UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
(Mark One)
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 000-31615
DURECT CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
94-3297098
Delaware
(I.R.S. Employer
(State or other jurisdiction of
Identification No.)
incorporation or organization)
10260 Bubb Road
Cupertino, CA 95014
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (408) 777-1417
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class
Common Stock $0.0001 par value per share
Preferred Share Purchase Rights
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
(NASDAQ Global Market)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES NO
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15 of the Act. YES NO
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act
of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period than the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to
such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES NO
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data
File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for
such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES NO
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be
contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K
or any amendment to this Form 10-K.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “large
accelerated filer” and “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer
Accelerated filer
Smaller reporting company
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES NO
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $75,371,075 as of June 30, 2012 based
upon the closing sale price on the NASDAQ Global Market reported for such date. Shares of Common Stock held by each officer and director and by
each person who may be deemed to be an affiliate have been excluded. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive
determination for other purposes.
There were 101,881,778 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock issued and outstanding as of February 15, 2013.
Part III incorporates information by reference from the definitive Proxy Statement for the 2013 annual meeting of stockholders, which is
expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the Registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2012.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
DURECT CORPORATION
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I
Business ...................................................................................................................................................................
Risk Factors .............................................................................................................................................................
Unresolved Staff Comments....................................................................................................................................
Properties .................................................................................................................................................................
Legal Proceedings ...................................................................................................................................................
Mine Safety Disclosures ..........................................................................................................................................
PART II
Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity
Securities ............................................................................................................................................................
Selected Financial Data ...........................................................................................................................................
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ..................................
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk .................................................................................
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data .......................................................................................................
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ..................................
Controls and Procedures ..........................................................................................................................................
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Other Information ....................................................................................................................................................
101
PART III
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ......................................................................................
Executive Compensation .........................................................................................................................................
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ................
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ........................................................
Principal Accountant Fees and Services ..................................................................................................................
ITEM 1.
ITEM 1A.
ITEM 1B.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 5.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 7.
ITEM 7A.
ITEM 8.
ITEM 9.
ITEM 9A.
ITEM 9B.
ITEM 10.
ITEM 11.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 13.
ITEM 14.
ITEM 15.
Exhibits, and Financial Statement Schedules ..........................................................................................................
Signatures ......................................................................................................................................................................................
PART IV
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109
Item 1.
Overview
Business.
PART I
We are a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the development of pharmaceutical products based on our proprietary
drug delivery technology platforms. Our product pipeline currently consists of eight investigational drug candidates in clinical
development, with one program the subject of a New Drug Application (NDA) with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
for which a Complete Response Letter was received in June 2011, one program in Phase III with an NDA in preparation, two
programs in Phase II and three programs in Phase I. The more advanced programs are in the field of pain management and we believe
that each of these targets large market opportunities with product features that are differentiated from existing therapeutics. We have
other programs underway in fields outside of pain management, including central nervous system disorders as well as several efforts
underway which seek to improve the administration of biotechnology agents such as proteins and peptides.
A central aspect of our business strategy involves advancing multiple product candidates at one time, which is enabled by
leveraging our resources with those of corporate collaborators. Thus, certain of our programs are currently licensed to corporate
collaborators on terms which typically call for our collaborator to fund all or a substantial portion of future development costs and
then pay us milestone payments based on specific development or commercial achievements plus a royalty on product sales. At the
same time, we have retained the rights to other programs, which are the basis of potential future collaborations and over time may
provide a pathway for us to develop our own commercial, sales and marketing organization.
Product Research and Development Programs
Our development efforts are focused on the application of our drug delivery technologies to potential products in a variety of
chronic and episodic disease areas including pain, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, cardiovascular disease and other chronic
diseases. Our more advanced product research and development efforts in these areas are set forth in the following table:
Product Candidate
Disease/Indication
Collaborator
Technology Platform
Stage
• REMOXY (oral
controlled
release
oxycodone)
• POSIDUR
(controlled
release injection of
bupivacaine)
• ELADUR
(transdermal
bupivacaine)
• TRANSDUR-
Sufentanil
(transdermal
sufentanil)
• Chronic Pain
• Pfizer/Pain
Therapeutics
(worldwide)
• ORADUR
• NDA resubmitted in
December 2010 but not
approved / Complete
Response Letter
received in June 2011
• Post-Operative Pain
• DURECT retains
worldwide rights
• SABER
• Phase III, NDA in
preparation
• Pain
• Chronic Pain
• DURECT retains
worldwide rights
• DURECT retains
worldwide rights
• TRANSDUR
• Phase II
• TRANSDUR
• Phase II
NOTE: POSIDUR™, SABER®, CLOUD TM, TRANSDUR®, ORADUR®, ELADUR®, DURIN®, CHRONOGESIC®, MICRODUR™,
ALZET® and LACTEL® are trademarks of DURECT Corporation. Other trademarks referred to belong to their respective owners.
1
Product Candidate
Disease/Indication
Collaborator
Technology Platform
Stage
• Relday
(risperidone)
• ORADUR-based
opioid
(hydrocodone)
• ORADUR-based
opioid
(hydromorphone)
• ORADUR-
ADHD
• Schizophrenia/
bipolar disorder
• Chronic Pain
• Chronic Pain
• Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
• ORADUR-based
opioid
(oxymorphone)
• Chronic Pain
• Various
• Biologics
Programs/Research
Programs in various
Therapeutic
Categories
• Zogenix
(worldwide)
• Pfizer/Pain
Therapeutics
(worldwide)
• Pfizer/Pain
Therapeutics
(worldwide)
• SABER
• Phase I
• ORADUR
• Phase I
• ORADUR
• Phase I
• Orient Pharma
• ORADUR
• Phase I
(defined Asian and
South Pacific
countries);
DURECT retains
development and
commercialization
rights in North
America, Europe,
Japan and all other
countries
• Pfizer/Pain
Therapeutics
(worldwide)
• DURECT retains
worldwide rights,
except for certain
feasibility projects
whereby our
collaborator
generally has an
option on rights
• ORADUR
• IND accepted by the
FDA
• SABER/
DURIN
• Preclinical/ Research
Stage
REMOXY (ORADUR-Oxycodone)
Market Opportunity. Chronic pain is usually the result of an ongoing condition or significant problem associated with chronic
diseases, including cancer, various neurological and skeletal disorders and other ailments such as severe arthritis or a debilitating back
injury. As the condition gets worse, the pain often gets worse. Also, long-lasting pain can affect the nervous system to the point where
pain persists even if the condition that originally caused the pain is stabilized or improved. This is one reason patients often need
stronger pain medication even if their underlying condition has been treated. Chronic pain affects as many as 100 million Americans
annually. OxyContin®, a brand name extended-release oral oxycodone-based painkiller, accounted for over $3.0 billion in worldwide
sales in 2012.
Development Strategy. REMOXY is an oral, long-acting oxycodone gelatin capsule under development with Pain
Therapeutics, Inc. (Pain Therapeutics) to which we have licensed exclusive, worldwide, development and commercialization rights
under a development and license agreement entered into in December 2002. Subsequently, Pain Therapeutics sublicensed the
worldwide commercialization rights of REMOXY (except for Australia and New Zealand) to King Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (King) and,
as of March 2009, we began working directly with King on further development of REMOXY. In February 2011, Pfizer Inc (Pfizer)
acquired King and
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thereby assumed the rights and obligations of King with respect to REMOXY. REMOXY is formulated with our ORADUR
technology and incorporates several abuse-deterrent properties with the convenience of twice-a-day dosing. Oxycodone is also the
active drug ingredient in OxyContin, a brand name extended-release oral painkiller, which achieved annual worldwide sales of greater
than $3.0 billion in 2012. Under the agreement with Pain Therapeutics, subject to and upon the achievement of predetermined
development and regulatory milestones, we are entitled to receive milestone payments of up to $9.3 million in the aggregate for
REMOXY and other licensed ORADUR-based opioids. As of December 31, 2012, we had received $1.7 million in cumulative
milestone payments. We also receive reimbursement for our research and development efforts on REMOXY and a manufacturing
profit on our supply of key product excipients for use in REMOXY. In addition, if commercialized, we will receive royalties for
REMOXY and other licensed products which do not contain an opioid antagonist of between 6.0% to 11.5% of net sales depending on
sales volumes.
Clinical Program. In December 2007, Pain Therapeutics and King announced that the pivotal Phase III trial for REMOXY
successfully met its primary endpoint (p<0.01) that was prospectively defined by the FDA during the Special Protocol Assessment
process. In addition, the study achieved statistically significant results in secondary endpoints such as Quality of Analgesia (p<0.01)
and Global Assessment (p<0.01). Pain Therapeutics submitted an NDA for REMOXY to the FDA in June 2008, and in August 2008
the FDA accepted the NDA and granted priority review. In December 2008, Pain Therapeutics received a Complete Response Letter
for its NDA for REMOXY in which the FDA determined that the NDA was not approved. According to Pain Therapeutics, the FDA
indicated that additional non-clinical data would be required to support the approval of REMOXY, but the FDA had not requested or
recommended additional clinical efficacy studies prior to approval. King assumed responsibility for further development of REMOXY
from Pain Therapeutics in March 2009. In July 2009, King met with the FDA to discuss the Complete Response Letter. King took
over the NDA from Pain Therapeutics and resubmitted the NDA in December of 2010. In February 2011, King was acquired by
Pfizer. On June 23, 2011, a Complete Response Letter from the FDA was received by Pfizer on the resubmission to the NDA for
REMOXY. The FDA’s June 2011 Complete Response Letter raised concerns related to, among other matters, the Chemistry,
Manufacturing, and Controls section of the NDA for REMOXY. Pfizer has efforts underway to resolve these issues. Sufficient
information does not yet exist to accurately assess the time required to resolve the concerns raised in the FDA’s Complete Response
Letter. Pfizer is targeting a meeting with the FDA in late March 2013 to discuss REMOXY. Based on feedback Pfizer receives from
the FDA at the meeting, Pfizer will subsequently determine the next steps and/or required timing to respond to the Complete Response
Letter.
Additional ORADUR-Opioid Products in Development
Since 2006, we also worked with Pain Therapeutics and King on the development of three additional ORADUR abuse-resistant
opioid drug candidates which would address the chronic pain market. Phase I clinical trials have been conducted for two of these
ORADUR-based products (hydrocodone and hydromorphone), and an IND has been accepted by the FDA for the third ORADUR-
based opioid (oxymorphone).
POSIDUR (SABER-Bupivacaine)
Market Opportunity. According to data published by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, there are approximately
72 million ambulatory and inpatient surgical procedures performed annually in the U.S. Epidemiological studies indicate that up to
100% of surgical patients experience post-operative pain, with 50-75% reporting inadequate pain relief. The current standard of care
for post-surgical pain includes oral opiate and non-opiate analgesics and muscle relaxants. While systemic opioids can effectively
control post-surgical pain, they commonly cause side effects including drowsiness, constipation, nausea and vomiting and cognitive
impairment. Effective pain management can be compromised if patients fail to adhere to recommended dosing regimens because they
are suffering from these side effects. Post-surgical pain also can be treated effectively with local anesthetics; however, their usefulness
often is limited by their short duration of action.
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Development Strategy. We are developing POSIDUR, a sustained-release formulation of bupivacaine, using our SABER
delivery system for the treatment of post-surgical pain. Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic agent currently used in the hospital for
anesthesia and analgesia and for which the patent covering the chemical entity has expired. The physician would administer
POSIDUR at the time of surgery to the surgical site. This formulation is designed to provide sustained regional analgesia from a single
dose. We believe that by delivering effective amounts of a potent analgesic to the location from which the pain originates, improved
pain control can be achieved with minimal exposure to the remainder of the body and reduced need for systemic analgesics, thus
minimizing systemic side effects. POSIDUR is intended to provide local analgesia for up to 3 days, which we believe generally
coincides with the time period of greatest need for post-surgical pain control in most patients.
POSIDUR was the subject of a collaboration agreement with Hospira, Inc. (Hospira) to develop and commercialize POSIDUR
in the U.S. and Canada. POSIDUR was also the subject of a collaboration agreement with Nycomed Danmark ApS (Nycomed) to
develop and commercialize POSIDUR in the European Union (E.U.) and certain other countries. In January 2012, Nycomed (now
owned by Takeda) gave notice that its rights with respect to POSIDUR were being returned to us. In March 2012, Hospira gave notice
that its rights with respect to POSIDUR were being returned to us. Please see “Third Party Collaborations” for additional information.
We have initiated discussions with other potential partners regarding licensing development and commercialization rights to this
program, for which we now hold worldwide rights.
Clinical Program. Our POSIDUR clinical development program has been devised to establish the safety and efficacy of
POSIDUR for the treatment of post-surgical pain for up to 3 days. Toward that end, 15 clinical studies have been conducted, of which
13 clinical studies were with the final formulation of POSIDUR in either blinded, randomized controlled trials or open-label trials.
These 15 trials are included in the Integrated Summary of Safety (ISS) which will be included in the POSIDUR NDA. Seven
randomized, controlled, parallel design clinical trials of POSIDUR using the instillation method of administration and dose proposed
for marketing are included in the Integrated Summary of Efficacy (ISE) which will be included in the NDA. Seven different surgical
procedures have been investigated, including inguinal hernia repair, shoulder surgery (primarily subacromial decompression),
appendectomy, abdominal hysterectomy, open laparotomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and laparoscopic colectomy. The incision
lengths treated ranged from a few centimeters for laparoscopic portals, to open laparotomy incisions of up to 35 cm. The seriousness
of the surgery ranged from day surgery hernia repair in relatively healthy patients to major abdominal surgery for colon cancer in
elderly patients with substantial co-morbidity who were often hospitalized for a week or more. The safety experience from this variety
of procedures and patients was designed to allow a more confident extrapolation of the safety and efficacy data to a broad general
surgical population.
In July 2012, we completed pre-NDA communications with the FDA regarding POSIDUR. Through this process, we received
guidance and thoughtful comments from the FDA covering various chemistry, manufacturing, non-clinical, clinical pharmacology,
clinical, statistical and product labeling topics. With the input we have received from the FDA and leveraging off the well established
history of bupivacaine use, we intend to submit a section 505(b)(2) NDA with the FDA near the end of the first quarter of 2013.
Safety
As bupivacaine is a well known drug with an extensive understanding of its risks and benefits, the safety database in the ISS is
not as large as required for a new chemical entity. A total of 1075 patients are included in the ISS database, 951 of whom have been
exposed to POSIDUR or SABER-Placebo in volumes ranging from 2.5 to 10 mL. A total of 683 patients have been exposed to
POSIDUR with the dose of bupivacaine ranging from 330 to 990 mg. In addition, a total of 124 patients have been treated with
bupivacaine HCl in control groups and 268 patients received SABER-Placebo in control groups.
Overall, the POSIDUR patient groups showed a similar systemic safety profile as the patient groups treated with SABER-
Placebo and bupivacaine HCl. Long-term follow-up examinations over 6 to 18 months do not show
4
any adverse effects on wound healing or scar formation from the use of POSIDUR or SABER-Placebo. Local site reactions were
observed more frequently in the POSIDUR and SABER-Placebo groups than in the active comparator groups, most frequently in
abdominal surgeries; most of these observations were discolorations (e.g., surgical bruising), the majority of which resolved without
treatment during the observation period. There was little difference in the incidence of severe or serious adverse events between the
POSIDUR, SABER-Placebo and bupivacaine HCl treatment groups. Most of the serious adverse events seen in these trials appear to
be due to complications of surgery, anesthesia, analgesics, or co-morbidity and not POSIDUR-related. The clinical history for serious
adverse events has been reviewed and no evidence of bupivacaine toxicity was apparent. The adverse event data have been analyzed
in a variety of ways to detect any evidence of bupivacaine central nervous system or cardiac toxicity or other unexpected effects. No
patients treated with POSIDUR had an instance of a severe central nervous system or cardiac adverse event traditionally associated
with bupivacaine toxicity.
Efficacy
In the NDA, we will present the results from two efficacy trials that we are positioning as pivotal (inguinal hernia repair and
shoulder surgery, primarily subacromial decompression) and an ISE based on 7 randomized, controlled, parallel design surgical trials
of POSIDUR using the administration technique and 5 mL (660 mg) dose proposed for marketing.
Hernia pivotal efficacy trial
The hernia pivotal efficacy clinical trial was designed to evaluate the tolerability, activity, dose response and pharmacokinetics
of POSIDUR in patients undergoing open inguinal hernia repair. The trial was conducted in Australia and New Zealand as a multi-
center, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study in 122 patients. Study patients were randomized into three treatment
groups: patients that were treated with POSIDUR 2.5 mL (n=43), POSIDUR 5 mL (n=47) and placebo (n=32). The co-primary
efficacy endpoints for the study were Mean Pain Intensity on Movement area under the curve (AUC), a measure of pain over a period
of 1-72 hours post-surgery, and the proportion of patients requiring supplemental opioid analgesic medication during the study
(defined as 0-15 days).
In relation to the co-primary endpoint of pain reduction as measured by Mean Pain Intensity on Movement AUC 1-72 hours
post-surgery, the patient group treated with POSIDUR 5 mL reported thirty-one percent (31%) less pain versus placebo and was
statistically significant (p=0.0033). Fifty-three percent (53%) of the study patients in the POSIDUR 5 mL group took supplemental
opioid analgesic medications versus seventy-two percent (72%) of the placebo patients (p=0.0909). Although this positive trend for
this co-primary endpoint in favor of the POSIDUR 5 mL group was not statistically significant, both secondary endpoints measuring
opioid analgesic medication consumption were met at a statistically significant level. During the periods of 1-24 hours, 24-48 hours
and 48-72 hours after surgery, placebo patients consumed approximately 3.5 (p=0.0009), 2.9 (p=0.0190) and 3.6 (p=0.0172) times
more supplemental opioid analgesic medications (mean total daily consumption of opioid analgesic medication in morphine
equivalents), respectively, than the POSIDUR 5 mL treatment group.
