all services included in our bundled service package is recognized over the same period in which service is provided to the customer. Bundled service package discounts are recognized concurrently with the associated revenue and are allocated to the various services in the bundled service package based on the relative selling price of the services included in each bundle. Usage-based services, such as per-minute long-distance service and access charges billed to other telephone carriers for originating and terminating long-distance calls in our network, are billed in arrears. We recognize revenue from these services in the period in which service is provided to the customer. Revenue related to nonrefundable, upfront service activation and setup fees is deferred and recognized over the estimated customer life. Incremental direct costs of telecommunications service activation are expensed in the period incurred, except when we maintain ownership of wiring installed during the activation process. In such cases, the cost is capitalized and depreciated over the estimated useful life of the asset. Print advertising and publishing revenue is recognized ratably over the life of the related directory, which is generally 12 months. Equipment Revenue is generated from the sale of voice and data communications equipment; design, configuration and installation services related to voice and data equipment; and the sale of professional support services for customer voice and data systems. Equipment revenue generated from retail channels is recognized when the equipment is sold. Equipment revenue generated from telecommunications systems and structured cabling projects is recognized when the project is completed. Maintenance services are provided on both a contract and time and material basis and are recognized in the period in which the service is provided. Equipment revenue generated from support services includes “24x7” support of a customer’s voice and data networks. The majority of these contracts are billed on a time and materials basis and revenue is recognized either in the period in which the services are provided or over the term of the contract. Support services also include professional support services, which are typically sold on a time and materials basis, but may be sold as a prepaid block of time, and the revenue is recognized in the period in which the services are provided. F-13 Multiple Deliverable Arrangements We often enter into arrangements which include multiple deliverables primarily relating to the sale of communications equipment, associated support contracts and professional services, which include design, configuration and installation consulting. When an equipment sale involves multiple deliverables, revenue is allocated to each respective deliverable if they are separately identifiable. Each separately identified deliverable is considered a separate unit of account. The arrangement consideration is allocated to the identified units of account based on their relative selling price on a stand- alone basis. We utilize best estimate of selling price for stand-alone value for our equipment and maintenance contracts, taking into consideration market conditions and entity-specific factors. We evaluate best estimate of selling price by reviewing historical data related to sales of our deliverables. Subsidies and Surcharges Subsidies consist of both federal and state subsidies, which are designed to promote widely available, quality telephone service at affordable prices in rural areas. These revenues are calculated by the administering government agency based on information we provide. There is a reasonable possibility that out-of-period subsidy adjustments may be recorded in the future, but they are expected to be immaterial to our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. We collect and remit Federal Universal Service contributions on a gross basis, which resulted in recorded revenue of approximately $11.7 million, $12.7 million and $13.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We account for all other taxes collected from customers and remitted to the respective government agencies on a net basis. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $10.9 million, $8.7 million and $8.3 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Statement of Cash Flows Information During 2017, 2016 and 2015, we made payments for interest and income taxes as follows: (In thousands) Interest, net of amounts capitalized ($1,246, $1,152 and $1,373 in 2017 2016 2015 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively) Income taxes (received) paid, net Noncash investing and financing activities: $ 106,499 $ 69,536 $ 76,823 (183) $ 1,835 $ 953 $ In 2017, 2016 and 2015, we acquired equipment of $12.8 million, $12.2 million and $4.1 million, respectively, through capital lease agreements. In 2017, we issued 20.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock with a market value of $431.0 million in connection with the acquisition of FairPoint as described in Note 3. Noncontrolling Interest We have a majority-owned subsidiary, East Texas Fiber Line Incorporated (“ETFL”) which is a joint venture owned 63% by the Company and 37% by Eastex Telecom Investments, LLC. ETFL provides connectivity over a fiber optic transport network to certain customers residing in Texas. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted the Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-09 (“ASU 2016-09”), Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. ASU 2016-09 amends several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, calculation of compensation expense and classification on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 requires F-14 excess tax benefits and deficiencies resulting from stock-based compensation awards vesting to be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement on a prospective basis. Previously, these amounts were recognized in additional paid-in capital (“APIC”). The impact of this change was not material for the year ended December 31, 2017. In addition, ASU 2016-09 requires excess tax benefits and deficiencies to be excluded from the assumed proceeds in the calculation of diluted shares when using the treasury stock method. This requirement did not have a material impact on diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2017. ASU 2016-09 removed the requirement to delay recognition of excess tax benefits until it reduces current income taxes payable. This update is required to be applied on a modified retrospective basis, which resulted in a cumulative effect adjustment of $2.2 million as of January 1, 2017 to increase opening retained earnings for the cumulative impact of excess tax benefits related to our net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards. This amount was subsequently transferred into APIC at March 31, 2017. ASU 2016-09 permits the election of an accounting policy for forfeitures of share-based payment awards, either to recognize forfeitures as they occur or estimate forfeitures over the vesting period of the award. We have elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur and the cumulative impact of this change was not material to our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued the ASU No. 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09”), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which replaces the current revenue recognition requirements in US GAAP. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, ASU 2014-09 requires disclosures about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Two transition methods are permitted under ASU 2014-09, the full retrospective method, in which case the standard would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial application. In August 2015, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2015-14 (“ASU 2015-14”), Deferral of the Effective Date, which deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for all entities by one year. Accordingly, ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted ASU 2014-09 as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method for open contracts. Under this transition method, the accounting change is applied to the current period with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded to opening retained earnings. Previously reported results will not be restated under this transition method. The adoption of this new standard will result in the deferral of contract acquisition costs over the contract performance period instead of expensed as incurred. The adoption will also result in additional disclosures around the nature and timing of the Company’s performance obligations, deferred revenue contract liabilities, deferred contract cost assets, as well as significant judgments and practical expedients used by the Company in applying the new five-step revenue model. The Company has implemented new processes and internal controls to enable the preparation of financial information upon adoption. During the first quarter of 2018, we will record a cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings related to the adoption. Based on information currently available to us, we estimate the adoption will result in an increase to opening retained earnings of approximately $2.0 million to $4.0 million. In May 2017, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2017-09 (“ASU 2017-09”), Scope of Modification Accounting. ASU 2017- 09 clarifies the modification accounting guidance for stock compensation included in Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. ASU 2017-09 provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as a modification under Topic 718. The new guidance is effective prospectively for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted this update as of January 1, 2018 and will apply this guidance to applicable transactions after the adoption date. In March 2017, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2017-07 (“ASU 2017-07”), Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. ASU 2017-07 requires presentation of the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost within the same income statement line item as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by relevant employees during the period, and presentation of the other cost components of net periodic benefit cost separately and outside of the income from operations subtotal. In addition, only the service cost component is eligible for capitalization. The new guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after F-15 December 15, 2017 and should be applied retrospectively for the presentation of the service cost and prospectively for the capitalization of the service cost component in assets. We adopted ASU 2017-07 as of January 1, 2018 and will present other cost components of net periodic benefit cost separately within non-operating income (expense) on the statement of operations beginning in the first quarter of 2018. We do not expect a change in the capitalization requirement to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 9 for the amount of each component of net periodic pension and post-retirement benefit costs. In February 2017, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2017-05 (“ASU 2017-05”), Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. ASU 2017-05 provides additional guidance to (i) clarify the scope for recognizing gains and losses from the transfer of nonfinancial assets and in substance nonfinancial assets in contracts with non-customers, and (ii) clarify the accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. ASU 2017-05 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and can be applied using the retrospective or modified retrospective method. We adopted ASU 2017-05 as of January 1, 2018 and do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2017, FASB issued the ASU No. 2017-04 (“ASU 2017-04”), Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment. ASU 2017-04 eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under the updated guidance, the goodwill impairment test will be performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and an impairment charge will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The new guidance is effective for annual and interim goodwill tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and should be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing performed after January 1, 2017. We adopted ASU 2017-04 as of January 1, 2018 and do not expect it to have a material impact on our testing of goodwill. In January 2017, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2017-01 (“ASU 2017-01”), Clarifying the Definition of a Business. ASU 2017-01 clarifies the definition of a business and establishes a screening process to determine whether an integrated set of assets and activities acquired is deemed the acquisition of a business or the acquisition of assets. ASU 2017-01 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and should be applied prospectively. We adopted this update as of January 1, 2018 and do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In October 2016, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2016-16 (“ASU 2016-16”), Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. ASU 2016-16 eliminates the existing exception prohibiting the recognition of the income tax consequences for intra-entity asset transfers until the asset has been sold to an outside party. Under ASU 2016-16, entities will be required to recognize the income tax consequences of intra-entity asset transfers other than inventory when the transfer occurs. ASU 2016-16 is effective on a modified retrospective basis for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this update as of January 1, 2018 and do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2016, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2016-15 (“ASU 2016-15”), Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. ASU 2016-15 provides guidance concerning the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. The new guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and should be applied retrospectively. We adopted this update as of January 1, 2018 and do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In February 2018, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2018-02 (“ASU 2018-02”), Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. ASU 2018-02 provides an option to allow reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The new guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this update will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2017, the FASB issued the ASU Update No. 2017-12 (“ASU 2017-12”), Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. ASU 2017-12 amends current guidance on accounting for hedges mainly to align more closely an entity’s risk management activities and financial reporting relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. In addition, amendments in ASU 2017-12 simplify the application of hedge accounting by allowing more time to prepare hedge documentation and F-16 allowing effectiveness assessments to be performed on a qualitative basis after hedge inception. The new guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this update will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In June 2016, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2016-13 (“ASU 2016-13”), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 establishes the new “current expected credit loss” model for measuring and recognizing credit losses on financial assets based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The new guidance is effective on a modified retrospective basis for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We have not yet made a decision on the timing of adoption and are currently evaluating the impact this update will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In February 2016, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”), Leases. ASU 2016-02 establishes a new lease accounting model for leases. Lessees will be required to recognize most leases on their balance sheets but lease expense will be recognized on the income statement in a manner similar to existing requirements. ASU 2016-02 is effective on a modified retrospective basis for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the population of our leases and anticipate that most of our operating lease commitments will be recognized on our consolidated balance sheets. We plan to adopt this update effective January 1, 2019 and are continuing to assess the potential impact of this update on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. 2. EARNINGS PER SHARE Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) are computed using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The Company’s restricted stock awards are considered participating securities because holders are entitled to receive non-forfeitable dividends during the vesting term. Diluted EPS includes securities that could potentially dilute basic EPS during a reporting period. Dilutive securities are not included in the computation of loss per share when a company reports a net loss from continuing operations as the impact would be anti- dilutive. The potentially dilutive impact of the Company’s restricted stock awards is determined using the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, awards are treated as if they had been exercised with the proceeds of exercise used to repurchase common stock at the average market price for the period. Any incremental difference between the assumed number of shares issued and repurchased is included in the diluted share computation. The computation of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to common shareholders computed using the two- class method is as follows: (In thousands, except per share amounts) Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Income (loss) attributable to common shareholders before allocation of earnings to participating securities Less: earnings allocated to participating securities Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders, after earnings allocated to participating securities 2017 2016 $ 65,299 $ 15,196 $ 354 265 64,945 362 14,931 524 2015 (671) 210 (881) — $ 64,583 $ 14,407 $ (881) Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding 60,373 50,301 50,176 Net income (loss) per common share attributable to common shareholders - basic and diluted $ 1.07 $ 0.29 $ (0.02) F-17 Diluted earnings (loss) per common share attributable to common shareholders for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 excludes 0.3 million shares that could be issued under our share-based compensation plan because the inclusion of the potential common shares would have an antidilutive effect. 3. ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES Acquisitions FairPoint Communications, Inc. On July 3, 2017, we completed our merger with FairPoint and pursuant to the terms of a definitive agreement and the Merger Agreement acquired all the issued and outstanding shares of FairPoint in exchange for shares of our common stock. As a result, FairPoint became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. FairPoint is an advanced communications provider to business, wholesale and residential customers within its service territory which spans across 17 states. FairPoint owns and operates a robust fiber-based network with more than 22,000 route miles of fiber, including 17,000 route miles of fiber in northern New England. The acquisition reflects our strategy to diversify revenue and cash flows amongst multiple products and to expand our network to new markets. At the effective time of the Merger, each share of common stock, par value of $0.01 per share, of FairPoint issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger converted into and became the right to receive 0.7300 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of Consolidated and cash in lieu of fractional shares, as set forth in the Merger Agreement. Based on the closing price of our common stock on the last complete trading day prior to the effective date of the Merger Agreement, the total value of the consideration to be exchanged was $431.0 million, exclusive of debt of approximately $919.3 million. On the date of the Merger, we issued an approximate aggregate total of 20.1 million shares of our common stock to the former FairPoint stockholders and we assumed approximately 2,615,153 outstanding warrants, each eligible to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $66.86 per share, subject to adjustment in accordance with the warrant agreement, and exercisable any time on or prior to January 24, 2018. On January 24, 2018, all of the warrants expired in accordance with their terms without being exercised. In connection with the Merger, we secured committed debt financing through a $935.0 million incremental term loan facility, as described in Note 6, that, in addition to cash on hand and other sources of liquidity, was used to repay the existing indebtedness of FairPoint and pay the fees and expenses in connection with the Merger. The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. The tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values as of the date of the acquisition. The preliminary estimated fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed are as follows: (In thousands) Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable Other current assets Assets held for sale Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets Other long-term assets Total assets acquired Current liabilities Liabilities held for sale Pension and other post-retirement obligations Deferred income taxes Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities assumed Net fair value of assets acquired Goodwill Total consideration transferred F-18 $ $ 56,980 62,805 22,012 21,417 1,053,562 303,180 2,685 1,522,641 123,034 1,016 219,298 94,214 15,916 453,478 1,069,163 281,155 1,350,318 The fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on a preliminary valuation, which is subject to change within the measurement period. Upon completion of the final fair value assessment, the fair values of the net assets acquired may differ materially from the preliminary assessment. We are in the process of finalizing the valuation of the net assets acquired, most notably, the valuation of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, pension and other post- retirement obligations and deferred income taxes. The preliminary assessment does not include the fair value of potential contingent assets arising from a pre-acquisition gain contingency as we are in the process of assessing the outcome and value of the contingency as of the date of the acquisition. Any changes to the initial estimates of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be recorded to those assets and liabilities and residual amounts will be allocated to goodwill. Goodwill recognized from the acquisition primarily relates to the expected contributions of the entity to the overall corporate strategy and the synergies expected to be realized from the acquisition. Amortization of goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes. Based on the preliminary valuation analysis, the identifiable intangible assets acquired consisted of customer relationships of $300.3 million, tradenames of $1.1 million and non-compete agreements of $1.8 million. The customer relationships are being amortized using an accelerated amortization method over their preliminary estimated useful lives of seven to eleven years depending on the nature of the customer. The tradenames and non-compete agreements are amortized using the straight-line method over their preliminary estimated useful lives of six months and one year, respectively. During the quarter ended December 31, 2017, we made certain adjustments to the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed which resulted in an increase in property, plant and equipment of $8.1 million, intangible assets of $0.1 million, other long-term liabilities of $1.7 million and deferred income taxes of $5.1 million and a decrease in pension and other post-retirement obligations of $2.9 million. The net impact of the adjustments increased net assets acquired and reduced goodwill by $4.3 million. As discussed in the “Divestitures” section below, we have committed to a formal plan to sell certain assets of FairPoint and these assets have been classified as held for sale at the acquisition date. In connection with the classification as assets held for sale at the acquisition date, the carrying value of these assets was recorded at their estimated fair value of approximately $20.4 million, which was determined based on the estimated selling price less costs to sell. The results of operations of FairPoint have been reported in our consolidated financial statements as of the effective date of the acquisition. For the year ended December 31, 2017, FairPoint contributed operating revenues of $389.5 million and net income of $22.7 million, which included $12.3 million in acquisition related costs. Upon closing of the FairPoint acquisition or shortly thereafter, various triggering events occurred which resulted in payment of obligations arising with respect to various change in control agreements and other contingent payments to certain FairPoint employees. The estimated aggregate cash payments due in connection with these agreements is approximately $10.0 million of which $9.6 million was recognized in operating expenses during the year ended December 31, 2017 and $0.2 million is expected to be paid during 2018 with the remainder due in 2019. Unaudited Pro Forma Results The following unaudited pro forma information presents our results of operations as if the acquisition of FairPoint occurred on January 1, 2016. The adjustments to arrive at the pro forma information below included adjustments for depreciation and amortization on the acquired tangible and intangible assets acquired, interest expense on the debt incurred to finance the acquisition and to repay certain existing indebtedness of FairPoint, and the exclusion of certain acquisition related costs. Shares used to calculate the basic and diluted earnings per share were adjusted to reflect the additional shares of common stock issued to fund the acquisition. (Unaudited; in thousands, except per share amounts) Operating revenues Income from operations Net income Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to common stockholders Net income per common share-basic and diluted $ $ $ $ $ 2017 2016 1,460,620 57,980 91,131 354 90,777 1.29 $ $ $ $ $ 1,567,620 288,482 111,723 265 111,458 1.58 F-19 Transaction costs related to the acquisition of FairPoint were $33.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, which are included in acquisition and other transaction costs in the consolidated statements of operations. These costs are considered to be non-recurring in nature and therefore pro forma adjustments have been made to exclude these costs from the pro forma results of operations. The pro forma information does not purport to present the actual results that would have resulted if the acquisition had in fact occurred at the beginning of the fiscal periods presented, nor does the information project results for any future period. The pro forma information does not include the impact of any future cost savings or synergies that may be achieved as a result of the acquisition. Champaign Telephone Company, Inc. On July 1, 2016, we acquired substantially all of the assets of Champaign Telephone Company, Inc. and its sister company, Big Broadband Services, LLC, a private business communications provider in the Champaign-Urbana, IL area. The aggregate purchase price, including customary working capital adjustments, consisted of cash consideration of $13.4 million, which was paid from our existing cash resources. The fair value of the acquired assets and liabilities assumed consisted primarily of property, plant and equipment of $6.9 million, intangible assets of $1.0 million, working capital of $0.8 million and goodwill of $4.7 million. Goodwill and other intangible assets are expected to be amortizable and deductible for income tax purposes. Divestitures In August 2017, we committed to a formal plan to sell our subsidiaries Peoples Mutual Telephone Company and Peoples Mutual Long Distance Company, collectively (“Peoples”), which were acquired as part of the acquisition of FairPoint. Peoples operates as a local exchange carrier in Virginia and provides telecommunications services to residential and business customers. In November 2017, the Company entered into an agreement to sell all of the issued and outstanding stock of Peoples in exchange for cash of approximately $21.0 million, subject to certain contractual adjustments. The closing of the transaction is subject to certain regulatory approvals, which are expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2018. As of the acquisition date, the net assets to be sold have been classified as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet. The expected sale of these assets has not been reported as discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations as the annual revenues of these operations is less than 1% of the consolidated operating revenues. The estimated fair value of the net assets held for sale was determined based on the estimated selling price less costs to sell and was classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2017, the major classes of assets and liabilities to be sold consisted of the following: (In thousands) Current assets Property, plant and equipment Goodwill Total assets Current liabilities Deferred taxes Total liabilities $ $ $ $ 227 4,254 16,829 21,310 701 302 1,003 On December 6, 2016, we completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of the Company’s Enterprise Services equipment and IT Services business (“EIS”) to ePlus Technology inc. (“ePlus”) for cash proceeds of $9.2 million net of a customary working capital adjustment. As part of the transaction, we entered into a Co-Marketing Agreement with ePlus, a nationwide systems integrator of technology solutions, to cross-sell both broadband network services and IT services. The strategic partnership provides our business customers access to a broader suite of IT solutions, and also provides ePlus customers access to Consolidated’s business network services. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recognized a gain of $0.6 million on the sale, net of selling costs, which is included in other, net in the consolidated statement of operations. F-20 On May 3, 2016, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell all of the issued and outstanding stock of our non-core, rural local exchange carrier business located in northwest Iowa, Consolidated Communications of Iowa Company (“CCIC”), formerly Heartland Telecommunications Company of Iowa. CCIC provides telecommunications and data services to residential and business customers in 11 rural communities in northwest Iowa and surrounding areas. The sale was completed on September 1, 2016 for total cash proceeds of approximately $21.0 million, net of certain contractual and customary working capital adjustments. In May 2016, in connection with the expected sale, the carrying value of CCIC was reduced to its estimated fair value and we recognized an impairment loss of $0.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. We recognized an additional loss on the sale of $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2016, which is included in other, net in the consolidated statement of operations, as a result of changes in estimated working capital. We recognized a taxable gain on the transaction resulting in current income tax expense of $7.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 to reflect the tax impact of the divestiture. See Note 10 for additional income tax related information regarding this transaction. 4. INVESTMENTS Our investments are as follows: (In thousands) Cash surrender value of life insurance policies Cost method investments: GTE Mobilnet of South Texas Limited Partnership (2.34% interest) Pittsburgh SMSA Limited Partnership (3.60% interest) CoBank, ACB Stock Other Equity method investments: GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership (20.51% interest) Pennsylvania RSA 6(I) Limited Partnership (16.67% interest) Pennsylvania RSA 6(II) Limited Partnership (23.67% interest) Totals Cost Method 2017 2016 $ 2,272 $ 2,156 21,450 22,950 9,105 343 17,375 7,300 28,063 108,858 $ 21,450 22,950 8,138 200 17,160 6,540 27,627 106,221 $ We own 2.34% of GTE Mobilnet of South Texas Limited Partnership (the “Mobilnet South Partnership”). The principal activity of the Mobilnet South Partnership is providing cellular service in the Houston, Galveston, and Beaumont, Texas metropolitan areas. We also own 3.60% of Pittsburgh SMSA Limited Partnership (“Pittsburgh SMSA”), which provides cellular service in and around the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. Because of our limited influence over these partnerships, we use the cost method to account for both of these investments. It is not practicable to estimate fair value of these investments. We did not evaluate any of the investments for impairment as no factors indicating impairment existed during the year. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, we received cash distributions from these partnerships totaling $12.8 million, $12.9 million and $14.6 million, respectively. CoBank, ACB (“CoBank”) is a cooperative bank owned by its customers. Annually, CoBank distributes patronage in the form of cash and stock in the cooperative based on the Company’s outstanding loan balance with CoBank, which has traditionally been a significant lender in the Company’s credit facility. The investment in CoBank represents the accumulation of the equity patronage paid by CoBank to the Company. Equity Method We own 20.51% of GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership (“RSA #17”), 16.67% of Pennsylvania RSA 6(I) Limited Partnership (“RSA 6(I)”) and 23.67% of Pennsylvania RSA 6(II) Limited Partnership (“RSA 6(II)”). RSA #17 provides cellular service to a limited rural area in Texas. RSA 6(I) and RSA 6(II) provide cellular service in and around our Pennsylvania service territory. Because we have significant influence over the operating and financial policies of these three entities, we account for the investments using the equity method. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, we received cash distributions from these partnerships totaling $17.2 million, $19.2 million and $30.7 million, respectively. The carrying value of the investments exceeds the underlying equity in net assets of the partnerships by $32.8 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. F-21 In 2015, we sold our 6.96% interest in Central Valley Independent Network, LLC (“CVIN”), a joint enterprise comprised of affiliates of several independent telephone companies located in central and northern California. CVIN provides network services and oversees a broadband infrastructure project designed to expand and improve the availability of network services to counties in central California. As a result of the sale, we recognized an other-than-temporary impairment loss of $0.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 to reduce the investment to its estimated fair value. The impairment charge is included in investment income within other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. We did not receive any distributions from this partnership in 2015. The combined unaudited results of operations and financial position of our three equity investments in the cellular limited partnerships are summarized below: (In thousands) Total revenues Income from operations Net income before taxes Net income Current assets Non-current assets Current liabilities Non-current liabilities Partnership equity 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Financial Instruments 2015 2017 2016 $ 350,611 $ 334,421 $ 348,595 105,495 104,973 104,568 103,497 104,568 103,497 97,075 95,473 95,473 $ 78,782 $ 64,083 $ 57,716 96,197 20,576 52,414 80,923 95,959 22,472 51,463 100,806 89,651 21,985 51,836 79,913 Our derivative instruments related to interest rate swap agreements are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of the interest rate swaps are determined using valuation models and are categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and observable market data of similar instruments. See Note 7 for further discussion regarding our interest rate swap agreements. Our interest rate swap liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: As of December 31, 2017 Quoted Prices Significant (In thousands) Long-term interest rate swap assets Current interest rate swap liabilities Long-term interest rate swap liabilities Total In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Other Significant Observable Unobservable Inputs (Level 2) — $ 1,256 $ — — — $ (27) (1,761) (532) $ Inputs (Level 3) — — — — Total $ 1,256 $ (27) (1,761) $ (532) $ F-22 (In thousands) Long-term interest rate swap assets Current interest rate swap liabilities Long-term interest rate swap liabilities Total As of December 31, 2016 Quoted Prices Significant In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Other Significant Observable Unobservable Inputs (Level 2) Inputs (Level 3) — $ — — — $ 398 $ (453) (216) (271) $ — — — — Total $ 398 $ (453) (216) $ (271) $ We have not elected the fair value option for any of our financial assets or liabilities. The carrying value of other financial instruments, including cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short maturities or variable-rate nature of the respective balances. The following table presents the other financial instruments that are not carried at fair value but which require fair value disclosure as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. As of December 31, 2017 As of December 31, 2016 (In thousands) Investments, equity basis Investments, at cost Long-term debt, excluding capital leases Cost & Equity Method Investments Carrying Value Fair Value $ $ $ 52,738 53,848 2,331,400 $ n/a $ n/a $ 2,253,545 $ Carrying Value Fair Value 51,327 52,738 n/a n/a 1,388,786 $ 1,390,773 Our investments at December 31, 2017 and 2016 accounted for under both the equity and cost methods consisted primarily of minority positions in various cellular telephone limited partnerships and our investment in CoBank. It is impracticable to determine fair value of these investments. Long-term Debt The fair value of our senior notes was based on quoted market prices, and the fair value of borrowings under our credit agreement was determined using current market rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. We have categorized the long-term debt as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. 6. LONG-TERM DEBT Long-term debt outstanding, presented net of unamortized discounts, consisted of the following as of December 31, 2017 and 2016: (In thousands) Senior secured credit facility: Term loans, net of discounts of $8,344 and $4,662 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively Revolving loan 6.50% Senior notes due 2022, net of discount of $3,669 and $4,302 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively Capital leases Less: current portion of long-term debt and capital leases Less: deferred debt issuance costs Total long-term debt Credit Agreement 2017 2016 $ 1,813,069 22,000 $ 893,088 — 496,331 23,890 2,355,290 (29,696) (14,080) 2,311,514 495,698 16,857 1,405,643 (14,922) (13,967) 1,376,754 $ $ In October 2016, the Company, through certain of its wholly owned subsidiaries, entered into a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with various financial institutions (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement consists of a $110.0 million revolving credit facility, an initial term loan in the aggregate amount of $900.0 million (the “Initial Term Loan”) and an incremental term loan in the aggregate amount of $935.0 million (the “Incremental F-23 Term Loan”), collectively (the “Term Loans”). The Incremental Term Loan was issued on July 3, 2017 upon completion of the FairPoint Merger, as described below. The Credit Agreement also includes an incremental loan facility which provides the ability to borrow, subject to certain terms and conditions, incremental loans in an aggregate amount of up to the greater of (a) $300.0 million and (b) an amount which would cause its senior secured leverage ratio not to exceed 3.00:1.00 (the “Incremental Facility”). Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries, including certain of the FairPoint subsidiaries acquired in the Merger, with the exception of Consolidated Communications of Illinois Company and our majority-owned subsidiary, East Texas Fiber Line Incorporated. The Initial Term Loan was issued in an original aggregate principal amount of $900.0 million with a maturity date of October 5, 2023, but is subject to earlier maturity on March 31, 2022 if the Company’s unsecured Senior Notes due in October 2022 are not repaid in full or redeemed in full on or prior to March 31, 2022. The Initial Term Loan contains an original issuance discount of 0.25% or $2.3 million, which is being amortized over the term of the loan. The Initial Term Loan requires quarterly principal payments of $2.25 million and has an interest rate of 3.00% plus the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR“) subject to a 1.00% LIBOR floor. In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, in December 2016, the Company entered into two amendments to the Credit Agreement to secure committed financing related to the acquisition of FairPoint. On December 14, 2016, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement and on December 21, 2016, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, pursuant to which a syndicate of lenders agreed to provide the Incremental Term Loan, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The Incremental Term Loan was made pursuant to the Incremental Facility set forth in the Credit Agreement. Fees of $2.5 million paid to the lenders in connection with Amendment No. 1 are reflected as an additional discount on the Initial Term Loan and are being amortized over the term of the debt as interest expense. Ticking fees accrued on the incremental term loan commitments from January 15, 2017 through the July 3, 2017 Merger closing date at a rate of 3.00% plus LIBOR subject to a 1.00% LIBOR floor and became due and payable on the closing date. In connection with entering into the committed financing, commitment fees of $14.0 million were capitalized in December 2016 and were amortized to interest expense over the term of the commitment period through July 2017. On July 3, 2017, the Merger with FairPoint was completed and the net proceeds from the incurrence of the Incremental Term Loan were used, in part, to repay and redeem certain existing indebtedness of FairPoint and to pay certain fees and expenses in connection with the Merger and the related financing. The Incremental Term Loan included an original issue discount of 0.50% and has the same maturity date and interest rate as the Initial Term Loan. The Incremental Term Loan requires quarterly principal payments of $2.34 million, which began in December 2017. In addition, effective contemporaneously with the Merger, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Credit Agreement, among other things, to increase the permitted amount of outstanding letters of credit from $15.0 million to $20.0 million and to provide that certain existing letters of credit of FairPoint be deemed to be letters of credit under the Credit Agreement. The revolving credit facility has a maturity date of October 5, 2021 and an applicable margin (at our election) of between 2.50% and 3.25% for LIBOR-based borrowings or between 1.50% and 2.25% for alternate base rate borrowings, depending on our leverage ratio. Based on our leverage ratio at December 31, 2017, the borrowing margin for the next three month period ending March 31, 2018 will be at a weighted-average margin of 3.00% for a LIBOR-based loan or 2.00% for an alternate base rate loan. The applicable borrowing margin for the revolving credit facility is adjusted quarterly to reflect the leverage ratio from the prior quarter-end. As of December 31, 2017, borrowings of $22.0 million were outstanding under the revolving credit facility, which consisted of LIBOR-based borrowings of $17.0 million and alternate base rate borrowings of $5.0 million. At December 31 2016, there were no outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility. Stand-by letters of credit of $18.3 million were outstanding under our revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2017. The stand-by letters of credit are renewable annually and reduce the borrowing availability under the revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2017, $69.7 million was available for borrowing under the revolving credit facility. The weighted-average interest rate on outstanding borrowings under our credit facility was 4.58% and 4.00% at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Interest is payable at least quarterly. F-24 2016 Amendment to the Credit Agreement In connection with entering into the restated Credit Agreement in October 2016, fees of $3.9 million were capitalized as deferred debt issuance costs. These capitalized costs are amortized over the term of the debt and are included as a component of interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. We also incurred a loss on the extinguishment of debt of $6.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 related to the repayment of the outstanding term loan under the previous credit agreement which was scheduled to mature in December 2020. Credit Agreement Covenant Compliance The Credit Agreement contains various provisions and covenants, including, among other items, restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, incur additional indebtedness, and issue capital stock. We have agreed to maintain certain financial ratios, including interest coverage and total net leverage ratios, all as defined in the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2017, we were in compliance with the Credit Agreement covenants. In general, our Credit Agreement restricts our ability to pay dividends to the amount of our Available Cash as defined in our Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2017, and including the $27.4 million dividend declared in October 2017 and paid on February 1, 2018, we had $257.7 million in dividend availability under the credit facility covenant. Under our Credit Agreement, if our total net leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, as of the end of any fiscal quarter, is greater than 5.10:1.00, we will be required to suspend dividends on our common stock unless otherwise permitted by an exception for dividends that may be paid from the portion of proceeds of any sale of equity not used to fund acquisitions, or make other investments. During any dividend suspension period, we will be required to repay debt in an amount equal to 50.0% of any increase in Available Cash, among other things. In addition, we will not be permitted to pay dividends if an event of default under the Credit Agreement has occurred and is continuing. Among other things, it will be an event of default if our total net leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio as of the end of any fiscal quarter is greater than 5.25:1.00 and less than 2.25:1.00, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, our total net leverage ratio under the Credit Agreement was 4.09:1.00, and our interest coverage ratio was 5.73:1.00. Senior Notes 6.50% Senior Notes due 2022 In September 2014, we completed an offering of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.50% Senior Notes due in October 2022 (the “Existing Notes”). The Existing Notes were priced at par, which resulted in total gross proceeds of $200.0 million. On June 8, 2015, we completed an additional offering of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.50% Senior Notes due 2022 (the “New Notes” and together with the Existing Notes, the “Senior Notes”). The New Notes were issued as additional notes under the same indenture pursuant to which the Existing Notes were previously issued on in September 2014. The New Notes were priced at 98.26% of par with a yield to maturity of 6.80% and resulted in total gross proceeds of approximately $294.8 million, excluding accrued interest. The discount is being amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the notes. The Senior Notes mature on October 1, 2022 and interest is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year. Consolidated Communications, Inc. (“CCI”) is the primary obligor under the Senior Notes, and we and certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, including certain of the FairPoint subsidiaries, have fully and unconditionally guaranteed the Senior Notes. The Senior Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Senior Notes, together with cash on hand, were used, in part, to finance the acquisition of Enventis Corporation (“Enventis”) in 2014 including related fees and expenses, to repay the existing indebtedness of Enventis and to redeem our then outstanding $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 10.875% Senior Notes due 2020 (the “2020 Notes”). In December 2014, we paid $84.1 million to redeem $72.8 million of the original aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes and recognized a loss of $13.8 million on the partial extinguishment of debt during the year ended December 31, 2014. In June 2015, we redeemed the remaining $227.2 million of the original aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes. In connection with the redemption of the 2020 Notes, we paid $261.9 million and recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $41.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2015. F-25 On October 16, 2015, we completed an exchange offer to register all of the Senior Notes under the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”). The terms of the registered Senior Notes are substantially identical to those of the Senior Notes prior to the exchange, except that the Senior Notes are now registered under the Securities Act and the transfer restrictions and registration rights previously applicable to the Senior Notes no longer apply to the registered Senior Notes. The exchange offer did not impact the aggregate principal amount or the remaining terms of the Senior Notes outstanding. Senior Notes Covenant Compliance Subject to certain exceptions and qualifications, the indenture governing the Senior Notes contains customary covenants that, among other things, limits CCI’s and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to: incur additional debt or issue certain preferred stock; pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock or prepay subordinated indebtedness; purchase or redeem any equity interests; make investments; create liens; sell assets; enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments by restricted subsidiaries; consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of its assets; engage in transactions with its affiliates; or enter into any sale and leaseback transactions. The indenture also contains customary events of default. Among other matters, the Senior Notes indenture provides that CCI may not pay dividends or make other restricted payments, as defined in the indenture, if its total net leverage ratio is 4.75:1.00 or greater. This ratio is calculated differently than the comparable ratio under the Credit Agreement; among other differences, it takes into account, on a pro forma basis, synergies expected to be achieved as a result of certain acquisitions but not yet reflected in historical results. At December 31, 2017, this ratio was 4.22:1.00. If this ratio is met, dividends and other restricted payments may be made from cumulative consolidated cash flow since April 1, 2012, less 1.75 times fixed charges, less dividends and other restricted payments made since May 30, 2012. Dividends may be paid and other restricted payments may also be made from a “basket” of $50.0 million, none of which has been used to date, and pursuant to other exceptions identified in the indenture. Since dividends of $433.6 million have been paid since May 30, 2012, including the quarterly dividend declared in October 2017 and paid on February 1, 2018, there was $888.3 million of the $1,321.9 million of cumulative consolidated cash flow since May 30, 2012 available to pay dividends at December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2017, the Company was in compliance with all terms, conditions and covenants under the indenture governing the 2022 Notes. Future Maturities of Debt At December 31, 2017, the aggregate maturities of our long-term debt excluding capital leases were as follows: (In thousands) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter Total maturities Less: Unamortized discount $ 18,350 18,350 18,350 40,350 518,350 1,729,663 2,343,413 (12,013) $ 2,331,400 See Note 11 regarding the future maturities of our obligations for capital leases. 7. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS We may utilize interest rate swap agreements to mitigate risk associated with fluctuations in interest rates related to our variable rate debt. Derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheet. F-26 The following interest rate swaps were outstanding at December 31, 2017: (In thousands) Cash Flow Hedges: Fixed to 1-month floating LIBOR (with floor) Fixed to 1-month floating LIBOR (with floor) Forward starting fixed to 1-month floating LIBOR (with floor) Series of forward starting fixed to 1-month floating LIBOR (with floor) Total Fair Values Notional Amount 2017 Balance Sheet Location Fair Value $ $ 600,000 Other assets 150,000 Accrued expense $ $ 600,000 Other assets 873 (27) 383 $ 1,410,000 Other long-term liabilities (1,761) (532) $ The following interest rate swaps were outstanding at December 31, 2016: (In thousands) Cash Flow Hedges: Notional Amount 2016 Balance Sheet Location Fair Value Fixed to 1-month floating LIBOR (with floor) Fixed to 1-month floating LIBOR (with floor) Fixed to 1-month floating LIBOR (with floor) $ $ $ 100,000 100,000 Accrued expense Other assets 50,000 Other long-term liabilities Total Fair Values $ $ 398 (453) (216) (271) The counterparties to our various swaps are highly rated financial institutions. None of the swap agreements provide for either us or the counterparties to post collateral nor do the agreements include any covenants related to the financial condition of Consolidated or the counterparties. The swaps of any counterparty that is a lender, as defined in our credit facility, are secured along with the other creditors under the credit facility. Each of the swap agreements provides that in the event of a bankruptcy filing by either Consolidated or the counterparty, any amounts owed between the two parties would be offset in order to determine the net amount due between parties. For interest rate swaps designated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the unrealized gain or loss in fair value is recorded in AOCI and reclassified into earnings when the underlying hedged item impacts earnings. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the cash flow hedge is recognized immediately in earnings. For derivative financial instruments that are not designated as a hedge, including those that have been de-designated changes in fair value are recognized in earnings as interest expense. In connection with the acquisition of FairPoint, during the quarter ended June 30, 2017, we entered into a series of four deal contingent forward-starting interest rate swap agreements each with a term of one year which begin at various dates between July 2017 and July 2020 and mature between July 2018 and July 2021. The forward starting interest rate swap agreements have a notional value ranging from $450.0 million to $705.0 million. These interest rate swap agreements have been designated as cash flow hedges. In conjunction with the refinancing of our Credit Agreement in October 2016 as discussed in Note 6, the interest rate swaps were simultaneously de-designated and re-designated as cash flow hedges of future anticipated interest payments associated with our variable rate debt. The balance of the unrealized loss included in AOCI as of the date the swaps were de-designated is being amortized to earnings over the remaining term of the agreements. The interest rate swap agreements mature on various dates through September 2019. In 2013, interest rate swaps previously designated as cash flow hedges were de-designated as a result of amendments to our Credit Agreement. These interest rate swap agreements matured on various dates through September 2016. Prior to de-designation, the effective portion of the change in fair value of the interest rate swaps were recognized in AOCI. The balance of the unrealized loss included in AOCI as of the date the swaps were de-designated was amortized to earnings over the remaining term of the swap agreements. Changes in fair value of the de-designated swaps were immediately recognized in earnings as interest expense. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, gains of $0.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively, were recognized as a reduction to interest expense for the change in fair value of the de- designated swaps. F-27 At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the pre-tax unrealized gains and (losses) related to our interest rate swap agreements included in AOCI were $0.6 million and $(0.2) million, respectively. The estimated amount of gains included in AOCI as of December 31, 2017 that will be recognized in earnings in the next twelve months is approximately $0.6 million. The following table presents the effect of interest rate derivatives designated as cash flow hedges on AOCI and on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: (In thousands) Unrealized loss recognized in AOCI, pretax Deferred losses reclassified from AOCI to interest expense Gain (loss) recognized in interest expense from ineffectiveness 2017 2016 $ (411) $ (1,246) (121) $ $ (469) $ (1,352) 242 $ 2015 $ (1,744) $ (1,371) — $ 8. EQUITY Share-based Compensation Our Board of Directors may grant share-based awards from our shareholder approved Amended and Restated Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. 