Criteo
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

Morningstar® Document Research℠ FORM 10-KCriteo S.A. - CRTOFiled: March 01, 2019 (period: December 31, 2018)Annual report with a comprehensive overview of the companyThe information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The userassumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information, except to the extent such damages or losses cannot belimited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549FORM 10-K(Mark One)xxANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018or¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934for the transition period from to Commission file number: 001-36153Criteo S.A. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)France (State or other jurisdiction ofincorporation or organization) Not Applicable (I.R.S. Employer IdentificationNumber)32, rue Blanche, 75009 Paris—France (Address of principal executive offices including zip code)Registrant's telephone number, including area code: +33 1 40 40 22 90 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:American Depositary Shares, each representing oneordinary share, nominal value €0.025 per shareNasdaq Global Select MarketOrdinary shares, nominal value €0.025 per share* Nasdaq Global Select Market *(Title of class) (Name of exchange on which registered)* Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares. Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NoneSource: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No xIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filingrequirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 ofRegulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the bestof the registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to thisForm 10-K. ¨Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or anemerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company"in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.Large AcceleratedFiler x Accelerated Filer¨ Non-accelerated Filer ¨ Smallerreportingcompany ¨ Emerginggrowthcompany ¨If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new orrevised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No x The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completedsecond fiscal quarter was $2.1 billion, based on the closing sale price of the American Depositary Shares as reported by the Nasdaq Global Select Market onJune 30, 2018. Ordinary shares, nominal value €0.025 per share, held by each officer and director and by each person who owns or may be deemed to own10% or more of the outstanding ordinary shares have been excluded since such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate statusis not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. As of January 31, 2019, the registrant had 67,708,741 ordinary shares, nominal value €0.025 per share, outstanding.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCEPart III incorporates certain information by reference from the registrant’s proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Such proxystatement will be filed no later than 120 days after the close of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.CRITEO S.A. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K For The Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018TABLE OF CONTENTSPART I Item 1 Business1Item 1A Risk Factors22Item 1B Unresolved Staff Comments52Item 2 Properties52Item 3 Legal Proceedings52Item 4 Mine Safety Disclosures52PART II Item 5 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of EquitySecurities53Item 6 Selected Financial Data60Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations67Item 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk98Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data98Item 9 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure99Item 9A Controls and Procedures99Item 9B Other Information99PART III Item 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance101Item 11 Executive Compensation101Item 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters101Item 13 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence101Item 14 Principal Accounting Fees and Services101PART IV Item 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules101Item 16 Form 10-K Summary104Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.GeneralExcept where the context otherwise requires, all references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Form 10-K") to the "Company," "Criteo," "we," "us," "our" orsimilar words or phrases are to Criteo S.A. and its subsidiaries, taken together. In this Form 10-K, references to "$" and "US$" are to United States dollars. Ouraudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America,or U.S. GAAP. Unless otherwise indicated, the statistical and financial data contained in this Form 10-K are presented as of December 31, 2018.Trademarks"Criteo," the Criteo logo and other trademarks or service marks of Criteo S.A. appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of Criteo S.A.Trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies appearing in this Form 10-K are the property of their respective holders.Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking StatementsThis Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), andSection 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and oninformation currently available to our management. All statements other than present and historical facts and conditions contained in this Form 10-K,including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, plans and our objectives for future operations, areforward-looking statements. When used in this Form 10-K, the words "anticipate," "believe," "can," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "is designed to,""may," "might," "plan," "potential," "predict," "objective," "should," or the negative of these and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements.Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:•the ability of the Criteo Artificial Intelligence (AI) Engine to accurately predict engagement by a user;•our ability to predict and adapt to changes in widely adopted industry platforms and other new technologies;•our ability to continue to collect and utilize data about user behavior and interaction with advertisers;•our ability to acquire an adequate supply of advertising inventory from publishers on terms that are favorable to us;•our ability to meet the challenges of a growing and international company in a rapidly developing and changing industry, including our abilityto forecast accurately;•our ability to maintain an adequate rate of revenue growth and sustain profitability;•our ability to manage our international operations and expansion and the integration of our acquisitions;•the effects of increased competition in our market;•our ability to adapt to regulatory, legislative or self-regulatory developments regarding internet privacy matters;•our ability to protect users’ information and adequately address privacy concerns;•our ability to enhance our brand;•our ability to enter new marketing channels and new geographies;•our ability to effectively scale our technology platform;Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel;•our ability to maintain, protect and enhance our brand and intellectual property; and•failures in our systems or infrastructure.You should refer to Item 1A "Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially fromthose expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in thisForm 10-K will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of thesignificant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other personthat we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-lookingstatements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.You should read this Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Form 10-K and have filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K completely and with theunderstanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by thesecautionary statements.This Form 10-K contains market data and industry forecasts that were obtained from industry publications. These data and forecasts involve a number ofassumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such information. We have not independently verified any third-partyinformation. While we believe the market position, market opportunity and market size information included in this Form 10-K is generally reliable, suchinformation is inherently imprecise.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.PART IItem 1. BusinessHistory and Development of the CompanyCriteo S.A. was initially incorporated as a société par actions simplifiée, or S.A.S., under the laws of the French Republic on November 3, 2005, for a periodof 99 years and subsequently converted to a société anonyme, or S.A. We are registered at the Paris Commerce and Companies Register under the number 484786 249. Our agent for service of process in the United States is National Registered Agents, Inc. We began selling elements of our offering in France in 2007and have since expanded our business into other countries in Western Europe. In 2009, we expanded our business into North America and entered the Asia-Pacific region in late 2010. In November 2016, we acquired HookLogic, Inc. ("HookLogic"), a New York-based company that has developed a performancemarketing exchange connecting consumer brands with retail ecommerce sites via sponsored product ads sold by ecommerce retailers.Business OverviewWe are a global technology company building the leading Advertising Platform for the Open Internet. We strive to deliver impactful business results at scaleto commerce companies and consumer brands by meeting their multiple marketing goals at their targeted return on investment. Using shopping data,predictive technology and large consumer reach, we help our clients drive Awareness, Consideration and Conversion for their products and services1, andhelp retailers generate advertising revenues from consumer brands. Our data is pooled among our clients and offers deep insights into consumer intent andpurchasing habits. To drive measurable results for clients, we activate our data assets through proprietary artificial intelligence ("AI") technology to engageconsumers in real time through the pricing and delivery of highly relevant digital advertisements ("ads"), across devices and environments. By pricing ouroffering on a range of pricing models and measuring our value based on clear, well-defined performance metrics, we make the return on investmenttransparent and easy to measure for advertisers.Our vision is to build the leading Advertising Platform for the Open Internet by enabling commerce companies and consumer brands, using our modular andflexible technology platform, to address multiple marketing goals across the open Internet. We define the open Internet as the open, non-proprietaryenvironment that allows advertisers and publishers to choose the partner they want to work with, decide when and how they share data, and control how tomeasure success.Over the past 13 years, we have established our market position by focusing on three pillars: actionable commerce data, predictive technology to activatedata and drive multiple marketing goals, and large consumer reach. While continuously improving our technology and broadening our reach, we leverageand strengthen Criteo Shopper Graph, a highly differentiated group of data collectives built through collaboration and data pooling within our openecosystem of commerce and consumer brand clients. With Criteo Shopper Graph, we are building one of the world's biggest and open data sets focused onshoppers, retailers and brands.Our clients include some of the largest and most sophisticated commerce companies in the world, along with world-class consumer brands. We partner withthem to capture user activity on their websites and mobile applications ("apps"), which we define as digital properties, and optimize the performance of theirads based on that activity and other data. Demonstrating the depth and scale of our data, we collected data on over $800 billion in online sales transactions2on our clients' digital properties in the year ended December 31, 2018. Based on this data and other assets, we delivered targeted ads that generated over 10billion clicks2 in the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we served more than 19,000 clients and, in each of the last three years, ouraverage client retention rate, as measured on a quarterly basis, was approximately 90%2.___________________________________________________ 1 Driving Awareness for an advertiser means exposing its brand name to consumers who have not been in touch with the advertiser before, thereby creating brand awareness from suchconsumers. Driving Consideration for an advertiser's products or services means attracting prospective new consumers to consider engaging with and/or buying this advertiser'sproducts or services. Driving Conversion for an advertiser's products or services means triggering a purchase by consumers who have already engaged with this advertiser's products orservices in the past.2 Excluding Criteo Retail Media and the business acquired from Manage.com Group, Inc.1Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Each day we are presented with billions of opportunities to connect consumers with relevant advertising messages from our commerce and consumer brandclients. For each of these opportunities, our algorithms analyze massive volumes of shopping data to predict consumer preferences and intent, and deliverspecific messaging for products or services that are likely to engage that particular consumer. The accuracy of our algorithms improves with everyadvertisement we deliver, as they incorporate new data while continuing to learn from prior interactions.Historically, the Criteo model had focused solely on converting our clients' website visitors into customers, enabling us to charge our clients only when usersengage with an ad we deliver, usually by clicking on it. This pay-for-performance pricing model clearly links the cost of an advertising campaign to itseffectiveness in driving conversions, and has been valued as such by our clients. More recently, we have expanded our solutions to address a broader range ofmarketing and monetization goals for our clients. Doing so, we also started expanding our pricing models to now include a combination of cost-per-installand cost-per-impression for selected new solutions, in addition to cost-per-click, as well as a subscription-type pricing model for large retailers using ourtechnology platform as part of of our Criteo Retail Media offering.As commerce companies and consumer brands have embraced our offering, we have achieved significant growth since our inception and are now operatingacross 98 countries. Our revenue retention rate was 120%, 115% and 101% for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively1. We defineour revenue retention rate as (i) revenue recognized during a period from clients that contributed to revenue recognized in the prior corresponding perioddivided by (ii) total revenue recognized in such prior corresponding period. In our view, consistently having over 74% of our Revenue ex-TAC generatedfrom clients that have uncapped budgets2 directly contributes to our ability to maintain a high level of revenue retention. As a result, our ability to retain andgrow revenue from our existing clients has been a useful indicator of the stability of our revenue base and the long-term value of our client relationships.Our financial results include:•Revenue of $1,799.1 million, $2,296.7 million and 2,300.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively;•Revenue excluding Traffic Acquisition Costs, which we refer to as Revenue ex-TAC, which is a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure, of $730.2million, $941.1 million and $966.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively;•Net income of $87.3 million, $96.7 million and $95.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively; and•Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure, of $224.6 million, $309.6 million and $321.1 million for the years endedDecember 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.Please see footnotes 3, 4 and 5 to the "Other Financial and Operating Data" table in "Item 6. Selected Financial Data" in this Form 10-K for a reconciliation ofRevenue to Revenue ex-TAC, Net Income to Adjusted EBITDA and Net Income to Adjusted Net Income, respectively, in each case the most directlycomparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States or "U.S. GAAP".___________________________________________________ 1 Excluding Criteo Retail Media and the business acquired from Manage.com Group, Inc.2 Uncapped budgets represent clients' advertising budgets with us that have either no contractual financial cap or that are so large that the budget constraint does not restrict our abilityto purchase inventory on those clients' behalf.2Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.The Advertising Platform for the Open InternetOur technology is optimized to drive impactful business results for advertisers across multiple marketing goals. While pricing our offering on a range ofpricing models, including a cost-per-click, we address a wide range of advertising objectives for our commerce and consumer brand clients, including, forexample, customer visits to a client website, installations of a mobile app, and sales. We deliver these measurable business outcomes by efficiently andeffectively driving engagement for our clients' products and services, in the form, for example, of Consideration and Conversion, and generating advertisingrevenue for retailers through the monetization of their data and audiences with consumer brands.Our offering is powered by AI technology and aims to address the consumer journey (Awareness, Consideration and Conversion). Our offering worksseamlessly across digital devices (desktops, laptops, smartphones and tablets), commerce and advertising environments (web, mobile applications andphysical stores), platforms and operating systems, advertising channels (Display Advertising, including social and native, video, and advertisements onretailers' properties) and publisher environments (Alphabet Inc. ("Google Ad Manager"), multiple real-time bidding exchanges, thousands of publishers andmobile app developers in the open Internet, and Facebook, Inc. ("Facebook")). Our Advertising Platform, as we define it, is available as a unique andcomprehensive offering and cannot be broken down and purchased as separate services, except for individual advertising solutions and campaigns.The Advertising Platform for the Open Internet is comprised of:•Criteo Shopper Graph•Criteo Platform•Our Solutions•Our Publisher Network3Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Criteo Shopper GraphThrough integration with substantially all of our clients' digital properties, we obtain large volumes of browsing behavior data, expressed consumer shoppingintent and engagement, and transactional data at the individual product and individual user level.Our data assets include all insights derived from our clients' proprietary commerce data, such as transaction activity on their digital properties, representingover $800 billion in online sales in 20181.Access to high quality data assets fuels the accuracy of our algorithms, which improves with the increasing quantity and quality of data we obtain fromour clients and publisher partners, as well as insights gained through our own extensive operational history. The combination of advertiser data, publisherdata and proprietary metadata gives us powerful insights into consumer purchasing habits that we use to price inventory and create the most relevant ads todrive user engagement and measurable results for our clients. In addition to commerce data at the granular product level, we seek to use as much relevantinformation as possible about the context and intent of a given user, collected from clients and publisher partners, to further refine our prediction accuracy.We believe our access to highly granular and qualitative commerce data validates the trust that our clients place in us. For example, for most of our clients,we typically have real-time access to the products or services a visitor has viewed, researched, added to their shopping cart, or bought from them, andcontinuously receive updated information on 4.5 billion products or services2, including pricing, images and descriptions, which are typically characterizedas non-Personally Identifiable Information (or Non-PII). A growing number of our clients also provide us with their customers' purchase history data informats that are non-PII.Using a range of cookies and non-cookie based technologies, we collect information about the interactions of users with our clients' and publishers' digitalproperties. Our clients grant us access to their valuable data through direct integration with us, which requires our clients to place Criteo software codethroughout their digital properties. The information we collect does not enable us to personally identify the particular user.Over the past few years, we have built three data collectives through data pooling among our clients. The combination of these data collectives formsCriteo Shopper Graph. For each of these data collectives, we ask our clients to grant us the permission to mutualize a significant portion of their proprietarydata with other clients who also contribute data to this specific collective data pool. With Criteo Shopper Graph, we are building one of the world's largestand most open data sets focused on shoppers and their commerce activity across retailers and brands.Criteo Shopper Graph is comprised of the following three data collectives:•The Identity Graph allows us to match user technical identifiers across devices and environments, including online and offline. As of December 31,2018, 73% of our clients grant us access to some of their Customer Relationship Management (CRM) data, such as hashed customer logins and/orhashed emails, to enable us to match users across multiple digital devices or environments. As of December 31, 2018, we had over 4 billion user IDs3within our Identity Graph globally, with an estimated average of three user IDs per individual user. The scope of our Identity Graph is already amongthe best in the industry. In addition, the Identity Graph allows us to leverage offline CRM data of our clients' physical stores to match it with onlineuser profiles, based on their offline shopping history. Since the end of 2015, the Identity Graph has seen strong traction within our client base and,we believe, has become a solid foundation to reach consumers across all devices and environments. The Identity Graph supports and benefits ourentire suite of solutions.•The Interest Map collects and organizes consumer intent and purchasing data across the products available in our network of commerce clients, inorder to build a comprehensive and accurate non-identifying shopper profile for all consumers on whom we have collected data. We collect data onover $800 billion in online sales1 and, every year, we see close to 12 billion shopping transactions taking place within our commerce ecosystem1.With the Interest Map, we seek our clients' permission to use their data to power products that are jointly offered by our clients in the collective. Wehave built applications for the Interest Map, as well as its underlying infrastructure, including the Universal Catalog, which provides category andbrand extraction, as well as a unified view of the 4.5 billion products available across the combined product catalogs of our commerce clients2. TheInterest Map is a key foundation to cover compelling marketing goals, including those addressed by our Consideration solutions to help advertiserswin new visitors and new customers.___________________________________________________ 1 Excluding Criteo Retail Media and the business acquired from Manage.com Group, Inc.2 Products are not unique and may appear in different retailer catalogs.3 A user ID can represent a browser-specific cookie or a device ID.4Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•The Measurement Network provides SKU-level sales attribution for consumer brands across our network of retailer partners using our Criteo RetailMedia solutions. This means that, using our deterministic measurement approach, our consumer brand clients can precisely track and measure theeffectiveness of their advertising spend by attributing their sales at the SKU level to the clicks that were generated on their ads across our network ofretailers. This permission-based sales attribution, retailer by retailer, is typically not available to consumer brands, neither in the online nor offlineworld, where they still place most of their trade marketing investments. We plan to widen the Measurement Network to all Criteo retailers with newapplications and have already started to add offline sales attribution for consumer brands.Central to our approach of the open Internet, the design and governance of Criteo Shopper Graph are based on strict and differentiated guiding principles:•Openness: we commit to a two-way exchange of data with our clients, whereby all clients contributing data can, in return for their contribution,benefit from the collective dataset via our Advertising Platform, as well as access relevant cross-device user IDs and relevant Key PerformanceIndicators of their campaigns to better inform and optimize their advertising.•Transparency: our clients' contribution and sharing of data within the data pools are based on a clear and permission-based usage by Criteo for themutual benefits of all participants in the data collectives.•Security: as always, we apply the highest data security and user privacy standards to our three data collectives.•Fairness: the data collectives are designed and governed in ways such that the value gained by participating clients largely exceeds their individualcontribution to the collectives.Criteo PlatformCriteo AI EngineCriteo AI Engine has been developed over the past 13 years and consists of multiple artificial intelligence algorithms, and the proprietary global hardwareand software infrastructure that enables our Advertising Platform to operate in real time at significant scale.Criteo AI Engine leverages our vast and high-quality data assets, with the goal of maximizing consumer engagement to drive impactful business results forclients through the delivery of highly relevant and personalized ads in real time.Criteo AI Engine consists of:•Lookalike finder algorithms. Recently introduced by Criteo, these algorithms create similar audiences, or groups of consumers likely to beinterested in and engage with a specific category of our clients’ products or services, from a pre-determined audience seed based on other clients’audiences that were already targeted and exposed to similar products or services in the context of previous advertising campaigns. Once created,these similar audiences are used by Criteo AI Engine as targets to reach and be exposed to tailored ads for relevant products or services for thepurpose of a dedicated campaign. This new set of algorithms typically supports campaign types addressing Consideration advertising objectives, i.e.driving new prospects to consider products or services with which they have not engaged in the past.•Recommendation algorithms. These algorithms create advertisements tailored to specific consumer interest and intent by determining the specificproducts and services to include in the ad. These products and services may be ones that the consumer has already been exposed to, or that thealgorithms predict the customer could be interested in. Alternatively, these may be products and services that other consumers within Criteo ShopperGraph exposed to some of the same products and services, have been interested in. •Dynamic Creative Optimization+. Based on the results of our algorithms, Criteo AI Engine automatically and dynamically assembles customizedcreative advertising content on an impression-per-impression basis in real time, by optimizing each individual creative component in theadvertisement, from the font, color, size and format of product images to the "call to action" or price discount. Our patented Dynamic CreativeOptimization+ technology offers virtually unlimited personalization, with up to 17 trillion visual ad variations, without the need to defineadvertisement sizes or layouts upfront, while maintaining the consistency of our clients' brand image.5Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•Predictive bidding algorithms. These algorithms predict the probability and nature of a user's engagement with a given advertisement. Suchpredicted user engagement can take the form, for example, of retailer site visits, clicks, conversions, shopping basket value, specific productcategories purchased, or even the gross margin of the purchased product or service that our client generates from such purchase. This prediction ofengagement incorporates data from our clients, publishers and third-party sources, including user intent, who the client is, the products offered bythe client, as well as data on the creative content of the ad and the publisher context in which the ad is viewed.Together with our recommendation algorithms, the prediction algorithms allow us to determine the most appropriate price to pay for an advertisingimpression, based on an individual user's predicted engagement, what the client is willing to pay for that engagement, as well as Criteo's own targetRevenue ex-TAC margin from placing the ad. Our bidding engine executes campaigns based on certain objectives set by our clients (such as cost-per-click, cost-per-order, cost-of-sales, cost-per-visit, cost-per-impression, cost-per-install or total budget goal). After a bid for an advertisingimpression is placed and won, Criteo AI Engine assembles and delivers individualized ads, and provides campaign reporting in near-real time.•Software systems and processes. Our algorithms are supported by robust software infrastructure that allows us to operate seamlessly at a very largescale (through over 36,000 servers by the end of 2018). The architecture and processing capabilities of this technology have been designed to matchthe massive computational demands and complexity of our algorithms in real time. This technology enables data synchronization, storage andanalysis across a large-scale distributed computing infrastructure in multiple geographies, as well as fast data collection and retrieval using multi-layered caching infrastructure.•Experimentation platform. This online/offline platform is used to improve the capabilities and effectiveness of our prediction models by measuringthe correlation of specific parameters with user engagement, usually measured by consumer visits, clicks and conversions, typically in the form ofsales. A dedicated team is constantly testing new types and sources of data, as well as new variables, to determine whether they help diminish thegap between, for example, predicted visits, click-throughs and conversions, and actual visits, click-throughs and conversions over the course of alive campaign.A key attribute of Criteo AI Engine is the vast metadata of learnings on advertising and commerce effectiveness that we have accumulated from havingdelivered and measured responses to over 6.0 trillion advertising impressions since inception. Our Research & Development team constantly tunes Criteo AIEngine via experimentation and A/B tests. In 2018, about 700 online A/B tests and 20,000 offline experiments and tests were performed.In addition, we have long established Privacy-by-design as a central element of our technology and product design and development, with a strongcommitment to ensuring best practices in privacy, security and safety for consumers and our commerce and consumer brand clients. Since 2013, we have hada designated Data Privacy Officer along with a team of privacy experts. These experts are deeply integrated within our R&D and Product organization andprocesses, and consider all facets of user privacy as key elements in the design of any new solution or feature of our Advertising Platform. They also performongoing Privacy Impact Assessments to monitor potential risks during the product lifecycle and proactively mitigate those risks. The Data Privacy teamdelivers company-wide privacy training, enforces our privacy policies and is integral to ensuring that we build the best solutions and services. We regularlyreview and document our internal privacy policies, amend existing policies as necessary and enforce these policies with our clients, publisher partners andvendors.Criteo Management CenterWe offer our advertiser clients an integrated and modular customer platform that provides control, visibility and detailed transparency on their campaigns,whatever their business and marketing goals may be. This platform provides a unified and easy-to-use self-service user interface ("UI") enabling the flexibleand modular consumption of our various solutions by our clients, as well as the execution and management of their campaigns through a suite of softwareand services that automates key campaign processes. As a result, our clients benefit from a high level of control over the objectives, components andperformance of their various campaigns with us. Our customer platform also reduces unnecessary complexity and cost associated with manual processes ofhaving to use multiple Demand-Side Platforms ("DSPs") and sources of inventory supply, delivering efficiencies across the consumer journey, even ascampaigns grow in size, complexity and mix of marketing goals.We believe that transparency and control over the objectives, modular components and performance of their advertising campaigns increases theconfidence our clients have in Criteo, and further strengthens our relationship with them.Our customer platform includes a comprehensive suite of tools, services and software, including:6Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•A unified self-service user interface to transparently manage campaigns, solution by solution. This self-service interface automates a number ofmodular components, campaign execution and management tasks. Key attributes of the interface include:▪an easy-to-use user interface;▪self-service tools to consume, on demand, specific modules of the campaigns, including for example: specific audiences to reach and target,specific creative or branding elements to include in ads, specific categories of supply to favor or exclude from the campaign, specificcategories of the product catalog to promote in the campaign, specific coupon and price discount management▪granular control, with the ability to specify, for each campaign, the price that the client is ready to pay (on either a cost-per-click, cost-per-impression or cost-per-install basis, at its own product category level);▪transparent and detailed reporting of key campaign metrics, such as cost-per-click, cost-per-impression or cost-per-install, impressionsserved, effective cost per thousand impressions, or eCPM, consumer visits, app installations, click-through rate and post-click sales; and▪transparent standardized reports on purchased inventory showing detailed impression-level information, including publisher domainswhere ads are shown, time stamps of displayed ads and the value of each impression.•Business intelligence and analytics. Included in our service for our larger clients, we provide high-value consulting services through a team ofadvisers that aid them in setting goals for, extracting insights from, and evaluating trends and performance of their various advertising campaignsacross multiple marketing goals, sources of inventory supply, advertising channels, and the multiple digital devices that customers may use.In parallel with accessing transparent reporting from the Criteo Management Center, a large proportion of our clients regularly use their own attribution toolsand solutions (such as, for example, Google Analytics, IBM Coremetrics or Adobe Analytics) to independently measure and assess the performance of theresults delivered by Criteo, including sales.Our SolutionsWe offer two families of solutions targeted to our commerce and consumer brand clients:•Criteo Marketing Solutions allow commerce companies to address multiple marketing goals by engaging their consumers with personalized ads acrossthe web, mobile and offline store environments. Examples of expected results for clients using Criteo Marketing Solutions include:◦driving visits from new prospects on the website of our clients by engaging such prospects, either in the web or on mobile apps, with personalizedads offering products or services that are tailored to their predicted interest (Consideration goal, new visit objective);7Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.◦driving installations of our clients' mobile application by new customers, by engaging such new customers, either in the web or on mobile apps,with personalized ads promoting our client's mobile application (Consideration goal, app install objective);◦driving sales for our commerce clients, either on their web or mobile app property, by engaging consumers, either in the web or on mobile apps, withpersonalized ads offering products or services for which they have already expressed shopping intent (Conversion goal, sales objective);◦driving more sales from existing customers for our commerce clients, either on their web or mobile application property, by accurately targetingand re-engaging such existing customers, either in the web or on mobile apps, with personalized ads offering new products or services that they havenot yet purchased (Conversion goal, re-engagement sales objective).•Criteo Retail Media allows retailers to generate advertising revenues from consumer brands, and/or to drive sales for themselves, by monetizing theirtraffic and audiences through personalized ads, either on their own digital property or on the open Internet, that address multiple marketing goals.Examples of expected results for clients using Criteo Retail Media solutions include:◦generating advertising revenue for retailers on their online store, by providing retailers with our technology platform for them to monetize theirtraffic and audiences directly with consumer brands across various marketing goals (Monetization goal, onsite advertising objective);◦driving sales for consumer brand clients on the site of retailer partners, by connecting consumer brands and retailers and engaging consumers onthe retailer's digital property with personalized ads offering specific brand products available on the retailer's digital property and for whichconsumers have expressed interest (Conversion goal, onsite campaign, sales objective);◦driving sales for consumer brand clients on the site of retailer partners, by connecting consumer brands and retailers and engaging consumersoutside of the retailer property on the open Internet with personalized ads offering specific brand products available on the retailer's digitalproperty and for which consumers have expressed interest (Conversion goal, offsite campaign, sales objective);While our current solutions already allow our clients to cover a large part of the consumer journey, through Consideration and Conversion marketing goals,we intend to develop solutions to address the Awareness marketing goal in the future, and therefore cover the entire consumer journey for clients.Historically, the Criteo model had focused solely on converting our clients' website visitors into customers, enabling us to charge our clients only when usersengage with an ad we deliver, usually by clicking on it. This pay-for-performance pricing model clearly links the cost of an advertising campaign to itseffectiveness in driving conversions, and has been valued as such by our clients. As we have expanded our solutions to address a broader range of marketingand monetization goals, we also started expanding our pricing models to now include a combination of cost-per-install and cost-per-impression for selectednew solutions, in addition to cost-per-click, as well as subscription-type pricing model for large retailers using our technology platform as part of of ourCriteo Retail Media offering. In the future, we may further evolve the pricing of our solutions.Excluding our historical solution for driving Conversion through Criteo Marketing Solutions (formerly called Criteo Dynamic Retargeting), no individualsolution accounted for more than 10% of total consolidated revenue for the periods presented.Our Publisher NetworkWe provide extensive real-time access to advertising inventory to our advertiser clients through real-time bidding, or "RTB," Display Advertising exchanges,as well as direct relationships with thousands of publisher partners. We define inventory as the combination of desktop web, mobile web and mobile in-appDisplay Advertising impressions, including social display inventory, native display inventory, video inventory, and inventory for advertisements on majorretail ecommerce properties, including for sponsored product formats.8Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.In some cases, we have negotiated direct and privileged access with publishers, giving us the opportunity to select, buy and price, on an impression-per-impression basis and in real time: (1) inventory that a publisher might otherwise only sell subject to minimum volume commitments; and/or (2) particularadvertising impressions before such impressions are made available to other potential buyers.We believe that many of our direct publisher partners have granted us preferred access to portions of their inventory as a result of our ability to effectivelymonetize that inventory. For example, in Japan, we have entered into a strategic relationship with Yahoo! Japan, that grants us privileged access to itsadvertising inventory for delivering personalized display ads. Within Criteo Retail Media, we access inventory from ecommerce sites that is generally notavailable to traditional advertising demand. This inventory from ecommerce retailers is particularly valuable for consumer brands looking to advertise theirproducts with a Consideration or Conversion marketing goal in a multi-brand retail environment.We price and buy inventory in real time and typically do not pre-buy any impression, and do not commit to buying any minimum volume of impressions,except in some limited cases related to one Criteo Retail Media solution. Across both our direct publisher relationships and inventory purchasing done onRTB exchanges, we leverage Criteo AI Engine's ability to quickly and accurately value available advertising inventory, and utilize that information to bidfor inventory on a programmatic, automated basis.Alongside our existing technologies to integrate directly with publishers, we have developed Criteo Direct Bidder, our header-bidding technology. Over thepast few years, the publisher landscape has rapidly transitioned towards header-bidding technology, allowing publishers to make their inventorysimultaneously available for public auction to several competitive bidders, including RTB exchanges. Thanks to our large scale, Criteo Direct Bidder allowsus to connect directly to the ad server of publishers in situations where publishers use header bidding to monetize their inventory, allowing us to bypass RTBexchanges in the bidding process. Using Criteo Direct Bidder, we were connected to close to 3,500 large publishers globally as of December 31, 2018,including NBC, The Weather Channel, Washington Post, Daily Mail, The Washington Post, eBay, AJA Japan, Orange, Viber, the LA Times, CBS, Fox News,Axel Springer's websites, Marktplaats and M6. Criteo Direct Bidder has been positively received by publishers, helping them to increase the averagemonetization of their inventory sold through Criteo Direct Bidder, relative to our overall spend through all channels.For Criteo Marketing Solutions, we purchase inventory programmatically on a CPM basis (or cost-per-thousand-impressions) from our direct publisherpartners and RTBs, through standard terms and conditions for the purchase of Display Advertising inventory. This means that inventory purchased for CriteoMarketing Solutions is paid to the publisher irrespective of whether the user engages with the advertisement delivered on that publisher's digital property.Pursuant to such arrangements, we purchase impressions for users that Criteo recognizes on the publishers' digital properties. Such arrangements arecancellable upon short notice and without penalty.For some of our Criteo Retail Media solutions, we pay for the inventory of the retailer publishers based on a revenue share, effectively paying the retailerpublisher a portion of the click-based revenue generated by customers clicking on the advertisements displaying the products of our consumer brand clients.This means that, with these Criteo Retail Media solutions, retailer publishers only get paid if a user effectively clicks on the advertisement that is displayedon their site. For our remaining Criteo Retail Media solutions, we either buy inventory on a CPM basis or do not incur media buying at all as, in such cases,we solely provide access to our technology to retailers for them to sell their inventory directly to consumer brands.We believe that our ability to efficiently access and value inventory at scale results in a deeply liquid marketplace for both buyers and sellers of DisplayAdvertising, allowing us to deliver effective ads at the right price for our clients, even as the size and complexity of the campaign increases.In addition to buying advertising inventory at scale, we take a variety of brand safety measures to ensure that the brand equity of our clients is preserved.These measures include determining that each publisher's inventory meets our content requirements and those of our clients to ensure that their displayadvertisements are not shown in inappropriate content categories, such as in adult, violent or sensitive political content. For that purpose, we use numerousinternal systems and processes to filter out inventory in real time, including the list of suspect IP addresses from the Trustworthy Accountability Group andthe lists of invalid traffic from several specialized external vendors. With respect to inventory purchased through RTB exchanges, we utilize a mix ofproprietary methodologies as well as third-party software to verify that inventory where the ad is shown conforms to our advertising guidelines and thecontent expectations and branding guidelines of our clients. In addition, we are an active member of the Coalition for Better Ads, supported by Google, andare compliant with their recommendations for the most user-friendly advertising formats.9Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Industry BackgroundThe ability to engage customers across the various steps of the consumer journey is critical for most companies, especially for businesses in the broadercommerce and consumer brand sectors, who often dedicate a significant portion of their cost base to developing such an ability.Ecommerce Continues to Grow Fast But Retailers Face Increasing Competition.While the global retail commerce market, at $24 trillion in 2018 according to eMarketer, is massive in size, the global retail ecommerce market representedonly $3 trillion of that amount. This means that, despite the rapid growth of ecommerce, physical stores still capture more than 80% of the global retailcommerce market and remain key assets for retail companies looking to offer differentiated services and shopping experiences to consumers, while sellingtheir products. Further, the global retail ecommerce market is expected to grow by a 20% compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, to $6 trillion in 2022,according to eMarketer.Retailers and consumer brands are facing increasing competition, in particular in markets dominated by Amazon, and have started to respond by beingincreasingly willing to share data within collectives. We believe that consumer brands and retailers not only realize the strong potential of their commercedata, but also increasingly view collaboration and pooled data as key assets that can be used to better meet customer needs, drive value for their business andbetter compete in today's environment. According to a study published by Forbes Insights in collaboration with Criteo in October 2017, 71% of retailers arewilling to contribute online product searches data to a pool1. Sixty percent of surveyed retailers are already part of a data cooperative, with almost 70% ofthose companies already pleased with their collaboration as well as the data they receive. Additionally, 72% of marketers cite "increased revenue" as a keybenefit they experience from pooled data.Digital Ad Spending Continues to Grow Fast.The display advertising market represents a large opportunity. Global digital ad spending of $261 billion in 2018 was comprised of Search Advertising ($123billion) and Display Advertising ($138 billion), according to eMarketer. Display Advertising involves placing images, video or advertisements thatincorporate animation, sound and/or interactivity, alongside website and mobile application content. Display Advertising is expected to grow by a 14%CAGR through 2022 to reach $236 billion, faster than Search Advertising and driven in part by the rapid rise of mobile Internet usage and the continuedproliferation of free content across the Internet, in particular video content, including on social media platforms.The walled-gardens, in particular Google and Facebook, today capture a significant share of the growth of the digital market. As a result, we believe that theycapture approximately 70% of the total digital ad spend while representing only half of the time spent online2. This means that the open Internet, (i.e. what isoutside of walled-gardens), only captures approximately 30% of the ad spend despite accounting for 50% of user time spend and, we believe, is thereforesignificantly under-monetized. We define the open Internet as the open, non-proprietary environment that allows advertisers and publishers to choose thepartner they want to work with, decide when and how they share data, and control how to measure success.Advertising Technology is Becoming More Complex.Display Advertising has become highly technology-driven, which comes with significant challenges:Programmatic Buying. Technologies for more automated and efficient buying and selling of Display Advertising have been gaining traction for severalyears with both advertising buyers and publishers. Programmatic buying from real-time, automated bidding platforms and exchanges, as well as throughrelationships with publishers, provides advertisers with dynamic, targeted and efficient ways to access the proper inventory, and helps publishers maximizethe value of their inventory. In the United States, programmatic digital display ad spending represents 83% of total Display Advertising spend, according toeMarketer.Mobile and Cross-Device Commerce. Penetration of smartphones and tablets is driving rapid growth of global mobile commerce. Mobile retail commercerepresented $1.8 trillion globally in 2018, and is expected to grow at a 25% CAGR between 2018 and 2022, according to eMarketer. In parallel, consumersincreasingly use multiple devices to shop across ecommerce websites and mobile applications. As a result, we believe that transactions involving the use ofmultiple devices, referred to as "cross-device" transactions, represent a significant portion of ecommerce, growing faster than ecommerce overall.___________________________________________________ 1 "The Commerce Marketing Opportunity - How Collaboration Levels the Retail Playing Field", Forbes Insight, in collaboration with Criteo, October 10, 2017http://www2.criteo.com/vibrant-future2 Based on Nielsen US DCR trends, eMarketer, ExchangeWire10Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.In-App Advertising. The app environment is more complex than the web environment for advertising. However, users spend most of their mobile time withinapps (77% in the United States in 2018, according to eMarketer). Consequently, in-app ad spending represents 81% of mobile ad spending in 2018 in theUnited States. In this context, it is critical for advertisers to be able to effectively reach their consumers while they are in the app environment.Artificial Intelligence. According to IDC Research, from now until 2020, the digital information universe is expected to double in size every two years. Thelarge and diverse data sets that make up this digital information, often referred to as big data, are generally categorized into: business application data,human-generated content and machine data. New computational approaches and the falling costs of computing power enable technology companies toprocess and draw insights from this data using AI and machine-learning approaches. These insights can be used to optimize Display Advertising campaignsin ways that were not previously possible. The ability to collect, collate and analyze shopping intent data points using AI and machine-learning technology,has become a key differentiator for advertisers, including consumer brands.Advertisers Need a Neutral Strategic Partner to Navigate This Complex and Challenging Environment.We believe that over the past few years, Display Advertising has reached an inflection point, becoming both a brand awareness building medium and a moreeffective engagement channel for multiple marketing goals, including customer conversion.In today's highly competitive environment, commerce companies and consumer brands increasingly focus on profitably reaching, engaging and convertingconsumers. In addition, we believe they increasingly look at diversifying their significant reliance on walled-garden advertising partners. To achieve this,they need a strategic partner, with no conflicting business agenda, able to activate large amounts of consumer intent and identification data into actionableadvertising objectives through AI technology to drive measurable results at scale across all marketing goals.Our Competitive StrengthsWe believe our offering is transforming the way our commerce and consumer brand clients use digital advertising. We make their advertising investments, inparticular in Digital Advertising across the open Internet, more efficient, effective and measurable by driving impactful results across multiple marketinggoals. We believe the following competitive strengths have enabled us and will continue to enable us to capture a growing share of the digital advertisingopportunity:Criteo Shopper Graph Leverages a Massive, Granular and Open Data Set Focused on Shopping Behaviors. Over the past few years, we have built CriteoShopper Graph, comprising the Identity Graph, the Interest Map and the Measurement Network, through data sharing among our clients. With Criteo ShopperGraph, we are building one of the largest data sets focused on shoppers, with a scope among the largest in the industry. With 73% of our clients providingCRM data to enable us to gather over 4 billion user IDs across multiple digital devices or environments in our graph, we believe the matching rates of ourIdentity Graph are, in some markets, similar to, if not higher than, Google's and Facebook's. In addition, our Interest Map offers a comprehensive, accurate andnon-identifying shopper profile for all consumers on whom we have collected information, and is the foundation for the development of compellingsolutions -existing and new- that help our clients span the consumer journey. Importantly, we believe the guiding principles of Criteo Shopper Graph, inparticular its open, transparent and fair approach to sharing and leveraging data within collectives, highly differentiate it from the proprietary datamanagement approaches of most of the large Internet companies.Our Powerful Technology Activates Our Datasets for Effective Advertising. While shopping data is readily available in significant volumes to our commerceand consumer brand clients, and plays a critical role for them, we believe the real challenge in driving effective advertising is the ability to effectivelyactivate this dataset to drive impactful results for advertisers. Our advertising platform is the result of 13 years of research and development and investment inour AI technology, with a single focus on driving measurable business results, including sales, for clients. Through our deep data-driven understanding ofconsumer intent and behavior, we are able to deliver highly relevant, targeted and personalized ads across multiple marketing goals and digital devices. Thescale and breadth of our data is constantly expanding as users interact with our clients and as we deliver targeted ads. For example, in 2018, we delivered over1.3 trillion targeted ads.By dynamically matching a user's intent or interest with a personalized ad, we are able to deliver more relevant and engaging ads to users, which are morelikely to achieve targeted results for advertisers.11Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Criteo AI Engine is supported by a flexible and scalable high-performance computing infrastructure, made of two Hadoop clusters hosting 76,000 processingcores with total storage capacity of 240,000 terabytes and 530 terabytes of random-access memory. Every day, our platform processes 250 terabytes ofadditional compressed data. We own approximately over 36,000 servers through a global network of nine data centers. We believe the power and scalabilityof our AI technology assets are increasingly hard to replicate by other market participants.Our Large Scale Drives Powerful Network Effects. Our technology, developed and maintained by about 700 R&D and Product engineers, operates atsignificant scale and is powered by AI and machine-learning algorithms whose accuracy and performance improve with each new piece of information abouta user and the billions of advertising impressions we analyze daily. We believe this creates a cycle of significant network effects. Over the past 13 years, wehave built an extensive network of relationships with our clients and publishers, creating a highly liquid marketplace for advertising inventory. As ofDecember 31, 2018, we had over 19,000 clients, including some of the largest commerce companies in the world. As we continue to grow our client base, wecontinue to grow the number of users who interact with our ads, which allows us to benefit from greater scale when we purchase inventory from publisherpartners, many of whom have granted us preferred access to portions of their advertising inventory. On the supply side, we have direct relationships withthousands of publisher partners and are integrated with the leading RTB advertising exchanges. As of December 31, 2018, we had over 4 billion user IDs,with an estimated average of three user IDs matched per user, within our Identity Graph globally, making it one of the largest user graphs in the market. Asclients spend more with us and we attract more publisher inventory and deliver more ads, our data assets grow, enabling us to deliver even more preciselytargeted and personalized ads and generate a greater impact for our clients. For consumer brands, we have also created a strong network effect with our CriteoRetail Media solutions by offering them the opportunity to advertise on a large network of retailers with a variety of marketing goals. As a result, we believemore commerce and consumer brand clients will use our offering and potentially increase their spend with us. This, in turn, will enable us to increaseadvertising revenue for publishers, including retailers, further expanding our publisher network and enhancing our ability to drive better performance forclients. We expect this cycle of self-reinforcing network effects to continue to fuel our growth.Our Client-Centric Offering Provides a Complete Suite of Advertising Solutions. We believe our solutions address a broad range of our clients' needs:covering a large part of the consumer journey with their advertising spend, as well as, for retailers, effectively monetizing their traffic and audiences togenerate advertising revenue at scale. Our offering works seamlessly across digital devices (desktops, laptops, smartphones and tablets), commerce andadvertising environments (web, mobile applications and offline stores), platforms and operating systems, advertising channels (Display Advertisinginventory, including social and native, video inventory, and advertisements on retail ecommerce properties), and publisher environments (Google AdManager, thousands of publishers and mobile application developers in the open Internet, and Facebook). With the fast growth in smartphone and tabletusage making the path to purchase increasingly fragmented, it has become critical for marketers to address multiple marketing goals, and reach and engagetheir consumers across multiple digital devices. We believe that, for advertisers looking to engage their prospects or existing customers, irrespective of theirposition in the consumer journey, their digital device, commerce or advertising environment, platform and operating system, advertising channel or publisherenvironment where consumers may be reached and engaged, our complete suite of solutions provides a clear advantage over the many point solutionsavailable on the market.We Price and Measure Our Solutions On a Variety of Models. While the Criteo model has historically focused solely on converting our clients' websitevisitors into customers, linking our proven pay-for-performance model to its effectiveness in driving sales for clients, we have more recently evolved ourpricing models alongside our broader suite of solutions, to now include a combination of cost-per-install and cost-per-impression for selected new solutions,in addition to cost-per-click, as well as subscription-type pricing model for large retailers using our technology platform as part of of our Criteo Retail Mediaoffering. As Criteo AI Engine becomes more sophisticated, we are optimizing our technology to maximize a wider range of expected advertising objectives,including, for example, customer visits, installations of mobile apps and sales, each of them at a target return on investment for clients. We believe our clientsvalue our pricing models and related measurement metrics, as they provide a clear link between the cost of their advertising campaigns and their effectivenessin generating impactful and measurable results for them. We believe our new range of pricing models fits our clients' multiple marketing goals and is a keycompetitive advantage in the market.Our Solutions Cover the Consumer Journey. With our current families of solutions, Criteo Marketing Solutions and Criteo Retail Media, we help our clientscover the consumer journey, and in particular drive Consideration and Conversion for their products and services, as consumers travel across the multiplesteps of the consumer journey. We continue to build and develop new solutions to help commerce and consumer brand clients address additional marketinggoals and drive new business outcomes, including, for example, brand Awareness. We believe our ability to drive impactful results for multiple marketinggoals across the consumer journey is a key competitive advantage on the market.12Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.We Have a Scaled Global Presence. We do business in 98 countries and have a direct operating presence through 31 offices in 19 countries. In 2018, 42% ofour revenue1 was derived from clients who conducted advertising campaigns with us in more than one national market. We have achieved this globalpresence by replicating and scaling our powerful business model across all geographic markets. Large businesses are increasingly seeking global advertisingpartners with comprehensive offerings that are effective across multiple geographies. We believe we are able to meet this demand by leveraging our scalableAI technology and global network of relationships and are well positioned to serve our clients in virtually every market in which they seek to drive impactfuland measurable business results.Our Self-Service Platform Offers End-To-End Services, Flexible Campaign Management and Transparent Measurement. Our offering is end-to-end and all-inclusive, encompassing the integration of our clients' digital properties, user reach and tracking, the real-time buying of impressions on a large network ofpublishers, the real-time creation of customized ads for each specific client and its prospective end customer, the serving and delivery of the ads and theprovision of real-time analytics on the performance of our campaigns. Our clients have 24/7 access to our self-service platform providing a set of automatedtools allowing clients to monitor and control the objectives, modular components and performance of their advertising campaigns. Clients can access andcontrol, on demand, a wide range of specific modules of their campaigns, such as for example: specific audiences to reach and target, specific creative orbranding elements to include in ads, specific categories of supply to favor or exclude from the campaign, specific categories of the product catalog topromote in the campaign, specific coupon and price discount management.In addition, our unified user interface allows our clients to manage their spend, solution by solution, and campaign by campaign. Our platform automatesmost of the processes associated with executing an advertising campaign, such as creative assembly, real-time buying of inventory, campaign optimization,and billing. Using our platform, our clients are able to manage their campaigns based on their specific cost of sales or return on investment objectives onlarge volumes, with real-time control over the price they pay. As a result, we reduce unnecessary complexity and cost associated with manual processes andmultiple providers involved in the management of multi-solution advertising campaigns. Further, we are able to continue to deliver these efficiencies even asadvertising campaigns scale and become more complex in size and mix of marketing goals. We also provide our clients with transparent and detailedreporting of key campaign metrics, and transparent standard reports showing detailed impression-level information. We believe the control, modularity, easeof use and transparency that our self-service platform provides is a key strength on the market.We Apply Best-In-Class User Privacy Standards. We are strongly committed to consumer privacy. We have long established Privacy-by-design as a centralelement of our technology and product design and development, with a strong commitment to ensuring best practices in privacy, security and safety forconsumers and our commerce and consumer brand clients. Since 2013, we have had a designated Data Privacy Officer along with a team of privacy experts.These experts are deeply integrated within our R&D and Product organization and processes, and consider all facets of user privacy as key elements in thedesign of any new technology, feature or service. Aligning with data minimization principles our technologies only rely on categories of data that are strictlynecessary for the purpose of our services. The user information we collect relates primarily to purchase intent and is therefore not considered as informationthat can directly identify a user. In 2009, we were one of the first companies to include an "Ad Choices" link in all the ads we deliver, giving users access toclear, transparent, detailed and user-friendly information about personalized ads and the data practices associated with the ads they receive. In addition, weprovide consumers with an easy-to-use and easy-to-access mechanism to control their advertising experience and opt out of receiving targeted ads we deliver,either for all campaigns or for a specific client or a specific period of time.We believe that this transparent, consumer-centric, and controllable approach to privacy empowers consumers to make better-informed decisions about ouruse of their data. We also actively encourage our clients and publishers to provide information to consumers about our collection and use of data relating tothe ads we deliver and monitor. We believe our industry-leading privacy, security and safety standards for consumers and our commerce and consumer brandclients are key competitive advantages on the market.Our Growth OpportunitiesOur vision is to build the leading Advertising Platform for the Open Internet, by enabling commerce companies and consumer brands to address multiplemarketing goals across the open Internet by using our modular and flexible Advertising Platform. Our goal is to make advertising work by driving impactfulresults at scale for our clients at their targeted return on investment and across the entire consumer journey. We are currently expanding our business andstrengthening our Advertising Platform through several growth opportunities, both within our existing solutions and in new areas, always focused on drivingmeasurable results for clients. The core elements of our growth strategy include:1 Excluding Criteo Retail Media.13Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Further Build and Leverage the Criteo Shopper Graph. Since 2015, we have developed Criteo Shopper Graph, which comprises the Identity Graph, theInterest Map and the Measurement Network, through data pooling among our clients. With Criteo Shopper Graph, we are building one the world's largest datasets focused on shoppers, that offers our clients openness, transparency, security and fairness. Criteo Shopper Graph, in particular the Identity Graph and theInterest Map, is central to our approach of the open Internet and our plans to bring compelling new advertising solutions to market. We will continue to buildand enhance the data collectives that make up Criteo Shopper Graph.Continue to Innovate and Invest in our Technology Platform and Data. We will continue to make substantial investments in research and development, inparticular in Deep Learning, to further strengthen Criteo AI Engine and to scale our technology platform, with a particular focus on making our self-serviceAdvertising Platform more modular and flexible for clients. As the rich data sets that drive performance on a real-time basis are central to our offering, weintend to invest in additional data assets, including from third-party vendors, to extract more value from the data we collect. We are also investing inadapting our technology to make it more robust to decisions of web browser vendors and to further diversify our data collection away from relying on third-party cookies.Upsell New Solutions Across the Consumer Journey. Our current families of solutions, comprised of Criteo Marketing Solutions and Criteo Retail Media,help our clients cover a large part of the consumer journey, by driving Consideration and Conversion for their products and services across all commerceenvironments, and generating advertising revenues for retailers through the monetization of their data and audiences with brands. Since our existingsolutions address the needs of commerce clients, in particular retailers, we intend to continue to upsell them to more or all of our solutions within CriteoMarketing Solutions. And since many of our commerce clients are ecommerce retailers with their own digital properties, we intend to continue to offer CriteoRetail Media as a key advertising channel for them to generate high gross margin revenue from consumer brands.Broaden Quality Inventory Supply With a Focus on Mobile Apps and Video. We currently partner with thousands of media publishers globally for DisplayAdvertising, including both real-time bidding Display Advertising exchanges and direct publishers, including premium publishers. While 35% of the yieldwe generated to publisher partners in 2018 was derived from inventory sourced from publishers with whom we have a direct, preferred relationship, we intendto maintain a high level of preferred relationships, including through the broader deployment of Criteo Direct Bidder with large publishers. To leverage thefast growth of user time spent in mobile apps, we continue to expand our supply of quality advertising inventory in mobile apps with a particular focus ondirect premium app publishers. In addition, to support the growth of our solutions for Consideration - aimed at driving new visitors or prospects for clients -,we will