Shoulder pivotal efficacy trial
The shoulder pivotal efficacy trial was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled, parallel-group,
dose-response trial conducted at 9 investigational centers in Europe. Nycomed, DURECT’s collaborator at the time, was responsible
for the conduct of the clinical trial. In this study, 107 patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups prior to
undergoing elective arthroscopic shoulder surgery: POSIDUR 5 mL (n=53), SABER-Placebo (n=25) or bupivacaine HCl solution
(n=29). All patients were given a background pain treatment consisting of a daily dose of two or four grams (depending on the
patient’s weight) of paracetamol (acetaminophen). In addition, each patient was provided supplemental opioid rescue
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medication, if needed. With respect to efficacy, the primary endpoints of the study were to demonstrate: (1) an improvement in terms
of pain intensity on movement area under the curve (AUC) during the period 1–72 hours post-surgery, and (2) a decrease in the total
use of opioid rescue analgesia 0–72 hours post-surgery.
Results from this study demonstrate that the POSIDUR group experienced a statistically significant reduction in pain intensity
of approximately 19% (p=0.0219) versus SABER-Placebo. Applying the appropriate statistical test given the data distribution, the
POSIDUR group showed a statistically significant reduction of approximately 67% (p=0.013) in median opioid use in favor of
POSIDUR. No statistical differences were found when POSIDUR was compared to bupivacaine HCl.
Phase III trial in abdominal surgical procedures
We also conducted a Phase III U.S. and international, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial evaluating the
safety, efficacy, effectiveness, and pharmacokinetics of POSIDUR in 305 patients undergoing a variety of general abdominal surgical
procedures. The trial included the following three cohorts:
Cohort 1: An active comparator cohort in which patients were randomized to receive either POSIDUR 5 mL or commercially
available Bupivacaine HCl solution after laparotomy.
Cohort 2: An active comparator cohort in which patients were randomized to receive either POSIDUR 5 mL or commercially
available Bupivacaine HCl solution after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Cohort 3: A double blind, placebo controlled cohort in which patients were randomized to receive either POSIDUR 5 mL or
SABER-Placebo after laparoscopically-assisted colectomy.
Efficacy evaluation in the Phase III trial encompassed a number of parameters. The two co-primary efficacy endpoints for
Cohort 3 were mean pain intensity on movement (normalized) Area Under the Curve (AUC) during the period 0-72 hours post-dose
and mean total morphine equivalent opioid dose for supplemental analgesia during the period 0-72 hours post-dose. The purpose of
Cohorts 1 and 2 was to give us additional experience with the use of POSIDUR in a broader group of surgeries and patients.
Cohort 3. With respect to the co-primary efficacy endpoint of pain reduction as measured by mean pain intensity on movement
(normalized) Area Under the Curve (AUC) during the period 0-72 hours post-dose, the patient group treated with POSIDUR reported
a mean pain reduction in pain scores of approximately 7%, although this was not statistically significant (p=0.1466). The statistical
analysis plan included pain on movement as recorded at scheduled times through an electronic diary plus pain scores reported
whenever supplemental opioids were administered with such scores attributed as if they were pain on movement. In the prespecified
sensitivity analysis (which includes only scheduled pain assessment on movement scores as collected on the electronic diary), the
patient group treated with POSIDUR reported approximately 10% less pain versus placebo (p=0.0410). In relation to the co-primary
efficacy endpoint of median total morphine-equivalent opioid dose for supplemental analgesia during the period 0-72 hours post-dose,
the patient group treated with POSIDUR reported approximately 16% less opioids consumed versus the placebo group, although this
was not statistically significant (p=0.5897).
Cohorts 1 and 2. Cohorts 1 and 2 were prespecified to be pooled due to their small sample size. For Cohorts 1 and 2 (pooled),
the mean reduction in pain on movement was approximately 20% and statistically significant (p=0.0111) for the POSIDUR group
compared to the patient group treated with bupivacaine HCl. The median total morphine-equivalent opioid dose for supplemental
analgesia during the period 0-72 hours post-dose for Cohorts 1 and 2 (pooled), the patient group treated with POSIDUR reported
approximately 18% less opioids consumed compared to the bupivacaine HCl group, although this was not statistically significant
(p=0.5455).
Integrated Summary of Efficacy
The seven controlled trials in the ISE can be separated into two basically different surgical types. The four soft tissue trials
involved incisions or laparoscopic portals either in the abdomen or in the inguinal area for hernia
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repair. In these surgeries, the pain producing tissue was primarily soft tissue such as viscera, fascia, muscle, or skin. However, in the
three orthopedic surgeries involving shoulder surgery, a major pain producing tissue is bone that has been resected during the
procedure. Given that the responsiveness to treatment of these different surgical types may be different, a pooled analysis has been
conducted separated by tissue type.
In the soft tissue pooled analysis group comprised of 410 patients, 253 were treated with POSIDUR and 157 were treated with
SABER-Placebo. The mean pain intensity was lower during the period 0-72 hours post-dose in the POSIDUR group than in the
SABER-Placebo group and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.0099). The median total morphine-equivalent dose during
the period 0-72 hours post-dose was lower in the POSIDUR group than in the SABER-Placebo group, however the difference was not
statistically significant.
In the orthopedic pooled analysis group comprised of 187 patients, 114 were treated with POSIDUR and 73 were treated with
SABER-Placebo. The mean pain intensity during the period 0-72 hours post-dose was lower in the POSIDUR group than in the
SABER-Placebo group and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.0205). The median total morphine-equivalent dose during
the period 0-72 hours post-dose was lower in the POSIDUR group than in the SABER-Placebo group and the difference was
statistically significant (p=0.0025).
ELADUR
Market Opportunity. Pain can arise from a variety of diseases and conditions, and in many instances, pain originates from a
localized point in the body and can benefit from treatments which are administered and act locally as opposed to in a systemic fashion.
One such example is post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN or post-shingles pain), a debilitating complication of herpes zoster, which is
usually defined as the presence of pain at the site of eruption that lasts more than a month after the onset of a zoster eruption. The
prevalence of PHN (including PHN lasting more than one year) is estimated to be approximately 144,000 people in the U.S. In
addition to PHN, there are a number of other widely prevalent chronic and acute local pain conditions (e.g., neuropathic pain, sprains,
strains, and contusions) that could benefit from a locally acting pain product.
Development Strategy. Our transdermal bupivacaine patch (ELADUR) under development is intended to provide continuous
delivery of bupivacaine for up to three days from a single application, as compared to a wearing time limited to 12 hours with
currently available lidocaine patches. We anticipate that ELADUR will have several potential differentiating attributes compared with
currently marketed lidocaine patches, including extended duration of action and better wearability. During 2008, we received Orphan
Drug Designation for bupivacaine for relief of persistent pain associated with PHN, such that if ELADUR is the first bupivacaine
product approved for PHN, ELADUR should be eligible to receive seven years of data exclusivity following its approval by the FDA.
There can be no assurance that ELADUR will be the first bupivacaine product approved for PHN, and therefore ELADUR may not be
entitled to the seven year data exclusivity period for orphan drugs. Effective October 2008, we licensed the worldwide development
and commercialization rights for ELADUR to Alpharma Ireland Limited (Alpharma), which was acquired by King in December 2008.
In February 2011, Pfizer acquired King and thereby assumed the rights and obligations of King with respect to ELADUR. In February
2012, Pfizer gave notice that its rights with respect to ELADUR were being returned to us. We have initiated discussions with other
potential partners regarding licensing development and commercialization rights to this program. Please see “Third Party
Collaborations” for additional information.
Clinical Program. In 2007, we reported positive results from a 60 patient Phase IIa clinical trial for ELADUR. In this study of
patients suffering from PHN, ELADUR showed improved pain control versus placebo during the 3-day continuous treatment period.
In addition, ELADUR appeared well tolerated overall, and patients treated with ELADUR and placebo exhibited similar safety
profiles. After acquiring Alpharma, King altered the clinical and regulatory strategy for further development of this program to
prioritize chronic low back pain. We reported top line data from a Phase II clinical trial conducted by King for ELADUR in April
2011. In this study of 263 patients suffering from chronic low back pain, the primary efficacy endpoint of demonstrating a
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positive treatment difference for the mean change in pain intensity scores from baseline to the mean of weeks 11 and 12 between
ELADUR as compared to placebo was not met.
TRANSDUR-Sufentanil Patch
Market Opportunity. Chronic pain affects as many as 100 million Americans annually. One major class of drugs utilized to
treat chronic pain is comprised of oral opioids, such as OxyContin, a branded extended-release oral oxycodone-based painkiller which
accounted for over $3.0 billion in worldwide sales in 2012. Another major class of drugs utilized to treat chronic pain is transdermally
delivered opioids such as Duragesic®, a leading transdermal fentanyl product, which with generic fentanyl patches accounted for
approximately $900 million in worldwide sales in 2011. It is our belief that a best-in-class sufentanil patch could compete effectively
in both the transdermal fentanyl patch market and in the oral opioid market.
Development Strategy. Our transdermal sufentanil patch (TRANSDUR-Sufentanil) under development is based on our
proprietary TRANSDUR transdermal technology and is intended to provide continuous delivery of sufentanil for up to seven days
from a single application, as compared to the two to three days of relief provided by currently available fentanyl patches. Sufentanil is
a highly potent opioid that is currently used in hospitals as an analgesic for which the patent covering the chemical entity has expired.
We anticipate that the small size of our sufentanil patch (potentially as small as 1/5th the size of currently marketed transdermal
fentanyl patches for a therapeutically equivalent dose) and longer duration of delivery may offer improved convenience and
compliance for patients.
In March 2005, we entered into an agreement with Endo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Endo) granting Endo exclusive rights to
develop, market and commercialize TRANSDUR-Sufentanil in the U.S. and Canada. In February 2009, Endo notified us that it was
terminating the license agreement with us, and thereby returning Endo’s rights to develop and commercialize TRANSDUR-Sufentanil
in the U.S. and Canada to us effective August 26, 2009. We are in discussions with potential collaborators regarding licensing
development and commercialization rights to this program to which we hold worldwide rights.
Clinical Program. In 2008, Endo successfully completed a Phase II clinical trial for TRANSDUR-Sufentanil in which they
evaluated the conversion of patients on oral and transdermal opioids to TRANSDUR-Sufentanil. This Phase II trial met its primary
and secondary objectives of establishing a successful dose-titration regimen and dose potency relationships, demonstrating safety and
tolerability at the therapeutic dose, and achieving effective analgesic pain control. The Phase II data, extensive non-clinical data that
had been generated by Endo and a potential regulatory pathway for the Phase III program were reviewed with the FDA at an end-of-
Phase II meeting on February 19, 2009. It is our expectation that future development of this product candidate will follow a 505(b)2
pathway as discussed with FDA, which would allow us to reference third-party data, potentially reducing time and expense.
ORADUR-ADHD Program
Market Opportunity. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral condition that is estimated to
affect over 5 million (approximately 9%) of U.S. children ages 3-17, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The principal characteristics of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The condition presents itself in childhood and
can be life long as a significant number of children with ADHD continue to present symptoms as adults. Over 50% of children with
ADHD are estimated to being treated by medication, with stimulants such as amphetamine or methylphenidate as first-line treatments.
U.S. sales of ADHD treatments were approximately $7.3 billion in 2011. The 2010 National Survey on Drug Use & Health estimates
that 1.1 million Americans over the age of 12 abuse stimulants for euphoric highs and increased performance or wakefulness.
Development Strategy. We are developing a drug candidate (ORADUR-ADHD) based on DURECT’s ORADUR Technology
for the treatment of ADHD. This drug candidate is intended to provide once-a-day dosing
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with added tamper resistant characteristics to address common methods of abuse and misuse of these types of drugs. In August 2009,
we entered into a development and license agreement with Orient Pharma Co., Ltd., a diversified multinational pharmaceutical,
healthcare and consumer products company with headquarters in Taiwan, under which we granted to Orient Pharma development and
commercialization rights in certain defined Asian and South Pacific countries to ORADUR-ADHD. DURECT retains rights to North
America, Europe, Japan and all other countries not specifically licensed to Orient Pharma. Under our agreement with Orient Pharma,
the parties will collaborate to perform a clinical development program through a Phase II study intended to produce a data package
suitable for further development of the drug candidate by us as well as Orient Pharma in their respective territories. We will be
responsible for formulation and study design of the Phase I and Phase II clinical program which Orient Pharma has agreed to fund and
execute. Orient Pharma would be responsible for all remaining development and commercialization activities for ORADUR-ADHD in
the licensed territory. If commercialized, we will be entitled to receive a royalty on sales of ORADUR-ADHD by Orient Pharma.
Orient Pharma has committed to supply a portion of DURECT’s commercial requirements in all territories other than the U.S. for
ORADUR-ADHD. In 2010, 2011 and 2012, we conducted several Phase I clinical trials in this program with multiple formulations.
Based on information from these trials, we are continuing to optimize the lead formulations and are planning next steps in our
ORADUR-ADHD program.
Relday
Market Opportunity. Risperidone is one of the most widely prescribed medications used to treat the symptoms of
schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder in adults and teenagers 13 years of age and older. Relday is being developed to address unmet
clinical needs in this large patient population. An existing long-acting injectable risperidone product, which achieved global net sales
of $1.4 billion in 2012, requires twice monthly, intramuscular injections and drug reconstitution prior to use. We and Zogenix expect
that, if approved, Relday will be the first once-monthly, subcutaneous antipsychotic product that may offer an improved
pharmacokinetic profile, significant reduction in injection volume and a simplified dosing regimen. We and Zogenix also expect that,
if approved, Relday will provide a new long-acting treatment option for patients that currently use daily oral antipsychotic products.
The combined market for oral and injectable antipsychotic products is estimated at more than $17 billion in 2011.
Development Strategy. Under the development and license agreement entered into in July 2011 after working together since
October 2007 under a feasibility agreement, Zogenix will be responsible for the clinical development and commercialization of a
proprietary, long-acting injectable formulation of risperidone using our SABER controlled-release formulation technology. We will
share non-clinical development responsibilities. On January 3, 2013, Zogenix reported positive single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK)
results from the Phase 1 clinical trial of Relday. According to Zogenix, adverse events in the Phase 1 trial in patients diagnosed with
schizophrenia were generally mild to moderate and consistent with other risperidone products. The Phase 1 clinical trial for Relday
was conducted as a single-center, open-label, safety and PK trial of 30 patients with chronic, stable schizophrenia or schizoaffective
disorder. Per Zogenix, based on the favorable safety and PK profile demonstrated with the 25 mg and 50 mg once-monthly doses
tested in the Phase 1 trial, Zogenix has extended the study to include a 100 mg dose of the same formulation. The addition of this dose
arm to the study will enable evaluation of dose proportionality across the full dose range that would be anticipated to be used in
clinical practice. Zogenix expects to complete the extension of the Phase 1 clinical trial during the second quarter of 2013.
Depot Injectable Programs
The proteins, peptides and genes identified by the biotechnology industry are large, complex, intricate molecules, and many are
unsuitable as drugs. If these molecules are given orally, they are often destroyed before they can have an effect; if given by injection,
they often require impractical, inconvenient frequent injections that may result in unwanted side effects. As a result, the development
of biotechnology molecules for the treatment of human diseases has room for improvement, and advanced depot injectable systems
such as we possess are
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required to realize the full potential of many of these protein and peptide drugs. In addition to biologic drugs, many traditional small
molecule drugs have to be given by frequent injections, which is costly, inconvenient and may result in either unwanted side effects or
suboptimal efficacy. We have active programs underway to improve our depot injectable systems and to apply those systems to
various drugs and drug candidates, and have entered into a number of feasibility studies with biotechnology and pharmaceutical
companies to test their products in our systems.
Research Programs in other Therapeutic Categories
We have underway a number of research programs covering medical diseases and conditions other than pain. Such programs
include various diseases and disorders of the central nervous system, cardiovascular disease and metabolic disease. In conducting our
research programs and determining which particular efforts to prioritize for formal development, we employ a rigorous opportunity
assessment process that takes into account the unmet medical need, commercial opportunity, technical feasibility, clinical viability,
intellectual property considerations, and the development path including costs to achieve various critical milestones.
Industry Background
Chronic Diseases and Conditions
Although the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device industries have played key roles in increasing life expectancy
and improving health, many chronic, debilitating diseases continue to be inadequately addressed with current drugs or medical
devices. Cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, arthritis, epilepsy and other chronic diseases claim the
lives of millions of Americans each year. These illnesses are prolonged, are rarely cured completely, and pose a significant societal
burden in mortality, morbidity and cost. Demographic trends suggest that, as the U.S. population ages, the cost of treating chronic
diseases will increase.
Current Approaches to Treatment
Drugs are available to treat many chronic diseases, but harmful side effects can limit prolonged treatment. In addition, patients
with chronic diseases commonly take multiple medications, often several times a day, for the remainder of their lives. If patients fail to
take drugs as prescribed, they often do not receive the intended benefits or may experience side effects, which are harmful or decrease
quality of life. These problems become more common as the number of drugs being taken increases, the regimen of dosing becomes
more complicated, or the patient ages or becomes cognitively impaired.