2005 Long-term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan permits the issuance of awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock grants, stock unit grants and other equity-based awards to eligible directors and employees at the discretion of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. On May 4, 2015, the shareholders approved an amendment to the Plan to increase by 1,000,000 the number of shares of our common stock authorized for issuance under the Plan. Approximately 2,650,000 shares of our common stock are authorized for issuance under the Plan, provided that no more than 300,000 shares may be granted in the form of stock options or stock appreciation rights to any eligible employee or director in any calendar year. Unless terminated sooner, the Plan will continue to be in effect through May 5, 2019. We measure the fair value of RSAs based on the market price of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. We recognize the expense associated with RSAs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which generally ranges from immediate vesting to a four year vesting period. We implemented an ongoing performance-based incentive program under the Plan. The performance-based incentive program provides for annual grants of PSAs. PSAs are restricted stock that are issued, to the extent earned, at the end of each performance cycle. Under the performance-based incentive program, each participant is given a target award expressed as a number of shares, with a payout opportunity ranging from 0% to 120% of the target, depending on performance relative to predetermined goals. An estimate of the number of PSAs that are expected to vest is made, and the fair value of the PSAs is expensed utilizing the fair value on the date of grant over the requisite service period. The following table summarizes grants of RSAs and PSAs under the Plan during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: Year Ended December 31, RSAs Granted PSAs Granted Total 2017 124,100 36,982 161,082 Grant Date Fair Value $ $ 23.12 100,040 23.27 94,066 194,106 Grant Date Fair Value 2016 2015 $ $ 23.95 83,571 20.86 77,786 161,357 Grant Date Fair Value $ 21.08 $ 19.74 F-28 The following table summarizes the RSA and PSA activity during the year ended December 31, 2017: Non-vested shares outstanding - January 1, 2017 Shares granted Shares vested Shares forfeited, cancelled or retired Non-vested shares outstanding - December 31, 2017 RSAs Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 22.34 23.12 22.23 22.86 23.32 Shares 93,662 $ 124,100 $ (100,230) $ (15,351) $ 102,181 $ PSAs Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares 109,160 $ 36,982 $ (59,306) $ (9,308) $ 77,528 $ 20.12 23.27 20.13 21.40 21.46 The total fair value of the RSAs and PSAs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $3.4 million, $3.4 million and $3.9 million, respectively. Share-based Compensation Expense The following table summarizes total compensation costs recognized for share-based payments during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: (In thousands) Restricted stock Performance shares Total Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 2017 $ $ 2.0 $ 0.8 2.8 $ 2.1 $ 0.9 3.0 $ 1.7 1.3 3.0 Income tax benefits related to share-based compensation of approximately $1.1 million, $1.2 million and $1.2 million were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Share-based compensation expense is included in “selling, general and administrative expenses” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2017, total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSAs and PSAs was $3.0 million and will be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, by component during 2017 and 2016: (In thousands) Balance at December 31, 2015 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income Net current period other comprehensive income Balance at December 31, 2016 $ Other comprehensive income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss Net current period other comprehensive income Pension and Post-Retirement Obligations Derivative Instruments $ (35,025) $ (14,831) (674) $ (289) 2,706 (12,125) (47,150) (4,467) 3,153 (1,314) $ 836 547 (127) (250) 758 508 381 $ $ Total (35,699) (15,120) 3,542 (11,578) (47,277) (4,717) 3,911 (806) (48,083) Balance at December 31, 2017 $ (48,464) $ F-29 The following table summarizes reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss during 2017 and 2016: (In thousands) Amortization of pension and post-retirement items: 2017 2016 Amount Reclassified from AOCI Year Ended December 31, Affected Line Item in the Statement of Income Prior service credit Actuarial loss Loss on cash flow hedges: Interest rate derivatives $ $ $ $ 837 (6,071) (5,234) 2,081 (3,153) (1,246) 488 (758) $ $ $ $ 979 (a) (5,423) (a) (4,444) Total before tax 1,738 Tax benefit (2,706) Net of tax (1,352) Interest expense 516 Tax benefit (836) Net of tax These items are included in the components of net periodic benefit cost for our pension and post-retirement benefit plans. See Note 9 for additional details. 9. PENSION PLANS AND OTHER POST-RETIREMENT BENEFITS Defined Benefit Plans We sponsor a qualified defined benefit pension plan (“Retirement Plan”) that is non-contributory covering certain of our hourly employees under collective bargaining agreements who fulfill minimum age and service requirements. Certain salaried employees are also covered by the Retirement Plan, although these benefits have previously been frozen. The Retirement Plan is closed to all new entrants. Benefits for eligible participants under collective bargaining agreements are accrued based on a cash balance benefit plan. As part of our acquisition of FairPoint, we assumed sponsorship of its two non-contributory qualified defined benefit pension plans (together, the “Qualified Pension Plan”). The Qualified Pension Plan for certain non-management employees under collective bargaining agreements is closed to new participants and benefits have previously been frozen. For existing participants, benefit accruals are capped at 30 years of total credited service. The Qualified Pension Plan for certain management employees is frozen and all future benefit accruals for existing participants have ceased. We also have two non-qualified supplemental retirement plans (the “Supplemental Plans” and, together with the Retirement Plan and the Qualified Pension Plan, the “Pension Plans”). The Supplemental Plans provide supplemental retirement benefits to certain former employees by providing for incremental pension payments to partially offset the reduction of the amount that would have been payable under the qualified defined benefit pension plans if it were not for limitations imposed by federal income tax regulations. The Supplemental Plans have previously been frozen so that no person is eligible to become a new participant. These plans are unfunded and have no assets. The benefits paid under the Supplemental Plans are paid from the general operating funds of the Company. F-30 The following tables summarize the change in benefit obligation, plan assets and funded status of the Pension Plans as of December 31, 2017 and 2016: (In thousands) Change in benefit obligation Benefit obligation at the beginning of the year Service cost Interest cost Actuarial loss (gain) Benefits paid Acquisition Plan curtailment Plan settlement Benefit obligation at the end of the year (In thousands) Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at the beginning of the year Employer contributions Actual return on plan assets Benefits paid Acquisition Plan settlement Fair value of plan assets at the end of the year Funded status at year end 2017 2016 350,392 $ 3,055 21,882 41,232 (26,099) 390,269 (27) (2,717) 777,987 $ 352,206 343 16,291 12,935 (31,383) — — — 350,392 2017 2016 263,733 12,533 60,785 (26,099) 244,005 (2,717) 552,240 (225,747) $ $ $ 278,038 258 16,820 (31,383) — — 263,733 (86,659) $ $ $ $ $ Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 consisted of: (In thousands) Current liabilities Long-term liabilities 2017 $ $ (243) $ (225,504) $ 2016 (245) (86,414) Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 consisted of: (In thousands) Unamortized prior service credit Unamortized net actuarial loss 2016 2017 (3,054) (1,401) $ 85,984 83,367 84,583 $ 80,313 $ $ The following table summarizes the components of net periodic pension cost recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the plans for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: (In thousands) Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of: Net actuarial loss Prior service credit Plan curtailment Plan settlement Net periodic pension cost (benefit) $ $ 2017 2016 2015 3,055 $ 21,882 (28,459) 6,244 (316) (1,337) 17 1,086 $ 343 $ 16,291 (20,635) 5,423 (458) — — 964 $ 410 15,788 (23,372) 4,018 (457) — — (3,613) In May 2017, the Retirement Plan was amended to freeze benefit accruals under the cash balance benefit plan for certain participants under collective bargaining agreements effective as of June 30, 2017. As a result of this amendment, we recognized a pre-tax curtailment gain of $1.3 million as a component of net periodic pension cost during the year ended December 31, 2017. F-31 The following table summarizes other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive loss, before tax effects, during 2017 and 2016: (In thousands) Actuarial loss, net Recognized actuarial loss Recognized prior service credit Plan curtailment Plan settlement Total amount recognized in other comprehensive loss, before tax effects 2017 8,906 (6,272) 316 1,337 (17) 4,270 2016 $ 16,750 (5,423) 458 — — 11,785 $ $ $ The estimated net actuarial loss and net prior service credit for the defined benefit pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss in net periodic pension cost in 2018 is $5.8 million and $(0.2) million, respectively. The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the projected benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: Discount rate - net periodic benefit cost Discount rate - benefit obligation Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Rate of compensation/salary increase Other Non-qualified Deferred Compensation Agreements 2017 2015 2016 4.02 % 4.76 % 4.27 % 3.75 % 4.27 % 4.76 % 7.23 % 7.75 % 8.00 % 2.39 % 1.75 % 1.75 % We also are liable for deferred compensation agreements with former members of the board of directors and certain other former employees of acquired companies. Depending on the plan, benefits are payable in monthly or annual installments for a period of time based on the terms of the agreement which range from five years up to the life of the participant or to the beneficiary upon death of the participant and may begin as early as age 55. Participants accrue no new benefits as these plans had previously been frozen. Payments related to the deferred compensation agreements totaled approximately $0.2 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The net present value of the remaining obligations was approximately $1.9 million and $2.0 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and is included in pension and post-retirement benefit obligations in the accompanying balance sheets. We also maintain 25 life insurance policies on certain of the participating former directors and employees. We recognized $0.2 million in life insurance proceeds as other non-operating income in 2016. We did not recognize any insurance proceeds in 2017. The excess of the cash surrender value of the remaining life insurance policies over the notes payable balances related to these policies is determined by an independent consultant, and totaled $2.3 million and $2.2 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts are included in investments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Cash principal payments for the policies and any proceeds from the policies are classified as operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The aggregate death benefit payment payable under these policies totaled $7.0 million and $6.8 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Post-retirement Benefit Obligations We sponsor various healthcare and life insurance plans (“Post-retirement Plans”) that provide post-retirement medical and life insurance benefits to certain groups of retired employees. Certain plans have previously been frozen so that no person is eligible to become a new participant. Retirees share in the cost of healthcare benefits, making contributions that are adjusted periodically—either based upon collective bargaining agreements or because total costs of the program have changed. Covered expenses for retiree health benefits are paid as they are incurred. Post-retirement life insurance benefits are fully insured. A majority of the healthcare plans are unfunded and have no assets, and benefits are paid from the general operating funds of the Company. However, a plan acquired in the purchase of another company is funded by assets that are separately designated within the Retirement Plan for the sole purpose of providing payments of the retiree medical benefits for this specific plan. F-32 In connection with the acquisition of FairPoint, we have acquired its post-retirement benefit plan as of the date of acquisition. The post-retirement benefit plan provides medical, dental and life insurance benefits to certain eligible employees and in some instances, to their spouses and families. The post-retirement benefit plan is unfunded and the Company funds the benefits that are paid. The following tables summarize the change in benefit obligation, plan assets and funded status of the post-retirement benefit obligations as of December 31, 2017 and 2016: (In thousands) Change in benefit obligation Benefit obligation at the beginning of the year Service cost Interest cost Plan participant contributions Actuarial loss (gain) Benefits paid Acquisition Benefit obligation at the end of the year (In thousands) Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at the beginning of the year Employer contributions Plan participant’s contributions Actual return on plan assets Benefits paid Fair value of plan assets at the end of the year Funded status at year end 2017 2016 $ 46,318 $ 40,538 602 2,019 544 6,767 (4,152) — $ 116,970 $ 46,318 498 3,034 456 (2,815) (6,934) 76,413 2017 2016 $ 2,286 $ 6,478 456 198 (6,934) $ 2,484 $ $ (114,486) $ 2,985 3,608 544 (699) (4,152) 2,286 (44,032) Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 consist of: (In thousands) Current liabilities Long-term liabilities 2017 (7,515) $ (1,555) $ $ (106,971) $ (42,477) 2016 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 consist of: (In thousands) Unamortized prior service credit Unamortized net actuarial loss (gain) 2017 2016 $ (4,095) $ (4,616) 956 $ (5,865) $ (3,660) (1,770) The following table summarizes the components of the net periodic costs for post-retirement benefits for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: 2017 2016 2015 $ 498 $ 3,034 (113) (173) (521) 2,725 $ 602 $ 2,019 (148) — (521) 1,952 $ 601 1,713 (150) (134) (622) 1,408 (In thousands) Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of: Net actuarial gain Prior service credit Net periodic postretirement benefit cost $ F-33 The following table summarizes other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive loss, before tax effects, during 2017 and 2016: 2017 (In thousands) Actuarial loss (gain), net $ (2,899) $ 7,614 Recognized actuarial gain — 521 Recognized prior service credit Total amount recognized in other comprehensive loss, before tax effects $ (2,205) $ 8,135 173 521 2016 The estimated net actuarial gain and net prior service credit that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss in net periodic postretirement cost in 2018 is approximately $(0.1) million and $(0.5) million, respectively. The weighted-average discount rate assumptions utilized for the years ended December 31 were as follows: Net periodic benefit cost Benefit obligation 2017 2016 2015 3.96 % 4.61 % 4.11 % 3.67 % 4.12 % 4.61 % For purposes of determining the cost and obligation for post-retirement medical benefits, a 7.50% healthcare cost trend rate was assumed for the plan in 2017, declining to the ultimate trend rate of 5.00% in 2022. Assumed healthcare cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for healthcare plans. A one percent change in the assumed healthcare cost trend rate would have had the following effects: (In thousands) Effect on total of service and interest cost Effect on postretirement benefit obligation Plan Assets 1% Increase 1% Decrease (162) $ (3,843) $ 179 3,993 $ $ Our investment strategy is designed to provide a stable environment to earn a rate of return over time to satisfy the benefit obligations and minimize the reliance on contributions as a source of benefit security. The objectives are based on a long- term (5 to 15 year) investment horizon, so that interim fluctuations should be viewed with appropriate perspective. The assets of the fund are to be invested to achieve the greatest return for the pension plans consistent with a prudent level of risk. The asset return objective is to achieve, as a minimum over time, the passively managed return earned by managed index funds, weighted in the proportions outlined by the asset class exposures identified in the pension plan’s strategic allocation. We update our long-term, strategic asset allocations every few years to ensure they are in line with our fund objectives. The weighted average target allocation of the Pension Plan assets is approximately 66% in equities with the remainder in fixed income funds and cash equivalents. Currently, we believe that there are no significant concentrations of risk associated with the Pension Plan assets. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies for assets measured at fair value utilizing the fair value hierarchy discussed in Note 1, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value. The fair value measurements used to value our plan assets as of December 31, 2017 were generated by using market transactions involving identical or comparable assets. There were no changes in the valuation techniques used during 2017. Common and Preferred Stocks: Includes domestic and international common and preferred stocks and are valued at the closing price as of the measurement date as reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded. Mutual Funds: Valued at the daily closing net asset value (“NAV”) based on the closing price reported on the active market on which the funds are traded. U.S. Treasury and Government Agency Securities: Valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded (Level 1). Government issued mortgage-backed securities are valued based on external pricing indices ( Level 2). F-34 Corporate and Municipal Bonds: Valued based on yields currently available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings. Mortgage/Asset-backed Securities: Valued based on market prices from external pricing indices based on recent market activity. Common Collective Trusts and Commingled Funds: Units in the fund are valued based on the NAV of the funds, which is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held by the fund less its liabilities as reported by the issuer of the fund. The NAV per share is used as a practical expedient to estimate fair value. This practical expedient is not used when it is determined to be probable that the fund will sell the investment for an amount different than the reported net asset value. These investments have no unfunded commitments, are redeemable daily or monthly and have redemption notice periods of up to 10 days. The fair values of our assets for our defined benefit pension plans at December 31, 2017 and 2016, by asset category were as follows: Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) As of December 31, 2017 Significant Other Observable Unobservable Significant Inputs (Level 2) Inputs (Level 3) $ 10,383 $ — $ — 62,088 12,310 5,874 36,306 45,427 18,736 104,403 — — — — — — — 27,190 — — 12,140 334,857 2 37,069 9,024 — $ 46,095 $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — — (In thousands) Cash and cash equivalents Equities: Stocks: U.S. common stocks International stocks Funds: U.S. small cap U.S. mid cap U.S. large cap Emerging markets International Fixed Income: U.S. treasury and government agency securities Corporate and municipal bonds Mortgage/asset-backed securities Mutual funds Total plan assets in the fair value hierarchy Common Collective Trusts measured at NAV: (1) Short-term investments (2) Equities: U.S. small cap U.S. large cap Emerging markets International Fixed Income Total plan assets Other liabilities (3) Net plan assets Total $ 10,383 62,088 12,310 5,874 36,306 45,427 18,736 104,403 27,192 37,069 9,024 12,140 380,952 11,037 11,862 14,126 10,669 19,480 104,282 552,408 (168) $ 552,240 F-35 (In thousands) Cash and cash equivalents Equities: Stocks: U.S. common stocks International stocks Funds: U.S. mid cap U.S. large cap Emerging markets International Fixed Income: U.S. treasury and government agency securities Corporate and municipal bonds Mortgage/asset-backed securities Mutual funds Total plan assets in the fair value hierarchy Common Collective Trusts measured at NAV: (1) Short-term investments (2) Equities: U.S. small cap U.S. large cap Emerging markets International Fixed Income Total plan assets Other liabilities (3) Net plan assets Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) As of December 31, 2016 Significant Significant Other Observable Unobservable Inputs (Level 2) Inputs (Level 3) $ 671 $ — $ — Total $ 671 23,285 8,756 9,294 7,564 14,382 47,784 23,285 8,756 9,294 7,564 14,382 47,784 — — — — — — 16,821 6,712 4,171 20,055 159,495 $ 8,794 — — 20,055 140,585 8,027 6,712 4,171 — $ 18,910 $ — — — — — — — — — — — 7,330 10,093 14,064 7,865 15,434 52,340 266,621 (2,888) $ 263,733 (1) Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share as a practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in these tables are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets. (2) Short-term investments include an investment in a common collective trust which is principally comprised of certificates of deposit, commercial paper, U.S. government obligations and variable rate securities with maturities less than one year. (3) Net amount due for securities purchased and sold. F-36 The fair values of our assets for our post-retirement benefit plans at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: As of December 31, 2017 Quoted Prices Significant In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Inputs (Level 2) Other Observable Unobservable Significant $ 4 $ — $ Total $ 4 (In thousands) Cash and cash equivalents Equities: U.S. common stocks International stocks Funds: U.S. mid cap U.S. large cap Emerging markets International Total plan assets in the fair value hierarchy Common Collective Trusts measured at NAV: (1) Short-term investments (2) Equities: U.S. small cap U.S. large cap Emerging markets International Fixed Income Total plan assets Benefit payments payable Other liabilities (3) Net plan assets Inputs (Level 3) — — — — — — — 242 76 92 73 176 487 1,150 $ — — — — — — — $ 242 76 92 73 176 487 1,150 56 $ 111 132 100 183 978 2,710 (225) (1) $ 2,484 F-37 As of December 31, 2016 Quoted Prices Significant In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Other Observable Unobservable Significant Inputs (Level 2) Inputs (Level 3) $ 6 $ — $ — 225 84 90 73 139 462 85 — — 194 1,358 $ $ — — — — — — 78 65 40 — 183 $ — — — — — — — — — — — (In thousands) Cash and cash equivalents Equities: U.S. common stocks International stocks Funds: U.S. mid cap U.S. large cap Emerging markets International Fixed Income: U.S. treasury and government agency securities Corporate and municipal bonds Mortgage/asset-backed securities Mutual funds Total plan assets in the fair value hierarchy Common Collective Trusts measured at NAV: (1) Short-term investments (2) Equities: U.S. small cap U.S. large cap Emerging markets International Fixed Income Total plan assets Benefit payments payable Other liabilities (3) Net plan assets Total $ 6 225 84 90 73 139 462 163 65 40 194 1,541 71 98 136 76 149 506 2,577 (263) (28) $ 2,286 (1) Certain investments that are measured at fair value using NAV per share as a practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in these tables are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets. (2) Short-term investments include investment in a common collective trust which is principally comprised of certificates of deposit, commercial paper and U.S. government obligations with maturities less than one year. (3) Net amount due for securities purchased and sold. Cash Flows Contributions Our funding policy is to contribute annually an actuarially determined amount necessary to meet the minimum funding requirements as set forth in employee benefit and tax laws. We expect to contribute approximately $26.9 million to our Pension Plans and $10.0 million to our other post-retirement plans in 2018. F-38 Estimated Future Benefit Payments As of December 31, 2017, benefit payments expected to be paid over the next ten years are outlined in the following table: (In thousands) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 - 2027 Defined Contribution Plans $ Pension Plans Other Post-retirement Plans 33,006 $ 34,746 35,598 36,839 37,727 203,525 10,013 9,418 9,238 8,822 8,295 35,131 We offer defined contribution 401(k) plans to substantially all of our employees. Contributions made under the defined contribution plans include a match, at the Company’s discretion, of employee contributions to the plans. We recognized expense with respect to these plans of $9.6 million, $6.5 million and $6.9 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in 2017 is attributable to the acquisition of FairPoint which accounted for $3.8 million of the total expense. 10. INCOME TAXES Income tax expense (benefit) consists of the following components: (In thousands) Current: Federal State Total current expense (benefit) Deferred: Federal State Total deferred expense (benefit) Total income tax expense (benefit) For the Year Ended 2016 2017 2015 $ $ 1,055 145 1,200 1,390 709 2,099 $ (3,708) 655 (3,053) (141,726) 15,599 (126,127) $ (124,927) 20,087 776 20,863 $ 22,962 $ 4,321 1,507 5,828 2,775 The following is a reconciliation of the federal statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: (In percentages) Statutory federal income tax rate State income taxes, net of federal benefit Transaction costs Other permanent differences Change in uncertain tax positions Change in deferred tax rate Change in deferred tax rate - Federal Tax Reform Valuation allowance Provision to return Sale of stock in subsidiary Non deductible goodwill Other F-39 For the Year Ended 2017 2016 2015 35.0 % 35.0 % 35.0 % 2.9 — 0.9 — (4.0) — 1.6 0.3 (37.9) — 10.8 (8.2) 91.9 — 43.4 (1.5) — — (1.6) 4.1 (5.8) 0.2 — (9.1) 189.4 (4.3) — — — — 19.1 3.8 0.6 209.5 % 60.2 % 131.9 % Deferred Taxes The components of the net deferred tax liability are as follows: (In thousands) Non-current deferred tax assets: Reserve for uncollectible accounts Accrued vacation pay deducted when paid Accrued expenses and deferred revenue Net operating loss carryforwards Pension and postretirement obligations Share-based compensation Derivative instruments Financing costs Tax credit carryforwards Other Valuation allowance Net non-current deferred tax assets Non-current deferred tax liabilities: Goodwill and other intangibles Basis in investment Partnership investments Property, plant and equipment Other Net non-current deferred taxes Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 $ 1,757 4,594 12,256 83,278 91,311 — (164) 199 10,112 — 203,343 (8,103) 195,240 $ 1,090 2,286 7,687 13,068 50,353 189 80 492 5,383 22 80,650 (1,775) 78,875 (99,460) 140 (14,645) (285,996) (4,999) (404,960) $ (209,720) (36,558) (38) (22,360) (264,217) — (323,173) $ (244,298) The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”), was signed into law on December 22, 2017, making significant changes to the U.S. tax law. The new tax legislation contains several key tax provisions including, but not limited to, a reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, as well as a variety of other changes including acceleration of expensing of certain business assets acquired and placed in service after September 27, 2017, limitation of the tax deductibility of interest expense, and reductions in the amount of executive pay that could qualify as a tax deduction. The Company has calculated the provisional amount of the impact of the Tax Act in its year end income tax provision in accordance with its understanding of the Tax Act and guidance available as of the date of this filing and as a result has recorded a non-cash tax benefit estimate of $112.9 million (corresponding federal and state impact is $(123.0) million and $10.1 million, respectively) as a reduction in income tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2017. This provisional income tax benefit reflects the impact of re-measurement of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities to the enacted tax rate at which the balances are expected to reverse. In addition, we recorded valuation allowances of $0.9 million against state NOL and state tax credit carryforwards that we no longer expect to be able to realize based upon the Tax Act and new information evaluated in the fourth quarter of 2017. The provisional tax impact of the Tax Act is based on a preliminary review of the new law and is subject to revision based upon further analysis of the Tax Act. The Company’s re-measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities is provisional along with the reversal of certain deferred tax balances including but not limited to fixed assets and stock compensation. We will continue to analyze information and evaluate aspects of the Tax Act and the impact to our deferred tax assets and liabilities. Additionally, there is currently uncertainty as to what portions, if any, of the Tax Act will be adopted by the U.S. state and local taxing authorities. The state tax implications of the Tax Act are provisional and are subject to further analysis as guidance is published by the states in response to the Tax Act. Additional time is needed to gather the information necessary to finalize the computations of the impact of the Tax Act. The changes included in the Tax Act are broad and complex. The impact of the Tax Act may differ from the above estimate due to, among other things, changes in interpretations of the Tax Act, any legislative action to address questions that arise because of the Tax Act, any changes in accounting standards for income taxes or related interpretations in response to the Tax Act, regulatory guidance that may be issued, or any updates or changes to estimates the Company has utilized to calculate the impacts. F-40 ASC 740 requires us to recognize the effect of the tax law changes in the period of enactment. However, on December 22, 2017, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) was issued to address the application of US GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 will allow us to record provisional amounts during a measurement period which is similar to the measurement period used when accounting for business combinations. SAB 118 would allow for a measurement period of up to one year after the enactment date of the Tax Act to finalize the recording of the related tax impacts. Any subsequent adjustment to these amounts will be recorded to tax expense in 2018 when the analysis is complete. Deferred income taxes are provided for the temporary differences between assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and assets and liabilities recognized for tax purposes. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends upon taxable income during the future periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. To determine whether deferred tax assets can be realized, management assesses whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, taking into consideration the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax-planning strategies. Based upon historical taxable income, taxable temporary differences, available and prudent tax planning strategies and projections for future pre-tax book income over the periods that the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the benefits of these temporary differences. However, management may reduce the amount of deferred tax assets it considers realizable in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced. Estimates of future taxable income are based on the estimated recognition of taxable temporary differences, available and prudent tax planning strategies and projections of future pre-tax book income. The amount of estimated future taxable income is expected to allow for the full utilization of the NOL carryforward, partial utilization of the state NOL carryforwards and partial utilization of the state credit carryforwards, as described below. Consolidated and its wholly owned subsidiaries, which file a consolidated federal income tax return, estimates it has available federal NOL carryforwards as of December 31, 2017 of $296.5 million and related deferred tax assets of $62.3 million. The federal NOL carryforwards expire from 2018 to 2036. ETFL, a nonconsolidated subsidiary for federal income tax return purposes, estimates it has available NOL carryforwards as of December 31, 2017 of $1.4 million and related deferred tax assets of $0.3 million. ETFL’s federal NOL carryforwards expire from 2021 to 2024. We estimate that we have available state NOL carryforwards as of December 31, 2017 of $305.5 million and related deferred tax assets of $20.6 million. The state NOL carryforwards expire from 2018 to 2038. Management believes that it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize state NOL carryforwards of $89.7 million and related deferred tax asset of $6.2 million and have placed a valuation allowance on this amount. The related NOL carryforwards expire from 2018 to 2036. If or when recognized, the tax benefits related to any reversal of the valuation allowance will be accounted for as a reduction of income tax expense. We estimate that we have available federal alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2017 of $2.9 million and related deferred tax assets of $2.9 million. The newly enacted Tax Act repeals the AMT regime for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. The remaining AMT credit carryforward will be fully refundable to the Company in future tax years based on the provisions of the Tax Act. We estimate that we have available state tax credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2017 of $9.9 million and related deferred tax assets of $7.2 million. The state tax credit carryforwards are limited annually and expire from 2018 to 2027. Management believes that it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize state tax carryforwards of $2.7 million and related deferred tax asset of $1.9 million and has placed a valuation allowance on this amount. The related state tax credit carryforwards expire from 2018 to 2022. If or when recognized, the tax benefits related to any reversal of the valuation allowance will be accounted for as a reduction of income tax expense. Unrecognized Tax Benefits Under the accounting guidance applicable to uncertainty in income taxes, we have analyzed filing positions in all of the federal and state jurisdictions where we are required to file income tax returns as well as all open tax years in these jurisdictions. This accounting guidance clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in a company’s F-41 financial statements; prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return; and provides guidance on description, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. Our unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $4.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The net increase of $4.3 million to unrecognized tax benefits in 2017 was primarily due to the acquisition of FairPoint and was recorded in purchase accounting. There were no material effects on the Company’s effective tax rate. The net amount of unrecognized benefits that, if recognized, would result in an impact to the effective rate is $4.1 million compared to less than $0.1 million in 2016. Our practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in interest expense and general and administrative expense, respectively. During 2017 and 2016, we did not have a material liability for interest or penalties and had no material interest or penalty expense. The periods subject to examination for our federal return are years 2014 through 2016. The periods subject to examination for our state returns are years 2013 through 2016. In addition, prior tax years may be subject to examination by federal or state taxing authorities if the Company's NOL carryovers from those prior years are utilized in the future. We are currently under examination by a state taxing authority. We do not expect any settlement or payment that may result from the examination to have a material effect on our results or cash flows. We do not expect that the total unrecognized tax benefits and related accrued interest will significantly change due to the settlement of audits or the expiration of statute of limitations in the next twelve months. The net increase of $4.3 million to unrecognized tax benefits in 2017 was primarily due to the acquisition of FairPoint. There were no material effects on the Company’s effective tax rate. The following is a reconciliation of the unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016: (In thousands) Balance at January 1 Additions for tax positions related to FairPoint acquisition Reduction for tax positions of prior years Reduction for lapse of state statute of limitations Balance at December 31 Liability for Unrecognized Tax Benefits 2017 2016 $ 64 4,296 (64) — $ 4,296 $ $ 66 — — (2) 64 11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES We have certain other obligations for various contractual agreements to secure future rights to goods and services to be used in the normal course of our operations. These include purchase commitments for planned capital expenditures, agreements securing dedicated access and transport services, and service and support agreements. As of December 31, 2017, future minimum contractual obligations, including capital and operating leases, and the estimated timing and effect the obligations will have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods are as follows: (in thousands) Operating lease agreements Capital lease agreements Capital expenditures (1) Service and support agreements (2) Transport and data connectivity Total 2018 $ 15,151 11,346 13,081 32,229 13,603 $ 85,410 2019 $ 12,025 8,636 1,371 22,604 12,660 $ 57,296 Minimum Annual Contractual Obligations 2021 $ 5,377 468 1,226 2,570 6,817 $ 16,458 2022 $ 3,088 24 — 188 6,097 $ 9,397 2020 $ 9,144 3,416 2,225 14,404 8,868 $ 38,057 $ 8,641 — — 540 5,733 $ 14,914 $ 53,426 23,890 17,903 72,535 53,778 $ 221,532 Thereafter Total (1) We have binding commitments with numerous suppliers for future capital expenditures. (2) We have entered into service and maintenance agreements to support various computer hardware and software applications and certain equipment. F-42 Leases Operating We have entered into various non-cancelable operating leases with terms greater than one year for certain facilities and equipment used in our operations. The facility leases generally require us to pay operating costs, including property taxes, insurance and maintenance, and certain of them contain scheduled rent increases and renewal options. Leasehold improvements are amortized over their estimated useful lives or lease period, whichever is shorter. We recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of each lease. We incurred rent expense of $18.0 million, $12.7 million and $12.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Capital Leases We lease certain facilities and equipment under various capital lease arrangements, all of which expire between 2018 and 2022. As of December 31, 2017, the present value of the minimum remaining lease commitments, net of imputed interest of $2.2 million, was approximately $23.9 million, of which $11.3 million was due and payable within the next twelve months. See Note 12 for information regarding the capital leases we have entered into with related parties. Litigation, Regulatory Proceedings and Other Contingencies Access Charges In 2014, Sprint Communications Company L.P. (“Sprint”) along with MCI Communications Services, Inc. and Verizon Select Services Inc. (collectively, “Verizon”) filed lawsuits against certain entities of the Company including FairPoint, and many other Local Exchange Carriers (collectively, “LECs”) throughout the country challenging the switched access charges LECs assessed Sprint and Verizon, as interexchange carriers (“IXCs”), for certain calls originating from or terminating to mobile devices that are routed to or from these LECs through these IXCs. The plaintiffs’ position is based on their interpretation of federal law, among other things, and they are seeking refunds of past access charges paid for such calls. The disputed amounts total $4.8 million and cover periods dating back as far as 2006. CenturyLink, Inc. and its LEC subsidiaries (collectively “CenturyLink”), requested that the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (the “Panel”), which has the authority to transfer the pretrial proceedings to a single court for multiple civil cases involving common questions of fact, transfer and consolidate these cases in one court. The Panel granted CenturyLink’s request and ordered that these cases be transferred to and centralized in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas (the “U.S. District Court”). On November 17, 2015, the U.S. District Court dismissed these complaints based on its interpretation of federal law and held that LECs could assess switched access charges for the calls at issue (the “November 2015 Order”). The November 2015 Order also allowed the plaintiffs to amend their complaints to assert claims that arise under state laws independent of the dismissed claims asserted under federal law. While Verizon did not make such a filing, on May 16, 2016, Sprint filed amended complaints and on June 30, 2016, the LEC defendants named in such complaints filed, among other things, a Joint Motion to Dismiss them, which the U.S. District Court granted on May 3, 2017. Relatedly, in 2016, numerous LECs across the country, including a number of our LEC entities and FairPoint, filed complaints in various U.S. district courts against Level 3 Communications, LLC and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Level 3”) for its failure to pay access charges for certain calls that the November 2015 Order held could be assessed by LECs. The total amount of the Company’s LEC entities including FairPoint, seek from Level 3 in this proceeding is at least approximately $1.6 million, excluding late payment charges/penalties and attorneys’ fees. These complaint cases were transferred to and included in the above-referenced consolidated proceeding before the U.S. District Court. Level 3 filed a Motion to Dismiss these complaints that, in part, repeated arguments the November 2015 Order rejected. On March 22, 2017, the U.S. District Court denied Level 3’s Motion to Dismiss (“March 2017 Order”). The U.S. District Court has adopted scheduling orders in the consolidated cases on how the claims at issue (“intraMTA claims”) would be addressed in upcoming aspects of the proceeding. While the parties are seeking the Court’s assistance to address certain open issues during this phase of the proceeding, once the proceeding before the U.S. District Court on the intraMTA claims becomes final, including resolution of any related counterclaims, Sprint, Verizon, and Level 3 are expected to appeal the U.S. District Court’s November 2015 and March 2017 Orders. Absent a decision by an appellate F-43 court that overturns these orders, it could be difficult for Sprint or Verizon to succeed on its claims against us or for Level 3 to avoid paying the access charges it disputes in this litigation. Therefore, we do not expect any potential settlement or judgment to have a material adverse impact on our financial results or cash flows. Gross Receipts Tax Two of our subsidiaries, Consolidated Communications of Pennsylvania Company LLC (“CCPA”) and Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services Inc. (“CCES”), have, at various times, received assessment notices from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Revenue (“DOR”) increasing the amounts owed for Pennsylvania Gross Receipts Tax, and/or have had audits performed for the tax years of 2008 through 2016. In addition, a re-audit was performed on CCPA for the 2010 calendar year. Pennsylvania generally imposes tax on the gross receipts received from telephone messages transmitted wholly within the state and telephone messages transmitted in interstate commerce where such messages originate or terminate in Pennsylvania, and the charges for such messages are billed to a service address in the state. In a 2013 decision involving Verizon Pennsylvania, Inc. (“Verizon Pennsylvania”), the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania held that the gross receipts tax applies to Verizon Pennsylvania’s installation of private phone lines because the sole purpose of private lines is to transmit messages. Similarly, the court held that directory assistance is subject to the gross receipts tax because it makes the transmission of messages more effective and satisfactory. However, the court did not find Verizon Pennsylvania’s nonrecurring charges for the installation of telephone lines, moves of and changes to telephone lines and services and repairs of telephone lines to be subject to the gross receipts tax as no telephone messages are transmitted when Verizon Pennsylvania performs these nonrecurring services. In November 2015, on appeal, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held in Verizon Pennsylvania, Inc. v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 127 A.3d 745 (Pa. 2015), that charges for the installation of private phone lines, charges for directory assistance and certain nonrecurring charges were all subject to the state’s gross receipt tax. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania found that all of the services, including those related to nonrecurring charges, in some way made transmission more effective or communication more satisfactory even though such services did not involve actual transmission. This is a partial reversal of the 2013 Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania decision described above, which had ruled that while the charges for the installation of private phone lines and directory assistance were subject to the state’s gross receipts tax, the nonrecurring charges in question were not. As neither reargument nor reconsideration was sought, the Verizon Pennsylvania case is now final. For our CCES and CCPA subsidiaries, the total additional tax liability calculated by the DOR auditors for the calendar years 2008 through 2013, including interest, is approximately $4.3 million and $5.1 million, respectively. In May 2016, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Board of Finance and Revenue reviewed our appeals of the cases for the audits in calendar years 2008 through 2013 and held that the charges in question were subject to the state’s gross receipts tax. In June 2016, we filed appeals with the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court for the audits in calendar years 2008 through 2013, captioned as Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services, Inc. v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Nos. 400 through 411 FR 2016 and Consolidated Communications of Pennsylvania Company, LLC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Nos. 422 through 432 FR 2016. These appeals are presently in the fact development stage, with further joint status reports to be filed with the Commonwealth Court in March 2018. In October and December 2016, CCPA and CCES received Audit Assessment Notices from the DOR increasing the amounts owed for Pennsylvania Gross Receipts Tax for the 2014 tax year. The total additional tax liability calculated by the DOR auditors for CCPA and CCES for 2014, including interest, is approximately $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively. We filed Petitions for Reassessment with the DOR’s Board of Appeals in January 2017 for CCPA and in March 2017 for CCES, contesting these audit assessments. By Interlocutory Orders issued in April 2017, the Board stayed the matters pending final action of the Commonwealth Court in litigation involving the same issues related to CCPA’s and CCES’s 2008 through 2013 tax periods. In May and September 2017, CCES and CCPA received Audit Assessment Notices from the DOR increasing the amounts owed for Pennsylvania Gross Receipts Tax for the 2015 tax year. The total additional tax liability calculated by the DOR auditors for CCES and CCPA for 2015, including interest, is approximately $0.7 million for each subsidiary. We filed Petitions for Reassessment with the DOR’s Board of Appeals in May 2017 for CCES and in November 2017 for CCPA, contesting these audit assessments. By Interlocutory Orders issued in August 2017 and November 2017, the Board stayed F-44 the CCES and CCPA matters pending final action of the Commonwealth Court in litigation involving the same issues related to CCES’s and CCPA’s 2008 through 2013 tax periods. In December 2017, CCES and CCPA received audit schedules from the DOR increasing the amounts owed for Pennsylvania Gross Receipts Tax for the 2016 tax year. The total additional tax liability calculated by the DOR auditors for CCES and CCPA for 2016, including interest, is approximately $0.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively. We expect to appeal the audit findings for each subsidiary when the respective Audit Assessment Notices are issued. In May 2017, we entered into an agreement to guarantee any potential liability to the DOR up to $5.0 million. However, we believe that certain of the DOR’s findings regarding the Company’s additional tax liability for the calendar years 2008 through 2015, for which we have filed appeals, continue to lack merit. Nevertheless, in light of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania’s Verizon Pennsylvania decision, we have accrued $1.6 million and $1.4 million, including interest, for our CCES and CCPA subsidiaries, respectively. These accruals also include the Company’s best estimate of the potential 2016 and 2017 additional tax liabilities. We do not believe that the outcome of these claims will have a material adverse impact on our financial results or cash flows. In January 2018, CCES and CCPA submitted initial settlement offers to the Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General proposing to settle the intrastate and interstate cases at a reduced tax liability of the total assessed tax liability under dispute for the calendar years 2008 through 2013. The settlement offers are currently under review and consideration by the Commonwealth Court. We expect to receive responses to our offers during the second quarter of 2018. While we continue to believe a settlement of all disputed claims is possible, we cannot anticipate at this time what the ultimate resolution of these cases will be, nor can we evaluate the likelihood of a favorable or unfavorable outcome or the potential losses (or gains) should such an outcome occur. From time to time, we may be involved in litigation that we believe is of the type common to companies in our industry, including regulatory issues. While the outcome of these claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the outcome of any of these legal matters will have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. 12. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Capital Leases Richard A. Lumpkin, a member of our Board of Directors, together with his family, beneficially owned 37.0% of Agracel, Inc. (“Agracel”), a real estate investment company, at December 31, 2017 and 2016. Mr. Lumpkin also is a director of Agracel. Agracel is the sole managing member and 50% owner of LATEL LLC (“LATEL”). Mr. Lumpkin and his immediate family had a 68.5% beneficial ownership of LATEL at December 31, 2017 and 2016. As of December 31, 2017, we had three capital lease agreements with LATEL for the occupancy of three buildings on a triple net lease basis. In accordance with the Company’s related person transactions policy, these leases were approved by our Audit Committee and Board of Directors (“BOD”). We have accounted for these leases as capital leases in accordance with ASC Topic 840, Leases, and have capitalized the lower of the present value of the future minimum lease payments or their fair value. The capital lease agreements require us to pay substantially all expenses associated with general maintenance and repair, utilities, insurance and taxes. Each of the three lease agreements have a maturity date of May 31, 2021 and each have two five-year options to extend the terms of the lease after the initial expiration date. We are required to pay LATEL approximately $7.9 million over the terms of the lease agreements. The carrying value of the capital leases at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was approximately $2.2 million and $2.7 million, respectively. We recognized $0.3 million in interest expense in 2017 and $0.4 million in interest expense in each of 2016 and 2015 and amortization expense of $0.4 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015 related to the capitalized leases. Long-Term Debt A portion of the 2020 Notes was sold to accredited investors consisting of certain members of the Company’s Board of Directors or a trust of which a director is the beneficiary (“related parties”). In May 2012, the related parties purchased $10.8 million of the 2020 Notes on the same terms available to other investors, except that the related parties were not entitled to registration rights. In 2015, the 2020 Notes were fully redeemed and we paid an early redemption premium of $1.5 million and recognized approximately $0.7 million in interest expense in the aggregate for the 2020 Notes purchased F-45 by related parties. In September 2014, $5.0 million of the 2022 Notes were sold to a trust, the beneficiary of which is a member of the Company’s Board of Directors and we recognized approximately $0.3 million in each of 2017 and 2016 in interest expense for the 2022 Notes purchased by the related party. Other Services Mr. Lumpkin also has a minority ownership interest in First Mid-Illinois Bancshares, Inc. (“First Mid-Illinois”). We provide telecommunication products and services to First Mid-Illinois and we received approximately $0.7 million in each of 2017 and 2016 and $0.8 million in 2015 for these services. 13. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED) 2017 Net revenues Operating income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share 2016 Net revenues Operating income Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share Quarter Ended March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, (In thousands, except per share amounts) $ 169,935 $ 18,587 (3,685) $ (0.07) $ $ 169,950 $ 21,578 (2,728) $ (0.06) $ $ 363,329 $ (7,998) $ (28,448) (0.41) $ $ 356,360 6,487 $ 99,806 $ 1.41 $ March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, Quarter Ended $ 188,846 $ 24,310 7,849 $ 0.15 $ (In thousands, except per share amounts) $ $ $ $ $ 191,541 22,736 $ 7,012 $ 0.14 $ $ 186,871 $ 22,954 76 $ $ — 175,919 17,440 (6) — On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was enacted as discussed in Note 10 and, as a result, we recorded a non-cash tax benefit estimate of $112.9 million as a reduction in income tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2017. During the third quarter of 2017, we acquired all the issued and outstanding shares of FairPoint in exchange for shares of our common stock. FairPoint’s results of operations have been included in our consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date of July 3, 2017. As result of the FairPoint acquisition, we incurred transaction costs of $1.5 million, $1.7 million, $27.0 million and $2.8 million during the quarters ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017, respectively. In December 2016, in connection with the acquisition of FairPoint, we secured committed debt financing through a $935.0 million incremental term loan facility, as described in Note 6. In connection with entering into the committed financing, we incurred ticking fees and the amortization of commitment fees of $1.2 million, $11.4 million, $13.3 million and $6.2 million during quarters ended December 31, 2016, March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017 and September 30, 2017, respectively. In October 2016, we amended our Credit Agreement to restate and amend our term loan credit facilities as described in Note 6. In connection with entering into the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, we incurred a loss on the extinguishment of debt of $6.6 million during the quarter ended December 31, 2016. 14. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL INFORMATION Consolidated Communications, Inc. is the primary obligor under the unsecured Senior Notes. We and substantially all of our subsidiaries, including our FairPoint subsidiaries, have jointly and severally guaranteed the Senior Notes. All of the subsidiary guarantors are 100% direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of the parent, and all guarantees are full, unconditional and joint and several with respect to principal, interest and liquidated damages, if any. As such, we present condensed consolidating balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and condensed consolidating statements of operations and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 for each of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. (Parent), Consolidated Communications, Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer), guarantor subsidiaries and other non-guarantor subsidiaries with any consolidating adjustments. See Note 6 for more information regarding our Senior Notes. F-46 Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets (amounts in thousands) Parent Subsidiary Issuer Guarantors Non-Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated December 31, 2017 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Income taxes receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Assets held for sale $ Total current assets — $ — 20,275 — — 20,275 8,919 $ — — — — 8,919 6,738 $ — $ — $ 114,303 1,571 33,188 — 155,800 7,701 — 130 21,310 29,141 (476) — — — (476) 15,657 121,528 21,846 33,318 21,310 213,659 Property, plant and equipment, net — — 1,972,190 65,416 — 2,037,606 Intangibles and other assets: Investments Investments in subsidiaries Goodwill Other intangible assets Advances due to/from affiliates, net Deferred income taxes Other assets — 3,643,930 — — — 21,244 — 8,495 2,133,049 2,441,690 — 1,307 100,363 35,374 971,851 297,696 555,332 — 12,844 Total assets $ 3,685,449 $ 4,593,460 $ 4,101,450 $ — — 66,181 9,087 92,615 — 37 108,858 — 1,038,032 306,783 — — 14,188 262,477 $ (8,923,710) $ 3,719,126 — (5,812,353) — — (3,089,637) (21,244) — LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable Advance billings and customer deposits Dividends payable Accrued compensation Accrued interest Accrued expense Current portion of long term debt and capital lease obligations Liabilities held for sale Total current liabilities Long-term debt and capital lease obligations Advances due to/from affiliates, net Deferred income taxes Pension and postretirement benefit obligations Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity: Common Stock Other shareholders’ equity Total Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ — $ — 27,418 — — 107 — $ — — — 8,824 504 24,143 $ 41,026 — 48,795 519 70,976 — — 27,525 18,350 — 27,678 — 3,089,637 — — — 3,117,162 2,298,970 — 750 — 1,761 2,329,159 11,150 — 196,609 12,139 — 209,116 315,129 31,030 764,023 — $ 1,500 — 975 — 930 196 1,003 4,604 — $ — — — — (476) — — (476) 24,143 42,526 27,418 49,770 9,343 72,041 29,696 1,003 255,940 405 — 21,098 19,064 1,026 46,197 — (3,089,637) (21,244) — — (3,111,357) 2,311,514 — 209,720 334,193 33,817 3,145,184 708 567,579 — 2,264,301 17,411 3,314,361 30,000 186,280 (47,411) (5,764,942) 708 567,579 568,287 — 568,287 2,264,301 — 2,264,301 $ 3,685,449 $ 4,593,460 $ 4,101,450 $ 3,331,772 5,655 3,337,427 568,287 216,280 5,655 — 573,942 216,280 262,477 $ (8,923,710) $ 3,719,126 (5,812,353) — (5,812,353) F-47  Parent Subsidiary Issuer Guarantors Non-Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated December 31, 2016 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Income taxes receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ Total current assets — $ — 20,756 — 20,756 27,064 $ — — 12,856 39,920 13 $ — $ 48,911 885 15,310 65,119 7,347 (25) 126 7,448 Property, plant and equipment, net — — 999,416 55,770 — $ (42) — — (42) 27,077 56,216 21,616 28,292 133,201 — 1,055,186 Intangibles and other assets: Investments Investments in subsidiaries Goodwill Other intangible assets Advances due to/from affiliates, net Deferred income taxes Other assets — 2,192,556 — — — 17,150 — 8,338 2,019,692 — — 1,524,906 — 1,562 97,883 14,279 690,696 22,525 427,720 — 8,058 Total assets $ 2,230,462 $ 3,594,418 $ 2,325,696 $ — — 66,181 9,087 87,171 — 41 106,221 — 756,877 31,612 — — 9,661 225,698 $ (6,283,516) $ 2,092,758 — (4,226,527) — — (2,039,797) (17,150) — LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable Advance billings and customer deposits Dividends payable Accrued compensation Accrued interest Accrued expense Current portion of long term debt and capital lease obligations Total current liabilities Long-term debt and capital lease obligations Advances due to/from affiliates, net Deferred income taxes Pension and