look at expanding our access to video inventory, both in the web and in mobile applications. With Criteo Retail Media, we intend to increase ourpublisher reach with retailers by providing a broader share of our existing retailer partners with the opportunity to monetize their inventory through consumerbrand demand.Further Expand our Global Client Base Across Sizes. We have a track-record of entering new geographic markets, adding new clients successfully andrapidly gaining commercial traction. We intend to continue to grow our client base, both in the large client and the midmarket categories. Over several years,we have significantly invested to capture the midmarket opportunity and intend to further invest in this large market category. We plan to expand ourmidmarket presence in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and Asia-Pacific. We believe significant opportunities also remain to grow ourbusiness with large clients in geographic markets where we already operate, such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan.In 2018, we started to undertake a transformation of our go-to-market model, aimed at maximizing the commercial opportunity for our multi-solutionoffering, by providing the right level of services to each of our client segments - based on their size and business potential with us -, and by scaling ourmidmarket operations more efficiently and profitably. This includes the roll out of the onboarding module of our self-service platform, supported byappropriate sales and marketing services and channels, to enable large volumes of lower segments of midmarket clients to sign up and be self-served in amore automated, scalable and profitable way.Criteo primarily delivers advertising for companies in the retail, travel and classifieds verticals, which we define as commerce clients. With Criteo RetailMedia, we also address the need for measurable advertising of brand manufacturers, who can market their products on major retail ecommerce properties. Webelieve the demand for effective and measurable advertising from brand manufacturers represents a large opportunity for us. We will continue to focus ongrowing our share of brand manufacturers through the expansion of our Criteo Retail Media solutions to a larger number of retail ecommerce sites.14Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Develop New Products for Commerce and Consumer Brand Clients. In 2007, we started delivering elements of our historical Conversion solution oninternet display ads in desktop browsers. Since then, we have expanded our historical offering into mobile in-browser, in-app, and native display, includingon social media platforms. In parallel, we have broadened our solutions to include Consideration solutions for commerce companies across web, apps andstores, as well as solutions for retailers to monetize their data and audiences through advertising revenues from consumer brands. For example, we haverecently expanded into "look-alike" audience targeting for commerce clients, into mobile apps installation for commerce clients, and into performance-basedcampaigns for consumer brands outside of the retailer environment. To enable our clients to further expand their reach inside the consumer journey, weintend to invest in developing new solutions, including for the Awareness marketing goal.Grow our Omnichannel Capabilities. A large portion of our commerce client base operates physical stores and still generates a significant percentage of theirsales from offline stores. While retailers extract massive amounts of sales data from their physical stores, they often lack the sophisticated technologynecessary to activate this dataset for sales generation, both online and offline. As a result, retailers are increasingly interested in omnichannel advertisingsolutions that allow them to target their customers everywhere and, doing so, bridge the gap between online and offline. We are expanding our solutions foromnichannel advertising, by feeding our clients' offline CRM data into our Identity Graph, in order to match offline consumers with their online profile. Forexample, within Criteo Marketing Solutions, our feature for customer re-engagement (formerly known as Criteo Audience Match) allows the uploading ofonline and offline CRM identifiers, like hashed emails, to inform and run online campaigns targeted at existing customers for them to buy new productsonline. We are also working on Store-to-web Conversion campaigns to reengage offline buyers to buy more, both online and offline.Pursue Strategic Acquisitions. We acquired eight companies since our inception. We selectively evaluate technologies and businesses that we believe havepotential to enhance, complement or expand our technology platform and solutions, or strengthen our research and development team. We target acquisitionsthat can be efficiently integrated into our AI technology, Advertising Platform, global operations and company culture, while preserving the quality andperformance of our offering. We believe we are an acquirer of choice among prospective acquisition targets thanks to our entrepreneurial culture, growthopportunity, global scale, strong brand and market position. We intend to opportunistically pursue our acquisition strategy in the future.Strategic Relationship with Yahoo! JapanIn August 2012, we entered into a strategic relationship with Yahoo! Japan, a leading provider of advertising inventory in Japan, which grants us privilegedaccess to their performance-based display inventory. In connection with this strategic relationship, Yahoo! Japan invested in our subsidiary, Criteo K.K. Weretain 66% ownership of Criteo K.K. and Yahoo! Japan holds a 34% ownership. Yahoo! Japan has the right to require us to buy back its interest upon theoccurrence of certain events (such as bankruptcy or breach of obligations), and we have the right to require them to sell their interest in Criteo K.K. underspecified circumstances, such as a termination of the commercial relationship.This strategic relationship may be terminated by either party for material breach and other customary events. The term of this strategic relationshipautomatically renewed to August 2019 and will continue to renew automatically thereafter for one-year terms if neither party provides advance written noticeof its intent not to renew within a specified period of time.InfrastructureOur ability to execute depends on our highly sophisticated global technology software and hardware infrastructure. As of December 31, 2018, our globalinfrastructure included over 36,000 servers, including two Hadoop clusters, that comprise 3,350 servers providing a storage capacity exceeding 240,000terabytes and 530 terabytes of random-access memory. Our global infrastructure is divided into three independent geographic zones in the Americas, Asia-Pacific and EMEA. In each of these zones, our services are delivered through data centers that support this zone. We generally rely on more than one datacenter in any given zone. Within large zones, the data centers are strategically placed to be close to our clients, publishers and users. This provides the benefitof minimizing the impact of network latency within a particular zone, especially for time-constrained services such as RTB. In addition, we replicate dataacross multiple data centers to maximize availability and performance. We also generally seek to distribute workload across multiple locations to avoidoverloads in our systems and increase reliability through redundancy.15Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Within each data center, computing power is provided by horizontal build-outs of commodity servers arranged in multiple, highly redundant pools. Some ofthese pools are dedicated to handling incoming traffic and delivering ads while others are devoted to the data analytics involved in creating these ads. Inparticular, we use software specifically designed for processing large data sets, such as Hadoop, to run offline data analyzes and to train our AI and MachineLearning models. The results are then fed back to refresh and improve our prediction and recommendation algorithms.We use multiple-layered security controls to protect Criteo AI Engine and our data assets, including hardware- and software-based access controls for oursource code and production systems, segregated networks for different components of our production systems and centralized production systemsmanagement.Our ClientsOur client base consists primarily of companies in the retail, travel and classifieds verticals, which we refer to as "commerce companies" or "commerceclients", and includes some of the largest and most sophisticated commerce companies in the world. These companies range from large, global, diversifiedcommerce companies to mid-sized regional companies.With Criteo Retail Media, we also serve consumer brand manufacturers, which we refer to as "consumer brands" or "consumer brand clients". As ofDecember 31, 2018, we had more than 19,000 clients (commerce and consumer brand clients combined). In 2018, approximately 75% of our clientrelationships1 were held directly with the client, whereby there was no advertising agency or any other third-party involved in our client relationship.We believe our business is not substantially dependent on any particular client or group of clients. In 2016, 2017 and 2018, our largest client represented2.0%, 1.9% and 2.0% of our revenue, respectively, and in 2018 our largest 10 clients represented 11.7% of our revenue in the aggregate.There is no group of customers under common control or customers that are affiliates of each other constituting an aggregate amount equal to 10% or more ofour consolidated revenues, the loss of which would have a material adverse effect on the Company.We define a client to be a unique party from whom we have received an insertion order and delivered an advertisement during the previous 12 months. Wecount specific brands or divisions within the same business as distinct clients so long as those entities have separately signed insertion orders with us. On theother hand, we count a client who runs campaigns in multiple geographies as a single client, even though multiple insertion orders may be involved. Whenthe insertion order is with an advertising agency, we generally consider the client on whose behalf the advertising campaign is conducted as the "client" forpurposes of this calculation. In the event a client has its advertising spend with us managed by multiple agencies, that client is counted as a single client.Our client base is composed of two client categories: the large client category and the midmarket category. We define large clients as the top-50 or the top-100 commerce websites per vertical in a given geographic market, depending on the depth of that market, based on the number of monthly unique visitors asmeasured by comScore or other third-party providers of such information. We define a midmarket client as any client outside of the large client category pervertical in a given geographic market, depending on the depth of that market, and with a certain minimum threshold number of unique monthly visitors totheir digital property, as measured by comScore or other third-party providers of such information. This minimum threshold varies by market, but is generallyaround 40,000 unique monthly visitors for our more developed markets. The delineation between the large client and midmarket categories is fluid and theCompany may decide, from time to time, to move some clients from one category to another.In 2018, we began a go-to-market transformation aimed at maximizing the commercial opportunity for our multi-solution offering. As part of thistransformation, we have taken a more granular approach to the segmentation of our client base and have divided our existing and addressable clients into sixsegments, based on clients' size and business potential with us. The top-two client segments belong to the large client category and are serviced through aconsultative approach delivered by a fully dedicated team of Criteo sales and account strategists. The middle-two client segments belong to the midmarketcategory and are serviced by an integrated and largely automated telesales approach. The lowest-two client segments also belong to the midmarket categoryand are meant to be entirely serviced through our self-service client platform, the onboarding module of which we expect to roll out in 2019.___________________________________________________ 1 Excluding Criteo Retail Media.16Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Research and DevelopmentWe invest substantial resources in research and development to conduct fundamental research on artificial intelligence, machine-learning models, enhancethe algorithms in Criteo AI Engine, develop new features and solutions, conduct quality assurance testing, improve our core technology and enhance ourtechnology infrastructure. Our engineering group is primarily located in research and development centers in Paris, France; Grenoble, France; Palo Alto,California and Ann Arbor, Michigan. We expect to continue to expand capabilities of our technology in the future and to invest significantly in continuedresearch and development and new solutions efforts. We had over 700 employees primarily engaged Research and Development and Product as ofDecember 31, 2018. Research and development expenses, including expenses related to the Product group, totaled $123.6 million, $173.9 million and$179.3 million for 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.Intellectual PropertyOur intellectual property rights are a key component of our success. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, as well asconfidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish, maintain and protect our proprietary rights. We generally require employees, consultants,clients, publishers, suppliers and partners to execute confidentiality agreements with us that restrict the disclosure of our intellectual property. We alsogenerally require our employees and consultants to execute invention assignment agreements with us that protect our intellectual property rights.Intellectual property laws, together with our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, provide only limited protection, and any of our intellectual propertyrights may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed or misappropriated. The laws of certain countries do not protect proprietary rights to the sameextent as the laws of France and the United States and, therefore, in certain jurisdictions, we may be unable to protect our proprietary technology.Agreements with our employees and consultants may also be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies to address any breach. Further, to the extentthat our employees or consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights to know-how andinventions relating thereto or resulting therefrom. Finally, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors andunauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of the Advertising Platform for the Open Internet or obtain and use information that we regard asproprietary.As of December 31, 2018, we held five patents issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, one patent issued by the French Patent Office, one patentissued by the European Patent Office, one patent issued by the Japan Patent Office and one patent issued by the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and hadfiled 29 non-provisional U.S. patent applications, five European patent applications and one international patent application under the Patent CooperationTreaty. We also own and use registered and unregistered trademarks on or in connection with our products and services in numerous jurisdictions. Inaddition, we have also registered numerous internet domain names.Our industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectualproperty rights. In particular, leading companies in the technology industry have extensive patent portfolios. From time to time, third parties, includingcertain of these leading companies, have asserted and may assert patent, copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights against us, our clients orour publishers. Litigation and associated expenses may be necessary to enforce our proprietary rights.17Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Privacy, Data Protection and Content ControlLegal and RegulatoryPrivacy and data protection laws play a significant role in our business. The regulatory environment for the collection and use of consumer data byadvertising networks, advertisers and publishers is frequently evolving in the United States, Europe and elsewhere. The United States and foreigngovernments have enacted, considered or are considering legislation or regulations that could significantly restrict industry participants’ ability to collect,augment, analyze, use and share non-identifying data, such as by regulating the level of consumer notice and consent required before a company can utilizecookies or other tracking technologies.In the United States, at both the federal and state level, there are laws that govern activities such as the collection and use of data by companies like us. At thefederal level, online advertising activities in the United States have primarily been subject to regulation by the Federal Trade Commission, or the FTC, whichhas regularly relied upon Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, or Section 5, to enforce against unfair and deceptive trade practices, includingalleged violations of consumer privacy interests. Various states have also enacted legislation that governs these practices. For example, on September 27,2013, the governor of California signed into law AB 370, an amendment to the California Online Privacy Protection Act of 2003, or CalOPPA. Thisamendment requires that we disclose in our privacy policy how we respond to web browser "do not track" signals. Our current privacy policy discloses thatwe do not respond to web browser "do not track" signals but that we do respond to opt-out requests made through our proprietary opt-out button or throughindustry opt-out platforms (namely Network Advertising Initiative and Digital Advertising Alliance). However, the US privacy law framework may be subjectto significant evolutions in the near future both at a federal and at a state level. At a federal level, law makers are currently considering the possibility ofadopting a federal privacy law. While we cannot anticipate the chances of success and potential output of this initiative, the State of California alreadypassed a new law (the California Consumer Privacy Act) intended to better protect the privacy of consumers. This new law will come into force on January 1st2020 and will notably impose more stringent obligations on companies regarding the level of information and control they provide to consumers about thecollection and sharing of their data. This act also offers the possibility to any consumer who has suffered a violation of this act to recover statutory damagesand could therefore open the door to additional risks of individual and class-action lawsuits.In addition, the Advertising Platform for the Open Internet reaches users throughout the world, including in Europe, Australia, Canada, South America andAsia-Pacific. As a result, some of our activities may also be subject to the laws of foreign jurisdictions. In particular, data protection laws in Europe can bemore restrictive regarding the collection and use of data than those in U.S. jurisdictions.In the European Union, the two main pillars of the data protection legal framework are the E-Privacy Directive (Directive on Privacy and ElectronicCommunications), which is currently under review, and the new General Data Protection Regulation, adopted in April 2016 and enforceable since May 2018.Directive 2002/581-EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, or the E-Privacy Directive, was amended by Directive 2009/136/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council of November 25, 2009, or the E-Privacy Directive Amendment, to require countries in the European Union to enact specificlegislation requiring companies like ours, along with advertisers and publishers, to present users with an information notice and to obtain their consent priorto placing cookies or other tracking technologies for purposes of targeted advertising. The E-Privacy Directive Amendment was intended to be implementedin all 28 countries of the European Union, but it has been implemented differently across the European Union member states. As a consequence the questionsregarding the form and conditions of a valid consent (e.g. explicit versus implied consent) have remained only partially settled within the European Union.While the European Institutions are still in the process of adopting a regulation proposal to review the E-Privacy Directive, there is no assurance that trackingfor advertising purposes will not be affected, as the mechanisms for "cookie" consent are being re-discussed.In December 2016, E.U. institutions reached an agreement on a draft regulation that was formally adopted in April 2016, referred to as the General DataProtection Regulation ("GDPR"). The GDPR updates and modernizes the principles of the 1995 Data Protection Directive. The GDPR significantly increasesthe level of sanctions for non-compliance. The European Union data protection authorities will have the power to impose administrative fines of up to amaximum of €20 million or 4% of the data controller's or data processor's total worldwide global turnover for the preceding financial year, whichever ishigher. We believe that the regulation has no material impact on our business or the way our technologies operate. However, GDPR is still a recent regulationwith no established case law. Therefore interpretations of the GDPR may vary, especially with respect to the articulation between GDPR (lex generali) and E-Privacy Directive (lex speciali) and the conditions for the collection of a valid "cookie" consent, and thus there can be no assurance that this will not haveany particular impact on our business, technologies or practices.18Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.To illustrate this risk of different interpretations by the competent authorities, the French Data Protection Authority (Commission Nationale Informatique etLibertés) and Spanish Data Protection Authority (Agencia Espanola de Proteccion de Datos) published guidance in which it is stated that continuing tobrowse a website could materialize the consent of a user for cookie tracking, while the UK Data Protection Authority (Information Commissioner's Office) islisting stricter requirements in its own guidance and seems to impose a very clear and specific statement of consent.As we continue to expand into other foreign jurisdictions, we may be subject to additional laws and regulations that may affect how we conduct business.Self-RegulationIn addition to complying with extensive government regulations, we voluntarily and actively participate in several trade associations and industry self-regulatory groups that promulgate best practices or codes of conduct relating to targeted advertising. For example, the Internet Advertising Bureau EU & US,the Network Advertising Initiative, the European Digital Advertising Alliance and the Digital Advertising Alliance have developed and implementedguidance for companies to provide notice and choice to users regarding targeted advertising.In addition to complying with such guidance, we provide consumers with notice about our use of cookies and our collection and use of data in connectionwith the delivery of targeted advertising, and allow them to opt out from the use of such data for the delivery of targeted advertising. In an effort to harmonizethe industry’s approach to internet-based advertising, these programs facilitate a user's ability to disable services of integrated providers, but also educateusers on the potential benefits of online advertising, including access to free content and display of more relevant advertisements to them. The rules andpolicies of the self-regulatory programs that we participate in are updated from time to time and may impose additional restrictions upon us in the future.In 2009, we became one of the first companies to broadly include an "Ad Choices" link in all the advertisements we deliver, which gives users access to clear,transparent, detailed and user-friendly information about personalized advertisements and the data practices associated with the advertisements they receive.In addition, we provide consumers with an easy-to-use and easy-to-access mechanism to control their advertising experience and opt out of receiving targetedadvertisements we deliver, either for all campaigns or for a specific client or specific period of time.We believe that this transparent consumer-centric approach to privacy empowers consumers to make better-informed decisions about our use of their data. Wealso actively encourage our clients and publishers to provide information to consumers about our collection and use of data relating to the advertisements wedeliver and monitor.Content Control and Brand SafetyTo protect against unlawful advertiser and publisher content, we include restrictions on content in our terms and conditions. We also take a large variety ofbrand safety measures to ensure that the brand equity of our clients is preserved as much as possible. These measures include determining that eachpublisher's inventory meets our content requirements and those of our clients to ensure that their display advertisements are not shown in inappropriatecontent categories. For that purpose, we use numerous internal systems and processes to filter out inventory in real time, including the list of suspect IPaddresses from the Trustworthy Accountability Group and the lists of invalid traffic from several specialized external vendors. With respect to our inventorypurchased through RTB exchanges, we utilize a mix of proprietary methodologies as well as third-party software to verify that inventory where theadvertisement placement is shown conforms to our advertising guidelines and the content expectations and branding guidelines of our clients.Government RegulationIn addition to the laws and regulations governing privacy and data protection described above, we are subject to numerous domestic and foreign laws andregulations covering a wide variety of subject matters. New laws and regulations (or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations) may also impact ourbusiness. The costs of compliance with these laws and regulations are high and are likely to increase in the future and any failure on our part to comply withthese laws may subject us to significant liabilities and other penalties.19Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.CompetitionWe compete in the broader market for digital advertising, primarily through Display Advertising. Our market is rapidly evolving, highly competitive,complex and still fragmented, although rapidly consolidating. We face significant competition in this market, which we expect to intensify in the future,partially as a result of potential new entrants in our market, including but not limited to large well-established internet publishers and players, in particular aswe continue to expand the breadth of our offering. We currently compete with large, well-established companies, such as Google, Amazon.com ("Amazon"),Facebook, Inc. ("Facebook"), as well as smaller, privately held companies. Potential competition could emerge from large enterprise marketing platforms, likeAdobe Systems Inc. ("Adobe"), Oracle Corporation ("Oracle"), and Salesforce.com, Inc. ("Salesforce"). In addition, web browsers, and desktop and mobileoperating systems developed by large software companies like Google and Apple Inc. ("Apple") can have a significant influence and impact on the way weoperate. We believe the principal competitive factors in our industry include:•access to granular commerce data on a large scale;•technology-based ability to activate commerce data for multiple marketing goals, including sales generation;•technology-based ability to generate high return on advertising spend at scale;•breadth and depth of consumer reach;•measurability of the advertising spend performance, based on clear and transparent measurement metrics;•completeness and effectiveness of solutions across digital devices, commerce and advertising environments, platforms and operating systems,advertising channels and publisher environments;•relevance and breadth of solutions to address numerous marketing goals;•advertiser control over the objectives, components and performance of their campaigns through a modular, flexible and easy-to-use self-servicetechnology platform;•openness, transparency, security and fairness of data sharing and data management practices;•client trust;•global presence;•client service and detailed, transparent client reporting;•commitment to data protection and user privacy; and•ease of use.We believe that we are well positioned with respect to all of these factors and expect to continue to grow and capture an increasing share of digitaladvertising budgets worldwide.SeasonalityOur client base consists primarily commerce of companies in the retail, travel and classifieds industries industries, which we refer to as “commercecompanies” or “commerce clients”. In the digital retail industry in particular, many businesses devote the largest portion of their advertising spend to thefourth quarter of the calendar year, to coincide with increased holiday spending by consumers. With respect to Criteo Retail Media, the concentration ofadvertising spend in the fourth quarter of the calendar year may be particularly pronounced. Our commerce clients in the retail industry typically conductfewer advertising campaigns in the first and second quarters than they do in other quarters, while our commerce clients in the travel industry typicallyincrease their travel campaigns in the first and third quarters and conduct fewer advertising campaigns in the second quarter. As a result, our revenue tends tobe seasonal in nature, but the impact of this seasonality has, to date, been partly offset by our significant growth and geographic expansion. If the seasonalfluctuations become more pronounced, our operating cash flows could fluctuate materially from period to period.EmployeesAs of December 31, 2018, we had 2,744 employees. Our employees employed by French entities (1,007 employees) are represented by a labor union,employee representative bodies (works' council, employee delegates and a health and safety committee) and covered by collective bargaining agreements.We consider labor relations to be good and have not experienced any work stoppages, slowdowns or other serious labor problems that have materiallyimpeded our business operations.20Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Financial Information about Segments and RegionsWe manage our operations as a single reportable segment. For information about revenues, net income and total assets of our reporting segment, please seeour audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. For a breakdown of our revenue and non-current assets by region, pleasesee Note 25 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. For information regarding risks associated with ourinternational operations, please refer to the section entitled "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of Part I in this Form 10-K.Available InformationOur Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports filed or furnishedpursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are made available, free of charge on our website, as soon as reasonably practicable after weelectronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). These documents may be accessed throughour website at www.criteo.com under "Investors." Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of thisForm 10-K. We have included our website address in this Form 10-K solely as an inactive textual reference.You may also review a copy of this Form 10-K, including exhibits and any schedule filed with this Form 10-K, and obtain copies of such materials atprescribed rates, at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549-0102. You may obtain information on the operation of thePublic Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and informationstatements and other information regarding registrants, such as Criteo, that file electronically with the SEC.With respect to references made in this Form 10-K to any contract or other document of Criteo, such references are not necessarily complete and you shouldrefer to the exhibits attached or incorporated by reference to this Form 10-K for copies of the actual contract or document.21Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Item 1A Risk FactorsInvesting in our ADSs involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks and all other information contained in this Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto, before investing in our ADSs. The risks and uncertainties described beloware not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, also may becomeimportant factors that affect us. If any of the following risks materialize, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materiallyharmed. In that case, the trading price of our ADSs could decline, and you may lose some or all of your investment.Risks Related to Our Business and IndustryIf we fail to innovate, adapt and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, our offering may become less competitive or obsolete. Our investmentsin new solutions and technologies to address new marketing goals for our clients are inherently risky and may not be successful.Our business is rapidly evolving and our future success will depend on our ability to continuously enhance and improve our offering to meet client needs,add functionality to and improve the performance of our Advertising Platform, and address technological and industry advancements. If we are unable toenhance our solutions to meet market demand in a timely manner, we may not be able to maintain our existing clients or attract new clients.Historically, the Criteo model focused solely on converting our clients' website visitors into customers through our historical solution, Criteo DynamicRetargeting. Since then, we have broadened our solutions portfolio to include additional marketing and monetization goals (including Awareness andConsideration) for commerce companies and consumer brands across web, apps and stores, which has required the investment of substantial resources.However, our investments into these new solutions and technologies are inherently risky and may not be successful. First, we believe that broadening oursolutions portfolio to include additional marketing and monetization goals (including Awareness and Consideration) is important to achieving our vision forthe Company and positioning Criteo for future success. However, many of these marketing and monetization goals are new to us, and we have had to investsubstantial resources to adapt our model, pricing and organization to support this expansion. Similarly, we do not have a long or established track record ofcompeting successfully in this space. If we are not successful in expanding our solutions along broader marketing goals, in particular along the Awarenessand Consideration marketing goals, our results of operations could be adversely affected.In addition, we have made, and intend to continue to make, substantial investments in research and development in order to further strengthen Criteo AIEngine and scale our technology platform. However, if we are unable to continuously enhance and improve our offering, we may be unable to respondeffectively to changes in our industry, technology or user preferences, and our solutions may become less competitive or obsolete.We face intense and increasing competition for employee talent, and if we do not retain and continue to attract highly skilled talent or retain our seniormanagement team and other key employees, we may not be able to sustain our growth or achieve our business objectives.Our future success depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled employees, particularly AI experts, software engineers andother employees with the technical skills that enable us to deliver effective advertising solutions, client sales and publisher partnership representatives withexperience in digital advertising, in particular in Display Advertising, and more broadly employees that are highly qualified in their areas of expertise tosupport and grow our operations. Competition for highly skilled employees in our industry is intense, in particular in the fields of artificial intelligence anddata science, and we expect certain of our key competitors, who generally are larger than us and have access to more substantial resources, to pursue toptalent even more aggressively.Our future success also depends on the continued service of our senior management team. Our management team is currently spread across multiple physicallocations and geographies, which can strain the organization and make coordinated management more challenging.22Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.We may be unable to attract or retain the management and highly skilled personnel who are critical to our success, which could hinder our ability to keeppace with innovation and technological change in our industry or result in harm to our key client and publisher relationships, loss of key information,expertise or proprietary knowledge and unanticipated recruitment and training costs. The loss of the services of our senior management or other keyemployees could make it more difficult to successfully operate our business and pursue our business goals.The market in which we participate is intensely competitive, and we may not be able to compete successfully with our current or future competitors.The market for internet advertising solutions is highly competitive and rapidly changing. New technologies and methods of buying advertising present adynamic competitive challenge as market participants offer multiple new products and services aimed at facilitating and/or capturing advertising spend. Withthe introduction of new technologies and the influx of new entrants to the market, we expect competition to persist and intensify in the future, which couldharm our ability to increase sales and maintain our profitability.We compete in the broader market for digital advertising, primarily through Display Advertising. This market is rapidly evolving, highly competitive,complex and still fragmented, although rapidly consolidating. We face significant competition in this market, and we expect that competition will intensifyin the future, in particular as we continue to expand the breadth of our offering.In addition to competing for advertising spend, we compete with many companies for advertising inventory, some of whom also operate their ownadvertising networks or exchanges from which we buy advertising inventory. Some of these companies that we compete with, either for advertising spend orfor advertising inventory, may also be our clients or affiliated with our clients or important sources of advertising inventory. Competitive pressure mayincentivize such companies to cease to be our clients or cease to provide us with access to their advertising inventory. If this were to occur, our ability toplace advertisements would be significantly impaired and our results of operations would be adversely affected.Along with existing competitors and intermediaries, new competitors are entering our marketplace and may continue to do so in the future. In particular, largeestablished companies such as Adobe (which acquired Omniture, Inc., Efficient Frontier, Inc. and TubeMogul, Inc.), Verizon, Inc. (which acquired AOL, Inc.,which in turn had previously acquired Platform-A, Inc. (advertising.com), Millennial Media, and Yahoo!), Alliance Data (which acquired Conversant, Inc.,which in turn had previously acquired Dotomi), Ve Interactive (which acquired eBay's display retargeting business, which in turn had previously acquiredboth Fetchback, Inc. and GSI Commerce Inc.), Tesco plc (which acquired Sociomantic Labs) and AdRoll have been entering our marketplace. Similarly,existing competitors may intensify or broaden the manner in which they compete with us. Notably, for example, Amazon, Google and Facebook have beenexpanding their advertising and marketing platforms and have been making substantial investments in artificial intelligence and data science capabilities,which, if successful, could narrow the performance gap to Criteo AI Engine. Large and established internet and technology companies such as thosementioned above may have the power to significantly change the very nature of the Display Advertising marketplaces in ways that could materiallydisadvantage us. For example, Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google and Microsoft have a significant share of widely adopted industry platforms such as webbrowsers, mobile operating systems and advertising exchanges and networks.These companies could leverage their positions to make changes to their web browsers, mobile operating systems, platforms, exchanges, networks or othersolutions or services that could be significantly harmful to our business and results of operations. These companies also have significantly larger resourcesthan we do, and in many cases have advantageous competitive positions in popular products and services like Gmail, Chrome and Facebook, which they canuse to their advantage. Furthermore, our competitors include large and established internet and technology companies that have invested substantialresources in innovation, which could lead to technological advancements that change the competitive dynamics of our business in ways that we may not beable to predict.In addition to direct competition, we also face competition for advertising spend from within our own clients. Large advertisers are increasingly developingin-house advertising technologies, facilitated by self-service tools offered by internet and technology companies like Adobe and Google. Similarly, largeenterprise marketing platforms, like Adobe, Oracle, and Salesforce.com, Inc., could create tools that offer our clients additional opportunities to allocateadvertising dollars to in-house campaigns.Competition could also hinder the success of new advertising solutions that we offer in the future.23Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.For example, Amazon has a strong presence in "sponsored products" and other advertising formats on its platform and directly competes with certain CriteoRetail Media solutions for advertising spend. As we seek to grow our business and expand our offering, such competition could become more intense.Our current and potential competitors may have significantly more financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have, be able to devote greaterresources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their products and services, have more extensive client bases and broader publisherrelationships than we have, and have longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we have. As a result, these competitors may be able torespond more quickly to technological changes, develop deeper client relationships or offer services at lower prices.Existing or new competitors could develop, market or resell competitive high-value advertising solutions or services, acquire one of our existing competitorsor form a strategic alliance with one of our competitors. If any of such risks were to materialize, our ability to compete effectively could be significantlycompromised and our results of operations could be harmed. Any of these developments would make it more difficult for us to sell our offering and couldresult in increased pricing pressure, reduced gross margins, increased sales and marketing expense and/or the loss of market share.Our ability to generate revenue depends on our collection of significant amounts of data from various sources, which may be restricted by consumerchoice, restrictions imposed by clients, publishers and browsers or other software, changes in technology, and new developments in laws, regulations andindustry standards.Our ability to optimize the delivery of internet advertisements for our clients depends on our ability to successfully leverage data, including data that wecollect from our clients, data we receive from our publisher partners and third parties, and data from our own operating history. Using cookies and non-cookiebased technologies, such as mobile advertising identifiers, we collect information about the interactions of users with our clients’ and publishers’ digitalproperties (including, for example, information about the placement of advertisements and users’ shopping or other interactions with our clients’ websites oradvertisements). Our ability to successfully leverage such data depends on our continued ability to access and use such data, which could be restricted by anumber of factors, including consumer choice, restrictions imposed by counterparties (including clients, supply sources and publishers, who may alsocompete with us for advertising spend and inventory) and web browser developers or other software developers, changes in technology, including changes inweb browser technology, and new developments in, or new interpretations of, laws, regulations and industry standards.Consumer resistance to the collection and sharing of the data used to deliver targeted advertising, increased visibility of consent or "do not track"mechanisms as a result of industry regulatory and/or legal developments or industry practices, the adoption by consumers of browsers settings or "ad-blocking" software and the development and deployment of new technologies could materially impact our ability to collect data or reduce our ability todeliver relevant advertisements, which could materially impair the results of our operations.Similarly, web browser developers, such as Apple, Mozilla Foundation, Microsoft Corp. ("Microsoft") or Google, have implemented or may implementchanges in browser or device functionality that impair our ability to understand the preferences of consumers, including by limiting the use of third-partycookies or other tracking technologies or data indicating or predicting consumer preferences. These web browser developers have significant resources attheir disposal and command substantial market share, and any restrictions they impose could foreclose our ability to understand the preferences of asubstantial number of consumers. If we are blocked from serving advertisements to a significant portion of internet users, our business could suffer and ourresults of operations could be harmed.Furthermore, any restrictions on our access to data could cause the overall quantity of the data we collect on consumers to be diminished. If we are unable tomitigate the impacts on our business of any such restrictions for a substantial period of time, as a result of such diminution in collected data, the accuracy,effectiveness and value of our offering could be materially impacted.Similarly, Internet users are increasingly able to download free or paid “ad-blocking” software, including on mobile devices, which prevent third-partycookies from being stored on a user’s computer and block advertisements from being displayed to such user.24Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.In addition, search engines and other service providers that explicitly do not allow the tracking of data, such as DuckDuckGo, Inc., have been growing andmay continue to grow in popularity. If a significant number of web browser users download such “ad-blocking” software or switch to advertising-free servicesor platforms, our business could be materially impacted.The data we gather is important to the continued development and success of the Criteo Shopper Graph, which is a key element of the Advertising Platformfor the Open Internet. With Criteo Shopper Graph, we are building one the world's largest data sets focused on shopping data. If too few of our clients provideus with the permission to share their data or if our clients choose to stop sharing their data, or if regulatory or other factors inhibit or restrict us frommaintaining the data collectives underlying Criteo Shopper Graph, the value of Criteo Shopper Graph could be materially diminished and our business couldbe materially impacted.In addition, our ability to collect and use data may be restricted or prevented by a number of other factors, including:•the failure of our network, hardware, or software systems, or the network, hardware, or software systems of our clients;•decisions by some of our clients or publishers to restrict our ability to collect data from them, third parties and users or to refuse to implementmechanisms we request to ensure compliance with our legal obligations;•changes in device functionality and settings, and other new technologies, which make it easier for users to prevent the placement of cookies or othertracking technologies and impact our publishers’ or our clients’ ability to collect and use data;•changes by large internet and technology companies to the nature of Display Advertising (for example, any changes in Apple’s Identifier forAdvertising, or IDFA, that could prevent us from identifying users and associating particular browsing behaviors to those users as they use mobileapplications that run on Apple’s operating system);•changes in traffic filtering performed by various internet service providers, causing some of the information we use for tracking to be removed beforerequests are sent to our servers;•our inability to develop an identity graph that is strong enough to properly match users and track sales across an increasing number of devices andenvironments;•our inability to grow our client and publisher base in new industry verticals and geographic markets in order to obtain the critical mass of datanecessary for Criteo AI Engine to perform optimally in such new industry verticals or geographic markets;•the growth of advertising inventory available within "walled-garden" publisher environments, which may restrict our ability to use such inventoryeffectively and in an optimized way for advertisers, outstripping the growth of other advertising inventory available on the market;•malicious traffic (such as non-human traffic) that introduces "noise" in the information that we collect from clients and publishers;•interruptions, failures or defects in our data collection, mining, analysis and storage systems; and•changes in laws, rules, regulations and industry standards or increased enforcement of laws, rules, regulations and industry standards in or across anyof the geographies in which we operate or may want to operate in the future.Any of the above described limitations on our ability to successfully collect, utilize and leverage data could also materially impair the optimal performanceof Criteo AI Engine and severely limit our ability to reach and engage users with our advertisements, which would harm our business and adversely impactour future results of operations.25Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.If we fail to access a consistent supply of advertising inventory and expand our access to such inventory, our business and results of operations could beharmed.Essentially all of our revenue is derived from placing advertisements on publisher digital properties that we do not own. As a result, we do not own or controlthe advertising inventory upon which our business depends. We currently access advertising inventory through various channels, including through directrelationships with publishers, advertising exchange platforms (such as Google's Ad Manager and Microsoft’s Ad Exchange) and other platforms thataggregate the supply of advertising inventory, such as Appnexus Inc., The Rubicon Project, Inc., PubMatic, Inc., Taboola, Inc., Baidu, Inc. and Yandex N.V.Since many widely used aggregators of advertising inventory are owned by companies that may compete with us for clients, competitive pressure mayincentivize these companies to limit our access to advertising inventory available through their platforms. The fact that advertising inventory availablewithin "walled-garden" publisher environments, which may restrict our ability to use such inventory effectively and in an optimized way for advertisers,tends to grow faster than other advertising inventory available on the market, may limit the growth of our access to advertising inventory or our mere accessto it overall. In addition, industry or technological changes may affect our access to inventory or the price we pay for inventory.Similarly, our ability to continue to purchase inventory from many of the publishers with whom we have direct relationships depends in part on our ability toconsistently pay sufficiently competitive CPMs for their advertising inventory, or in the case of some Criteo Retail Media solutions, to generate sufficientadvertising revenue for retailers, as well as our ability to offer advertisements from high quality companies. As more companies compete for advertisingimpressions on advertising exchange platforms and other platforms that aggregate supply of advertising inventory, advertising inventory may become moreexpensive, which may adversely affect our ability to acquire it and to deliver internet display advertisements on a profitable basis. We may in the future haveto increasingly rely on direct relationships with strong publisher partners in order to maintain the necessary access to quality advertising inventory, and wemay not be able to do so on terms that are favorable to us. In addition, to support the growth of our solutions for the Consideration marketing goal—aimed atdriving new visitors or prospective customers for clients—we will need to expand our access to video inventory, both in the web and in mobile applications,the price of which may not be available on terms that are favorable to us.We cannot guarantee that we will successfully grow our direct relationships with new publishers or maintain or expand our access to quality advertisinginventory through other channels. In addition, even if we do grow our direct relationships, we cannot assure you that those direct relationships withpublishers will be on terms favorable to us. Similarly, we may not be able to expand our access to video inventory and in-app inventory to the extentnecessary to monetize these opportunities. If we are not successful, our business and results of operations could be harmed.The failure by Criteo AI Engine to accurately predict engagement by users could result in significant costs to us, lost revenue and diminished advertisinginventory.The effective delivery of our digital advertising solution depends on the ability of Criteo AI Engine to predict the likelihood that a consumer will engagewith any given internet display advertisement with a sufficient degree of accuracy that our clients can achieve desirable returns on their advertising spend.We historically charged our clients primarily based on a cost-per-click pricing model, and our clients only paid us when a user engaged with theadvertisement, usually by clicking on it.Although we have more recently started evolving our pricing models alongside our broader suite of solutions, to now include a combination of cost-per-install and cost-per-impression for selected new solutions, in addition to cost-per-click, as well as subscription-type pricing model for large retailers using ourtechnology platform as part of of our Criteo Retail Media offering, the majority of our revenue is generated through cost-per-click pricing models.Our agreements with clients are open-ended and often do not include a spending minimum. Similarly, our contracts with publishers generally do not includelong-term obligations requiring them to make their inventory available to us over long periods of time. Therefore, we need to continuously deliversatisfactory results for our clients and publishers in order to maintain and increase revenue, which in turn depends in part on the optimal functioning of CriteoAI Engine.In addition, as we have increased the number of clients and publishers that use our offering on a global basis, we have experienced significant growth in theamount and complexity of data processed by Criteo AI Engine and the number of advertising impressions we deliver.26Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.As the amount of data and number of variables processed by Criteo AI Engine increase, the risk of errors in the type of data collected, stored, generated oraccessed increases. In addition, the calculations that the algorithms must compute become increasingly complex and the likelihood of any defects or errorsincreases.If we were to experience significant errors or defects in Criteo AI Engine, our solution could be impaired or stop working altogether, which could prevent usfrom purchasing any advertising inventory and generating any revenue until the errors or defects were detected and corrected. Other negative consequencesfrom significant errors or defects in Criteo AI Engine could include:•a loss of clients and publishers;•fewer consumer visits to our client websites or mobile applications;•lower click-through rates;•lower conversion rates;•lower profitability per impression, up to and including negative margins;•faulty inventory purchase decisions for which we may need to bear the cost;•lower return on advertising spend for our clients;•lower price for the advertising inventory we are able to offer to publishers;•delivery of advertisements that are less relevant or irrelevant to users;•liability for damages or regulatory inquiries or lawsuits; and•harm to our reputation.Furthermore, the ability of Criteo AI Engine to accurately predict engagement by a user depends in part on our ability to continuously innovate and improvethe algorithms underlying Criteo AI Engine in order to deliver positive results for our clients and publishers that can be clearly attributed to the services weprovide. The failure to do so could result in delivering poor performance for our clients and a reduced ability to secure advertising inventory from publishers.If failures in Criteo AI Engine or our inability to innovate and improve the algorithms underlying Criteo AI Engine result in our clients and publishersceasing to partner with us, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to replace, in a timely or effective manner, departing clients with new clients thatgenerate comparable revenue or departing publishers with new publishers that offer similar internet advertising inventory.As a result, the failure by Criteo AI Engine to accurately predict engagement of users and to continue to do so over time could result in significant costs to us,lost revenue and diminished advertising inventory.The proper functioning of Criteo AI Engine may be impaired by fraudulent or malicious activity, including non-human traffic.Fraudulent or malicious activity, including non-human traffic, could impair the proper functioning of Criteo AI Engine. For example, the use of bots or otherautomated or manual mechanisms to generate fraudulent clicks or misattribute clicks on advertisements we deliver could overstate the performance of ouradvertising. Preventing and combating fraud requires constant vigilance, and we may not always be successful in our efforts to do so. It may be difficult todetect fraudulent or malicious activity, particularly because the perpetrators of such activity, which may include foreign governments, may have significantresources at their disposal, may frequently change their tactics and may become more sophisticated, requiring us to improve our processes for detecting andcontrolling such activity. Such fraudulent or malicious activity could result in negative publicity and reputational harm and require significant additionalmanagement time and attention.27Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Further, if we fail to detect or prevent fraudulent or malicious activity, our clients may experience or perceive a reduced return on their investment orheightened risk associated with the use of our solutions, resulting in refusals to pay, demands for refunds, loss of confidence, withdrawal of future businessand potential legal claims. Due to the higher CPM paid for video advertisements, the risk of fraudulent traffic may increase as we increase our purchasing ofvideo inventory.If we show advertising or inventory that is fraudulent, we may lose the trust of our clients, which would harm our brand and reputation. If potential clientsperceive that Criteo AI Engine is vulnerable to bots or similar non-human traffic, fraudulent clicks or other malicious activity, we may not be able to maintainour existing clients or attract new clients. As a result, our business could suffer and our results of operations could be materially impacted.Regulatory, legislative or self-regulatory developments regarding internet privacy matters could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.The United States and foreign governments have enacted, considered or are considering legislation or regulations that could significantly restrict our abilityto collect, process, use, transfer and pool data collected from and about consumers and devices. Trade associations and industry self-regulatory groups havealso promulgated best practices and other industry standards relating to targeted advertising. Various U.S. and foreign governments, self-regulatory bodiesand public advocacy groups have called for new regulations specifically directed at the digital advertising industry, and we expect to see an increase inlegislation, regulation and self-regulation in this area. The legal, regulatory and judicial environment we face around privacy and other matters is constantlyevolving and can be subject to significant change. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which was agreed by E.U. institutions in2016 and came into effect after a two year transition period on May 25, 2018, updated and modernized the principles of the 1995 Data Protection Directiveand significantly increases the level of sanctions for non-compliance. Data Protection Authorities will have the power to impose administrative fines of up toa maximum of €20 million or 4% of the data controller’s or data processor’s total worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year. Similarly, the E-PrivacyRegulation, which was launched by the European Parliament in October 2016, could result in, once enacted, new rules and mechanisms for "cookie" consent.In addition, the interpretation and application of data protection laws in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere are often uncertain and in flux. For example, onOctober 6, 2015, the European Court of Justice invalidated the E.U.