The Pharmaceutical Industry. The pharmaceutical industry has traditionally focused on the chemical structure of small
molecules to create drugs that can treat diseases and medical conditions. The ability to use these molecules as drugs is based on their
potency, safety and efficacy. Therapeutic outcome and ultimately the suitability of a molecule as a drug depends to a large extent on
how it gets into the body, distributes throughout the body, reacts with its intended site of action and is eliminated from the body.
However, small molecules can act in diverse tissues throughout the body resulting in unwanted side effects.
Most drugs require a minimum level in blood and tissues to have significant therapeutic effects. Above a maximum level,
however, the drug becomes toxic or has some unwanted side effects. These two levels define the therapeutic range of the drug. With
conventional oral dosing and injections, typically a large quantity of drug is administered to the patient at one time, which results in
high blood levels of drug immediately after dosing. Because of these high levels, the patient can be over-medicated during the period
immediately following dosing, resulting in wasted drug and possible side effects. Due to distribution processes and drug clearance, the
blood level of drug falls as time elapses from the last dose. For some duration, the patient is within the desired
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therapeutic range of blood levels. Eventually, the blood level of drug falls sufficiently such that the patient becomes under-medicated
and experiences little or no drug effect until the next dose is administered.
The Biotechnology Industry. Over the past twenty-five years, the biotechnology revolution and the expanding field of
genomics have led to the discovery of huge numbers of proteins and genes. Tremendous resources have been committed in the hope of
developing drug therapies that would better mimic the body’s own processes and allow for greater therapeutic specificity than is
possible with small molecule drugs. The proteins, peptides and genes identified by the biotechnology industry are large, complex,
intricate molecules, and many are unsuitable as drugs. If these molecules are given orally, they are often destroyed before they can
have an effect; if given by injection, they may be destroyed by the body’s natural processes before they can reach their intended sites
of action. The body’s natural elimination processes require frequent, high dose injections that may result in unwanted side effects. As
a result, the development of biotechnology molecules for the treatment of human diseases has been limited.
The Drug Delivery Industry. In the last forty years, a multibillion dollar drug delivery industry has developed on the basis that
medicine can be improved by delivering drugs to patients in a precise, controlled fashion. Several commercially successful oral
controlled release products, transdermal controlled release patches, and injectable controlled release formulations have been
developed. These products demonstrate that the delivery system can be as important to the ultimate therapeutic value of a
pharmaceutical product as the active molecule or compound itself. However, drug delivery products on the market today can still be
improved, for example, by providing reduced abuse potential, targeted delivery to minimize systemic effects and longer delivery
durations where useful. Furthermore, traditional drug delivery products are generally not capable of administering biotechnology
agents such as proteins and peptides.
The DURECT Solution: Pharmaceutical Systems
We are developing and commercializing pharmaceutical systems that will deliver the right drug to the right place, in the right
amount and at the right time to treat chronic and episodic diseases and conditions. Our pharmaceutical systems enable optimized
therapy for a given disease or patient population by controlling the rate and duration of drug administration. In addition, if
advantageous for the therapy, our pharmaceutical systems can target the delivery of the drug to its intended site of action.
The Right Drug: By precisely controlling the dosage or targeting delivery to a specific site, we can expand the therapeutic
use of compounds that would otherwise be too potent to be administered systemically, do not remain in the body long
enough to be effective, or have significant side effects when administered systemically. This flexibility allows us to work
with a variety of drug candidates including small molecules, proteins, peptides or genes.
The Right Place: In addition to enabling systemic delivery, if advantageous for the therapy, with precise placement of our
drug delivery formulations, we can design our pharmaceutical systems to deliver drugs directly to the intended site of
action. This can ensure that the drug reaches the target tissue in effective concentrations, eliminate many side effects caused
by delivery of the drug to unintended sites in the body, and reduce the total amount of drug administered to the body.
The Right Amount: Our pharmaceutical systems can automatically deliver drug dosages continuously within the desired
therapeutic range for the duration of the treatment period, from days to up to months, without the fluctuations in drug levels
typically associated with conventional pills or injections. This can reduce side effects, eliminate gaps in drug therapy,
conveniently ensure accurate dosing and patient compliance, and may reduce the total amount of drug administered to the
body.
The Right Time: Our pharmaceutical systems technologies are designed to minimize the need for intervention by the patient
or care-giver and to enhance dosing compliance. In addition to reducing the cost of care, continuous drug therapy frees the
patient from repeated treatment or hospitalization, improving convenience and quality of life. Our systems are well-suited
to deliver drug for the right
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period of time for the intended indication, whether for hours or days for acute indications, or for weeks or months for
treating chronic, debilitating diseases such as chronic pain, cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. We
believe that it is more effective to treat chronic diseases with continuous, long-term therapy than with alternatives such as
multiple conventional injections or immediate release oral dosage forms that create short-term effects.
DURECT Pharmaceutical Systems Technology
Our pharmaceutical systems combine engineering with proprietary small molecule pharmaceutical and biotechnology drug
formulations to yield proprietary delivery technologies and products. Through this combination, we are able to control the rate and
duration of drug administration, as well as, when desired, target the delivery of the drug to its intended site of action, allowing our
pharmaceutical systems to meet the special challenges associated with treating medical conditions over an extended period of time.
Our pharmaceutical systems can enable new drug therapies or optimize existing therapies based on a broad range of compounds,
including small molecule pharmaceuticals as well as biologics such as proteins, peptides and genes.
Our pharmaceutical systems are suitable for providing long-term drug therapy because they store highly concentrated, stabilized
drugs in a small volume and can protect the drug from degradation by the body. This, in combination with our ability to continuously
deliver precise and accurate doses of a drug, allows us to extend the therapeutic value of a wide variety of drugs, including those
which would otherwise be ineffective, too unstable, too potent or cause adverse side effects. In some cases, delivering the drug
directly to the intended site of action can improve efficacy while minimizing unwanted side effects elsewhere in the body, which often
limit the long-term use of many drugs. Our pharmaceutical systems can thus provide better therapy for chronic diseases or conditions,
or for certain acute conditions where longer drug dosing is required or advantageous, by replacing multiple injection therapy or oral
dosing, improving drug efficacy, reducing side effects and ensuring dosing compliance. Our pharmaceutical systems can improve
patients’ quality of life by eliminating more repetitive treatments, reducing dependence on caregivers and allowing patients to lead
more independent lives.
We currently have several major active technology platforms:
Bioerodible Injectable Depot Systems
Our bioerodible injectable depot systems include our SABER and CLOUD™ platform technologies. SABER uses a high
viscosity base component, such as sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB), to provide controlled release of a drug. When the high viscosity
SAIB is formulated with drug, biocompatible excipients and other additives, the resulting formulation is easily injectable with
standard syringes and needles. After injection of a SABER formulation, the excipients diffuse away, leaving a viscous depot which
provides controlled sustained release of drug. CLOUD™ is a new class of bioerodible injectable depot technology which generally
does not contain SAIB but does include various other release rate modifying excipients and/or bioerodible polymers to achieve the
delivery of drugs for periods of days to months from a single injection. We are researching and developing a variety of controlled-
release products based on the SABER and CLOUD technologies. Based on research and development work to date, our bioerodible
injectable depot technologies have shown the following advantages:
Peptide/Protein Delivery—The chemical nature of our bioerodible injectable depot systems tend to repel water and body
enzymes from its interior and thereby stabilizes proteins and peptides. For this reason, we believe that bioerodible injectable
depot systems are well suited as a platform for biotechnology therapeutics based on proteins and peptides.
Less Burst—Typically, controlled release injections are associated with an initial higher release of drug immediately after
injection (also called “burst”). Animal and human studies have shown that our bioerodible injectable depots can be
associated with less post-injection burst than is typically associated with other commercially available injectable controlled
release technologies.
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High Drug Concentration—Drug concentration in our bioerodible injectable depot formulations can be as high as 30%,
considerably greater than is typical with other commercially available injectable controlled release technologies. As a
result, smaller injection volumes are possible with this technology.
Ease of Administration—Prior to injection, our bioerodible injectable depot formulations are fairly liquid and therefore can
be injected through small needles. Additionally, because of the higher drug concentration of our bioerodible injectable
depot formulations, less volume is required to be injected. Small injection volumes and more liquid solutions are expected
to result in easier, less painful administration.
Strong Patent Protection—Our bioerodible injectable depot technology is covered by United States and foreign patents. See
“Patents, Licenses and Proprietary Rights” below.
Ease of Manufacture—Compared to microspheres and other polymer-based controlled release injectable systems, our
bioerodible injectable depot formulations are readily manufacturable at low cost.
The SABER Technology is the basis of POSIDUR, which has completed a Phase III clinical trial in the U.S. and for which we
are preparing a NDA submission. The SABER Technology is also the basis for Relday, which is in a Phase I clinical trial in the U.S.
In our clinical studies thus far, our bioerodible injectable depot formulations have been observed to be safe and well-tolerated, and no
significant side effects or adverse events have been reported.
The SABER Technology is also the basis for SucroMate™ Equine, an injectable animal health drug utilizing our SABER
technology to deliver the peptide deslorelin. This is the first FDA approved SABER injectable product and it was launched in 2011 by
our collaborator, CreoSalus, Inc.
The TRANSDUR Transdermal Delivery System
Our TRANSDUR technology is a proprietary transdermal delivery system that enables delivery of drugs continuously for up
to 7 days. The TRANSDUR technology is the basis for TRANSDUR-Sufentanil for which we have conducted Phase II clinical trials
and for which we hold worldwide development and commercialization rights. The TRANSDUR technology is also the basis for
ELADUR, for which we have conducted two Phase II clinical trials and for which we hold worldwide development and
commercialization rights.
The ORADUR Sustained Release Gel Cap Technology
We believe that our ORADUR sustained release technology can transform short-acting oral capsule dosage forms into sustained
release oral products. Products based on our ORADUR technology can take the form of an easy to swallow gelatin capsule that uses a
high-viscosity base component such as sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) to provide controlled release of active ingredients for a
period of 12 to 24 hours of drug delivery. Oral dosage forms based on the ORADUR gel-cap may also have the added benefit of being
less prone to abuse (e.g., by crushing and then snorting, smoking, injecting or extracting by mixing with alcohol or water) than other
controlled release dosage forms on the market today. These properties have the potential to make ORADUR-based products an
attractive option for pharmaceutical companies that seek to develop abuse deterrent oral products.
The ORADUR technology is the basis of REMOXY, a novel long-acting oral formulation of the opioid oxycodone which is
targeted to decrease the potential for oxycodone abuse. Since 2006, we also worked with Pain Therapeutics and King on the
development of three additional ORADUR abuse-resistant opioid drug candidates which would address the chronic pain market.
Phase I clinical trials have been conducted for two of these ORADUR-based products (hydrocodone and hydromorphone), and an IND
has been accepted by the FDA for the third ORADUR-based opioid (oxymorphone). We also have an ORADUR-ADHD program for
which we and Orient Pharma have conducted several Phase I clinical trials with multiple formulations in 2010, 2011 and 2012.
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The DURIN Biodegradable Implant Technology
Our DURIN technology is a proprietary biodegradable implant that enables parenteral delivery of drugs from several weeks to
six months or more using our LACTEL brand polymers and co-polymers of lactic and glycolic acid. The DURIN technology can
deliver a wide variety of drugs including small and large molecule compounds. Our proprietary implant design allows for a variety of
possible delivery profiles including constant rate delivery. Because DURIN implants are biodegradable, at the end of its delivery life,
what remains of the DURIN implant is absorbed by the body.
DURECT Strategy
Our objective is to become a specialty pharmaceutical company by developing, and in the future, commercializing products
based on our pharmaceutical systems that address significant unmet medical needs and improve patients’ quality of life. To achieve
this objective, our strategy includes the following key elements:
Focus on Chronic Debilitating Medical Conditions and Certain Local Pain Conditions. Many of the diseases that present the
greatest challenges to medicine are chronic, debilitating diseases such as chronic pain, CNS disorders, cardiovascular and metabolic
disorders, cancer and degenerative neurological diseases. In addition, we have identified certain local and acute pain conditions that
we believe can be addressed by improved therapeutics. Our current efforts focus on using our versatile drug delivery platform
technologies to develop products that address these medical conditions.
Minimize Product Development Risk. Initially, we intend to minimize product development risk by using our drug delivery
platform technologies to administer drugs for which medical data on efficacy and safety are available. This strategy reduces much of
the development risk that is inherent in traditional pharmaceutical product discovery. We anticipate that we can expand the medical
usefulness of existing well-characterized drugs in several ways:
expand uses or create new uses for existing drugs by delivering drugs continuously for convenient long dosing intervals;
create new uses for drugs which were previously considered to be too potent to be used safely by precisely controlling
dosing;
deliver drugs by injection or transdermally to eliminate the first pass effect whereby the efficacy of the active agent is
impacted by digestion and deactivation;
enhance drug performance by minimizing side effects; and
expand uses of drugs by delivering them to the target site.
We anticipate that our pharmaceutical systems can be more rapidly developed at lower cost than comparable products that are
developed purely based on chemical solutions to the problems of efficacy, side effects, stability and delivery of the active agent. We
believe that our ability to innovate more rapidly will allow us to respond more quickly to market feedback to optimize our existing
pharmaceutical systems or develop line extensions that address new market needs.
Enable the Development of Pharmaceutical Systems Based on Biotechnology and Other New Compounds. We believe there is
a significant opportunity for pharmaceutical systems to add value to therapeutic medicine by administering biologics, such as proteins,
peptides and genes. We believe our technologies will improve the specificity, potency, convenience and cost-effectiveness of proteins,
peptides, genes and other newly discovered drugs. Our systems can enable these compounds to be effectively administered, thus
allowing them to become viable medicines. We can address the stability and storage needs of these compounds through our advanced
formulation technology and package them in a suitable pharmaceutical system for optimum delivery. Through continuous
administration, the SABER, CLOUD and DURIN technology
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platforms may eliminate or reduce the need for multiple injections of these drugs. In addition, through precise placement of our
proprietary biodegradable drug formulations, proteins and genes can be delivered to specific tissues for extended periods of time, thus
ensuring that large molecule agents are present at the desired site of action and minimizing the potential for adverse side effects
elsewhere in the body.
Diversify Risk by Pursuing Multiple Programs in Development. In order to reduce the risks inherent in pharmaceutical product
development, we have diversified our product pipeline such that, between our own programs and those where we have collaborated,
we presently have one program for which a New Drug Application has been filed and a Complete Response Letter has been received,
one program for which an NDA is in preparation and six different other disclosed programs in clinical development, including three
oral drug candidates, two transdermal patch candidates and one injectable drug candidate. We believe that having multiple programs
in development helps mitigate the negative consequences to us of any setbacks or delays in any one of our programs.
Enable Product Development Through Strategic Collaborations. We believe that entering into selective collaborations with
respect to our product development programs can enhance the success of our product development and commercialization, mitigate
our risk and enable us to better manage our operating costs. Additionally, such collaborations enable us to leverage investment by our
collaborators and reduce our net cash burn, while retaining significant economic rights.
Build Our Own Commercial Organization. In the future, we may elect to build our own commercial, sales and marketing
capability in order to capture more of the economic value of certain products that we may develop. If we choose to enter into third-
party collaborations to commercialize our pharmaceutical systems, we may in the future enter into these alliances under circumstances
that allow us to participate in the sales and marketing of these products.
Third-Party Collaborations
We have entered into the following agreements in connection with our third party collaborations:
Zogenix, Inc. On July 11, 2011, we and Zogenix, Inc., (Zogenix), entered into a Development and License Agreement (the
License Agreement). We and Zogenix had previously been working together under a feasibility agreement pursuant to which our
research and development costs were reimbursed by Zogenix. Under the License Agreement, Zogenix will be responsible for the
clinical development and commercialization of a proprietary, long-acting injectable formulation of risperidone using our SABER and
other controlled-release depot formulation technologies. We will be responsible for non-clinical, formulation and CMC development
activities. We will be reimbursed by Zogenix for our research and development efforts on the product. Zogenix paid a non-refundable
upfront fee to us of $2.25 million in July 2011. Zogenix is obligated to pay us up to $103 million in total future milestone payments
with respect to the product subject to and upon the achievement of various development, regulatory and sales milestones. Of these
potential milestones, $28 million are development-based milestones (none of which has been achieved as of December 31, 2012), and
$75 million are sales-based milestones (none of which has been achieved as of December 31, 2012). Zogenix is also required to pay a
mid single-digit to low double-digit percentage patent royalty on annual net sales of the product determined on a jurisdiction-by-
jurisdiction basis. The patent royalty term is equal to the later of the expiration of all DURECT technology patents or joint patent
rights in a particular jurisdiction, the expiration of marketing exclusivity rights in such jurisdiction, or 15 years from first commercial
sale in such jurisdiction. After the patent royalty term, Zogenix will continue to pay royalties on annual net sales of the product at a
reduced rate for so long as Zogenix continues to sell the product in the jurisdiction. Zogenix is also required to pay to us a tiered
percentage of fees received in connection with any sublicense of the licensed rights.