postretirement benefit obligations Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity: Common Stock Other shareholders’ equity Total Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ — $ — 19,605 — — 36 — $ — — — 10,824 15,057 6,766 $ 24,981 — 16,002 436 38,192 — 19,641 9,000 34,881 5,735 92,112 — 2,039,797 — 1,365,820 — 984 — 70 2,059,508 — 216 1,401,901 10,332 — 232,668 109,185 13,807 458,104 — $ 1,457 — 969 — 880 187 3,493 — $ — — — — (42) 6,766 26,438 19,605 16,971 11,260 54,123 — (42) 14,922 150,085 602 — 27,796 — (2,039,797) (17,150) 21,608 480 53,979 — — (2,056,989) 1,376,754 — 244,298 130,793 14,573 1,916,503 506 170,448 506 170,448 — 2,192,517 17,411 1,844,880 30,000 141,719 (47,411) (4,179,116) 170,954 — 170,954 2,192,517 — 2,192,517 $ 2,230,462 $ 3,594,418 $ 2,325,696 $ 1,862,291 5,301 1,867,592 170,954 171,719 5,301 — 176,255 171,719 225,698 $ (6,283,516) $ 2,092,758 (4,226,527) — (4,226,527) F-48 Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations (amounts in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2017 Net revenues Operating expenses: Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative expenses Acquisition and other transaction costs Depreciation and amortization Operating income (loss) Other income (expense): Interest expense, net of interest income Intercompany interest income (expense) Investment income Equity in earnings of subsidiaries, net Other, net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. Subsidiary Issuer Parent $ — $ Guarantors Non-Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated 1,059,574 — $ 1,013,505 $ (12,707) $ 58,776 $ — 1,924 33,650 — (35,574) — 30 — — (30) (12) — — 101,863 — 66,277 1,332 64,945 (128,737) 58,909 157 109,015 3 39,317 (27,610) 66,927 447,247 234,438 — 280,843 50,977 (1,183) (58,827) 31,592 1,918 (236) 24,241 (97,667) 121,908 11,094 13,371 — 11,030 23,281 146 (82) — — (12) 23,333 (982) 24,315 (12,276) (431) — — — — — — (212,796) — (212,796) — (212,796) — — 354 — — $ 64,945 $ 66,927 $ 121,554 $ 24,315 $ (212,796) $ 446,065 249,332 33,650 291,873 38,654 (129,786) — 31,749 — (245) (59,628) (124,927) 65,299 354 64,945 Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common shareholders $ 64,139 $ 71,746 $ 119,174 $ 25,381 $ (216,301) $ 64,139 F-49 Net revenues Operating expenses: Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative expenses Acquisition and other transaction costs Loss on impairment Depreciation and amortization Operating income (loss) Other income (expense): Interest expense, net of interest income Intercompany interest income (expense) Loss on extinguishment of debt Investment income Equity in earnings of subsidiaries, net Other, net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. Year Ended December 31, 2016 Subsidiary Issuer Parent — $ $ Guarantors Non-Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated 743,177 (13,150) $ 58,785 $ (15) $ 697,557 $ — 3,331 1,214 — — (4,545) — 7 — — — (22) 323,112 141,533 — 610 164,577 67,725 46 (63,773) — — 58,208 — (10,064) (24,995) 14,931 — (76,213) 97,102 (6,559) 166 56,600 (328) 70,746 12,538 58,208 — (694) (34,846) — 32,806 711 1,478 67,180 25,807 41,373 265 12,401 12,669 — — 9,433 24,282 35 1,517 — — — (19) 25,815 9,612 16,203 — (12,721) (429) — — — — — — — — (115,519) — (115,519) — (115,519) — $ 14,931 $ 58,208 $ 41,108 $ 16,203 $ (115,519) $ 322,792 157,111 1,214 610 174,010 87,440 (76,826) — (6,559) 32,972 — 1,131 38,158 22,962 15,196 265 14,931 Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common shareholders $ 3,353 $ 46,630 $ 30,442 $ 14,744 $ (91,816) $ 3,353 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Net revenues Operating expenses: Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Selling, general and administrative expenses Acquisition and other transaction costs Depreciation and amortization Operating income (loss) Other income (expense): Interest expense, net of interest income Intercompany interest income (expense) Loss on extinguishment of debt Investment income Equity in earnings of subsidiaries, net Other, net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. Subsidiary Issuer Parent $ — $ Guarantors Non-Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated 775,737 728,910 $ (13,388) $ 60,094 $ 121 $ — 3,160 1,413 — (4,573) — 150 — — (29) (104) (153,713) — — 93,391 — (64,999) (64,118) (881) (79,680) 166,838 (41,242) 326 64,812 (26) 110,999 17,608 93,391 328,714 156,380 — 171,232 72,584 154 (15,917) — 36,364 567 (1,346) 92,406 40,346 52,060 12,567 19,044 — 8,690 19,793 12 2,792 — — — (129) 22,468 8,939 13,529 (12,881) (507) — — — — — — — (158,770) — (158,770) — (158,770) — — 210 — — $ (881) $ 93,391 $ 51,850 $ 13,529 $ (158,770) $ 328,400 178,227 1,413 179,922 87,775 (79,618) — (41,242) 36,690 — (1,501) 2,104 2,775 (671) 210 (881) Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common shareholders $ (4,940) $ 89,332 $ 48,434 $ 13,105 $ (150,871) $ (4,940) F-50 Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows (amounts in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2017 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities $ (23,237) Parent Subsidiary Issuer (25,625) $ Guarantors Non-Guarantors Consolidated $ 235,810 $ 23,079 $ 210,027 Cash flows from investing activities: Business acquisition, net of cash acquired Purchases of property, plant and equipment Proceeds from sale of assets Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Payment of capital lease obligation Payment on long-term debt Payment of financing costs Share repurchases for minimum tax withholding Dividends on common stock Transactions with affiliates, net Other Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period (862,385) — — (862,385) — — — — — (167,187) 829 (166,358) — (13,998) 30 (13,968) (862,385) (181,185) 859 (1,042,711) — — — — (571) (94,138) 980,681 (350) 885,622 — — — 1,052,325 — (111,337) (16,732) — — (916,776) — 7,480 (18,145) 27,064 8,919 $ $ $ — (7,746) — — — — (54,981) — (62,727) 6,725 13 6,738 $ — (187) — — — — (8,924) — (9,111) — — — 1,052,325 (7,933) (111,337) (16,732) (571) (94,138) — (350) 821,264 (11,420) 27,077 15,657 $ Year Ended December 31, 2016 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities $ (23,634) $ 13,315 Parent Subsidiary Issuer Guarantors Non-Guarantors Consolidated 218,233 200,098 28,454 $ $ $ Cash flows from investing activities: Business acquisition, net of cash acquired Purchases of property, plant and equipment Proceeds from sale of assets Proceeds from business disposition Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Payment of capital lease obligation Payment on long-term debt Payment of financing costs Share repurchases for minimum tax withholding Dividends on common stock Transactions with affiliates, net Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period (13,422) — — 30,119 16,697 — — — — — — — — — (1,231) (78,419) 86,587 6,937 — — — 936,750 — (943,050) (9,912) — — 24,084 7,872 21,187 5,877 27,064 $ $ $ — (111,389) 198 — (111,191) — (2,743) — — — — (93,780) (96,523) (7,616) 7,629 13 $ — (13,803) 10 — (13,793) — (142) — — — — (16,891) (17,033) (2,372) 2,372 — (13,422) (125,192) 208 30,119 (108,287) 936,750 (2,885) (943,050) (9,912) (1,231) (78,419) — (98,747) 11,199 15,878 27,077 $ F-51 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities $ (119,472) $ 76,962 Parent Issuer Subsidiary Year Ended December 31, 2015 Guarantors Non-Guarantors Consolidated 219,179 240,372 21,317 $ $ $ Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of property, plant and equipment Proceeds from sale of assets Proceeds from sale of investments Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from bond offering Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Payment of capital lease obligation Payment on long-term debt Redemption of senior notes Payment of financing costs Share repurchases for minimum tax withholding Dividends on common stock Transactions with affiliates, net Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (1,125) (78,209) 198,806 119,472 — — — 294,780 69,000 — (107,100) (261,874) (4,805) — — (66,026) (76,025) 937 4,940 5,877 $ $ (126,168) 13,535 846 (111,787) — — (1,029) — — — — — (120,747) (121,776) 6,809 820 7,629 $ (7,766) 13 — (7,753) — — (78) — — — — — (12,033) (12,111) 1,453 919 2,372 (133,934) 13,548 846 (119,540) 294,780 69,000 (1,107) (107,100) (261,874) (4,805) (1,125) (78,209) — (90,440) 9,199 6,679 15,878 $ F-52 Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants The Partners of Pennsylvania RSA No. 6 (II) Limited Partnership We have audited the accompanying financial statements of Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(II) Limited Partnership, which comprise the statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in partners’ capital and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2015, and the related notes to the financial statements. Management's Responsibility for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Auditor's Responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor's judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity's preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity's internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Opinion In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations and cash flows of Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(II) Limited Partnership for the year ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Orlando, FL February 26, 2016 S-1 Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(II) Limited Partnership Balance Sheets - As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (Dollars in Thousands) ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS: Due from affiliate Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $594 and $713 Unbilled revenue Prepaid expenses Total current assets PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT - NET OTHER ASSETS - NET TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND PARTNERS’ CAPITAL CURRENT LIABILITIES: Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Advance billings and other Financing obligation Deferred rent Total current liabilities LONG TERM LIABILITIES: Financing obligation Deferred rent Other liabilities Total long term liabilities Total liabilities PARTNERS’ CAPITAL General Partner's interest Limited Partners' interest Total partners' capital 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Unaudited) $ $ $ $ $ $ 4,468 22,162 1,201 653 28,484 20,255 6,709 55,448 4,668 4,130 48 13 8,859 419 1,106 189 1,714 10,573 22,944 21,931 44,875 5,199 22,311 958 768 29,236 17,568 6,927 53,731 4,772 4,076 47 13 8,908 421 1,076 — 1,497 10,405 22,153 21,173 43,326 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND PARTNERS’ CAPITAL $ 55,448 $ 53,731 See notes to financial statements. S-2 Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(II) Limited Partnership Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 (Dollars in Thousands) OPERATING REVENUES: Service revenues Equipment revenues Other Total operating revenues OPERATING EXPENSES: Cost of service (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Cost of equipment Depreciation and amortization Selling, general and administrative Total operating expenses OPERATING INCOME INTEREST INCOME, NET 2017 2016 (Unaudited) (Unaudited) 2015 (Audited) $ 107,517 $ 114,071 $ 27,092 8,378 142,987 26,780 8,077 148,928 121,247 28,121 8,007 157,375 52,463 30,823 3,480 30,270 117,036 51,138 31,532 3,334 32,599 118,603 47,596 35,448 3,223 36,075 122,342 25,951 30,325 35,033 48 11 114 NET INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME $ 25,999 $ 30,336 $ 35,147 Allocation of Net Income: General Partners Limited Partners See notes to financial statements. $ $ 13,292 $ 12,707 $ 15,512 $ 14,824 $ 17,969 17,178 S-3 Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(II) Limited Partnership Statements of Changes in Partners’ Capital – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 (Dollars in Thousands) General Partner Cellco Partnership Cellco Partnership Limited Partners Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services, Inc. Venus Cellular Telephone Company, Inc. Total Partners’ Capital BALANCE—January 1, 2015 $ 15,029 $ 2,507 $ 6,957 $ 4,900 $ 29,393 Distributions Net Income BALANCE— December 31, 2015 (Audited) Distributions Net Income BALANCE— December 31, 2016 (Unaudited) Distributions Net Income (13,958) 17,969 19,040 (12,399) 15,512 22,153 (12,501) 13,292 (2,329) 2,999 3,177 (2,069) 2,588 3,696 (2,086) 2,218 (6,462) 8,320 8,815 (5,740) 7,180 10,255 (5,787) 6,154 (4,551) 5,859 6,208 (4,042) 5,056 7,222 (4,076) 4,335 (27,300) 35,147 37,240 (24,250) 30,336 43,326 (24,450) 25,999 BALANCE— December 31, 2017 (Unaudited) $ 22,944 $ 3,828 $ 10,622 $ 7,481 $ 44,875 See notes to financial statements. S-4 Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(II) Limited Partnership Statements of Cash Flows – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 (Dollars in Thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net Income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Imputed interest on financing obligation Provision for losses on accounts receivable Changes in certain assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Unbilled revenue Prepaid expenses Other assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Advance billings and other Deferred rent Other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Capital expenditures Fixed asset transfers out Change in due from affiliate Net cash used in investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from financing obligation Repayments of financing obligation Distributions Net cash used in financing activities CHANGE IN CASH CASH—Beginning of year CASH—End of year 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Unaudited ) 2015 (Audited) $ 25,999 $ 30,336 $ 35,147 3,480 46 681 (532) (243) 115 217 (204) 54 30 189 29,832 (6,996) 930 731 (5,335) 3,334 45 502 (4,677) 73 (510) (208) 604 (321) 46 — 29,224 3,223 34 1,638 (7,698) (70) (15) (4,748) 303 (724) 404 — 27,494 (2,791) 441 (2,578) (4,928) (6,886) 536 5,720 (630) - (47) (24,450) (24,497) - (46) (24,250) (24,296) 474 (38) (27,300) (26,864) - - - $ - - - $ - - - $ NONCASH TRANSACTIONS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Accruals for capital expenditures $ 150 $ 49 $ 22 See notes to financial statements S-5 Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(II) Limited Partnership Notes to Financial Statements - Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 (Dollars in Thousands) 1. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(II) Limited Partnership (the “Partnership”) was formed in 1991. The principal activity of the Partnership is providing cellular service in the Pennsylvania Rural Service Area 6-B2. Under the terms of the partnership agreement, the partnership expires on January 1, 2091. In accordance with the partnership agreement, Cellco Partnership (“Cellco”), doing business as Verizon Wireless, a general partner of the Partnership, is responsible for managing the operations of the Partnership (see Note 7). The partners and their respective ownership percentages of the Partnership as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 are as follows: General Partner: Cellco Partnership Limited Partners: Cellco Partnership Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services, Inc. Venus Cellular Telephone Company, Inc. 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES 51.13 % 8.53 % 23.67 % 16.67 % Use of estimates – The financial statements are prepared using U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Examples of significant estimates include: the allowance for doubtful accounts, the recoverability of property, plant and equipment, unbilled revenues, fair values of financial instruments, accrued expenses and contingencies. Revenue recognition – The Partnership offers products and services to customers through bundled arrangements. These arrangements involve multiple deliverables which may include products, services, or a combination of products and services. The Partnership earns revenue primarily by providing access to and usage of its network as well as the sale of equipment. In general, access revenue is billed one month in advance and recognized when earned. Usage revenue is generally billed in S-6 arrears and recognized when service is rendered. Equipment revenue associated with the sale of wireless devices and accessories is generally recognized when the products are delivered to and accepted by the customer, as equipment sales is considered to be a separate earnings process from providing wireless services. For agreements involving the resale of third-party services in which the Partnership is considered the primary obligor in the arrangements, the revenue is recorded gross at the time of sale. Under the Verizon device payment plan program, eligible wireless customers purchase wireless devices under a device payment plan agreement. The Partnership may offer certain promotions that allow a customer to trade in his or her owned device in connection with the purchase of a new device. Under these types of promotions, the customer receives a credit for the value of the trade-in device. In addition, the Partnership may provide the customer with additional future credits that will be applied against the customer’s monthly bill as long as service is maintained. The Partnership recognizes a liability for the trade-in device measured at fair value, which is approximated by considering several factors, including the weighted- average selling prices obtained in recent resales of devices eligible for trade-in. Future credits are recognized when earned by the customer. From time to time, the Partnership offers certain marketing promotions that allow our customers to upgrade to a new device after paying down a certain specified portion of their required device payment plan agreement amount and trading in their device in good working order. When a customer enters into a device payment plan agreement with the right to upgrade to a new device, the Partnership accounts for this trade-in right as a guarantee obligation. The full amount of the trade-in right’s fair value (not an allocated value) is recognized as a guarantee liability and the remaining allocable consideration is allocated to the device. The value of the guarantee liability effectively results in a reduction to the revenue recognized for the sale of the device. In multiple element arrangements that bundle devices and monthly wireless service, revenue is allocated to each unit of accounting using a relative selling price method. At the inception of the arrangement, the amount allocable to the delivered units of accounting is limited to the amount that is not contingent upon the delivery of the monthly wireless service (the noncontingent amount). The Partnership effectively recognizes revenue on the delivered device at the lesser of the amount allocated based on the relative selling price of the device or the noncontingent amount owed when the device is sold. Roaming revenue reflects service revenue earned by the Partnership when customers not associated with the Partnership operate in the service area of the Partnership and use the Partnership’s network. The roaming rates with third party carriers associated with those customers are based on agreements with such carriers. The roaming rates and methodology to determine roaming volumes charged by the Partnership to Cellco are established by Cellco on a periodic basis and may not reflect current market rates (see Note 7). S-7 Other revenues primarily consist of certain fees billed to customers for surcharges and elected services. The Partnership reports taxes imposed by governmental authorities on revenue-producing transactions between the Partnership and its customers which is passed through to the customers on a net basis. Other revenues resulting from a cell sharing agreement, which excludes sharing of site expenses, with Cellco are recognized based upon a rate per minute of use (see Note 7). Operating expenses – Operating expenses include expenses incurred directly by the Partnership, as well as an allocation of selling, general and administrative, and operating costs incurred by Cellco or its affiliates on behalf of the Partnership. Employees of Cellco provide services on behalf of the Partnership. These employees are not employees of the Partnership, therefore operating expenses include direct and allocated charges of salary and employee benefit costs for the services provided to the Partnership. Cellco believes such allocations, principally based on the Partnership’s total subscribers, are calculated in accordance with the Partnership agreement and are a reasonable method of allocating such costs (see Note 7). In 2016 and 2015, allocations were principally based on the Partnership’s percentage of certain revenue streams, total subscribers and customer gross additions or minutes-of-use; in 2017, allocations were principally based on total subscribers. The impact of the change in allocation factors was insignificant. Cost of roaming, included in the cost of service, reflects costs incurred by the Partnership when customers associated with the Partnership operate in a service area not associated with the Partnership and use a network not associated with the Partnership. The roaming rates with third party carriers are based on agreements with such carriers. The roaming rates and methodology to determine roaming volumes charged to the Partnership by Cellco are established by Cellco on a periodic basis and may not reflect current market rates (see Note 7). Cost of equipment is recorded upon sale of the related equipment at Cellco’s cost basis. Inventory is wholly owned by Cellco until the moment of sale and is not recorded in the financial statements of the Partnership. Maintenance and repairs – The cost of maintenance and repairs, including the cost of replacing minor items not constituting substantial betterments, is charged principally to Cost of service as these costs are incurred. Advertising costs – Costs for advertising products and services as well as other promotional and sponsorship costs are charged to Selling, general and administrative expense in the periods in which they are incurred (See Note 7). Comprehensive income – Comprehensive income is the same as net income as presented in the accompanying statements of income and comprehensive income. Income taxes – On December 22, 2017 the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) was enacted. The TCJA significantly revised the U.S. federal corporate income tax by, among other things, lowering the corporate income tax rate to 21% and imposing limitations on the deduction of interest expense. The Partnership is treated as a pass S-8 through entity for income tax purposes and, therefore, is not subject to federal, state, or local taxes. Accordingly, no provision has been recorded for income taxes in the Partnership’s financial statements. The results of operations, including taxable income, gains, losses, deductions and credits, are allocated to and reflected on the income tax returns of the respective partners. The Partnership files partnership income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and local jurisdictions. The Partnership remains subject to examination by tax authorities for tax years as early as 2014. It is reasonably possible that various current tax examinations will conclude or required reevaluations of the Partnership’s tax positions during this period. An estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made until these tax matters are further developed or resolved. Due to/from affiliate – Due to/from affiliate principally represents the Partnership’s cash position with Cellco. Cellco manages, on behalf of the Partnership, all cash, investing and financing activities of the Partnership. As such, the change in due to/from affiliate is reflected as an investing activity or a financing activity in the statements of cash flows depending on whether it represents a net asset or net liability for the Partnership. Additionally, cost of equipment, administrative and operating costs incurred by Cellco on behalf of the Partnership, as well as property, plant and equipment and wireless license transactions with affiliates, are charged to the Partnership through this account. Interest income on due from affiliate is based on the Applicable Federal Rate which was approximately 1.2%, 0.7%, and 0.5% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Interest expense on due to affiliate is calculated by applying Cellco’s average cost of borrowing from Verizon Communications Inc., which was approximately 4.7%, 4.8%, and 4.8% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 respectively, to the outstanding due to/from affiliate balance. Included in Interest income, net is interest income of $77 (Unaudited), $41 (Unaudited), and $29 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, related to due to/from affiliate. Allowance for doubtful accounts – Accounts receivable are recorded in the financial statements at cost, net of allowance for credit losses, with the exception of device payment plan agreement receivables which are initially recorded at fair value based on a number of factors including historical write-off experience, credit quality of the customer base and other factors such as macroeconomic conditions. The Partnership maintains allowances for uncollectible accounts receivable, including device payment plan agreement receivables, for estimated losses resulting from the failure or inability of customers to make required payments. The allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable is based on Cellco’s assessment of the collectability of each Partnership’s specific customer accounts and includes consideration of the credit worthiness and financial condition of those customers. The Partnership records an allowance to reduce the receivables to the amount that is reasonably believed to be collectible. The Partnership also records an allowance for all other receivables based on multiple factors including historical experience with S-9 bad debts, the general economic environment and the aging of such receivables. Similar to traditional service revenue accounting treatment, bad debt expense related to device payment plan agreement receivables is recorded based on an estimate of the percentage of device payment plan agreement receivables that will not be collected. This estimate is based on a number of factors including historical write-off experience, credit quality of the customer base and other factors such as macroeconomic conditions. Due to the device payment plan agreement being incorporated in the standard Verizon Wireless bill, the collection and risk strategies continue to follow historical practices. The Partnership monitors the aging of accounts with device payment plan agreement receivables and writes off account balances if collection efforts are unsuccessful and future collection is unlikely. Property, plant and equipment and Depreciation – Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Property, plant and equipment are generally depreciated on a straight-line basis. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated life of the improvement or the remaining term of the related lease, calculated from the time the asset was placed in service. When depreciable assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are deducted from the property, plant and equipment accounts and any gains or losses on disposition are recognized in income. Transfers of property, plant and equipment between Cellco and affiliates are recorded at net book value on the date of the transfer with an offsetting entry included in due to/from affiliate. Interest associated with the construction of network-related assets is capitalized. Capitalized interest is reported as a reduction in interest expense and depreciated as part of the cost of the network-related assets. In connection with the ongoing review of estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment during 2016, Cellco determined that the average useful lives of certain leasehold improvements would be increased from 5 to 7 years. This change was immaterial to the Partnerships in 2016. Cellco determined that changes were also necessary to the remaining estimated useful lives of certain assets as a result of technology upgrades, enhancements, and planned retirements. While the timing and extent of current deployment plans are subject to ongoing analysis and modification, Cellco and the Partnership believe the current estimates of useful lives are reasonable. Other assets – Other assets - net primarily include long term device payment plan agreement receivables, net of allowances of $233 (Unaudited), $214 (Unaudited), and $317 at December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively (see Note 3). Impairment – All long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If any indications were to become present, the Partnership would test S-10 for recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to the net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the asset group. If those net undiscounted cash flows do not exceed the carrying amount, the next step would be to determine the fair value of the asset and record an impairment, if any. The Partnership re-evaluates the useful life determinations for these long-lived assets each year to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to their remaining useful lives. Wireless licenses – Cellco maintains wireless licenses that provide the Partnership with the exclusive right to utilize designated radio frequency spectrum to provide wireless communications services. While licenses are issued for only a fixed time, generally ten years, such licenses are subject to renewal by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). License renewals, which are managed by Cellco, have historically occurred routinely and at nominal cost. Moreover, Cellco management has determined that there are currently no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or other factors that limit the useful life of wireless licenses. As a result, wireless licenses are treated as an indefinite-lived intangible asset. The useful life determination for wireless licenses is re-evaluated each year to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. When evaluating for impairment, Cellco aggregates wireless licenses into one single unit of accounting, as they are utilized on an integrated basis. The Partnership owns a wireless license in the rural service area which has no carrying value. The average remaining renewal period of the Partnership’s wireless license portfolio was 2.8 years as of December 31, 2017. Cellco on behalf of the Partnership tests the wireless licenses balance for potential impairment annually or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. In 2017 and 2016, Cellco performed a qualitative impairment assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the wireless licenses was less than the carrying amount. As part of the assessment, several qualitative factors were considered including market transactions, the business enterprise value of Cellco, macroeconomic conditions (including changes in interest rates and discount rates), industry and market considerations (including industry revenue and EBITDA (Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) margin projections), the projected financial performance of Cellco, as well as other factors. In 2015, Cellco performed a quantitative impairment assessment for its aggregate wireless licenses which consisted of comparing the estimated fair value of its aggregate wireless licenses to the aggregated carrying amount as of the test date. In addition, Cellco believes that under the Partnership agreement it has the right to allocate, based on a reasonable methodology, any impairment loss recognized by Cellco for licenses included in Cellco’s national footprint. Cellco evaluated its wireless licenses for potential impairment as of December 15, 2017 and 2016. These evaluations resulted in no impairment of wireless licenses. Financial instruments – The Partnership’s trade receivables and payables are short-term in nature, and accordingly, their carrying value approximates fair value. S-11 Fair value measurements – Fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The three-tier hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value, which prioritizes the inputs used in the methodologies of measuring fair value for assets and liabilities, is as follows: Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities Level 3 - No observable pricing inputs in the market Financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurements requires judgment, and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their categorization within the fair value hierarchy. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Partnership does not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Distributions – The Partnership is required to make distributions to its partners based upon the Partnership’s operating results, due to/from affiliate status, and financing needs as determined by the General Partner at the date of the distribution, which are typically made a quarter in arrears. Recent accounting standards – In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This standard update requires that certain financial assets be measured at amortized cost net of an allowance for estimated credit losses such that the net receivable represents the present value of expected cash collection. In addition, this standard update requires that certain financial assets be measured at amortized cost reflecting an allowance for estimated credit losses expected to occur over the life of the assets. The estimate of credit losses must be based on all relevant information including historical information, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the amounts. This standard update is effective as of the first quarter of 2020; however early adoption is permitted. The Partnership is currently evaluating the impact that this standard update will have on the financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This standard update intends to increase transparency and improve comparability by requiring entities to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases, with certain exceptions. In addition, through improved disclosure requirements, the standard update will enable users of financial statements to further understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from S-12 leases. This standard update is effective as of the first quarter of 2019; however early adoption is permitted. The Partnership’s current operating lease portfolio is primarily comprised of spectrum, network, real estate, and equipment leases. Upon adoption of this standard, the Partnership expects the balance sheet to include a right of use asset and liability related to substantially all operating lease arrangements. At Cellco, a cross-functional coordinated implementation team has been established to implement the standard update related to leases. The Partnership is in the process of determining the scope of arrangements that will be subject to this standard as well as assessing the impact to its systems, processes and internal controls to meet the standard update’s reporting and disclosure requirements. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” This standard, update along with related subsequently issued updates clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue and develops a common revenue standard for GAAP. The standard provides a more robust framework for addressing revenue issues; improves comparability of revenue recognition practices across entities, industries, jurisdictions, and capital markets; and provides more useful information to users of financial statements through improved disclosure requirements. The standard update also amends current guidance for the recognition of costs to obtain and fulfill contracts with customers such that incremental costs of obtaining and direct costs of fulfilling contracts with customers will be deferred and amortized consistent with the transfer of the related good or service. The two permitted transition methods under the new standard are the full retrospective method, in which case the standard would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the standard is applied only to the most current period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial application. In August 2015, an accounting standard update was issued that delayed the effective date of this standard until the first quarter of 2018, at which time the Partnership will adopt the standard using the modified retrospective approach to open contracts. At Cellco, a cross-functional coordinated team has been established to implement this standard. Summarized below are the key impacts and areas requiring significant judgement arising from the initial adoption of Topic 606. The ultimate impact on revenue resulting from the application of the new standard is subject to assessments that are dependent on many variables, including, but not limited to, the terms of the contractual arrangements and mix of business. The Partnership expects the allocation of revenue between equipment and service for wireless subsidy contracts will result in more revenue allocated to equipment and recognized upon delivery, and less service revenue recognized over the contract term than under current GAAP. Total revenue over the full contract term will be unchanged and there will be no change to customer billing, the timing of cash flows or the presentation of cash flows. S-13 Additionally, the new standard requires the deferral of incremental costs to obtain a customer contract, which are then amortized to expense, as part of Selling, general and administrative expense, over the respective periods of expected benefit. As a result, a significant amount of our sales commission costs, which would have historically been expensed as incurred will be deferred and amortized. In addition, for certain contractual arrangements, the device may be sold by one Cellco entity but the service contract is the performance obligation of another Cellco entity. In contractual arrangements where another Cellco entity sells the device on behalf of the Partnership, the Partnership with compensate the other Cellco entity for obtaining the service contract. This represents an incremental cost to obtain the service contract and will be deferred by the Partnership and recognized over the expected benefit period. The Partnership will recognize service revenue for the wireless service that it provides to the customer. In contractual arrangements where the Partnership sells the device on behalf of another Cellco entity, the equipment revenue associated with the transaction will be recognized by the Partnership, and the Partnership will also recognize commission revenue as compensation for obtaining the service contract on behalf of the other Cellco entity. Subsequent events – Events subsequent to December 31, 2017 have been evaluated through February 28, 2018, the date the financial statements were issued. 3. WIRELESS DEVICE PAYMENT PLANS Under the Verizon device payment program, eligible wireless customers purchase wireless devices under a device payment plan agreement. Customers that activate service on devices purchased under the device payment program pay lower service fees as compared to those under fixed-term service plans, and their device payment plan charge is included on their standard wireless monthly bill. As of January 2017, the Partnership no longer offers consumers new fixed-term service plans for phones, however the Partnership continues to service existing plans as consumers move to unsubsidized pricing driven by the activation of devices purchased under the Verizon device payment program. Wireless device payment plan agreement receivables – The following table displays device payment plan agreement receivables, net, that continue to be recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets: S-14 Device payment plan agreement receivables, gross Unamortized imputed interest Device payment plan agreement receivables, net of unamortized imputed interest Allowance for credit losses Device payment plan agreement receivables, net Classified on the balance sheets: Accounts receivable, net Other assets, net Device payment plan agreement receivables, net $ $ $ $ 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Unaudited) 24,620 $ (1,137) 23,483 (729) 22,754 $ 24,528 (1,017) 23,511 (708) 22,803 16,108 $ 6,646 22,754 $ 15,950 6,853 22,803 The Partnership may offer customers certain promotions that allow a customer to trade in his or her owned device in connection with the purchase of a new device. Under these types of promotions, the customer receives a credit for the value of the trade-in device. In addition, the Partnership may provide the customer with additional future credits that will be applied against the customer’s monthly bill as long as service is maintained. The Partnership recognizes a liability for the trade-in device measured at fair value, which is determined by considering several factors, including the weighted-average selling prices obtained in recent resales of similar devices eligible for trade-in. Future credits are recognized when earned by the customer. Device payment plan agreement receivables, net does not reflect the trade-in device liability. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the amount of trade-in liability was insignificant. From time to time, the Partnership offers certain marketing promotions that allow our customers to upgrade to a new device after paying down a certain specified portion of the required device payment plan agreement amount as well as trading in their device in good working order. When a customer enters into a device payment plan agreement with the right to upgrade to a new device, the Partnership accounts for this trade-in right as a guarantee obligation. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the amount of the guarantee obligation was insignificant. The amount of the guarantee obligation was included in Advance billings and other on the accompanying balance sheets. At the time of sale, the Partnership imputes risk adjusted interest on the device payment plan agreement receivables. Imputed interest is recorded as a reduction to the related accounts receivable. Interest income, which is included within Other revenues on the statements of income and comprehensive income, is recognized over the financed device payment term. When originating device payment plan agreements, the Partnership uses internal and external data sources to create a credit risk score to measure the credit quality of a customer and to determine eligibility for the device payment program. If a customer is either new to the Partnership or has less than 210 days of customer tenure (a new customer), the credit decision process relies more heavily on external data sources. If the customer has 210 days or more of customer tenure (an existing S-15 customer), the credit decision process relies on internal data sources. The Partnership’s experience has been that the payment attributes of longer tenured customers are highly predictive in estimating their ability to pay in the future. External data sources include obtaining a credit report from a national consumer credit reporting agency, if available. Internal data and/or credit data obtained from the credit reporting agencies is used to create a custom credit risk score. The custom credit risk score is generated automatically (except with respect to a small number of applications where the information needs manual intervention) from the applicant’s credit data using Verizon Wireless proprietary custom credit models, which are empirically derived and demonstrably and statistically sound. The credit risk score measures the likelihood that the potential customer will become severely delinquent and be disconnected for non-payment. For a small portion of new customer applications, a traditional credit report is not available from one of the national credit reporting agencies because the potential customer does not have sufficient credit history. In those instances, alternate credit data is used for the risk assessment. Based on the custom credit risk score, each customer is assigned to a credit class, each of which has a specified required down payment percentage, which ranges from zero to 100%, and specified credit limits. Device payment plan agreement receivables originated from customers assigned to credit classes requiring no down payment represent the lowest risk. Device payment plan agreement receivables originated from customers assigned to credit classes requiring a down payment represent a higher risk. Subsequent to origination, the Partnership monitors delinquency and write-off experience as key credit quality indicators for its portfolio of device payment plan agreements and fixed-term service plans. The extent of collection efforts with respect to a particular customer are based on the results of proprietary custom empirically derived internal behavioral scoring models that analyze the customer’s past performance to predict the likelihood of the customer falling further delinquent. These customer scoring models assess a number of variables, including origination characteristics, customer account history and payment patterns. Based on the score derived from these models, accounts are grouped by risk category to determine the collection strategy to be applied to such accounts. The Partnership continuously monitors collection performance results and the credit quality of device payment plan agreement receivables based on a variety of metrics, including aging. The Partnership considers an account to be delinquent and in default status if there are unpaid charges remaining on the account on the day after the bill’s due date. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance and aging of the device payment plan agreement receivables on a gross basis was as follows: S-16 Unbilled Billed: Current Past due Device payment plan agreement receivables, gross $ 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Unaudited) $ 23,023 $ 23,043 1,373 224 24,620 $ 1,269 216 24,528 Activity in the allowance for credit losses for the device payment plan agreement receivables was as follows: Balance at January 1 Bad debt expenses Write-offs Other Balance at December 31 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Unaudited) $ $ 708 $ 537 (485) (31) 729 $ 906 203 (401) — 708 4. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at December 31, 2017 and 2016: Buildings and improvements (15-45 years) Wireless plant and equipment (3-50 years) Furniture, fixtures and equipment (3-10 years) Leasehold improvements (5-7 years) Less: accumulated depreciation Property, plant and equipment, net $ 2017 (Unaudited) $ 2016 (Unaudited) $ 10,287 34,003 486 2,754 47,530 (27,275) 20,255 $ 9,883 29,049 482 2,466 41,880 (24,312) 17,568 Capitalized network engineering costs of $242 (Unaudited), $164 (Unaudited), and $376, were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Construction in progress included in certain classifications shown above, principally consists of wireless plant and equipment, amounted to $762 (Unaudited), $334 (Unaudited), and $1,067, as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Depreciation expense of $3,480 (Unaudited), $3,329 (Unaudited), and $3,220 was incurred during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. 5. TOWER MONETIZATION TRANSACTION During March 2015, Verizon Communications, the parent company of Cellco, entered into an agreement with American Tower Corporation (ATC) giving ATC S-17 exclusive rights to lease and operate approximately 11,300 wireless towers owned and operated by Cellco and its subsidiaries for an upfront payment of $5.0 billion (not in thousands). Verizon Communications also sold 162 towers to ATC for an upfront payment of $0.1 billion (not in thousands). Under the terms of the lease agreements, ATC has exclusive rights to lease and operate the towers over an average term of approximately 28 years. As the leases expire, ATC has fixed-price purchase options to acquire these towers based on their anticipated fair market values at the end of the lease terms. The Partnership has subleased capacity on the towers from ATC for a minimum of 10 years at current market rates, with options to renew. The Partnership participated in this arrangement and has leased 2 towers to ATC for an upfront payment of $849. The upfront payment was accounted for as deferred rent and as a financing obligation. The $375 accounted for as deferred rent was included in cash flows provided by operating activities and relates to the portion of the towers for which the right-of-use has passed to ATC. The deferred rent is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the Partnership’s average lease term of 30 years. As of December 31, 2015, a financing obligation in the amount of $474 was included in cash flows provided by financing activities, which relates to the portion of the towers that continue to be occupied and used for the Partnership’s network operations. The Partnership makes a sublease payment to ATC for $1.9 per month per site, with annual increases of 2 percent. During 2017 and 2016, the Partnership made $47 and $46, respectively, of sublease payments to ATC, which are recorded as Repayments of financing obligation. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance of deferred rent was $339 (Unaudited) and $352 (Unaudited), respectively. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance of the financing obligation was $467 (Unaudited) and $468 (Unaudited), respectively. 6. CURRENT LIABILITIES Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consist of the following at December 31, 2017 and 2016: 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Unaudited) Accounts payable Non-income based taxes and regulatory fees Accrued commissions Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ $ 2,667 604 1,397 4,668 $ $ 2,713 590 1,469 4,772 S-18 Advance billings and other consist of the following at December 31, 2017 and 2016: Advance billings Customer deposits Guarantee liability Advance billings and other 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Unaudited) $ $ 3,311 743 76 4,130 $ $ 3,524 437 115 4,076 7. TRANSACTIONS WITH AFFILIATES AND RELATED PARTIES In addition to fixed asset purchases and right to use licenses substantially all of service revenues, equipment revenues, other revenues, cost of service, cost of equipment, and selling, general and administrative expenses represent transactions processed by affiliates (Cellco and its related parties) on behalf of the Partnership or represent transactions with affiliates. These transactions consist of (1) revenues and expenses that pertain to the Partnership which are processed by Cellco and directly attributed to or directly charged to the Partnership; (2) roaming revenue by customers of other Cellco affiliated markets within the Partnership market or Partnership customers’ cost when roaming in other Cellco affiliated markets; (3) certain revenues and expenses that are processed or incurred by Cellco which are allocated to the Partnership based on factors such as the Partnership’s percentage of revenue streams, customers, gross customer additions, or minutes of use in 2015 and 2016 and on total subscribers in 2017; (4) certain costs of operating switches which are allocated to the Partnership; and (5) lease agreements with Cellco, whereas the Partnership has the right to use certain spectrum. These transactions do not necessarily represent arm’s length transactions and may not represent all revenues and costs that would be present if the Partnership operated on a standalone basis. Cellco periodically reviews the methodology and allocation bases for allocating certain revenues, operating costs, selling, general and administrative expenses to the Partnership. Resulting changes, if any, in the allocated amounts have historically not been significant. Service revenues – Service revenues include monthly customer billings processed by Cellco on behalf of the Partnership and roaming revenues relating to customers of other affiliated markets that are specifically identified to the Partnership. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 roaming revenues were $24,618 (Unaudited), $25,198 (Unaudited), and $25,063, respectively. During 2017, Cellco updated its roaming rates and methodology for determining roaming volumes charged for postpaid, prepaid and reseller revenue, resulting in a net decrease of $5,346 (Unaudited) to roaming revenue as compared to prior periods. Service revenues also include long distance, data, and certain revenue reductions including revenue concessions that are processed by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. Equipment revenues – Equipment revenues include equipment sales processed by Cellco and specifically identified to the Partnership, as well as certain handset and accessory revenues, contra-revenues including equipment concessions, and coupon S-19 rebates that are processed by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. Other revenues – Other revenues include cell sharing revenue and other fees and surcharges charged to the customer that are specifically identified to the Partnership. Cost of service – Cost of service includes roaming costs relating to the Partnership’s customers roaming in other affiliated markets and switch costs that are incurred by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 roaming costs were $40,725 (Unaudited), $39,340 (Unaudited), and $36,313 and switch costs were $3,003 (Unaudited), $3,484 (Unaudited), and $3,408, respectively. During 2017, Cellco updated its roaming rates and methodology for determining roaming volumes charged for postpaid, prepaid and reseller cost, resulting in a net decrease of $9,497 (Unaudited) to roaming cost as compared to prior periods. Cost of service also includes cost of telecom, long distance and application content that are incurred by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. The Partnership has lease agreements for the right to use additional spectrum owned by Cellco. See Notes 2 and 8 for further information regarding these arrangements. Cost of equipment – Cost of equipment is recorded at Cellco’s cost basis (see Note 2). Cost of equipment also includes certain costs related to handsets, accessories and other costs incurred by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. Selling, general and administrative – Selling, general and administrative expenses include commissions, customer billing, office telecom, customer care, salaries, sales and marketing and advertising expenses that are specifically identified to the Partnership as well as incurred by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. The Partnership was allocated $2,381 (Unaudited), $2,627 (Unaudited), and $2,344 in advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Property, plant and equipment – Property, plant and equipment includes assets purchased by Cellco and directly charged to the Partnership as well as assets transferred between Cellco and the Partnership (see Note 2). 8. COMMITMENTS Cellco, on behalf of the Partnership, and the Partnership itself have entered into operating leases for facilities, and equipment used in its operations. Lease contracts include renewal options that include rent expense adjustments based on the Consumer Price Index as well as annual and end-of-lease term adjustments. Rent expense is recorded on a straight-line basis. The noncancellable lease term used to calculate the amount of the straight-line rent expense is generally determined to be the initial lease term, including any optional renewal terms that are reasonably S-20 assured of occurring. Leasehold improvements related to these operating leases are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the noncancellable lease term. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, the Partnership incurred a total of $2,150 (Unaudited), 2,279 (Unaudited), and $1,823 respectively, as rent expense related to these operating leases, which is included in Cost of service and Selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying statements of income and comprehensive income depending on the nature of the facility. Aggregate future minimum rental commitments under noncancellable operating leases, excluding renewal options that are not reasonably assured of occurring for the years shown are as follows: Years 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 and thereafter Total minimum payments $ Amount (Unaudited) 1,923 1,749 1,642 1,534 1,413 3,181 $ 11,442 The Partnership has also entered into certain agreements with Cellco, whereas the Partnership leases certain spectrum from Cellco that overlaps the Pennsylvania Rural Service Area 6-B2. Total rent expense under these spectrum leases amounted to $659 (Unaudited) in 2017, $659 (Unaudited) in 2016, and $658 in 2015, which is included in Cost of service in the accompanying statements of income and comprehensive income. Based on the terms of these leases as of December 31, 2017, future spectrum lease obligations are as follows: Years 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 and thereafter Amount (Unaudited) $ 660 518 376 377 377 3,230 Total minimum payments $ 5,538 The General Partner currently expects that any renewal option in the leases will be exercised. 9. CONTINGENCIES Cellco and the Partnership are subject to lawsuits and other claims including class actions, product liability, patent infringement, intellectual property, antitrust, S-21 partnership disputes, and claims involving relations with resellers and agents. Cellco is also currently defending lawsuits filed against it and other participants in the wireless industry alleging various adverse effects as a result of wireless phone usage. Various consumer class action lawsuits allege that Cellco violated certain state consumer protection laws and other statutes and defrauded customers through misleading billing practices or statements. These matters may involve indemnification obligations by third parties and/or affiliated parties covering all or part of any potential damage awards against Cellco and the Partnership and/or insurance coverage. All of the above matters are subject to many uncertainties, and the outcomes are not currently predictable. The Partnership may be allocated a portion of the damages that may result upon adjudication of these matters if the claimants prevail in their actions. The Partnership has no accrual for any pending matters. An estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss with respect to these matters as of December 31, 2017 cannot be made at this time due to various factors typical in contested proceedings, including (1) uncertain damage theories and demands; (2) a less than complete factual record; (3) uncertainty concerning legal theories and their resolution by courts or regulators; and (4) the unpredictable nature of the opposing party and its demands. Cellco and the Partnership continuously monitors these proceedings as they develop and will adjust any accrual or disclosure as needed. It is not expected that the ultimate resolution of any pending regulatory or legal matter in future periods will have a material effect on the financial condition of the Partnership, but it could have a material effect on the results of operations for a given reporting period. 