-U.S. Safe Harbor framework, which we relied on to operate our data transfers bothinternally (for HR, CRM and other back-office data processing) and with several U.S. based partners (notably RTB platforms). Following the Safe Harborinvalidation, in July 2016, the European Commission announced the formal adoption of the "EU-US Privacy Shield." We elected to rely on the StandardContractual Clauses of the European Commission to secure our data transfers, but we cannot anticipate whether this legal scheme will be compromised in thefuture. Legislative and regulatory authorities around the world may decide to enact additional legislation or regulations, which could reduce the amount ofdata we can collect or process and, as a result, significantly impact our business.Similarly, clarifications of and changes to these existing and proposed laws, regulations, judicial interpretations and industry standards can be costly tocomply with, and we may be unable to pass along those costs to our clients in the form of increased fees, which may negatively affect our operating results.Such changes can also delay or impede the development of new solutions, result in negative publicity and reputational harm, require significant incrementalmanagement time and attention, increase our risk of non-compliance and subject us to claims or other remedies, including fines or demands that we modify orcease existing business practices, including our ability to charge per click or the scope of clicks for which we charge. Additionally, any perception of ourpractices or solutions as an invasion of privacy, whether or not such practices or solutions are consistent with current or future regulations and industrypractices, may subject us to public criticism, private class actions, reputational harm or claims by regulators, which could disrupt our business and expose usto increased liability.Finally, our legal and financial exposure often depends in part on our clients’ or other third parties' adherence to privacy laws and regulations and their use ofour services in ways consistent with visitors’ expectations. We rely on representations made to us by clients that they will comply with all applicable laws,including all relevant privacy and data protection regulations. We make reasonable efforts to enforce such representations and contractual requirements, butwe do not fully audit our clients’ compliance with our recommended disclosures or their adherence to privacy laws and regulations.28Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.If our clients fail to adhere to our contracts in this regard, or a court or governmental agency determines that we have not adequately, accurately orcompletely described our own solutions, services and data collection, use and sharing practices in our own disclosures to consumers, then we and our clientsmay be subject to potentially adverse publicity, damages and related possible investigation or other regulatory activity in connection with our privacypractices or those of our clients.In 2016, the Commission nationale de l'informatique ("CNIL") commenced an inquiry into our compliance with French data privacy laws. The inquiry is stillpending and focusing on the new features or solutions that we have deployed since the last investigation. At this stage, there can be no assurance that actionwill not be required by CNIL as a result of its open investigation or that there will not be further inquiries with respect to our compliance with privacy lawsfrom CNIL or regulatory bodies in other jurisdictions.Similarly, in November 2018, Privacy International filed a complaint with relevant data protection authorities against Criteo and a number of other similarlysituated advertising technology companies, arguing that certain of these companies' practices do not comply with the GDPR. Although, to our knowledge, nodata protection authority has yet opened any formal investigation into Criteo in response to this complaint, they may do so in the future, and there can be noassurance that action will not be required as a result.The third parties upon which we rely for access to data and revenue opportunities may implement technical restrictions that impede our access to suchdata and revenue opportunities, which could materially impact our business and results of operations. A substantial portion of the data we rely on comes from our publisher partners and other third parties, including advertising exchange platforms (includingsupply-side platforms, or “SSPs”, such as Google's Ad Manager). Similarly, we rely on our publisher partners, advertising exchange platforms and other thirdparties for opportunities to serve advertisements through which we generate our revenue. Our ability to successfully leverage such data and successfullygenerate revenue from such opportunities could be impacted by restrictions imposed by or on our publisher partners or other third parties, includingrestrictions on our ability to use or read cookies or other tracking features or our ability to use real-time bidding networks or other bidding networks. For example, in light of the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, some SSPs imposed restrictions on our ability to bid on opportunities to serve ads.Third-party publishers are responsible under GDPR for gathering necessary user consents and indicating to SSPs that Criteo has been approved by theapplicable users. As part of their efforts to comply with their understanding of the requirements of the GDPR, which are subject to interpretation, certain SSPsthat run advertising exchanges have required actions from such third party publishers with respect to such consents that appear to be stricter than what theregulations require. Similarly, SSPs and other relevant third parties may take similar actions in response to any new legislation or regulatory developments orinterpretations in the future, in response to perceived user preferences, or for other reasons.If third parties on which we rely for data or opportunities to serve advertisements impose similar restrictions or are not able to comply with restrictionsimposed by other ecosystem participants, we may lose the ability to access data, bid on opportunities, or purchase digital ad space, which could have asubstantial impact on our revenue.Our business depends on our ability to maintain the quality of content for our clients and publishers.Our clients' satisfaction depends on our ability to place advertisements with publisher content that is well-suited to the client's product or service. If we areunable to keep our clients’ advertisements from being placed in unlawful or inappropriate content, our reputation and business may suffer. In particular, wecould be treated as a spammer and blocked by internet service providers or regulators. In addition, if we place advertisements on websites containing contentthat is not permitted under the terms of the applicable agreements with a client, we may be unable to charge the client for impressions or clicks generated onthose sites, the client may terminate their campaign, the client may require us to indemnify them for any resulting third party claims, or the client may allegebreach of contract. Further, our publishers and exchange partners rely upon us not to place advertisements on their websites, the content of which is unlawfulor inappropriate. As we grow our business to serve a larger number of smaller clients using self-service tools with less intervention by us, it could becomemore challenging to prevent inappropriate or unlawful advertisements from being shown. If we are unable to maintain the quality of our client and publishercontent as the number of clients and publishers we work with continues to grow, our reputation and business may suffer and we may not be able to retain orsecure additional clients or publisher relationships.29Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.We may not be able to effectively integrate the businesses we acquire, which may adversely affect our ability to achieve our growth and business objectives.Over the past five years, we have acquired Manage.com Group, Inc., Storetail SA, HookLogic, DataPop, Inc., Monsieur Drive SAS and three other businesses.We may seek to acquire additional businesses, products, solutions, technologies or teams in the future. If we identify an appropriate acquisition candidate, wemay not be successful in negotiating the terms and/or financing of the acquisition, and our due diligence may fail to identify all of the problems, liabilities orother shortcomings or challenges of an acquired business, product, solution or technology, including issues related to intellectual property, product qualityor architecture, employees or clients, regulatory compliance practices or revenue recognition or other accounting practices.Any acquisition or investment may require us to use significant amounts of cash, issue potentially dilutive equity securities or incur debt. In addition,acquisitions, including our recent acquisitions, involve numerous risks, any of which could harm our business, including:•difficulties in integrating the operations, technologies, services and personnel of acquired businesses, especially if those businesses operate outsideof our core competency;•the need to integrate operations across different geographies, cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political andregulatory risks associated with specific countries;•cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;•ineffectiveness, lack of scalability, or incompatibility of acquired technologies or services;•potential loss of key employees of acquired businesses;•inability to maintain the key business relationships and the reputation of acquired businesses;•failure to successfully further develop the acquired technology in order to recoup our investment;•unfavorable reputation and perception of the acquired product or technology by the general public;•diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;•liability or litigation for activities of the acquired business, including claims from terminated employees, clients, former shareholders or other thirdparties;•implementation or remediation of controls, practices, procedures and policies at acquired businesses, including the costs necessary to establish andmaintain effective internal controls; and•increased fixed costs.There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully integrate the businesses that we acquire or that we will be able to leverage the acquiredcommercial relationships or technologies in the manner we anticipate. If we are unable to successfully integrate the businesses we have acquired or anybusiness, product, solution or technology we acquire in the future, our business and results of operations could suffer, and we may not be able to achieve ourbusiness and growth objectives.Our international operations and expansion expose us to several risks.As of December 31, 2018, we had a direct operating presence through 31 offices located in 19 countries and did business in 98 countries. Our primaryresearch and development operations are located in France and the United States. In addition, we currently have international offices outside of France andthe United States, which focus primarily on selling and implementing our offering in those regions. In the future, we may expand to other internationallocations. Our current global operations and future initiatives involve a variety of risks, including:30Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•localization of the product interface and systems, including translation into foreign languages and adaptation for local practices;•compliance with (and liability for failure to comply with) applicable local laws and regulations, including, among other things, laws and regulationswith respect to data protection (including requirements that user data be stored locally in a given country) and user privacy, consumer protection,spam and content, which laws and regulations may be inconsistent across jurisdictions;•more stringent regulations relating to data security and the unauthorized use of, or access to, commercial and personal information, particularly inthe European Union;•taxation in a variety of jurisdictions with increasingly complex tax laws, the application of which can be uncertain;•intensity of local competition for digital advertising budgets and internet display inventory;•unexpected changes in laws and regulatory requirements, trade laws, tariffs, export quotas, customs duties or other trade restrictions;•labor regulations and labor laws that can be interpreted as more advantageous to employees than those in the United States, including with respectto deemed hourly wage and overtime regulations;•changes in a specific country’s or region’s political or economic conditions;•challenges inherent to hiring and efficiently managing an increased number of employees over large geographic distances, including the need toimplement appropriate systems, policies, benefits and compliance programs, and the increasing complexity of the organizational structure requiredto support expansion into multiple geographies;•the difficulty of maintaining our corporate culture of rapid innovation and teamwork that has been central to our growth in the face of anincreasingly geographically diverse workforce;•risks resulting from changes in currency exchange rates and the implementation of exchange controls, including restrictions promulgated by theOffice of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, and other similar trade protection regulations and measures in the UnitedStates or in other jurisdictions;•reduced ability to timely collect amounts owed to us by our clients in countries where our recourse may be more limited;•limitations on our ability to reinvest earnings from operations derived from one country to fund the capital needs of our operations in other countries•restrictions on foreign ownership and investments;•limited or unfavorable intellectual property protection;•exposure to liabilities under anti-money laundering laws, international and international sanction requirements and anti-corruption laws, includingthe U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws and regulations in other jurisdictions; and•restrictions on repatriation of earnings.We have established operations in geographies such as China, India, Brazil and Russia, and may establish operations in additional geographies in the nearfuture, where we may face more complex regulatory environments and market conditions than those we have experienced in markets where we currentlyoperate. If we invest substantial time and resources to expand our international operations and are unable to execute successfully or in a timely manner, ourbusiness and results of operations could suffer, and we may not be able to achieve our business and growth objectives.31Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Additionally, operating in international markets also requires significant management attention and financial resources. We cannot be certain that theinvestment and additional resources required in establishing operations in other countries will produce desired levels of revenue or profitability.Our future success depends on our ability to scale our offering as our business grows.As our business grows, it may become increasingly difficult to maintain the proper functioning of Criteo AI Engine as we continue to collect increasingamounts of data from new geographic markets, new advertising channels, new industry verticals and a growing base of clients. We currently process 250terabytes of additional compressed data every day, with total storage capacity of 240,000 terabytes and 530 terabytes of random-access memory. However,future growth could exceed these rates, and our ability to scale our offering to keep pace with the amount of data we process may be impaired by failure ofsoftware, hardware (including storage, processing, support and security infrastructure).As a result, our operations might suffer from unanticipated system disruptions or slow processing or reporting which could negatively affect our reputationand ability to attract and retain clients. In addition, the expansion and improvement of our systems and infrastructure may require us to commit substantialfinancial, operational and technical resources, with no assurance our business will increase.Furthermore, inventory-related traffic continues to increase faster than our revenue has grown over the past few years. Reducing the cost and improving theefficiency of our infrastructure may require us to invest an increasing percentage of our revenue, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful.Similarly, advancements in machine learning approaches and other technology may require us to upgrade or replace essential hardware (such as GPUs), whichcould involve substantial resources and could be difficult to implement.If we fail to respond to technological change or to adequately maintain, expand, upgrade and develop our systems and infrastructure in a timely fashion, ourgrowth prospects and results of operations could be adversely affected.Moreover, even if we are able to expand our computing and other infrastructure to keep pace with our growth, it may be too costly for us to continue toprovide services under our current business model and capital expense assumptions and our profitability and results of operations may suffer.If we fail to manage our growth and the shift in our client portfolio towards the midmarket effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan ormaintain high levels of client and publisher satisfaction.We have experienced, and may in the future experience, rapid growth and changes in our client portfolio, which have created, and may continue to create,challenges to the quality of our service to our clients, and which have placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management and ouroperational and financial resources.For example, over the past few years, the size of our midmarket business has grown significantly as a proportion of our overall business, and we expect it tocontinue to do so in the future. As our business shifts toward the midmarket category, there are several additional risks to our business, including risksrelating to the financial stability of our clients and our ability to collect accounts receivable from such clients. In addition, since our midmarket business iscomprised of thousands of smaller clients which require significant resources to support, it is currently less profitable than our large client business, andoverall there may not be a direct correlation between a change in the number of clients in a particular period and an increase or decrease in our revenue. In2018, we started to implement a new go-to-market strategy, aimed at maximizing our commercial opportunity for our multi-solution offering, by providingthe right level of services to each our client segments (based on their size and business potential with us) and scaling our midmarket operations moreefficiently and profitably. However, due to the growing number of midmarket clients that require support, we will need to continue automating certain of ourprocesses to service the midmarket category as it continues to grow globally. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully adjust to theseshifting dynamics and remain profitable.As we continue to expand, we also must maintain a high level of service to ensure client and publisher satisfaction. To the extent our client and publisherbase grows, we will need to expand our account management, publisher support and other personnel in order to continue to provide adequate accountmanagement and services, the quality of which has been central to our growth to date. To do so will require significant expenses, significant capitalexpenditures and valuable management resources.32Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.If we fail to manage our anticipated growth in a manner that preserves our attention to our clients, our brand and reputation may suffer, which would in turnimpair our ability to attract and retain clients and publishers.If we are unable to successfully manage our growth and the associated growth in employee headcount and changes to our organizational structure, our resultsof operations could suffer.If we fail to successfully enhance our brand, our ability to protect and expand our client base will be impaired and our financial condition may suffer.We believe that developing and maintaining awareness of the Criteo brand is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our existing offering and anyfuture solutions, such as new solutions directed toward capturing broader advertising budgets, and is an important element in attracting new commerceclients, consumer brand clients, retailer partners and publisher partners. Furthermore, we believe that the importance of brand recognition will increase ascompetition in our market increases.Successful promotion of our brand will depend largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and on our ability to deliver valuable solutions for ourcommerce clients, consumer brand clients, retailer partners and publisher partners. In the past, our efforts to build our brand have involved significantexpenses and they may continue to do so in the future. As a result, we may not be able to develop our brand in a cost-effective manner. Furthermore, brandpromotion activities may not yield any increased revenue, and even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incurred in building ourbrand.If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand we may fail to attract enough new commerce clients, consumer brand clients, retailer partners andpublisher partners or retain enough of our existing commerce clients, consumer brand clients, retailer partners and publisher partners, and our business couldsuffer.Our future success will depend in part on our ability to expand into new industry verticals.As we market our offering to a wider group of consumer brands and companies outside of our historical three key industry verticals of retail, travel andclassifieds, including businesses in the automotive, telecommunications, consumer goods and finance industries, as well as mobile app-first verticals such asgaming, ride sharing and food delivery, we will need to adapt our solutions and effectively market our value to businesses in these new industry verticals. Oursuccess into new industry verticals will depend on various factors, including our ability to:•design solutions that are attractive to businesses in such industries;•provide high returns on advertising spend in such industries and maintain such high returns on advertising spend at scale;•transparently measure the performance of such advertising spend based on clear, measurable metrics;•hire personnel with relevant industry vertical experience to lead sales and product teams;•work with clients in new industry verticals through the advertising agencies that manage their advertising budgets; and•accumulate sufficient data sets relevant for those industry verticals to ensure that Criteo AI Engine has sufficient quantity and quality of informationto deliver efficient and effective internet display advertisements within the relevant industry.For example, with the acquisition of Manage.com Group, Inc. in October 2018, we further expanded our offering into gaming and other app-first areas such asfood delivery and ride sharing. Similarly, with the acquisition of HookLogic in November 2016 and the introduction of Criteo Retail Media, we expandedour offering to benefit consumer brands. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain the client base built by Manage or HookLogic orthat we will be able to expand the Criteo Retail Media business successfully.If we are unable to successfully adapt our offering to appeal to businesses in industries other than our core verticals, or are unable to effectively market suchsolutions to businesses in such industries, we may not be able to achieve our growth or business objectives.33Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Further, as we expand our client base and offering into new industry verticals, we may be unable to maintain our current client retention rates.As we expand the market for our solutions, we may become more dependent on advertising agencies as intermediaries, which may adversely affect ourability to attract and retain business, or exert downward pressure on our margins.As we market our solutions, we may increasingly need advertising agencies to work with us in assisting businesses in planning and purchasing for broadermarketing goals. In particular, many of our Criteo Retail Media clients, whom we have started working with since our acquisition of HookLogic, work with usthrough advertising agencies. Historically, however, direct relationships with our clients accounted for 76%, 73% and 73% of our revenue for 2016, 2017 and2018, respectively, for Criteo Marketing Solutions. In contrast, 72% and 66% of our revenue in 2017 and 2018, respectively, for Criteo Retail Media reliedon advertising agencies.We believe several elements of our growth strategy, including the increasing deployment and availability of self-service platform capabilities for our clientsto have greater control and transparency over the management and execution of their advertising campaigns with us, as well as the ongoing expansion of oursolutions into advertising scenarios to address Consideration marketing goals, may make our overall value proposition more attractive to advertisers,including to the potential advertising agencies that help them manage their advertising budgets. Overall, we believe that accessing broader advertisingbudgets by partnering with advertising agencies represents a significant incremental business opportunity for us.However, an increasing exposure to advertising agencies may also represent significant risks. For example, if we have an unsuccessful engagement with anadvertising agency on a particular advertising campaign, we risk losing the ability to work not only for the client for whom the campaign was run, but also forother clients represented by that agency. Further, if our business evolves such that we are increasingly working through advertising agency intermediaries, wewould have less of a direct relationship with our clients. This may drive our clients to attribute the value we provide to the advertising agency rather than tous, further limiting our ability to develop long-term relationships directly with our clients. Additionally, our clients may move from one advertising agencyto another, and, accordingly, even if we have a positive relationship with an advertising agency, we may lose the underlying client’s business when the clientswitches to a new agency. The presence of advertising agencies as intermediaries between us and our clients thus creates a challenge to building our ownbrand awareness and maintaining an affinity with our clients, who are the ultimate sources of our revenue. In the event we were to become more dependent onadvertising agencies as intermediaries, this may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain business. In addition, an increased dependency onadvertising agencies may harm our results of operations, as a result of the increased agency fees we may be required to pay and/or as a result of longerpayment terms from agencies.Our future success will depend in part on our ability to expand into new advertising channels.We define an advertising channel as a specific advertisement medium to engage with a user or a consumer for which we currently purchase inventory througha specific source. We started delivering elements of our offering through internet display advertisements in desktop browsers. Since then, we have expandedinto mobile in-browser and in-app, native display, including on social media platforms, and video inventory.In the future, we may decide to broaden the spectrum of our advertising channels further if we believe that doing so would significantly increase the value wecan offer to clients. We believe a broader platform delivering our solutions through complementary advertising channels can enhance our value propositionfor existing and prospective clients.However, any future attempts to enter new advertising channels may not be successful. For example, we launched our Criteo Email Retargeting offering in2014 after we acquired Tedemis SA in February 2014. In the fourth quarter of 2016, we decided to discontinue our Criteo Email Retargeting offering basedon country-specific circumstances. Similarly, we launched our Criteo Predictive Search offering in the fourth quarter of 2016. In the third quarter of 2017, wedecided to discontinue our Criteo Predictive Search offering based on client and country-specific circumstances.Our success in expanding into any additional advertising channels will depend on various factors, including our ability to:•identify additional advertising channels where our solutions could perform;34Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•adapt our solutions to additional advertising channels and effectively market it for such additional advertising channels to our existing andprospective clients;•integrate newly developed or acquired advertising channels into our pricing and measurement models, with a clear and measurable performanceattribution mechanism that works across all channels, and in a manner that is consistent with our privacy standards;•accumulate sufficient data sets relevant for those advertising channels to ensure that Criteo AI Engine has a sufficient quantity and quality ofinformation to deliver relevant personalized advertisements through those additional advertising channels;•achieve client performance levels through the new advertising channels that are similar to those delivered through existing advertising channels,and in any case that are not dilutive to the overall client performance;•identify and establish acceptable business arrangements with inventory partners and platforms to access inventories in sufficient quality andquantity for these new advertising channels;•maintain our gross margin at a consistent level upon entering one or more additional advertising marketing channels;•compete with new market participants active in these additional advertising channels; and•hire and retain key personnel with relevant technology and product expertise to lead the integration of additional advertising channels onto ourplatform, and sales and operations teams to sell and integrate additional advertising channels.If we are unable to successfully adapt our solutions to additional advertising channels and effectively market such offerings to our existing and prospectiveclients, or if we are unable to maintain our pricing and measurement models in these additional advertising channels, we may not be able to achieve ourgrowth or business objectives.Our revenue would decline if we fail to effectively coordinate the demand for and supply of advertising inventory in a specific geographic market.The performance of Criteo AI Engine in a specific geographic market depends on having sufficient clients implemented and utilizing our offering, and ourability to coordinate the demand for and supply of advertising inventory with the publishers in that market. Since we cannot consistently predict the demandfor advertising inventory by our clients or the advertising inventory available to us, including on a priority basis, the demand for and supply of advertisinginventory in that market may not be sufficient or sufficiently coordinated for Criteo AI Engine to function optimally. As such, as we target new geographicmarkets, we will need to adequately coordinate the timing to onboard local clients and publishers. A failure to effectively manage demand for, and the supplyof, advertising inventory processed through Criteo AI Engine could impair its ability to accurately predict user engagement in that market, which could resultin:•a reduction in the amount of inventory our publishers make available to us in the future;•a loss of existing clients or publishers;•changes in the priority given to our advertisements by publishers;•an adverse effect on our ability to attract new publishers willing to give us preferred access;•harm to our reputation;•increased cost; and35Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•lost revenue.Our sales efforts with both potential clients and publishers require significant time and expense, and our success will depend on effectively expanding andintegrating our sales and marketing operations and activities to grow our base of clients and publishers.Attempting to increase our base of clients and publishers is a key component of our growth strategy. However, attracting clients and publishers requiressubstantial time and expense, and it may be difficult to identify, engage and market to potential clients that are unfamiliar with Criteo and our offering,particularly as we seek to address new marketing goals for clients, or enter new advertising channels or new industry verticals. Furthermore, many potentialclients require input from multiple internal constituencies to make advertising decisions, or delegate advertising decisions to advertising agencies. As aresult, we must identify those involved in the purchasing decision and devote a sufficient amount of time to presenting our offering to those individuals(including providing demonstrations and comparisons of our value relative to other available solutions), which can be a costly and time-consuming process.Our ability to grow our client and publisher base will depend to a significant extent on our ability to effectively expand our sales, marketing and publishersupport operations. In particular, as we target new industry verticals, we will need to attract sales and publisher support personnel that are familiar with therelevant industries and geographic markets. We believe that there is significant competition for direct sales and support personnel with the sales skills andtechnical knowledge that we require.Therefore, our ability to grow our client and publisher base will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training and retaining the sales andpublisher support personnel we require. Over the past years, we have hired a number of new sales personnel and expanded our marketing department.However, we may not be successful in growing headcount to the extent necessary to support and expand our operations. Similarly, we cannot be sure thatnewly hired personnel will be integrated effectively, and such personnel may require significant training and may not become productive as quickly as wewould like, or at all. If we are not successful in recruiting and training our client sales and publisher support personnel and streamlining our sales andbusiness development processes to cost-effectively grow our client and publisher base, our ability to grow our business and our results of operations could beadversely affected.If we are unable to protect our proprietary information or other intellectual property, our business could be adversely affected.We rely largely on trade secret law to protect our proprietary information and technology. We generally seek to protect our proprietary information throughconfidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of invention agreements with our employees, contractors and parties with which we do business. However, wemay not execute these agreements with every party who has access to our confidential information or contributes to the development of our intellectualproperty. In addition, those agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach.Breaches of the security of our data center systems and infrastructure or other IT resources could also result in the exposure of our proprietary information.Additionally, our trade secrets may be independently developed by competitors. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken to protect our trade secretsand proprietary information will prevent unauthorized use or reverse engineering of our trade secrets or proprietary information.Although we also rely on copyright laws to protect works of authorship created by us, including software, we do not register the copyrights in any of ourcopyrightable works. We will need to register the copyright before we can file an infringement suit in the United States, and our remedies in any suchinfringement suit may be limited.In the United States and internationally, we have filed various applications for protection of certain aspects of our intellectual property, including patentapplications. Effective protection of our intellectual property rights may require additional filings and applications in the future. However, pending andfuture applications may not be approved, and any of our existing or future patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights may not provide sufficientprotection for our business as currently conducted or may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative process or litigation. Additionally,patent rights in the United States have switched from the former “first-to-invent” system to a “first-to-file” system, which may favor larger competitors thathave the resources to file more patent applications. Furthermore, our existing patents and any patents issued in the future may give rise to ownership claims orto claims for the payment of additional remuneration of fair price by persons having participated in the creation of the inventions. Similarly, to the extent thatour employees, contractors or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may ariseas to the rights to such intellectual property.36Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Further, the laws of certain countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States and, therefore, in certainjurisdictions, we may be unable to protect our proprietary technology adequately against unauthorized third-party copying, infringement or use, which couldadversely affect our competitive position.To protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, we may initiate litigation against third parties. Any lawsuits that we initiate could be expensive, takesignificant time and divert management’s attention from other business concerns. Additionally, we may unintentionally provoke third parties to assert claimsagainst us. These claims could invalidate or narrow the scope of our own intellectual property. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and thedamages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially valuable. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third partiesfrom infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property. The occurrence of any of these events may adversely affect our business, financialcondition and results of operations.Our business may suffer if it is alleged or determined that our technology or another aspect of our business infringes the intellectual property rights ofothers.The online and mobile advertising industries are characterized by the existence of large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and otherintellectual property and proprietary rights. Companies in these industries are often required to defend against litigation claims that are based on allegationsof infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims or rights against theiruse.Our success depends, in part, upon non-infringement of intellectual property rights owned by others and being able to resolve claims of intellectual propertyinfringement or misappropriation without major financial expenditures or adverse consequences. From time to time, we may be the subject of claims that oursolutions and underlying technology infringe or violate the intellectual property rights of others, particularly as we expand the scope and complexity of ourbusiness.Regardless of whether claims that we are infringing patents or other intellectual property rights have any merit, these claims are time-consuming and costly toevaluate and defend, and the outcome of any litigation is inherently uncertain. Some of our competitors have substantially greater resources than we do andare able to sustain the costs of complex intellectual property litigation to a greater degree and for longer periods of time than we could. Claims that we areinfringing patents or other intellectual property rights could:•subject us to significant liabilities for monetary damages, which may be tripled in certain instances;•prohibit us from developing, commercializing or continuing to provide some or all of our offering unless we obtain licenses from, and pay royaltiesto, the holders of the patents or other intellectual property rights, who may not be willing to offer them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all;•subject us to indemnification obligations or obligations to refund fees to, and adversely affect our relationships with, our current or future clients,advertising agencies, media networks and exchanges or publishers;•cause delays or stoppages in providing our offering;•cause clients, potential clients, advertising agencies, media networks and exchanges or publishers to avoid working with us;•divert the attention and resources of management and technical personnel;•harm our reputation; and•require technology or branding changes to our offering that would cause us to incur substantial cost and that we may be unable to executeeffectively or at all.In addition, we may be exposed to claims that the content contained in advertising campaigns violates the intellectual property or other rights of thirdparties. Such claims could be made directly against us or against the advertising agencies we work with, and media networks and exchanges and publishersfrom whom we purchase advertising inventory.37Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Generally, under our agreements with advertising agencies, media networks and exchanges and publishers, we are required to indemnify the advertisingagencies, media networks and exchanges and publishers against any such claim with respect to an advertisement we served. We generally require our clientsto indemnify us for any damages from any such claims. There can be no assurance, however, that our clients will have the ability to satisfy theirindemnification obligations to us, and pursuing any claims for indemnification may be costly or unsuccessful.As a result, we may be required to satisfy our indemnification obligations to advertising agencies, media networks and exchanges and publishers or claimsagainst us with our assets. This result could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.Our business involves the use, transmission and storage of confidential information, and the failure to properly safeguard such information could result insignificant reputational harm and monetary damages.Our business involves the storage and transmission of confidential consumer, client and publisher information, including certain purchaser data, as well asfinancial, employee and operational information. Security breaches could expose us to unauthorized disclosure of this information, litigation and possibleliability, as well as damage to our relationships with our clients and publishers. If our security measures are breached as a result of third-party action,employee or contractor error, malfeasance or otherwise and, as a result, someone obtains unauthorized access to our data or the data of consumers, our clients,publishers, employees or other third parties, our reputation could be damaged, our business may suffer and we could incur significant liability.Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. Asa result, we may be unable to anticipate some of these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, the perpetrators of suchactivity often are very sophisticated, and can include foreign governments and other parties with significant resources at their disposal. If an actual orperceived security breach occurs, the market perception of our security measures could be harmed and we could lose both clients and revenue. Anysignificant violations of data privacy or other security breaches could result in the loss of business, litigation and regulatory investigations and penalties thatcould damage our reputation and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.Moreover, if a high profile security breach occurs with respect to another provider of digital advertising solutions, our clients and potential clients may losetrust in the security of providers of digital advertising in general, and Display Advertising solutions in particular, which could adversely impact our ability toretain existing clients or attract new ones.Additionally, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees, consumers, our clients, our publishers or third-party providers into disclosingsensitive information such as user names, passwords or other information in order to gain access to our data, our clients’ data or our publishers’ data, whichcould result in significant legal and financial exposure and a loss of confidence in the security of our offering and, ultimately, harm to our future businessprospects. A party who is able to compromise the security of our facilities, including our data centers or office facilities, or any device, such as a smartphoneor laptop, connected to our systems could misappropriate our proprietary information or the proprietary information of consumers, our clients and/or ourpublishers, or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or those of our clients and/or publishers. We may be required to expend significantresources to protect against such threats or to alleviate problems caused by breaches in security. Finally, computer viruses or malware may harm our systemsor cause the loss or alteration of data, and the transmission of computer viruses or malware via the Criteo technology could expose us to litigation and a lossof confidence in the security of our technology. Our errors and omissions insurance may be inadequate or may not be available in the future on acceptableterms, or at all. In addition, our policy may not cover any claim against us for loss of data or other indirect or consequential damages and defending a suit,regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s attention.Failures in the systems and infrastructure supporting our solutions and operations could significantly disrupt our operations and cause us to lose clients.In addition to the optimal performance of Criteo AI Engine, our business relies on the continued and uninterrupted performance of our software and hardwareinfrastructures. We currently place close to four billion advertisements per day and each of those advertisements can be placed in under 100 milliseconds.38Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Sustained or repeated system failures of our software or hardware infrastructures (such as massive and sustained data center outages) or of the software orhardware infrastructures of our third-party providers, which interrupt our ability to deliver advertisements quickly and accurately, our ability to serve andtrack advertisements, our ability to process consumers’ responses to those advertisements or otherwise disrupt our internal operations, could significantlyreduce the attractiveness of our offering to clients and publishers, reduce our revenue or otherwise negatively impact our financial situation, impair ourreputation and subject us to significant liability.In addition, while we seek to maintain excess capacity to facilitate the rapid provision of new client deployments and the expansion of existing clientdeployments, we may need to increase data center hosting capacity, bandwidth, storage, power or other elements of our system architecture and ourinfrastructure as our client base and/or our traffic continues to grow. Our existing systems may not be able to scale up in a manner satisfactory to our existingor prospective clients, and may not be adequately designed with the necessary reliability and redundancy of certain critical portions of our infrastructure toavoid performance delays or outages that could be harmful to our business.Our failure to continuously upgrade or increase the reliability and redundancy of our infrastructure to meet the demands of a growing base of global clientsand publishers could adversely affect the functioning and performance of our technology and could in turn affect our results of operations.Finally, our systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, some of which are outside of our control, including telecommunications failures,natural disasters, terrorism, power outages, a variety of other possible outages affecting data centers, and malicious human acts, including hacking, computerviruses, malware and other security breaches. Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are notrecognized until launched against a target. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate some of these techniques or to implement adequate preventivemeasures.Any steps we take to increase the security, reliability and redundancy of our systems supporting the Criteo technology or operations may be expensive andmay not be successful in preventing system failures.If we are unable to prevent system failures, the functioning and performance of our solutions could suffer, which in turn could interrupt our business and harmour results of operations.We are a growing company in a rapidly evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we willnot be successful. Our recent growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth, and we expect our operating expenses to continue to increase in theforeseeable future. Accordingly, we may have difficulty sustaining profitability.We are a growing company in a rapidly evolving industry. Our ability to forecast our future operating results is subject to a number of uncertainties,including our ability to plan for and model future growth in both our business and the digital advertising market generally, and the Display Advertisingmarket in particular. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidlyevolving industries, including challenges in forecasting accuracy, determining appropriate investments, achieving market acceptance of our existing andfuture offerings, managing client implementations and developing new solutions. For example, the Criteo model historically focused solely on convertingour clients’ website visitors into customers through our historical solution, Criteo Dynamic Retargeting. Since then, we have broadened our solutionsportfolio to include additional marketing and monetization goals (including Awareness and Consideration) for commerce companies and consumer brandsacross web, apps and stores, many of which are new to us and for which we do not have a long and established track record. If our assumptions regarding theseuncertainties, which we use to plan our business, are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in our markets, or if we do not address these risks successfully,our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations and our business could suffer.You should not consider our revenue growth in past periods to be indicative of our future performance. In future periods, our revenue could decline or growmore slowly than we expect. We believe the growth of our revenue depends on a number of factors, including our ability to:•attract new clients, and retain and expand our relationships with existing clients;39Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•maintain the breadth of our publisher network and attract new publishers, including publishers of web content, mobile applications and video andsocial games, in order to grow the volume and breadth of advertising inventory available to us;•broaden our solutions portfolio to include additional marketing and monetization goals (including Awareness and Consideration) for commercecompanies and consumer brands across the open Internet, including web, apps and stores;•adapt our offering to meet evolving needs of businesses, including to address market trends such as (i) the migration of consumers from desktop tomobile and from websites to mobile applications, (ii) the increasing percentage of sales that involve multiple digital devices, (iii) the growingadoption by consumers of “ad-blocking” software on web browsers on desktop and/or on mobile devices and use or consumption by consumers ofadvertising-free services such as Netflix, (iv) changes in the marketplace for and supply of advertising inventory, including the shift toward headerbidding; and (v) changes in the overall ecosystem such as Apple's introduction of its Intelligent Tracking Prevention feature into its Safari browser;and (vi) changes in consumer acceptance of tracking technologies for targeted or behavioral advertising purposes;•maintain and increase our access to data necessary for the performance of Criteo AI Engine;•continuously improve the algorithms underlying Criteo AI Engine and apply the state of the art in Machine Learning approaches and hardware; and•continue to adapt to a changing regulatory landscape governing data protection and privacy matters.We also anticipate that our operating expenses will continue to increase as we scale our business, grow our headcount and expand our operations. Inparticular, we plan to continue to focus on maximizing our revenue after traffic acquisition costs on an absolute basis, or the revenue we derive afterdeducting the costs we incur to purchase advertising inventory, which we call Revenue ex-TAC, as we believe this focus fortifies a number of our competitivestrengths, including access to advertising inventory, breadth and depth of data and continuous improvement of Criteo AI Engine’s performance. As part ofthis focus, we are continuing to invest in (i) building relationships with direct publishers on both web and mobile application properties, (ii) increasingaccess to leading advertising exchanges on both web and mobile application properties, and (iii) enhancing the liquidity of our advertising inventory supply,which may include purchasing advertising inventory that may result in lower margin on an individual impression basis and may be less effective ingenerating user engagement and driving measurable results, including sales, for our clients. In addition, we are experiencing, and expect to continue toexperience, increased competition for advertising inventory purchased on a programmatic basis. Our focus on maximizing Revenue ex-TAC on an absolutebasis may have an adverse impact on our gross margin and we cannot be certain that this strategy will be successful or result in increased liquidity or long-term value for our shareholders.In addition, as our business expands, we may not be able to maintain our current profitability margin or to achieve our long-term profitability margin target.For example, our midmarket business is currently less profitable than our large client business. As we expect our midmarket business to grow as a proportionof our overall business, our profitability may be negatively affected. Similarly, as we transition to a multi-solution company, with solutions available toclients across several advertising channels, new solutions may require additional investments in sales, business development and marketing, such as productsales specialists or similar resources to enable sales. As a result of such additional investments, our new solutions may be less profitable than our existingbusiness and therefore drive down our overall profitability.In periods of economic uncertainty, businesses may delay or reduce their spending on advertising, which could materially harm our business.General worldwide economic conditions have been significantly unstable in recent years, especially in the European Union where we generated 30% of ourrevenue for 2018. Unstable conditions make it difficult for our clients and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities, and could cause ourclients to reduce or delay their advertising spending with us. Historically, economic downturns have resulted in overall reductions in advertising spending,and businesses may curtail spending both on advertising in general and on a solution such as ours. We cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of anyeconomic slowdown or recovery. Any macroeconomic deterioration in the future, especially further deterioration in the European Union and some emergingmarkets, such as Brazil and Russia, could impair our revenue and results of operations.40Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Furthermore, we have recently expanded our offerings to serve a larger number of smaller clients, and have expanded into emerging markets such as Brazil,India, and Russia. Our changing client portfolio exposes us to additional credit risk, which could result in further exposure in the event of economicuncertainty or an economic downturn.In addition, even if the overall economy improves, we cannot assure you that the market for digital advertising and Display Advertising will experiencegrowth or that we will experience growth. Furthermore, we generally sell through insertion orders with our clients. These insertion orders generally do notinclude long-term obligations and are cancellable upon short notice and without penalty. Any reduction in advertising spending could limit our ability togrow our business and negatively affect our results of operations.We derive a significant portion of our revenue from companies in the retail, travel and classified industries, and any downturn in these industries or anychanges in regulations affecting these industries could harm our business.A significant portion of our revenue is derived from companies in the retail, travel and classifieds industries. For example, in 2016, 2017 and 2018, 66.8%,67.8% and 69.1%, respectively, of our combined revenue for Criteo Marketing Solutions1 was derived from advertisements placed for retail commercebusinesses. While we have been growing our client base in additional industries such as gaming, ride-sharing and food delivery, and expect to continue to doso in the future, any downturn or increased competitive pressure in any of our core industries, or other industries we may target in the future, may cause ourclients to reduce their spending with us, or delay or cancel their advertising campaigns with us.Furthermore, our business could be negatively impacted by the application of existing laws and regulations or the enactment of new laws by federal, state andforeign governmental or regulatory agencies which would impose taxes on goods and services provided over the internet. To the extent such taxesdiscourage the use of the internet as a means of commercial marketing or reduce the amount of products and services offered through ecommerce websites,online advertising spending may decline and the use or attractiveness of our offering by our clients or potential clients may be adversely affected.Our inability to use software licensed from third parties, or our use of open source software under license terms that interfere with our proprietary rights,could disrupt our business.Our technology platform and internal systems incorporate software licensed from third parties, including some software, known as open source software,which we use without charge. Although we monitor our use of open source software, the terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have notbeen interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions orrestrictions on our ability to provide our technology offering to our clients. In the future, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order tocontinue offering our solutions, which licenses may not be available on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all.Alternatively, we may need to re-engineer our offering or discontinue using portions of the functionality provided by our technology. In addition, the termsof open source software licenses may require us to provide software that we develop using such software to others on unfavorable terms, such as byprecluding us from charging license fees or by requiring us to disclose our source code. Any such restriction on the use of our own software, or our inability touse open source or third-party software, could result in disruptions to our business or operations, or delays in our development of future offerings orenhancements of our existing platform, which could impair our business.___________________________________________________ 1 Excluding the business acquired from Manage.41Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.We experience quarterly fluctuations in our results of operations due to a number of factors which make our future results difficult to predict and couldcause our operating results to fall below expectations or our guidance.Our quarterly results of operations fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, comparing our results ofoperations on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.If our revenue or results of operations fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, or below any guidance we may provide to the market, theprice of our ADSs could decline substantially.Our operating results and cash flows from operations may vary from quarter to quarter due to the seasonal nature of our clients’ spending. For example, manybusinesses in the online retail industry devote the largest portion of their advertising spend to the fourth quarter of the calendar year, and many of ourcommerce clients typically conduct fewer advertising campaigns in the second quarter than they do in other quarters. With respect to Criteo Retail Media, theconcentration of advertising spend in the fourth quarter of the year is particularly pronounced. If, and to the extent that, seasonal fluctuations are significant,our operating cash flows could fluctuate materially from period to period as a result.Additionally, implementing our advertising solutions for a client can be a long process, which generally requires clients to integrate software code on theirdigital property. This process can be complex and time-consuming, and can delay the deployment and use of our offering by a client even after the client hassigned up to utilize it.Depending upon the time and resources that a client is willing to devote to the integration of our technology with their digital property and the nature andcomplexity of a client’s network and systems, the actual implementation of our solution may occur long after a client has signed up to use our solution.As a result, we may incur substantial expenses in one period without any guarantee of revenue generation in the near term, or at all. This possibly lengthyimplementation cycle may result in difficulty in predicting our future results of operations.We also plan to continue to substantially increase our investment in research and development, product development and sales and marketing, as we seek tocontinue to expand geographically, into new marketing goals, into new solutions, into new advertising channels and into new industry verticals to capitalizeon what we see as a growing global opportunity for us. Our general and administrative expenses may also increase to support our growing operations and dueto the increased costs of operating as a public company. For the foregoing reasons or other reasons we may not anticipate, historical patterns should not beconsidered as indicative of our future quarterly results of operations.Other factors that may affect our quarterly results of operations include:•the nature of our clients’ products or services;•demand for our offering and the size, scope and timing of digital advertising campaigns;•the lack of long-term agreements with our clients and publishers;•client and publisher retention rates;•market acceptance of our offering and future solutions and services (i) in current industry verticals and new industry verticals, (ii) in new geographicmarkets, (iii) in new advertising channels, or (iv) for broader marketing goals;•the timing of large expenditures related to expansion into new solutions, new geographic markets, new industry verticals, acquisitions and/or capitalprojects;•the timing of adding support for new digital devices, platforms and operating systems;42Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•the amount of inventory purchased through direct relationships with publishers versus internet advertising exchanges or networks;•our clients’ budgeting cycles;•changes in the competitive dynamics of our industry, including consolidation among competitors;•consumers' response to our clients’ advertisements, to online advertising in general and to tracking technologies for targeted or behavioraladvertising purposes;•our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses;•network outages, errors in our technology or security breaches and any associated expense and collateral effects;•foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, as some of our foreign sales and costs are denominated in their local currencies;•failure to successfully manage any acquisitions; and•general economic and political conditions in our domestic and international markets.As a result, we may have a limited ability to forecast the amount of future revenue and expense, and our results of operations may from time to time fall belowour estimates or the expectations of public market analysts and investors.Interruptions or delays in services provided by third-party providers that we rely upon could impair the performance of the Criteo technology or operationsand harm our business.We currently lease space from third-party data center hosting facilities for our servers and/or networking equipment located in the United States (California,New York, Virginia), France, The Netherlands, Hong Kong and Japan. All of our data gathering and analytics are conducted on, and the advertisements wedeliver are processed through, our servers and network equipment located in these facilities.We also rely on bandwidth providers and internet service providers to deliver advertisements. Any damage to, or failure of, the systems or facilities of ourthird-party providers could adversely impact our ability to deliver technology offering to our clients. If, for any reason, our arrangement with one or moredata centers is terminated, we could experience additional expense in arranging for new facilities and support.The occurrence of a natural disaster, an act of terrorism, vandalism or sabotage, a decision to close any data center or the facilities of any other third-partyprovider without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems at these facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in the availability of ourtechnology or operations. Our testing of our services in actual disasters or similar events has been limited. If any such event were to occur, our business,results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.The functional currency of the Company is the euro, while our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Since we incur large portions of our expenses and derivesignificant revenues in currencies other than the euro, we are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk to the extent that our results of operations and cashflows are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Foreign currency exchange risk exposure also arises from intra-company transactions andfinancing with subsidiaries that have a functional currency different than the euro.The statements of financial position of consolidated entities having a functional currency different from the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at theclosing exchange rate (spot exchange rate at the statement of financial position date) and the statement of income, statement of comprehensive income andstatement of cash flow of such consolidated entities are translated at the average period to date exchange rate. The resulting translation adjustments areincluded in equity under the caption “Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” in the consolidated statement of changes in equity.43Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.While we are engaging in hedging transactions to minimize the impact of uncertainty in future exchange rates on intra-company transactions and financing,we may not hedge all of our foreign currency exchange rate risk. In addition, hedging transactions carry their own risks and costs, including the possibility ofa default by the counterparty to the hedge transaction. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in managing our foreign currency exchange raterisk. We cannot predict the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, and foreign currency fluctuations in the future may adversely affect our financialcondition, results of operations and cash flows.Our failure to maintain certain tax benefits applicable to French technology companies may adversely affect our results of operations.As a French technology company, we have benefited from certain tax advantages, including, for example, a reduced tax rate in France on technology royaltyincome received from subsidiaries and the French research tax credit (crédit d’impôt recherche), or CIR. The CIR is a French tax credit aimed at stimulatingresearch and development. The CIR can be offset against French corporate income tax due and the portion in excess (if any) may be refunded at the end of athree fiscal-year period.The CIR is calculated based on our claimed amount of eligible research and development expenditures in France and represented $4.9 million, $6.3 millionand $10.9 million for 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively and is classified as a reduction of our research and development expenses.The French tax authority, with the assistance of the Research and Technology Ministry, may audit each research and development program in respect ofwhich a CIR benefit has been claimed and assess whether such program qualifies, in their view, for the CIR benefit. If the French tax authority determines thatour research and development programs do not meet the requirements for the CIR benefit, or challenges our calculations with respect to the CIR benefit, wecould be liable for additional corporate tax, and penalties and interest related thereto, which could have a significant impact on our results of operations andfuture cash flows.Furthermore, if the French Parliament decides to modify the regime of the reduced tax rate on technology royalty income or to reduce the scope or the rate ofthe CIR benefit, which it could decide to do at any time, our results of operations could be adversely affected.44Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.We are a multinational organization faced with increasingly complex tax issues in many jurisdictions, and we could be obligated to pay additional taxesin various jurisdictions as a result of new taxes or laws, or revised interpretations thereof, which may negatively affect our business.As a multinational organization operating in multiple jurisdictions we are subject to taxation in several jurisdictions around the world with increasinglycomplex tax laws, the application of which can be uncertain. The amount of taxes we pay in these jurisdictions could increase substantially as a result ofchanges in the applicable tax principles, including increased tax rates, new tax laws or revised interpretations of existing tax laws and precedents, whichcould have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and results of operations.For example, many of the jurisdictions in which we conduct business have detailed transfer pricing rules which require that all transactions with non-residentrelated parties be priced using arm’s length pricing principles. Contemporaneous documentation must exist to support this pricing. The tax authorities inthese jurisdictions could challenge whether our related party transfer pricing policies are at arm’s length and, as a consequence, challenge our tax treatment ofcorresponding expenses and income. International transfer pricing is an area of taxation that depends heavily on the underlying facts and circumstances andgenerally involves a significant degree of judgment. If any of these tax authorities were successful in challenging our transfer pricing policies, we may beliable for additional corporate income tax, and penalties, fines and interest related thereto, which may have a significant impact on our effective tax rate,results of operations and future cash flows.The European Union and its member states, as well as a number of other countries, are actively considering changes to existing tax laws or have enacted newtax laws applicable to digital business activities. Such taxes could increase our tax liability in many countries where we do business.Risks Related to Ownership of Our Shares and the ADSs and the Trading of the ADSsThe market price for the ADSs may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.The trading price of the ADSs has fluctuated, and is likely to continue to fluctuate, substantially. The trading price of the ADSs depends on a number offactors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance.Since the ADSs were sold at our initial public offering in October 2013 at a price of $31.00 per share, the price per ADS has ranged as low as $19.13 and ashigh as $60.95 through December 31, 2018. The market price of the ADSs may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which arebeyond our control, including:•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue and other results of operations;•the guidance we may provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance;•failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of us and our securities, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts whofollow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;•announcements by us, our competitors or large influential technology companies of significant technical innovations or changes, acquisitions,strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;•changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of advertising technology or other technology companies, or those in our industry inparticular;•investor sentiment with respect to our competitors, our business partners or our industry in general;•investor perception of risks in our industry, including but not limited to the competitive concentration of supply inventory or risks of fraudulent ormalicious activity;•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole;45Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•additional ADSs being sold into the market by us or the Company's insiders;•media coverage of our business and financial performance;•developments in anticipated or new legislation or new or pending lawsuits or regulatory actions;•other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism or responses to these events; and•any other risks identified in this Form 10-K.In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equitysecurities of many technology companies. Stock prices of many technology companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to theoperating performance of those companies. In the past, shareholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. Ifwe were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from ourbusiness and adversely affect our business.If securities or industry analysts cease publishing research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or our industry, the price andtrading volume of the ADSs could decline.The trading market for the ADSs depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one ormore of the analysts who covers us downgrades the ADSs or publishes incorrect or unfavorable research about our business, the price of the ADSs wouldlikely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for the ADSs coulddecrease, which could cause the price of the ADSs or trading volume to decline.Our business could be negatively impacted by the activities of predatory hedge funds or short sellers.There is the risk that we may be subject, from time to time, to challenges arising from the activities of predatory hedge funds, short sellers or similarindividuals who do not have the best interests of shareholders or the Company in mind. Reports or other publications prepared and disseminated by suchhedge funds or short sellers may cause significant fluctuations in our stock price based on temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors thatdo not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of our business, and could cause the price of our ADSs or trading volume to decline.Furthermore, responding to such activities could be costly and time-consuming and may be intended to, and may in fact, divert the attention of our board ofdirectors and senior management from the pursuit of our business strategies and adversely affect our business.We may need additional capital in the future to meet our financial obligations and to pursue our business objectives. Additional capital may not beavailable on favorable terms, or at all, which could compromise our ability to meet our financial obligations and grow our business.While we anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12months, we may need to raise additional capital to fund operations in the future or to finance acquisitions. If adequate funds are not available on acceptableterms, we may be unable to fund the expansion of our research and development and sales and marketing efforts, increase working capital, take advantage ofacquisition or other opportunities, or adequately respond to competitive pressures which could seriously harm our business and results of operations.We currently have a senior unsecured revolving credit facility under which we may borrow up to €350 million (or its equivalent in U.S. dollars or, subject tothe satisfaction of certain conditions, other optional currencies) for general corporate purposes, including the funding of business combinations (the "GeneralRCF").To the extent we draw on the General RCF or incur new debt, the debt holders have rights senior to shareholders to make claims on our assets, and the termsof such debt could restrict our operations, including our ability to pay dividends on our ordinary shares. In addition, pursuant to the terms of our creditfacilities, we may be restricted in the use of such facilities to fund capital expenditures and information technology-related expenses may be restricted.46Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.If adequate additional funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate material parts of our business strategy, includingpotential additional acquisitions or development of new technologies.Furthermore, if we issue additional equity securities, shareholders will experience dilution, and the new equity securities could have rights senior to those ofour ordinary shares.Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict orestimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. As a result, our shareholders bear the risk of our future securities offerings reducing the marketprice of the ADSs and diluting their interest.We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our securities and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend onappreciation in the price of the ADSs. In addition, French law may limit the amount of dividends we are able to distribute.We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and do not currently intend to do so for the foreseeable future. We currently intendto invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth, both organic and inorganic. In addition, we have used a portion of our available liquidity torepurchase our Company's shares in the past, and may continue to do so from time to time in the future.Further, the credit agreement for the General RCF contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.In addition, to the extent any dividends are paid in the future, under French law, payment of such dividends may subject us to additional taxes, and thedetermination of whether we have been sufficiently profitable to pay dividends is made on the basis of our statutory financial statements prepared andpresented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in France. Therefore, we may be more restricted in our ability to declare dividendsthan companies not based in France.Please see the section entitled “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities-Taxation-French Tax Consequences” in Item 5 of Part II in this Form 10-K for further details on the limitations on our ability to declare and pay dividends and thetaxes that may become payable by us if we elect to pay a dividend.Finally, exchange rate fluctuations may affect the amount of euros that we are able to distribute, and the amount in U.S. dollars that our shareholders receiveupon the payment of cash dividends or other distributions we declare and pay in euros, if any. These factors could harm the value of the ADSs, and, in turn,the U.S. dollar proceeds that holders receive from the sale of the ADSs.Because you are not likely to receive any dividends on your ADSs for the foreseeable future, the success of an investment in ADSs will depend upon anyfuture appreciation in their value. Consequently, investors may need to sell all or part of their holdings of ADSs after price appreciation, which may neveroccur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.In 2018, we executed a share buyback program pursuant to which we repurchased approximately $80 million of our outstanding ADSs. If we adopt anothersuch program in the future, the actual amount and timing of future share repurchases, if any, will depend on market and economic conditions, applicable SECrules, federal and state regulatory restrictions, cash availability and various other factors. If we were to adopt another such share buyback program, therewould be no guarantee that it would enhance shareholder value. Any share repurchases could increase volatility in the trading price of our ADSs and woulddiminish our available cash. Any share buyback program we adopt may also be suspended or terminated at any time, which may result in a decrease in thetrading price of our ADSs.Our credit agreement contains, and future debt agreements may contain, restrictions that may limit our flexibility in operating our business.The credit agreement for the General RCF contains, and documents governing our future indebtedness may contain, numerous covenants that limit thediscretion of management with respect to certain business matters. These covenants place restrictions on, among other things, our ability and the ability ofour subsidiaries to incur or guarantee additional indebtedness, pay dividends and make other distributions and restricted payments, make certain acquisitionsand other investments, sell certain assets or engage in mergers, acquisitions and other business combinations, and create liens. Our credit agreement alsorequires, and documents governing our future indebtedness may require, us or our subsidiaries to meet certain financial ratios and tests in order to incurcertain additional debt, make certain loans, acquisitions or other investments, or pay dividends or make other distributions or restricted payments.47Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to comply with these and other provisions of our debt agreements are dependent on our future performance,which will be subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control.The breach of any of these covenants or noncompliance with any of these financial ratios and tests could result in an event of default under the applicabledebt agreement, which, if not cured or waived, could result in acceleration of the related debt and the acceleration of debt under other instruments evidencingindebtedness that may contain cross-acceleration or cross-default provisions.Our by-laws and French corporate law contain provisions that may delay or discourage a sale of the Company.Provisions contained in our by-laws and the corporate laws of France, the country in which we are incorporated, could make it more difficult for a third partyto acquire us, even if doing so might be beneficial to our shareholders. In addition, provisions of our by-laws impose various procedural and otherrequirements, which could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions. These provisions include the following:•our ordinary shares are in registered form only and we must be notified of any transfer of our shares in order for such transfer to be validly registered;•under French law, a non-resident of France as well as any French entity controlled by non-French residents may have to file a declaration forstatistical purposes with the Bank of France (Banque de France) following the date of certain direct or indirect investments in us (see the sectionentitled "Exchange Controls & Ownership by Non-French Residents" in Item 5 to Part II in this Form 10-K);•under French law, any individual or entity located outside of the European Union may need to seek the authorization of the French Minister ofEconomy prior to acquiring the control of, all or part of a business of, or more than 33.33% of the share capital or voting rights of the Company (seethe section entitled" Exchange Controls & Ownership by Non-French Residents" in Item 5 to Part II in this Form 10-K);•provisions of French law allowing the owner of 95% of the share capital or voting rights of a public company to force out the minority shareholdersfollowing a tender offer made to all shareholders are only applicable to companies listed on a stock exchange of the European Union and willtherefore not be applicable to us;•a merger (i.e., in a French law context, a stock-for-stock exchange following which our company would be dissolved into the acquiring entity andour shareholders would become shareholders of the acquiring entity) of our company into a company incorporated outside of the European Unionwould require the unanimous approval of our shareholders;•a merger of our company into a company incorporated in the European Union would require the approval of our board of directors as well as a two-thirds majority of the votes held by the shareholders present, represented by proxy or voting by mail at the relevant extraordinary shareholders'meeting;•under French law, a cash merger is treated as a share purchase and would require the consent of each participating shareholder;•our shareholders have granted and may grant in the future our board of directors broad authorizations to increase our share capital or to issueadditional ordinary shares or other securities (for example, warrants) to our shareholders, the public or qualified investors, including as a possibledefense following the launching of a tender offer for our shares;•our shareholders have preferential subscription rights proportionally to their shareholding in our company on the issuance by us of any additionalsecurities for cash or a set-off of cash debts, which rights may only be waived by the extraordinary general meeting (by a two-thirds majority vote) ofour shareholders or on an individual basis by each shareholder;•our board of directors has the right to appoint directors to fill a vacancy created by the resignation or death of a director, subject to the approval bythe shareholders of such appointment at the next shareholders’ meeting, which prevents shareholders from having the sole right to fill vacancies onour board of directors;48Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•our board of directors can only be convened by its chairman or, when no board meeting has been held for more than two consecutive months, bydirectors representing at least one third of the total number of directors;•our board of directors meetings can only be regularly held if at least half of the directors attend either physically or by way of videoconference orteleconference enabling the directors’ identification and ensuring their effective participation in the board’s decisions;•approval of at least a majority of the votes held by shareholders present, represented by a proxy, or voting by mail at the relevant ordinaryshareholders’ general meeting, is required to remove directors with or without cause;•advance notice is required for nominations to the board of directors or for proposing matters to be acted upon at a shareholders’ meeting, except thata vote to remove and replace a director can be proposed at any shareholders’ meeting without notice; and•pursuant to French law, the sections of the by-laws relating to the number of directors and election and removal of a director from office may only bemodified by a resolution adopted by a two-thirds majority of the votes of our shareholders present, represented by a proxy or voting by mail at therelevant extraordinary shareholders' meeting.You may not be able to exercise your right to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs.Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs only in accordance with the provisions of the depositagreement. The deposit agreement provides that, upon receipt of notice of any meeting of holders of our ordinary shares, the depositary will fix a record datefor the determination of ADS holders who shall be entitled to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights. Upon timely receipt of notice from us, if we sorequest, the depositary shall distribute to the holders as of the record date (1) the notice of the meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy sent by us and (2) astatement as to the manner in which instructions may be given by the holders.You may instruct the depositary of your ADSs to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Otherwise, you will not be able to exercise your right tovote, unless you withdraw the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs you hold. However, you may not know about the meeting far enough in advance towithdraw those ordinary shares. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary, upon timely notice from us, will notify you of the upcoming vote and arrangeto deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot guarantee you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct thedepositary to vote your ordinary shares or to withdraw your ordinary shares so that you can vote them yourself.If the depositary does not receive timely voting instructions from you, it may give a proxy to a person designated by us to vote the ordinary sharesunderlying your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carryingout voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote, and there may be nothing you can do if the ordinary sharesunderlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.Your right as a holder of ADSs to participate in any future preferential subscription rights or to elect to receive dividends in shares may be limited, whichmay cause dilution to your holdings.According to French law, if we issue additional securities for cash, current shareholders will have preferential subscription rights for these securitiesproportionally to their shareholding in our company unless they waive those rights at an extraordinary meeting of our shareholders (by a two-thirds majorityvote) or individually by each shareholder.However, our ADS holders in the United States will not be entitled to exercise or sell such rights unless we register the rights and the securities to which therights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available.In addition, the deposit agreement provides that the depositary will not make rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rightsand any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or exempted from registration under the Securities Act.49Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Further, if we offer holders of our ordinary shares the option to receive dividends in either cash or shares, under the deposit agreement the depositary mayrequire satisfactory assurances from us that extending the offer to holders of ADSs does not require registration of any securities under the Securities Actbefore making the option available to holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securitiesor to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration underthe Securities Act. Accordingly, ADS holders may be unable to participate in our rights offerings or to elect to receive dividends in shares and mayexperience dilution in their holdings. In addition, if the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful orreasonably practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case you will receive no value for these rights.You may be subject to limitations on the transfer of your ADSs and the withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares.Your ADSs, which may be evidenced by ADRs, are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time orfrom time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfersof your ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary think it is advisable to do so becauseof any requirement of law, government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason subject to your rightto cancel your ADSs and withdraw the underlying ordinary shares.Temporary delays in the cancellation of your ADSs and your withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares may arise because the depositary has closed itstransfer books or we have closed our transfer books, the transfer of ordinary shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting or we are paying adividend on our ordinary shares.In addition, you may not be able to cancel your ADSs and withdraw the underlying ordinary shares when you owe money for fees, taxes and similar chargesand when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal ofordinary shares or other deposited securities.If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud, and investorconfidence and the market price of the ADSs may, therefore, be adversely impacted.As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control.In addition, we are required to submit a report by management to the Audit Committee and external auditors on the effectiveness of our internal control overfinancial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to theeffectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, if we areunable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner or assert that our internal controls over financialreporting are effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal controlsover financial reporting when required, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of theADSs may be adversely impacted, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or otherregulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against our company and directors and senior management.Certain of our directors and members of senior management, and those of certain of our subsidiaries, are non-residents of the United States, and all or asubstantial portion of our assets and the assets of such persons are located outside the United States.As a result, it may not be possible to serve process on such persons or us in the United States or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them orus based on civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States. Additionally, it may be difficult to assert U.S. securities law claims in actionsoriginally instituted outside of the United States.Foreign courts may refuse to hear a U.S. securities law claim because foreign courts may not be the most appropriate forums in which to bring such a claim.Even if a foreign court agrees to hear a U.S. securities law claim, it may determine that the law of the jurisdiction in which the foreign court resides, and notU.S. law, is applicable to the claim.50Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Further, if U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process,and certain matters of procedure would still be governed by the law of the jurisdiction in which the foreign court resides. In particular, there is some doubt asto whether French courts would recognize and enforce certain civil liabilities under U.S. securities laws in original actions or judgments of U.S. courts basedupon these civil liability provisions. In addition, awards of punitive damages in actions brought in the United States or elsewhere may be unenforceable inFrance.The enforceability of any judgment in France will depend on the particular facts of the case as well as the laws and treaties in effect at the time. The UnitedStates and France do not currently have a treaty providing for recognition and enforcement of judgments (other than arbitration awards) in civil andcommercial matters; therefore the recognition and enforcement of any such judgment would be subject to French procedural law and may not be granted.The rights of shareholders in companies subject to French corporate law differ in material respects from the rights of shareholders of corporationsincorporated in the United States.We are a French company with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our by-laws and by the laws governing companies incorporated inFrance. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our board of directors are in many ways different from the rights and obligations ofshareholders in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions.For example, in the performance of its duties, our board of directors is required by French law to consider the interests of our company, its shareholders, itsemployees and other stakeholders, rather than solely our shareholders and/or creditors. It is possible that some of these parties will have interests that aredifferent from, or in addition to, your interests as a shareholder.51Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Item 1B. Unresolved Staff CommentsWe do not have any unresolved comments from the SEC staff.Item 2. PropertiesOur headquarters are located in Paris, France, in an approximately 16,000 square meter facility, under a lease agreement expiring on June 14, 2023.In addition, we had 31 offices as of December 31, 2018. We currently lease space in data centers from third-party hosting providers for hosting of our serverslocated in the United States (California, Virginia), France, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, and Japan. We believe that our facilities are adequate for our currentneeds. Item 3. Legal ProceedingsFrom time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently aparty to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, resultsof operations, financial condition or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlementcosts, diversion of management resources and other factors.Item 4. Mine Safety DisclosuresNot applicable.52Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.PART IIItem 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity SecuritiesMarket InformationThe ADSs have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “CRTO” since October 30, 2013. Prior to that date, there was no publictrading market for ADSs or our ordinary shares. Our initial public offering was priced at $31.00 per ADS on October 29, 2013. The following table sets forthfor the periods indicated the high and low sales prices per ADS as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market: Per ADS HighLow2017 First quarter$52.87$41.20Second quarter$56.00$44.30Third quarter$53.79$37.74Fourth quarter$47.57$22.002018 First quarter$31.57$21.00Second quarter$34.50$23.76Third quarter$36.66$21.40Fourth quarter$24.87$19.13HoldersAs of January 31, 2019, there were 41 holders of record of our ordinary shares and 132 participants in DTC that held our ADSs. The actual number of holdersis greater, and includes beneficial owners whose ADSs are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record and DTCparticipants also does not include holders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.ADS Performance GraphThe following graph shows a comparison from October 30, 2013 (the date our ADSs commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market)through December 31, 2018 of the cumulative total return for our ADSs, the Russell 2000 Index and the Nasdaq Internet Index. The graph assumes that $100was invested at the market close on October 30, 2013 in our ADSs, the Russell 2000 Index and the Nasdaq Internet Index and data for the Russell 2000 Indexand the Nasdaq Internet Index assumes reinvestments of dividends. The stock price performance of the following graph is not necessarily indicative of futurestock price performance.53Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.The foregoing performance graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such informationbe incorporated by reference into any future filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it byreference into such filing.DividendsWe have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our equity securities in theforeseeable future and intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund our growth.Subject to the requirements of French law and our by-laws, dividends may only be distributed from our statutory retained earnings. Dividend distributions, ifany, will be made in euros and converted into U.S. dollars with respect to the ADSs, as provided in the deposit agreement. In addition, under the General RCF,we may not declare, make or pay dividends if our net debt to Adjusted EBITDA leverage ratio exceeds 2.0x.Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation PlansThe following table provides information as of December 31, 2018 regarding compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized forissuance.54Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results. (a)(b)(c)Plan CategoryNumber of securities to be issued upon exerciseof outstanding options, warrants and rightsWeighted-average exercise price ofoutstanding options, warrants and rights(1)Number of securities remaining available forfuture issuance under equity compensationplans (excluding securities reflected in column(a))Equity compensation plans approved bysecurity holders8,259,272$31.82(2)1,081,906Equity compensation plans not approvedby security holders—Total8,259,272$31.82(2)1,081,906(1) The weighted-average exercise price does not reflect the ordinary shares that will be issued in connection with the vesting of free shares, since free shares have no exercise price.(2) The weighted-average exercise price was €26.94 and has been converted to U.S. dollars based on the average exchange rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 of €1.00=$1.181026.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated PurchasersIn October 2018, the Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $80 million of our ADSs. Repurchases under the program were completed inDecember 2018. The following table summarizes the share repurchase activity for the three months ended December 31, 2018: Total Number of Shares PurchasedAverage Price Paid Per Share (1)Total Number of Shares Purchasedas Part of Publicly AnnouncedProgramsApproximate Dollar Value of Sharesthat May Yet be Purchased Under thePlans or ProgramsOctober 1 to 31, 2018—N/A—80,000,000November 1 to 30, 20182,285,06722.352,285,06728,905,927.31December 1 to 31, 20181,214,19123.81,214,19119.06 Total3,499,25822.853,499,25819.06(1) Average price paid per share excludes any broker commissions paid.Exchange Controls & Ownership by Non-French ResidentsUnder current French foreign exchange control regulations there are no limitations on the amount of cash payments that we may remit to residents of foreigncountries. Laws and regulations concerning foreign exchange controls do, however, require that all payments or transfers of funds made by a French residentto a non-resident, such as dividend payments, be handled by an accredited intermediary. All registered banks and substantially all credit institutions inFrance are accredited intermediaries.Neither the French Commercial Code nor our by-laws presently impose any restrictions on the right of non-French residents or non-French shareholders toown and vote shares. However, non-French residents must file a declaration for statistical purposes with the Bank of France (Banque de France) within 20working days following the date of certain direct foreign investments in us, including any purchase of our ADSs. In particular, such filings are required inconnection with investments exceeding €15,000,000 that lead to the acquisition of at least 10% of our outstanding ordinary shares or voting rights or thecrossing of either such 10% threshold. Violation of this filing requirement may be sanctioned by five years of imprisonment and a fine of up to twice theamount of the relevant investment. This amount may be increased fivefold if the violation is made by a legal entity.55Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Further, any investment (i) by an individual or entity located in a country that is not a member State of the European Union or of a member State of theEuropean Economic Area having entered into a convention on administrative assistance against tax evasion and fraud with France, or by a French citizen notresiding in France, and (ii) that will result in the relevant investor acquiring the control of, all or part of a business of, or more than 33.33% of the share capitalor voting rights of, a company registered in France and developing activities in certain strategic industries, such as telecommunications, cybersecurity or datacollection, is subject to the prior authorization by the French Minister of Economy. In the absence of such authorization, the relevant investment shall bedeemed null and void.TaxationFrench Tax ConsequencesThe following describes the material French income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of purchasing, owning and disposing of the ADSsand ordinary shares, or the Securities as in force on the date of this Form 10-K.This discussion does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential tax effects of the acquisition, ownership or disposition of our securities toany particular investor, and does not discuss tax considerations that arise from rules of general application or that are generally assumed to be known byinvestors. All of the following is subject to change. Such changes could apply retroactively and could affect the consequences described below.In 2011, France introduced a comprehensive set of new tax rules applicable to French assets that are held by or in foreign trusts. These rules, among otherthings, provide for the inclusion of trust assets in the settlor’s net assets for purpose of applying the French wealth tax, for the application of French gift anddeath duties to French assets held in trust, for a specific tax on capital on the French assets of foreign trusts not already subject to the French wealth tax andfor a number of French tax reporting and disclosure obligations. The following discussion does not address the French tax consequences applicable tosecurities held in trusts. If securities are held in trust, the grantor, trustee and beneficiary are urged to consult their own tax adviser regarding the specific taxconsequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of securities.The description of the French income tax and wealth tax consequences set forth below is based on the Convention Between the Government of the UnitedStates of America and the Government of the French Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect toTaxes on Income and Capital dated August 31, 1994, or the Treaty, which came into force on December 30, 1995 (as amended by additional protocols ofDecember 8, 2004 and January 13, 2009), and the tax guidelines issued by the French tax authorities in force as of the date of this Form 10-K.For the purposes of this discussion, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of securities that is (1) an individual who is a U.S. citizen or resident forU.S. federal income tax purposes, (2) a U.S. domestic corporation or certain other entities created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or anystate thereof, including the District of Colombia, or (3) otherwise subject to U.S. federal income taxation on a net income basis in respect of securities.If a partnership (or any other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds securities, the tax treatment of a partner generally willdepend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If a U.S. Holder is a partner in a partnership that holds securities, such holder isurged to consult its own tax adviser regarding the specific tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of securities.This discussion applies only to investors that hold our securities as capital assets that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency, that are entitled toTreaty benefits under the “Limitation on Benefits” provision contained in the Treaty, and whose ownership of the securities is not effectively connected to apermanent establishment or a fixed base in France.56Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Certain U.S. Holders (including, but not limited to, U.S. expatriates, partnerships or other entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income taxpurposes, banks, insurance companies, regulated investment companies, tax-exempt organizations, financial institutions, persons subject to the alternativeminimum tax, persons who acquired the securities pursuant to the exercise of employee share options or otherwise as compensation, persons that own(directly, indirectly or by attribution) 5% or more of our voting stock or 5% or more of our outstanding share capital, dealers in securities or currencies,persons that elect to mark their securities to market for U.S. federal income tax purposes and persons holding securities as a position in a synthetic security,straddle or conversion transaction) may be subject to special rules not discussed below.U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisers regarding the tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of securities in light oftheir particular circumstances, especially with regard to the “Limitations on Benefits” provision. 57Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Estate and Gift Taxes and Transfer TaxesIn general, a transfer of securities by gift or by reason of death of a U.S. Holder that would otherwise be subject to French gift or inheritance tax, respectively,will not be subject to such French tax by reason of the Convention between the Government of the United States and the Government of the French Republicfor the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Estates, Inheritances and Gifts, dated November 24,1978 (as amended by the protocol of December 8, 2004), unless the donor or the transferor is domiciled in France at the time of making the gift or at the timeof his or her death, or the securities were used in, or held for use in, the conduct of a business through a permanent establishment or a fixed base in France.Financial Transactions TaxPursuant to Article 235 ter ZD of the Code général des impôts (French Tax Code, or FTC), purchases of shares or ADSs of a French company listed on aregulated market of the European Union or an exchange formally acknowledged by the French Financial Market Authority (AMF) are subject to a 0.3%French tax on financial transactions provided that the issuer’s market capitalization exceeds €1 billion as of December 1 of the year preceding the taxationyear.A list of companies whose market capitalization exceeds €1 billion as of December 1 of the year preceding the taxation year within the meaning of Article235 ter ZD of the French Tax Code is published annually by the French tax authorities. Pursuant to Regulations BOI‑ANNX‑000467‑20181217 issued onDecember 17, 2018, Criteo is currently not included in such list. Please note that such list may be updated from time to time, or may not be publishedanymore in the future.Furthermore, Nasdaq is not currently acknowledged by the French AMF but this may change in the future.Consequently, Criteo’s securities should not fall within the scope of the tax on financial transactions described above. In the future, purchases of Criteo’ssecurities may become subject to such tax if Nasdaq is acknowledged by the French AMF.Registration DutiesIn the case where Article 235 ter ZD of the FTC is not applicable, (i) transfers of shares issued by a listed French company are subject to uncapped registrationduties at the rate of 0.1% if the transfer is evidenced by a written statement (“acte”) executed either in France or outside France, whereas (ii) transfers of shareswhich are not listed are subject to uncapped registration duties at the rate of 0.1% notwithstanding the existence of a written statement (“acte”). As ordinaryshares of Criteo are not listed, their transfer is subject to uncapped registration duties at the rate of 0.1% notwithstanding the existence of a written agreement(“acte”).Although the official guidelines published by the French tax authorities are silent on this point, ADSs should remain outside of the scope of theaforementioned 0.1% registration duties.Wealth TaxThe French wealth tax (impôt de solidarité sur la fortune) has been repealed by the finance bill for 2018 (loi de finances pour 2018) dated December 30,2017. It used to apply only to individuals and did not generally apply to securities held by a U.S. Holder who is a resident pursuant to the provisions of theTreaty, provided that such U.S. Holder does not own directly or indirectly more than 25% of the issuer’s financial rights.As from January 1, 2018, it has been replaced by a new real estate wealth tax (impôt sur la fortune immobilière) which applies only to individuals owningFrench real estate assets or rights, directly or indirectly through one or more legal entities and whose net taxable assets amount to at least 1,300,000 euros.French real estate wealth tax may only apply to a U.S. individual to the extent such individual holds, directly or indirectly, financial rights into a companythe assets of which comprise French real estate assets that are not allocated to its operational activity. Such financial rights may be taxable for the fraction oftheir value representing the French real estate assets that are not allocated to an operational activity.58Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.In any case, pursuant to Article 965 2° of the FTC, shares of an operating company holding French real estate assets in which the relevant individual holds,directly and indirectly, less than 10% of the share capital or voting rights are exempt from real estate wealth tax.Taxation of DividendsDividends paid by a French corporation to non-residents of France are generally subject to French withholding tax at a rate of 30% for corporate bodies orother legal entities (which is expected in principle to be progressively decreased to 25% in the coming years) or 12.8% for individuals. Dividends paid by aFrench corporation in a non-cooperative State or territory, as set out in the list referred to in Article 238-0 A of the FTC, will generally be subject to Frenchwithholding tax at a rate of 75%. However, eligible U.S. Holders entitled to Treaty benefits under the “Limitation on Benefits” provision contained in theTreaty who are U.S. residents, as defined pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty, will not be subject to the 12.8%, 30% or 75% withholding tax rate, but maybe subject to the withholding tax at a reduced rate (as described below). Under the Treaty, the rate of French withholding tax on dividends paid to an eligible U.S. Holder who is a U.S. resident as defined pursuant to the provisionsof the Treaty and whose ownership of the ordinary shares or ADSs is not effectively connected with a permanent establishment or fixed base that such U.S.Holder has in France, is generally reduced to 15%, or to 5% if such U.S. Holder is a corporation and owns directly or indirectly at least 10% of the sharecapital of the issuer; such U.S. Holder may claim a refund from the French tax authorities of the amount withheld in excess of the Treaty rates of 15% or 5%, ifany.For U.S. Holders that are not individuals but are U.S. residents, as defined pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty, the requirements for eligibility for Treatybenefits, including the reduced 5% or 15% withholding tax rates contained in the “Limitation on Benefits” provision of the Treaty, are complicated, andcertain technical changes were made to these requirements by the protocol of January 13, 2009. U.S. Holders are advised to consult their own tax advisersregarding their eligibility for Treaty benefits in light of their own particular circumstances.Dividends paid to an eligible U.S. Holder may immediately be subject to the reduced rates of 5% or 15% provided that such holder establishes before the dateof payment that it is a U.S. resident under the Treaty by completing and providing the depositary with a treaty form (Form 5000).Dividends paid to a U.S. Holder that has not filed the Form 5000 before the dividend payment date will be subject to French withholding tax at the rate of12.8%, 30%, or 75% if paid in a non-cooperative State or territory (as defined in Article 238-0 A of the FTC), and then reduced at a later date to 5% or 15%,provided that such holder duly completes and provides the French tax authorities with the treaty forms Form 5000 and Form 5001 before December 31 of thesecond calendar year following the year during which the dividend is paid. Certain qualifying pension funds and certain other tax-exempt entities are subjectto the same general filing requirements as other U.S. Holders except that they may have to supply additional documentation evidencing their entitlement tothese benefits.Form 5000 and Form 5001, together with instructions, will be provided by the depositary to all U.S. Holders registered with the depositary. The depositarywill arrange for the filing with the French Tax authorities of all such forms properly completed and executed by U.S. Holders of ordinary shares or ADSs andreturned to the depositary in sufficient time so that they may be filed with the French tax authorities before the distribution in order to obtain immediately areduced withholding tax rate.The withholding tax refund, if any, ordinarily occurs within 12 months from filing the applicable French Treasury Form, but not before January 15 of the yearfollowing the calendar year in which the related dividend was paid.Tax on Sale or Other DispositionAs a matter of principle, under French tax law, U.S. Holder should not be subject to any French tax on any capital gain from the sale, exchange, repurchase orredemption by us of ordinary shares or ADSs, provided that all of the following apply to such U.S. Holder:•U.S. Holder is not a French tax resident for French tax purposes; and,59Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.•U.S. Holder has not held more than 25% of our dividend rights, known as “droits aux bénéfices sociaux” at any time during the preceding five years,either directly or indirectly, and, as relates to individuals, alone or with relatives; and,•U.S. Holder has not transferred ordinary shares or ADSs as part of redemption by Criteo, in which case the proceeds may under certain circumstancesbe partially or fully characterized as dividends under French domestic law and, as result, be subject to French dividend withholding tax. As anexception, a U.S Holder, established, domiciled or incorporated in a non-cooperative State or territory as defined in Article 238-0 A of the FTCshould be subject to a 75% withholding tax in France on any such capital gain, regardless of the fraction of the dividend rights it holds.In case an applicable double tax treaty between France and the U.S. Holder country of residence contains more favorable provisions, a U.S. Holder may not besubject to any French income tax or capital gains tax in case of sale or disposal of any ordinary shares or ADSs of Criteo even if one or more of the abovementioned statements are not applicable.Particularly, a U.S. Holder who is a U.S. tax resident resident for purposes of the Treaty and is entitled to Treaty benefit will not be subject to French tax onany such capital gain, unless the ordinary shares or the ADSs form part of the business property of a permanent establishment or fixed base that the U.S.Holder has in France.U.S. Holders who own ordinary shares or ADSs through U.S. partnerships that are not residents for Treaty purposes are advised to consult their own taxadvisors regarding their French tax treatment and their eligibility for Treaty benefits in light of their own particular circumstances.A U.S. Holder that is not a U.S. resident for Treaty purposes or is not entitled to Treaty benefit (and in both cases is not resident, established or incorporated ina non-cooperative State or territory as defined in Article 238-0 A of the FTC) and has held more than 25% of our dividend rights, known as “droits auxbénéfices sociaux” at any time during the preceding five years, either directly or indirectly, and, as relates to individuals, alone or with relatives will besubject to a levy in France at the rate of 33.33% (which is anticipated to be progressively decreased to 25% in the coming years), if such U.S. Holder is a legalperson, or 12.8% if such U.S. Holder is an individual.Special rules apply to U.S. Holders who are residents of more than one country.The discussion above is a summary of the material French tax consequences ofan investment in our shares or ADSs and is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject tochange, possibly with retroactive effect. It does not cover all tax matters that may be of importance to a prospective investor. Each prospective investor isurged to consult its own tax advisor about the tax consequences to it of an investment in shares or ADSs in light of the investor’s own circumstances.Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds From Registered SecuritiesThere were no unregistered sales of equity securities during 2018.Issuer Purchases of Equity SecuritiesNone.60Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Item 6. Selected Financial DataOur audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We derived the selected consolidated statements of incomedata for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 and selected consolidated statements of financial position data as of December 31, 2017 and2018 from our audited consolidated financial statements included in Part IV, Item 15 “Exhibits and Financial Statements” of this Form 10-K. The selectedconsolidated statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 and the selected consolidated financial position data as ofDecember 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto which are not included in thisForm 10-K. This data should be read together with Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”as well as our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarilyindicative of the results to be expected in the future.Consolidated Statements of Income Data: Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands, except share and per share data)Revenue$988,249$1,323,169$1,799,146$2,296,692$2,300,314 Cost of revenue (1): Traffic acquisition costs(585,492)(789,152)(1,068,911)(1,355,556)(1,334,334)Other cost of revenue(47,948)(62,201)(85,260)(121,641)(131,744)Gross profit354,809 471,816 644,975 819,495 834,236 Operating expenses Research and development expenses (1)(60,075)(86,807)(123,649)(173,925)(179,263)Sales and operations expenses (1)(176,927)(229,530)(282,853)(380,649)(372,707)General and administrative expenses (1)(64,723)(79,145)(117,469)(127,077)(135,159)Total operating expenses(301,725) (395,482) (523,971) (681,651) (687,129)Income from operations53,084 76,334 121,004 137,844 147,107Financial income (expense)11,390(4,541)(546)(9,534)(5,084)Income before taxes64,474 71,793 120,458 128,310 142,023Provision for income taxes(17,578)(9,517)(33,129)(31,651)(46,144)Net income$46,896 $62,276 $87,329 $96,659 $95,879Net income available to shareholders of Criteo S.A. (2)$45,556$59,553$82,272$91,214$88,644Net income available to shareholders per share: Basic$0.77 $0.96 $1.30 $1.40 $1.33Diluted$0.72 $0.91 $1.25 $1.34 $1.31Weighted average shares outstanding used in computing per share amounts: Basic58,928,56361,835,49963,337,79265,143,03666,456,890Diluted63,493,26065,096,48665,633,47067,851,97167,662,904(1) Cost of revenue and operating expenses include equity awards compensation expense, pension service costs, depreciation and amortization expense, acquisition-related costs,restructuring costs and deferred price consideration as follows:61Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results. Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Equity awards compensation expense Research and development expenses$3,682$6,520$12,108$21,093$21,232Sales and operations expenses12,29111,67816,83831,38629,244General and administrative expenses3,6285,79114,31319,87216,600Total equity awards compensation expense (b)19,601 23,989 43,259 72,351 67,076Pension service costs Research and development expenses167163211621844Sales and operations expenses187153144247325General and administrative expenses150125169363522Total pension service costs504 441 524 1,231 1,691Depreciation and amortization expense Cost of revenue21,45529,86638,46953,98867,347Research and development expenses (a)4,9497,9957,21111,22610,602Sales and operations expenses3,6645,1787,75719,84418,245General and administrative expenses1,1451,5263,3425,7387,306Total depreciation and amortization expense31,213 44,565 56,779 90,796 103,500Acquisition-related costs General and administrative expenses——2,92161,738Total acquisition-related costs— — 2,921 6 1,738Acquisition-related deferred price consideration Research and development expense95032485——Sales and operations expenses—————General and administrative expenses—(2,218)———Total acquisition-related deferred price considerations950 (1,894) 85 — —Restructuring Cost of revenue———2,497—Research and development expenses———2,911(332)Sales and operations expenses———1,825290General and administrative expenses———123(11)Total Restructuring$— $— $— $7,356 $(53)(a) Includes acquisition-related amortization of intangible assets of $3.9 million, $6.3 million, $4.1 million, $17.7 million and $15.8 million as of December 31, 2014, 2015, 2016,2017 and 2018 respectively.(b) Excludes $0.7 million and $(0.5) million disclosed as restructuring costs as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.(2) For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, this excludes $1.3 million, $2.7 million, $5.1 million, $5.4 million and $7.2 million, respectively, of netincome available to non-controlling interests in our Japanese subsidiary held by Yahoo! Japan.62Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Reconciliation from Non-GAAP Operating Expenses to Operating Expenses under GAAP: Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Research and development expenses$(60,075) $(86,807) $(123,649) $(173,925) $(179,263)Equity awards compensation expense3,682 6,520 12,108 21,093 21,232Depreciation and amortization expense4,949 7,995 7,211 11,226 10,602Pension service costs167 163 211 621 844Acquisition-related deferred price consideration950 324 85 — —Restructuring— — — 2,911 (332)Non-GAAP - Research and development expenses$(50,327) $(71,805) $(104,034) $(138,074) $(146,917)Sales and operations expenses(176,927) (229,530) (282,853) (380,649) (372,707)Equity awards compensation expense12,291 11,678 16,838 31,386 29,244Depreciation and amortization expense3,664 5,178 7,757 19,844 18,245Pension service costs187 153 144 247 325Restructuring— — — 1,825 290Non-GAAP - Sales and operations expenses(160,785) (212,521) (258,114) (327,347) (324,603)General and administrative expenses(64,723) (79,145) (117,469) (127,077) (135,159)Equity awards compensation expense3,628 5,791 14,313 19,872 16,600Depreciation and amortization expense1,145 1,526 3,342 5,738 7,306Pension service costs150 125 169 363 522Acquisition-related costs— — 2,921 6 1,738Acquisition-related deferred price consideration— (2,218) — — —Restructuring— — — 123 (11)Non-GAAP - General and administrative expenses(59,800) (73,921) (96,724) (100,975) (109,004)Total Operating expenses(301,725) (395,482) (523,971) (681,651) (687,129)Equity awards compensation expense19,601 23,989 43,259 72,351 67,076Depreciation and Amortization expense9,758 14,699 18,310 36,808 36,153Pension service costs504 441 524 1,231 1,691Acquisition-related costs— — 2,921 6 1,738Acquisition-related deferred price consideration950 (1,894) 85 — —Restructuring— — — 4,859 (53)Total Non-GAAP Operating expenses$(270,912) $(358,247) $(458,872) $(566,396) $(580,524) Non-GAAP Operating Expenses are our consolidated operating expenses adjusted to eliminate the impact of depreciation and amortization, equity awards compensationexpense, pension service costs, restructuring costs, acquisition-related costs and deferred price consideration. The Company uses Non-GAAP Operating Expenses to understandand compare operating results across accounting periods, for internal budgeting and forecasting purposes, for short-term and long-term operational plans, and to assess andmeasure our financial performance and the ability of our operations to generate cash. We believe Non-GAAP Operating Expenses reflects our ongoing operating expenses in amanner that allows for meaningful period-to-period comparisons and analysis of trends in our business. As a result, we believe that Non-GAAP Operating Expenses provides usefulinformation to investors in understanding and evaluating our core operating performance and trends in the same manner as our management and in comparing financial resultsacross periods. In addition, Non-GAAP Operating Expenses is a key component in calculating Adjusted EBITDA, which is one of the key measures we use to provide its quarterlyand annual business outlook to the investment community.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.63Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Consolidated Statements of Financial Position Data: Year Ended December 31, 20142015201620172018 (in thousands)Cash and cash equivalents$351,827$353,537$270,317$414,111$364,426Total assets$686,510$841,719$1,211,186$1,531,300$1,597,135Trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtfulaccounts$192,595$261,581$397,244$484,101$473,901Total financial liabilities$14,780$10,428$85,580$3,657$3,508Total liabilities$270,155$362,696$601,309$633,602$629,244Total equity$416,355$479,023$609,877$897,698$967,891Other Financial and Operating Data: Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands, except number of clients)Number of clients7,19010,19814,46818,11819,419Revenue ex-TAC (3)$402,757$534,017$730,235$941,136$965,980Adjusted net income (4)$70,846$89,835$136,777$183,311$168,738Adjusted EBITDA (5)$105,352$143,435$224,572$309,584$321,059(3) We define Revenue ex-TAC as our revenue excluding traffic acquisition costs, or TAC, generated over the applicable measurement period. Revenue ex-TAC is not a measurecalculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We have included Revenue ex-TAC in this Form 10-K because it is a key measure used by our management and board of directors toevaluate operating performance, generate future operating plans and make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. In particular, we believe that the elimination of TACfrom revenue can provide a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our core business. Accordingly, we believe that Revenue ex-TAC provides useful information toinvestors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations in the same manner as our management and board of directors. Revenue ex-TAC has limitations as ananalytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under U.S. GAAP. Some of these limitations are: (a) othercompanies, including companies in our industry which have similar business arrangements, may address the impact of TAC differently; and (b) other companies may reportRevenue ex-TAC or similarly titled measures but calculate them differently, which reduces their usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these and other limitations, youshould consider Revenue ex-TAC alongside our U.S. GAAP financial results, including revenue . The following table presents a reconciliation of Revenue ex-TAC to revenue, themost directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Revenue$988,249$1,323,169$1,799,146$2,296,692$2,300,314Adjustment: Traffic acquisition costs(585,492)(789,152)(1,068,911)(1,355,556)(1,334,334)Revenue ex-TAC$402,757 $534,017 $730,235 $941,136 $965,98064Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.(4) We define Adjusted Net Income as our net income adjusted to eliminate the impact of equity awards compensation expense, amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets,restructuring costs, acquisition-related costs and deferred price consideration and the tax impact of the foregoing adjustments. Adjusted Net Income is not a measure calculated inaccordance with U.S. GAAP. We have included Adjusted Net Income in this Form 10-K because it is a key measure used by our management and board of directors to evaluateoperating performance, generate future operating plans and make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. In particular, we believe that the elimination of equityawards compensation expense, amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets, restructuring costs, acquisition-related costs and deferred price consideration and the tax impactof the foregoing adjustments in calculating Adjusted Net Income can provide a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our core business. Accordingly, we believe thatAdjusted Net Income provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations in the same manner as our management andboard of directors. Our use of Adjusted Net Income has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financialresults as reported under U.S. GAAP. Some of these limitations are: (a) Adjusted Net Income does not reflect the potentially dilutive impact of equity-based compensation or theimpact of certain acquisition related costs; and (b) other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted Net Income or similarly titled measures differently,which reduces their usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these and other limitations, you should consider Adjusted Net Income alongside our U.S. GAAP financialresults, including net income. The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted Net Income to net income, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, for each of theperiods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Net income$46,896$62,276$87,329$96,659$95,879Adjustments:Equity awards compensation expense (a)19,60123,98943,25972,35167,076Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets3,9026,3424,13117,73115,821Acquisition-related costs——2,92161,738Acquisition-related deferred price consideration950(1,894)85——Restructuring costs———7,356(53)Tax impact of the above adjustments(503)(878)(948)(10,792)(11,723)Adjusted net income$70,846 $89,835 $136,777 $183,311 $168,738(a) Excludes $0.7 million and $(0.5) million disclosed as restructuring costs as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.65Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.(5) We define Adjusted EBITDA as our consolidated earnings before financial income (expense), income taxes, depreciation and amortization, adjusted to eliminate the impact ofequity awards compensation expense, pension service costs, restructuring costs, acquisition-related costs and deferred price consideration. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measurecalculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We have included Adjusted EBITDA in this Form 10-K because it is a key measure used by our management and board of directors toevaluate operating performance, generate future operating plans and make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. In particular, we believe that the elimination ofequity awards compensation expense, pension service costs, restructuring costs, acquisition-related costs and deferred price consideration in calculating Adjusted EBITDA canprovide a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our core business. Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and othersin understanding and evaluating our results of operations in the same manner as our management and board of directors. Our use of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as ananalytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under U.S. GAAP. Some of these limitations are:(a) although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does notreflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements; (b) Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cashrequirements for, our working capital needs; (c) Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the potentially dilutive impact of equity-based compensation; (d) Adjusted EBITDA does notreflect tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us; and (e) other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted EBITDA orsimilarly titled measures differently, which reduces their usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these and other limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDAalongside our U.S. GAAP financial results, including net income. The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most directly comparableU.S. GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Net income$46,896$62,276$87,329$96,659$95,879Adjustments:Financial expense (income) net(11,390)4,5415469,5345,084Provision for income taxes17,5789,51733,12931,65146,144Equity awards compensation expense (a)19,60123,98943,25972,35167,076Pension service costs5044415241,2311,691Depreciation and amortization expense31,21344,56556,77990,796103,500Acquisition-related costs——2,92161,738Acquisition-related deferred price consideration950(1,894)85——Restructuring costs———7,356(53)Total net adjustments58,456 81,159 137,243 212,925 225,180Adjusted EBITDA$105,352 $143,435 $224,572 $309,584 $321,059(b) Excludes $0.7 million and $(0.5) million disclosed as restructuring costs as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.66Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsThe following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financialstatements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.OverviewWe are a global technology company building the leading Advertising Platform for the Open Internet. We strive to deliver impactful business results at scaleto commerce companies and consumer brands by meeting their multiple marketing goals at their targeted return on investment. Using shopping data,predictive technology and large consumer reach, we help our clients drive Awareness, Consideration and Conversion for their products and services1, andhelp retailers generate advertising revenues from consumer brands. Our data is pooled among our clients and offers deep insights into consumer intent andpurchasing habits. To drive measurable results for clients, we activate our data assets through proprietary AI technology to engage consumers in real timethrough the pricing and delivery of highly relevant digital advertisements, across devices and environments. By pricing our offering on a range of pricingmodels and measuring our value based on clear, well-defined performance metrics, we make the return on investment transparent and easy to measure foradvertisers.Our clients include some of the largest and most sophisticated commerce companies in the world, along with world-class consumer brands. We partner withthem to capture user activity on their websites and mobile applications ("apps"), which we define as digital properties, and optimize the performance of theirads based on that activity and other data. Demonstrating the depth and scale of our data, we collected data on over $800 billion in online sales transactions2on our clients' digital properties in the year ended December 31, 2018. Based on this data and other assets, we delivered targeted ads that generated over 10billion clicks2 in the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we served more than 19,000 clients and, in each of the last three years, ouraverage client retention rate, as measured on a quarterly basis, was approximately 90%2. We serve a wide range of clients and our revenue is not concentratedwithin any single client or group of clients. In 2016, 2017 and 2018, our largest client represented 2.0%, 1.9% and 2.0% of our revenue, respectively, and in2018, our largest 10 clients represented 11.7% of our revenue in the aggregate. There is no group of customers under common control or customers that areaffiliates of each other constituting an aggregate amount equal to 10% or more of our consolidated revenues, the loss of which would have a material adverseeffect on the Company.The Advertising Platform for the Open Internet is currently comprised of two families of solutions: Criteo Marketing Solutions and Criteo Retail Media. Allproducts leverage the same technology in the Criteo AI Engine.We operate in 98 countries through a network of 31 offices located in Europe, Middle East, Africa (EMEA), the Americas and Asia-Pacific. As a result of oursignificant international operations, our revenue from outside of France, our home country, accounted for 93.3% of our revenue for year ended December 31,2018.The Company's foreign currency risk exposure to the British pound, the Japanese yen, the Brazilian real and the U.S dollar against the euro (the euro stillremains the Group's functional currency) is described in Item 7 note B. Liquidity and Capital Resources to our Management's Discussion and Analysisincluded elsewhere in this Form 10-K.___________________________________________________ 1 Driving Awareness for a brand means exposing its brand name to consumers who have not been in touch with the brand before, thereby creating brand awareness from suchconsumers. Driving Consideration for an advertiser's products or services means attracting prospective new consumers to consider engaging with and/or buying this advertiser'sproducts or services. Driving Conversion for an advertisers' products or services means triggering a purchase by consumers who have already engaged with this advertisers products orservices in the past.2 Excluding Criteo Retail Media67Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Our financial results include:•Revenue of $1,799.1 million, $2,296.7 million and 2,300.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively;•Revenue ex-TAC, which is a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure, of $730.2 million, $941.1 million and $966.0 million for the years endedDecember 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively;•Net Income of $87.3 million, $96.7 million and $95.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively; and•Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure, of $224.6 million, $309.6 million and $321.1 million for the years endedDecember 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.Please see footnotes 3, 4 and 5 to the Other Financial and Operating Data table in “Item 6. Selected Financial Data” in this Form 10-K for a reconciliation ofRevenue to Revenue ex-TAC, Net Income to Adjusted EBITDA and Net Income to Adjusted Net Income respectively, in each case the most directlycomparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States or "U.S. GAAP".We are focused on maximizing Revenue ex-TAC. We believe this focus builds sustainable long-term value for our business and fortifies a number of ourcompetitive strengths, including a highly liquid marketplace for Display Advertising. As part of this focus, we seek to maximize our percentage of overallmarketing spend in the Display Advertising market over the long-term. In addition, this focus enriches liquidity for both advertisers and publishers resultingin more effective advertising for clients, better monetization for publishers and more relevant advertisements for consumers. We believe our results ofoperations reflect this focus. AcquisitionsOn October 29, 2018, we acquired Manage, a Silicon Valley-based company with an attractive app install advertising solution.On August 3, 2018, we acquired Storetail, a Paris-based pioneering retail media technology platform enabling retailers to monetize native placements ontheir ecommerce sites.On November 9, 2016, we completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Hooklogic, a New York-based company connecting many of theworld's largest ecommerce retailers with consumer brands. We now offer HookLogic's products under the "Criteo Sponsored Products" name.On May 31, 2016, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Monsieur Drive, a Paris-based company building advertising products for the consumerpackaged goods vertical.Transition to U.S. GAAP and Change in Reporting CurrencyAs of June 30, 2015, we no longer met the requirements to qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act. As a result, we began reporting as adomestic registrant as of January 1, 2016 and we are required under current SEC rules to prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP,rather than IFRS, and to present our financial information in U.S. dollars instead of euros. The transition from consolidated financial statements under IFRS toU.S. GAAP only impacted the presentation of our consolidated statement of financial position (order of liquidity) and of our consolidated statement of cashflows (effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents). The functional currency of the Company remains the euro, while our reporting currencychanged from the euro to the U.S. dollar. Consequently, since we incur portions of our expenses and derive revenues in currencies other than the euro, we areexposed to foreign currency exchange risk as our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Foreignexchange risk exposure also arises from intra-company transactions and financing with subsidiaries that have a functional currency different than the euro.68Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.A.Operating Results.Basis of PresentationThe key elements of our results of operations include:RevenueWe sell personalized display advertisements featuring product-level recommendations either directly to clients or to advertising agencies. Historically, theCriteo model has focused solely on converting our clients' website visitors into customers, enabling us to charge our clients only when users engage with anad we deliver, usually by clicking on it. More recently, we have expanded our solutions to address a broader range of marketing goals for our clients.We offer two families of solutions to our commerce and brand clients:•Criteo Marketing Solutions allow commerce companies to address multiple marketing goals by engaging their consumers with personalized adsacross the web, mobile and offline store environments.•Criteo Retail Media solutions allow retailers to generate advertising revenues from consumer brands, and/or to drive sales for themselves, bymonetizing their data and audiences through personalized ads, either on their own digital property or on the open Internet, that address multiplemarketing goals.In conjunction with expanding our solutions, we have also started expanding our pricing models to now include a combination of cost-per-install and cost-per-impression for selected new solutions, in addition to cost-per-click.We recognize revenues when we transfer control of promised services directly to our clients or to advertising agencies, which we collectively refer to as ourclients, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services.For campaigns priced on a cost-per-click and cost-per-install basis, we bill our clients when a user clicks on an advertisement we deliver or installs anapplication by clicking on an advertisement we delivered, respectively. For these pricing models, we recognize revenue when a user clicks on anadvertisement or installs an application. For campaigns priced on a cost-per-impression basis, we bill our clients based on the number of times an advertisement is displayed to an user. For thispricing model, we recognize revenue when an advertisement is displayed.We act as principal in our arrangements because (i) we control the advertising inventory (spaces on websites) before it is transferred to our clients; (ii) we bearsole responsibility for fulfillment of the advertising promise and inventory risks and (iii) we have full discretion in establishing prices. Therefore, based onthese factors, we report revenue earned and the related costs incurred on a gross basis.Cost of RevenueOur cost of revenue primarily includes traffic acquisition costs and other cost of revenue.Traffic Acquisition Costs. Traffic acquisition costs consist primarily of purchases of impressions from publishers on a CPM basis. We purchase impressionsdirectly from publishers or third-party intermediaries, such as advertisement exchanges. We recognize cost of revenue on a publisher by publisher basis asincurred. Costs owed to publishers but not yet paid are recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as trade payables.For some solutions within Criteo Retail Media, we pay for the inventory of our retailer partners on a revenue sharing basis, effectively paying the retailers aportion of the click-based revenue generated by user clicks on the sponsored products advertisements displaying the products of our consumer brand clients.For a discussion of the trends we expect to see in traffic acquisition costs, see the section entitled " - Highlights and Trends - Revenue ex-TAC" in Item 7.D -Trend Information below.Other Cost of Revenue. Other cost of revenue includes expenses related to third-party hosting fees, depreciation of data center equipment and the cost of datapurchased from third parties. The Company does not build or operate its own data centers and none of its Research and Development employments arededicated to revenue generating activities. As a result, we do not include the costs of such personnel in other cost of revenue.69Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Operating ExpensesOperating expenses consist of research and development, sales and operations, and general and administrative expenses. Salaries, bonuses, equity awardscompensation, pension benefits and other personnel-related costs are the most significant components of each of these expense categories. We grew from1,841 employees at January 1, 2016 to 2,744 employees at December 31, 2018, and we expect to continue to hire a significant number of new employees inorder to support our anticipated revenue growth.We include equity awards compensation expense in connection with grants of share options, warrants, and restricted share units ("RSUs") in the applicableoperating expense category based on the respective equity award recipient’s function (Research and development, Sales and operations, General andadministrative).Research and Development Expense. Research and development expense consists primarily of personnel-related costs for our employees working in theengine, platform, site reliability engineering, scalability, infrastructure, engineering program management, product, analytics and other teams, includingsalaries, bonuses, equity awards compensation and other personnel related costs. Our research and development function was supplemented in January 2013to include a dedicated product organization following the appointment of a Chief Product Officer. Also included are non-personnel costs such assubcontracting, consulting and professional fees to third-party development resources, allocated overhead and depreciation and amortization costs. Theseexpenses are partially offset by the French research tax credit that is conditional upon the level of our expenditures in research and development.Our research and development efforts are focused on enhancing the performance of our solution and improving the efficiency of the services we deliver to ourclients and publisher partners. All development costs, principally headcount-related costs, are expensed as management determines that technologicalfeasibility is reached, shortly before the release of the developed products or features. As a result, the development costs incurred after the establishment oftechnological feasibility and before the release of those products or features are not material and, accordingly, are expensed as incurred. Capitalized costsmainly relates to internally developed internal-use software and IT licenses.The number of employees in research and development functions grew from 399 at January 1, 2016 to 675 at December 31, 2018. We expect research anddevelopment expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars but remain fairly constant as a percentage of our revenue. We believe our continuedinvestment in research and development to be critical to maintaining and improving our technology within the Advertising Platform for the Open Internet,our quality of service and our competitive position.Sales and Operations Expense. Sales and operations expense consists primarily of personnel-related costs for our employees working in our sales, accountstrategy, sales operations, publisher business development, analytics, marketing, technical solutions, creative services and other teams, including salaries,bonuses, equity awards compensation, and other personnel-related costs. Additional expenses in this category include travel and entertainment, marketingand promotional events, marketing activities, provisions for doubtful accounts, subcontracting, consulting and professional fees paid to third parties,allocated overhead and depreciation and amortization costs. The number of employees in sales and operations functions grew from 1,124 at January 1, 2016to 1,574 at December 31, 2018. In order to continue to grow our business, geographic footprint and brand awareness, we expect to continue to invest in ourresources in sales and operations, in particular by increasing the number of sales and account strategy teams in low penetrated geographic markets and in ourmidmarket organization. As a result, we expect sales and operations expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we invest to acquire new clients, retainexisting ones and grow revenue from existing clients, but to decrease as a percentage of revenue over time as we scale and automate our operationalprocesses, and increase the productivity of our sales and operations teams.General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, equity awardscompensation, pension benefits and other personnel-related costs for our administrative, legal, information technology, human resources, facilities andfinance teams. Additional expenses included in this category include travel-related expenses, subcontracting and professional fees, audit fees, tax servicesand legal fees, as well as insurance and other corporate expenses, along with allocated overhead and depreciation and amortization costs. The number ofemployees in general and administrative functions grew from 318 at January 1, 2016 to 495 at December 31, 2018. We expect our general and administrativeexpense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to support our growth, but to decrease as a percentage of revenue over time as we scale and increase theproductivity of our general and administrative teams.70Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Financial Income (Expense)Financial income (expense) primarily consists of:•exchange differences arising on the settlement or translation into local currency of monetary balance sheet items labeled in euros (the Company'sfunctional currency). We are exposed to changes in exchange rates primarily in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Brazil. The U.S. dollar,the British pound, the Japanese yen and the Brazilian real are our most significant foreign currency exchange risks. At December 31, 2018, our exposureto foreign currency risk was centralized at parent company level and hedged. These exchange differences in euro are then translated into U.S. dollars (theCompany's reporting currency) according to the average euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate.•interest received on our cash and cash equivalents and interest incurred on outstanding borrowings under our debt loan agreements and revolving creditfacilities ("RCFs").We monitor foreign currency exposure and look to mitigate exposures through normal business operations and hedging strategies.Provision for Income TaxesWe are subject to potential income taxes in France, the United States and numerous other jurisdictions. We recognize tax liabilities based on estimates ofwhether additional taxes will be due. These tax liabilities are recognized when we believe that certain positions may not be fully sustained upon review bytax authorities, notwithstanding our belief that our tax return positions are supportable.Our effective tax rates differ from the statutory rate applicable to us primarily due to valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, differences between domesticand foreign jurisdiction tax rates, Research Tax Credit offsets, which are non-taxable items, potential tax audit provision settlements, share-basedcompensation expenses that are non-deductible in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances, and transfer pricing adjustments. We license access to ourtechnology to our subsidiaries and charge a royalty fee to these subsidiaries for such access. In France, we benefit from a reduced tax rate of 15% on a largeportion of this technology royalty income.On September 27, 2017, we received a draft notice of proposed adjustment from the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") audit of Criteo Corp. for the year endedDecember 31, 2014, confirmed by the definitive notice dated February 8, 2018. If the IRS prevails in its position, it could result in an additional federal taxliability of an estimated maximum aggregate amount of $15.0 million, excluding relative fees, interest and penalties. We strongly disagree with the IRS'sposition as asserted in the draft notice of proposed adjustment and intend to contest it.No uncertain tax positions were identified as of December 31, 2018.71Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and EstimatesOur consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us tomake estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of revenue, assets, liabilities, costs and expenses. We base our estimates andassumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptionson an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates.An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at thetime the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or if changes in the estimate that are reasonably possible could materiallyimpact the financial statements. We believe estimates associated with revenue recognition, trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful accounts,deferred tax assets, uncertain tax positions, impact of tax reforms in the U.S., goodwill and intangible assets, internal-use software and equity awardscompensation have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policiesand estimates. See Note 1. Principles and Accounting Methods to our audited consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1 for a description ofour other significant accounting policies.Revenue RecognitionWe recognize revenues when we transfer control of promised services directly to our clients or to advertising agencies, which we collectively refer to as ourclients, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services.For campaigns priced on a cost-per-click and cost-per-install basis, we bill our clients when a user clicks on an advertisement we deliver or installs anapplication by clicking on an advertisement we delivered, respectively. For these pricing models, we recognize revenue when a user clicks on anadvertisement or installs an application. For campaigns priced on a cost-per-impression basis, we bill our clients based on the number of times an advertisement is displayed to a user. For this pricingmodel, we recognize revenue when an advertisement is displayed.We act as principal in our arrangements because (i) we control the advertising inventory (spaces on websites) before it is transferred to our clients; (ii) we bearsole responsibility for fulfillment of the advertising promise and inventory risks and (iii) we have full discretion in establishing prices. Therefore, based onthese factors, we report revenue earned and the related costs incurred on a gross basis.Trade Receivables, Net of Allowances for Doubtful AccountsWe carry our accounts receivable at net realizable value. On a periodic basis, our management evaluates our accounts receivable and determines whether toprovide an allowance or if any accounts should be written down and charged to expense as a bad debt. The evaluation is based on a past history ofcollections, current credit conditions, the length of time the trade receivable is past due and a past history of write downs. A trade receivable is consideredpast due if we have not received payments based on agreed-upon terms. A higher default rate than estimated or a deterioration in our major clients’creditworthiness could have an adverse impact on our future results. Allowances for doubtful accounts on trade receivables are recorded in “Sales andOperations” in our consolidated statements of income. We generally do not require any security or collateral to support our trade receivables. The amount ofallowance for doubtful accounts charged to our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was $9.9 million,$13.3 million and $17.7 million, respectively and represented 2.5%, 2.7% and 3.7% of our trade receivables, net of allowances, as of December 31, 2016,2017, and 2018, respectively.Deferred Tax AssetsDeferred taxes are recorded on all temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and on tax losses, using theliability method. Differences are defined as temporary when they are expected to reverse within a foreseeable future. We may only recognize deferred taxassets if, based on the projected taxable incomes within the next three years, we determine that it is probable that future taxable profit will be availableagainst which the unused tax losses and tax credits can be utilized. As a result, the measurement of deferred income tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by avaluation allowance for any tax benefits which are not expected to be realized. If future taxable profits are72Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.considerably different from those forecasted that support recording deferred tax assets, we will have to revise downwards or upwards the amount of thedeferred tax assets, which could have a significant impact on our financial results.This determination requires many estimates and judgments by our management for which the ultimate tax determination may be uncertain.Uncertain Tax PositionsWe recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if we believe that it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examinationby the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. These uncertain tax positions include our estimates for transfer pricing that have beendeveloped based upon analyses of appropriate arms-length prices. Similarly, our estimates related to uncertain tax positions concerning research tax creditsare based on an assessment of whether our available documentation corroborating the nature of our activities supporting the tax credits will be sufficient.Although we believe that we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions (including net interest and penalties), we can provide no assurance thatthe final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. We make adjustments to these reserves in accordance with the income tax accountingguidance when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome ofthese matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination ismade, and could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results.Uncertainties in the interpretation and application of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act could materially affect our taxobligations and effective tax rateThe U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) was enacted on December 22, 2017 and introduces significant changes to U.S.income tax law, effective in 2018. Due to the absence of any guidance and the complexity of the new provisions of the Tax Act, we made reasonableestimates of its effects. The U.S. Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and other standard-setting bodies shall issue guidance on how theprovisions of the Tax Act will be applied or otherwise administered that differ from our interpretation. As a consequence, further to the issuance of any finalguidance, we may have to perform adjustments accordingly that could materially affect our financial position and results of operations as well as our effectivetax rate in the period in which the adjustments are made.Goodwill and Intangible AssetsAcquired intangible assets are accounted for at acquisition cost less accumulated amortization and any impairment loss. Acquired intangible assets areamortized over their estimated useful lives of three to nine years on a straight-line method. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events orchanges in circumstances such as, but not limited to, significant declines in revenue, earnings or cash flows or material adverse changes in the financial andeconomic environment indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may be impaired.Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value maynot be recoverable. The Company has determined that it operates as a single reporting unit and has selected December 31 as the date to perform its annualimpairment test. In the impairment assessment of its goodwill, the Company performs a two-step impairment test, which involves assumptions regardingestimated future cash flows to be derived from the Company. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, the Company may berequired to record impairment for these assets.The first step of the impairment test involves comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its net book value, including goodwill. If the net book valueexceeds its fair value, then the Company would perform the second step of the goodwill impairment test to determine the amount of the impairment loss. Theimpairment loss to be recognized would be calculated by comparing the implied fair value of the Company to its net book value. In calculating the impliedfair value of the Company’s goodwill, the fair value of the Company would be allocated to all of the other assets and liabilities based on their fair values. Theexcess of the fair value of the Company over the amount assigned to its other assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. An impairment losswould be recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value.73Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.There has been no impairment of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, as the Company's reporting unit's fair value wassubstantially in excess of the carrying value based on the annual goodwill impairment test.Internal-Use SoftwareCosts related to customized internal-use software that have reached the application development stage are capitalized. Capitalization of such costs beginswhen the preliminary project stage is complete and stops when the project is substantially complete and is ready for its intended purpose. In making thisdetermination, several analyses for each phase are performed, including analysis of the feasibility, availability of resources, intention to use and futureeconomic benefits. Amortization of these costs begins when capitalization stops and is calculated on a straight-line basis over the assets’ useful livesestimated at three to five years. Costs incurred during the preliminary development stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred.Equity Awards CompensationWe account for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718 - Compensation - Stock Compensation. Under the fair value recognition provisions ofthis guidance, share-based compensation is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense, over the requisiteservice period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Determining the fair value of share-based awards at the grant date requires judgment. The determination of the grant date fair value of RSUs is based on theshare price on the grant date. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of share options. The determination of the grant datefair value of options using an option-pricing model is affected by our estimated ordinary share fair value as well as assumptions regarding a number of othercomplex and subjective variables.These variables include the fair value of our ordinary shares, the exercise price of the option, the expected term of the options, our expected share pricevolatility, risk-free interest rates, and expected dividends, which are estimated as follows:•Fair value of our ordinary shares. Following our initial public offering, we established a policy of using the closing sales price per ADS asquoted on the Nasdaq on the date of grant for purposes of determining the fair value of ordinary shares.•Exercise price of the option. Following our initial public offering, we established a policy of using the closing sales price per ADS as quoted onthe Nasdaq on the date of grant for purposes of determining the exercise price with a floor value of 95% of the average of the closing sales priceper ADS for the 20 trading days preceding the grant.•Expected term. The expected term represents the period that our share-based awards are expected to be outstanding. As we do not have sufficienthistorical experience for determining the expected term of the ordinary share option awards granted, we have based our expected term on thesimplified method, which represents the average period from vesting to the expiration of the award.•Expected volatility. Prior to our initial public offering, as we did not have a trading history for our ordinary shares, the expected share pricevolatility for our ordinary shares was estimated by taking the average historic price volatility for industry peers based on daily price observationsover a period equivalent to the expected term of the ordinary share option grants. From the initial public offering, the expected share pricevolatility takes into account the Criteo closing share price from the initial public offering date to the grant date and closing share price ofindustry peers for the remaining expected term of the ordinary share option grant.•Risk-free rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yields of France Treasury securities with maturities similar to the expected term of theoptions for each option group.•Dividend yield. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends and do not presently plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.Consequently, we use an expected dividend yield of zero.74Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.If any of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model changes significantly, share-based compensation for future awards may differ materially comparedwith the awards granted previously.The following table presents the range of assumptions used to estimate the fair value of options granted during the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018Volatility40.4% - 40.6%41.3%40.7% - 41.5%Risk-free interest rate0.00%0.00%0.60% - 0.90%Expected life (in years)6 years6 years6 yearsDividend yield—%—%—%Recent Accounting PronouncementsFor a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to us, see Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1.75Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018RevenueInformation in this Form 10-K with respect to results presented on a constant currency basis was calculated by applying prior period average exchange ratesto current period results. Management reviews and analyzes business results excluding the effect of foreign currency translation because they believe thisbetter represents our underlying business trends. Below is a table which reconciles the actual results presented in this section with the results presented on aconstant currency basis. Year Ended December 31, % change 2016 2017 2018 2016 vs 20172017 vs 2018 (in thousands) Revenue as reported$1,799,146$2,296,692$2,300,314 28% 0.2 %Conversion impact U.S. dollar/other currencies$(5,022)(4,809)(19,118) Revenue at constant currency (*)1,794,124 2,291,883 2,281,196 27% (1)% Americas Revenue as reported$730,873$990,424$954,073 36% (4)%Conversion impact U.S. dollar/other currencies3,952(6,812)7,693 Revenue at constant currency (*)$734,825 $983,612 $961,766 35% (3)% EMEA Revenue as reported$660,523$808,961$839,825 22% 4 %Conversion impact U.S. dollar/other currencies18,976(7,179)(21,553) Revenue at constant currency (*)$679,499 $801,782 $818,272 21% 1 % Asia-Pacific Revenue as reported$407,750$497,307$506,416 22% 2 %Conversion impact U.S. dollar/other currencies(27,950)9,186(5,258) Revenue at constant currency (*)$379,800 $506,493 $501,158 24% 1 %(*) Revenue at constant currency excludes the impact of foreign currency fluctuations and is computed by applying the average exchange rates for the prior year to the following yearfigures.2018 Compared to 2017Revenue for 2018 increased $3.6 million, or 0.2% (or decreased (1)% on a constant currency basis) to $2,300.3 million, compared to 2017. Revenue wasimpacted by the discontinuation of certain products over the period. Revenue from new clients contributed 63% to the year-over-year revenue growth of theperiod, while revenue from existing clients contributed 37%. Business with our existing clients was generally resilient despite significant headwindsresulting in softer contribution to revenue growth. We added 1,301 net new clients across regions and client sizes over the period, a lower volume than theprior year, primarily driven by delayed sales headcount hiring and increased employee attrition, particularly in the midmarket.Offsetting this, clients increasingly used our Criteo Marketing Solutions to address new marketing goals, particularly Consideration, as well as Criteo RetailMedia solutions, launched campaigns in new environments, such as apps, and benefited from our broader direct connections with publishers through CriteoDirect Bidder.Our revenue in the Americas region decreased (4)% (or (3)% on a constant currency basis) to $954.1 million for 2018 compared to 2017. While we sawcontinued strength with our largest existing clients in the United States, execution was more difficult in the midmarket across the region and we experiencedprolonged difficult market conditions in Latin America.76Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.We saw a positive impact from the continued ramp up of our expanded Criteo Marketing Solutions and Criteo Retail Media solutions, in particular in theUnited States. Contribution from existing clients was negatively impacted by user coverage limitations across the region, and the discontinuation of certainproducts over the period. Contribution from new clients was negatively impacted by hiring delays within our sales teams.Our revenue in the EMEA region increased 4% (or 1% on a constant currency basis) to $839.8 million for 2018 compared to 2017. This was largely driven bysolid growth in Germany, Russia and Middle-East, as well as the traction from our broader solutions offering. External negative factors, including theimplementation of the GDPR, as well as some short-term disturbance related to the implementation of our new go-to-market model across the region had atemporary negative impact on revenue growth.Our revenue in the Asia-Pacific region increased 2% (or 1% on a constant currency basis) to $506.4 million for 2018 compared to 2017. Overall, revenuegrowth was driven by a stronger business in Korea (particularly in apps) and India and Japan (particularly with large clients).Additionally, our $2,300.3 million of revenue for 2018 was positively impacted by $19.1 million of currency fluctuations, particularly as a result of thestrengthening of the Japanese yen, the British pound and the euro partially offset by the depreciation of the Brazilian real and the Turkish lira, compared tothe U.S. dollar.The year-over-year decrease in revenue on a constant currency basis was attributable to a slight decrease in the average cost-per-click, not entirely offset bygrowth in the volume of clicks delivered on the advertisements displayed by us.2017 Compared to 2016Revenue for 2017 increased $497.5 million, or 28% (or 27% on a constant currency basis) to $2,296.7 million, compared to 2016. Revenue from net newclients contributed 29.3% to the global year-over-year revenue growth while revenue from existing clients contributed 70.7% to the global year-over-yearrevenue growth. This increase in revenue was primarily driven by continued technology innovation, a broader and improved access to quality publisherinventory, and the addition of clients across regions, client categories and products. Improved technology, better access to inventory through Criteo DirectBidder, our proprietary header bidding technology, and the launch of new solutions within Criteo Marketing Solutions in the fourth quarter of 2017, helpedgenerate more revenue per client, in particular from existing clients. Our ability to drive a large portion of our business from clients that have uncappedbudgets continued to be a key driver in growing our revenue per existing client.The year-over-year increase was the result of our rapid growth across all geographies.Our revenue in the Americas region increased 36% (or 35% on a constant currency basis) to $990.4 million for 2017 compared to 2016. This was driven bythe acquisition of new large clients and our ability to increase their spend with us through the year, the continued increase in revenue from existing largeclients, continued strong traction from midmarket clients across the region, and the increasing contribution of Criteo Retail Media, in particular in the fourthquarter of 2017.Our revenue in the EMEA region increased 22% (or 21% on a constant currency basis) to $809.0 million for 2017 compared to 2016. This was driven by theaddition of several new large and midmarket clients across markets in the region and the continued growth of our revenue from existing clients, in particularcommerce clients, across large and midmarket clients and geographic markets. In 2017, we also significantly expanded the commercial presence of CriteoRetail Media in Europe, which contributed to the regional revenue growth.Our revenue in the Asia-Pacific region increased 22% (or 24% on a constant currency basis) to $497.3 million for 2017 compared to 2016. This was driven bythe continued expansion of our business with existing large clients, in particular in Japan, the addition of new clients in the large client and midmarketcategories across all Asian markets, and continued solid growth across South-East Asian markets, largely supported by continued growth in in-app inventory.Additionally, our $2,296.7 million of revenue for 2017 was positively impacted by $4.8 million of currency fluctuations, particularly as a result of thestrengthening of the Japanese yen and the British pound partially offset by the depreciation of the Brazilian real and the euro, compared to the U.S. dollar.Over 100% of the year-over-year growth in revenue on a constant currency basis was attributable to an increase in the volume of clicks delivered on theadvertisements displayed by us.77Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.The release of Apple’s Intelligent Tracking Prevention feature in Apple's Safari browser, or ITP, on September 19, 2017 had a net negative impact on ourRevenue ex-TAC in the third and fourth quarters of 2017 of less than $1.0 million and $25 million, respectively.Cost of Revenue Year Ended December 31, % change 2016 2017 2018 2016 vs 20172017 vs 2018 (in thousands, except percentages) Traffic acquisition costs$(1,068,911)$(1,355,556)$(1,334,334) 27% (2)%Other cost of revenue(85,260)(121,641)(131,744) 43% 8%Total cost of revenue$(1,154,171) $(1,477,197) $(1,466,078) 28% (1)%% of revenue(64)% (64)% (64)% Gross profit %36 % 36 % 36 % 2018 Compared to 2017Cost of revenue for 2018 decreased $(11.1) million, or (1)%, compared to 2017. This decrease was primarily the result of a $(21.2) million, or (2)% (or (2)%on a constant currency basis), decrease in traffic acquisition costs and a $10.1 million, or 8% (or 8% on a constant currency basis), increase in other cost ofrevenue.The decrease in traffic acquisition costs related primarily to a (2.7)% decrease (or (3.2)% decrease on a constant currency basis) in the average CPM forinventory purchased, partly offset by an increase of 1.2% in the total number of impressions we purchased. The increase in the volume of purchasedimpressions reflects our expanding relationships with existing and new publisher partners to support the growth in our client demand for advertisingcampaigns. The year-over-year decrease in average CPM was driven by a combination of factors, including the effectiveness of our Criteo Direct Bidder,which allows to buy quality inventory directly from large publishers and remove intermediary fees in the process, as well as of the growing share of in-appinventory in our business, which inventory cost tends to be slightly lower than that in the web browser environment.The increase in other cost of revenue includes a $13.1 million increase in allocated depreciation and amortization expense and a $0.1 million increase inother cost of sales partially offset by a $3.1 million decrease in hosting costs.2017 Compared to 2016Cost of revenue for 2017 increased $323.0 million, or 28%, compared to 2016. This increase was primarily the result of a $286.6 million, or 27% (or 27% ona constant currency basis), increase in traffic acquisition costs and a $36.4 million, or 43% (or 44% on a constant currency basis), increase in other cost ofrevenue.The increase in traffic acquisition costs related primarily to an increase of 29.1% in the total number of impressions we purchased, partly offset by a 1.8%decrease (or 1.9% decrease on a constant currency basis) in the average CPM for inventory purchased. The increase in the volume of purchased impressionsreflects our expanding relationships with existing and new publisher partners to support the growth in our client demand for commerce marketing campaigns.The year-over-year decrease in average CPM was driven by a combination of factors, including the effectiveness of our Criteo Direct Bidder, which allows tobuy quality inventory directly from large publishers and remove intermediary fees in the process, as well as of the growing share of in-app inventory in ourbusiness, which inventory cost tends to be lower than that in the web browser environment.The increase in other cost of revenue includes a $15.9 million increase in hosting costs, a $15.8 million increase in allocated depreciation and amortizationexpense and a $4.7 million increase in other cost of sales.78Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Revenue excluding Traffic Acquisition CostsWe consider Revenue ex-TAC as a key measure of our business activity. Our strategy focuses on maximizing our Revenue ex-TAC on an absolute basis overmaximizing our near-term gross margin. We believe this focus builds sustainable long-term value for our business by fortifying a number of our competitivestrengths, including access to advertising inventory, breadth and depth of data and continuous improvement of the Criteo AI Engine’s performance, allowingit to deliver more relevant advertisements at scale. As part of this focus, we continue to invest in building relationships with direct publishers and pursueaccess to leading advertising exchanges.The following table sets forth our revenue, traffic acquisition costs and Revenue ex-TAC by region, including the Americas (North and South America),Europe, Middle East and Africa, or EMEA, and Asia-Pacific: Year Ended December 31, Region 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)RevenueAmericas $730,873$990,424$954,073 EMEA 660,523808,961839,825 Asia-Pacific 407,750497,307506,416 Total $1,799,146 $2,296,692 $2,300,314 Traffic acquisition costsAmericas $(451,774)$(619,393)$(579,597) EMEA (373,664)(450,297)(471,654) Asia-Pacific (243,473)(285,866)(283,083) Total $(1,068,911) $(1,355,556) $(1,334,334) Revenue ex-TAC (1)Americas $279,099$371,031$374,476 EMEA 286,859358,664368,171 Asia-Pacific 164,277211,441223,333 Total $730,235 $941,136 $965,980(1) We define Revenue ex-TAC as our revenue excluding traffic acquisition costs generated over the applicable measurement period. Revenue ex-TAC and Revenue ex-TAC by Region are not measures calculated inaccordance with U.S. GAAP. We have included Revenue ex-TAC and Revenue ex-TAC by Region in this Form 10-K because they are key measures used by our management and board of directors to evaluate operatingperformance and generate future operating plans. In particular, we believe that the elimination of TAC from revenue and review of these measures by region can provide useful measures for period-to-period comparisons ofour core business. Accordingly, we believe that Revenue ex-TAC and Revenue ex-TAC by Region provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations in the samemanner as our management and board of directors. Our use of Revenue ex-TAC and Revenue ex-TAC by Region has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider them in isolation or as a substitute foranalysis of our financial results as reported under U.S. GAAP. Some of these limitations are: (a) other companies, including companies in our industry which have similar business arrangements, may address the impact ofTAC differently; (b) other companies may report Revenue ex-TAC and Revenue ex-TAC by Region or similarly titled measures but define the regions differently, which reduces their effectiveness as a comparative measure;and (c) other companies may report Revenue ex-TAC or similarly titled measures but calculate them differently, which reduces their usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these and other limitations, you shouldconsider Revenue ex-TAC and Revenue ex-TAC by Region alongside our other U.S. GAAP financial results, including revenue. The above table provides a reconciliation of Revenue ex-TAC by region to revenue byregion. Please also refer to footnote 3 to the "Other Financial and Operating Data" table in “Item 6. Selected Financial Data” in this Form 10-K for a reconciliation of Revenue ex-TAC to revenue, the most directlycomparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.79Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Constant Currency ReconciliationInformation in this Form 10-K with respect to results presented on a constant currency basis was calculated by applying prior period average exchange ratesto current period results. Management reviews and analyzes business results excluding the effect of foreign currency translation because they believe thisbetter represents our underlying business trends. Below is a table which reconciles the actual results presented in this section with the results presented on aconstant currency basis: Year Ended December 31, % change 2016 2017 2018 2016 vs 20172017 vs 2018 (in thousands) Revenue as reported$1,799,146 $2,296,692 $2,300,314 28% 0.2%Conversion impact U.S. dollar/other currencies(5,022) (4,809) (19,118) Revenue at constant currency$1,794,124 $2,291,883 $2,281,196 27% (1)% Traffic acquisition costs as reported$(1,068,911) $(1,355,556) $(1,334,334) 27% (2)%Conversion impact U.S. dollar/other currencies3,852 2,186 10,433 Traffic acquisition cost at constant currency$(1,065,059) $(1,353,370) $(1,323,901) 27% (2)% Revenue ex-TAC as reported$730,235 $941,136 $965,980 29% 3%Conversion impact U.S. dollar/other currencies(1,170) (2,624) (8,686) Revenue ex-TAC at constant currency$729,065 $938,512 $957,294 29% 2% Other cost of revenue as reported$(85,260) $(121,641) $(131,744) 43% 8%Conversion impact U.S. dollar/other currencies(40) (990) (114) Other cost of revenue at constant currency$(85,300) $(122,631) $(131,858) 44% 8% 80Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Research and Development Expenses Year Ended December 31, % change 2016 2017 2018 2016 vs 20172017 vs 2018 (in thousands, except percent of revenue) Research and development expenses$(123,649)$(173,925)$(179,263) 41% 3%% of revenue(7)% (8)% (8)% 2018 Compared to 2017Research and development expenses for 2018 increased $5.3 million, or 3%, compared to 2017. This increase mainly related to an increase of headcount-related costs and other expenses, partially offset by an increase in the French Research Tax Credit.2017 Compared to 2016Research and development expenses for 2017 increased $50.3 million, or 41%, compared to 2016. This increase mainly related to an increase of headcount-related costs and allocated depreciation and amortization expense partially offset by an increase in the French Research Tax Credit.Sales and Operations Expenses Year Ended December 31, % change 2016 2017 2018 2016 vs 20172017 vs 2018 (in thousands, except percent of revenue) Sales and operations expenses $(282,853)$(380,649)$(372,707) 35% (2)%% of revenue (16)% (17)% (16)% 2018 Compared to 2017Sales and operations expenses for 2018 decreased $(7.9) million, or (2)%, compared to 2017. This decrease mainly related to a decrease in headcount-relatedcosts, internal and marketing events costs and operating taxes in Brazil and Singapore partially offset by an increase of bad debt expense.2017 Compared to 2016Sales and operations expenses for 2017 increased $97.8 million, or 35%, compared to 2016. This increase mainly related to an increase in headcount-relatedcosts, marketing events costs, allocated depreciation and amortization expense, provisions for doubtful accounts and other expenses including bad debts andother operating taxes.81Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.General and Administrative Expenses Year Ended December 31, % change 2016 2017 2018 2016 vs 20172017 vs 2018 (in thousands, except percent of revenue) General and administrative expenses$(117,469)$(127,077)$(135,159) 8% 6%% of revenue(7)% (6)% (6)% 2018 Compared to 2017General and administrative expenses for 2018 increased $8.1 million, or 6%, compared to 2017. This increase mainly related to an increase of headcount-related costs and consulting fees relating to the Storetail and Manage acquisitions.2017 Compared to 2016General and administrative expenses for 2017 increased $9.6 million, or 8%, compared to 2016. This increase mainly related to an increase of headcount-related costs, allocated depreciation and amortization expense, and other operating expenses. Financial Expense Year Ended December 31, % change 2016 2017 2018 2016 vs 20172017 vs 2018 (in thousands, except percent of revenue) Financial expense$(546) $(9,534) $(5,084) nm (47)%% of revenue— % (0.4)% (0.2)% 2018 Compared to 2017Financial expense for 2018 decreased by $(4.5) million, or (47)% compared to 2017. The $5.1 million financial expense for the period ended December 31,2018 was mainly driven by the non-utilization costs and upfront fees amortization incurred as part of our available revolving credit facility RCF financing.The hedging costs related to the intra-group position between Criteo S.A. and its U.S subsidiary in the context of the funding of the HookLogic acquisitionwas lower in the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period ended in 2017 as this intra-group position no longer requires hedging followingthe qualification as a net investment in a foreign operation in February 2018. At December 31, 2018, our exposure to foreign currency risk was centralized atCriteo S.A. and hedged using foreign currency swaps or forward purchases or sales of foreign currencies.2017 Compared to 2016Financial expense for 2017 increased by $9.0 million compared to 2016. The $9.5 million financial expense for the period ended December 31, 2017 resultedfrom the interest incurred as a result of the $75.0 million drawn on the revolving credit facility entered into in September 2015 (as amended in March 2017)and the hedging cost related to an intra-group position between Criteo S.A. and its U.S. subsidiary, both in the context of the funding of the HookLogicacquisition in November 2016, as well as the non-utilization fees incurred as part of our available RCF financing. At December 31, 2017, our exposure toforeign currency risk is centralized at Criteo S.A. and hedged using foreign currency swaps or forward purchases or sales of foreign currencies. 82Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Provision for Income Taxes Year Ended December 31, % change 2016 2017 2018 2016 vs 20172017 vs 2018 (in thousands, except percent information) Provision for income taxes$(33,129)$(31,651)$(46,144) (4)% 46%% of revenue(2)% (1)% (2)% Effective tax rate27.5 % 24.7 % 32.5 % 2018 Compared to 2017The provision for income taxes for 2018 increased by $14.5 million, or (46)%, compared to 2017. The annual effective tax rate for 2018 was 32.5%,compared to an annual effective tax rate of 24.7% for 2017. Generally, the annual effective tax rates differ from statutory rates primarily due to the impact ofthe domestic tax deduction applicable to technology royalty income we received from our subsidiaries, differences in tax rates in foreign jurisdictions, taxloss carryforwards in certain of our foreign subsidiaries, non-recognition of deferred tax assets related to tax losses and temporary differences, recognition ofpreviously unrecognized tax losses and equity awards compensation expense.In 2018, our income before taxes increased by $13.7 million to $142.0 million, compared to 2017, generating a $48.9 million theoretical income tax expenseat a nominal standard French tax rate of 34.43%. This theoretical tax expense is impacted primarily by the following items contributing to a $46.1 millioneffective tax expense and a 32.5% effective tax rate: $17.7 million of net effect of share-based compensation, $11.7 million of deferred tax assets on which werecognized a valuation allowance (mainly related to Criteo Ltd, Criteo Corp., Criteo Pty and Criteo do Brasil LTDA), $12.0 million of permanent differences(mainly based on employee costs, depreciation expenses and intercompany transactions), $3.8 million related to the French business tax Cotisation sur laValeur Ajoutée des Entreprises, or “CVAE”, offset by a $38.6 million tax deduction resulting from technology royalty income we received from oursubsidiaries, $10.2 million Research and Development tax credit and the recognition or reversal of valuation allowance on deferred tax assets for $4.5 million(mainly for Criteo Advertising (Beijing) Co. Ltd) and $1.8 million relating to other tax adjustments. Please see Note 22 to our audited consolidated financialstatements for more detailed information on the provision for income taxes.Amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements are calculated at the level of each subsidiary within our consolidated financial statements. As atDecember 31, 2018, the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets amounted to $43.2 million. It mainly related to Criteo Corp. ($18.6 million), CriteoLtd ($7.2 million), Criteo China ($3.5 million), Criteo Brazil ($3.6 million), Criteo Singapore ($2.9 million) and Criteo France ($3.9 million).2017 Compared to 2016The provision for income taxes for 2017 decreased by $1.5 million, or 4%, compared to 2016. The annual effective tax rate for 2017 was 24.7%, compared toan annual effective tax rate of 27.5% for 2016. Generally, the annual effective tax rates differ from statutory rates primarily due to the impact of the domestictax deduction applicable to technology royalty income we received from our subsidiaries, differences in tax rates in foreign jurisdictions, tax losscarryforwards in certain of our foreign subsidiaries and equity awards compensation expense.In 2017, our income before taxes increased by $7.9 million to $128.3 million, compared to 2016, generating a $44.2 million theoretical income tax expenseat a nominal standard French tax rate of 34.43%. This theoretical tax expense is impacted primarily by the following items contributing to a $31.6 millioneffective tax expense and a 24.7% effective tax rate: $14.4 million of deferred tax assets on which we recognized a valuation allowance mainly related toCriteo Ltd, Criteo Corp., Criteo Pty (Australia) and Criteo Advertising (Beijing) Co. Ltd tax losses, $0.6 million of net effect of share-based compensation,$2.9 million related to the CVAE, $13.1 million relating to the decrease of the American federal income tax rate on deferred tax assets positions offset by $6.4million relating to deferred tax liabilities recognized on HookLogic intangible assets transferred from Criteo Corp. to Criteo entities at local income tax rates,a $29.4 million tax deduction resulting from technology royalty income we received from our subsidiaries, a $4.6 million Criteo Corp. Research andDevelopment tax credit and the recognition or reversal of valuation allowance on deferred tax assets for $4.9 million (mainly for Criteo Brazil.) and $1.8million relating to other tax adjustments. Please see Note 22 to our audited consolidated financial statements for more detailed information on the provisionfor income taxes.83Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements are calculated at the level of each subsidiary within our consolidated financial statements. As atDecember 31, 2017, the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets amounted to $35.1 million. It mainly related to Criteo Corp including Hooklogic($14.7 million), Criteo Ltd ($6.3 million), Criteo China ($6.6 million) and Criteo France ($3.0 million).Net Income Year Ended December 31, % change 2016 2017 2018 2016 vs 20172017 vs 2018 (in thousands, except percent of revenue) Net income$87,329$96,659$95,879 11% (1)%% of revenue5% 4% 4% 2018 Compared to 2017Net income for 2018 decreased $(0.8) million, or (1)% compared to 2017. This decrease was the result of the factors discussed above, in particular a $9.3million increase in income from operations and a $(4.5) million decrease in financial expense offset by a $14.5 million increase in provision for income taxescompared to 2017.2017 Compared to 2016Net income for 2017 increased $9.3 million, or 11% compared to 2016. This increase was the result of the factors discussed above, in particular a $16.8million increase in income from operations which was partially offset by a $9.0 million increase in financial expense and a $1.5 million increase in provisionfor income taxes compared to 2016.84Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Unaudited Quarterly Results of OperationsThe following tables set forth our unaudited consolidated statement of income data for the last eight quarters, as well as the percentage of revenue for eachline item shown. We derived this information from our unaudited interim consolidated financial information, which, in the opinion of management, includesall adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the information for the quarters presented. Thequarterly results of operations have been prepared by, and are the responsibility of, our management and have not been audited or reviewed by ourindependent registered public accounting firm. You should read this information together with our audited consolidated financial statements and relatednotes beginning on page F-1. Three Months Ended March 31,2017June 30, 2017September 30,2017December 31,2017March 31,2018June 30, 2018September 30,2018December 31,2018 (in thousands)Consolidated Statementsof Income Data: Revenue$516,667$542,022$563,973$674,031$564,164$537,185$528,869$670,096 Cost of revenue (1) Traffic acquisition costs(306,693)(322,200)(329,576)(397,087)(323,746)(306,963)(305,387)(398,238) Other cost of revenue(27,155)(32,808)(29,951)(31,727)(30,059)(29,957)(32,921)(38,807) Gross profit182,819 187,014 204,446 245,217 210,359 200,265 190,561 233,051 Operating expenses (1): Research anddevelopment expenses(39,521)(43,611)(43,860)(46,933)(45,318)(47,544)(41,796)(44,605) Sales and operationsexpenses(90,730)(97,900)(95,184)(96,834)(95,649)(92,726)(90,526)(93,806) General andadministrative expenses(31,516)(32,239)(32,389)(30,934)(34,591)(35,644)(32,463)(32,461) Total operatingexpenses(161,767) (173,750) (171,433) (174,701) (175,558) (175,914) (164,785) (170,872) Income from operations21,052 13,264 33,013 70,516 34,801 24,351 25,776 62,179 Financial income(expense)(2,333)(2,094)(2,886)(2,221)(1,325)(1,006)(1,007)(1,746) Income before taxes18,719 11,170 30,127 68,295 33,476 23,345 24,769 60,433 Provision for incometaxes(4,201)(3,665)(7,858)(15,927)(12,386)(8,638)(6,821)(18,299) Net income$14,518 $7,505 $22,269 $52,368 $21,090 $14,707 $17,948 $42,134 Net income availableto shareholders ofCriteo S.A.12,4425,97019,77453,03019,80913,72617,14337,966Other Financial Data: Revenue ex-TAC (2)$209,974 $219,822 $234,397 $276,944 $240,418 $230,222 $223,482 $271,858Adjusted EBITDA (3)$56,454$54,086$79,116$119,928$77,932$68,774$69,591$104,762(1) Cost of revenue and operating expenses include equity awards compensation expense, pension service costs, depreciation and amortization expense and acquisition-related costs anddeferred price consideration as follows:85Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results. Three Months Ended March 31,2017June 30, 2017September 30,2017December 31,2017March 31,2018June 30, 2018September 30,2018December 31,2018 (in thousands)Equity awards compensationexpense Research and development expenses$3,916$4,461$6,361$6,355$4,555$6,771$4,901$5,005Sales and operations expenses6,7106,4019,8978,3777,8328,6686,9525,793General and administrative expenses4,3144,0565,7705,7326,9164,8065,408(531)Total equity awards compensationexpense (a)$14,940 $14,918 $22,028 $20,464 $19,303 $20,245 $17,261 $10,267 Pension service costs Research and development expenses$146$151$161$162$220$212$208$204Sales and operations expenses5960656379758388General and administrative expenses85889496135132128127Total pension service costs$290 $299 $320 $321 $434 $419 $419 $419 Depreciation and amortizationexpense Cost of revenue$11,091$13,003$14,320$15,575$15,249$15,050$16,571$20,477Research and development expenses2,9443,0922,8222,3692,2212,2452,7243,412Sales and operations expenses4,9614,9255,1024,8564,4544,5184,4424,831General and administrative expenses1,1711,2861,5111,7701,7221,7471,8821,955Total depreciation and amortizationexpense$20,167 $22,306 $23,755 $24,570 $23,646 $23,560 $25,619 $30,675 Acquisition-related costs General and administrative expenses$6$—$—$—$—$—$516$1,222Total depreciation and amortizationexpense$6 $— $— $— $— $— $516 $1,222Acquisition-related deferred priceconsideration Research and development expenses$—$—$—$—$—$—$—$—Sales and operations expenses————————General and administrative expenses————————Total acquisition-related deferredprice consideration$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $—Restructuring Cost of revenue$—$2,497$—$—$—$—$—$—Research and development expenses———2,911(348)16——Sales and operations expenses—690—1,135107183——General and administrative expenses—112—11(11)———Total restructuring$— $3,299 $— $4,057 $(252) $199 $— $—(a) Excludes 0.7 million and $(0.5) million disclosed as restructuring costs as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.86Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.(2) We define Revenue ex-TAC as our revenue excluding traffic acquisition costs generated over the applicable measurement period. Revenue ex-TAC is not a measure calculated inaccordance with U.S. GAAP. Please see footnote 3 to the "Other Financial and Operating Data" table in “Item 6. Selected Financial Data” in this Form 10-K for more information.Below is a reconciliation of Revenue ex-TAC to revenue, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Three Months Ended March 31,2017June 30,2017September 30,2017December 31,2017March 31,2018June 30,2018September 30,2018December 31,2018 (in thousands)Reconciliation ofRevenue ex-TAC toRevenue: Revenue$516,667$542,022$563,973$674,031$564,164$537,185$528,869$670,096 Adjustment: Traffic acquisitioncosts(306,693)(322,200)(329,576)(397,087)(323,746)(306,963)(305,387)(398,238) Revenue ex-TAC$209,974 $219,822 $234,397 $276,944 $240,418 $230,222 $223,482 $271,858(3) We define Adjusted EBITDA as our consolidated earnings before financial income (expense), income taxes, depreciation and amortization, adjusted to eliminate the impact ofequity awards compensation expense, pension service costs, restructuring costs, acquisition-related costs and deferred price consideration. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measurecalculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Please see footnote 5 to the "Other Financial and Operating Data" table in “Item 6. Selected Financial Data” in this Form 10-K for moreinformation. Below is a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Three Months Ended March 31,2017June 30,2017September 30,2017December 31,2017March 31,2018June 30,2018September 30,2018December 31,2018 (in thousands)Reconciliation ofAdjusted EBITDA toNet Income: Net Income$14,518$7,505$22,269$52,368$21,090$14,707$17,948$42,134 Adjustments: Financial (income)expense2,3332,0942,8862,2211,3251,0061,0071,746 Provision for incometaxes4,2013,6657,85815,92712,3868,6386,82118,299 Equity awardscompensationexpense (a)14,94014,91822,02820,46419,30320,24517,26110,267 Pension service costs290299320321434419419419 Depreciation andamortization expense20,16722,30623,75524,57023,64623,56025,61930,675 Acquisition-relatedcosts6—————5161,222 Acquisition-relateddeferred priceconsideration———————— Restructuring costs—3,299—4,057(252)199—— Total net adjustments41,937 46,581 56,847 67,560 56,841 54,067 51,643 62,628 Adjusted EBITDA$56,455 $54,086 $79,116 $119,928 $77,931 $68,774 $69,591 $104,762(a) Excludes 0.7 million and $0.5 million disclosed as restructuring costs as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.87Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results. Three Months Ended March 31,2017June 30,2017September 30,2017December 31,2017March 31,2018June 30,2018September 30,2018December 31,2018 (as a percentage of revenue)Statements ofOperations Data: Revenue100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % Cost of revenue Traffic acquisitioncosts(59.4) (59.4) (58.4) (58.9) (57.4) (57.1) (57.7) (59.4) Other cost ofrevenue(5.3) (6.1) (5.3) (4.7) (5.3) (5.6) (6.2) (5.8) Gross profit35.4 34.5 36.3 36.4 37.3 37.3 36.0 34.8 Operating expenses: Research anddevelopmentexpenses(7.6) (8.0) (7.8) (7.0) (8.0) (8.9) (7.9) (6.7) Sales andoperations expenses(17.6) (18.1) (16.9) (14.4) (17.0) (17.3) (17.1) (14.0) General andadministrativeexpenses(6.1) (5.9) (5.7) (4.6) (6.1) (6.6) (6.1) (4.8) Total operatingexpenses(31.3) (32.1) (30.4) (25.9) (31.1) (32.7) (31.2) (25.5) Income fromoperations4.1 2.4 5.9 10.5 6.2 4.5 4.9 9.3 Financial income(expense)(0.5) (0.4) (0.5) (0.3) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.3) Income before taxes3.6 2.1 5.3 10.1 5.9 4.3 4.7 9.0 Provision for incometaxes(0.8) (0.7) (1.4) (2.4) (2.2) (1.6) (1.3) (2.7) Net income2.8 % 1.4 % 3.9 % 7.8 % 3.7 % 2.7 % 3.4 % 6.3 % Net incomeavailable toshareholders ofCriteo S.A.2.4 % 1.1 % 3.5 % 7.9 % 3.5 % 2.6 % 3.2 % 5.7 % Other FinancialData: Revenue ex-TAC40.6 % 40.6 % 41.6 % 41.1 % 42.6 % 42.9 % 42.3 % 40.6 %Adjusted EBITDA10.9 % 10.0 % 14.0 % 17.8 % 13.8 % 12.8 % 13.2 % 15.6 %88Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.B.Liquidity and Capital Resources.Market RiskWe are mainly exposed to changes of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.The functional currency of the Company is the euro, while our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Consequently, as a first step, since we incur portions ofour expenses and derive revenues in currencies other than the euro, we are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk as our results of operations and cashflows are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Foreign exchange risk exposure also arises from intra-company transactions andfinancing with subsidiaries that have a functional currency different than the euro. The statements of financial position of consolidated entities having afunctional currency different from the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at the closing exchange rate (spot exchange rate at the statement of financialposition date) and the statement of income, statement of comprehensive income and statement of cash flow of such consolidated entities are translated at theaverage period to date exchange rate. The resulting translation adjustments are included in equity under the caption “Accumulated Other ComprehensiveIncome” in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity.The $0.5 million financial expense for the period ended December 31, 2016 resulted from the interest incurred as a result of drawing on the General RCF topartially fund the acquisition of HookLogic in November 2016, the negative impact of foreign exchange reevaluations and related hedging mainly recordedduring the first quarter, partially offset by the foreign exchange gain realized on the hedging of the HookLogic acquisition.The $9.5 million financial expense for the period ended December 31, 2017 resulted from the interest incurred as a result of the $75.0 million drawn on theRCF entered into in September 2015 (as amended in March 2017) and the hedging cost related to an intra-group position between Criteo S.A. and its U.S.subsidiary, both in the context of the funding of the HookLogic acquisition in November 2016, as well as the non-utilization fees incurred as part of ouravailable RCF financing.The $5.1 million financial expense for the period ended December 31, 2018 was mainly driven by the non-utilization costs and upfront fees amortizationincurred as part of our available RCF financing. The intra-group position between Criteo S.A. and its U.S subsidiary in the context of the funding of theHookLogic acquisition is qualified as a net investment in a foreign operation from February 2018 and no longer requires hedging, resulting in reduced costscompared to the same period ended December 31, 2017.Since 2013, the Company has had a foreign currency risk management policy in place. At December 31, 2018, our exposure to foreign currency risk wascentralized at Criteo S.A. and hedged using foreign currency swaps or forward purchases or sales of foreign currencies.89Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Foreign Currency RiskA 10% increase or decrease of the British pound, the euro, the Japanese yen or the Brazilian real against the U.S. dollar would have impacted theConsolidated Statements of Income including non-controlling interests as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)GBP/USD+10% -10% +10% -10% +10% -10%Net income impact$(8)$8$(707)$707$(785)$785 Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)BRL/USD+10% -10% +10% -10% +10% -10%Net income impact$412$(412)$1,236$(1,236)$(645)$645 Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)JPY/USD+10% -10% +10% -10% +10% -10%Net income impact$982$(982)$970$(970)$1,404$(1,404) Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)EUR/USD+10% -10% +10% -10% +10% -10%Net income impact$7,785$(7,785)$13,047$(13,047)$11,552$(11,552)Counterparty RiskAs of December 31, 2018, we show a positive net cash position. Since 2012, we utilize a cash pooling arrangement, reinforcing cash managementcentralization. Investment and financing decisions are carried out by our internal central treasury function. We only deal with counterparties with high creditratings. In addition, under our Investment and Risk Management Policy, our central treasury function ensures a balanced distribution between counterpartiesof the investments, no matter the rating of such counterparty.90Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Liquidity RiskWe are mainly exposed to changes of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.Working CapitalThe following table summarizes our cash flows from operations, trade receivables, net of allowances and working capital for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 Cash flows provided by operating activities$245,458 $260,726Trade receivables, net of allowances$484,101 $473,901Working capital (current assets less current liabilities)$370,762 $328,507In addition, the cash flows were also negatively impacted by a $21.0 million change in foreign exchange rates on our cash position over the period. We donot enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.Our policy is to invest any cash in excess of our immediate requirements in investments designed to preserve the principal balance and provide liquidity.Accordingly, our cash and cash equivalents are invested primarily in demand deposit accounts and money market funds that are currently providing only aminimal return.Sources of LiquidityOur principal sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operations. Since our inception, we raised a total of $51.1million aggregate net proceeds from the sale of preferred shares through four private placements. In November 2013, we received aggregate net proceedsbefore expenses of $269.0 million from our initial public offering. In March 2014, we received aggregate net proceeds before expenses of $22.6 million fromour secondary equity offering. We also benefited to a much lesser extent from the proceeds of the exercise of share options and warrants and expect tocontinue to do so in the future, as such securities are exercised by holders.We are party to a loan agreement and several RCFs with third-party financial institutions. Our loan and RCF agreements as of December 31, 2018 arepresented in the table below: Nominal/ Authorizedamounts (RCF Only) Amount drawn as ofDecember 31, 2018(RCF only) Amount Oustanding asof December 31, 2018 Nature(in thousands) Interest rate Settlement date BPI Loan - February 2014NA NA $1,718 Fixed: 2.09% May 2021Other BPI LoansNA NA $986 0% 2023 and afterOther LoansNA NA $169 0% 2024Bank Syndicate RCF -September 2015€350,000 €— €— Floating rate:EURIBOR / LIBOR +margin depending onleverage ratio March 202291Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.For additional information regarding our loan and RCF agreements, please refer to Note 13 - Financial Liabilities and Note 23 - Commitments andcontingencies.All of these loans and RCFs are unsecured and contain customary events of default but do not contain any affirmative, financial or negative covenants, withthe exception of the September 2015 RCF which contains covenants, including compliance with a total net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio and restrictionson the incurrence of additional indebtedness. At December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the required leverage ratio.We are also party to short-term credit lines and overdraft facilities with HSBC Holdings plc, LCL and BNP Paribas. We are authorized to draw up to amaximum of €21.5 million ($24.6 million) in the aggregate under the short-term credit lines and overdraft facilities. As of December 31, 2018, we had notdrawn on either of these facilities. Any loans or overdrafts under these short-term facilities bear interest based on the one month EURIBOR rate or three monthEURIBOR rate. As these facilities are exclusively short-term credit and overdraft facilities, our banks have the ability to terminate such facilities on shortnotice.Operating and Capital Expenditure RequirementsIn 2016, 2017 and 2018, our actual capital expenditures were $77.4 million, $108.5 million and $125.5 million, respectively, primarily related to theacquisition of data center and server equipment, fit out of new offices and internal IT systems. We expect our capital expenditures to remain at the level ofapproximately 5% of revenue for 2019, as we plan to continue to build and maintain additional data center equipment capacity in all regions andsignificantly increase our redundancy capacity to strengthen our infrastructure.As part of our strategy to build upon our market and technology leadership, in 2016 we acquired all of the outstanding shares of HookLogic for a finalpurchase price of $249.0 million financed by (i) a $75.0 million amount drawn on the General RCF and (ii) a $175.1 million amount financed by theavailable cash resources and in 2018 we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Storetail and Manage for $43.7 million and $60.0 million respectively,financed by the available cash resources.We believe our existing cash balances will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements through at least the next 12 months. Our future working capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the rate of our revenue growth, the amount and timing of our investments inpersonnel and capital equipment, and the timing and extent of our introduction of new products and product enhancements.If our cash and cash equivalents balances and cash flows from operating activities are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we may need to raiseadditional funds through equity, equity-linked or debt financings to support our operations, and such financings may not be available to us on acceptableterms, or at all. We may also need to raise additional funds in the event we determine in the future to effect one or more acquisitions of businesses,technologies, assets or products.If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, our operations and ability to execute our business strategy could be adversely affected. If we raiseadditional funds through the incurrence of indebtedness, such indebtedness would have rights that are senior to holders of our equity securities and couldcontain covenants that restrict our operations. Any additional equity financing will be dilutive to our shareholders.Historical Cash FlowsThe following table sets forth our cash flows for 2016, 2017 and 2018:92Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results. Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands) Cash flows provided by operating activities$153,469$245,458$260,726Cash used in investing activities(312,763)(106,253)(226,717)Cash from financing activities$90,570$(29,468)$(62,676)Our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2018 were held for working capital and general corporate purposes, which could include acquisitions. Thedecrease in cash and cash equivalents compared with December 31, 2017, primarily resulted from $260.7 million in cash flows from operating activities offsetby $(226.7) million in cash flows used for investing activities and $(62.7) million used for financing activities.Operating ActivitiesCash flows provided by operating activities are primarily driven by the increase in the number of clients using our solution, the increase in spending from ourexisting clients and investment in personnel and infrastructure to support the anticipated growth of our business. Cash flows provided by operating activitieshave typically been generated from net income and by changes in our operating assets and liabilities, particularly in the areas of accounts receivable andaccounts payable and accrued expenses, adjusted for non-cash and non-operating expense items such as depreciation, amortization, equity awardscompensation, deferred tax assets and income taxes paid.In 2018, net cash flows provided by operating activities were $260.7 million and consisted of net income of $95.9 million and $221.5 million in adjustmentsfor non-cash and non-operating items, by $10.4 million of cash flows from working capital and partially offset by $67.0 million of income taxes paid during2018. Adjustments for non-cash and non-operating items primarily consisted of depreciation and amortization expense of $111.8 million, equity awardscompensation expense of $66.6 million, accrued income taxes of $54.3 million, partially offset by $0.9 million net loss on disposal of non-current assets,$8.2 million of changes in deferred tax assets and by $2.3 million reclassification of the cash impact of the settlement of hedging derivatives to financingactivities. The $10.4 million increase in cash resulting from changes in working capital primarily consisted of $1.4 million decrease in accounts receivable, a$4.0 million decrease in other current assets (including prepaid expenses and VAT receivables) and a $9.0 million increase in accounts payable partiallyoffset by a $4.0 million decrease in accrued expenses such as payroll and payroll related expenses and VAT payables.In 2017, net cash flows provided by operating activities were $245.5 million and consisted of net income of $96.7 million and $212.3 million in adjustmentsfor non-cash and non-operating items partially offset by $7.1 million of cash flows used for working capital and $56.4 million of income taxes paid during2017. Adjustments for non-cash and non-operating items primarily consisted of depreciation and amortization expense of $104.0 million, equity awardscompensation expense of $71.6 million, accrued income taxes of $44.9 million, a net gain on disposal of non-current assets of $0.8 million, reclassificationof the cash impact of the settlement of hedging derivatives to financing activities of $4.1 million, partially offset by $13.3 million of changes in deferred taxassets.The $7.1 million decrease in cash resulting from changes in working capital primarily consisted of $76.9 million increase in accounts receivable and $3.4million increase in other current assets (including prepaid expenses and VAT receivables) driven by increased revenue during the year and, to a lesser extent,an increase in office rental advance payments. This was partially offset by an $32.9 million increase in accounts payable and $40.3 million increase inaccrued expenses such as payroll and payroll related expenses and VAT payables, explained primarily by an increase in traffic acquisition costs, and anincrease in accrued payroll and payroll-related expenses resulting from an increase in the number of our employees.In 2016 net cash flows provided by operating activities were $153.5 million and consisted of net income of $87.3 million and $139.1 million in adjustmentsfor non-cash and non-operating items partially offset by $29.5 million of cash flows used by working capital and $43.5 million of income taxes paid during2016. Adjustments for non-cash and non-operating items primarily consisted of depreciation and amortization expense of $62.7 million, equity awardscompensation expense of $43.3 million and $43.2 million of accrued income taxes, partially offset by $10.0 million of changes in deferred tax assets and$0.1 million of change in non-current assets. The $29.5 million decrease in cash resulting from changes in working capital primarily consisted of $118.0million increase in93Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.accounts receivable and $28.4 million increase in other current assets (including prepaid expenses and VAT receivables) driven by increased revenue duringthe year and, to a lesser extent, an increase in office rental advance payments. This was partially offset by an $81.9 million increase in accounts payable and$35.1 million increase in accrued expenses such as payroll and payroll related expenses and VAT payables, explained primarily by an increase in trafficacquisition costs, and an increase in accrued payroll and payroll-related expenses resulting from an increase in the number of our employees.Prepaid expenses, VAT receivables, and other current assets also increased by $24.1 million, primarily as the result of an increase in our revenue and to alesser extent, an increase in office rental advance payments.Investing ActivitiesOur investing activities to date have consisted primarily of purchases of property and equipment and acquisitions.In 2018, net cash flows used in investing activities were $226.7 million and consisted of $125.5 million for purchases of property and equipment and by$101.2 million related to the Storetail and Manage acquisitions and disposal of a business.In 2017, net cash flows used in investing activities were $106.3 million and consisted of $108.5 million for purchases of property and equipment, partiallyoffset by $1.1 million related to change in acquisition price of HookLogic due to the working capital adjustment and $1.1 million of lease deposits refunds.In 2016, net cash flows used in investing activities were $312.8 million and consisted of $77.4 million for purchases of property and equipment, $235.5million related to the HookLogic and Monsieur Drive acquisitions and $0.2 million of bank deposits or lease deposits related to new premises.Financing ActivitiesIn 2018, net cash used in financing activities was $62.7 million resulting from $1.5 million from proceeds of share option exercises and $16.8 million ofchanges in other financial liabilities relating to the cash impact of the settlement of hedging derivatives, offset by $80.0 million relating to the sharerepurchase program and by $1.0 million for the repayment of borrowings.In 2017, net cash provided by financing activities was $29.5 million resulting from $3.7 million of the drawing on the China RCF, $32.0 million fromproceeds of share option exercises and $24.6 million of changes in other financial liabilities relating to the cash impact of the settlement of hedgingderivatives, offset by $89.7 million for the repayment of drawings on the General RCF used in the context of the acquisition of HookLogic in 2016 and onthe China RCF.In 2016, net cash provided by financing activities was $90.6 million resulting from $84.0 million of new loans (drawings on the General RCF to partiallyfund the consideration paid to acquire all of the outstanding shares of HookLogic and the China RCF) and $20.1 million from proceeds of share optionexercises, partially offset by $13.3 million for repayment of indebtedness and $0.2 million of changes in other financial liabilities.C.Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.We invest substantial resources in research and development to enhance our solution and technology infrastructure, develop new features, conduct qualityassurance testing and improve our core technology. Our engineering group is primarily located in research and development centers in Paris, France; PaloAlto, California; and Ann Arbor, Michigan. We expect to continue to expand the capabilities of our technology in the future and to invest significantly incontinued research and development efforts. We had 675 employees primarily engaged in research and development at December 31, 2018. Research anddevelopment expense totaled $123.6 million, $173.9 million and $179.3 million for 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.D.Trend Information.94Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Key MetricsWe review three key metrics to help us monitor the performance of our business and to identify trends affecting our business. These key metrics includenumber of clients, Revenue ex-TAC, and Adjusted EBITDA. We believe these metrics are useful to understanding the underlying trends in our business. Thefollowing table summarizes our key metrics for 2016, 2017 and 2018. Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands, except number of clients) Number of clients14,46818,11819,419Revenue ex-TAC$730,235$941,136$965,980Adjusted EBITDA$224,572$309,584$321,059Number of ClientsWe define a client to be a unique party from whom we have received an insertion order and delivered an advertisement during the previous 12 months. Webelieve this criteria best identifies clients who are actively using our solution. We count specific brands or divisions within the same business as distinctclients so long as those entities have separately signed insertion orders with us. In the case of some solutions within Criteo Retail Media, we count the parentcompany of the brands as an individual client, even if several distinct brands pertaining to the same parent company have signed separate insertion orderswith us. On the other hand, we count a client who runs campaigns in multiple geographies as a single client, even though multiple insertion orders may beinvolved. When the insertion order is with an advertising agency, we generally consider the client on whose behalf the advertising campaign is conducted asthe “client” for purposes of this calculation. In the event a client has its advertising spend with us managed by multiple agencies, that client is counted as asingle client.We believe that our ability to increase the number of clients is an important indicator of our ability to grow revenue over time. While our client count hasincreased over time, this metric can also fluctuate from quarter to quarter due to the seasonal trends in advertising spend of clients and the timing and amountof revenue contribution from new clients. In addition, over time we have added an increasing number of midmarket clients that generate a lower revenue perclient than large clients on average, and may continue to add a significant number of midmarket clients in the future. Therefore, there is not necessarily adirect correlation between a change in clients in a particular period and an increase or decrease in our revenue.95Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Revenue ex-TACWe consider Revenue ex-TAC as a key measure of our business activity. Our traffic acquisition costs primarily consist of purchases of impressions frompublishers on a CPM basis.Our management views our Revenue ex-TAC as a key measure to evaluate, plan and make decisions on our business activities and sales performance. Inparticular, we believe that the elimination of TAC from revenue can provide a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our business. Accordingly,we believe that Revenue ex-TAC provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations in the samemanner as our management and board of directors. Revenue ex-TAC is not a measure calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Please see footnote 3 to the"Other Financial and Operating Data" table in "Item 6. Selected Financial Data" in this Form 10-K for a discussion of the limitations of Revenue ex-TAC anda reconciliation of Revenue ex-TAC to revenue, the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure, for 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018.Adjusted EBITDAAdjusted EBITDA represents our consolidated earnings before financial income (expense), income taxes, depreciation and amortization, adjusted toeliminate the impact of equity awards compensation expense, pension service costs, restructuring costs and acquisition-related costs and deferred priceconsideration. Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure used by management to evaluate operating performance, generate future operating plans and makestrategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. In particular, we believe that the elimination of equity awards compensation expense, pension servicecosts, restructuring costs and acquisition-related costs and deferred price consideration in calculating Adjusted EBITDA can provide a useful measure forperiod-to-period comparisons of our business.Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operationsin the same manner as our management and board of directors. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Please seefootnote 5 to the "Other Financial and Operating Data" table in "Item 6. Selected Financial Data" in this Form 10-K for a discussion of the limitations ofAdjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure, for 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018.Highlights and TrendsRevenueWe believe the expansion of our business with existing clients as well as the addition of new clients have both been significant drivers of our historicalgrowth. As a result, we believe significant opportunities exist for us to continue to grow our business going forward. Specifically, we believe that continuedinvestments in technology innovation and data, the continued development of Criteo Shopper Graph, the development of new solutions addressing broadermarketing goals and monetization objectives, a broader supply of quality inventory across publishers, the expansion of our client base across commerce andbrands verticals, the addition of new clients across categories, in particular in the midmarket, and a higher penetration of existing geographic markets, willfuel our future growth. However, because of external factors and other factors, we may not be able to maintain our historical growth rates.Revenue ex-TACWe are focused on maximizing our Revenue ex-TAC on an absolute basis. We believe this focus builds sustainable long-term value for our business byfortifying a number of our competitive strengths, including access to Display Advertising inventory, breadth and depth of data and continuous improvementof the Criteo AI Engine’s performance, allowing us to deliver more relevant advertisements at scale. As part of this focus we are continuing to invest inbuilding relationships with direct publishers, including with ecommerce retailers, and increasing access to leading advertising exchanges, which includespurchasing advertising inventory that may have lower margins on an individual impression basis, but generates incremental Revenue ex-TAC. We believethis strategy maximizes the growth of our Revenue ex-TAC on an absolute basis and strengthens our market position. As a result, we expect our trafficacquisition costs to continue to increase on an absolute basis as we continue to grow our revenue. However, our traffic acquisition costs might also increaseas a percentage of revenue as we continue to invest in building liquidity and long-term value for clients and publishers over optimizing near-term grossmargins, and as we grow our new solutions, some of which might involve a higher level of traffic acquisition costs as a percentage of revenue relative to ourhistorical trends.Adjusted EBITDA96Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Our Adjusted EBITDA for 2018 was $321.1 million, a 4% increase over 2017. Our increase in Adjusted EBITDA for 2018 compared to 2017 was primarilythe result of the 3% growth in Revenue ex-TAC over the period. This increase in Adjusted EBITDA was achieved despite continued investments in 2018, inparticular in hosting costs, research and development expenses and sales and operations expenses, and more selective investments in general andadministrative expenses, as we continued to scale our infrastructure and organization, and automate our processes to support future growth. In the short-term,we expect to continue to invest, in particular in research and development and sales resources, and to continue to increase the productivity of our existingresources and the automation of our internal processes, in particular in sales. As a result of these increased investments, we anticipate a temporary decrease inour Adjusted EBITDA margin in 2019. Over time, we expect Adjusted EBITDA to increase as a percentage of our Revenue ex-TAC, as we benefit from alarger scale and operating leverage. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Please see footnote 5 to the "OtherFinancial and Operating Data" table in "Item 6. Selected Financial Data" in this Form 10-K for a discussion of the limitations of Adjusted EBITDA and areconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure.Number of ClientsSince our inception, we have significantly grown the number of clients with which we do business. Our base of clients increased to more than 19,000 atDecember 31, 2018, a 7% increase over December 31, 2017. This growth in our number of clients has been driven by a number of factors, including ourglobal footprint and our commercial expansion in existing markets, our continued development of large clients in the retail, travel and classifieds industryverticals, our expansion of midmarket clients and our penetration into the consumer brand vertical through some of our Criteo Retail Media offerings. Webelieve that our ability to increase our number of clients is a leading indicator of our ability to grow revenue over time. We expect to continue to focus ourattention and investment on further growing our client base across all regions, client categories and verticals, including through the roll-out of our self-service sales platform for the midmarket in 2019. While we intend to grow our client base across all categories, we expect midmarket customers to continue toincrease their contribution in the mix of our total revenue.Client RetentionWe believe our ability to retain and grow revenue from our existing clients is a useful indicator of the stability of our revenue base and the long-term value ofour client relationships. Our technology is designed to enable clients to efficiently and effectively engage and convert consumers through highly targetedand personalized commerce marketing across devices and environments. We measure our client satisfaction through our ability to retain them and therevenue they generate quarter after quarter. We define client retention rate as the percentage of live clients during the previous quarter that continued to belive clients during the current quarter. This metric is calculated on a quarterly basis, and for annual periods, we use an average of the quarterly metrics. Wedefine a live client as a client whose advertising campaign has or had been generating Revenue ex-TAC for us on any day over the relevant measurementperiod. In each of 2016, 2017 and 2018, our client retention rate was approximately 90%1. We define our revenue retention rate with respect to a given 12-month period as (1) revenue recognized during such period from clients that contributed to revenue recognized in the prior 12-month period divided by(2) total revenue recognized in such prior 12-month period. Our revenue retention rate was 120%, 115% and 101% for the years ended December 31, 2016,2017 and 2018, respectively1.SeasonalityOur client base consists primarily of businesses in the digital retail, travel and classifieds industries, which we define as commerce clients. In the digital retailindustry in particular, many businesses devote the largest portion of their advertising spend to the fourth quarter of the calendar year, to coincide withincreased holiday spending by consumers. With respect to Criteo Retail Media, the concentration of advertising spend in the fourth quarter of the calendaryear is particularly pronounced. Our retail commerce clients typically conduct fewer advertising campaigns in the first and second quarters than they do inother quarters, while our travel clients typically increase their travel campaigns in the first and third quarters and conduct fewer advertising campaigns in thesecond quarter. As a result, our revenue tends to be seasonal in nature, but the impact of this seasonality has, to date, been partly offset by our significantgrowth and geographic expansion. If the seasonal fluctuations become more pronounced, our operating cash flows could fluctuate materially from period toperiod.___________________________________________________ 1 Excluding Criteo Retail Media.97Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.E.Off-balance Sheet Arrangements.We do not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance orspecial purpose entities that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. We therefore believe that we are not materially exposed to anyfinancing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in these relationships.F.Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations.The following table discloses aggregate information about material contractual obligations and periods in which payments were due as of December 31,2018. Future events could cause actual payments to differ from these estimates. Less than 1 year 1 to 5 years More than 5 years Total (in thousands of U.S. Dollars) Long-term debt$953 $2,101 $— $3,054Operating leases80,942 110,132 27,469 218,543- Property leases34,013 72,906 27,469 134,388- Hosting leases46,929 37,226 — 84,155Other financial liabilities120 448 — 568Financial derivatives1,703 — — 1,703Other purchase obligations13,266 5,724 — 18,990 Total$83,718 $112,681 $27,469 $223,868The commitment amounts in the table above are associated with contracts that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms,including interest on long-term debt, fixed or minimum services to be used, fixed, minimum or variable price provisions, and the approximate timing of theactions under the contracts. The table does not include obligations under agreements that we can cancel without a significant penalty. Long-term debtincludes interest of $0.1 million. Pension contributions and cash outflows have not been included in the above table as they have been deemed immaterial.G.Safe Harbor.This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act and asdefined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements."Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market RiskWe are mainly exposed to changes of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.For a description of our foreign exchange risk and a sensitivity analysis of the impact of foreign currency exchange rates on our net income, please see "Item7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – B. Liquidity and Capital Resources" in this Form 10-K.Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary DataThe information required by Item 8 is set forth on pages F-1 through F-59 of this Form 10-K.98Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial DisclosureThere have been no changes in our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Associés, or disagreements with our accountants on matters ofaccounting and financial disclosure.Item 9A. Controls and ProceduresEvaluation of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresCriteo carried out an evaluation as of December 31, 2018, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our ChiefExecutive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e)and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures designed to reasonably assure that informationrequired to be disclosed in our reports filed or furnished under the Exchange Act, such as this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is recorded, processed,summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms.Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to reasonably assure that this information is accumulated and communicated to our management,including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, our disclosure controls andprocedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance.Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f)under the Exchange Act. Our management assessed, with the oversight of our board of directors, the effectiveness of our internal control over financialreporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria established in the Internal Control—Integrated Framework(2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, our management has concluded thatthe Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. The effectiveness of the Company's internal control overfinancial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Deloitte & Associés, our independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in itsattestation report, which appears on page F-3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Changes in Internal Control Over Financial ReportingThere were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, thatoccurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2018, that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controlover financial reporting.Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or ourinternal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute,assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, andthe benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls canprovide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Criteo have been detected. These inherent limitations include therealities that judgments in decisions making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also becircumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of anysystem of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed inachieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deteriorationin the degree of compliance with policies and procedures. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error orfraud may occur and not be detected.Item 9B. Other InformationOur board of directors has established May 16, 2019 as the date of our 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.99Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.We previously disclosed January 2, 2019 as the deadline for the receipt of shareholder resolutions intended for inclusion in our definitive proxy statement forthe 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Because thedate of the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders is more than 30 days from the first anniversary of the date of our 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders,under SEC rules, such shareholder resolutions must be received by us within a reasonable time before we begin to print and send our proxy materials for the2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. We have determined that no change is needed to the deadline for such shareholder resolutions because the January 2,2019 deadline constitutes a reasonable time for such resolutions.We previously disclosed March 18, 2019 as the deadline for the receipt of shareholder resolutions made outside of Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act to beconsidered “timely” within the meaning of Rule 14a-4(c) under the Exchange Act with respect to the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Because the dateof the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders is more than 30 days from the first anniversary of the date of the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, underSEC rules, such shareholder resolutions must be received by us within a reasonable time before we send our proxy materials for the 2019 Annual Meeting ofShareholders. We have determined that no change is needed to the deadline for such shareholder resolutions, and, therefore, such resolutions must bereceived by our board of directors at the address below by March 18, 2019.In addition, under French law, shareholders are permitted to submit a resolution for consideration so long as such matter is received by our board of directorsat the address below no later than 25 days prior to the date of the meeting.Shareholders wishing to present resolutions at the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders made outside of Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act must complywith the procedures specified under French law.All submissions to our board of directors should be made to “Criteo S.A., 32, Rue Blanche, 75009 Paris, France, Attention: Board of Directors.”100Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.PART IIIItem 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate GovernanceThe information required by this item (other than the information set forth in the next paragraph in this Item 10) will be included in our definitive proxystatement with respect to our 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC, and is incorporated herein by reference.We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the "Code of Conduct") that is applicable to all of our employees, officers and directors, includingour chief executive and senior financial officers. The Code of Conduct is available on our website at criteo.investorroom.com under "Corporate Governance."The Audit Committee of our board of directors is responsible for overseeing the Code of Conduct and our board of directors is required to approve anywaivers of the Code of Conduct for employees, executive officers and directors. We expect that any amendments to the Code of Conduct, or any waivers of itsrequirements required to be disclosed under the rules of the SEC or Nasdaq will be disclosed on our website.Item 11. Executive CompensationThe information called for by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to befiled with the SEC, and is incorporated herein by reference.Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder MattersThe information called for by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to befiled with the SEC, and is incorporated herein by reference.Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director IndependenceThe information called for by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to befiled with the SEC, and is incorporated herein by reference.Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and ServicesThe information called for by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to befiled with the SEC, and is incorporated herein by reference.PART IVItem 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules(a) Financial StatementsThe financial statements listed in the accompanying Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page F-1 are filed as part of this Form 10-K. Allschedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.(b) Exhibits101Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results. Incorporated by ReferenceExhibit DescriptionSchedule/Form File Number Exhibit File Date2.1 Merger Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2016, byand among Criteo Corp., TBL Holdings, Inc.,Hooklogic, Inc. and Fortis Advisors LLC8-K 001-36153 2.1 October 4, 20163.1# By-laws (statuts) (English translation) 4.1 Form of Deposit Agreement, including the Form ofAmerican Depositary ReceiptF-1 333-191223 4.1 October 2, 20134.3# Agreement to Furnish Debt Instruments 10.1 Commercial Lease between Orosdi and theregistrant dated January 20, 2012 (Englishtranslation)F-1 333-191223 10.1 October 2, 201310.2 Form of Registration Rights Agreement by andamong the registrant and certain investors signatorythereto, dated as of August 30, 2013F-1 333-191223 10.3 October 23, 201310.3† Form of Indemnification Agreement between theregistrant and each of its executive officers anddirectorsF-1 333-191223 10.4 October 23, 201310.4† Non-Compete Agreement between the registrantand each of Messrs. Rudelle, Le Ouay and NiccoliF-1 333-191223 10.5 October 2, 201310.5† Stock Option Plans—2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013(including forms of Stock Option Grant Agreementand Exercise Notice)F-1 333-191223 10.6 October 2, 201310.6† 2014 Stock Option Plan (including forms of StockOption Grant Agreement and Exercise Notice)S-8 333-197373 99.1 July 11, 201410.7† 2016 Stock Option Plan (including form of StockOption Grant Agreement and Exercise Notice)(English Translation)8-K 001-36153 10.1 June 30, 201610.8† Summary of BSA Terms and Conditions10-K 001-36153 10.7 February 29, 201610.9† Form of BSA Grant Document (Englishtranslation)10-K 001-36153 10.90 March 1, 201710.10† Summary of BSPCE PlanF-1 333-191223 10.8 September 18, 201310.11† Form of BSPCE Grant Document (Englishtranslation)F-1 333-191223 10.11 September 18, 201310.12† Amended and Restated 2015 Performance-Based FreeShare Plan (including form of Allocation Letter)(English Translation)8-K 001-36153 10.3 June 30, 201610.13† Amended and Restated 2015 Time-Based Free SharePlan (including form of Allocation Letter) (EnglishTranslation)S-8 333-219496 99.3 July 27, 201710.14† Criteo Executive Bonus Plan10-K 001-36153 10.15 February 29, 2016102Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results. Incorporated by ReferenceExhibit DescriptionSchedule/Form File Number Exhibit File Date10.15† Employment Agreement between the registrant andBenoit Fouilland, dated November 18, 2011 (Englishtranslation)F-1 333-191223 10.12 October 2, 201310.16† Management Agreement between the registrant andEric Eichmann, dated as of October 27, 20168-K 001-36153 10.1 November 2, 201610.17† Employment Offer Letter between the registrant andJean-Baptiste Rudelle, effective as of August 1, 201420-F 001-36153 4.14 March 27, 201510.18† Employment Agreement between the registrantand Dan Teodosiu, dated November 20, 2012(English translation)10-Q 001-36153 10.1 May 10, 201710.19† Employment Offer Letter between the registrantand Mary (Mollie) Spilman, dated July 30, 201410-Q 001-36153 10.2 May 10, 201710.20 Amendment and Restatement Agreement, dated asof March 29, 2017, by and among the registrant, asborrower, and BNP Paribas, Crédit Lyonnais(LCL), HSBC France, Natixis and SociétéGénérale Corporate & Investment Banking8-K 001-36153 4.10 March 30, 201710.21 Transition and Separation Agreement, dated as ofApril 25, 2018, by and between the registrant andEric Eichmann8-K 001-36153 10.21 June 25, 201810.22# Form of Offer to Directors, Officers or SpecificallyDesignated Persons to Subscribe LiabilityInsurance and Provide Indemnification 21.1# List of Subsidiaries 23.1# Consent of Deloitte & Associés 31.1# Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant toSection 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 31.2# Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant toSection 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 32.1* Certificate of Chief Executive Officer and ChiefFinancial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, asadopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 †Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.#Filed herewith.*Furnished herewith.103Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Item 16. Form 10-K SummaryNot applicable.SIGNATURESPursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersignedthereunto duly authorized. CRITEO S.A. March 1, 2019By:/s/ Jean-Baptiste Rudelle Jean-Baptiste Rudelle Chief Executive Officer104Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on thedates indicated below. Signature Title Date /s/ Jean-Baptiste Rudelle Chief Executive Officer & Chairman(Principal Executive Officer) March 1, 2019Jean-Baptiste Rudelle /s/ Benoit Fouilland Chief Financial Officer (PrincipalFinancial Officer and PrincipalAccounting Officer) Benoit Fouilland March 1, 2019 /s/ Nathalie Balla Director Nathalie Balla March 1, 2019 /s/ Sharon Fox Spielman Director Sharon Fox Spielman March 1, 2019 /s/ Edmond Mesrobian Director Edmond Mesrobian March 1, 2019 /s/ Hubert de Pesquidoux Director Hubert de Pesquidoux March 1, 2019 /s/ Rachel Picard Director Rachel Picard March 1, 2019 /s/ James Warner Director James Warner March 1, 2019105Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Page Reports of Deloitte & Associés, Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmF-2 Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2017 and 2018F-4 Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018F-5 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018F-6 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018F-7 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018F-8 Notes to the Consolidated Financial StatementsF-9 F- 1Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMTo the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Criteo S.A.Opinion on the Financial StatementsWe have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Criteo S.A. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in theperiod ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “Financial Statements”). In our opinion, the Financial Statementspresent fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cashflows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ofAmerica.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company'sinternal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued bythe Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 1, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion on theCompany's internal control over financial reporting.Basis for OpinionThese financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financialstatements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Companyin accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing proceduresto assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks.Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also includedevaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financialstatements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion./s/ Deloitte & AssociésParis-La Défense, FranceMarch 1, 2019We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.F-2Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMTo the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Criteo S.A.Opinion on Internal Control over Financial ReportingWe have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Criteo S.A. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018, based on criteriaestablished in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Inour opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on thecriteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidatedfinancial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 of the Company and our report dated March 1, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinionon those financial statements.Basis for OpinionThe Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness ofinternal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Ourresponsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firmregistered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and theapplicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining anunderstanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operatingeffectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. Webelieve that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial ReportingA company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reportingand the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal controlover financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairlyreflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permitpreparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are beingmade only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention ortimely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliancewith the policies or procedures may deteriorate./s/ Deloitte & AssociésParis-La Défense, FranceMarch 1, 2019F-3Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Criteo S.A. and subsidiariesConsolidated Statements of Financial Position Year Ended December 31, Notes 2017 2018 (in thousands)Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents4 $414,111 $364,426 Trade receivables, net of allowances of $20.8 million and $25.9 million as of December 2017 and 2018, respectively.5 484,101 473,901 Income taxes 8,882 19,370 Other taxes 58,346 53,338 Other current assets6 26,327 22,816 Total current assets 991,767 933,851Property, plant and equipment, net7 161,738 184,013Intangible assets, net8 96,223 112,036Goodwill9 236,826 312,881Non-current financial assets10 19,525 20,460Deferred tax assets21 25,221 33,894Total non current assets 539,533 663,284Total assets $1,531,300 $1,597,135Liabilities and shareholders' equity Current liabilities: Trade payables $417,032 $425,376 Contingencies11 1,798 2,640 Income taxes 9,997 7,725 Financial liabilities - current portion13 1,499 1,018 Other taxes 58,783 55,592 Employee-related payables 66,219 65,878 Other current liabilities12 65,677 47,115 Total current liabilities 621,005 605,344Deferred tax liabilities21 2,497 10,770Retirement benefit obligation14 5,149 5,537Financial liabilities - non current portion13 2,158 2,490Other non-current liabilities 2,793 5,103 Total non-current liabilities 12,597 23,900Total liabilities 633,602 629,244Commitments and contingencies Shareholders' equity: Common shares, €0.025 per value, 66,085,097 and 67,708,203 shares authorized, issued and outstandingat December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, respectively. 2,152 2,201Treasury stock, 3,459,119 shares at cost as of December 31, 2018 — (79,159)Additional paid-in capital 591,404 663,281Accumulated other comprehensive loss (12,241) (30,522)Retained earnings 300,210 387,869Equity - attributable to shareholders of Criteo S.A. 881,525 943,670Non-controlling interests 16,173 24,221Total equity 897,698 967,891Total equity and liabilities $1,531,300 $1,597,135The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.F-4Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Criteo S.A. and subsidiariesConsolidated Statements of Income Year Ended December 31, Notes 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands, except share and per share data) Revenue16 $1,799,146 $2,296,692 $2,300,314 Cost of revenue Traffic acquisition costs17 (1,068,911) (1,355,556) (1,334,334)Other cost of revenue17 (85,260) (121,641) (131,744)Gross profit 644,975 819,495 834,236 Operating expenses: Research and development expenses17,18 (123,649) (173,925) (179,263)Sales and operations expenses17,18 (282,853) (380,649) (372,707)General and administrative expenses17,18 (117,469) (127,077) (135,159)Total operating expenses (523,971) (681,651) (687,129)Income from operations 121,004 137,844 147,107Financial expense, net20 (546) (9,534) (5,084)Income before taxes 120,458 128,310 142,023Provision for income taxes21 (33,129) (31,651) (46,144)Net income $87,329 $96,659 $95,879 Net income available to shareholders of Criteo S.A. $82,272 $91,214 $88,644Net income available to non-controlling interests $5,057 $5,445 $7,235 Net income allocated to shareholders per share: Basic22 $1.30 $1.40 $1.33Diluted22 $1.25 $1.34 $1.31 Weighted average shares outstanding used in computing pershare amounts: Basic22 63,337,792 65,143,036 66,456,890Diluted22 65,633,470 67,851,971 67,662,904The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.F-5Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Criteo S.A. and subsidiariesConsolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Net income$87,329 $96,659 $95,879Foreign currency translation differences, net of taxes(18,571) 77,023 (18,781)Foreign currency translation differences(18,571) 77,023 (18,781)Income tax effect— — —Actuarial (losses) gains on employee benefits, net of taxes(1,129) (87) 916Actuarial (losses) gains on employee benefits(1,335) (103) 1,235Income tax effect206 16 (319)Comprehensive income67,629 173,595 78,014Attributable to shareholders of Criteo S.A.62,820 167,566 77,594Attributable to non-controlling interests$4,809 $6,029 $420The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.F-6Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Criteo S.A. and subsidiariesConsolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity Share capital Treasury stock Additionalpaid-incapital Accumulatedothercomprehensive(loss) income Retainedearnings Equity -attributable toshareholders ofCriteo S.A. Noncontrollinginterests Totalequity (in thousands, except share data) (Common shares) (Shares) Balance at January 1,2016 62,470,881 $2,052 — $— $425,220 $(69,023) $116,076 $474,325 $4,698 $479,023 Net income — — — — — — 82,272 82,272 5,057 87,329 Othercomprehensive income(loss) — — — — — (19,452) — (19,452) (248) (19,700) Issuance ofordinary shares 1,507,323 41 — — 21,706 — — 21,747 — 21,747 Shared-basedcompensation — — — — 41,351 — — 41,351 238 41,589 Other changes inequity — — — — — (118) 7 (111) — (111)Balance atDecember 31, 2016 63,978,204 2,093 — — 488,277 (88,593) 198,355 600,132 9,745 609,877 Net income — — — — — — 91,214 91,214 5,445 96,659 Othercomprehensive income(loss) — — — — — 76,352 — 76,352 584 76,936 Issuance ofordinary shares 2,106,893 49 — — 33,617 — — 33,666 — 33,666 Shared-basedcompensation — — — — 69,510 — — 69,510 399 69,909 Other changes inequity (1) — 10 — — — — 10,641 10,651 — 10,651Balance atDecember 31, 2017 66,085,097 2,152 — — 591,404 (12,241) 300,210 881,525 16,173 897,698 Net income — — — — — — 88,644 88,644 7,235 95,879 Othercomprehensive income(loss) — — — — — (18,285) — (18,285) 420 (17,865) Issuance ofordinary shares 1,623,106 4 — — 2,951 — — 2,955 — 2,955Change in treasurystock (2) — (3,459,119) (79,159) — — — (79,159) — (79,159) Shared-basedcompensation — — — — 64,725 — — 64,725 393 65,118 Other changes inequity (3) — 45 — — 4,201 4 (985) 3,265 3,265Balance atDecember 31, 2018 67,708,203 $2,201 (3,459,119) $(79,159) $663,281 $(30,522) $387,869 $943,670 $24,221 $967,891(1) From January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvement to Employee Share-based Payment Accounting issued bythe Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).(2) Share repurchase program (see note 2)(3) Deferred consideration in the context of Storetail Marketing Services SAS acquisition (see note 2).The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.F-7Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Criteo S.A. and subsidiariesConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Net income$87,329 $96,659 $95,879Non-cash and non-operating items139,122 212,254 221,481Amortization and provisions62,733 104,025 111,825Equity awards compensation expense (1)43,259 71,612 66,600(Net gain) or loss on disposal of non-current assets(81) 794 (869)Interest accrued and non-cash financial income and expenses39 66 86Change in deferred taxes(10,024) (13,269) (8,157)Income tax for the period43,196 44,921 54,301Other (2)—4,105(2,305)Change in working capital(29,460) (7,095) 10,411(Increase) / Decrease in trade receivables(117,970) (76,907) 1,358Increase in trade payables81,862 32,915 9,047(Increase) / Decrease in other current assets(28,432) (3,381) 3,974Increase / (Decrease) in other current liabilities (2)35,080 40,278 (3,968)Income taxes paid(43,522) (56,360) (67,045)Cash from operating activities153,469 245,458 260,726Acquisition of intangibles assets, property, plant and equipment(85,133) (122,203) (116,984)Change in accounts payable related to intangible assets, property, plant and equipment7,752 13,692 (8,494)Payment for (Disposal of) businesses, net of cash acquired (disposed)(235,541) 1,110 (101,180)Change in other financial non-current assets159 1,148 (59)Cash used for investing activities(312,763) (106,253) (226,717)Issuance of long term borrowings84,022 3,700 —Repayment of borrowings (3)(13,305) (89,731) (964)Proceeds from capital increase20,075 31,961 1,473Change in treasury stocks— — (80,000)Change in other financial liabilities (2)(222) 24,602 16,815Cash from (used for) financing activities90,570 (29,468) (62,676)Change in net cash and cash equivalents(68,724) 109,737 (28,667)Net cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period353,537 270,317 414,111Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (2)(14,496) 34,057 (21,018)Net cash and cash equivalents - end of period$270,317 $414,111 $364,426(1) Of which $69.9 million and $65.1 million of equity awards compensation expense consisted of share-based compensation expense according to ASC 718 Compensation - stockcompensation for the twelve month period ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.(2) From 2017, the Company reported the cash impact of the settlement of hedging derivatives related to financing activities in cash from (used for) financing activities in theconsolidated statements of cash flows.(3) Interest paid for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 amounted to $1.3 million, $2.9 million and $1.4 million respectively.The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.F-8Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Notes to the Consolidated Financial StatementsCriteo S.A. was initially incorporated as a société par actions simplifiée, or S.A.S., under the laws of the French Republic on November 3, 2005, for a period of99 years and subsequently converted to a société anonyme, or S.A.We are a global technology company building the leading advertising platform for the open Internet. We strive to deliver impactful business results at scaleto commerce companies and consumer brands by meeting their multiple marketing goals at their targeted return on investment. Using shopping data,predictive technology and large consumer reach, we help our clients drive Awareness, Consideration and Conversion for their products and services1, andhelp retailers generate advertising revenues from brands. Our data is pooled among our clients and offers deep insights into consumer intent and purchasinghabits. To drive measurable results for clients, we activate our data assets through proprietary artificial intelligence ("AI") technology to engage consumers inreal time through the pricing and delivery of highly relevant digital advertisements ("ads"), across devices and environments. By pricing our offering on arange of pricing models and measuring our value based on clear, well-defined performance metrics, we make the return on investment transparent and easy tomeasure for advertisers.In these notes, Criteo S.A. is referred to as the Parent company and together with its subsidiaries, collectively, as "Criteo," the "Company," the "Group," or"we".___________________________________________________ 1 Driving Awareness for a brand means exposing its brand name to consumers who have not been in touch with the brand before, thereby creating brand awareness from suchconsumers. Driving Consideration for an advertiser's products or services means attracting prospective new consumers to consider engaging with and/or buying this advertiser'sproducts or services. Driving Conversion for an advertisers' products or services means triggering a purchase by consumers who have already engaged with this advertisers products orSource: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.services in the past.F-9Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 1. Principles and Accounting MethodsBasis of PreparationWe prepared the consolidated financial statements in accordance with the U.S generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidatedfinancial statements include the accounts of Criteo S.A and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Consolidation MethodsWe have control over all our subsidiaries, and consequently they are all fully consolidated. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.The table below presents at each period’s end and for all entities included in the consolidation scope the following information: the country of incorporationand the percentage of voting rights and ownership interests. 2017 2018 Country Voting rights Ownership Interest Voting rights Ownership Interest Consolidation MethodParent company Criteo S.A (1)France 100% 100% 100% 100% Parent companyFrench subsidiaries Criteo France SASFrance 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo Finance SASFrance 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedStoretail Marketing Services SASFrance - - 100% 100% Fully consolidatedForeign subsidiaries Criteo LtdUnited Kingdom 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedHookLogic LtdUnited Kingdom 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedStoretail Marketing Services LtdUnited Kingdom - - 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo CorpUnited States 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedHookLogic, Inc. (2)United States - - - - Fully consolidatedManage, Inc.United States - - 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo GmbhGermany 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo KKJapan 66% 66% 66% 66% Fully consolidatedCriteo Do Brasil LTDABrazil 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedHookLogic Brasil Solucoes EM tecnologia Ltda (2)Brazil - - - - Fully consolidatedCriteo BVThe Netherlands 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo PtyAustralia 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo SrlItaly 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo Advertising (Beijng) Co. LtdChina 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo Singapore Pte. Ltd.Singapore 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo LLCRussia 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo Europa S.L.Spain 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo Espana S.L.Spain 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedStoretail Marketing Services S.L.USpain - - 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo Canada Corp.Canada 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo Reklamcılık Hizmetleri ve Ticaret Anonim ŞirketiTurkey 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo MEA FZ-LLCUnited Arab Emirates 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidatedCriteo India Private Ltd.India 100% 100% 100% 100% Fully consolidated(1) including Criteo Korea and Criteo AB (Sweden) branches activities.(2) merged with Criteo Corp. and Criteo do Brasil LTDA respectively.Functional Currency and Translation of Financial Statements in Foreign CurrencyThe Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in U.S. dollars, which differs from the functional currency of the Parent, being the Euro. The statementsof financial position of consolidated entities having a functional currency different from the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at the closingexchange rate (spot exchange rate at the statement of financial position date) and the statements of income, statements of comprehensive income andstatements of cash flow of such consolidated entities are translated at the average period to date exchange rate. The resulting translation adjustments areincluded in equity under the caption “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity.F-10Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Conversion of Foreign Currency TransactionsForeign currency transactions are converted to U.S. dollars at the rate of exchange applicable on the transaction date. At period-end, foreign currencymonetary assets and liabilities are converted at the rate of exchange prevailing on that date. The resulting exchange gains or losses are recorded in theConsolidated Statements of Income in “Other financial income (expense)” with the exception of exchange differences arising from monetary items that formpart of the reporting entity’s net investment in a foreign operation which are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss); they will be recognized inprofit or loss on disposal of the net investment.Use of EstimatesThe preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements requires the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets,liabilities, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amount of revenue andexpenses during the period. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under thecircumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates.On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates, primarily those related to: (1) revenue recognition criteria (2) allowances for doubtful accounts,(3) research tax credits (4) income taxes, including i) recognition of deferred tax assets arising from the subsidiaries projected taxable profit for future years,ii) evaluation of uncertain tax positions associated with our transfer pricing policy and iii) recognition of income tax position in respect of the tax reform inFrance voted in December 2018, (5) assumptions used in valuing acquired assets and assumed liabilities in business combinations, (6) assumptions used inthe valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, and (7) assumptions used in the valuation model to determine the fair value of share-based compensationplan.Business combinationsWe include the results of operations of the businesses that we acquire as of the acquisition date. We allocate the purchase price of our acquisitions to theassets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair values of these identifiable assetsand liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Acquisition-related expenses are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred.Intangible AssetsAcquired intangible assets are accounted for at acquisition cost, less accumulated amortization. Acquired intangible assets are composed of software,technology and customer relationships amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives comprised between one and three years for thesoftware, and three and nine years, for the technology and customer relationships. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changesin circumstances such as, but not limited to, significant declines in revenue, earnings or cash flows or material adverse changes in the business climateindicate that the carrying amount of an asset may be impaired.We expense software development costs, including costs to develop software products or the software component of products to be sold, leased, or marketedto external users, before technological feasibility is reached. Technological feasibility is typically reached shortly before the release of such products and as aresult, development costs that meet the criteria for capitalization were not material for the periods presented.Software development costs also include costs to develop software to be used solely to meet internal needs and cloud based applications used to deliver ourservices. We capitalize development costs related to these software applications once the preliminary project stage is complete and it is probable that theproject will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Amortization of these costs begins when assets are placed in serviceand is calculated on a straight-line basis over the assets’ useful lives estimated at three to five years.Property, Plant and EquipmentF-11Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Property, plant and equipment are accounted for at acquisition cost less cumulative depreciation and any impairment loss. Depreciation is calculated on astraight-line basis over the assets’ estimated useful lives as follows:Servers................................................................................................... 3 to 5 years over the life of the warrantyFurniture and IT equipments............................................................................................................... 3 to 5 yearsLeasehold improvements are depreciated over their useful life or over the lease term, whichever is shorter.Impairment of AssetsGoodwill and Intangible AssetsGoodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price paid over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Intangible assetsthat are not considered to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their useful lives. The Company evaluates the estimated remaining useful lives ofpurchased intangible assets and whether events or changes in circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining periods of amortization.Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value maynot be recoverable. The Company has determined that it operates as a single reporting unit and has selected December 31 as the date to perform its annualimpairment test.In the impairment assessment of its goodwill, the Company performs a two-step impairment test, which involves assumptions regarding estimated future cashflows to be derived from the Company. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, the Company may be required to recordimpairment for these assets. The first step of the impairment test involves comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its net book value, includinggoodwill.If the net book value exceeds its fair value, then the Company would perform the second step of the goodwill impairment test to determine the amount of theimpairment loss. The impairment loss to be recognized would be calculated by comparing the implied fair value of the Company to its net book value. Incalculating the implied fair value of the Company’s goodwill, the fair value of the Company would be allocated to all of the other assets and liabilities basedon their fair values. The excess of the fair value of the Company over the amount assigned to its other assets and liabilities is the implied fair value ofgoodwill. An impairment loss would be recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fairvalue. With respect to intangible assets, acquired intangible assets are accounted for at acquisition cost less cumulative amortization and any impairment loss.Acquired intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives of one to nine years on a straight-line method. Intangible assets are reviewed forimpairment whenever events or changes in circumstances such as, but not limited to, significant declines in revenue, earnings or cash flows or materialadverse changes in the financial and economic environment indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may be impaired.Property, Plant and Equipment and Impairment of Long-lived AssetsThe Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset is impairedor the estimated useful life is no longer appropriate. If indicators of impairment exist and the undiscounted projected cash flows associated with an asset areless than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recorded to write the asset down to its estimated fair value. Fair value is estimated based ondiscounted future cash flows.LeasesF-12Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.The Company leases various facilities under agreements accounted for as operating leases. For leases that contain escalation or rent concessions provisions,management recognizes rent expense during the lease term on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The difference between rent paid and straight-line rent expense is recorded as a deferred rent liability in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Financial Assets and Liabilities, Excluding Derivative Financial InstrumentsFinancial assets, excluding cash and cash equivalents, consist exclusively of loans and receivables. Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assetswith a payment, which is fixed or can be determined, not listed on an active market. They are included in current assets, except those that mature more thantwelve months after the reporting date. Loans are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The recoverable amount of loans andadvances is estimated whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired and at least on each reporting date. If the recoverable amount is lowerthan the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income.Financial liabilities are initially recorded at their fair value at the transaction date. Subsequently they are measured at amortized cost using the effectiveinterest method.We carry our accounts receivable at net realizable value. On a periodic basis, our management evaluates our accounts receivable and determines whether toprovide an allowance or if any accounts should be written down and charged to expense as a bad debt. The evaluation is based on, among other factors, a pasthistory of collections, current credit conditions, the ageing of the receivable and a past history of write downs. A receivable is considered past due if we havenot received payments based on agreed-upon terms. A higher default rate than estimated or a deterioration in our clients’ creditworthiness could have anadverse impact on our future results. Allowances for doubtful accounts on trade receivables are recorded in “sales and operations expenses” in ourConsolidated Statements of Income. We generally do not require any security or collateral to support our receivables.Derivative financial instrumentsWe buy and sell derivative financial instruments (mainly put, forward buying and selling) in order to manage and reduce our exposure to the risk of exchangerate fluctuations. We deal only with major financial institutions. Financial instruments may only be classified as hedges when we can demonstrate anddocument the effectiveness of the hedging relationship at inception and throughout the life of the hedge. Derivatives not designated as hedging instrumentsmainly consist of put, forward buying and selling contracts that we use to hedge intercompany transactions and other monetary assets or liabilitiesdenominated in currencies other than the local currency of a subsidiary.We recognize gains and losses on these contracts, as well as the related costs in the financial income (expense), net, along with the foreign currency gains andlosses on monetary assets and liabilities.During the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company reported the cash impact of the settlement of hedging derivatives in cash from (used for)financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. This accounting policy choice results in the cash flows from the derivative instrument to beclassified in the same category as the underlying cash flows. Prior periods amounts have not been restated as the impact is immaterial.F-13Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Fair value measurementsFinancial instruments are presented in three categories based on a hierarchical method used to determine their fair value : (i) level 1: fair value calculatedusing quoted prices in an active market for identical assets and liabilities; (ii) level 2: fair value calculated using valuation techniques based on observablemarket data such as prices of similar assets and liabilities or parameters quoted in an active market; (iii) level 3: fair value calculated using valuationtechniques based wholly or partially on unobservable inputs such as prices in an active market or a valuation based on multiples for unlisted companies. TheCompany's valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of money market funds and certain short term investments were derived from quoted prices inactive markets. The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of the Company's financial liabilities and all other financial instruments, all of whichhave counterparties with high credit ratings, were valued based on quoted market prices or model-driven valuations using inputs derived from orcorroborated by observable market data.Cash and Cash EquivalentsCash includes cash on hand and demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments, with a remaining maturity atthe date of purchase of three months or less for which the risk of changes in value is considered to be insignificant. Demand deposits therefore meet thedefinition of cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are measured at fair value using level 1 and level 2, respectively, for cash at hand and money market fundsusing quoted prices, and any changes are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income.Concentration of Credit RiskFinancial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents andaccounts receivable. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held and foreign exchange contracts are transacted with major financial institutions thatthe Company's management has assessed to be of high credit quality. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.The Company mitigates its credit risk with respect to accounts receivable by performing credit evaluations and monitoring agencies' and advertisers'accounts receivable balances. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 no customer accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivable. During the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, no single customer represented 10% or more of revenue.Employee BenefitsDepending on the laws and practices of the countries in which we operate, employees may be entitled to compensation when they retire or to a pensionfollowing their retirement. For state-managed plans and other defined contribution plans, we recognize them as expenses when they become payable, ourcommitment being limited to our contributions.The liability with respect to defined benefit plans is estimated using the following main assumptions:•discount rate;•future salary increases;•employee turnover; and•mortality tables.Service costs are recognized in profit or loss and are allocated by function.Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in other comprehensive income and subsequently amortized into the income statement over a specified period,which is generally the expected average remaining service period of the employees participating in the plan. Actuarial gains and losses arise as a result ofchanges in actuarial assumptions or experience adjustments (differences between the previous actuarial assumptions and what has actually occurred).F-14Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.ContingenciesWe recognize if the following two conditions are met:•information available before the financial statements are issued indicates that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had beenincurred at the date of the financial statements;•the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.With respect to litigation and claims that may result in a provision to be recognized, we exercise significant judgment in measuring and recognizingprovisions or determining exposure to contingent liabilities that are related to pending litigation or other outstanding claims. These judgment and estimatesare subject to change as new information becomes available. Revenue RecognitionOn January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method. The new standard had no significant impact on our ConsolidatedFinancial Statements.We recognize revenues when we transfer control of promised services directly to our clients or to advertising agencies, which we collectively refer to as ourclients, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services.Refer to Note 16. Revenue for further discussion regarding the adoption of ASC 606 and revenue.Cost of RevenueOur cost of revenue primarily includes traffic acquisition costs and other cost of revenue.Traffic Acquisition Costs. Traffic acquisition costs consist primarily of purchases of impressions from publishers on a CPM basis. We purchase impressionsdirectly from publishers or third-party intermediaries, such as advertisement exchanges. We recognize cost of revenue on a publisher by publisher basis asincurred. Costs owed to publishers but not yet paid are recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as trade payables and other currentliabilities.For some solutions within Criteo Retail Media, we pay for the inventory of our ecommerce retailer partners on a revenue sharing basis, effectively paying theretailers a portion of the click-based revenue generated by user clicks on the sponsored products advertisements displaying the products of our brandmanufacturer clients.Other Cost of Revenue. Other cost of revenue includes expenses related to third-party hosting fees, depreciation of data center equipment and data purchasedfrom third parties. The Company does not build or operate its own data centers and none of its Research and Development employments are dedicated torevenue generating activities. As a result, we do not include the costs of such personnel in other cost of revenue.Share-Based CompensationShares, employee share options and employee and non-employee warrants are primarily awarded to our employees or directors. These awards are measured attheir fair value on the date of grant. The fair value is calculated with the most relevant formula regarding the settlement and the conditions of each plan. Thefair value is recorded in personnel expenses (allocated by function in the Consolidated Statements of Income) on a straight-line basis over each milestonecomposing the vesting period with a corresponding increase in shareholders’ equity.At each closing date, we re-examine the number of options likely to become exercisable. If applicable, the impact of the review of the estimate is recognizedin the Consolidated Statements of Income with a corresponding adjustment in equity.F-15Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Income TaxesIncome taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method of accounting. Deferred taxes are recorded on all temporary differences between thefinancial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and on tax losses, using the liability method. Differences are defined as temporary when they areexpected to reverse within a foreseeable future. We may only recognize deferred tax assets on net operating losses if, based on the projected taxable incomeswithin the next three years, we determine that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax losses and tax credits canbe utilized. As a result, the measurement of deferred income tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by a valuation allowance for any tax benefits which are notexpected to be realized. If future taxable profits are considerably different from those forecasted that support recording deferred tax assets, we will have torevise downwards or upwards the amount of deferred tax assets, which would have a significant impact on our financial results. Tax assets and liabilities arenot discounted. Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements are calculated at the level of each tax entity included in the consolidationscope. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that such tax rate changes are enacted.The French Research Tax Credit, Crédit d’Impôt Recherche (“CIR”), is a French tax incentive to stimulate research and development (“R&D”). Generally, theCIR offsets the income tax to be paid and the remaining portion (if any) can be refunded at the end of a three-fiscal year period. The CIR is calculated basedon the claimed volume of eligible R&D expenditures by us. As a result, the CIR is presented as a deduction to “research and development expenses” in theConsolidated Statements of Income, as the CIR is not within the scope of ASC 740. We have exclusively claimed R&D performed in France for purposes ofthe CIR.The U.S Research Tax Credit is a U.S. tax credit to incentivize research and development activities in the U.S. Qualifying R&D expenses generating a taxcredit which may be used to offset future taxable income once all net operating losses and foreign tax credits have been used. It is not refundable and as such,considered in the scope of ASC 740 as a component of income tax expense. We have exclusively claimed R&D performed in the U.S. for purposes of the U.S.Research Tax Credit.Uncertain Tax PositionsWe recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if we believe that it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examinationby the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. These uncertain tax positions include our estimates for transfer pricing that have beendeveloped based upon analyses of appropriate arms-length prices. Similarly, our estimates related to uncertain tax positions concerning research tax creditsare based on an assessment of whether our available documentation corroborating the nature of our activities supporting the tax credits will be sufficient.Although we believe that we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions (including net interest and penalties), we can provide no assurance thatthe final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. We make adjustments to these reserves in accordance with the income tax accountingguidance when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome ofthese matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination ismade, and could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results. F-16Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Operating SegmentsSegment information reported is built on the basis of internal management data used for performance analysis of businesses and for the allocation of resources(management approach). An operating segment is a component of the Company for which separate financial information is available that is evaluatedregularly by our Chief Decision Maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance.Our chief operating decision-maker is our CEO. The CEO reviews consolidated data for revenue, revenue excluding traffic acquisition costs (revenue ex-TAC) and Adjusted EBITDA (earnings before financial income (expense), income taxes, depreciation and amortization, adjusted to eliminate the impact ofequity awards compensation expense, pension service costs, restructuring costs, acquisition-related costs and deferred price consideration) for the purposes ofallocating resources and evaluating financial performance.We have concluded that our operations constitute one operating and reportable segment.Earnings Per ShareBasic earnings per share (“EPS”) are calculated by dividing the net income attributable to shareholders of the Parent by the weighted average number ofshares outstanding. The weighted average number of shares outstanding is calculated according to movements in share capital. In addition, we calculate diluted earnings per share by dividing the net income attributable to shareholders of the Parent company, Criteo S.A. by theweighted average number of shares outstanding plus any potentially dilutive shares not yet issued.Accounting Pronouncements adopted in 2018 From January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (ASU 2014-09), whichamends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-08, Revenuefrom Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) (ASU 2016-08) which clarifies theimplementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. The guidance includes indicators to assist an entity in determining whether it controls aspecified good or service before it is transferred to the customers. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospectivemethod. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements. Please refer to Note.16 Revenue for further details.In October 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers Other than Inventory (ASU2016-16), which requires companies to recognize the income-tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory. We adopted ASUon January 1, 2018. It did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”).Among other clarifications, ASU 2016-15 clarifies certain items, including the classification of payments for debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs,including third-party costs, premiums paid, and other fees paid to lenders that are directly related to the debt prepayment or debt extinguishment, excludingaccrued interest, which will now be included in the Financing Activities section in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. We adopted this standard as ofJanuary 1, 2018. It did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.F-17Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805) ("ASU 2017-01") the purpose of which is to change the definition of abusiness to assist entities in evaluating when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. This update was effective for annual periods beginningafter December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2018. It did not have a material impact onour Consolidated Financial Statements.In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09 Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718). ASU 2017-09 was issued to provide clarity and reducediversity in practice and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718 to a change in terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. Under thenew guidance, modification accounting is required only if the fair value, the vesting conditions, or the classification of the award changes as a result of thechange in terms or conditions.We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2018. It did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.Recent Accounting PronouncementsIn February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02), which generally requires companies torecognize operating and financing lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets on the balance sheet for operating leases with terms of more than 12months, in addition to those currently recorded. We will adopt Topic 842 effective January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis and will not restatecomparative periods. In preparation for adoption of the standard, we have implemented internal controls and key system functionality to enable thepreparation of financial information.We anticipate this standard will have a material impact on our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position due to theimpact of recognizing a Lease Liability and Right of Use Asset for our office and data center operating leases. We do not expect a material impact to ourConsolidated Statements of Income and Cashflows. We estimate that as a result of adopting this standard, we will recognize additional debt and assets ofapproximately $220 million to $240 million as of January 1, 2019.In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04 Goodwill and Other (Topic 350). ASU 2017-04 simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill andreduces the cost and complexity of evaluating goodwill for impairment. It eliminates the need for entities to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill byassigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. Under thisamendment, an entity will perform its goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairmentcharge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit's fair value. We intend to adopt the standard on the effective dateof January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. ASU2017-12 was issued with the objective of improving the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s riskmanagement activities in it’s financial statements as well as to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance in current GAAP. We intend to adoptthe standard on the effective date of January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU 2017-12 is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position orresults of operations.In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018 - 07, Improvements to Employee Sharebased Payment Accounting. The amendments in this ASU explands Topic718 to include share base payments for goods or services to non employees. We intend to adopt the standard on the effective date of January 1, 2019. Theadoption of ASU 2018-07 is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations. F-18Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018 - 13, Fair Value Measurement - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirement for Fair ValueMeasurement. This ASU modifies disclosure requirements for Fair Value including 1) removing existing disclosure requirements such as reasons for transfersfrom 1 to 2 level, policy of timing of transfers 2) modifying existing disclosure requirements, such as a rollforward of level 3 assets, investments in entitiesthat calculate net asset value, and the measurement uncertainty disclosure 3) Adds additional disclosures such as changes in unrealized gains and losses inOCI, and the range and weight of significant unobservable inputs. We intend to adopt the standard on the effective date of January 1, 2020. The adoption ofASU 2018-13 is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018 - 14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General. The purpose of this update is tomodify disclosure requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. It removes requirements to disclose the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive incomeexpected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year among others. It adds disclosure requirements for the itemssuch as an explanation of the reasons for significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. We intend to adopt thestandard on the effective date of January 1, 2021. The adoption of ASU 2018-14 is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position or resultsof operations but may have an impact on our disclosures.In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal Use Software - Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costsincurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract. This ASU was issued to clarify the account for implementation costs incurred forSaaS agreements. Previously the guidance only referred to development of internal use software and the accounting for SaaS agreements was not clarified.This ASU states that the implementation costs should be capitalized. The ASU will be effective for periods after December 15, 2019. We are currentlyevaluating the impact on our financial position, results of operations, and statement of cash flows.Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future dateare not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements upon adoption.Note 2. Significant Events and Transactions of the PeriodShare repurchase programOn October 25, 2018 Criteo's Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $80.0 million of the Company’s outstanding AmericanDepositary Shares. The Company may use repurchased shares to satisfy employee equity plan vesting in lieu of issuing new shares. In addition, the Companymay use part of repurchased shares in connection with future Merger and Acquisition ("M&A") transactions or cancel such shares. The repurchases wereexecuted, subject to general business and market conditions and other investment opportunities, through open market purchases or privately negotiatedtransactions, including through the use of 10b5-1 plans. During the quarter ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased 3.5 million of its shares foran aggregate amount of $80.0 million thus completing all share repurchases under this program. As of December 31, 2018, the balance of Treasury Shares isas follows: Number ofTreasury Shares Amount(in thousands)Balance at January 1, 2018— —Treasury Shares Repurchased to potentially use for M&A1,751,147 $40,000Treasury Shares Repurchased for RSU Vesting1,748,111 40,000Treasury Shares Issued for RSU Vesting(40,139) (841)Balance at December 31, 20183,459,119 $79,159F-19Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Business combinationsAcquisition of Manage.com Inc.On October 29, 2018, we completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Manage.com Inc., a company with an attractive app install solutionthat helps advertisers acquire new customers in mobile apps. The total consideration paid was $60.0 million for the acquisition of shares. The acquisition wasfinanced by available cash resources. The transaction has been accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting. Thepurchase price allocation is in progress. A preliminary valuation of the fair value of Manage's assets acquired and liabilities assumed has been performed as ofDecember 31, 2018, resulting in the identification of technology and customer relationships assets of $9.8 million and $7.3 million, respectively, and relateddeferred tax liability of $4.4 million. Provisional goodwill amounted to $45.6 million, subject to post-closing working capital adjustments. Once thisvaluation analysis is finalized, the estimate of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed may be adjusted. The Company will finalize theseamounts no later than one year from the acquisition date. In addition, acquisition costs amounting to $1.0 million were fully expensed as incurred.Acquisition of Storetail Marketing Services SASOn August 3, 2018, we completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Storetail Marketing Services SAS, a pioneering retail media technologyplatform that enables retailers to monetize native placements on their ecommerce sites on a CPM basis. The total consideration paid for the acquisition was$47.8 million (€41.3 million) composed as follows: $43.7 million (€37.7 million) financed by available cash resources at the acquisition date and $4.1million (€3.6 million) as deferred consideration due at the end of a 2 year period. The transaction has been accounted for as a business combination under theacquisition method of accounting. The purchase price allocation is in progress. A preliminary valuation of the fair value of Storetail's assets acquired andliabilities assumed has been performed as of December 31, 2018, mainly resulting in the identification of a technology and related marketing solution of$14.2 million (€12.2 million) and related deferred tax liability of $4.1 million (€3.6 million). Provisional goodwill amounted to $32.3 million (€27.8million). Once this valuation analysis is finalized, the estimate of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed may be adjusted. The Companywill finalize these amounts no later than one year from the acquisition date. In addition, acquisition costs amounting to $0.7 million (€0.6 million) were fullyexpensed as incurred.F-20Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 3. Categories of Financial Assets and Financial LiabilitiesFinancial assets Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 (in thousands)Trade receivables, net of allowances$484,101 $473,901Other taxes58,346 53,338Other current assets26,327 22,816Non-current financial assets19,525 20,460Total$588,299 $570,515Credit RiskWe maintain an allowance for estimated credit losses. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, our net change in allowance for doubtfulaccounts was $5.1 million and $9.2 million, respectively.For our financial assets, the fair value approximates the carrying amount, given the nature of the financial assets and the maturity of the expected cash flows.Trade ReceivablesCredit risk is defined as an unexpected loss in cash and earnings if the client is unable to pay its obligations in due time. We perform internal ongoing creditrisk evaluations of our clients. When a possible risk exposure is identified, we require prepayments.As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, no customer accounted for 10% or more of trade receivables.Financial liabilities Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 (in thousands)Trade payables$417,032 $425,376Other taxes58,783 55,592Employee - related payables66,219 65,878Other current liabilities65,677 47,115Financial liabilities3,657 3,508Total$611,368 $597,469For our financial liabilities, the fair value approximates the carrying amount, given the nature of the financial liabilities and the maturity of the expected cashflows. F-21Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Fair Value MeasurementsWe measure the fair value of our cash equivalents, which include interest bearing deposits, as level 2 measurements because they are valued using observablemarket data.Financial assets or liabilities include derivative financial instruments used to manage our exposure to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. Theseinstruments are considered level 2 financial instruments as they are measured using valuation techniques based on observable market data.Derivative Financial InstrumentsDerivatives consist of foreign currency forward contracts that we use to hedge intercompany transactions and other monetary assets or liabilities denominatedin currencies other than the local currency of a subsidiary. We recognize gains and losses on these contracts in financial income (expense), and their positionon the balance sheet is based on their fair value at the end of each respective period. These instruments are considered level 2 financial instruments as theyare measured using valuation techniques based on observable market data. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 (in thousands)Derivative Assets: Included in other current assets$5,159 $1,703 Derivative Liabilities: Included in financial liabilities - current portion$— $—For our derivative financial instruments, the fair value approximates the carrying amount, given the nature of the derivative financial instruments and thematurity of the expected cash flows.F-22Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 4. Cash and Cash EquivalentsThe following table presents for each reported period, the breakdown of cash and cash equivalents: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 (in thousands)Cash equivalent$146,875 $125,442Cash on hand267,236 238,984Total Cash and cash equivalents$414,111 $364,426Investments in interest–bearing bank deposits which met ASC 230 - Statement of Cash flows criteria: short-term, highly liquid investments, for which therisks of changes in value are considered to be insignificant. Interest-bearing bank deposits are considered level 2 financial instruments as they are measuredusing valuation techniques based on observable market data. For our cash and cash equivalents, the fair value approximates the carrying amount, given thenature of the cash and cash equivalents and the maturity of the expected cash flows.F-23Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 5. Trade ReceivablesThe following table shows the breakdown in trade receivables net book value for the presented periods: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 (in thousands)Trade accounts receivables$504,919 $499,819(Less) Allowance for doubtful accounts(20,818) (25,918)Net book value at end of period$484,101 $473,901Changes in allowance for doubtful accounts are summarized below: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Balance at beginning of period$(6,264) $(11,598) $(20,818)Provision for doubtful accounts(9,898) (13,315) (17,656)Reversal of provision4,464 4,821 11,956Change in consolidation scope(221) — (150)Currency translation adjustment321 (726) 750Balance at end of period$(11,598) $(20,818) $(25,918)The change in allowance for doubtful accounts, net of reversals, relates mainly to increased business with categories of clients associated with a higher creditrisk. The Company mitigates its credit risk with respect to accounts receivables by performing credit evaluations and monitoring agencies and advertisers'accounts receivables balances.F-24Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 6. Other Current AssetsThe following table shows the breakdown in other current assets net book value for the presented periods: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 (in thousands)Prepayments to suppliers$3,244 $4,056Other debtors5,694 4,762Prepaid expenses12,230 12,295Derivative financial instruments5,159 1,703Gross book value at end of period26,327 22,816Net book value at end of period$26,327 $22,816Prepaid expenses mainly consist of office rental advance payments.Derivative financial instruments include foreign currency swaps or forward purchases or sales contracts used to manage our exposure to the risk of exchangerate fluctuations. These instruments are considered level 2 financial instruments as they are measured using valuation techniques based on observable marketdata. F-25Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 7. Property, Plant and EquipmentChanges in net book value during the presented periods are summarized below: Fixtures andfittings Furniture andequipment Construction inProgress Total (in thousands)Net book value at January 1, 2017$18,165$77,749$12,667 $108,581Additions to tangible assets7,08859,52645,472 112,086Disposal of tangible assets net of accumulated depreciation(115)(1,238)— (1,353)Depreciation expense(6,315)(59,746)— (66,061)Change in consolidation scope——— —Currency translation adjustment7176,4251,343 8,485Transfer into service2,72527,635(30,360) —Net book value at December 31, 201722,265 110,351 29,122 161,738Gross book value at end of period34,507265,54629,122 329,175Accumulated depreciation at end of period(12,242)(155,195)— (167,437)Net book value at January 1, 201822,265 110,351 29,122 161,738Additions to tangible assets1,07527,74176,733 105,549Disposal of tangible assets net of accumulated depreciation(19)(176)(30) (225)Depreciation expense(6,025)(72,162)— (78,187)Change in consolidation scope26103— 129Currency translation adjustment(340)(3,957)(694) (4,991)Transfer into service1,90282,901(84,803) —Net book value at December 31, 2018$18,884 $144,801 $20,328 $184,013Gross book value at end of period36,458366,29920,328 423,085Accumulated depreciation at end of period(17,574)(221,498)— (239,072)The increase in property plant and equipment (gross book value and accumulated depreciation) mainly includes purchases of server equipment in the French,American and Japanese subsidiaries where the Company’s data center equipments are located.F-26Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 8. Intangible assetsChanges in net book value during the presented periods are summarized below: Software Technology andcustomerrelationships Construction inProgress Total (in thousands)Net book value at January 1, 2017$11,387 $90,663 $894 $102,944Additions to intangible assets4,615 — 5,502 10,117Amortization expense(7,235) (19,926) — (27,161)Change in consolidation scope— 7,203 — 7,203Currency translation adjustment1,571 661 888 3,120Transfer into service2,815 — (2,815) —Net book value at December 31, 201713,153 78,601 4,469 96,223Gross book value at end of period33,778 115,277 4,469 153,524Accumulated amortization at end ofperiod(20,625) (36,676) — (57,301)Net book value at January 1, 201813,153 78,601 4,469 96,223Additions to intangible assets— — 11,436 11,436Disposal of intangible assets— — (19) (19)Amortization expense(9,490) (15,824) — (25,314)Change in consolidation scope— 31,192 18 31,210Currency translation adjustment(615) (652) (233) (1,500)Transfer into service10,218 — (10,218) —Net book value at December 31, 2018$13,266 $93,317 $5,453 $112,036Gross book value at end of period42,161 144,734 5,453 192,348Accumulated amortization at end ofperiod(28,895) (51,417) — (80,312)Additions to software consist mainly of capitalization of internally developed internal-use software and IT licenses. Additions to technology and customerrelationships relate to a preliminary valuation of Storetail and Manage identified intangibles, as the purchase price allocation is in progress as of December31, 2018 (classified under "Change in consolidation scope", refer to Note 2 - Significant events and Transactions of the period). Amortization on technologyand customer relationships relates to HookLogic, Storetail and Manage intangibles resulting from business combinations.In addition, no triggering events have occurred during the period which would indicate impairment in the balance of intangible assets.The average life of software is 3 years. The average life of technology and customer relationships consist of identified intangible assets arising fromHookLogic, Storetail and Manage business combinations is between 3 and 9 years. F-27Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.As of December 31, 2018, expected amortization expense for intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands): Software Technology andcustomerrelationships Total2019$7,768 $21,900 $29,66820205,535 16,881 22,41620213,751 16,881 20,6322022936 11,503 12,4392023715 10,313 11,028Thereafter1415,839 15,853Total$18,719 $93,317 $112,036Note 9. Goodwill Goodwill (in thousands)Balance at January 1, 2017$209,418Additions to goodwill23,738Currency translation adjustment3,670Balance at December 31, 2017236,826Additions to goodwill77,905Currency translation adjustment(1,850)Balance at December 31, 2018$312,881Additions to goodwill in 2018 were due to two business combinations with Manage.com Inc. and Storetail Marketing Services SAS. The total considerationpaid was $60.0 million for the acquisition of Manage financed by available cash resources. The total consideration paid for the acquisition of Storetail was$47.8 million (€41.3 million) composed as follows : $43.7 million (€37.7 million) financed by available cash resources at the acquisition date and $4.1million (€3.6 million) as deferred consideration, due at the end of a 2 year period. These transactions have been accounted for as a business combinationunder the acquisition method of accounting. The purchase prices allocation is in progress. A preliminary valuation of the fair value of Manage's andStoretail's assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been performed as of December 31, 2018. Once these valuation analyzes are finalized, the estimate ofthe fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed may be adjusted. The Company will finalize these amounts no later than one year from theacquisition date. As regards Manage, a technology and customer relationships assets of $9.8 million and $7.3 million, respectively, and related deferred taxliability of $4.4 million have been preliminary identified resulting in a provisional goodwill of $45.6 million. As regards Storetail, a technology and relatedmarketing solution of $14.2 million (€12.2 million) and related deferred tax liability of $4.1 million (€3.6 million) have been preliminary identified resultingin a provisional goodwill of $32.3 million (€27.8 million).In addition, acquisition costs amounting to $1.7 million were fully expensed as incurred.F-28Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Additions to goodwill in 2017 were due to the finalization of the purchase price accounting of the Monsieur Drive and HookLogic acquisitions. OnNovember 9, 2016, we completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Hooklogic, a New York-based company connecting many of the world'slargest ecommerce retailers with consumer brand manufacturers. The total consideration paid was $249.0 million following a price adjustment for workingcapital in 2017. As a result of the purchase price allocation, technology of $15.1 million, customer relationships of $78.3 million and related deferred taxliability of $32.1 million were identified. Residual goodwill was recognized for $188.6 million. Acquisition costs amounting to $2.2 million were expensedas incurred.In addition, no triggering events have occurred that would indicate impairment in the balance of goodwill.Note 10. Non-Current Financial AssetsNon-current financial assets are mainly composed of (i) an interest-bearing bank deposit amounting to $6.4 million, which is pledged to the benefit of a bankin order to secure the first-demand bank guarantee in connection with our headquarters premises, and (ii) guarantee deposits for office rentals in France,Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and Singapore.F-29Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 11. ContingenciesChanges in provisions during the presented periods are summarized below: Provision for employee-related litigationOther provisionsTotal (in thousands)Balance at January 1, 2017$485$169$654Charges3831,1411,524Provision used(227)—(227)Provision released not used(128)(92)(220)Currency translation adjustments323567Balance at January 1, 2018$545$1,253$1,798Charges3251,8682,193Provision used(180)(220)(400)Provision released not used(404)(456)(860)Currency translation adjustments(42)(49)(91)Balance at December 31, 2018$244$2,396$2,640 - of which current$244$2,396$2,640The amount of the provisions represent management’s best estimate of the future outflow.Note 12. Other Current LiabilitiesOther current liabilities are presented in the following table: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2018 (in thousands)Clients' prepayments$23,857 $10,328Credit notes9,638 13,183Accounts payable relating to capital expenditures30,736 21,454Other creditors740 1,527Deferred revenue706 623Total$65,677 $47,115The changes in "Clients' prepayments" mainly related to the customers' cash advances for the Criteo Retail Media travel business disposed in the first quarterof 2018. The changes in "Accounts payable relating to capital expenditures" mainly related to significant data center equipment acquired in 2017 and paidduring the year.F-30Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 13. Financial LiabilitiesWe are party to several loan agreements and revolving credit facilities, or RCF, with third-party financial institutions. Our loans and RCF agreements arepresented in the table below: Nominal/ Authorizedamounts (RCF Only) Amount drawn as ofDecember 31, 2018 (RCFonly) Amount Outstandingas of December 31,2018 Nature(in thousands) Interest rate Settlement date BPI Loan - February 2014NA NA $1,718 Fixed: 2.09% May 2021Other BPI LoansNA NA $986 —% 2023 and afterOther LoansNA NA $169 —% 2024Bank Syndicate RCF -September 2015€350,000 $— $— Floating rate:EURIBOR / LIBOR +margin depending onleverage ratio March 2022In September 2015, Criteo entered into a five year revolving credit facility for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions, for a maximum amount of€250 million ($286.2 million), with a bank syndicate composed of Natixis (coordinator and documentation agent), Le Credit Lyonnais (LCL) (facility agent),HSBC France, Société Générale Corporate & Investment Banking and BNP Paribas (each acting individually as bookrunners and mandated lead arrangers). In2017, this agreement was amended by, among other things, increasing the amount of facility from €250.0 million ($286.2 million) to €350.0 million ($400.7million) and extending the term of the contract from 2020 to 2022. This multi-currency revolving credit facility bears interest rate at Euribor or the relevantLibor plus a margin to be adjusted on the basis of the leverage ratio.Besides this RCF agreement, Criteo is part of many credit lines it entered into or maintained following acquisitions. Criteo specifically has agreements withBpifrance Financement (French Public Investment Bank) for a total amount outstanding as of December 31, 2018 of €2.4 million ($2.7 million).All of these loans and revolving credit facilities are unsecured and contain customary events of default but do not contain any affirmative, financial ornegative covenants, with the exception of the September 2015 revolving credit facility which contains covenants, including compliance with a total net debtto adjusted EBITDA ratio and restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness. At December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the requiredleverage ratio.F-31Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.The following table shows the maturity of our financial liabilities: Maturity Carrying value 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 (in thousands)Borrowings $2,941 $899 $926 $583 $268 $265 $—Other financial liabilities 567 119 448 — — — —Financial liabilities 3,508 1,018 1,374 583 268 265 —F-32Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 14. Employee BenefitsDefined Benefit PlansAccording to the French law and the Syntec Collective Agreement, French employees are entitled to compensation paid on retirement.The following table summarizes the changes in the projected benefit obligation: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Projected benefit obligation present value - beginning of period$1,445 $3,221 $5,149Service cost524 1,231 1,690Interest cost37 66 86Actuarial losses (gains)1,335 103 (1,235)Change in consolidation scope19 — 98Currency translation adjustment(139) 528 (251)Projected benefit obligation present value - end of period$3,221 $5,149 $5,537The Company does not hold any plan assets for any of the periods presented.The main assumptions used for the purposes of the actuarial valuations are listed below: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018Discount rate (Corp AA)1.9% 1.7% 2.1%Expected rate of salary increase5.0% 5.0% 5.0%Expected rate of social charges49.0% - 51.0% 49.0% - 50.0% 49.0% - 50.0%Expected staff turnover0 - 10.5% 0 - 10.5% 0 - 10.5%Estimated retirement ageProgressive table Progressive table Progressive tableLife tableTH-TF 2000-2002 shifted TH-TF 2000-2002 shifted TH-TF 2000-2002 shiftedDefined Contribution PlansThe total expense represents contributions payable to these plans by us at specified rates.In some countries, the Group’s employees are eligible for pension payments and similar financial benefits. The Group provides these benefits via definedcontribution plans. Under defined contribution plans, the Group has no obligation other than to pay the agreed contributions, with the correspondingexpense charged to income for the year.The main contributions concern France, the United States, for 401k plans, and the United Kingdom. Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Defined contributions plans included in personnel expenses$(11,061) $(14,345) $(16,912)Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.F-33Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 15. Common sharesChange in Number of Shares Number ofordinary sharesBalance at January 1, 201763,978,204Issuance of shares under share option and free share plans (1)2,106,893Balance at December 31, 201766,085,097Issuance of shares under share option and free share plans (2)1,466,247Balance at December 31, 2018 before Storetail deferred consideration and Share repurchase program67,551,344Storetail deferred consideration (see Note 2. Significant Events and Transactions of the Period)156,859Balance at December 31, 2018 after Storetail deferred consideration and before Share repurchase program67,708,203Share repurchase program (see Note 2. Significant Events and Transactions of the Period)(3,459,119)Balance at December 31, 201864,249,084(1) Adopted by the Board of Directors on March 1, 2017, April 27, 2017, June 30, 2017, July 27, 2017, October 26, 2017 and December 13, 2017.(2) Adopted by the Board of Directors on March 1, 2018, March 16, 2018, April 25, 2018, June 26, 2018, July 26, 2018, July 27, 2018, October 25, 2018 and December 12, 2018.Note 16. RevenueAdoption of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from contracts with customers”On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method. The new standard had no significant impact on our ConsolidatedFinancial Statements.Revenue RecognitionWe sell personalized display advertisements featuring product-level recommendations either directly to clients or to advertising agencies. Historically, theCriteo model has focused solely on converting our clients' website visitors into customers, enabling us to charge our clients only when users engage with anad we deliver, usually by clicking on it. More recently, we have expanded our solutions to address a broader range of marketing goals for our clients.We offer two families of solutions to our commerce and brand clients:•Criteo Marketing Solutions allow commerce companies to address multiple marketing goals by engaging their consumers with personalized adsacross the web, mobile and offline store environments.•Criteo Retail Media solutions allow retailers to generate advertising revenues from consumer brands, and/or to drive sales for themselves, bymonetizing their data and audiences through personalized ads, either on their own digital property or on the open Internet, that address multiplemarketing goals.In conjunction with expanding our solutions, we have also started expanding our pricing models to now include a combination of cost-per-install and cost-per-impression for selected new solutions, in addition to cost-per-click.We recognize revenues when we transfer control of promised services directly to our clients or to advertising agencies, which we collectively refer to as ourclients, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services.F-34Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.For campaigns priced on a cost-per-click and cost-per-install basis, we bill our clients when a user clicks on an advertisement we deliver or installs anapplication by clicking on an advertisement we delivered, respectively. For these pricing models, we recognize revenue when a user clicks on anadvertisement or installs an application. For campaigns priced on a cost-per-impression basis, we bill our clients based on the number of times an advertisement is displayed to an user. For thispricing model, we recognize revenue when an advertisement is displayed.We act as principal in our arrangements because (i) we control the advertising inventory (spaces on websites) before it is transferred to our clients; (ii) we bearsole responsibility for fulfillment of the advertising promise and inventory risks and (iii) we have full discretion in establishing prices. Therefore, based onthese factors, we report revenue earned and the related costs incurred on a gross basis.Disaggregation of revenue The following tables disclose our consolidated revenue for each geographical area for each of the reported periods. Revenue by geographical area is basedon the location of advertisers’ campaigns. Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total (in thousands) December 31, 2016$730,873 $660,523 $407,750 $1,799,146December 31, 2017990,424 808,961 497,307 2,296,692December 31, 2018$954,073 $839,825 $506,416 $2,300,314Excluding our historical solution for driving Conversion through Criteo Marketing Solution (formerly called Criteo Dynamic Retargeting), no individualsolution accounted for more than 10% of total consolidated revenue for the periods presented.Customer Credit NotesWe offer credit notes to certain customers as a form of incentive, which are accounted for as variable consideration. We estimate these amounts based on theexpected amount to be provided to customers and they are recognized as a reduction of revenue. We believe that there will not be significant changes to ourestimates of variable consideration.Deferred RevenuesWe record deferred revenues when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance. Our payment terms vary depending on the service or thetype of customer. For certain customers, we require payment before the services are delivered.Practical Expedients We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts forwhich we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded withinsales and operating expenses.F-35Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 17. Nature of Expenses Allocated by FunctionNature of Expenses Allocated to Cost of Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Traffic acquisition costs$(1,068,911) $(1,355,556) $(1,334,334)Other cost of revenue(85,260) (121,641) (131,744)Hosting costs(41,978) (57,895) (54,764)Depreciation and amortization(38,469) (54,219) (67,346)Data acquisition(122) (269) (282)Other cost of sales(4,691) (9,258) (9,352)Total cost of revenue$(1,154,171) $(1,477,197) $(1,466,078)Nature of Expenses Allocated to Research and Development Year Ended December 31, 201620172018 (in thousands)Personnel expenses$(86,389) $(125,662) $(130,696)Personnel expense excluding equity awards compensation expenseand research tax credit(79,222)(110,939)(120,024)Equity awards compensation expense(12,108)(21,012)(21,359)Research tax credit4,9416,28910,687Other cash operating expenses(29,867) (34,073) (37,119)Subcontracting and other headcount related costs(14,713)(19,437)(15,129)Rent and facilities costs(10,939)(11,466)(14,201)Consulting and professional fees(2,423)(2,680)(3,320)Marketing costs(953)(909)(4,976)Other(839)419507Other non-cash operating expenses(7,393) (14,190) (11,448)Depreciation and amortization(7,211)(13,420)(10,602)Net change in other provisions(182)(770)(846)Total research and development expenses$(123,649) $(173,925) $(179,263)F-36Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Nature of Expenses Allocated to Sales and Operations Year Ended December 31, 201620172018 (in thousands)Personnel expenses$(185,065) $(245,481) $(244,256)Personnel expense excluding equity awards compensation expense(168,227)(214,750)(215,615)Equity awards compensation expense(16,838)(30,731)(28,641)Other cash operating expenses(84,127) (105,714) (104,960)Subcontracting and other headcount related costs(22,460)(29,053)(25,706)Rent and facilities costs(29,968)(32,952)(32,398)Marketing costs(15,225)(20,650)(17,864)Consulting and professional fees(1,785) (5,605) (5,330)Operating taxes(12,963) (14,120) (11,788)Other including bad debt expense(1,726)(3,334)(11,874)Other non-cash operating expenses(13,661) (29,454) (23,491)Depreciation and amortization(7,757)(19,844)(18,245)Net change in provisions for doubtful receivables(5,433)(8,493)(5,453)Net change in other provisions(471)(1,117)207Total sales and operations expenses$(282,853) $(380,649) $(372,707)Nature of Expenses Allocated to General and Administrative Year Ended December 31, 201620172018 (in thousands)Personnel expenses$(60,899) $(74,420) $(76,476)Personnel expense excluding equity awards compensation expense(46,586)(54,551)(59,876)Equity awards compensation expense(14,313)(19,869)(16,600)Other cash operating expenses(52,867) (46,271) (48,687)Subcontracting and other headcount related costs(22,990)(15,583)(16,638)Rent and facilities costs(9,516)(9,846)(11,081)Marketing costs(626) (806) (1,061)Consulting and professional fees(18,298)(16,693)(18,163)Other(1,437)(3,343)(1,744)Other non-cash operating expenses(3,703) (6,386) (9,996)Depreciation and amortization(3,342)(5,738)(7,306)Net change in other provisions(361)(648)(2,690)Total general and administrative expenses$(117,469) $(127,077) $(135,159)F-37Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Restructuring included by functionRestructuring of our China Operations In May 2017, the Company announced it would no longer continue to serve the domestic market in China and would refocus its China operations entirely onthe export business. As such, we have recorded $3.3 million in restructuring charges for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, as follows: Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2017 (in thousands)Severance costs$802Facility Exit Costs2,265Other232Total restructuring costs$3,299For the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, $2.5 million was included in Other Cost of Revenue, $0.7 million in Sales and Operations expenses, and$0.1 million was included in General and Administrative expenses.The following table summarizes restructuring activities as of December 31, 2017 included in other current liabilities on the balance sheet: Restructuring Liability (in thousands)Restructuring liability - January 1, 2017$—Restructuring charges3,299Amounts paid(2,855)Other(12)Restructuring liability - December 31, 2017$432No additional charges related to restructuring were recorded in the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, and the remaining $0.4 million was paid duringthe period resulting in the extinguishment of the restructuring liability as of December 31, 2018. Discontinuation of Criteo Predictive Search On October 31, 2017, we announced that we decided to discontinue the product Criteo Predictive Search. As such, we have recorded $4.1 million inrestructuring charges for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017. In 2018, we recognized a gain of $0.1 million. This gain was due to a reduction ofshare-based compensation expenses due to forfeitures which was partially offset by additional charges for facilities and employee severance agreements.F-38Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results. Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2017December 31, 2018 (in thousands)Severance costs$2,602$127Facility Exit Costs—297Other1,455(477)Total restructuring costs$4,057$(53)For the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, $2.9 million was included in Research and Development expenses and $1.1 million in Sales andOperations expenses. Other costs include the write-off of acquisition related intangible assets of $2.2 million slightly offset by a reduction of share basedcompensation expenses of $0.7 million due to forfeitures.For the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, $0.2 million was included in Sales and Operations expenses and $(0.3) million in Research andDevelopment expenses. Other costs relate to a reduction of share-based compensation expenses of $(0.5) million due to forfeitures.The following table summarizes restructuring activities as of December 31, 2018 included in other current liabilities on the balance sheet: Restructuring Liability 20172018 (in thousands)Restructuring liability - January 1$—$2,351Restructuring charges4,057(53)Amounts paid(251)(2,271)Other(1,455)477Restructuring liability - December 31$2,351$504F-39Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 18. Allocation of Personnel ExpensesAllocation of Personnel Expenses By Function Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Research and development expenses$(86,389) $(125,662) $(130,696)Sales and operations expenses(185,065) (245,481) (244,256)General and administrative expenses(60,899) (74,420) (76,476)Total personnel expenses$(332,353) $(445,563) $(451,428)Allocation of Personnel Expenses by Nature Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Wages and salaries$(220,317) $(284,015) $(296,336)Severance pay(2,726) (7,915) (6,922)Social charges(59,668) (70,130) (77,284)Other social expenses(9,913) (17,178) (14,375)Acquisition-related deferred price consideration(85) — —Equity awards compensation expense(43,259) (71,612) (66,600)Profit sharing(1,326) (1,002) (598)Research tax credit (classified as a reduction of R&D expenses)4,941 6,289 10,687Total personnel expenses$(332,353) $(445,563) $(451,428)F-40Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 19. Share-Based CompensationShare Options Plans and Employee Warrants Grants (BSPCE)The Board of Directors has been authorized by the general meeting of the shareholders to grant employee warrants (Bons de Souscription de Parts deCréateur d’Entreprise or “BSPCE”) and to implement share options, free shares plans as follows:•Issuance of 2,112,000 BSPCE, authorized at the General Meeting of Shareholders on October 24, 2008, making available up to 2,112,000 BSPCEuntil April 24, 2010 (“Plan 1”);•Issuance of 1,472,800 BSPCE, authorized at the General Meeting of Shareholders on April 16, 2009, making available up to 1,472,800 BSPCEuntil October 16, 2010 (“Plan 2”);•1,584,000 Share Options, authorized at the General Meeting of Shareholders on September 9, 2009, making available up to 1,584,000 shareoptions until November 8, 2012. This Plan has been amended at the General Meeting of Shareholders on November 16, 2010, making availableup to 2,700,000 share options or BSPCE (“Plan 3”);•Issuance of 361,118 BSPCE, granted to Criteo co-founders at the General Meeting of Shareholders on April 23, 2010 (“Plan 4”);•2,800,000 BSPCE or Share Options (Options de Souscription d'Actions or “OSA”), authorized at the General Meeting of Shareholders onNovember 18, 2011, making available up to 2,800,000 share options or BSPCE (“Plan 5”);•1,654,290 BSPCE or Share Options, authorized at the General Meeting of Shareholders on September 14, 2012, making available up to1,654,290 share options or BSPCE (“Plan 6”).•6,627,237 BSPCE or Share Options, authorized at the General Meeting of Shareholders on August 2, 2013, making available up to 6,627,237share options or BSPCE (“Plan 7”).•9,935,710 Share Options, authorized at the General Meeting of Shareholders on June 18, 2014, making available up to 9,935,710 share options(“Plan 8”). The Board of Directors has also authorized free shares/restricted stock units ("RSUs") to Criteo employees under presence conditionand to certain senior managers, employees and members of the Management, subject to the achievement of internal performance objectives andpresence condition.•4,600,000 Share Options or RSUs, authorized at the General Meeting of Shareholders on June 29, 2016 and 100,000 BSAs (any BSA granted willalso be deducted from the 4,600,000 limit), such authorizations collectively referred to as “Plan 9”. The Board of Directors has authorized RSUsto Criteo employees subject to a presence condition and to certain senior managers, employees and members of management, subject to theachievement of internal performance objectives and a presence condition.•4,600,000 Share Options or RSUs, authorized at the General Meeting of Shareholders on June 28, 2017 and 120,000 BSAs (any BSA granted willalso be deducted from the 4,600,000 limit), such authorizations collectively referred to as “Plan 10”. The Board of Directors has authorized RSUsto Criteo employees subject to a presence condition and to certain senior managers, employees and members of management, subject to theachievement of internal performance objectives and a presence condition.•4,200,000 Share Options or RSUs, authorized at the General Meeting of Shareholders on June 27, 2018 and 150,000 BSAs (any BSA granted willalso be deducted from the limit), such authorizations collectively referred to as “Plan 11”. The Board of Directors has authorized RSUs to Criteoemployees subject to a presence condition and to certain senior managers, employees and members of management, subject to the achievement ofinternal performance objectives and a presence condition.Upon exercise of the BSPCE or Share Options, or the vesting of an RSU we grant beneficiaries newly issued ordinary shares of the Parent.F-41Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.The vesting schedule for the BSPCEs and OSAs is the following for the Plans 1, 2 and 3:•up to one third (1/3) of the BSPCE on the first anniversary of the date of grant;•up to one twelfth (1/12) at the expiration of each quarter following the first anniversary of the date of grant, and this during twenty-four(24) months thereafter.•The BSPCEs and OSAs may be exercised at the latest within ten (10) years from the date of grant.For the Plan 3 amended to Plan 11, the vesting schedule is as follows:•up to one fourth (1/4) of the BSPCE/share options on the first anniversary of the date of grant;•up to one-sixteenth (1/16) at the expiration of each quarter following the first anniversary of the date of grant, and this during thirty-six(36) months thereafter.•The BSPCEs and OSAs may be exercised at the latest within ten (10) years from the date of grant.The vesting schedule for the RSUs is as follows:•50% at the expiration of a two year period•6.25% at the expiration of each quarter following the first two years-period during twenty four (24) months.When the Company was not listed, exercise prices were determined by reference to the latest capital increase as of the date of grant, unless the Board ofDirectors decided otherwise. Since our initial public offering, exercise prices are determined by reference to the closing share price the day before the date ofthe grant if higher than a floor value of 95% of the average of the closing share price for the last 20 trading days.In the following tables, exercise prices, grant date share fair values and fair value per equity instruments are provided in euros, as the Company isincorporated in France and the euro is the currency used for the grants.Details of BSPCE / OSA / RSU plans Plans1 & 2 Plan 3 Plan 5 Plan 6 Plan 6 Plan 7 Plan 8 Plan 9 Plan 10 Plan 11Dates ofgrant(Boards ofDirectors) Oct 24, 2008 -Sept 14, 2010 Sept 9, 2009 -Sept 21, 2011 Nov 18, 2011- May 22,2012 Oct 25, 2012 Oct 25, 2012 -April 18, 2013 Sept 3, 2013 -April 23, 2014 July 30, 2014 - June 28, 2016 July 28, 2016 - June 27, 2017 July 27, 2017 - June 26, 2018 July 26, 2018 - December 12,2018Vestingperiod 3 years 3 - 4 years 4 years 1 year 4-5 years 4 years 4 years 4 years 4 years 4 years 4 years 4 years 4 years 4 yearsContractuallife 10 years 10 years 10 years 10 years 10 years 10 years 10 years — 10 years — 10 years — 10 years —Expectedoption life 8 years 8 years 8 years 8 years 8 years 6 - 8 years 6 years — 6 years — 6 years — 6 years —Number ofinstrumentsgranted 1,819,120 4,289,940 1,184,747 257,688 1,065,520 2,317,374 4,318,551 2,534,262 502,410 2,556,315 947,565 2,150,498 65,500 1,471,916Type :ShareOption(S.O.) /BSPCE /RSU BSPCE BSCPCE &OSA BSCPCE &OSA BSPCE BSCPCE &OSA BSCPCE &OSA OSA RSU OSA RSU OSA RSU OSA RSUShareentitlementper option 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Exerciseprice €0.45 - €2.10 €0.20 - €5.95 €5.95 €8.28 €8.28 - €10.43 €12.08 - €38.81 €22.95 - €47.47 — €38.20 -€43.45 — €24.63 -€28.69 — €18.72 —Valuationmethod Black & ScholesGrant dateshare fairvalue €0.20 - €0.70 €0.20 - €4.98 €4.98 €6.43 €5.45 - €6.43 €12.08 - €38.81 €22.50 - €47.47 €35.18 - €35.58 €38.20 -€43.45 €33.98 - €49.08 €24.63 -€28.69 €22.92 -€44.37 €18.72 €17.98 -€30.80Expectedvolatility (1) 53.0% -55.7% 55.2% - 57.8% 52.1% - 52.9% 50.2% 49.6% - 50.2% 44.2% - 50.1% 39.4% - 44.5% — 40.6% - 41.3% — 41.0% - 41.5% — 40.7% —Discountrate (2) 2.74% -4.10% 2.62% - 3.76% 2.79% - 3.53% 2.2% 1.80% - 2.27% 1.20% - 2.40% 0.00% - 0.71% NA NA N/A 0.6% - 0.7% N/A 0.9% N/APerformanceconditions No Yes (A) No Yes (B) No No No Yes (C) No Yes (D) (E) No No No Yes (F)Fair valueper option /RSU €0.08 - €0.45 €0.08 - €2.88 €2.75 - €2.85 €3.28 €3.28 - €5.83 €6.85 - €16.90 €9.47 - €17.97 €26.16 - €37.10 €14.49 -€16.82 €33.98 - €49.08 €9.85 - €11.40 €22.92 -€44.37 € 6.94 €17.98 -€30.80F-42Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.(1) Based on similar listed entities.(2) Based on Obligation Assimilables du Trésor, i.e. French government bonds with a ten-year maturity (“TEC 10 OAT floating-rate bonds”).(A) Options subject to performance condition: Among the 960,000 share options granted in April 7, 2011, 180,000 are subjected to performance conditions based on revenueexcluding traffic acquisition costs targets that were met in 2012.(B) On October 25, 2012, the Board of Directors of the Parent also granted a total of 257,688 BSPCE to our co-founders. The conditions of exercise of these BSPCE are linked to afuture liquidity event or a transfer of control of the Company, and the number of BSPCE that can be exercised are determined by the event’s date which cannot occur afterMarch 31, 2014. Based on the assumptions known as at December 31, 2012, we determined that the share-based compensation expense would be recognized over a one-yearperiod. This assumption was confirmed in 2013.(C) On October 29, 2015, the Board of Directors of the Parent also granted a total of 337,960 RSU to Criteo employees under condition of presence and to certain senior managers,employees and members of the management, subject to the achievement of internal performance objectives and condition of presence. Based on the assumptions known atDecember 31, 2015, we determined the share-based compensation expense by applying a probability ratio on performance objectives completion. This assumption was confirmedin 2016. On January 29, 2016, the Board of Directors of the Parent granted a total of 33,010 RSUs to members of the management, subject to the achievement of internalperformance objectives and condition of presence. Based on the assumptions known at December 31, 2016, we determined the share-based compensation expense by applying aprobability ratio on performance objectives completion. This assumption was confirmed in 2016.(D) On July 28, 2016, the Board of Directors of the Parent granted a total of 195,250 RSUs to certain senior managers and members of the management, subject to the achievement ofinternal performance objectives and condition of presence. Based on the assumptions known at December 31, 2016, we determined the share-based compensation expense byapplying a probability ratio on performance objectives completion. This assumption was confirmed in 2017.(E) On June 27, 2017, the Board of Directors of the Parent granted a total of 135,500 RSUs to certain senior managers and members of the management, subject to the achievement ofinternal performance objectives and condition of presence. Based on the assumptions known at December 31, 2017, we determined the share-based compensation expense byapplying a probability ratio on performance objectives completion.This assumption was confirmed in 2018.(F) On July 26, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Parent granted a total of 203,332 RSUs to certain senior managers and members of the management, subject to the achievement ofinternal performance objectives and condition of presence. Based on the assumptions known at December 31, 2018, we determined the share-based compensation expense byapplying a probability ratio on performance objectives completion.Change in Number of outstanding BSPCE / OSA / RSU OSAs RSUs TotalBalance at January 1, 20166,547,854 1,095,585 7,643,439Granted576,443 2,584,240 3,160,683Exercised(1,470,323) — (1,470,323)Forfeited(693,882) (436,546) (1,130,428)Expired— — —Balance at December 31, 20164,960,092 3,243,279 8,203,371Granted355,010 1,891,702 2,246,712Exercised (BSPCE and OSA)(1,668,838) — (1,668,838)Vested (RSU)— (379,135) (379,135)Forfeited(453,556) (543,338) (996,894)Expired— — —Balance at December 31, 20173,192,708 4,212,508 7,405,216Granted1,013,065 3,133,644 4,146,709Exercised (BSPCE and OSA)(137,348) — (137,348)Vested (RSU)— (1,362,873) (1,362,873)Forfeited(880,960) (1,203,142) (2,084,102)Expired— — —Balance at December 31, 20183,187,465 4,780,137 7,967,602F-43Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Breakdown of the Closing Balance Plans 1 & 2 Plan 3 Plan 5 Plan 6 Plan 7 Plan 8 Plan 9 Plan 10 Plan 11 RSUs TotalBalance atDecember31, 2016 Numberoutstanding 54,154 175,693 513,067 399,441 750,528 2,942,834 124,375 — — 3,243,279 8,203,371Weighted-averageexerciseprice €1.24 €3.29 €5.95 €9.77 €18.13 €31.32 €38.20 €— €— €— €23.92Numberexercisable 54,154 175,693 513,067 325,596 504,262 1,135,634 — — — — 2,708,406Weighted-averageexerciseprice €1.24 €3.29 €5.95 €9.66 €17.94 €28.96 €— €— €— €— €17.73Weighted-averageremainingcontractuallife 2.9years 4.3 years 5.2 years 6.1 years 6.8 years 8.2 years 9.6 years 0 0 — 6.9 years Balance atDecember31, 2017 Numberoutstanding 15,020 89,921 251,306 70,803 372,590 1,929,403 463,665 — — 4,212,508 7,405,216Weighted-averageexerciseprice €0.87 €4.03 €5.95 €9.65 €17.70 €32.07 €42.04 €— €— €— €28.33Numberexercisable 15,020 89,921 251,306 70,803 359,702 1,145,511 38,867 — — — 1,971,130Weighted-averageexerciseprice €0.87 €4.03 €5.95 €9.65 €17.31 €30.88 €38.20 €— €— €— €23.16Weighted-averageremainingcontractuallife 1.6 years 3.4 years 4.3 years 5.1 years 5.8 years 7.2 years 9.2 years — — — 6.9 years Balance atDecember31, 2018 Numberoutstanding 3,600 67,751 242,613 41,338 306,172 1,599,033 328,726 532,732 65,500 4,780,137 7,967,602Weighted-averageexerciseprice €0.70 €4.43 €5.95 €9.26 €17.95 €30.99 €41.75 €25.79 €18.72 €— €26.94Numberexercisable 3,600 67,751 242,613 41,338 306,172 1,417,904 161,658 — — — 2,241,036Weighted-averageexerciseprice €0.70 €4.43 €5.95 €9.26 €17.95 €30.04 €41.37 €— €— €— €25.39Weighted-averageremainingcontractuallife 1.2years 2.4 years 3.3 years 4.0 years 4.9 years 6.2 years 8.2 years 9.3 years 9.8 years — 6.7 yearsF-44Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Non-Employee Warrants (Bons de Souscription d’Actions or BSA)In addition to the RSUs, share options and BSPCE grants, the shareholders of the Parent also authorized the grant of non-employee warrants or Bons deSouscription d’Actions (“BSA”), as indicated below:•Plan A : up to one-eight (1/8) at the expiration of each quarter following the date of grant, and this during twenty-four (24) months; and at the latestwithin ten (10) years as from the date of grant.•Plan B : up to one third (1/3) of the non-employee warrants on the first anniversary of the date of grant; then up to one twelfth (1/12) at the expiration ofeach quarter following the first anniversary of the beginning of the vesting period, and this during twenty-four (24) months thereafter; and at the latestwithin ten (10) years as from the date of grant.•Plan C : up to one-twenty fourth (1/24) at the expiration of each month following the date of grant, and this during twenty-four (24) months, and at thelatest within ten (10) years as from the date of grant.•Plan D (member of the advisory board) : up to one-twenty fourth (1/24) at the expiration of each month following the date of grant, and this duringtwenty-four (24) months; and at the latest within ten (10) years as from the date of grant.•Plan D (not member of the advisory board) : one-third (1/3) at the date of grant; one third (1/3) at the first anniversary of the date of grant; one third(1/3) at the second anniversary of the date of grant; and at the latest within ten (10) years as from the date of grant.•Plans E, F, G and H: up to one four th (1/4) of the non-employee warrants on the first anniversary of the date of grant; up to one-sixteenth (1/16) at theexpiration of each quarter following the first anniversary of the date of grant, and this during thirty-six (36) months thereafter; and at the latest within ten(10) years from the date of grant.Upon exercise of the non-employee warrants, we offer settlement of the warrants in newly issued ordinary shares of the Parent.F-45Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Details of Non-Employee Warrants Plan A Plan B Plan C Plan D Plan E Plan F Plan G Plan HDates of grant(Boards ofDirectors) November 17,2009 March 11,2010 November 16,2010 -September 21,2011 October 25,2012 - March6, 2013 March 19,2015 - October29, 2015 April 20, 2016- March 1,2017 July 27, 2017 -October 26,2017 October 25,2018Vesting period 2 years 3 years 2 years 2 years 1 - 4 years 1 - 4 years 1 - 4 years 1 - 4 yearsContractual life 10 years 10 years 10 years 10 years 10 years 10 years 10 years 10 yearsNumber of warrantsgranted 231,792 277,200 192,000 125,784 38,070 59,480 46,465 125,000Share entitlementper warrant 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Share warrant price €0.02 €0.07 - €0.11 €0.04 - €0.30 €0.43 - €0.48 €9.98 - €16.82 €13.89 -€17.44 €13.88 -€17.55 €6.91Exercise price €0.70 €0.70 €0.70 - €5.95 €8.28 - €9.65 €35.18 -€41.02 €33.98 -€43.42 €35.80 -€44.37 €19.71Valuation method Binomial method Grant date share fairvalue €0.20 €0.70 €0.70 - €4.98 €6.43 - €9.65 €35.18 -€41.02 €33.98 -€44.33 €35.80 -€44.37 €19.71Expected volatility(1) 55.7% 55.2% 53.5% - 55.0% 50.0% - 50.2% 39.9% 40.6% - 40.9% 41.0% - 41.3% 40.7%Discount rate (2) 3.58% 3.44% 2.62% - 3.38% 2.13% - 2.27% 0% - 0.52% 0.10% - 0.66% 0.54% - 0.60% 0.6%Performanceconditions No Yes (A) No No No No No NoFair value perwarrant €0.05 €0.33 - €0.38 €0.40 - €2.58 €2.85 - €4.98 €9.98 - €16.82 €13.89 -€14.55 €13.88 -€17.55 €6.91(1) Based on similar listed entities.(2) Based on Obligations Assimilables du Trésor, i.e. French government bonds with a ten-year maturity (“TEC 10 OAT floating-rate bonds”).(A) All the performance conditions were achieved during the period ended December 31, 2010.F-46Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Changes in Number of Non-Employee WarrantsBalance at January 1, 2016 154,910Granted 48,655Exercised (37,000)Forfeited 21,560Balance at December 31, 2016 188,125Granted 57,290Exercised (59,139)Forfeited —Balance at December 31, 2017 186,276Granted 125,000Exercised —Forfeited (19,606)Balance at December 31, 2018 291,670Breakdown of the Closing Balance Non-employee warrantsBalance at December 31, 2016 Number outstanding 188,125Weighted-average exercise price €19.04Number exercisable 117,096Weighted-average exercise price €11.73Weighted-average remaining contractual life 7.3 yearsBalance at December 31, 2017 Number outstanding 186,276Weighted-average exercise price €23.93Number exercisable 86,385Weighted-average exercise price €15.86Weighted-average remaining contractual life 7.6 yearsBalance at December 31, 2018 Number outstanding 291,670Weighted-average exercise price €13.02Number exercisable 108,780Weighted-average exercise price €18.95Weighted-average remaining contractual life 7.9 yearsF-47Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Reconciliation with the Consolidated Statements of Income Balance for the year ended December 31, 2016 Balance for the year ended December 31, 2017 Balance for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands) R&D S&O G&A Total R&D S&O G&A Total R&D S&O G&A TotalRSUs(9,178)(12,705)(7,287)(29,170)(19,377)(30,753)(13,295)(63,425)(20,499)(27,025)(12,179)(59,703)Share options/ BSPCE(2,930)(4,133)(5,356)(12,419)(1,635)22(4,870)(6,483)(860)(1,616)(2,938)(5,414)Plan 5(8)(27)(7)(42)————————Plan 6(35)(20)(162)(217)(7)1(15)(21)————Plan 7(234)239(194)(189)(52)224(35)137(2)(1)(1)(4)Plan 8(2,587)(4,258)(4,638)(11,483)(1,085)186(2,883)(3,782)169(553)(493)(877)Plan 9(66)(67)(355)(488)(491)(389)(1,937)(2,817)(495)(461)(902)(1,858)Plan 10————————(532)(601)(1,485)(2,618)Plan 11— — — — — — — — — — (57) (57)Total share-basedcompensation(12,108)(16,838)(12,643)(41,589)(21,012)(30,731)(18,165)(69,908)(21,359)(28,641)(15,117)(65,117)BSAs——(1,670)(1,670)——(1,704)(1,704)——(1,483)(1,483)Total equityawardscompensationexpense$(12,108)$(16,838)$(14,313)$(43,259)$(21,012)$(30,731)$(19,869)$(71,612)$(21,359)$(28,641)$(16,600)$(66,600)F-48Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 20. Financial Income and ExpensesThe Consolidated Statements of Income line item “Financial income (expense)” can be broken down as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands) Financial income from cash equivalents$1,352$883$1,055Interest and fees(2,367)(2,856)(2,107)Interest on debt(1,134)(2,459)(1,796)Fees(1,233)(397)(311)Foreign exchange (loss) gain506(7,495)(3,945)Other financial expense(37)(66)(87)Total financial income (expense)$(546) $(9,534) $(5,084)The $5.1 million financial expense for the period ended December 31, 2018 was mainly driven by the non-utilization costs and upfront fees amortizationincurred as part of our available RCF financing. The intra-group position between Criteo S.A. and its U.S subsidiary in the context of the funding of theHooklogic acquisition is qualified as a net investment in a foreign operation from February 2018 and no longer requires hedging, resulting in reduced costscompared to the same period ended December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2018, our exposure to foreign currency risk was centralized at Criteo S.A. andhedged using foreign currency swaps or forward purchases or sales of foreign currencies.The $9.5 million financial expense for the period ended December 31, 2017 resulted from (i) the interest incurred as a result of the $75.0 million drawn on therevolving credit facility entered into in September 2015 (as amended in March 2017) (ii) foreign exchange loss due to the hedging cost related to an intra-group position between Criteo S.A. and its U.S. subsidiary, both in the context of the funding of the HookLogic acquisition in November 2016, as well as (iii)the non-utilization fees incurred as part of our available RCF financing.F-49Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 21. Income TaxesBreakdown of Income TaxesThe Consolidated Statements of Income line item “Provision for income taxes” can be broken down as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands)Current income tax $(43,153) $(44,920) $(54,301)France (20,204) (29,193) (37,223)International (22,949) (15,727) (17,078)Net change in deferred taxes 10,024 13,269 8,157France 2,654 (1,080) 11,155International 7,370 14,349 (2,998)Provision for income tax $(33,129) $(31,651) $(46,144)As mentioned in Note 1 (Principles and Accounting Methods), the French Research Tax Credit is not included in the line item “Provision for income taxes”but is deducted from “Research and development expenses” (see Note 18 - Allocation of Personnel Expenses) unlike the U.S. Research Tax Credit for anamount of $4.6 million and $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. French business tax, CVAE, is included in the currenttax balance for an amount of $4.1 million, $5.5 million and $5.9 million, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.Income before taxes included income from France of $79.4 million, $150.7 million and $130.7 million for the periods ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and2018 respectively. Income before taxes from countries outside of France totaled $41.1 million, $(22.4) million and $11.3 million for the periods endedDecember 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.F-50Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Reconciliation between the Effective and Nominal Tax ExpenseThe following table shows the reconciliation between the effective and nominal tax expense at the nominal standard French rate of 34.43% (excludingadditional contributions): Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands) Income before taxes $120,458$128,310$142,023Theoretical group tax-rates 34.43% 34.43% 34.43%Nominal tax expense (41,474) (44,177) (48,899) Increase / decrease in tax expense arising from: Research tax credit (1) 1,701 6,829 10,211Net effect of shared-based compensation (2) (8,957) (605) (17,674)Other permanent differences (3) (3,518) (5,717) (11,982)Non recognition of deferred tax assets related to taxlosses and temporary differences (4) (7,738) (14,356) (11,664)Utilization or recognition of previously unrecognizedtax losses (5) 13,366 4,888 4,461French CVAE included in income taxes (3,165) (2,867) (3,849)Special tax deductions (6) 20,022 29,410 38,577 Effect of different tax rates (7) (1,108) (6,667) (377)Other differences (2,258) 1,611 (4,948)Effective tax expense $(33,129) $(31,651) $(46,144) Effective tax rate 27.5% 24.7% 32.5%Increases and decreases in tax expense are presented applying the theoretical Group tax rate to the concerned tax bases. The impact resulting from thedifferences between local tax rates and the Group theoretical rate is shown in the “effect of different tax rates.”(1) Included income tax effect of the French RTC deducted from the "Research and development expenses" and US Tax credits included in the line "Provision for income taxes".(2) While in most countries share-based compensation does not give rise to any tax effect either when granted or when exercised, the United States and the United Kingdomgenerally permit tax deductions in respect of share-based compensation. The tax deduction generated in the United States and United Kingdom in connection with the numberof options exercised during the period was offset by the share-based compensation accounting expense exclusion.(3) Mainly related to employee costs, depreciation expenses and intercompany transactions.(4) Deferred tax assets on which a valuation allowance has been recognized mainly relate to Criteo Ltd, Criteo Corp, Criteo Singapore Pte. Ltd, Criteo do Brasil LTDA and CriteoPty.(5) In 2016 recognition of previously unrecognized tax losses related to Criteo Corp.(6) Special tax deductions refer to the application of a reduced income tax rate on the majority of the technology royalties income invoiced by the Parent to its subsidiaries.(7) In 2017, mainly related to difference in income tax rate between the Group theoretical rate and Criteo Corp including Hooklogic after the decrease of the U.S. federal incometax rate from 34% to 21% as a result of the 2017 Tax cut and Jobs Act.F-51Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Deferred Tax Assets and LiabilitiesThe following table shows the changes in the major sources of deferred tax assets and liabilities:(in thousands) Year endedDecember 31,2016 Changerecognizedin profit orloss Changerecognizedin OCI Change inconsolidationscope Other Currencytranslationadjustments Year endedDecember 31,2017 Deferred tax assets: Net operating losscarryforwards $26,463$3,404$—$6,294$246$865$37,272Intangibles (631) 11,176 — (31,936) — (271) (21,662)Stock compensation — 4,757 10,643 — — — 15,400Bad debt allowance 1,809 1,173 — 97 — 10 3,089Personnel-relatedaccruals 7,770 (2,055) — 467 165 160 6,507Other accruals 4,374 385 — 10 — 145 4,914Projected benefitobligation 1,207 453 35 — (110) 189 1,774Financial instruments 678 (2,399) — — — (55) (1,776)Other 8,095 4,209 — (769) (83) 821 12,273 Valuation allowance (19,821) (7,834) — (5,653) (218) (1,541) (35,067) Net DeferredIncome Taxes 29,94413,26910,678(31,490)—32322,724On December 22, 2017, the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted into law and the new legislation contains several key tax provisions that affected us,including a reduction of the federal income tax rate to 21% effective January 1, 2018. As a result of the reduction in the U.S. corporate income tax rate, ourU.S. deferred taxes at December 31, 2017, were revalued and recognizes the effect of the tax law changes in the period of enactment.F-52Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.(in thousands) Year endedDecember 31,2017 Changerecognizedin profit orloss Changerecognizedin OCI Change inconsolidationscope Other Currencytranslationadjustments Year endedDecember 31,2018 Deferred taxassets: Net operating losscarryforwards $37,272 $18,715 $— $1,697 $(820) $(1,506) $55,358Intangibles (21,662) 5,215 — (9,150) — 252 (25,345)Stock compensation 15,400 (960) — (40) — — 14,400Bad debt allowance 3,089 840 — — — (50) 3,879Personnel-relatedaccruals 6,507 944 — — — (134) 7,317Other accruals 4,914 (588) — — (44) (381) 3,901Projected benefitobligation 1,774 612 (425) 34 (2) (86) 1,907Financialinstruments (1,776) 1,145 — — (1) 46 (586)Other 12,273 (7,694) — (14) 882 32 5,479 Valuation allowance (35,067) (10,072) 107 562 (13) 1,297 (43,186) Net DeferredIncome Taxes 22,724 8,157 (318) (6,911) 2 (530) 23,124Amounts recognized in our Consolidated Financial Statements are calculated at the level of each subsidiary within our Consolidated Financial Statements.As at December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the valuation allowance against net deferred income taxes amounted to $19.9 million, $35.1 million and $43.2million, which related mainly to Criteo Corp. ($0.9 million, $14.7 million and $18.6 million, respectively), Criteo do Brasil ($3.6 million, nil and $3.6million, respectively), Criteo Ltd ($4.7 million, $6.3 million and $7.2 million, respectively), Criteo China ($3.7 million, $6.5 million and $3.5 million,respectively) and Criteo France ($3.0 million, $2.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively).The main change that occurred in 2018 mainly relate to the deferred tax liabilities on Storetail and Manage intangible assets recognized in the context of thepreliminary purchase price allocations ("Change in consolidation scope").In accordance with ASC 740 - Income taxes, no uncertain tax positions were identified as of December 31, 2018.The Company has various net operating loss carryforwards in the U.S. and China for $6.6 million and $3.2 million, respectively, which begin to expire in2030 and 2019, respectively. The Company has net operating loss carryforwards in the United Kingdom of $6.8 million which have no expiration date.Current tax assetsThe balance mainly related to the U.S. research tax credit receivable.F-53Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Ongoing tax auditsAs a multinational corporation, we are subject to regular review and audit by U.S. federal and state, and foreign tax authorities. Significant uncertainties existwith respect to the amount of our tax liabilities, including those arising from potential challenges with certain positions we have taken. Any unfavorableoutcome of such a review or audit could have an adverse impact on our tax rate. In September 27, 2017, we received a draft notice of proposed adjustment "NOPA" from the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") audit of Criteo Corp. for the yearended December 31, 2014, confirmed by the definitive notice dated February 8, 2018. Although we disagree with the IRS's position and are currentlycontesting this issue, the ultimate resolution of this litigation is uncertain and, if resolved in a manner unfavorable to us, could result in an additional federaltax liability of an estimated maximum aggregate amount of approximately $15.0 million, excluding related fees, interest and penalties.F-54Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 22. Earnings Per ShareBasic Earnings Per ShareWe calculate basic earnings per share by dividing the net income for the period attributable to shareholders of the Parent by the weighted average number ofshares outstanding. Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands, except share data) Net income attributable to shareholders of Criteo S.A.