We granted to Zogenix an exclusive worldwide license, with sub-license rights, to the intellectual property rights related to the
proprietary polymeric and non-polymeric controlled-release formulation technology to make
15
and have made, use, offer for sale, sell and import risperidone products, where risperidone is the sole active agent, for administration
by injection in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or other psychiatric related disorders in humans. We retain the right to
supply Zogenix’s Phase 3 clinical trial and commercial product requirements on the terms set forth in the License Agreement. We
retain the right to terminate the License Agreement with respect to specific countries if Zogenix fails to advance the development of
the product in such country, either directly or through a sublicensee. In addition, either party may terminate the License Agreement
upon insolvency or bankruptcy of the other party, upon written notice of a material uncured breach or if the other party takes any act
impairing such other party’s relevant intellectual property rights. Zogenix may terminate the License Agreement upon written notice if
during the development or commercialization of the product, the product becomes subject to one or more serious adverse drug
experiences or if either party receives notice from a regulatory authority, independent review committee, data safety monitoring board
or other similar body alleging significant concern regarding a patient safety issue. Zogenix may also terminate the License Agreement
with or without cause, at any time upon prior written notice. As of December 31, 2012, the cumulative aggregate payments received
by us under this agreement and the prior feasibility agreement were $10.2 million.
Hospira, Inc. In June 2010, we entered into a license agreement with Hospira to develop and commercialize POSIDUR in the
U.S. and Canada. Under terms of the agreement, Hospira made an upfront payment of $27.5 million. In March 2012, we were notified
that Hospira was terminating the agreement effective September 28, 2012, or, as permitted under the agreement, at an earlier date
elected by us. Hospira’s termination returned to us the U.S. and Canadian rights to develop and commercialize POSIDUR and we now
hold worldwide rights to POSIDUR. As a result of the termination of the Hospira agreement for POSIDUR, we recognized as revenue
during the first quarter of 2012 the remaining $21.8 million of deferred revenue related to the upfront fee of the development and
license agreement as we have no remaining performance obligations under the agreement; this recognition of revenue did not result in
additional cash proceeds to us. As of December 31, 2012, the cumulative aggregate payments received by us under this agreement
were $40.7 million. There will be no further payments under this agreement in the future.
Alpharma Ireland Limited (acquired in December 2008 by King which subsequently was acquired by Pfizer in February
2011). In September 2008, we and Alpharma entered into a development and license agreement granting Alpharma the exclusive
worldwide rights to develop and commercialize ELADUR, our investigational transdermal bupivacaine patch. The agreement became
effective in October 2008. Under the terms of the agreement, Alpharma paid us an upfront license fee of $20 million. As a result of the
acquisition of Alpharma by King in December 2008, King assumed Alpharma’s rights and obligations under the agreement. In
February 2011, Pfizer acquired King and thereby assumed the rights and obligations of King with respect to ELADUR. In February
2012, Pfizer notified us that they were returning their worldwide development and commercialization rights to ELADUR. As a result
of the termination of the agreement for ELADUR, we recognized as revenue during the first quarter of 2012 the remaining $9.9
million of deferred revenue related to the upfront fee of the development and license agreement as we have no remaining performance
obligations under the agreement; this recognition of revenue did not result in additional cash proceeds to us. As of December 31, 2012,
the cumulative aggregate payments received by us under this agreement were $29.2 million. There will be no further payments under
this agreement in the future.
Nycomed Danmark ApS. In November 2006, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Nycomed, and this agreement
was amended in February 2010 and February 2011. Under the terms of the 2010 amended agreement, we licensed to Nycomed the
exclusive commercialization rights to POSIDUR for the European Union (E.U.) and certain other countries. Nycomed paid us an
upfront license fee of $14.0 million in 2006 and an $8.0 million milestone payment in 2007 triggered by achievement of a clinical
development milestone. Nycomed also paid a portion of development expenses. In January 2012, Nycomed (acquired by Takeda in
October 2011) notified us that it was terminating the license agreement with us, and thereby returning their right to develop and
commercialize POSIDUR (SABER™-Bupivacaine) in Europe and their other licensed territories to us effective April 26, 2012. As a
result of the termination of the Nycomed agreement for POSIDUR, we recognized as
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revenue during the first quarter of 2012 the remaining $3.7 million of deferred revenue related to the upfront fee of the development
and license agreement as we have no remaining performance obligations under the agreement; this recognition of revenue did not
result in additional cash proceeds to us. As of December 31, 2012, the cumulative aggregate payments received by us under this
agreement were $37.3 million. In addition, the cumulative aggregate payments paid by us under this agreement to Nycomed were $9.0
million as of December 31, 2012. There will be no further payments under this agreement in the future.
Pain Therapeutics, Inc. In December 2002, we entered into an exclusive agreement with Pain Therapeutics to develop and
commercialize on a worldwide basis oral sustained release, abuse deterrent opioid products incorporating four specified opioid drugs
using our ORADUR technology. The agreement also provides Pain Therapeutics with the exclusive right to commercialize products
developed under the agreement on a worldwide basis. In connection with the execution of the agreement, Pain Therapeutics paid us an
upfront fee. In November 2005, Pain Therapeutics sublicensed the worldwide commercialization rights (except for Australia and New
Zealand) to certain products developed under the agreement (including REMOXY) to King. In February 2011 Pfizer acquired King
and thereby assumed the rights and obligations of King with respect to the sublicense agreement. In December 2005, we amended our
agreement with Pain Therapeutics in order to specify our obligations with respect to the supply of key excipients for use in the
licensed products. Under the amended agreement, we are responsible for formulation development, supply of selected key excipients
used in the manufacture of licensed product and other specified tasks. We receive reimbursement for our research and development
efforts on the licensed products and a manufacturing profit on our supply of key product excipients to Pain Therapeutics for use in the
licensed products. Under the agreement with Pain Therapeutics, subject to and upon the achievement of predetermined development
and regulatory milestones for the four drug candidates currently in development, we are entitled to receive milestone payments of up
to $9.3 million in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2012, we had received $1.7 million in cumulative milestone payments. In
addition, if commercialized, we will receive royalties for REMOXY and other licensed products which do not contain an opioid
antagonist of between 6.0% to 11.5% of net sales of the product depending on the sales volumes. This agreement can be terminated by
either party for material breach by the other party and by Pain Therapeutics without cause. As of December 31, 2012, the cumulative
aggregate payments received by us from Pain Therapeutics under this agreement were $33.5 million.
In March 2009, King assumed the responsibility for further development of REMOXY from Pain Therapeutics. As a result of
this change, we will continue to perform REMOXY related activities in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the
license agreement between us and Pain Therapeutics, but with King substituted in lieu of Pain Therapeutics with respect to
interactions with us in our performance of those activities including the obligation to pay us with respect to all REMOXY related costs
incurred by us. The cumulative aggregate payments received by us from King (now Pfizer) as of December 31, 2012 were $7.0
million under this agreement.
During 2008, we began to manufacture commercial lots of certain key excipients that are included in REMOXY to meet the
anticipated requirements for these components. In addition, during the second, third and fourth quarters of 2008 and the first quarter of
2009, we made shipments of these materials to meet the production requirements of King, which has rights to commercialize
REMOXY upon approval by the FDA. During these periods, all product revenue and associated cost of goods sold was deferred
pending the establishment of definitive final terms and conditions even though cash receipts and expenditures occurred during these
periods.
Long Term Supply Agreement with King (now Pfizer). In August 2009, we entered into an exclusive long term excipient
supply agreement with respect to REMOXY with King. In February 2011, Pfizer acquired King and thereby assumed the rights and
obligations of King with respect to the long term excipient supply agreement. This agreement stipulates the terms and conditions
under which we will supply to King, based on our manufacturing cost plus a specified percentage mark-up, two key excipients used in
the manufacture of REMOXY. The term of the agreement commenced on August 5, 2009 and will continue in effect until the earlier
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of the expiration of all licenses granted under the development and license agreement between us and Pain Therapeutics or the
termination or expiration of the 2005 development and license agreement between Pain Therapeutics and King, unless the agreement
is terminated earlier in accordance with its terms. The agreement provides each party with specified termination rights, which include,
but are not limited to, the right of King to terminate the agreement in the event that governmental action requires the withdrawal of
REMOXY from all countries in the territory or results in the withdrawal of required manufacturing approvals, or upon a change of
control of us, in which case termination will be effective one year after notice by King. We may terminate the agreement if we are
unable to procure suitable and sufficient quantities of certain raw materials required to produce the excipient ingredients. Each party
may terminate the agreement upon material breach of the agreement by, or the bankruptcy or insolvency of, the other party, in each
case subject to a cure period. The agreement further specifies the rights and obligations of us and King with respect to plant allocation,
adding additional production capacity and sourcing of raw materials, as well as other terms and conditions customary for this type of
agreement, including those regarding forecasting, purchasing, invoicing, representations, warranties and indemnities.
In 2010, we recognized $551,000 of product revenue for shipments made in 2008 and 2009 related to a price settlement after all
criteria of revenue recognition were met. The price settlement related to additional manufacturing cost incurred by us and certain
mark-ups for the goods produced and shipped in 2008 and 2009 pursuant to the long term excipient supply agreement. In addition, we
also recognized $410,000 of product revenue related to the shipment of another excipient that is included in REMOXY upon shipment
to King in 2010. Total revenue recognized related to these excipients was $961,000 and $3.0 million in 2010 and 2009, respectively
and the associated cost of goods sold was $315,000 and $2.0 million in 2010 and 2009, respectively.
In 2011 and 2012, the Company recognized $490,000 and $48,000 of product revenue, respectively, related to a key excipient
for REMOXY and the associated cost of goods sold was $302,000 and $33,000, respectively.
Commercial Product Lines
ALZET
The ALZET product line consists of miniature, implantable osmotic pumps and accessories used for experimental research in
mice, rats and other laboratory animals. These pumps are neither approved nor intended for human use. ALZET pumps continuously
deliver drugs, hormones and other test agents at controlled rates from one day to six weeks without the need for external connections,
frequent handling or repeated dosing. In laboratory research, these infusion pumps can be used for systemic administration when
implanted under the skin or in the body. They can be attached to a catheter for intravenous, intracerebral, or intra-arterial infusion or
for targeted delivery, where the effects of a drug or test agent are localized in a particular tissue or organ. The wide use and
applications of the ALZET product line is evidenced by the more than 12,000 scientific references that now exist.
We acquired the ALZET product line and assets used primarily in the manufacture, sale and distribution of this product line
from ALZA in April 2000. We believe that the ALZET business provides us with innovative design and application opportunities for
potential new products.
LACTEL Absorbable Polymers
We currently design, develop and manufacture a wide range of standard and custom biodegradable polymers based on lactide,
glycolide and caprolactone under the LACTEL brand for pharmaceutical and medical device clients for use as raw materials in their
products. These materials are manufactured and sold by us directly from our facility in Alabama and are used by us and our third-party
customers for a variety of controlled-release and medical-device applications, including several FDA-approved commercial products.
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Marketing and Sales
Historically, we have established strategic distribution and marketing alliances for products based on our pharmaceutical
systems to leverage the established sales organizations that certain pharmaceutical companies have in markets we are targeting. In the
future, we may elect to build our own commercial, sales and marketing capability in order to capture more of the economic value of
certain products that we may develop. If we choose to enter into third-party collaborations to commercialize our pharmaceutical
systems, we may in the future enter into these alliances under circumstances that allow us to participate in the sales and marketing of
these products. We will continue to pursue strategic alliances and collaborators from time to time consistent with our strategy to
leverage the established sales organizations of third-party collaborators to achieve greater market penetration for some of our products
than we could on our own. If we choose to enter into third-party collaborations to commercialize our pharmaceutical systems, we
believe we have the flexibility to enter into these alliances under circumstances that allow us to retain greater economic participation
because our pharmaceutical systems combine drugs for which medical data on efficacy and safety are available with proven
technology platforms.
We market and sell our ALZET and LACTEL product lines through a direct sales force in the U.S. and through a network of
distributors outside of the U.S.
Suppliers
We purchase sucrose acetate isobutyrate, a raw material for our ORADUR and SABER-based pharmaceutical systems,
including POSIDUR, REMOXY and other ORADUR-based drug candidates, pursuant to a supply agreement with Eastman Chemical
Company. We have entered into a supply agreement with Corium International, Inc. for clinical and commercial supplies of ELADUR
and a supply agreement with Hospira Worldwide, Inc. for clinical and commercial supplies of POSIDUR.
Our supply agreement with Eastman Chemical Company requires us to purchase a certain portion of our requirements for
sucrose acetate isobutyrate from Eastman Chemical and obligates us to pay a fee per annum if our purchases do not meet specified
sales targets. The agreement may be terminated by either party under certain circumstances, including any material uncured breach by,
or the insolvency, liquidation or bankruptcy of, or similar proceedings involving, the other party.
We believe that these agreements will provide a sufficient supply of these raw materials and drug product to meet our needs for
the foreseeable future. We do not have in place long term supply agreements with respect to all of the components of any of our
pharmaceutical systems, however, and are subject to the risk that we may not be able to procure all required components in adequate
quantities with acceptable quality, within acceptable time frames or at reasonable cost.
Customers
Our product revenues principally are derived from sale of the ALZET product line to academic and pharmaceutical industry
researchers, the LACTEL product lines to pharmaceutical and medical device customers, and from the sale of certain key excipients
that are included in REMOXY to our customer (Pfizer). Until such time that we are able to bring our pharmaceutical systems to
market, if at all, we expect these to be our principal sources of product revenue. We also receive revenue from collaborative research
and development arrangements with our third-party collaborators. In 2012, Hospira and Pfizer accounted for 45% and 22% of the
Company’s total revenues, respectively. In 2011, Hospira and Pfizer accounted for 34% and 16% of the Company’s total revenues,
respectively. In 2010, Pfizer (King) and Hospira accounted for 33% and 18% of the Company’s total revenues, respectively.
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Manufacturing
The process for manufacturing our pharmaceutical systems is technically complex, requires special skills, and must be
performed in a qualified facility. We have contracted with Hospira Worldwide and Corium International to manufacture clinical and
commercial supplies of POSIDUR and ELADUR, respectively. In addition, we have a small multi-discipline manufacturing facility in
California that we have used to manufacture research and clinical supplies of several of our pharmaceutical systems under GMP,
including POSIDUR, REMOXY, TRANSDUR-Sufentanil, and ELADUR. In the future, we intend to develop additional
manufacturing capabilities for our pharmaceutical systems and components to meet our demands and those of our third party
collaborators by contracting with third party manufacturers and by potentially constructing additional manufacturing space at our
current facilities in California and Alabama. We manufacture our ALZET product line and certain key components for REMOXY at
one of our California facilities and our LACTEL product line at our Alabama facility.
Patents, Licenses and Proprietary Rights
Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain patents, to protect trade secrets, to operate without infringing upon the
proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing on our proprietary rights. Our policy is to seek to protect our
proprietary position by, among other methods, filing U.S. and foreign patent applications related to our proprietary technology,
inventions and improvements that are important to the development of our business. As of February 15, 2013, we held 53 issued U.S.
patents and 346 issued foreign patents (which include granted European patent rights that have been validated in various EU member
states). In addition, we have 47 pending U.S. patent applications and have filed 109 patent applications under the Patent Cooperation
Treaty, from which 126 national phase applications are currently pending in Europe, Australia, Japan, Canada and other countries.
Proprietary rights relating to our planned and potential products will be protected from unauthorized use by third parties only to
the extent that they are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. Patents owned by or
licensed to us may not afford protection against competitors, and our pending patent applications now or hereafter filed by or licensed
to us may not result in patents being issued. In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property
rights to the same extent as do the laws of the U.S.
The patent positions of biopharmaceutical companies involve complex legal and factual questions and, therefore, their
enforceability cannot be predicted with certainty. Our patents or patent applications, or those licensed to us, if issued, may be
challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted thereunder may not provide proprietary protection or competitive
advantages to us against competitors with similar technology. Furthermore, our competitors may independently develop similar
technologies or duplicate any technology developed by us. Because of the extensive time required for development, testing and
regulatory review of a potential product, it is possible that, before any of our products can be commercialized, any related patent may
expire or remain in existence for only a short period following commercialization, thus reducing any advantage of the patent, which
could adversely affect our ability to protect future product development and, consequently, our operating results and financial position.
Because patent applications in the U.S. are typically maintained in secrecy for at least 18 months after filing and since
publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were
the first to make the inventions covered by each of our issued or pending patent applications or that we were the first to file for
protection of inventions set forth in such patent applications.
Our planned or potential products may be covered by third-party patents or other intellectual property rights, in which case we
would need to obtain a license to continue developing or marketing these products. Any required licenses may not be available to us
on acceptable terms, if at all. If we do not obtain any required
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licenses, we could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to design around these patents, or could find that the
development, manufacture or sale of products requiring such licenses is foreclosed. Litigation may be necessary to defend against or
assert such claims of infringement, to enforce patents issued to us, to protect trade secrets or know-how owned by us, or to determine
the scope and validity of the proprietary rights of others. In addition, interference, derivation, post-grant oppositions, and similar
proceedings may be necessary to determine rights to inventions in our patents and patent applications. Litigation or similar
proceedings could result in substantial costs to and diversion of effort by us, and could have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition and results of operations. These efforts by us may not be successful.
We may rely, in certain circumstances, on trade secrets to protect our technology. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect.
We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees and certain
contractors. There can be no assurance that these agreements will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any
breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that
our employees, consultants or contractors use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may also arise as to
the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.
Government Regulation
The Food and Drug Administration. The FDA and comparable regulatory agencies in state and local jurisdictions and in
foreign countries impose substantial requirements upon the clinical development, manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical
products. These agencies and other federal, state and local entities regulate research and development activities and the testing,
manufacture, quality control, safety, effectiveness, labeling, storage, distribution, record keeping, approval, advertising and promotion
of our products. We believe that our initial pharmaceutical systems will be regulated as drugs by the FDA rather than as biologics or
devices.
The process required by the FDA under the new drug provisions of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (the Act) before
our initial pharmaceutical systems may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves the following:
preclinical laboratory and animal tests;
submission of an Investigational New Drug (IND) application which must become effective before clinical trials may
begin;
adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed pharmaceutical in our
intended use; and
FDA approval of a new drug application.