10. RECONCILIATION OF ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS Balance at Additions Write-offs Balance at Beginning of the Year Expenses Charged to Net of End Recoveries of the Year (a) Accounts Receivable Allowances: 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Unaudited) 2015 (Audited) $ 927 $ 1,255 498 681 $ 502 1,638 (781) $ (830) (881) 827 927 1,255 a) Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Receivable includes approximately $233 (Unaudited), $214 (Unaudited), and $317, at December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, related to long-term device payment plan receivables. S-22 Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants The Partners of GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership We have audited the accompanying financial statements of GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership, which comprise the balance sheets as of December 31, 2016, and the related statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in partners’ capital and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2016, and the related notes to the financial statements. Management's Responsibility for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Auditor's Responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor's judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity's preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity's internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Opinion In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 at December 31, 2016, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2016 in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Orlando, FL February 28, 2017 S-23 GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership Balance Sheets - As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (Dollars in Thousands) ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS: Due from affiliate Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $1,015 and $1,122 Unbilled revenue Prepaid expenses Total current assets PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT - NET WIRELESS LICENSES OTHER ASSETS - NET TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND PARTNERS’ CAPITAL CURRENT LIABILITIES: Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Advance billings and other Financing obligation Deferred rent Total current liabilities LONG TERM LIABILITIES: Financing obligation Deferred rent Other liabilities Total long term liabilities Total liabilities PARTNERS’ CAPITAL General Partner's interest Limited Partners' interest Total partners' capital 2017 2016 (Unaudited) (Audited) $ $ $ $ 23,640 10,084 3,371 344 37,439 13,086 9,028 2,287 425 24,826 49,621 48,462 441 441 $ $ 2,670 90,171 5,495 1,159 2,460 702 9,816 21,202 19,532 51 40,785 50,601 7,914 31,656 39,570 2,252 75,981 4,389 1,740 2,412 702 9,243 21,356 19,857 — 41,213 50,456 5,105 20,420 25,525 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND PARTNERS’ CAPITAL $ 90,171 $ 75,981 See notes to financial statements. S-24 GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (Dollars in Thousands) OPERATING REVENUES: Service revenues Equipment revenues Other Total operating revenues OPERATING EXPENSES: Cost of service (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Cost of equipment Depreciation and amortization Selling, general and administrative Total operating expenses OPERATING INCOME OTHER EXPENSE: Interest expense, net Other Total other interest expense 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Audited) 2015 (Audited) $ 134,403 8,686 5,684 148,773 $ 113,816 7,119 5,613 126,548 $ 117,289 7,011 4,900 129,200 53,794 10,248 9,549 17,815 91,406 40,711 10,040 10,364 20,662 81,777 39,702 10,606 11,348 23,356 85,012 57,367 44,771 44,188 (1,322) - (1,322) (1,391) - (1,391) (914) (392) (1,306) NET INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME $ 56,045 $ 43,380 $ 42,882 Allocation of Net Income: General Partner Limited Partners See notes to financial statements. $ $ 11,209 44,836 $ $ 8,676 34,704 $ $ 8,576 34,306 S-25 GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership Statements of Changes in Partners’ Capital – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (Dollars in Thousands) General Partner San Antoni o Eastex Telecom Consolidated Limited Partners Communications ALLTEL Verizon Total Investments, Enterprise MTA, L.P. LLC Services, Inc. Communications San Antonio Wireless (VAW) LL C MTA, L.P. LLC Partners' Capital BALANCE—January 1, 2015 $ 16,313 $ 16,731 $ 16,731 $ 13,883 $ 9,718 $ 8,187 $ 81,563 (18,600) (19,077) (19,077) (15,830) (11,081) (9,335) (93,000) Distributions Net Income Distributions Net Income BALANCE—December 31, 2015 (Audited) 6,289 6,450 8,576 8,796 8,796 6,450 7,299 5,110 4,305 42,882 5,352 3,747 3,157 31,445 (9,860) (10,113) (10,113) (8,391) (5,874) (4,949) (49,300) BALANCE—December 31, 2016 (Audited) 5,105 5,236 8,676 8,899 8,899 5,236 7,384 5,168 4,354 43,380 4,345 3,041 2,562 25,525 Distributions Net Income (8,400) (8,615) (8,615) (7,150) (5,004) (4,216) (42,000) 11,209 11,496 11,496 9,540 6,678 5,626 56,045 BALANCE—December 31, 2017 (Unaudited) $ 7,914 $ 8,117 $ 8,117 $ 6,735 $ 4,715 $ 3,972 $ 39,570 See notes to financial statements. S-26 GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership Statements of Cash Flows – For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (Dollars in Thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net Income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: $ 56,045 $ 43,380 $ 42,882 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Audited) 2015 (Audited) Depreciation and amortization Imputed interest on financing obligation Provision for losses on accounts receivable Changes in certain assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Unbilled revenue Prepaid expenses Other assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Advance billings and other Deferred rent Other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Capital expenditures Fixed asset transfers out Acquisition of wireless licenses Change in due from affiliate Net cash used in investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from financing obligation Repayments of financing obligation Distributions Net cash used in financing activities 9,549 2,306 956 (2,012) (1,084) 81 (418) 1,020 (581) (325) 51 65,588 (12,334) 1,712 - (10,554) (21,176) - (2,412) (42,000) (44,412) 10,364 2,289 2,128 (3,200) 24 19 (298) 324 (108) (308) — 54,614 (1,980) 506 - (1,476) (2,950) 11,348 1,704 1,546 (3,337) (180) (313) (1,327) 315 (230) 19,591 — 71,999 (4,734) 1,341 (441) 2,696 (1,138) - (2,364) (49,300) (51,664) 24,077 (1,938) (93,000) (70,861) CHANGE IN CASH CASH—Beginning of year CASH—End of year - - $ - - $ - - $ - - - NONCASH TRANSACTIONS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Accruals for capital expenditures $ 328 $ 242 $ 71 See notes to financial statements. S-27 GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership Notes to Financial Statements - Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (Dollars in Thousands) 1. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership (the “Partnership”) was formed in 1989. The principal activity of the Partnership is providing cellular service in the Texas #17 rural service area. Cellco Partnership (“Cellco”), doing business as Verizon Wireless, indirectly wholly- owns San Antonio MTA, L.P. and through such ownership, manages the operations of the Partnership (see Note 8). The partners and their respective ownership percentages of the Partnership as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows: General Partner: San Antonio MTA, L.P. Limited Partners: Eastex Telecom Investments, LLC Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services, Inc. ALLTEL Communications, LLC * San Antonio MTA, L.P. Verizon Wireless (VAW) LLC * 20.000000 % 20.512855 % 20.512855 % 17.021300 % 11.914800 % 10.038190 % *Verizon Wireless (VAW) LLC and Alltel Communications, LLC are wholly-owned and indirectly owned, respectively, subsidiaries of Cellco. 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Use of estimates – The financial statements are prepared using U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Examples of significant estimates include: the allowance for doubtful accounts, the recoverability of property, plant and equipment, the recoverability of wireless licenses and other long-lived assets, unbilled revenues, fair values of financial instruments, accrued expenses and contingencies. Revenue recognition – The Partnership offers products and services to customers through bundled arrangements. These arrangements involve multiple deliverables which may include products, services, or a combination of products and services. S-28 The Partnership earns revenue primarily by providing access to and usage of its network as well as the sale of equipment. In general, access revenue is billed one month in advance and recognized when earned. Usage revenue is generally billed in arrears and recognized when service is rendered. Equipment revenue associated with the sale of wireless devices and accessories is generally recognized when the products are delivered to and accepted by the customer, as equipment sales is considered to be a separate earnings process from providing wireless services. For agreements involving the resale of third-party services in which the Partnership is considered the primary obligor in the arrangements, the revenue is recorded gross at the time of sale. Under the Verizon device payment plan program, eligible wireless customers purchase wireless devices under a device payment plan agreement. The Partnership may offer certain promotions that allow a customer to trade in his or her owned device in connection with the purchase of a new device. Under these types of promotions, the customer receives a credit for the value of the trade-in device. In addition, the Partnership may provide the customer with additional future credits that will be applied against the customer’s monthly bill as long as service is maintained. The Partnership recognizes a liability for the trade-in device measured at fair value, which is approximated by considering several factors, including the weighted- average selling prices obtained in recent resales of devices eligible for trade-in. Future credits are recognized when earned by the customer. From time to time, the Partnership offers certain marketing promotions that allow our customers to upgrade to a new device after paying down a certain specified portion of their required device payment plan agreement amount and trading in their device in good working order. When a customer enters into a device payment plan agreement with the right to upgrade to a new device, the Partnership accounts for this trade-in right as a guarantee obligation. The full amount of the trade-in right’s fair value (not an allocated value) is recognized as a guarantee liability and the remaining allocable consideration is allocated to the device. The value of the guarantee liability effectively results in a reduction to the revenue recognized for the sale of the device. In multiple element arrangements that bundle devices and monthly wireless service, revenue is allocated to each unit of accounting using a relative selling price method. At the inception of the arrangement, the amount allocable to the delivered units of accounting is limited to the amount that is not contingent upon the delivery of the monthly wireless service (the noncontingent amount). The Partnership effectively recognizes revenue on the delivered device at the lesser of the amount allocated based on the relative selling price of the device or the noncontingent amount owed when the device is sold. Roaming revenue reflects service revenue earned by the Partnership when customers not associated with the Partnership operate in the service area of the Partnership and use the Partnership’s network. The roaming rates with third party carriers associated with those customers are based on agreements with such carriers. The roaming rates and methodology to determine roaming volumes S-29 charged by the Partnership to Cellco are established by Cellco on a periodic basis and may not reflect current market rates (see Note 8). Other revenues primarily consist of certain fees billed to customers for surcharges and elected services. The Partnership reports taxes imposed by governmental authorities on revenue-producing transactions between the Partnership and its customers which is passed through to the customers on a net basis. Operating expenses – Operating expenses include expenses incurred directly by the Partnership, as well as an allocation of selling, general and administrative, and operating costs incurred by Cellco or its affiliates on behalf of the Partnership. Employees of Cellco provide services on behalf of the Partnership. These employees are not employees of the Partnership, therefore operating expenses include direct and allocated charges of salary and employee benefit costs for the services provided to the Partnership. Cellco believes such allocations, principally based on the Partnership’s total subscribers, are calculated in accordance with the Partnership agreement and are a reasonable method of allocating such costs (see Note 8). In 2016 and 2015, allocations were principally based on the Partnership’s percentage of certain revenue streams, total subscribers and customer gross additions or minutes-of-use; in 2017, allocations were principally based on total subscribers. The impact of the change in allocation factors was insignificant. Cost of roaming, included in cost of service, reflects costs incurred by the Partnership when customers associated with the Partnership operate in a service area not associated with the Partnership and use a network not associated with the Partnership. The roaming rates with third party carriers are based on agreements with such carriers. The roaming rates and methodology to determine roaming volumes charged to the Partnership by Cellco are established by Cellco on a periodic basis and may not reflect current market rates (see Note 8). Cost of equipment is recorded upon sale of the related equipment at Cellco’s cost basis. Inventory is wholly owned by Cellco until the moment of sale and is not recorded in the financial statements of the Partnership. Maintenance and repairs – The cost of maintenance and repairs, including the cost of replacing minor items not constituting substantial betterments, is charged principally to Cost of service as these costs are incurred. Advertising costs – Costs for advertising products and services as well as other promotional and sponsorship costs are charged to Selling, general and administrative expense in the periods in which they are incurred (See Note 8). Comprehensive income – Comprehensive income is the same as net income as presented in the accompanying statements of income and comprehensive income. Income taxes – On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) was enacted. The TCJA significantly revised the U.S. federal corporate income tax by, among other things, lowering the corporate income tax rate to 21% and imposing S-30 limitations on the deduction of interest expense. The Partnership is treated as a pass through entity for income tax purposes and, therefore, is not subject to federal, state or local income taxes. Accordingly, no provision has been recorded for income taxes in the Partnership’s financial statements. The results of operations, including taxable income, gains, losses, deductions and credits, are allocated to and reflected on the income tax returns of the respective partners. The Partnership files partnership income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and local jurisdictions. The Partnership remains subject to examination by tax authorities for tax years as early as 2014. It is reasonably possible that various current tax examinations will conclude or require reevaluations of the Partnership’s tax positions during this period. An estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made until these tax matters are further developed or resolved. Due to/from affiliate – Due to/from affiliate principally represents the Partnership’s cash position with Cellco. Cellco manages, on behalf of the Partnership, all cash, investing and financing activities of the Partnership. As such, the change in due to/from affiliate is reflected as an investing activity or a financing activity in the statements of cash flows depending on whether it represents a net asset or net liability for the Partnership. Additionally, cost of equipment, administrative and operating costs incurred by Cellco on behalf of the Partnership, as well as property, plant and equipment and wireless license transactions with affiliates, are charged to the Partnership through this account. Interest income on due from affiliate is based on the Applicable Federal Rate which was approximately 1.2%, 0.7% and 0.5% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Interest expense on due to affiliate is calculated by applying Cellco’s average cost of borrowing from Verizon Communications Inc., which was approximately 4.7%, 4.8% and 4.8% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, to the outstanding due to/from affiliate balance. Included in Interest expense, net is interest income of $162 (Unaudited), $97 and $177 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, related to due to/from affiliate. Allowance for doubtful accounts – Accounts receivable are recorded in the financial statements at cost, net of allowance for credit losses, with the exception of device payment plan agreement receivables which are initially recorded at fair value based on a number of factors including historical write-off experience, credit quality of the customer base and other factors such as macroeconomic conditions. The Partnership maintains allowances for uncollectible accounts receivable, including device payment plan agreement receivables, for estimated losses resulting from the failure or inability of customers to make required payments. The allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable is based on Cellco’s assessment of the collectability of each Partnership’s specific customer accounts and includes consideration of the credit worthiness and financial condition of those customers. The Partnership records an allowance to reduce the receivables to the amount that is reasonably believed to be collectible. The Partnership also records an allowance S-31 for all other receivables based on multiple factors including historical experience with bad debts, the general economic environment and the aging of such receivables. Similar to traditional service revenue accounting treatment, bad debt expense related to device payment plan agreement receivables is recorded based on an estimate of the percentage of device payment plan agreement receivables that will not be collected. This estimate is based on a number of factors including historical write-off experience, credit quality of the customer base and other factors such as macroeconomic conditions. Due to the device payment plan agreement being incorporated in the standard Verizon Wireless bill, the collection and risk strategies continue to follow historical practices. The Partnership monitors the aging of accounts with device payment plan agreement receivables and writes off account balances if collection efforts are unsuccessful and future collection is unlikely. Property, plant and equipment, and Depreciation – Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Property, plant and equipment are generally depreciated on a straight-line basis. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated life of the improvement or the remaining term of the related lease, calculated from the time the asset was placed in service. When depreciable assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are deducted from the property, plant, and equipment accounts and any gains or losses on disposition are recognized in income. Transfers of property, plant and equipment between Cellco and affiliates are recorded at net book value on the date of the transfer with an offsetting entry included in due to/from affiliate. Interest associated with the construction of network-related assets is capitalized. Capitalized interest is reported as a reduction in interest expense and depreciated as part of the cost of the network-related assets. In connection with the ongoing review of estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment during 2016, Cellco determined that the average useful lives of certain leasehold improvements would be increased from 5 to 7 years. This change was immaterial to the Partnership in 2016. Cellco determined that changes were also necessary to the remaining estimated useful lives of certain assets as a result of technology upgrades, enhancements, and planned retirements. While the timing and extent of current deployment plans are subject to ongoing analysis and modification, Cellco and the Partnership believe the current estimates of useful lives are reasonable. Other assets – Other assets - net primarily include long term device payment plan agreement receivables, net of allowances of $393 (Unaudited) and $289 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively (See Note 3). Impairment – All long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be S-32 recoverable. If any indications were to become present, the Partnership would test for recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to the net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the asset group. If those net undiscounted cash flows do not exceed the carrying amount, the next step would be to determine the fair value of the asset and record an impairment, if any. The Partnership re-evaluates the useful life determinations for these long-lived assets each year to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to their remaining useful lives. Wireless licenses – Wireless licenses provide the Partnership with the exclusive right to utilize designated radio frequency spectrum to provide wireless communications services. In addition, Cellco maintains wireless licenses that provide the Partnership with the exclusive right to utilize designated radio frequency spectrum to provide wireless communications services (see Note 4). While licenses are issued for only a fixed time, generally ten years, such licenses are subject to renewal by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). License renewals, which are managed by Cellco, have historically occurred routinely and at nominal cost. Moreover, Cellco determined that there are currently no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or other factors that limit the useful life of the Partnership’s wireless licenses. As a result, wireless licenses are treated as an indefinite-lived intangible asset. The useful life determination for wireless licenses is re-evaluated each year to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. When evaluating for impairment, Cellco aggregates wireless licenses into one single unit of accounting, as they are utilized on an integrated basis. Cellco on behalf of the Partnership tests the wireless licenses balance for potential impairment annually or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, Cellco performed a qualitative impairment assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the Partnership’s wireless licenses was less than the carrying amount. As part of the assessment, several qualitative factors were considered including market transactions, the business enterprise value of the Partnership, macroeconomic conditions (including changes in interest rates and discount rates), industry and market considerations (including industry revenue and EBITDA (Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) margin projections), the projected financial performance, as well as other factors. In 2017 and 2016, Cellco also performed a qualitative impairment assessment similar to that described for the Partnership for its aggregate wireless licenses. In 2015, Cellco performed a quantitative impairment assessment for its aggregate wireless licenses which consisted of comparing the estimated fair value of its aggregate wireless licenses to the aggregated carrying amount as of the test date. Interest expense incurred while qualifying activities are performed to ready wireless licenses for their intended use is capitalized as part of wireless licenses. The capitalization period ends when the development is discontinued or substantially complete and the license is ready for its intended use. S-33 In addition, Cellco believes that under the Partnership agreement it has the right to allocate, based on a reasonable methodology, any impairment loss recognized by Cellco for licenses included in Cellco’s national footprint. Cellco and the Partnership evaluated their wireless licenses for potential impairment as of December 15, 2017 and 2016. These evaluations resulted in no impairment of wireless licenses. Financial instruments – The Partnership’s trade receivables and payables are short-term in nature, and accordingly, their carrying value approximates fair value. Fair value measurements – Fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The three-tier hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value, which prioritizes the inputs used in the methodologies of measuring fair value for assets and liabilities, is as follows: Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities Level 3 - No observable pricing inputs in the market Financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurements requires judgment, and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their categorization within the fair value hierarchy. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Partnership does not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Distributions – The Partnership is required to make distributions to its partners based upon the Partnership’s operating results, due to/from affiliate status, and financing needs as determined by the General Partner at the date of the distribution, which are typically made a quarter in arrears. Recent accounting standards - In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This standard update requires that certain financial assets be measured at amortized cost net of an allowance for estimated credit losses such that the net receivable represents the present value of expected cash collection. In addition, this standard update requires that certain financial assets be measured at amortized cost reflecting an allowance for estimated credit losses expected to occur over the life of the assets. The estimate of credit losses must be based on all relevant information including historical information, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the amounts. This standard update is effective as of the first quarter of 2020; however early S-34 adoption is permitted. The Partnership is currently evaluating the impact that this standard update will have on the financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This standard update intends to increase transparency and improve comparability by requiring entities to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases, with certain exceptions. In addition, through improved disclosure requirements, the standard update will enable users of financial statements to further understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. This standard update is effective as of the first quarter of 2019; however early adoption is permitted. The Partnership’s current operating lease portfolio is primarily comprised of spectrum, network, real estate, and equipment leases. Upon adoption of this standard, the Partnership expects the balance sheet to include a right of use asset and liability related to substantially all operating lease arrangements. At Cellco, a cross-functional coordinated implementation team has been established to implement the standard update related to leases. The Partnership is in the process of determining the scope of arrangements that will be subject to this standard as well as assessing the impact to its systems, processes and internal controls to meet the standard update’s reporting and disclosure requirements. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” This standard, update along with related subsequently issued updates clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue and develops a common revenue standard for GAAP. The standard provides a more robust framework for addressing revenue issues; improves comparability of revenue recognition practices across entities, industries, jurisdictions, and capital markets; and provides more useful information to users of financial statements through improved disclosure requirements. The standard update also amends current guidance for the recognition of costs to obtain and fulfill contracts with customers such that incremental costs of obtaining and direct costs of fulfilling contracts with customers will be deferred and amortized consistent with the transfer of the related good or service. The two permitted transition methods under the new standard are the full retrospective method, in which case the standard would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the standard is applied only to the most current period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial application. In August 2015, an accounting standard update was issued that delayed the effective date of this standard until the first quarter of 2018, at which time the Partnership will adopt the standard using the modified retrospective approach to open contracts. At Cellco, a cross-functional coordinated team has been established to implement this standard. Summarized below are the key impacts and areas requiring significant judgement arising from the initial adoption of Topic 606. The ultimate impact on revenue resulting from the application of the new standard is subject to assessments that are dependent on many variables, including, but not limited to, the terms of the contractual arrangements and mix of business. The S-35 Partnership expects the allocation of revenue between equipment and service for wireless subsidy contracts will result in more revenue allocated to equipment and recognized upon delivery, and less service revenue recognized over the contract term than under current GAAP. Total revenue over the full contract term will be unchanged and there will be no change to customer billing, the timing of cash flows or the presentation of cash flows. Additionally, the new standard requires the deferral of incremental costs to obtain a customer contract, which are then amortized to expense, as part of Selling, general and administrative expense, over the respective periods of expected benefit. As a result, a significant amount of our sales commission costs, which would have historically been expensed as incurred will be deferred and amortized. In addition, for certain contractual arrangements, the device may be sold by one Cellco entity but the service contract is the performance obligation of anther Cellco entity. In contractual arrangements where another Cellco entity sells the device on behalf of the Partnership, the Partnership will compensate the other Cellco entity for obtaining the service contract. This represents an incremental cost to obtain the service contract and will be deferred by the Partnership and recognized over the expected benefit period. The Partnership will recognize service revenue for the wireless service that it provides to the customer. In contractual arrangements where the Partnership sells the device on behalf of another Cellco entity, the equipment revenue associated with the transaction will be recognized by the Partnership, and the Partnership will also recognize commission revenue as compensation for obtaining the service contract on behalf of the other Cellco entity. Subsequent events – Events subsequent to December 31, 2017 have been evaluated through February 28, 2018, the date the financial statements were issued. 