$82,272$91,214$88,644Weighted average number of shares outstanding (note 16)63,337,79265,143,03666,456,890Basic earnings per share$1.30 $1.40 $1.33Diluted Earnings Per ShareWe calculate diluted earnings per share by dividing the net income attributable to shareholders of the Parent by the weighted average number of sharesoutstanding plus any potentially dilutive shares not yet issued from share-based compensation plans (see note 19). There were no other potentially dilutiveinstruments outstanding as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018. Consequently all potential dilutive effects from shares are considered.For each period presented, a contract to issue a certain number of shares (i.e. share option, share warrant, restricted share award or BSPCE contracts) is assessedas potentially dilutive, if it is “in the money” (i.e., the exercise or settlement price is inferior to the average market price). Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands, except share data) Net income attributable to shareholders of Criteo S.A.$82,272$91,214$88,644Weighted average number of shares outstanding of Criteo S.A.63,337,79265,143,03666,456,890Dilutive effect of :Restricted share awards253,7281,401,957786,932Share options and BSPCE1,958,7281,239,149382,512Share warrants83,22267,82936,570Weighted average number of shares outstanding used to determine dilutedearnings per share65,633,47067,851,97167,662,904Diluted earnings per share$1.25 $1.34 $1.31F-55Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.The weighted average number of securities that were anti-dilutive for diluted EPS for the periods presented but which could potentially dilute EPS in thefuture are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 201620172018 Restricted share awards 396,086758,8591,464,145 Share options and BSPCE 509,442272,14640,573 Share warrants ———Weighted average number of anti-dilutive securities excluded fromdiluted earnings per share 905,528 1,031,005 1,504,718Note 23. Commitments and contingenciesOperating Lease ArrangementsFuture payment obligations under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2018 are listed below: Less than 1 year 1 to 5 years 5 years + Total (in thousands) Minimum payments for property leases$34,013$72,906$27,469 $134,388Minimum payments for hosting services46,92937,226— 84,155Operating Lease ExpensesOperating expenses relating to our offices totaled $32.1 million, $35.4 million and $37.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017, and 2018,respectively.Expenses relating to hosting services totaled $42.0 million, $57.9 million, and $54.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017, and 2018,respectively.Purchase ObligationsAs of December 31, 2018, we had $19.0 million of other non-cancellable contractual obligations, primarily related to software licenses and maintenance.Revolving Credit Facilities, Credit Lines Facilities and Bank OverdraftsAs mentioned in Note 13, we are party to one RCF with a syndicate of banks which allow us to draw up to €350.0 million ($400.7 million).We are also party to short-term credit lines and overdraft facilities with HSBC plc, BNP Paribas and LCL. We are authorized to draw up to a maximum of€21.5 million ($24.6 million) in the aggregate under the short-term credit lines and overdraft facilities. As of December 31, 2018, we had not drawn on any ofthese facilities. Any loans or overdraft under these short-term facilities bear interest based on the one month EURIBOR rate or three month EURIBOR rate. Asthese facilities are exclusively short-term credit and overdraft facilities, our banks have the ability to terminate such facilities on short notice.ContingenciesFrom time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently aparty to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, resultsof operations, financial condition or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlementcosts, diversion of management resources and other factors.F-56Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 24. Related PartiesDuring its meeting on December 17, 2015, the Board of Directors decided to separate the functions of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer.Effective January 1, 2016, Jean-Baptiste Rudelle became Executive Chairman and Eric Eichmann was appointed Chief Executive Officer. In the exercise ofhis responsibilities, Mr. Eichmann was assisted by Benoit Fouilland, Chief Financial Officer, and Romain Niccoli, Chief Product Officer.On October 26, 2016, Romain Niccoli resigned as Chief Product Officer, with effect from December 31, 2016.On March 1, 2017, Mollie Spilman, Chief Operating Officer, and Dan Teodosiu, Chief Technical Officer were appointed Executive Officers.On April 25, 2018, the Board appointed Jean-Baptiste Rudelle, the Executive Chairman of Criteo S.A., as the Company's Chairman and Chief ExecutiveOfficer.On June 19, 2018 Criteo S.A. entered into a transition and separation agreement with Mr. Eric Eichmann, the Company's former Chief Executive Officer,pursuant to which Mr. Eichmann's Management Agreement with the Company has been terminated, effective as of April 25, 2018 and Mr. Eichmann willcontinue employment with the Company in a non-executive capacity as advisor to the Chief Executive Officer to assist with transition duties from April 25,2018 to August 31, 2018.The Executive Officers as of December 31, 2018 were:•Jean-Baptiste Rudelle - Executive Chairman•Benoit Fouilland - Chief Financial Officer•Mollie Spilman - Chief Operating Officer•Dan Teodosiu - Chief Technical OfficerTotal compensation for the Executive Officers, including social contributions, is summarized in the following table: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands) Short-term benefits (1)$(2,755)$(3,345)$(3,150)Long-term benefits (2)(194)(130)(47)Shared-based compensation(7,159)(11,802)(8,016)Total$(10,108) $(15,277) $(11,213)(1) wages, bonuses and other compensations(2) pension defined benefit planFor the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, there were no material related party transactions.F-57Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 25. Breakdown of Revenue and Non-Current Assets by Geographical AreasThe Company operates in the following three geographical markets:•Americas: North and South America;•EMEA: Europe, Middle-East and Africa; and•Asia-Pacific. The following tables disclose our consolidated revenue for each geographical area for each of the reported periods. Revenue by geographical area is basedon the location of advertisers’ campaigns. Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total (in thousands) December 31, 2016$730,873 $660,523 $407,750 $1,799,146December 31, 2017990,424 808,961 497,307 2,296,692December 31, 2018$954,073 $839,825 $506,416 $2,300,314Revenue generated in France amounted to $132.2 million, $149.6 million and $153.3 million for the periods ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018,respectively.Revenue generated in other significant countries where we operate is presented in the following table: Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 2018 (in thousands) Americas United States$630,047 $869,004 $848,378EMEA Germany137,116 183,297 203,020United Kingdom115,053 115,226 97,849Asia-Pacific Japan$285,959 $355,338 $351,441Other InformationFor each reported period, non-current assets (corresponding to the net book value of tangible and intangible assets) are presented in the table below. Thegeographical information results from the locations of legal entities. Of which Of which Holding Americas United States EMEA Asia-Pacific Japan Singapore Total(in thousands) December 31, 2017$100,819 $113,272 $112,685 $18,850 $25,020 $10,141 $10,085 $257,961December 31, 2018$123,388 $125,654 $125,312 $27,898 $19,109 $11,630 $2,992 $296,049F-58Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Note 26. Subsequent EventsOn February 8th, 2019, the Board acknowledged the share capital decrease resulting from the cancellation of 1,594,288 shares and approved the relatedamendment of Article 6 of the Company’s by-laws reflecting such decrease.There are no other significant events that require adjustments or disclosure in the Consolidated Financial Statements.F-59Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 3.1Société anonymeShare capital: €1,648,944.85Registered office: 32 rue Blanche, 75009 Paris, France484 786 249 RCS Paris_____________________UPDATED BYLAWSas of February 8, 2019Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.TITLE ILEGAL FORM, NAME, PURPOSES, REGISTERED OFFICE AND TERM OF THE COMPANYARTICLE 1 ~ LEGAL FORMThe Company was incorporated as a société par actions simplifiée (simplified corporation) and subsequently converted into a sociétéanonyme by a decision adopted by the shareholders on March 3, 2006.It is governed by Book II of the Commercial Code (Code de Commerce) and by these bylaws.ARTICLE 2 ~ NAMEThe Company’s name is:CRITEOIn all instruments and documents issued by the Company and intended for third parties, the Company’s name shall always beimmediately preceded or followed by the words “société anonyme” or the acronym “SA” and by the amount of share capital.ARTICLE 3 ~ PURPOSESThe Company’s purposes, directly or indirectly, both in France and abroad, are:•Providing IT services and software, acting as a communication agency, providing consulting services to companies andengaging in distance sales;•Taking equity stakes or acquiring interests in all commercial, industrial, financial, real or personal property companies andenterprises by creating new companies, making contributions, subscribing for or purchasing securities or corporate rights,carrying out corporate mergers and entering into alliances or consortia, whether by taking equity stakes or otherwise;•Managing, administering and disposing of said equity stakes, including providing consulting services in the fields ofadministration and management, in particular commercial, financial and administrative administration and management; and•More broadly, engaging in all financial, commercial, industrial and personal or real property operations that may be directly orindirectly related to the purposes above or any similar or connected purposes that may promote the Company’s expansion ordevelopment in France and abroad.ARTICLE 4 ~ REGISTERED OFFICEThe Company’s registered office is located at:32 rue Blanche, 75009 Paris.The registered office may be transferred to any other location in France by a decision of the Board of Directors, provided suchdecision is ratified by the next ordinary general shareholders’ meeting, and anywhere else by a decision adopted by an extraordinarygeneral shareholders’ meeting.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.If a transfer is decided by the Board of Directors, the Board is authorized to amend the bylaws and perform the publication and filingformalities required as a result, provided it is stated that the transfer is subject to the aforementioned ratification. ARTICLE 5 ~ TERMThe term of the Company shall be ninety-nine (99) years from the date of its registration with the Trade and Companies Registry,except in the event it is dissolved before the expiration of its term or if said term is extended by an extraordinary general shareholders’meeting.*** *** ******TITLE IISHARE CAPITAL AND SHARESARTICLE 6 ~ SHARE CAPITALThe Company has a share capital of €1,648,944.85. It is divided into 65,957,794 shares with a par value of €0.025 each, all fully paid-up and of the same category.ARTICLE 7 ~ LEGAL FORMAll shares shall be registered shares. Shares shall be registered in an account, in accordance with the law.ARTICLE 8 ~ SHARE TRANSFERS8.1.All share transfers shall be carried out in accordance with the law. All expenses generated by a share transfer shall beborne by the transferee.8.2. Shares are freely transferable.ARTICLE 9 ~ RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS PERTAINING TO SHARESThe rights and obligations pertaining to shares follow the shares, regardless of who holds the shares, and share transfers shall includeall dividends declared but not paid and future dividends and, if applicable, the relevant share of reserve funds and provisions.Ownership of a share shall ipso facto be deemed the shareholder’s approval of these bylaws and of decisions adopted by generalshareholders’ meetings.Except as otherwise provided by the law, each shareholder shall have in general meetings as many votes as the number of shares heor she owns, provided that all required payments due for such share have been met. For the same par value, each share entitles itsholder to one vote.Each share carries a right to a share of corporate assets, of profits, and of liquidation surplus, proportional to the number and nominalvalue of the existing shares.Whenever it is necessary to hold more than one share, whether or not preferred shares, or securities to exercise any right, theshareholders or holders of securities shall take it upon themselves to pool the number of shares or securities required.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.ARTICLE 10 ~ PAYMENT FOR SHARESAmounts to be paid, in cash, as payment for shares subscribed pursuant to a capital increase shall be payable in accordance with therequirements imposed by an extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting.The initial payment shall not be less than one-fourth, at the time of a capital increase, of the par value of the shares. If applicable, theinitial payment shall include the entire amount of the issue premium.The Board of Directors shall make calls for payment of the balance, in one or more installments, within a period of five years from thedate the capital increase is completed.Each shareholder shall be notified of the amounts called and the date on which the corresponding sums are to be paid at least fifteendays before the due date.Shareholders who do not pay amounts owed on the shares they hold by the due date shall automatically and without the need for aformal demand for payment owe the Company late payment interest calculated on a daily basis, on the basis of a 365 day year, as ofthe due date at the legal rate in commercial matters, plus three points, without prejudice to the Company’s personal action against theshareholder in breach and the enforcement measures authorized by law.*** *** ******TITLE IIIMANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANYARTICLE 11 ~ BOARD OF DIRECTORS11.1. CompositionThe Company shall be managed by a Board composed of individuals or legal entities whose number shall be determined by theordinary general shareholders’ meeting within the limits set by the law.At the time they are appointed, legal entities shall designate an individual as their permanent representative to the Board of Directors.The term of office of the permanent representative shall have the same duration as the term of office of the legal entity he represents.If a legal entity removes its permanent representative from office, it shall immediately appoint a replacement. The same provision shallalso apply in the event of the death or resignation of the permanent representative.The directors are appointed for a term of two years. The office of a director shall terminate at the close of the ordinary generalmeeting of shareholders which deliberated on the accounts of the preceding financial year and held in the year during which the termof office of said director comes to an end.Directors are always eligible for reappointment. They may be removed from office at any time by a decision of a general shareholders’meeting.In the event of one or more vacancies on the Board of Directors due to death or resignation, the Board may make temporaryappointments between two general shareholders’ meetings.A director appointed to replace another director shall serve only for the remaining portion of his predecessor’s term of office.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Appointments made by the Board pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall be submitted for ratification by the next ordinary generalshareholders’ meeting.If such appointments are not ratified, decisions adopted and acts performed by the Board shall nevertheless remain valid.If the number of directors falls below the statutory minimum, the remaining directors shall immediately convene an ordinary generalshareholders’ meeting for the purpose of completing the membership of the Board.Company employees may be appointed as directors. However, their employment contracts must correspond to actual employment. Insuch case, employees do not lose the benefit of their employment contracts.The number of directors who are parties to an employment contract with the Company shall not exceed one-third of the directors inoffice.The number of directors over the age of 70 shall not exceed one-third of the directors in office. If this limit is exceeded during thedirectors’ terms of office, the oldest director shall automatically be deemed to have resigned at the conclusion of the next generalshareholders’ meeting.11.2. ChairmanThe Board of Directors shall elect a Chairman from among its members, who shall be an individual. The Board shall determine theduration of his term of office, which shall not exceed his term of office as director, and may remove him from office at any time. TheBoard shall set his compensation.The Chairman shall organize and manage the work of the Board and report thereon to the general shareholders’ meetings. TheChairman shall ensure the satisfactory functioning of the Company’s governing bodies and, in particular, ensure that the directors areable to perform their duties.The Chairman of the Board shall not be over the age of 70. If the Chairman reaches this age limit during his term of office asChairman, he shall automatically be deemed to have resigned. The Chairman’s term of office shall continue until the next Board ofDirectors’ meeting, at which his successor shall be appointed. Subject to this provision, the Chairman of the Board is always eligible forreappointment.ARTICLE 12 ~ BOARD OF DIRECTORS12.1. The Board of Directors shall meet as often as required by the Company’s interests.12.2. The Chairman shall give the directors notice of Board meetings. Notice may be given by any means, whether written or oral.The Chief Executive Officer may also request the Chairman to convene a meeting of the Board of Directors to consider a specificagenda.In addition, directors representing at least one-third of Board members may validly convene a Board meeting. In such case, they shallstate the agenda for the meeting.If a Works Council has been created, the representatives of such Council, appointed in accordance with the provisions of the LaborCode (Code du Travail), shall be given notice of all Board of Directors’ meetings.Board meetings shall be held at the registered office or at any other place in France or abroad.12.3. For the Board to deliberate validly, at least one-half of its members shall be present.Decisions of the Board of Directors shall be adopted by a majority of votes cast. In the event of a tie vote, the Chairman shall not havethe power to break the tie.12.4. The Board of Directors may adopt internal rules and regulations, which may provide inter alia that, for purposes of calculatingthe quorum and majority, directors who participate in BoardSource: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.meetings by videoconference or other means of telecommunication in compliance with the laws and regulations in force will bedeemed to be present. This provision shall not apply to decisions concerning (i) the approval of the annual financial statements or theBoard of Directors’ management report; (ii) if applicable, the preparation of consolidated financial statements or the groupmanagement rapport and (iii) the dismissal from office of the Chief Executive Officer for any other cause than willful misconduct.12.5. Each director shall receive the information necessary to perform his duties and hold his corporate office, and may obtaincopies of all documents he deems of use.12.6. Any director may, including by letter, telegram or fax, grant another director a proxy to represent him at a Board meeting, butno director may hold more than one proxy at any meeting.12.7. Copies or extracts of the minutes of Board of Directors’ meetings shall be validly certified by the Chairman of the Board ofDirectors, the Chief Executive Officer, the Deputy Chief Executive Officers, a director temporarily appointed to act as Chairman or anagent duly authorized for such purpose.ARTICLE 13 ~ POWERS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORSThe Board of Directors shall establish the Company’s business policies and ensure they are carried out. Subject to the powersexpressly granted to shareholders’ meetings, and within the limits of the corporate purposes, the Board of Directors may consider anyissue relating to the proper operation of the Company and shall resolve matters that concern the Company by its decisions.In its relations with third parties, the Company shall be bound by the acts of the Board of Directors that exceed the scope of thecorporate purposes, unless the Company proves that the third party was aware, or that in light of the circumstances could not havebeen unaware, that the act was not within said corporate purposes. However, the mere publication of the bylaws shall not constitutesuch proof.The Board of Directors shall carry out all verifications and audits it deems necessary.Furthermore, the Board of Directors shall exercise the special powers conferred on it by law.ARTICLE 14 ~ EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT14.1.1. The Company’s executive management functions shall be performed, under his responsibility, by the Chairman of the Boardof Directors or another individual appointed by the Board of Directors, who shall hold the title of Chief Executive Officer.The Chief Executive Officer shall have the broadest possible powers to act in all circumstances in the name of the Company. TheChief Executive Officer shall exercise his powers within the limits of the corporate purposes and subject to the powers expresslygranted by law to shareholders’ meetings and to the Board of Directors.He shall represent the Company in its dealings with third parties. The Company shall be bound by acts of the Chief Executive Officerthat exceed the scope of the corporate purposes, unless the Company is able to prove that the third party was aware, or that in light ofthe circumstances could not have been unaware, that the act was not within said corporate purposes. However, the mere publicationof the bylaws shall not be sufficient to constitute such proof.14.1.2. The Chief Executive Officer shall not be over 70 years of age. If the Chief Executive Officer reaches this age limit, he shallautomatically be deemed to have resigned. The Chief Executive Officer’s term of office shall continue until the next Board of Directors’meeting, at which a new Chief Executive Officer shall be appointed.14.1.3. If the Chief Executive Officer is a director, the term of his position shall not exceed his term of office as director.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.The Board of Directors may remove the Chief Executive Officer from office at any time. If the removal from office is decided withoutjust cause, the Chief Executive Officer removed from office may claim damages unless he also holds the position of Chairman of theBoard of Directors.14.1.4. By a decision adopted by a majority vote of the directors present or represented, the Board of Directors shall choosebetween the two executive management methods described in Article 14.1.1, paragraph 1. The shareholders and third parties shall beinformed of such choice in the manner prescribed by the laws and regulations.The choice made by the Board of Directors shall remain in effect until a contrary decision of the Board or, at the Board’s discretion, forthe duration of the Chief Executive Officer's term of office.If the Company’s executive management functions are carried out by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the provisionsconcerning the Chief Executive Officer shall apply to him.In accordance with the provisions of Article 706-43 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Chief Executive Officer may validly delegateto any person of his choice the authority to represent the Company in connection with criminal proceedings that may be initiatedagainst the Company.14.2.1. Pursuant to a proposal of the Chief Executive Officer, the Board of Directors may authorize one or more individuals to assistthe Chief Executive Officer in the capacity of Deputy Chief Executive Officer.In agreement with the Chief Executive Officer, the Board of Directors shall determine the scope and duration of the powers granted tothe Deputy Chief Executive Officers. The Board of Directors shall set their compensation. If a Deputy Chief Executive Officer is adirector, the term of his position shall not exceed his term of office as director.Vis-à-vis third parties, Deputy Chief Executive Officers shall have the same powers as the Chief Executive Officer. Deputy ChiefExecutive Officers have inter alia the power to initiate legal proceedings.No more than five Deputy Chief Executive Officers shall be appointed.Pursuant to a proposal of the Chief Executive Officer, the Deputy Chief Executive Officer(s) may be removed from office by the Boardof Directors at any time. If the removal from office is decided without just cause, a Deputy Chief Executive Officer removed from officemay claim damages.Deputy Chief Executive Officers shall not be over 70 years of age. If a Deputy Chief Executive Officer in office reaches this age limit,he shall automatically be deemed to have resigned. The Deputy Chief Executive Officer’s term of office shall continue until the nextBoard of Directors’ meeting, at which a new Deputy Chief Executive Officer may be appointed.If the Chief Executive Officer leaves office or is unable to perform his duties, unless otherwise decided by the Board of Directors, theDeputy Chief Executive Officer(s) shall remain in office and retain their powers until the appointment of a new Chief Executive Officer.Vis-à-vis third parties, the Deputy Chief Executive Officers shall have the same powers as the Chief Executive Officer.ARTICLE 15 – BOARD OBSERVERSPursuant to a proposal of the Board of Directors, an ordinary general shareholders’ meeting may appoint Board observers. The Boardof Directors may also appoint Board observers directly, subject to ratification by the next general shareholders’ meeting.No more than five Board observers shall be appointed, and they shall constitute a panel. They shall be appointed, without restriction,on the basis of their expertise.The observers are appointed for a term of two years. The office of an observer shall terminate at the close of the ordinary generalmeeting of shareholders which deliberated on the accounts of the preceding financial year and held in the year during which the termof office of said observer comes to an end.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.The panel of Board observers shall review matters that the Board of Directors or its Chairman submits to it for its opinion. The Boardobservers shall attend Board of Directors’ meetings and shall take part in deliberations in a non-voting capacity. However, theirabsence shall not affect the validity of the Board’s deliberations.They shall be given notice of Board meetings in the same manner as the directors.The Board of Directors may remunerate the Board observers by allocating an amount from the directors’ fees granted annually by ageneral shareholders’ meeting.ARTICLE 16 ~ AGREEMENTS SUBJECT TO AUTHORIZATION16.1. Guarantees, pledges and other security interests granted by the Company shall be authorized by the Board of Directors inaccordance with the requirements prescribed by law.16.2. All agreements made directly or through an intermediary between the Company and its Chief Executive Officer, a Deputy ChiefExecutive Officer, a director, a shareholder holding more than 10% of voting rights or, if the shareholder is a company, with thecompany controlling such shareholder within the meaning of Article L. 223-3 of the Commercial Code, shall require the prior approvalof the Board of Directors.The foregoing shall also apply to agreements in which any of the persons described in the previous paragraph has an indirect interest.Agreements made between the Company and any enterprise in which the Chief Executive Officer, a Deputy Chief Executive Officer ora director is an owner, a partner with unlimited liability, a manager, a director, a member of the Supervisory Board, or, generally, is aperson with management responsibilities in such enterprise, shall also require prior authorization.The prior authorization of the Board of Directors shall be required, in accordance with the requirements prescribed by law.The foregoing provisions shall not apply to agreements concerning ordinary transactions that are entered into on arm’s length terms,nor to agreements entered into between two companies, where one holds, directly or indirectly, all the share capital of the other, less,if applicable, the minimum number of shares required to meet the requirements of Article 1832 of the French Civil Code or Articles L.225-1 and L. 226-1 of the French Commercial Code.ARTICLE 17 ~ PROHIBITED AGREEMENTSDirectors who are not legal entities shall be prohibited from obtaining, in any form whatsoever, loans from the Company, currentaccount or other overdraft facilities from the Company or to have the Company provide a guarantee or pledge securing theirundertakings to third parties.The same prohibition shall apply to the Chief Executive Officer, the Deputy Chief Executive Officers and to the permanentrepresentatives of directors that are legal entities. The foregoing provision shall also apply to the spouses, ascendants anddescendants of the persons referred to in this article, as well as to all intermediaries.ARTICLE 18 ~ STATUTORY AUDITORSThe Company shall be audited, in accordance with the requirements prescribed by law, by one or more statutory auditors who meetthe eligibility requirements prescribed by law. If the requirements prescribed by law are met, the Company shall appoint at least twostatutory auditors.Each statutory auditor shall be appointed by an ordinary general shareholders’ meeting.An ordinary shareholders’ meeting shall appoint, when required by law, one or more deputy statutory auditors, which shall replace theprincipal statutory auditors in the event they refuse or are unable to perform their duties, or in the event of their resignation or death.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.If an ordinary general shareholders’ meeting fails to appoint a statutory auditor, any shareholder may petition the court to appoint one,after having duly joined the Chairman of the Board of Directors to the proceedings. The term of office of a statutory auditor appointedby the court shall expire when an ordinary shareholders’ meeting appoints the statutory auditor(s).*** *** ******TITLE IVGENERAL SHAREHOLDERS’ MEETINGSARTICLE 19General shareholders’ meetings shall be convened and shall meet in the manner prescribed by law.If the Company wishes to give notice of meetings electronically, instead of by mail, it must first obtain the agreement of theshareholders concerned, who shall provide their email address.Meetings shall be held at the registered office or at any other location specified in the notice of meeting.The right to participate in the shareholders’ meetings is evidenced by the registration of the shares in the name of the shareholder onthe second (2nd) business day preceding the date of the shareholders’ meeting at 12:00 a.m., Paris time.Shareholders who do not attend the general shareholders’ meeting personally may choose one of three following options:- Granting a proxy to another shareholder, his spouse or his partner in a French domestic partnership (PACS), or- Voting by mail, or- Sending a proxy to the Company without specifying any voting instructions,in accordance with the requirements prescribed by the laws and regulations.In accordance with the requirements prescribed by the laws and regulations in force, the Board of Directors may arrange forshareholders to participate and vote by videoconference or means of telecommunication that allow them to be identified. If the Boardof Directors decides to exercise this right for a particular shareholders’ meeting, such Board decision shall be mentioned in theannouncement and/or notice of the meeting. Shareholders who participate in shareholders’ meetings be videoconference or any of theother means of telecommunication referred to above, as selected by the Board of Directors, shall be deemed present for the purposesof calculating the quorum and majority.Shareholders’ meetings shall be chaired by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or, in the absence thereof, by the Chief ExecutiveOfficer, a Deputy Chief Executive Officer, if he is a director, or by a director specifically appointed for such purpose by the Board.Failing this, the shareholders’ meeting shall elect its own chairman.The duties of scrutineer shall be performed by the two members of the shareholders’ meeting who are present and hold the highestnumber of votes, and who agree to perform such duties. The officers shall appoint a secretary, who may but need not be ashareholder.An attendance sheet shall be kept, in accordance with the requirements prescribed by law.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.An ordinary general shareholders’ meeting can be validly conducted pursuant to a first or second notice of meeting only if theshareholders present or represented hold at least 33 1/3 percent of the shares having the right to vote.Decisions of ordinary general meetings shall be adopted by a simple majority of the votes cast by the shareholders present orrepresented.An extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting can be validly conducted pursuant to a first or second notice of meeting only if the shareholderspresent or represented hold at least 33 1/3 percent of the shares having the right to vote.Decisions of extraordinary general meetings shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast by the shareholders present orrepresented.Copies or extracts of shareholder meeting minutes may be validly certified by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, a director whoholds the position of Chief Executive Officer or the secretary of the meeting.Ordinary and extraordinary general shareholders’ meetings shall exercise their respective powers in accordance with the requirementsprescribed by law.*** *** ******TITLE VCORPORATE INCOMEARTICLE 20 ~ FISCAL YEAREach fiscal year shall last one year, starting on January 1 and ending on December 31.ARTICLE 21 ~ PROFITS – STATUTORY RESERVE FUNDAn amount of at least five percent (5%) shall be deducted from the profits for the fiscal year, reduced by prior losses, if any, in order toconstitute the reserve fund known as the “statutory reserve fund”. Such deduction shall cease to be mandatory when the amount inthe statutory reserve fund is equal to one-tenth of share capital.The distributable profits are comprised of the profits for the fiscal year, reduced by prior losses and the deduction required by theprevious paragraph, and increased by profits carried forward.ARTICLE 22 ~ DIVIDENDSIf the financial statements for the fiscal year, as approved by a general shareholders’ meeting, show a distributable profit, the generalshareholders’ meeting shall post it to one or more reserve funds that they have the power to appropriate or use, carry it forward ordistribute it in the form of dividends.After having confirmed the existence of reserve funds available to it, a general shareholders’ meeting may decide to distributeamounts withdrawn from such reserve funds. In such case, the decision shall expressly state the reserve items from which thewithdrawals are made. However, dividends shall first be withdrawn from the distributable profits for the fiscal year.The procedures for paying dividends shall be set by a general shareholders’ meeting or, failing this, by the Board of Directors.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.However, dividends shall be paid within a maximum period of nine months from the end of the fiscal year.The shareholders’ meeting called to approve the accounts of the financial year may grant to each shareholder, for all or part of thedividend available for distribution, a choice between payment in the form of cash or in form of shares.In the same manner, each shareholder may be granted, for all or part of the interim dividends available for distribution, a choicebetween payment of said interim dividends in the form of cash or in the form of shares.The offer of a payment in the form of shares, the price and the terms of issues of shares, as well as the request for payment in theform of shares, and the terms of acknowledgment of the subsequent share capital increase are provided by the laws and regulations.In the event that a balance sheet prepared during or at the end of the fiscal year and certified as accurate by the statutory auditor(s)shows that since the end of the previous fiscal year the Company has generated a profit after necessary depreciation allowances andprovisions have been booked, after deducting, if applicable, previous losses and sums to be booked into reserve funds as required bylaw or these bylaws, and after taking into account profits carried forward, the Board of Directors may decide to distribute interimdividends before the financial statements for the fiscal year have been approved, as well as the amount thereof and the distributiondate. The amount of such interim dividends shall not exceed the amount of profits as defined in this paragraph.*** *** ******TITLE VIDISSOLUTION - LIQUIDATIONARTICLE 23 ~ EARLY DISSOLUTIONAn extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting may, at any time, decide to dissolve the Company before the expiration of its term.ARTICLE 24 ~ LOSS OF ONE-HALF OF SHARE CAPITALIf as a result of losses reported in the accounting documents, the Company’s shareholders’ equity falls below one-half of share capital,the Board of Directors shall, within four months following the approval of the financial statements reporting such loss, convene anextraordinary general shareholders’ meeting to decide whether to dissolve the Company before the expiration of its term.If it is decided not to dissolve the Company, no later than the end of the second fiscal year following the fiscal year in which the loss isobserved, and subject to the legal provisions with respect to the minimum capital of sociétés anonymes, the Company shall reduce itsshare capital by an amount at least equal to losses that cannot be set off against reserve funds, if during such period shareholders’equity has not been reconstituted to an amount at least equal to one-half of share capital.If a general shareholders’ meeting is not held or if such shareholders’ meeting is unable to validly deliberate after it had beenconvened a second time, any interested party may petition the Commercial Court to dissolve the Company.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.ARTICLE 25 ~ EFFECTS OF DISSOLUTIONThe Company shall be in liquidation from the time it is dissolved, regardless of the reason there for. The Company’s legal personalityshall continue to exist for the purposes of the liquidation until completion of the liquidation proceedings.During the entire duration of the liquidation proceedings, general shareholders’ meetings shall have the same powers as during theCompany’s existence.Shares shall remain negotiable until completion of the liquidation proceedings.The Company’s dissolution shall be binding vis-à-vis third parties only as of the date that notice thereof has been published with theTrade and Companies Registry.ARTICLE 26 ~ APPOINTMENT OF LIQUIDATORS – POWERSWhen the Company’s term expires or if the Company is dissolved before the expiration of its term, a general shareholders’ meetingshall decide the method of liquidation, appoint one or more liquidators and establish their powers, which the liquidators shall exercisein accordance with the law. The appointment of liquidators shall cause the duties of the directors, Chairman, Chief Executive Officerand Deputy Chief Executive Officers to end.ARTICLE 27 ~ LIQUIDATION – CONCLUSION OF LIQUIDATION PROCEEDINGSIn the event of the Company’s dissolution or liquidation, after payment of the liabilities, the remaining assets shall be used first for thepayment to the shareholders of the par value of their shares which has not been amortized. Then, the balance, if any, shall be dividedamong all the shareholders.Upon completion of the liquidation proceedings, the shareholders shall be convened to vote on the final accounts, the discharge to begranted to the liquidators for the performance of their duties, the termination of their duties and to certify the completion of theliquidation proceedings.The completion of the liquidation proceedings shall be published in accordance with the law.*** *** ******TITLE VIINOTICESARTICLE 28All notices required by these bylaws shall be sent by certified mail, return receipt requested, or served by a bailiff (acte extra-judiciaire). At the same time, a copy of the notice shall be sent to the addressee by ordinary mail.--oo0oo--Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 4.3AGREEMENT TO FURNISH DEBT INSTRUMENTSPursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, Criteo S.A. (the “Company”) has not included as an exhibit to its Annual Report on Form 10-Kany instrument relating to long-term debt if the total amount of debt authorized by such instrument does not exceed 10% of the total assets of the Company.The Company agrees to furnish a copy of any such instrument to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. CRITEO S.A. By:/s/ Jean-Baptiste RudelleName:Jean-Baptiste RudelleTitle:Chief Executive OfficerDate:March 1, 2019Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 10.22FORM OF OFFERTO DIRECTORS, OFFICERS OR SPECIFICALLY DESIGNATED PERSONSTO SUBSCRIBE LIABILITY INSURANCE AND PROVIDE INDEMNIFICATIONWHEREASThe public offering in the United States by Criteo SA (the "Company") of shares in the form of American Depositary Shares ("ADSs")each representing one ordinary share of the Company, the filing of forms with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") inconnection with such public offering and the quotation of the ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market ("Market") expose the directors andthe officers of the Company to major and specific risks with respect to their service to the Company.The Company, taking into account the scope of the obligations and possible personal liability of the directors and officers induced bythe U.S. securities laws and the fact that they are significantly more burdensome than under French law, has resolved that the saiddirectors and officers should not be exposed to such personal liability.Moreover, in the United States, directors and officers are typically indemnified or insured. As a result, the Company has concluded thatin the absence of such protection against risks sustained by reason of the fact that they are serving as such, individuals might not acceptto serve as directors or officers of the Company or might resign from their office. The Company has also concluded that it is necessaryto have such individuals serve on its board of directors and as its officers if it is to achieve its objectives in the international financialand commercial markets.It is the Company’s intention to provide said directors and officers with indemnification against liabilities and advancement of expensesin connection with any matters that arise out of their service to the Company to the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws andregulations.Accordingly, considering as well the fact that the quotation of the ADSs on the Market is a key factor to the future development of theCompany, the Company resolved that providing insurance coverage, indemnification and advancement of expenses to said directorsand officers to the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations is consistent with the Company's corporate interest.NOW THEREFORE, THE COMPANY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY UNDERTAKES AS FOLLOWS:1. BeneficiaryThe persons, whether individuals or corporations, who may benefit from and accept the offer (the "Offer") are:(i) a director (a "Director") of the Company, and(ii) the Chairman of the Board, the Directeur Général, a Directeur Général Delegué as well as any executive officer, who is not adirector, employed by the Company to whom the Board of Directors of the Company would elect to make the Offer (an "Officer").A "Beneficiary”, for the purpose of the Offer, shall be a Director or an Officer having accepted and signed this Offer.2. Undertaking to Subscribe; Insurance Policy; Indemnification2.1. Upon acceptance and signature of this Offer by a Beneficiary, the Company shall immediately provide to the Beneficiary thebenefit of one or more director and officer ("D&O") insurance policies (collectively, the "D&O Insurance Policy") subscribed with aninsurance company of national or international repute (the "Insurance Company") providing D&O insurance coverage in line withstandard practice for companies with a similar profile to the Beneficiary,Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.to the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations. Any losses incurred by the Beneficiary for any damages, losses,liabilities, judgments, fines, penalties (whether civil, criminal or other) and amounts paid in settlement (if such settlement is approved inadvance by the Company, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld), including without limitation all interest, assessmentsand other charges paid or payable in connection with or in respect of any of the foregoing (collectively, the "Losses") if the Beneficiaryis or was or becomes a party to or witness or other participant in, or is threatened to be made a party to or witness or other participant in,any threatened, pending or completed claim, demand, action, suit, proceeding or alternative dispute resolution mechanism, whethercivil, criminal, administrative, investigative or other, whether formal or informal, or any inquiry or investigation, whether made,instituted or conducted by the Company or any other party, including without limitation any foreign, federal, state or othergovernmental entity by reason of (or arising in part out of) any event or occurrence related to the fact that the Beneficiary is or was aDirector or Officer of the Company, or any Subsidiary of the Company (as defined below), or is or was serving at the request of theCompany as a director or officer of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, or by reason of any actionor inaction on the part of the Beneficiary while serving in such capacity, shall be referred hereunder, collectively, as an "IndemnifiableClaim". The Beneficiary shall be compensated for any Indemnifiable Claim by this D&O Insurance Policy or if not indemnifiablethereunder, by the Company to the fullest extent permitted by law. Also to the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws andregulations, the D&O Insurance Policy shall provide for indemnification of the Beneficiary in line with standard practice for companieswith a similar profile against reasonable and necessary Expenses (as defined) as a result of the facts, acts or omission described above,in the event the Beneficiary was, is or is threatened to be made, a party or witness or participant in, by whatever means, a hearing orinvestigation which the Beneficiary in good faith and reasonably thinks could lead to an action or other relief, suit, proceeding oralternative dispute resolution mechanism, whether civil, criminal, administrative, or other, whether formal or informal. For purposes ofthis Agreement, a “Subsidiary” shall mean an entity, which the Company directly or indirectly controls, 50% or more of the entity’svoting securities.For the purpose of the Offer, a "Claim" means (1) any threatened, asserted, pending or completed claim, demand, action, suit orproceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative, arbitrative, investigative or other, and whether made pursuant to foreign federal,state or other law; and (2) any inquiry or investigation, whether made, instituted or conducted by the Company or any other party,including without limitation any foreign, federal, state or other governmental entity, that Beneficiary determines might lead to theinstitution of any such claim, demand, action, suit or proceeding.To the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations, the D&O Insurance Policy shall provide for indemnification of theBeneficiary in line with standard practice for companies with a similar profile against reasonable and necessary expenses (includingattorneys' fees and all other costs, expenses and expenses incurred in connection with investigating, defending, being a witness in orparticipating in (including on appeal), or preparing to defend, be a witness in or participate in, any such action, suit, proceeding,alternative dispute resolution mechanism, hearing, inquiry or investigation, as well as any national, federal, state, local or foreign taxesimposed on the Beneficiary as a result of the actual or deemed receipt of any payments under this Agreement) (collectively, hereinafter"Expenses") and any and all Losses in connection with an Indemnifiable Claim.The Company shall in the first instance pay on behalf of the Beneficiary any deductible or retention amounts due under the InsurancePolicy in connection with any Indemnifiable Claim or Claim for the payment of Expenses, to the fullest extent permitted by applicablelaws and regulations.2.2. As a result of the acceptance and signature of this Offer by the Beneficiary, a bilateral contract will be formed between theCompany and the Beneficiary.2.3. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations, the Company agrees that, so long as a Director or Officer shallcontinue to serve as a Director or Officer of the Company or any Subsidiary, or shall continue at the request of the Company to serve asa director or officer of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, and thereafter so long as a Director orOfficer shall be subject to any possible Indemnifiable Claim by reason of the fact that said Director or Officer was a Director or Officerof the Company or any Subsidiary or at the request of the Company to serve as a director or officer of another corporation, partnership,joint venture, trust or other enterprise, and thereafter, the Company will maintain in effect for the benefit of such Director or Officer oneor more valid, binding and enforceable insurance policies with the Insurance Company providing coverage, including withSource: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.respect to limits of liability thereunder, at least comparable to that provided in this Offer, and such insurance policy or policies shall beor be deemed to be the D&O Insurance Policy for all purposes of this Offer.3. ExclusionsThe Beneficiary acknowledges that any indemnification agreement by the Company is subject to French law (including Articles L. 225-251 et seq of the French commercial code) that contains material limitations on indemnification or coverage for Losses and/or Expensesand currently prevents the Company, in particular, from indemnifying the Beneficiary for Losses and Expenses incurred by aBeneficiary with respect to the following Claims:(i) any Claim made by the Company or by a shareholder or any other person on behalf of the Company (derivative action);(ii) any Claim relating to remuneration paid to the Beneficiary, if it shall be determined that such remuneration was not due;(iii) any Claim for which a judgment is rendered against the Beneficiary for an accounting of profits made from the purchase or sale of,or the procurement to purchase or sell, securities of the Company pursuant to insider trading laws or regulations;(iv) any Claim which is based on the Beneficiary's failure to act in good faith and in a manner consistent with the corporate interest ofthe Company (interêt social), willful or gross misconduct or on a fraud or a fraudulent misrepresentation, intentional or fraudulent (ordeemed to be so) misconduct, whether the Beneficiary has acted alone or as an accomplice if it should be finally determined that theBeneficiary is guilty of such misconduct;(v) any Claim which is based on the Beneficiary’s fault committed outside the scope of his/her duties (faute détachable); or(vi) any Claim which is based on the Beneficiary’s criminal actions where the Beneficiary has been finally found guilty for suchcriminal action.The Beneficiary further acknowledges that the D&O Insurance Policy contains or may contain similar limitations on coverage forLosses or Expenses incurred by a Beneficiary, in each case with respect to Indemnifiable Claims, and that it does not cover Claims (i)pending, if any, at the date this Offer is accepted and signed by the relevant Beneficiary, (ii) which arise from the settlement of anyaction or Claim without the Company's written consent or, generally, that cannot be insured under applicable laws and regulations;provided that the terms of the D&O Insurance Policy shall determine whether insurance coverage is available to the Beneficiary inconnection with any Indemnifiable Claim, and that any limitations, restrictions or exclusions contained in the Insurance Policy that arenot mandated by applicable law shall not relieve the Company of its obligation to provide indemnification to the Beneficiary for Lossesand Expenses in each case with respect to Indemnifiable Claims to the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations.4. Notification and Defense of an Indemnifiable Claim4.1. As soon as practicable after the written receipt by the Beneficiary of a Indemnifiable Claim, the Beneficiary shall notify theCompany in writing thereof, which notification shall specify:‑ the existence and the nature of the Indemnifiable Claim; and‑ the nature and the estimate of the amount of the Losses and Expenses with respect to such Indemnifiable Claim.Omission so to notify the Company will not relieve the Company from liability under the Offer, except if thereby the Company hasbeen materially prejudiced.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.4.2. In the event the Company shall be requested by Beneficiary to pay the Expenses or Losses of any Indemnifiable Claim, theCompany, if appropriate, shall be entitled to assume the defense of such Indemnifiable Claim, or to participate to the extent permissiblein such Indemnifiable Claim, with counsel reasonably acceptable to Beneficiary. Upon assumption of the defense by the Company andthe retention of such counsel by the Company, the Company shall not be liable to Beneficiary under this Agreement for any Expensesof counsel subsequently incurred by Beneficiary with respect to the same Indemnifiable Claim, provided that Beneficiary shall have theright to employ separate counsel in such Indemnifiable Claim at Beneficiary’s sole cost and expense. Notwithstanding the foregoing, ifBeneficiary’s counsel delivers a written notice to the Company stating that such counsel has reasonably concluded that there may be aconflict of interest between the Company and Beneficiary in the conduct of any such defense or the Company shall not, in fact, haveemployed counsel or otherwise actively pursued the defense of such Indemnifiable Claim within a reasonable time, then in any suchevent the fees and expenses of Beneficiary’s counsel to defend such Indemnifiable Claim shall be subject to the indemnification andadvancement of Expenses provisions of this Agreement.No settlement of any Claim shall be agreed upon and entered into without the Company's prior written consent, not to be unreasonablywithheld. By default of such Company's prior written consent, the Company will be relieved from any and all liability for suchsettlement of a Indemnifiable Claim, if thereby the Beneficiary has been excluded from D&O Insurance Policy coverage or benefitand/or if thereby the Company has been materially prejudiced.5. Advance on Reimbursement of Expenses(a) To the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations and provided always that the Beneficiary has acted in good faithand within the scope of his/her duties (faute non détachable) as a Director or Officer of the Company, the Expenses reasonably incurredby the Beneficiary in defending or investigating any Indemnifiable Claim duly notified to the Company shall be paid by the InsuranceCompany or by default if any payment demand to the Insurance Company remains unsatisfied after 30 days, as well as if the maximuminsurance coverage under such D&O Policy is exceeded, by the Company, in advance of a final determination of the matter upon therequest of the Beneficiary, upon presentation of satisfactory evidence that such Expenses have been incurred and remittance to theInsurance Company or, as the case may be, the Company of Beneficiary's written commitment to repay these Expenses in the event thatit is ultimately determined that the Beneficiary is notentitled to have these Expenses reimbursed;provided that the Company shall not be liable for that portion of such Expenses actually provided to the Beneficiary under the D&OInsurance Policy (to the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations, such undertaking shall be accepted withoutreference to the financial ability of the Beneficiary to make repayment and any advances and undertakings to repay pursuant to thisSection 5 shall be unsecured and interest-free); and provided further that no indemnification shall be permitted (A) in the event that isfinally determined that : (i) the Beneficiary’s conduct forming the subject matter of the Indemnifiable Claim was not consistent with thecorporate interests of the Company; (ii) the Beneficiary’s conduct was in bad faith, knowingly fraudulent or deliberately dishonest orconstituted willful misconduct, and more generally, the Beneficiary’s conduct was outside the scope of his/her duties (faute détachable)or (B) in respect of Indemnifiable Claims initiated or brought by Beneficiary against the Company or its directors, officers, employeesor other agents and not by way of defense, except with respect to proceedings brought to establish or enforce a right to indemnificationunder this Agreement or otherwise available to Beneficiary under another agreement or applicable law.(b) The termination of any Claim pursuant to a Indemnifiable Claim by judgment, order, settlement, conviction or upon a plea of nolocontendere or its equivalent, shall not, absent specific findings in respect of Beneficiary in the judgement, conviction of the Beneficiaryor an acknowledgment by the Beneficiary in the settlement itself, create a presumption that the Beneficiary did not act in good faith andin a manner that the Beneficiary reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the Company, and, with respect toany criminal proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was unlawful.(c) The Beneficiary shall cooperate with the person, persons or entity making such determination with respect to the Beneficiary’sentitlement to indemnification, including providing to such person, persons or entity upon reasonableSource: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.advance request any documentation or information which is not privileged or otherwise protected from disclosure and which isreasonably available to the Beneficiary and reasonably necessary to such determination.(d) Partial Indemnification. If the Beneficiary is entitled under any provision of this Agreement to indemnification by the Company forsome or a portion of the Expenses and Losses, in each case with respect to an Indemnifiable Claim, paid in settlement actually andreasonably incurred by or on behalf of the Beneficiary in connection with any Claim but not, however, for the total amount thereof, theCompany shall nevertheless indemnify the Beneficiary for the portion of such Expenses or Losses, in each case with respect to anIndemnifiable Claim, to which the Beneficiary is entitled.6. Payment by CompanyTo the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations and provided always that the Beneficiary has acted in good faith andwithin the scope of his/her duties (faute non détachable) as a Director or Officer of the Company, in the event that a Beneficiary shallnot be indemnified for all the Expenses and Losses, in each case with respect to an Indemnifiable Claim, due to (a) the failure of theCompany to obtain or maintain the D&O Insurance Policy in accordance with this Offer, as well as if the maximum insurance coverageshall be exceeded or (b) the failure of the D&O Insurance Policy to pay the Expenses or Losses, in each case with respect to aIndemnifiable Claim, the Company shall pay in full to the Beneficiary the amount of any such Expenses and Losses, in each case withrespect to an Indemnifiable Claim, to which the Beneficiary is entitled to be reimbursed or shall pay the difference between the amountreceived by the Beneficiary from the Insurance Company and such amount of reimbursement of the Expenses and Losses, in each casewith respect to an Indemnifiable Claim, to which it is so entitled, as the case may be.7. Subrogation; Primacy of IndemnificationExcept as provided for below, in the event of payment by the Company to Beneficiary under the Offer, the Company shall besubrogated to the extent of such payment to all of the rights of recovery of Beneficiary, who shall execute all papers required and shalldo everything that may be necessary to secure such rights, including the execution of such documents necessary to enable theCompany effectively to bring suit to enforce such rights.8. Right to Payment Upon ApplicationSubject to the terms and conditions of Section 5 hereof, all payment under the Offer, including relating to the reimbursement of theExpenses or any advances of Expenses or payment of Losses, in each case with respect to an Indemnifiable Claim, shall be paid by theCompany, or on its behalf, within 30 days after a written Claim for payment has been received by the Company. Expenses reasonablyincurred by the Beneficiary in connection with successfully establishing the right to payment according to the Offer, in whole or in part,shall also be paid by the Company, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations.9. Offer Not ExclusiveThis Offer shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which the Beneficiary may be entitled under any agreement, any vote ofshareholders or disinterested directors, statute, or otherwise.10. Notices10.1. Any notices served pursuant to this Offer shall be sent by registered mail with return receipt requested or delivered by handagainst receipt if to the Company to the registered office, if to the Beneficiary to the address indicated below at the end of this Offer.10.2. Any change of address shall be notified by the relevant party to the other party by registered mail with return receipt requested ordelivered by hand against receipt within fifteen (15) days of the actual date of change of address.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.10.3. Notices shall be deemed to have been received on the date of reception of the registered letter, as evidenced by the return receiptor, as the case may be, of the letter delivered by hand, as evidenced by the receipt.11. Amendments‑ Assignment11.1. No alteration of, amendment to or waiver of any of the provisions of this Offer shall be binding on any of the parties unless it iswritten and executed by a duly authorized representative of each of the parties.11.2. This Offer may not be assigned by any party hereto except with the prior written consent of the other party. Without limiting thegenerality or effect of the foregoing, the Beneficiary’s right to receive payments hereunder shall not be assignable, whether by pledge,creation of a security interest or otherwise, other than by a transfer by the Beneficiary’s will or by the laws of descent and distribution,and, in the event of any attempted assignment or transfer contrary to this Section 11.2, the Company shall have no liability to pay anyamount so attempted to be assigned or transferred.12. SuccessorsThe legal representatives of the parties or their successors shall be bound by and may rely on all the terms of the Offer. The Companyshall require any successor (whether direct or indirect, by purchase, merger, consolidation, reorganization or otherwise) to all orsubstantially all of the business or assets of the Company, by agreement in form and substance satisfactory to the Beneficiary and his orher counsel, expressly to assume and agree to perform this Agreement in the same manner and to the same extent the Company wouldbe required to perform if no such succession had taken place. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of theCompany and any successor to the Company, including without limitation any person acquiring directly or indirectly all or substantiallyall of the business or assets of the Company whether by purchase, merger, consolidation, reorganization or otherwise (and suchsuccessor will thereafter be deemed the "Company" for purposes of this Agreement), but shall not otherwise be assignable ordelegatable by the Company. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by the Beneficiary’s personal or legalrepresentatives, executors, administrators, heirs, distributees, legatees and other successors.13. Miscellaneous Provisions13.1. Term of Agreement. This Agreement shall continue until and terminate upon the later of (a) ten years after the date that theBeneficiary shall have ceased to serve as a Director or Officer of the Company or a Subsidiary or, at the request of the Company, as adirector, officer, partner, trustee, member, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, limited liabilitycompany or other enterprise or (b) the final termination of all Claims pending on the date set forth in clause (a) in respect of which theBeneficiary is granted rights of indemnification or advancement of Expenses hereunder and of any Claim commenced by theBeneficiary pursuant to Section 8 of this Agreement relating thereto.13.2. The parties agree that the provisions contained in the preamble and Exhibit hereto form an integral part of the Offer.13.3. Should any of the provisions of this Offer be held null and void or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever, the parties undertaketo use their best efforts to remedy the causes of such nullity, so that, except where such is impossible, the Offer shall remain in forcewithout any discontinuity.13.4. The parties agree to provide any information as well as to execute and to deliver all documents reasonably required for theperformance of this Offer.13.5. The Offer replaces and supersedes any and all agreements previously entered into between the Company and the Beneficiary withrespect to the subject matter hereof. As a consequence, the Beneficiary hereby irrevocably waives any and all rights which it may haveunder any and all such previous agreements.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.14. Applicable LawThis Offer shall be governed as to its validity, construction and performance in accordance with the laws of the Republic of France.15. DisputesAny dispute arising from the Offer or which are a result or a consequence thereof shall be made subject to the jurisdiction of theTribunal de Commerce de Paris.Executed inOnIn two (2) original copies______________ByCEO (Directeur Général)Accepted byResiding atOnbeing a Director or an Officer of the Company, as these terms are defined in the Offerwho hereby declares that he or she:‑ has a good and fair knowledge of the terms, conditions and exclusions of the Offer;- is fully aware that applicable French laws and regulations limit a company’s ability to indemnify its directors against liability;- is fully aware that U.S. securities laws may also limit a company’s ability to indemnify in respect of liabilities arising under U.S.securities laws; and‑ formally and irrevocably accepts the Offer, as it stands.________________Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 21.1Subsidiaries of Criteo S.A.Name of SubsidiaryJurisdiction of IncorporationCriteo Australia Pty Ltd AustraliaCriteo Do Brasil Desenvolvimento De Serviços De Internet Ltda. BrazilCriteo Canada Corp.CanadaCriteo Advertising (Beijing) Co., Ltd. ChinaCriteo France S.A.S. FranceCriteo Finance S.A.S.FranceStoretail Marketing Services S.A.S.FranceCriteo GmbH GermanyCriteo India Private LimitedIndiaCriteo S.R.L. ItalyCriteo K.K. JapanCriteo B.V. NetherlandsCriteo LLC RussiaCriteo Singapore PTE. LTD. SingaporeCriteo Europa MM, S.L. Spain (Barcelona)Criteo España, S.L. Spain (Madrid)Storetail Marketing Services Spain S.L.U.Spain (Madrid)Criteo Reklamcilik Hzimetleri ve Ticaret A.S.TurkeyCriteo MEA FZ - LLCUnited Arab Emirates (Dubai)Criteo Ltd United KingdomHookLogic LtdUnited KingdomStoretail Marketing Services LtdUnited KingdomCriteo Corp.United States (Delaware)Manage.com Group, Inc.United States (Delaware)Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Criteo S.A.We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement Nos. 333-192024, 333-197373, 333-207658, 333-212722, 333-219496 and 333-226367 on Form S-8 of our reports, dated March 1, 2019, relating to the consolidated financial statements of Criteo S.A. and subsidiaries (the “Company”)and the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, appearing in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year endedDecember 31, 2018./s/ Deloitte & AssociésParis-La-Défense, FranceMarch 1, 2019 Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 31.1Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant toSecurities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a)as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002I, Jean-Baptiste Rudelle, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Criteo S.A.;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for theregistrant and have:(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for externalpurposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recentfiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materiallyaffect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controlover financial reporting.Date: March 1, 2019By:/s/ Jean-Baptiste RudelleName:Jean-Baptiste RudelleTitle:Chief Executive Officer(Principal Executive Officer)Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 31.2Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant toSecurities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a)as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002I, Benoit Fouilland, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Criteo S.A.;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for theregistrant and have:(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for externalpurposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recentfiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materiallyaffect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controlover financial reporting.Date: March 1, 2019By:/s/ Benoit FouillandName:Benoit FouillandTitle:Chief Financial Officer(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 32.1Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant toSection 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Pursuant to the requirement set forth in Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and Section 1350 ofChapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350), Jean-Baptiste Rudelle, Chief Executive Officer of Criteo S.A. (the “Company”), andBenoit Fouilland, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:1.The Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018, to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 32.1 (the“Annual Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act, and2.The information contained in the Annual Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of theCompany.Date: March 1, 2019By:/s/ Jean-Baptiste RudelleBy:/s/ Benoit FouillandName:Jean-Baptiste RudelleName:Benoit FouillandTitle:Chief Executive OfficerTitle:Chief Financial OfficerThis certification accompanies the Annual Report, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated byreference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act (whether made before or after the date of theAnnual Report), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.Source: Criteo S.A., 10-K, March 01, 2019Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.

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