Section 505 of the Act describes three types of new drug applications: (1) an application that contains full reports of
investigations of safety and effectiveness (section 505(b)(1)); (2) an application that contains full reports of investigations of safety
and effectiveness but where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the
applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference (section 505(b)(2)); and (3) an application that contains
information to show that the proposed product is identical in active ingredient, dosage form, strength, route of administration, labeling,
quality, performance characteristics and intended use, among other things, to a previously approved product (section 505(j)). A
supplement to an application is a new drug application. We expect that most of our drug candidates will be approved by submission of
a new drug application under section 505(b)(2).
The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort, and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that any
approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Even though several of our pharmaceutical systems utilize active drug ingredients
that are commercially marketed in the United States in other dosage forms, we need to establish safety and effectiveness of those
active ingredients in the formulation and dosage forms that we are developing.
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Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of the product, its chemistry, formulation and stability, as well as animal studies
to assess the potential safety and efficacy of the pharmaceutical system. We then submit the results of the preclinical tests, together
with manufacturing information and analytical data, to the FDA as part of an IND, which must become effective before we may begin
human clinical trials. Each subsequent new clinical protocol must also be submitted to the IND. An IND automatically becomes
effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions about the
conduct of the trials as outlined in the IND and imposes a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any
outstanding concerns before clinical trials can begin. Our submission of an IND may not result in FDA authorization to commence
clinical trials. Further, an independent Institutional Review Board at each medical center proposing to conduct the clinical trials must
review and approve any clinical study as well as the related informed consent forms and authorization forms that permit us to use
individually identifiable health information of study participants.
Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases which may overlap:
Phase I: The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients and tested for safety, dosage tolerance,
absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion.
Phase II: Involves clinical trials in a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to
determine the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage.
Phase III: When Phase II clinical trials demonstrate that a dosage range of the product is effective and has an acceptable
safety profile, Phase III clinical trials are undertaken to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy and to further test for
safety in an expanded patient population, at multiple, geographically dispersed clinical study sites.
In the case of products for severe diseases, such as chronic pain, or life-threatening diseases such as cancer, the initial human
testing is often conducted in patients with disease rather than in healthy volunteers. Since these patients already have the target disease
or condition, these studies may provide initial evidence of efficacy traditionally obtained in Phase II trials, and thus these trials are
frequently referred to as Phase I/II clinical trials. We cannot be certain that we will successfully complete Phase I, Phase II or Phase
III clinical trials of our pharmaceutical systems within any specific time period, if at all. Furthermore, the FDA or the Institutional
Review Board or the sponsor may suspend clinical trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or
patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. During the clinical development of products, sponsors frequently meet and
consult with the FDA in order to ensure that the design of their studies will likely provide data both sufficient and relevant for later
regulatory approval; however, no assurance of approvability can be given by the FDA.
The results of product development, preclinical studies and clinical studies are submitted to the FDA as part of a new drug
application, or NDA, for approval of the marketing and commercial shipment of the product. Submission of an NDA requires the
payment of a substantial user fee to the FDA, and although the agency has defined user fee goals for the time in which to respond to
sponsor applications, we cannot assure you that the FDA will act in any particular timeframe. The FDA may deny a new drug
application if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied or may require additional clinical data. Even if such data is submitted,
the FDA may ultimately decide that the new drug application does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Once issued, the FDA may
withdraw product approval if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or if safety problems occur after the product
reaches the market. Requirements for additional Phase IV studies (post approval marketing studies) to confirm safety and
effectiveness in a broader commercial use population may be imposed as a condition of marketing approval. In addition, the FDA
requires surveillance programs to monitor approved products which have been commercialized, and the agency has the power to
require changes in labeling or to prevent further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. Any
comparative claims that we would like to make for our products vis-à-vis other dosage forms or products will need to be substantiated
generally by two adequate and well-controlled head-to-head clinical trials.
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Satisfaction of FDA requirements or similar requirements of state, local and foreign regulatory agencies typically takes several
years and the actual time required may vary substantially, based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the pharmaceutical product.
Government regulation may delay or prevent marketing of potential products for a considerable period of time and impose costly
procedures upon our activities. We cannot be certain that the FDA or any other regulatory agency will grant approval for any of our
pharmaceutical systems under development on a timely basis, if at all. Success in preclinical or early stage clinical trials does not
assure success in later stage clinical trials. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities is not always conclusive and may be
susceptible to varying interpretations which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. Evolving safety concerns can result in
the imposition of new requirements for expensive and time consuming tests, such as for QT interval cardiotoxicity testing. Even if a
product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific indications. Further, even after regulatory
approval is obtained, later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on the product or even
complete withdrawal of the product from the market. Any pharmaceutical systems that we may develop and obtain approval for would
also be subject to adverse findings of the active drug ingredients being marketed in different dosage forms and formulations. Delays in
obtaining, or failures to obtain regulatory approvals would have a material adverse effect on our business. Marketing our
pharmaceutical systems abroad will require similar regulatory approvals and is subject to similar risks. In addition, we cannot predict
what adverse governmental regulations may arise from future U.S. or foreign governmental action.
Any pharmaceutical systems manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and
continuing regulation by the FDA, including record-keeping requirements and reporting of adverse experiences with the drug. Drug
manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to
periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and state agencies for compliance with good manufacturing practices, which impose
procedural and documentation requirements upon us and our third party manufacturers. We cannot be certain that we or our present or
future suppliers will be able to comply with the GMP regulations and other FDA regulatory requirements.
The FDA regulates drug labeling and promotion activities. The FDA has actively enforced regulations prohibiting the marketing
of products for unapproved uses, and federal and state authorities are also actively litigating against sponsors who promote their drugs
for unapproved uses under various fraud and abuse and false claims act statutes. We and our pharmaceutical systems are also subject
to a variety of state laws and regulations in those states or localities where our pharmaceutical systems are or will be marketed. Any
applicable state or local regulations may hinder our ability to market our pharmaceutical systems in those states or localities. We are
also subject to numerous federal, state and local laws relating to such matters as safe working conditions, manufacturing practices,
environmental protection, fire hazard control, and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances. We may incur significant
costs to comply with such laws and regulations now or in the future.
The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted which could prevent or delay regulatory
approval of our potential pharmaceutical systems. Moreover, increased attention to the containment of health care costs in the U.S.
and in foreign markets could result in new government regulations that could have a material adverse effect on our business. We
cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation that might arise from future legislative or
administrative action, either in the U.S. or abroad.
On February 6, 2009, the FDA sent letters to manufacturers of certain opioid drug products, indicating that these drugs will be
required to have a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to ensure that the benefits of the drugs continue to outweigh the
risks. The affected opioid drugs include brand name and generic products and are formulated with the active ingredients fentanyl,
hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, and oxymorphone. The FDA has authority to require a REMS under the Food and
Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (FDAAA) when necessary to ensure that the benefits of a drug outweigh the risks.
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On April 19, 2011, the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) released the Obama Administration’s Epidemic:
Responding to America’s Prescription Drug Abuse Crisis—a comprehensive action plan to address the national prescription drug
abuse epidemic. This plan includes action in four major areas to reduce prescription drug abuse: education, monitoring, proper
disposal, and enforcement. In support of the action plan, the FDA announced the elements of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation
Strategy (REMS) that will require all manufacturers of long-acting and extended-release opioids to ensure that training is provided to
prescribers of these medications and to develop information that prescribers can use when counseling patients about the risks and
benefits of opioid use. The FDA wants drug makers to work together to develop a single system for implementing the REMS
strategies.
Many of our drug candidates including REMOXY, our other ORADUR-based opioid drug candidates and TRANSDUR-
Sufentanil are subject to the REMS requirement. Until the contours of required REMS programs are established by the FDA and
understood by drug developers and marketers such as ourselves and our collaborators, there may be delays in marketing approvals for
these drug candidates. In addition, there may be increased cost, administrative burden and potential liability associated with the
marketing and sale of these types of drug candidates subject to the REMS requirement, which could negatively impact the commercial
benefits to us and our collaborators from the sale of these drug candidates.
The Drug Enforcement Administration. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulates chemical compounds as
Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances, with Schedule I substances considered to present the highest risk of substance abuse and
Schedule V substances the lowest risk. Certain active ingredients in TRANSDUR-Sufentanil, and REMOXY and our other
ORADUR-based opioid drug candidates, are listed by the DEA as Schedule II under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
Consequently, their manufacture, research, shipment, storage, sale and use are subject to a high degree of oversight and regulation. For
example, all Schedule II drug prescriptions must be signed by a physician, physically presented to a pharmacist and may not be
refilled without a new prescription. Furthermore, the amount of Schedule II substances we can obtain for clinical trials and
commercial distribution is limited by the DEA and our quota may not be sufficient to complete clinical trials or meet commercial
demand. There is a risk that DEA regulations may interfere with the supply of the drugs used in our clinical trials, and, in the future,
our ability to produce and distribute our products in the volume needed to meet commercial demand.
Competition
We may face competition from other companies in numerous industries including pharmaceuticals, medical devices and drug
delivery. POSIDUR, TRANSDUR-Sufentanil, ELADUR, Relday, REMOXY and other ORADUR-based drug candidates, if
approved, will compete with currently marketed oral opioids, transdermal opioids, local anesthetic patches, anti-psychotics,
stimulants, implantable and external infusion pumps which can be used for infusion of opioids and local anesthetics. Products of these
types are marketed by Purdue Pharma, Knoll, Janssen, Medtronic, Endo, AstraZeneca, Arrow International, Tricumed, I-Flow
(Kimberly-Clark), Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, NeurogesX, Covidien, Shire, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Pacira, Novartis
and others. Our ORADUR-ADHD product candidates, if approved, will compete with currently marketed products by Shire,
Johnson & Johnson, UCB, Novartis, Noven, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Medice and others. Relday, if approved, will compete with currently
marketed products by Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb and others. Numerous companies are
applying significant resources and expertise to the problems of drug delivery and several of these are focusing or may focus on
delivery of drugs to the intended site of action, including Alkermes, Pacira Pharmaceuticals, EpiCept, Innocoll, Nektar, I-Flow
(Kimberly-Clark), NeurogesX, Flamel, Alexza, Cadence Pharmaceuticals, Hospira, Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, Egalet, Acura and
others. Some of these competitors may be addressing the same therapeutic areas or indications as we are. Our current and potential
competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection or commercializing products before us. Many of these entities have
significantly greater research and development capabilities than we do, as well as substantially more marketing, manufacturing,
financial and
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managerial resources. These entities represent significant competition for us. Acquisitions of, or investments in, competing
pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies by large corporations could increase such competitors’ financial, marketing,
manufacturing and other resources.
Any products we develop using our pharmaceutical systems technologies will compete in highly competitive markets. Many of
our potential competitors in these markets have greater development, financial, manufacturing, marketing, and sales resources than we
do and we cannot be certain that they will not succeed in developing products or technologies which will render our technologies and
products obsolete or noncompetitive. In addition, many of those potential competitors have significantly greater experience than we do
in their respective fields.
Corporate History, Headquarters and Website Information
We were incorporated in Delaware in February 1998. We completed our initial public offering on September 28, 2000. Our
principal executive offices are located at 10260 Bubb Road, Cupertino, California, 95014. Our telephone number is (408) 777-1417,
and our website address is www.durect.com. We make our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current
reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after
we file these reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our Code of Ethics can be found on our website.
Employees
As of February 28, 2013 we had 102 employees, including 54 in research and development, 22 in manufacturing and 26 in
selling, general and administrative. From time to time, we also employ independent contractors to support our research, development
and administrative organizations. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining unit, and we have never
experienced a work stoppage. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.
Executive Officers of the Registrant
Our executive officers and their ages as of February 28, 2013 are as follows:
Name
Felix Theeuwes, D.Sc. ...........................................
James E. Brown, D.V.M. .......................................
Matthew J. Hogan, M.B.A. ....................................
Su Il Yum, Ph.D. ....................................................
Age
Position
75 Chairman, Chief Scientific Officer and Director
56
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
53 Chief Financial Officer
73 Executive Vice President, Pharmaceutical Systems Research and
Development
Felix Theeuwes, D.Sc. co-founded DURECT in February 1998 and has served as our Chairman, Chief Scientific Officer and a
Director since July 1998. Prior to that, Dr. Theeuwes held various positions at ALZA Corporation, including President of New
Ventures from August 1997 to August 1998, President of ALZA Research and Development from 1995 to August 1997, President of
ALZA Technology Institute from 1994 to April 1995 and Chief Scientist from 1982 to June 1997. Dr. Theeuwes holds a D.Sc. degree
in Physics from the University of Leuven (Louvain), Belgium. He also served as a post-doctoral fellow and visiting research assistant
professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Kansas and has completed the Stanford Executive Program.
James E. Brown, D.V.M. co-founded DURECT in February 1998 and has served as our President, Chief Executive Officer and
a Director since June 1998. He previously worked at ALZA Corporation as Vice President of Biopharmaceutical and Implant
Research and Development from June 1995 to June 1998. Prior to that, Dr. Brown held various positions at Syntex Corporation, a
pharmaceutical company, including Director of Business Development from May 1994 to May 1995, Director of Joint Ventures for
Discovery Research from
25
April 1992 to May 1995, and held a number of positions including Program Director for Syntex Research and Development from
October 1985 to March 1992. Dr. Brown holds a B.A. from San Jose State University and a D.V.M. (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine)
from the University of California, Davis where he also conducted post-graduate work in pharmacology and toxicology.
Matthew J. Hogan, M.B.A. has served as our Chief Financial Officer since September 2006. He was the Chief Financial Officer
at Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc. from 2000 to 2006, and a consultant from March 2006. Prior to joining Ciphergen, Mr. Hogan was the
Chief Financial Officer at Avocet Medical, Inc. from 1999 to 2000. From 1996 to 1999, Mr. Hogan was the Chief Financial Officer at
Microcide Pharmaceuticals, Inc. From 1986 to 1996, he held various positions in the investment banking group at Merrill Lynch &
Co., most recently as a Director focusing on the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors. Mr. Hogan holds a B.A. in economics
from Dartmouth College and an M.B.A. from the Amos Tuck School of Business Administration.
Su Il Yum, Ph.D. has served as our Executive Vice President of Pharmaceutical Systems Research and Development since
January 2007 and as our Senior Vice President of Pharmaceutical Systems Research and Development since January 2006. Previously,
Dr. Yum served as our Senior Vice President, Engineering since December 2003 and as our Vice President of Engineering from
December 1999 to December 2003. Prior to joining DURECT, Dr. Yum served as Senior Technical Advisor at Amira Medical in
Scotts Valley, California, where he participated in the development of a pain-free blood glucose detector called AtLast®. Prior to
joining Amira, he held a number of senior positions in project management and engineering at ALZA Corporation for 27 years.
Dr. Yum earned his Ph.D. degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Minnesota, and completed a Post-doctoral research
in Biomedical Engineering at the University of Utah. Dr. Yum is a Fellow of the AAPS.
Item 1A.
Risk Factors.
In addition to the other information in this Form 10-K, a number of factors may affect our business and prospects. These factors
include but are not limited to the following, which you should consider carefully in evaluating our business and prospects.
Risks Related To Our Business
Development of our pharmaceutical systems is not complete, and we cannot be certain that our pharmaceutical systems will be
able to be commercialized
To be profitable, we or our third-party collaborators must successfully research, develop, obtain regulatory approval for,
manufacture, introduce, market and distribute our pharmaceutical systems under development. For each pharmaceutical system that
we or our third-party collaborators intend to commercialize, we must successfully meet a number of critical developmental milestones
for each disease or medical condition targeted, including:
selecting and developing a drug delivery platform technology to deliver the proper dose of drug over the desired period of
time;
determining the appropriate drug dosage for use in the pharmaceutical system;
developing drug compound formulations that will be tolerated, safe and effective and that will be compatible with the
system;
demonstrating the drug formulation will be stable for commercially reasonable time periods;
demonstrating through clinical trials that the drug and system combination is safe and effective in patients for the intended
indication; and
completing the manufacturing development and scale-up to permit manufacture of the pharmaceutical system in
commercial quantities and at acceptable prices.
26
The time frame necessary to achieve these developmental milestones for any individual product is long and uncertain, and we
may not successfully complete these milestones for any of our products in development. We have not yet completed development of
POSIDUR, TRANSDUR-Sufentanil, ELADUR, Relday, REMOXY and our other ORADUR-based drug candidates, and we have
limited experience in developing such products. We may not be able to finalize the design or formulation of any of these
pharmaceutical systems. In addition, we may select components, solvents, excipients or other ingredients to include in our
pharmaceutical systems that have not been previously approved for use in pharmaceutical products, which may require us or our
collaborators to perform additional studies and may delay clinical testing and regulatory approval of our pharmaceutical systems. Even
after we complete the design of a pharmaceutical system, the pharmaceutical system must still complete required clinical trials and
additional safety testing in animals before approval for commercialization. We are continuing testing and development of our
pharmaceutical systems and may explore possible design or formulation changes to address issues of safety, manufacturing efficiency
and performance. We or our collaborators may not be able to complete development of any pharmaceutical systems that will be safe
and effective and that will have a commercially reasonable treatment and storage period. If we or our third-party collaborators are
unable to complete development of POSIDUR, TRANSDUR-Sufentanil, ELADUR, Relday, REMOXY and our ORADUR-based
drug candidates, or other pharmaceutical systems, we will not be able to earn revenue from them, which would materially harm our
business.