3. WIRELESS DEVICE PAYMENT PLANS Under the Verizon device payment program, eligible wireless customers purchase wireless devices under a device payment plan agreement. Customers that activate service on devices purchased under the device payment program pay lower service fees as compared to those under fixed-term service plans, and their device payment plan charge is included on their standard wireless monthly bill. As of January 2017, the Partnership no longer offers consumers new fixed-term service plans for phones, however the Partnership continues to service existing plans as consumers move to unsubsidized pricing driven by the activation of devices purchased under the Verizon device payment program. S-36 Wireless device payment plan agreement receivables – The following table displays device payment plan agreement receivables, net, that continue to be recognized in the accompanying balance sheets: 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Audited) Device payment plan agreement receivables, gross Unamortized imputed interest Device payment plan agreement receivables, net of $ unamortized imputed interest Allowance for credit losses Device payment plan agreement receivables, net $ Classified on the balance sheets: Accounts receivable, net Other assets, net Device payment plan agreement receivables, net $ $ 10,309 $ (484) 9,825 (1,235) 8,590 $ 5,955 $ 2,635 8,590 $ 8,516 (351) 8,165 (939) 7,226 5,011 2,215 7,226 The Partnership may offer customers certain promotions that allow a customer to trade in his or her owned device in connection with the purchase of a new device. Under these types of promotions, the customer receives a credit for the value of the trade-in device. In addition, the Partnership may provide the customer with additional future credits that will be applied against the customer’s monthly bill as long as service is maintained. The Partnership recognizes a liability for the trade-in device measured at fair value, which is determined by considering several factors, including the weighted-average selling prices obtained in recent resales of similar devices eligible for trade-in. Future credits are recognized when earned by the customer. Device payment plan agreement receivables, net does not reflect the trade-in device liability. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the amount of trade-in liability was insignificant. From time to time, the Partnership offers certain marketing promotions that allow our customers to upgrade to a new device after paying down a certain specified portion of the required device payment plan agreement amount as well as trading in their device in good working order. When a customer enters into a device payment plan agreement with the right to upgrade to a new device, the Partnership accounts for this trade-in right as a guarantee obligation. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the amount of the guarantee obligation was insignificant. The amount of the guarantee obligation was included in Advance billings and other on the accompanying balance sheets. At the time of sale, the Partnership imputes risk adjusted interest on the device payment plan agreement receivables. Imputed interest is recorded as a reduction to the related accounts receivable. Interest income, which is included within Other revenues on the statements of income and comprehensive income, is recognized over the financed device payment term. When originating device payment plan agreements, the Partnership uses internal and external data sources to create a credit risk score to measure the credit quality S-37 of a customer and to determine eligibility for the device payment program. If a customer is either new to the Partnership or has less than 210 days of customer tenure (a new customer), the credit decision process relies more heavily on external data sources. If the customer has 210 days or more of customer tenure (an existing customer), the credit decision process relies on internal data sources. The Partnership’s experience has been that the payment attributes of longer tenured customers are highly predictive in estimating their ability to pay in the future. External data sources include obtaining a credit report from a national consumer credit reporting agency, if available. Internal data and/or credit data obtained from the credit reporting agencies is used to create a custom credit risk score. The custom credit risk score is generated automatically (except with respect to a small number of applications where the information needs manual intervention) from the applicant’s credit data using Verizon Wireless proprietary custom credit models, which are empirically derived and demonstrably and statistically sound. The credit risk score measures the likelihood that the potential customer will become severely delinquent and be disconnected for non-payment. For a small portion of new customer applications, a traditional credit report is not available from one of the national credit reporting agencies because the potential customer does not have sufficient credit history. In those instances, alternate credit data is used for the risk assessment. Based on the custom credit risk score, each customer is assigned to a credit class, each of which has a specified required down payment percentage, which ranges from zero to 100%, and specified credit limits. Device payment plan agreement receivables originated from customers assigned to credit classes requiring no down payment represent the lowest risk. Device payment plan agreement receivables originated from customers assigned to credit classes requiring a down payment represent a higher risk. Subsequent to origination, the Partnership monitors delinquency and write-off experience as key credit quality indicators for its portfolio of device payment plan agreements and fixed-term service plans. The extent of collection efforts with respect to a particular customer are based on the results of proprietary custom empirically derived internal behavioral scoring models that analyze the customer’s past performance to predict the likelihood of the customer falling further delinquent. These customer scoring models assess a number of variables, including origination characteristics, customer account history and payment patterns. Based on the score derived from these models, accounts are grouped by risk category to determine the collection strategy to be applied to such accounts. The Partnership continuously monitors collection performance results and the credit quality of device payment plan agreement receivables based on a variety of metrics, including aging. The Partnership considers an account to be delinquent and in default status if there are unpaid charges remaining on the account on the day after the bill’s due date. S-38 As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance and aging of the device payment plan agreement receivables on a gross basis was as follows: Unbilled Billed: Current Past due 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Audited) $ 9,628 $ 7,912 516 165 10,309 $ 418 186 8,516 Device payment plan agreement receivables, gross $ Activity in the allowance for credit losses for the device payment plan agreement receivables was as follows: 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Audited) Balance at January 1 Bad debt expenses Write-offs Other $ Balance at December 31 $ 939 $ 779 (464) (19) 1,235 $ 254 1,182 (500) 3 939 4. SPECTRUM LICENSE TRANSACTION Spectrum license transaction – On January 29, 2015, the FCC completed an auction of 65 MHz of spectrum, which it identified as the AWS-3 band. Cellco participated in that auction and was the high bidder on the licenses covering the Partnership service area. The licenses were deemed to be right to use assets and were allocated and recorded by the Partnership as wireless licenses. The cash payment made by the Partnership of $441 is classified within Acquisition of wireless licenses on the statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2015. The average remaining renewal period of the Partnership’s wireless license portfolio was 5.6 years as of December 31, 2017. S-39 5. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at December 31, 2017 and 2016: Buildings and improvements (15-45 years) Wireless plant and equipment (3-50 years) Furniture, fixtures and equipment (3-10 years) Leasehold improvements (5-7 years) Less: accumulated depreciation Property, plant and equipment, net 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Audited) $ 28,187 $ 104,378 295 7,402 140,262 (90,641) 49,621 $ $ 27,890 96,639 295 7,259 132,083 (83,621) 48,462 Capitalized network engineering costs of $533 (Unaudited) and $72, were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Construction in progress included in certain classifications shown above, principally consists of wireless plant and equipment, amounted to $1,417 (Unaudited) and $1,004, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Depreciation expense of $9,549 (Unaudited), $10,363, and $11,346 was incurred during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. 6. TOWER MONETIZATION TRANSACTION During March 2015, Verizon Communications, the parent company of Cellco, entered into an agreement with American Tower Corporation (ATC) giving ATC exclusive rights to lease and operate approximately 11,300 wireless towers owned and operated by Cellco and its subsidiaries for an upfront payment of $5.0 billion (not in thousands). Verizon Communications also sold 162 towers to ATC for an upfront payment of $0.1 billion (not in thousands). Under the terms of the lease agreements, ATC has exclusive rights to lease and operate the towers over an average term of approximately 28 years. As the leases expire, ATC has fixed-price purchase options to acquire these towers based on their anticipated fair market values at the end of the lease terms. The Partnership has subleased capacity on the towers from ATC for a minimum of 10 years at current market rates, with options to renew. The Partnership participated in this arrangement and has leased 102 towers to ATC for an upfront payment of $43,786. The upfront payment was accounted for as deferred rent and as a financing obligation. The $19,709 accounted for as deferred rent was included in cash flows provided by operating activities and relates to the portion of the towers for which the right-of-use has passed to ATC. The deferred rent is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the Partnership’s average lease term of 29 years. At December 31, 2015, a financing obligation in the amount of $24,077 was included in cash flows provided by financing activities, which relates to the portion of the towers that continue to be occupied and used for the Partnership’s network operations. The Partnership makes a sublease payment to ATC for $1.9 per month per site, with annual increases of 2 percent. During 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Partnership made $2,412, $2,364 and $1,938, respectively, of S-40 sublease payments to ATC, which are recorded as Repayments of financing obligation. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance of deferred rent was $17,784 (Unaudited) and $18,483, respectively. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance of the financing obligation was $23,662 (Unaudited) and $23,768, respectively. 7. CURRENT LIABILITIES Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consist of the following at December 31, 2017 and 2016: Accounts payable Non-income based taxes and regulatory fees Texas margin tax payable Accrued commissions Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Audited) $ $ 3,599 676 169 1,051 5,495 $ $ 2,295 888 251 955 4,389 Advance billings and other consist of the following at December 31, 2017 and 2016: Advance billings Customer deposits Guarantee liability Advance billings and other 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Audited) $ $ 1,056 64 39 1,159 $ $ 1,650 36 54 1,740 8. TRANSACTIONS WITH AFFILIATES AND RELATED PARTIES In addition to fixed asset purchases and right to use licenses substantially all of service revenues, equipment revenues, other revenues, cost of service, cost of equipment, and selling, general and administrative expenses represent transactions processed by affiliates (Cellco and its related parties) on behalf of the Partnership or represent transactions with affiliates. These transactions consist of (1) revenues and expenses that pertain to the Partnership which are processed by Cellco and directly attributed to or directly charged to the Partnership; (2) roaming revenue by customers of other Cellco affiliated markets within the Partnership market or Partnership customers’ cost when roaming in other Cellco affiliated markets; (3) certain revenues and expenses that are processed or incurred by Cellco which are allocated to the Partnership based on factors such as the Partnership’s percentage of revenue streams, customers, gross customer additions, or minutes of use in 2015 and 2016 and on total subscribers in 2017; (4) certain costs of operating switches which are allocated to the Partnership; and (5) lease agreements with Cellco, whereas the Partnership has the right to use certain spectrum. These transactions do not necessarily represent arm’s length transactions and may not represent all S-41 revenues and costs that would be present if the Partnership operated on a standalone basis. Cellco periodically reviews the methodology and allocation bases for allocating certain revenues, operating costs, selling, general and administrative expenses to the Partnership. Resulting changes, if any, in the allocated amounts have historically not been significant, other than the roaming revenue and cost impacts discussed below. Service revenues – Service revenues include monthly customer billings processed by Cellco on behalf of the Partnership and roaming revenues relating to customers of other affiliated markets that are specifically identified to the Partnership. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 roaming revenues were $77,223 (Unaudited), $52,832, and $53,031, respectively. During 2017, Cellco updated its roaming rates and methodology for determining roaming volumes charged for postpaid, prepaid and reseller revenue, resulting in a net increase of $954 to roaming revenue as compared to prior periods. Service revenues also include long distance, data, and certain revenue reductions including revenue concessions that are processed by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. Equipment revenues – Equipment revenues include equipment sales processed by Cellco and specifically identified to the Partnership, as well as certain handset and accessory revenues, contra-revenues including equipment concessions, and coupon rebates that are processed by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. Other revenues – Other revenues include other fees and surcharges charged to the customer that are specifically identified to the Partnership. Cost of service – Cost of service includes roaming costs relating to the Partnership’s customers roaming in other affiliated markets and switch costs that are incurred by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 roaming costs were $41,335 (Unaudited), $28,228, and $27,273 and switch costs were $1,653 (Unaudited), $1,857, and $1,833, respectively. During 2017, Cellco updated its roaming rates and methodology for determining roaming volumes charged for postpaid, prepaid and reseller cost, resulting in a net decrease of $1,983 to roaming cost as compared to prior periods. Cost of service also includes cost of telecom, long distance and application content that are incurred by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. The Partnership has lease agreements for the right to use additional spectrum owned by Cellco. See Notes 2 and 9 for further information regarding these arrangements. Cost of equipment – Cost of equipment is recorded at Cellco’s cost basis (see Note 2). Cost of equipment also includes certain costs related to handsets, accessories and other costs incurred by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. S-42 Selling, general and administrative – Selling, general and administrative expenses include commissions, customer billing, office telecom, customer care, salaries, sales and marketing and advertising expenses that are specifically identified to the Partnership as well as incurred by Cellco and allocated to the Partnership based on certain factors deemed appropriate by Cellco. The Partnership was allocated $1,328 (Unaudited), $1,875 and $1,715 in advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Property, plant and equipment – Property, plant and equipment includes assets purchased by Cellco and directly charged to the Partnership as well as assets transferred between Cellco and the Partnership (see Note 2). Wireless licenses – Wireless licenses include the right to use assets that were allocated by Cellco and recorded by the Partnership in exchange for a $441 payment (see Note 4). 9. COMMITMENTS Cellco, on behalf of the Partnership, and the Partnership itself have entered into operating leases for facilities, and equipment used in its operations. Lease contracts include renewal options that include rent expense adjustments based on the Consumer Price Index as well as annual and end-of-lease term adjustments. Rent expense is recorded on a straight-line basis. The noncancellable lease term used to calculate the amount of the straight-line rent expense is generally determined to be the initial lease term, including any optional renewal terms that are reasonably assured of occurring. Leasehold improvements related to these operating leases are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the noncancellable lease term. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Partnership incurred a total of $5,229 (Unaudited), $5,189 and $5,011 respectively, as rent expense related to these operating leases, which is included in Cost of service and in the accompanying statements of income and comprehensive income depending on the nature of the facility. Aggregate future minimum rental commitments under noncancellable operating leases, excluding renewal options that are not reasonably assured of occurring or the years shown are as follows: Years 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 and thereafter Amount (Unaudited) $ 3,386 3,357 2,866 2,634 2,643 6,730 Total minimum payments $ 21,616 S-43 The Partnership has also entered into certain agreements with Cellco, whereas the Partnership leases certain spectrum from Cellco that overlaps the Texas #17 rural service area. Total rent expense under these spectrum leases amounted to $935 (Unaudited), $817 and $817 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which is included in Cost of service in the accompanying statements of income and comprehensive income. Based on the terms of these leases as of December 31, 2017, future spectrum lease obligations are as follows: Years 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 and thereafter Amount (Unaudited) $ 949 777 605 607 608 4,876 Total minimum payments $ 8,422 The General Partner currently expects that any renewal option in the leases will be exercised. 10. CONTINGENCIES Cellco and the Partnership are subject to lawsuits and other claims including class actions, product liability, patent infringement, intellectual property, antitrust, partnership disputes, and claims involving relations with resellers and agents. Cellco is also currently defending lawsuits filed against it and other participants in the wireless industry alleging various adverse effects as a result of wireless phone usage. Various consumer class action lawsuits allege that Cellco violated certain state consumer protection laws and other statutes and defrauded customers through misleading billing practices or statements. These matters may involve indemnification obligations by third parties and/or affiliated parties covering all or part of any potential damage awards against Cellco and the Partnership and/or insurance coverage. All of the above matters are subject to many uncertainties, and the outcomes are not currently predictable. The Partnership may be allocated a portion of the damages that may result upon adjudication of these matters if the claimants prevail in their actions. The Partnership has no accrual for any pending matters. An estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss with respect to these matters as of December 31, 2017 cannot be made at this time due to various factors typical in contested proceedings, including (1) uncertain damage theories and demands; (2) a less than complete factual record; (3) uncertainty concerning legal theories and their resolution by courts or regulators; and (4) the unpredictable nature of the opposing party and its demands. Cellco and the Partnership continuously monitors these proceedings as they develop and will adjust any accrual or disclosure as needed. It is not expected that the ultimate resolution of any pending regulatory or legal matter in future periods will have a S-44 material effect on the financial condition of the Partnership, but it could have a material effect on the results of operations for a given reporting period. 11. RECONCILIATION OF ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS Balance at Additions Write-offs Balance at Beginning Charged to of the Year Expenses Net of End Recoveries of the Year (a) Accounts Receivable Allowances: 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Audited) 2015 (Audited) $ 1,411 $ 784 666 956 $ (959) $ 2,128 1,546 (1,501) (1,428) 1,408 1,411 784 a) Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts receivable primarily includes approximately $393, $289, and $93, at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, related to long-term device payment plan receivables. S-45 SUBSIDIARIES OF THE COMPANY Exhibit 21 The following is a list of subsidiaries of the Company, omitting subsidiaries which, considered in the aggregate, would not constitute a significant subsidiary. Unless otherwise noted, all subsidiaries are 100% owned (directly or indirectly) by Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. Name BE Mobile Communications, Incorporated Bentleyville Communications Corporation Berkshire Cable Corp. Berkshire Cellular, Inc. Berkshire New York Access, Inc. Berkshire Telephone Corporation Big Sandy Telecom, Inc. Bluestem Telephone Company C&E Communications, Ltd. Chautauqua & Erie Communications, Inc. Chautauqua and Erie Telephone Corporation China Telephone Company Chouteau Telephone Company Columbine Telecom Company Comerco, Inc. Communication Technologies, Inc. Community Service Telephone Co. Consolidated Communications, Inc. Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services, Inc. Consolidated Communications of California Company Consolidated Communications of Fort Bend Company Consolidated Communications of Illinois Company Consolidated Communications of Mid-Comm Company Consolidated Communications of Minnesota Company Consolidated Communications of Pennsylvania Company, LLC Consolidated Communications of Texas Company C-R Communications, Inc. C-R Long Distance, Inc. C-R Telephone Company El Paso Long Distance Company Ellensburg Telephone Company EllTel Long Distance Corp. Enhanced Communications of Northern New England Inc. ExOp of Missouri, Inc. FairPoint Broadband, Inc. FairPoint Business Services LLC FairPoint Carrier Services, Inc. FairPoint Communications LLC FairPoint Communications Missouri, Inc. FairPoint Logistics LLC FairPoint Vermont, Inc. Germantown Long Distance Company GTC Communications, Inc. GTC, Inc. Maine Telephone Company Marianna and Scenery Hill Telephone Company Marianna Tel, Inc. MJD Services Corp. State of Incorporation Pennsylvania New York New York New York New York New York Delaware Delaware New York New York New York Maine Oklahoma Delaware Washington Maine Maine Illinois Delaware California Texas Illinois Minnesota Minnesota Delaware Texas Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Washington Delaware Delaware Missouri Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Missouri South Dakota Delaware Ohio Delaware Florida Maine Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Delaware MJD Ventures, Inc. Northern New England Telephone Operations LLC Northland Telephone Company of Maine, Inc. Odin Telephone Exchange, Inc. Orwell Communications, Inc. Peoples Mutual Long Distance Company Peoples Mutual Telephone Company Quality One Technologies, Inc. Ravenswood Communications, Inc. S T Enterprises, Ltd. Sidney Telephone Company ST Long Distance, Inc. St. Joe Communications, Inc. Standish Telephone Company Sunflower Telephone Company, Inc. Taconic Technology Corp. Taconic Telcom Corp. Taconic Telephone Corp. Telephone Operating Company of Vermont LLC The Columbus Grove Telephone Company The El Paso Telephone Company The Germantown Independent Telephone Company The Orwell Telephone Company UI Long Distance, Inc. Unite Communications Systems, Inc. Utilities, Inc. YCOM Networks, Inc. Delaware Delaware Maine Illinois Ohio Virginia Virginia Ohio Illinois Kansas Maine Delaware Florida Maine Kansas New York New York New York Delaware Ohio Illinois Ohio Ohio Maine Missouri Maine Washington Exhibit 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (i) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-135440) pertaining to the Consolidated Communications, Inc. 401(k) Plan and Consolidated Communications 401(k) Plan for Texas Bargaining Associates, (ii) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-128934) pertaining to the Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan, (iii) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-166757) pertaining to the Consolidated Communications, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan, (iv) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-182597) pertaining to the SureWest Communications Employee Stock Ownership Plan of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc., (v) Registration Statement (Form S-8 to Form S-4/A No. 333-198000) pertaining to the Hickory Tech Corporation 1993 Stock Award Plan; (vi) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-203974) pertaining to the Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan, and of our reports dated March 1, 2018, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2017. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP St. Louis, Missouri March 1, 2018 Exhibit 23.2 Consent of Independent Certified Public Accountants We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-135440) pertaining to the Consolidated Communications, Inc. 401(k) Plan and Consolidated Communications 401(k) Plan for Texas Bargaining Associates; Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-128934) pertaining to the Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan; Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-166757) pertaining to the Consolidated Communications, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan; Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-182597) pertaining to the SureWest Communications Employee Stock Ownership Plan of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc.; Registration Statement (Form S-8 to Form S-4/A No. 333-198000) pertaining to the Hickory Tech Corporation 1993 Stock Award Plan; and Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-203974) pertaining to the Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan. of our report dated February 28, 2017, with respect to the financial statements of GTE Mobilnet of Texas RSA #17 Limited Partnership for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 and our report dated February 26, 2016, with respect to the financial statements of Pennsylvania RSA No. 6(II) Limited Partnership for the year ended December 31, 2015 included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2017. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Orlando, Florida February 28, 2018 EXHIBIT 31.1 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CERTIFICATION I, C. Robert Udell Jr., certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. March 1, 2018 /s/ C. Robert Udell Jr. C. Robert Udell Jr. President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER CERTIFICATION EXHIBIT 31.2 I, Steven L. Childers, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. March 1, 2018 /s/ Steven L. Childers Steven L. Childers Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.1 Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 906”), C. Robert Udell Jr. and Steven L. Childers, President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, respectively, of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc., each certify that to his knowledge (i) the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and (ii) the information contained in such report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. /s/ C. Robert Udell Jr. C. Robert Udell Jr. President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) March 1, 2018 /s/ Steven L. Childers Steven L. Childers Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer) March 1, 2018 

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