We or our third-party collaborators must show the safety and efficacy of our drug candidates in animal studies and human clinical
trials to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities before they can be sold, and the failure to do so according to plan would
significantly harm our business, prospects and financial condition
Before we or our third-party collaborators can obtain government approval to sell any of our pharmaceutical systems, we or
they, as applicable, must demonstrate through laboratory performance studies and safety testing, nonclinical (animal) studies and
clinical (human) trials that each system is safe and effective for human use for each targeted indication. The clinical development
status of our most advanced publicly announced development programs is as follows:
REMOXY—In December 2010, King (now Pfizer) resubmitted the NDA in response to a Complete Response Letter
received in December 2008 by Pain Therapeutics. On June 23, 2011, a Complete Response Letter from the FDA was
received by Pfizer on the resubmission to the NDA for REMOXY. The issues raised in the Complete Response Letter relate
primarily to manufacturing. Pfizer has efforts underway to resolve these issues. Sufficient information does not yet exist to
accurately assess the time required to resolve the concerns raised in the FDA’s Complete Response Letter and they may
never be resolved. Pfizer is targeting a meeting with the FDA in late March 2013 to discuss REMOXY. Based on feedback
Pfizer receives from the FDA at the meeting, Pfizer will subsequently determine the next steps and/or required timing to
respond to the Complete Response Letter. There can be no assurance that any regulatory meetings or product approvals will
occur.
POSIDUR—A total of 15 clinical trials in subjects undergoing various surgical procedures have been conducted with
POSIDUR. In all, 1,060 subjects have been studied in the POSIDUR Phase 2 and 3 clinical development program, of which
668 have been treated with POSIDUR, 268 with SABER-Placebo (SABER vehicle without drug), and 124 with
bupivacaine HCl solution. In July 2012, we completed pre-NDA communications with the FDA regarding POSIDUR.
Through this process, we have received guidance and thoughtful comments from the FDA covering various chemistry,
manufacturing, non-clinical, clinical pharmacology, clinical, statistical and product labeling topics based on our pre-NDA
meeting questions. With the input we have received from the FDA, we intend to submit a new drug application under
505(b)(2) with the FDA near the end of the first quarter of 2013. There can be no assurance that such an NDA submission
will be accepted for review by the FDA or that marketing approval will occur by the FDA or other regulatory agencies.
TRANSDUR-Sufentanil Patch—In February 2009, an end-of-Phase II meeting with the FDA was conducted for this
program outlining a potential regulatory pathway for the Phase III program and NDA
27
submission. In 2011, we had discussions with the FDA and regulatory agencies in several major European countries to
better understand development requirements for U.S. and European countries. We are in discussions with potential partners
regarding licensing development and commercialization rights to this program to which we hold worldwide rights. There
can be no assurance that our planned development program for TRANSDUR-Sufentanil will generate data and information
that will be deemed sufficient for marketing approval by the FDA or other regulatory agencies or that we will be able to
find a collaborator with respect to the development and commercialization of this drug candidate.
ELADUR—A Phase IIa clinical trial in post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN or post-shingles pain) was completed and positive
efficacy trends were reported in the fourth quarter of 2007. King, which assumed worldwide development and
commercialization rights for ELADUR through its acquisition of Alpharma, conducted a Phase II clinical trial to evaluate
ELADUR for the treatment of chronic low back pain and reported in April 2011 that the primary efficacy endpoint for the
trial was not met. In February 2012, Pfizer, which assumed worldwide development and commercialization rights to
ELADUR through its acquisition of King, notified us that they were returning their worldwide development and
commercialization rights to ELADUR. We are in discussions with potential partners regarding licensing development and
commercialization rights to this program to which we hold worldwide rights. There can be no assurance that our planned
development program for ELADUR will generate data and information that will be deemed sufficient for marketing
approval by the FDA or other regulatory agencies or that we will be able to find a collaborator with respect to the
development and commercialization of this drug candidate.
ORADUR-based opioids—Phase I clinical trials have been conducted for two of these ORADUR-based products
(hydrocodone and hydromorphone), and an IND has been accepted by the FDA for the third ORADUR-based opioid
(oxymorphone). There can be no assurance that we or our collaborators will be able to successfully develop ORADUR-
based formulations of hydrocodone, hydromorphone or oxymorphone to obtain marketing approval by the FDA or other
regulatory agencies.
ORADUR-ADHD—In 2010, 2011 and 2012, we and Orient Pharma conducted several Phase I studies to evaluate multiple
formulations of ORADUR-ADHD. Based on information from these trials, we are continuing to evaluate the lead
formulations and are planning next steps in the ORADUR-ADHD program. There can be no assurance that we will be able
to successfully develop ORADUR-ADHD to obtain marketing approval by the FDA or other regulatory agencies.
Relday—In January 2013, Zogenix announced positive single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) results from the Phase 1 clinical
trial of Relday. Per Zogenix, based on the favorable safety and PK profile demonstrated with the 25 mg and 50 mg once-
monthly doses tested in the Phase 1 trial, Zogenix has extended the study to include a 100 mg dose of the same formulation.
Zogenix expects to complete the extension of the Phase 1 clinical trial during the second quarter of 2013. There can be no
assurance that Zogenix will complete this extension of the Phase 1 clinical trial during the second quarter of 2013 or that
the results will warrant further development of this drug candidate.
We are currently in the clinical, preclinical or research stages with respect to all our other pharmaceutical systems under
development. We plan to continue extensive and costly tests, clinical trials and safety studies in animals to assess the safety and
effectiveness of our pharmaceutical systems. These studies include laboratory performance studies and safety testing, clinical trials
and animal toxicological studies necessary to support regulatory approval of development products in the United States and other
countries of the world. These studies are costly, complex and last for long durations, and may not yield data supportive of the safety or
efficacy of our drug candidates or required for regulatory approval.
28
Early clinical trial results may not predict the results of later trials or satisfy regulatory agencies
While some clinical trials of our product candidates have shown indications of safety and efficacy of our product candidates,
there can be no assurance that these results will be confirmed in subsequent clinical trials or provide a sufficient basis for regulatory
approval. In addition, side effects observed in clinical trials, or other side effects that appear in later clinical trials, may adversely
affect our or our collaborators’ ability to obtain regulatory approval or market our product candidates. For example, in the Phase IIb
hysterectomy trial and the BESST Phase III abdominal surgery trial of POSIDUR, transient local hematoma-like discolorations were
observed near the surgical site. Side effects such as these, toxicity or other safety issues associated with the use of our drug candidates
could require us to perform additional studies or halt development of our drug candidates. We or our collaborators may be required by
regulatory agencies to conduct additional animal or human studies regarding the safety and efficacy of our pharmaceutical systems
which we have not planned or anticipated. For example, the FDA’s Complete Response Letter raised concerns related to, among other
matters, the Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls section of the NDA for REMOXY. There can be no assurance that Pfizer will
resolve these issues to the satisfaction of the FDA in a timely manner or ever, which could harm our business, prospects and financial
condition. We may also be required to conduct additional clinical trials of POSIDUR, which would be expensive and could delay
product approval, harming our business, prospects and financial condition.
Clinical trials and regulatory approval of our product candidates is subject to delay, which could harm our business
The length of clinical trials will depend upon, among other factors, the rate of trial site and patient enrollment and the number of
patients required to be enrolled in such studies. We or our third-party collaborators may fail to obtain adequate levels of patient
enrollment in our clinical trials. Delays in planned patient enrollment may result in increased costs, delays or termination of clinical
trials, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, even if we or our third-party collaborators enroll the number of
patients we expect in the time frame we expect, such clinical trials may not provide the data necessary to support regulatory approval
for the pharmaceutical systems for which they were conducted. Additionally, we or our third-party collaborators may fail to
effectively oversee and monitor these clinical trials, which would result in increased costs or delays of our clinical trials. Even if these
clinical trials are completed, we or our third-party collaborators may fail to complete and submit a new drug application as scheduled.
The FDA may not accept any such application in a timely manner or may deny the application entirely. Data already obtained
from preclinical studies and clinical trials of our pharmaceutical systems do not necessarily predict the results that will be obtained
from later preclinical studies and clinical trials. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data such as ours are susceptible to varying
interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have
suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after promising results in earlier trials. The failure to adequately
demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a pharmaceutical system under development to the satisfaction of FDA and other
regulatory agencies could delay or prevent regulatory clearance of the potential pharmaceutical system, resulting in delays to the
commercialization of our pharmaceutical system, and could materially harm our business. Clinical trials may not demonstrate the
sufficient levels of safety and efficacy necessary to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals for our pharmaceutical systems, and thus
our pharmaceutical systems may not be approved for marketing.
Regulatory action or failure to obtain product approvals could delay or limit development and commercialization of our
pharmaceutical systems and result in failure to achieve anticipated revenues
The manufacture and marketing of our pharmaceutical systems and our research and development activities are subject to
extensive regulation for safety, efficacy and quality by numerous government authorities in the United States and abroad. We or our
third-party collaborators must obtain clearance or approval from applicable regulatory authorities before we or they, as applicable, can
perform clinical trials, market or sell our products in development in the United States or abroad. Clinical trials, manufacturing and
marketing of products are subject
29
to the rigorous testing and approval process of the FDA and equivalent foreign regulatory authorities. In particular, recent recalls of
and reported adverse side effects of marketed drugs have made regulatory agencies, including the FDA, increasingly focus on the
safety of drug products. Regulatory agencies are requiring more extensive and ever increasing showings of safety at every stage of
drug development and commercialization from initial clinical trials to regulatory approval and beyond. These rigorous and evolving
standards may delay and increase the expenses of our development efforts. The FDA or other foreign regulatory agency may, at any
time, halt our and our collaborators’ development and commercialization activities due to safety concerns, in which case our business
will be harmed. In addition, the FDA or other foreign regulatory agency may refuse or delay approval of our or our collaborators’ drug
candidates for failure to collect sufficient clinical or animal safety data, and require us or our collaborators to conduct additional
clinical or animal safety studies which may cause lengthy delays and increased costs to our programs.
The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and other federal, state and foreign statutes and regulations govern and influence the
testing, manufacture, labeling, advertising, distribution and promotion of drugs and medical devices. These laws and regulations are
complex and subject to change. Furthermore, these laws and regulations may be subject to varying interpretations, and we may not be
able to predict how an applicable regulatory body or agency may choose to interpret or apply any law or regulation to our
pharmaceutical systems. As a result, clinical trials and regulatory approval can take a number of years to accomplish and require the
expenditure of substantial resources. We or our third-party collaborators, as applicable, may encounter delays or rejections based upon
administrative action or interpretations of current rules and regulations. We or our third-party collaborators, as applicable, may not be
able to timely reach agreement with the FDA on our clinical trials or on the required clinical or animal data we or they must collect to
continue with our clinical trials or eventually commercialize our pharmaceutical systems.
We or our third-party collaborators, as applicable, may also encounter delays or rejections based upon additional government
regulation from future legislation, administrative action or changes in FDA policy during the period of product development, clinical
trials and FDA regulatory review. We or our third-party collaborators, as applicable, may encounter similar delays in foreign
countries. Sales of our pharmaceutical systems outside the United States are subject to foreign regulatory standards that vary from
country to country.
The time required to obtain approvals from foreign countries may be shorter or longer than that required for FDA approval, and
requirements for foreign licensing may differ from FDA requirements. We or our third-party collaborators, as applicable, may be
unable to obtain requisite approvals from the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities, and even if obtained, such approvals may not be
on a timely basis, or they may not cover the clinical uses that we specify. If we or our third-party collaborators, as applicable, fail to
obtain timely clearance or approval for our development products, we or they will not be able to market and sell our pharmaceutical
systems, which will limit our ability to generate revenue.
Many of our drug candidates under development, including REMOXY, our other ORADUR-based opioids and TRANSDUR-
Sufentanil are subject to mandatory Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) programs, which could delay the approval of
these drug candidates and increase the cost, burden and liability associated with the commercialization of these drug candidates
On February 6, 2009, the FDA sent letters to manufacturers of certain opioid drug products, indicating that these drugs will be
required to have a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to ensure that the benefits of the drugs continue to outweigh the
risks. The affected opioid drugs include brand name and generic products and are formulated with the active ingredients fentanyl,
hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, and oxymorphone.
On April 19, 2011, the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) released the Obama Administration’s Epidemic:
Responding to America’s Prescription Drug Abuse Crisis—a comprehensive action plan to address the national prescription drug
abuse epidemic. This plan includes action in four major areas to
30
reduce prescription drug abuse: education, monitoring, proper disposal, and enforcement. In support of the action plan, the FDA
announced the elements of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) that will require all manufacturers of long-acting and
extended-release opioids to ensure that training is provided to prescribers of these medications and to develop information that
prescribers can use when counseling patients about the risks and benefits of opioid use. The FDA wants drug makers to work together
to develop a single system for implementing the REMS strategies.
On July 9, 2012 the FDA approved a REMS for extended-release (ER) and long-acting (LA) opioids. The REMS is part of a
federal initiative to address the prescription drug abuse, misuse, and overdose epidemic. The REMS introduces new safety measures
designed to reduce risks and improve the safe use of ER/LA opioids, while ensuring access to needed medications for patients in pain.
The new ER/LA opioid REMS will affect more than 20 companies that manufacture these opioid analgesics. Under the new REMS,
companies will be required to make education programs available to prescribers based on an FDA Blueprint. It is expected that
companies will meet this obligation by providing educational grants to continuing education (CE) providers, who will develop and
deliver the training. The REMS also will require companies to make available FDA-approved patient education materials on the safe
use of these drugs. The companies will be required to perform periodic assessments of the implementation of the REMS and the
success of the program in meeting its goals. The FDA will review these assessments and may require additional elements to achieve
the goals of the program.
Many of our drug candidates including REMOXY, our other ORADUR-opioid drug candidates and TRANSDUR-Sufentanil are
subject to the REMS requirement. The FDA’s REMS requirements have been evolving, and until the contours of required REMS
programs are established by the FDA and understood by drug developers and marketers such as ourselves and our collaborators, there
may be delays in marketing approvals for these drug candidates. In addition, there may be increased cost, administrative burden and
potential liability associated with the marketing and sale of these types of drug candidates subject to the REMS requirement, which
could negatively impact the commercial benefits to us and our collaborators from the sale of these drug candidates.
We depend to a large extent on third-party collaborators, and we have limited or no control over the development, sales,
distribution and disclosure for our pharmaceutical systems which are the subject of third-party collaborative or license agreements
Our performance depends to a large extent on the ability of our third-party collaborators to successfully develop and obtain
approvals for our pharmaceutical systems. We have entered into agreements with Pain Therapeutics, King (now Pfizer), Orient
Pharma, Zogenix and others under which we granted such third parties the right to develop, apply for regulatory approval for, market,
promote or distribute REMOXY and other ORADUR-based products, Relday and other product candidates, subject to payments to us
in the form of product royalties and other payments. We have limited or no control over the expertise or resources that any
collaborator may devote to the development, clinical trial strategy, regulatory approval, marketing or sale of these pharmaceutical
systems, or the timing of their activities. Any of our present or future collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected.
These collaborators may breach or terminate their agreement with us or otherwise fail to conduct their collaborative activities
successfully and in a timely manner. Enforcing any of these agreements in the event of a breach by the other party could require the
expenditure of significant resources and consume a significant amount of management time and attention. Our collaborators may also
conduct their activities in a manner that is different from the manner we would have chosen, had we been developing such
pharmaceutical systems ourselves. Further, our collaborators may elect not to develop or commercialize pharmaceutical systems
arising out of our collaborative arrangements or not devote sufficient resources to the development, clinical trials, regulatory approval,
manufacture, marketing or sale of these pharmaceutical systems. If any of these events occur, we may not recognize revenue from the
commercialization of our pharmaceutical systems based on such collaborations. In addition, these third parties may have similar or
competitive products to the ones which are the subject of their collaborations with us, or relationships with our competitors, which
may reduce their interest in developing or selling our pharmaceutical systems. We may not be able to control public disclosures made
by some of our third-party collaborators, which could negatively impact our stock price.
31
Cancellation of our collaboration agreements may impact our near-term revenues and adversely affect potential economic benefits
Our collaboration agreements with third parties typically allow the third party to terminate the agreement by providing notice to
us. For example, in January 2012, we were notified that Nycomed was terminating the Development and License Agreement between
Nycomed and us relating to the development and commercialization of POSIDUR in Europe and their other licensed territories. In
February 2012, we were notified that Pfizer was terminating the worldwide Development and License Agreement between Alpharma
(acquired by King which subsequently was acquired by Pfizer) and us relating to the development and commercialization of
ELADUR. In March 2012, we were notified that Hospira was terminating the Development and License Agreement between Hospira
and us relating to the development and commercialization of POSIDUR in the United States and Canada. Termination of such
agreements can lead to a near-term increase in our reported revenues resulting from the immediate recognition of payments that would
otherwise have been recognized over time. Termination deprives us of potential future economic benefits under such agreements, and
may make it more difficult to enter into agreements with other third parties for use of the assets that were subject to the terminated
agreement.
Our revenues depend on collaboration agreements with other companies. These agreements subject us to obligations which must
be fulfilled and also make our revenues dependent on the performance of such third parties. If we are unable to meet our
obligations or manage our relationships with our collaborators under these agreements or enter into additional collaboration
agreements or if our existing collaborations are terminated, our revenues may decrease. Acquisitions of our collaborators can be
disruptive
Our revenues are based to a significant extent on collaborative arrangements with third parties, pursuant to which we receive
payments based on our performance of research and development activities set forth in these agreements. We may not be able to fulfill
our obligations or attain milestones set forth in any specific agreement, which could cause our revenues to fluctuate or be less than
anticipated and may expose us to liability for contractual breach. In addition, these agreements may require us to devote significant
time and resources to communicating with and managing our relationships with such collaborators and resolving possible issues of
contractual interpretation which may detract from time our management would otherwise devote to managing our operations. Such
agreements are generally complex and contain provisions that could give rise to legal disputes, including potential disputes concerning
ownership of intellectual property under collaborations. Such disputes can delay or prevent the development of potential new
pharmaceutical systems, or can lead to lengthy, expensive litigation or arbitration. In general, our collaboration agreements, including
our agreements with Pain Therapeutics and King (now Pfizer) with respect to REMOXY and other ORADUR-based products
incorporating specified opioids, Orient Pharma with respect to ORADUR-ADHD and Zogenix with respect to Relday, may be
terminated by the other party at will or upon specified conditions including, for example, if we fail to satisfy specified performance
milestones or if we breach the terms of the agreement. From time to time, our licensees may be the subject of an acquisition by
another company. For example, Alpharma was acquired by King in December 2008, in February 2011 King was acquired by Pfizer
and, in October 2011 Nycomed was acquired by Takeda. Such transactions can lead to turnover of program staff, a review of
development programs and strategies by the acquirer, and other events that can disrupt a program, resulting in program delays or
discontinuations.
If any of our collaborative agreements are terminated or delayed, our anticipated revenues may be reduced or not materialize,
and our products in development related to those agreements may not be commercialized.
Our cash flows are likely to differ from our reported revenues
Our revenues will likely differ from our cash flows from revenue-generating activities. Upfront payments received upon
execution of collaborative agreements are recorded as deferred revenue and generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the
period of our continuing involvement with the third-party collaborator pursuant to the applicable agreement. The period of continuing
involvement may also be revised on a prospective basis.
32
For example, in the first quarter of 2012, we revised the period of continuing involvement related to the termination of our
collaborations with Nycomed, Hospira, and Pfizer, resulting in the accelerated recognition of approximately $35.4 million in revenue
from upfront payments received in earlier periods; this recognition of revenue in the first quarter of 2012 had no impact on cash flow
during the period. As of December 31, 2012, we had $2.1 million of deferred revenue, which will be recognized in future periods and
may cause our reported revenues to be greater than cash flows from our ongoing revenue-generating activities.
Our revenues also depend on milestone payments based on achievements by our third-party collaborators. Failure of such
collaborators to attain such milestones would result in our not receiving additional revenues
In addition to payments based on our performance of research and development activities, our revenues also depend on the
attainment of milestones set forth in our collaboration agreements. Such milestones are typically related to development activities or
sales accomplishments. While our involvement is necessary to the achievement of development-based milestones, the performance of
our third-party collaborators is also required to achieve those milestones. Under our third-party collaborative agreements, our third
party collaborators will take the lead in commercialization activities and we are typically not involved in the achievement of sales-
based milestones. Therefore, we are even more dependent upon the performance of our third-party collaborators in achieving sales-
based milestones. To the extent we and our third-party collaborators do not achieve such development-based milestones or our third-
party collaborators do not achieve sales-based milestones, we will not receive the associated revenues, which could harm our financial
condition and may cause us to defer or cut-back development activities or forego the exploitation of opportunities in certain
geographic territories, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our business strategy includes the entry into additional collaborative agreements. We may not be able to enter into additional
collaborative agreements or may not be able to negotiate commercially acceptable terms for these agreements
Our current business strategy includes the entry into additional collaborative agreements for the development and
commercialization of our pharmaceutical systems. The negotiation and consummation of these types of agreements typically involve
simultaneous discussions with multiple potential collaborators and require significant time and resources from our officers, business
development, legal, and research and development staff. In addition, in attracting the attention of pharmaceutical and biotechnology
company collaborators, we compete with numerous other third parties with product opportunities as well the collaborators’ own
internal product opportunities. We may not be able to consummate additional collaborative agreements, or we may not be able to
negotiate commercially acceptable terms for these agreements. If we do not consummate additional collaborative agreements, we may
have to consume money more rapidly on our product development efforts, defer development activities or forego the exploitation of
certain geographic territories, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We may have difficulty raising needed capital in the future
Our business currently does not generate sufficient revenues to meet our capital requirements and we do not expect that it will
do so in the near future. We have expended and will continue to expend substantial funds to complete the research, development and
clinical testing of our pharmaceutical systems. We will require additional funds for these purposes, to establish additional clinical- and
commercial-scale manufacturing arrangements and facilities, and to provide for the marketing and distribution of our pharmaceutical
systems. Additional funds may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are unavailable from operations or
additional sources of financing, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research or development
programs which would materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
33
We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and investments, will be adequate to satisfy our capital needs for at least the next 12
months. However, our actual capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
regulatory actions with respect to our product candidates;
continued progress and cost of our research and development programs;
the continuation of our collaborative agreements that provide financial funding for our activities;
success in entering into collaboration agreements and meeting milestones under such agreements;
progress with preclinical studies and clinical trials;
the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory clearance;
costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims;
costs of developing sales, marketing and distribution channels and our ability and that of our collaborators to sell our
pharmaceutical systems;
costs involved in establishing manufacturing capabilities for clinical and commercial quantities of our pharmaceutical
systems;
competing technological and market developments;
market acceptance of our pharmaceutical systems;
costs for recruiting and retaining employees and consultants; and
unexpected legal, accounting and other costs and liabilities related to our business.
We may consume available resources more rapidly than currently anticipated, resulting in the need for additional funding. We
may seek to raise any necessary additional funds through equity or debt financings, convertible debt financings, collaborative
arrangements with corporate collaborators or other sources, which may be dilutive to existing stockholders and may cause the price of
our common stock to decline. In addition, in the event that additional funds are obtained through arrangements with collaborators or
other sources, we may have to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or pharmaceutical systems that we would otherwise seek
to develop or commercialize ourselves. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to significantly reduce or refocus our
product development efforts, resulting in delays in generating future product revenue.
We and our third-party collaborators may not be able to manufacture sufficient quantities of our pharmaceutical systems and
components to support the clinical and commercial requirements of our collaborators and ourselves at an acceptable cost or in
compliance with applicable government regulations, and we have limited manufacturing experience
We or our third-party collaborators to whom we have assigned such responsibility must manufacture our pharmaceutical
systems and components in clinical and commercial quantities, either directly or through third parties, in compliance with regulatory
requirements and at an acceptable cost. The manufacturing processes associated with our pharmaceutical systems are complex. We
and our third-party collaborators, where relevant, have not yet completed development of the manufacturing process for any
pharmaceutical systems or components, including REMOXY and our other ORADUR-based drug candidates, POSIDUR,
TRANSDUR-Sufentanil, ELADUR, and Relday. If we and our third-party collaborators, where relevant, fail to timely complete the
development of the manufacturing process for our pharmaceutical systems, we and our third-party collaborators, where relevant, will
not be able to timely produce product for clinical trials and commercialization of our pharmaceutical systems. We have also
committed to manufacture and supply pharmaceutical systems or components under a number of our collaborative agreements with
third-party companies. We have limited experience manufacturing pharmaceutical products, and we may not be able to timely
accomplish these tasks. If we and our third-party collaborators, where relevant, fail to develop manufacturing processes to permit us to
manufacture a pharmaceutical system or component at an acceptable cost, then we and our third-party collaborators may not be able to
commercialize that pharmaceutical system or we may be in breach of our supply obligations to our third-party collaborators.
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Our manufacturing facility in Cupertino is a multi-disciplinary site that we have used to manufacture only research and clinical
supplies of several of our pharmaceutical systems, including POSIDUR, TRANSDUR-Sufentanil, ELADUR, REMOXY and our other
ORADUR-based drug candidates, and Relday. We have not manufactured commercial quantities of any of our pharmaceutical
systems. In the future, we intend to develop additional manufacturing capabilities for our pharmaceutical systems and components to
meet our demands and those of our third-party collaborators by contracting with third-party manufacturers and by potentially
constructing additional manufacturing space at our facilities in California and Alabama. We have limited experience building and
validating manufacturing facilities, and we may not be able to accomplish these tasks in a timely or cost effective manner.
If we and our third-party collaborators, where relevant, are unable to manufacture pharmaceutical systems or components in a
timely manner or at an acceptable cost, quality or performance level, and are unable to attain and maintain compliance with applicable
regulations, the clinical trials and the commercial sale of our pharmaceutical systems and those of our third-party collaborators could
be delayed. Additionally, we may need to alter our facility design or manufacturing processes, install additional equipment or do
additional construction or testing in order to meet regulatory requirements, optimize the production process, increase efficiencies or
production capacity or for other reasons, which may result in additional cost to us or delay production of product needed for the
clinical trials and commercial launch of our pharmaceutical systems and those of our third-party collaborators.
We have entered into a supply agreement with Hospira Worldwide, Inc. for clinical and commercial supplies of POSIDUR and
a supply agreement with Corium International, Inc. for clinical and commercial supplies of ELADUR. These third parties are currently
our sole source for drug product required for development and commercialization of these drug candidates. Furthermore, we and our
third-party collaborators, where relevant, may also need or choose to subcontract with additional third-party contractors to perform
manufacturing steps of our pharmaceutical systems or supply required components for our pharmaceutical systems. Where third party
contractors perform manufacturing services for us, we will be subject to the schedule, expertise and performance of third parties as
well as incur significant additional costs. Failure of third parties to perform their obligations could adversely affect our operations,
development timeline and financial results.
If we or our third-party collaborators cannot manufacture pharmaceutical systems or components in time to meet the clinical or
commercial requirements of our collaborators or ourselves or at an acceptable cost, our operating results will be harmed.
Failure to comply with ongoing governmental regulations for our pharmaceutical systems could materially harm our business in
the future
Marketing or promoting a drug is subject to very strict controls. Furthermore, clearance or approval may entail ongoing
requirements for post-marketing studies. The manufacture and marketing of drugs are subject to continuing FDA and foreign
regulatory review and requirements that we update our regulatory filings. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a
product, manufacturer or facility, or our failure to update regulatory files, may result in restrictions, including withdrawal of the
product from the market. Any of the following or other similar events, if they were to occur, could delay or preclude us from further
developing, marketing or realizing full commercial use of our pharmaceutical systems, which in turn would materially harm our
business, financial condition and results of operations:
failure to obtain or maintain requisite governmental approvals;
failure to obtain approvals for clinically intended uses of our pharmaceutical systems under development; or
FDA required product withdrawals or warnings arising from identification of serious and unanticipated adverse side effects
in our pharmaceutical systems.
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Manufacturers of drugs must comply with the applicable FDA good manufacturing practice regulations, which include
production design controls, testing, quality control and quality assurance requirements as well as the corresponding maintenance of
records and documentation. Compliance with current good manufacturing practices regulations is difficult and costly. Manufacturing
facilities are subject to ongoing periodic inspection by the FDA and corresponding state agencies, including unannounced inspections,
and must be licensed before they can be used for the commercial manufacture of our development products. We and/or our present or
future suppliers and distributors may be unable to comply with the applicable good manufacturing practice regulations and other FDA
regulatory requirements. We have not been subject to a good manufacturing regulation inspection by the FDA relating to our
pharmaceutical systems. If we, our third-party collaborators or our respective suppliers do not achieve compliance for our
pharmaceutical systems we or they manufacture, the FDA may refuse or withdraw marketing clearance or require product recall,
which may cause interruptions or delays in the manufacture and sale of our pharmaceutical systems.
We have a history of operating losses, expect to continue to have losses in the future and may never achieve or maintain
profitability
We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception in 1998 and, as of December 31, 2012, had an accumulated
deficit of approximately $339.3 million. We expect to continue to incur significant operating losses over the next several years as we
continue to incur significant costs for research and development, clinical trials, manufacturing, sales, and general and administrative
functions. Our ability to achieve profitability depends upon our ability, alone or with others, to successfully complete the development
of our proposed pharmaceutical systems, obtain the required regulatory clearances, and manufacture and market our proposed
pharmaceutical systems. Development of pharmaceutical systems is costly and requires significant investment. In addition, we may
choose to license from third parties either additional drug delivery platform technology or rights to particular drugs or other
appropriate technology for use in our pharmaceutical systems. The license fees for these technologies or rights would increase the
costs of our pharmaceutical systems.
To date, we have not generated significant revenue from the commercial sale of our pharmaceutical systems and do not expect
to do so in the near future. Our current revenues are from the sale of the ALZET product line, the sale of LACTEL biodegradable
polymers and certain excipient sales, and from payments under collaborative research and development agreements with third parties.
In the year ended December 31, 2012, we had a one-time increase in revenues resulting from the recognition of previously deferred
revenues associated with upfront payments from terminated agreements. We do not expect this to recur. We do not expect our product
revenues to increase significantly in the near future, and we do not expect that collaborative research and development revenues will
exceed our actual operating expenses. We do not anticipate meaningful revenues to derive from the commercialization and marketing
of our pharmaceutical systems in development in the near future, and therefore do not expect to generate sufficient revenues to cover
expenses or achieve profitability in the near future.
We may develop our own sales force to market future products but we have limited sales experience and may not be able to do so
effectively
We may choose to develop our own sales force to market in the United States products that we may develop in the future.
Developing a sales force will require substantial expenditures. We have limited sales and marketing experience, and may not be able
to effectively recruit, train or retain sales personnel. We may not be able to effectively sell our pharmaceutical systems, if approved,
and our failure to do so could limit or materially harm our business.
We and our third-party collaborators may not sell our pharmaceutical systems effectively
We and our third-party collaborators compete with many other companies that currently have extensive and well-funded
marketing and sales operations. Our marketing and sales efforts and those of our third-party collaborations may be unable to compete
successfully against these other companies. We and our third-party collaborators, if relevant, may be unable to establish a sufficient
sales and marketing organization on a timely
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basis, if at all. We and our third-party collaborators, if relevant, may be unable to engage qualified distributors. Even if engaged, these
distributors may:
fail to satisfy financial or contractual obligations to us;
fail to adequately market our pharmaceutical systems;
cease operations with little or no notice to us;
offer, design, manufacture or promote competing product lines;
fail to maintain adequate inventory and thereby restrict use of our pharmaceutical systems; or
build up inventory in excess of demand thereby limiting future purchases of our pharmaceutical systems resulting in
significant quarter-to-quarter variability in our sales.
The failure of us or our third-party collaborators to effectively develop, gain regulatory approval for, sell, manufacture and
market our pharmaceutical systems will hurt our business, prospects and financial results.
We rely heavily on third parties to support development, clinical testing and manufacturing of our pharmaceutical systems
We rely on third-party contract research organizations, service providers and suppliers to provide critical services to support
development, clinical testing, and manufacturing of our pharmaceutical systems. For example, we currently depend on third-party
vendors to manage and monitor our clinical trials and to perform critical manufacturing steps for our pharmaceutical systems. These
third parties may not execute their responsibilities and tasks competently in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or in a
timely fashion. We rely on third-parties to manufacture or perform manufacturing steps relating to our pharmaceutical systems or
components. We anticipate that we will continue to rely on these and other third-party contractors to support development, clinical
testing, and manufacturing of our pharmaceutical systems. Failure of these contractors to provide the required services in a competent
or timely manner or on reasonable commercial terms could materially delay the development and approval of our development
products, increase our expenses and materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Key components of our pharmaceutical systems are provided by limited numbers of suppliers, and supply shortages or loss of these
suppliers could result in interruptions in supply or increased costs
Certain components and drug substances used in our pharmaceutical systems (including POSIDUR, TRANSDUR-Sufentanil,
ELADUR, REMOXY, our other ORADUR-based drug candidates, and Relday) are currently purchased from a single or a limited
number of outside sources. In particular, Eastman Chemical is the sole supplier, pursuant to a supply agreement entered into in
December 2005, of our requirements of sucrose acetate isobutyrate, a necessary component of POSIDUR, REMOXY, our other
ORADUR-based drug candidates, Relday and certain other pharmaceuticals systems we have under development. The reliance on a
sole or limited number of suppliers could result in:
delays associated with redesigning a pharmaceutical system due to a failure to obtain a single source component;
an inability to obtain an adequate supply of required components; and
reduced control over pricing, quality and delivery time.
We have supply agreements in place for certain components of our pharmaceuticals systems, but do not have in place long term
supply agreements with respect to all of the components of any of our pharmaceutical system candidates. Therefore the supply of a
particular component could be terminated at any time without penalty to the supplier. In addition, we may not be able to procure
required components or drugs from third-party suppliers at a quantity, quality and cost acceptable to us. Any interruption in the supply
of single source components could cause us to seek alternative sources of supply or manufacture these components internally.
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Furthermore, in some cases, we are relying on our third-party collaborators to procure supply of necessary components. If the supply
of any components for our pharmaceutical systems is interrupted, components from alternative suppliers may not be available in
sufficient volumes or at acceptable quality levels within required timeframes, if at all, to meet our needs or those of our third-party
collaborators. This could delay our ability to complete clinical trials and obtain approval for commercialization and marketing of our
pharmaceutical systems, causing us to lose sales, incur additional costs, delay new product introductions and could harm our
reputation.
If we are unable to adequately protect, maintain or enforce our intellectual property rights or secure rights to third-party patents,
we may lose valuable assets, experience reduced market share or incur costly litigation to protect our rights or our third-party
collaborators may choose to terminate their agreements with us
Our ability to commercially exploit our products will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patents,
maintain trade secret protection and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others.
The patent status of our lead drug candidates, REMOXY and POSIDUR, are as follows:
In the U.S., REMOXY is covered by four patent families. Two patent families include granted patents expiring in at least 2015
and 2025, respectively. The later expiring of these two patent families includes five granted patents. The other patent families include
pending patent applications, which if granted, would result in patents expiring in 2028, plus any eligible patent term adjustments and
extensions. We are currently prosecuting pending U.S. applications for these four patent families. There can be no assurance that the
two pending U.S. patent application families, which have non-adjusted patent expiration dates in 2028, will be granted. In Europe,
REMOXY is covered by two granted patents expiring in 2016 and 2023, respectively, plus any eligible patent term extensions.
In the U.S., POSIDUR is covered by two patent families, which include granted patents expiring in at least 2015 and 2025,
respectively. In Europe, POSIDUR is covered by two granted patents expiring in 2016 and 2025, respectively, plus any eligible patent
term extensions.
As of February 15, 2013, we held 53 issued U.S. patents and 346 issued foreign patents (which include granted European patent
rights that have been validated in various EU member states). In addition, we have 47 pending U.S. patent applications and have filed
109 patent applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, from which 126 national phase applications are currently pending in
Europe, Australia, Japan, Canada and other countries.
The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies, including ours, are uncertain and involve complex legal and factual
questions. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued.
Consequently, our patent applications or those that are licensed to us may not issue into patents, and any issued patents may not
provide protection against competitive technologies or may be held invalid if challenged. Our competitors may also independently
develop products similar to ours or design around or otherwise circumvent patents issued to us or licensed by us. In addition, the laws
of some foreign countries may not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as U.S. law.
The patent laws of the U.S. have recently undergone changes through court decisions which may have significant impact on us
and our industry. Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court (e.g., KSR v. Teleflex, eBay v. MercExchange) and other courts with respect to
the standards of patentability, enforceability, availability of injunctive relief and damages may make it more difficult for us to procure,
maintain and enforce patents. In addition, the America Invents Act was signed into law in September 2011, which among other
changes to the U.S. patent laws, changes patent priority from “first to invent” to “first to file,” implements a post-grant opposition
system for patents and provides for a prior user defense to infringement. These judicial and legislative
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changes have introduced significant uncertainty in the patent law landscape and may potentially negatively impact our ability to
procure, maintain and enforce patents to provide exclusivity for our products.
We also rely upon trade secrets, technical know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our
competitive position. We require our employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to execute appropriate confidentiality and
assignment-of-inventions agreements with us. These agreements typically provide that all materials and confidential information
developed or made known to the individual during the course of the individual’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not
disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances, and that all inventions arising out of the individual’s relationship with us
will be our exclusive property. These agreements may be breached, and in some instances, we may not have an appropriate remedy
available for breach of the agreements. Furthermore, our competitors may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary
information and techniques, reverse engineer our information and techniques, or otherwise gain access to our proprietary technology.
We may be unable to meaningfully protect our rights in trade secrets, technical know-how and other non-patented technology.
We may have to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights, or to determine their scope, validity or enforceability. In
addition, interference, derivation, post-grant oppositions, and similar proceedings may be necessary to determine rights to inventions
in our patents and patent applications. Enforcing or defending our proprietary rights is expensive, could cause diversion of our
resources and may not prove successful. Any failure to enforce or protect our rights could cause us to lose the ability to exclude others
from using our technology to develop or sell competing products.
Our collaboration agreements may depend on our intellectual property
We are party to collaborative agreements with Pain Therapeutics, King (now Pfizer) and Zogenix among others. Our third-party
collaborators have entered into these agreements based on the exclusivity that our intellectual property rights confer on the products
being developed. The loss or diminution of our intellectual property rights could result in a decision by our third-party collaborators to
terminate their agreements with us. In addition, these agreements are generally complex and contain provisions that could give rise to
legal disputes, including potential disputes concerning ownership of intellectual property and data under collaborations. Such disputes
can lead to lengthy, expensive litigation or arbitration requiring us to devote management time and resources to such dispute which we
would otherwise spend on our business. To the extent that our agreements call for future royalties to be paid conditional on our having
patents covering the royalty-bearing subject matter, the decision by the Supreme Court in the case of MedImmune v. Genentech could
encourage our licensees to challenge the validity of our patents and thereby seek to avoid future royalty obligations without losing the
benefit of their license. Should they be successful in such a challenge, our ability to collect future royalties could be substantially
diminished.
We may be sued by third parties which claim that our pharmaceutical systems infringe on their intellectual property rights,
particularly because there is substantial uncertainty about the validity and breadth of medical patents
We or our collaborators may be exposed to future litigation by third parties based on claims that our pharmaceutical systems or
activities infringe the intellectual property rights of others or that we or our collaborators have misappropriated the trade secrets of
others. This risk is exacerbated by the fact that the validity and breadth of claims covered in medical technology patents and the
breadth and scope of trade secret protection involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles are
unresolved. Any litigation or claims against us or our collaborators, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs, could place
a significant strain on our financial resources and could harm our reputation. We also may not have sufficient funds to litigate against
parties with substantially greater resources. In addition, pursuant to our collaborative agreements, we have provided our collaborators
with the right, under specified circumstances, to defend against any claims of infringement of the third party intellectual property
rights, and such collaborators may not defend against such claims adequately or in the
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manner that we would do ourselves. Intellectual property litigation or claims could force us or our collaborators to do one or more of
the following, any of which could harm our business or financial results:
cease selling, incorporating or using any of our pharmaceutical systems that incorporate the challenged intellectual
property, which would adversely affect our revenue;
obtain a license from the holder of the infringed intellectual property right, which license may be costly or may not be
available on reasonable terms, if at all; or
redesign our pharmaceutical systems, which would be costly and time-consuming.
Technologies and businesses which we acquire or license may be difficult to integrate, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder
value or divert management attention.
We may acquire technologies, products or businesses to broaden the scope of our existing and planned product lines and
technologies. Future acquisitions expose us to:
increased costs associated with the acquisition and operation of the new businesses or technologies and the management of
geographically dispersed operations;
the risks associated with the assimilation of new technologies, operations, sites and personnel;
the diversion of resources from our existing business and technologies;
the inability to generate revenues to offset associated acquisition costs;
the requirement to maintain uniform standards, controls, and procedures; and
the impairment of relationships with employees and customers or third party collaborators as a result of any integration of
new management personnel.
Acquisitions may also result in the issuance of dilutive equity securities, the incurrence or assumption of debt or additional
expenses associated with the amortization of acquired intangible assets or potential businesses. Past acquisitions, such as our
acquisitions of IntraEAR, ALZET, SBS and APT, as well as future acquisitions, may not generate any additional revenue or provide
any benefit to our business.
Some of our pharmaceutical systems contain controlled substances, the making, use, sale, importation and distribution of which
are subject to regulation by state, federal and foreign law enforcement and other regulatory agencies
Some of our pharmaceutical systems currently under development contain, and our products in the future may contain,
controlled substances which are subject to state, federal and foreign laws and regulations regarding their manufacture, use, sale,
importation and distribution. The TRANSDUR-Sufentanil patch, REMOXY and our other ORADUR-based drug candidates, and
other pharmaceutical systems we have under development contain active ingredients which are classified as controlled substances
under the regulations of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency. For our pharmaceutical systems containing controlled substances, we
and our suppliers, manufacturers, contractors, customers and distributors are required to obtain and maintain applicable registrations
from state, federal and foreign law enforcement and regulatory agencies and comply with state, federal and foreign laws and
regulations regarding the manufacture, use, sale, importation and distribution of controlled substances. These regulations are extensive
and include regulations governing manufacturing, labeling, packaging, testing, dispensing, production and procurement quotas, record
keeping, reporting, handling, shipment and disposal. These regulations increase the personnel needs and the expense associated with
development and commercialization of drug candidates including controlled substances. Failure to obtain and maintain required
registrations or comply with any applicable regulations could delay or preclude us from developing and commercializing our
pharmaceutical systems containing controlled substances and subject us to enforcement action. In addition, because of their restrictive
nature, these regulations could limit our commercialization of our pharmaceutical systems containing controlled
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substances. In particular, among other things, there is a risk that these regulations may interfere with the supply of the drugs used in
our clinical trials, and in the future, our ability to produce and distribute our products in the volume needed to meet commercial
demand.
Write-offs related to the impairment of long-lived assets, inventories and other non-cash charges, as well as stock-based
compensation expenses may adversely impact or delay our profitability
We may incur significant non-cash charges related to impairment write-downs of our long-lived assets, including goodwill and
other intangible assets. We will continue to incur non-cash charges related to amortization of other intangible assets. For example, we
had a $13.5 million non-cash write-down of deferred royalties and commercial rights related to CHRONOGESIC in the fourth quarter
of 2008. We are required to perform periodic impairment reviews of our goodwill at least annually. The carrying value of goodwill on
our balance sheet was $6.4 million at December 31, 2012. To the extent these reviews conclude that the expected future cash flows
generated from our business activities are not sufficient to recover the cost of our long-lived assets, we will be required to measure and
record an impairment charge to write-down these assets to their realizable values. We completed our last review during the fourth
quarter of 2012 and determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2012. However, there can be no assurance that
upon completion of subsequent reviews a material impairment charge will not be recorded. If future periodic reviews determine that
our assets are impaired and a write-down is required, it will adversely impact or delay our profitability.
Inventories include certain excipients that are sold to a customer and included in products awaiting regulatory approval. These
inventories are capitalized based on management’s judgment of probable sale prior to their expiration date which in turn is based on
non-binding forecasts from our customer. The valuation of inventory requires us to estimate the value of inventory that may become
expired prior to use. We may be required to expense previously capitalized inventory costs upon a change in our judgment, due to,
among other potential factors, a denial or delay of approval of our customer’s product by the necessary regulatory bodies, or new
information that suggests that the inventory will not be saleable. In addition, these circumstances may cause us to record a liability
related to minimum purchase agreements that we have in place for raw materials.
Global credit and financial market conditions could negatively impact the value of our current portfolio of cash equivalents, short-
term investments or long-term investments and our ability to meet our financing objectives
Our cash and cash equivalents are maintained in highly liquid investments with remaining maturities of 90 days or less at the
time of purchase. Our short-term investments consist primarily of readily marketable debt securities with original maturities of greater
than 90 days from the date of purchase but remaining maturities of less than one year from the balance sheet date. Our long-term
investments consist primarily of readily marketable debt securities with maturities in one year or beyond from the balance sheet date.
While, as of the date of this filing, we are not aware of any downgrades, material losses, or other significant deterioration in the fair
value of our cash equivalents, short-term investments or long-term investments since December 31, 2012, no assurance can be given
that deterioration in conditions of the global credit and financial markets would not negatively impact our current portfolio of cash
equivalents, short-term investments or long-term investments or our ability to meet our financing objectives.
We depend upon key personnel who may terminate their employment with us at any time, and we may need to hire additional
qualified personnel
Our success will depend to a significant degree upon the continued services of key management, technical and scientific
personnel, including Felix Theeuwes, our Chairman and Chief Scientific Officer, and James E. Brown, our President and Chief
Executive Officer. In addition, our success will depend on our ability to attract and retain other highly skilled personnel. Competition
for qualified personnel is intense, and the process of hiring and integrating such qualified personnel is often lengthy. We may be
unable to recruit such personnel on a timely basis, if at all.
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Our management and other employees may voluntarily terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of the services of key
personnel, or the inability to attract and retain additional qualified personnel, could result in delays to product development or
approval, loss of sales and diversion of management resources.
We may not successfully manage our company through varying business cycles
Our success will depend on properly sizing our company through growth and contraction cycles caused in part by changing
business conditions, which places a significant strain on our management and on our administrative, operational and financial
resources. To manage through such cycles, we must expand or contract our facilities, our operational, financial and management
systems and our personnel. If we were unable to manage growth and contractions effectively our business would be harmed.
Our business involves environmental risks and risks related to handling regulated substances
In connection with our research and development activities and our manufacture of materials and pharmaceutical systems, we
are subject to federal, state and local laws, rules, regulations and policies governing the use, generation, manufacture, storage, air
emission, effluent discharge, handling and disposal of certain materials, biological specimens and wastes. Although we believe that we
have complied with the applicable laws, regulations and policies in all material respects and have not been required to correct any
material noncompliance, we may be required to incur significant costs to comply with environmental and health and safety regulations
in the future. Our research and development involves the use, generation and disposal of hazardous materials, including but not limited
to certain hazardous chemicals, solvents, agents and biohazardous materials. The extent of our use, generation and disposal of such
substances has increased substantially since we started manufacturing and selling biodegradable polymers. Although we believe that
our safety procedures for storing, handling and disposing of such materials comply with the standards prescribed by state and federal
regulations, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. We currently contract
with third parties to dispose of these substances generated by us, and we rely on these third parties to properly dispose of these
substances in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. If these third parties do not properly dispose of these substances in
compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to legal action by governmental agencies or private parties for
improper disposal of these substances. The costs of defending such actions and the potential liability resulting from such actions are
often very large. In the event we are subject to such legal action or we otherwise fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations
governing the use, generation and disposal of hazardous materials and chemicals, we could be held liable for any damages that result,
and any such liability could exceed our resources.
Our corporate headquarters, manufacturing facilities and personnel are located in a geographical area that is seismically active
Our corporate headquarters, primary manufacturing facilities and personnel are located in a geographical area that is known to
be seismically active and prone to earthquakes. Should such a natural disaster occur, our ability to conduct our business could be
severely restricted, and our business and assets, including the results of our research, development and manufacturing efforts, could be
destroyed.
Risks Related To Our Industry
The market for our pharmaceutical systems is rapidly changing and competitive, and new products or technologies developed by
others could impair our ability to grow our business and remain competitive
The pharmaceutical industry is subject to rapid and substantial technological change. Developments by others may render our
pharmaceutical systems under development or technologies noncompetitive or obsolete, or we may be unable to keep pace with
technological developments or other market factors. Technological competition in the industry from pharmaceutical and
biotechnology companies, universities, governmental entities and others diversifying into the field is intense and is expected to
increase.
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We may face competition from other companies in numerous industries including pharmaceuticals, medical devices and drug
delivery. POSIDUR, TRANSDUR-Sufentanil, ELADUR, Relday, REMOXY and other ORADUR-based drug candidates, if
approved, will compete with currently marketed oral opioids, transdermal opioids, local anesthetic patches, anti-psychotics,
stimulants, implantable and external infusion pumps which can be used for infusion of opioids and local anesthetics. Products of these
types are marketed by Purdue Pharma, Knoll, Janssen, Medtronic, Endo, AstraZeneca, Arrow International, Tricumed, I-Flow
(Kimberly-Clark), Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, Pacira, NeurogesX, Covidien, Shire, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Pacira,
Novartis and others. Our ORADUR-ADHD product candidates, if approved, will compete with currently marketed or approved
products by Shire, Johnson & Johnson, UCB, Novartis, Noven, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Nextwave Pharmaceuticals (Pfizer) and others.
Relday, if approved, will compete with currently marketed products by Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, Bristol-
Myers Squibb and others. Numerous companies are applying significant resources and expertise to the problems of drug delivery and
several of these are focusing or may focus on delivery of drugs to the intended site of action, including Alkermes, Pacira
Pharmaceuticals, EpiCept, Innocoll, Nektar, I-Flow (Kimberly-Clark), NeurogesX, Flamel, Alexza, Cadence Pharmaceuticals,
Hospira, Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, Egalet, Acura, Elite Pharmaceuticals, Phosphagenics, Intellipharmaceutics, Collegium
Pharmaceutical and others. Some of these competitors may be addressing the same therapeutic areas or indications as we are. Our
current and potential competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection or commercializing products before us. Many of these
entities have significantly greater research and development capabilities than we do, as well as substantially more marketing,
manufacturing, financial and managerial resources. These entities represent significant competition for us. Acquisitions of, or
investments in, competing pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies by large corporations could increase such competitors’
financial, marketing, manufacturing and other resources.
We are engaged in the development of novel therapeutic technologies. Our resources are limited and we may experience
technical challenges inherent in such novel technologies. Competitors have developed or are in the process of developing technologies
that are, or in the future may be, the basis for competitive products. Some of these products may have an entirely different approach or
means of accomplishing similar therapeutic effects than our pharmaceutical systems. Our competitors may develop products that are
safer, more effective or less costly than our pharmaceutical systems and, therefore, present a serious competitive threat to our product
offerings.
The widespread acceptance of therapies that are alternatives to ours may limit market acceptance of our pharmaceutical systems
even if commercialized. Chronic and post-operative pain are currently being treated by oral medication, transdermal drug delivery
systems, such as drug patches, injectable products and implantable drug delivery devices which will be competitive with our
pharmaceutical systems. These treatments are widely accepted in the medical community and have a long history of use. The
established use of these competitive products may limit the potential for our pharmaceutical systems to receive widespread acceptance
if commercialized.
We could be exposed to significant product liability claims which could be time consuming and costly to defend, divert
management attention and adversely impact our ability to obtain and maintain insurance coverage
The testing, manufacture, marketing and sale of our pharmaceutical systems involve an inherent risk that product liability claims
will be asserted against us. Although we are insured against such risks up to an annual aggregate limit in connection with clinical trials
and commercial sales of our pharmaceutical systems, our present product liability insurance may be inadequate and may not fully
cover the costs of any claim or any ultimate damages we might be required to pay. Product liability claims or other claims related to
our pharmaceutical systems, regardless of their outcome, could require us to spend significant time and money in litigation or to pay
significant damages. Any successful product liability claim may prevent us from obtaining adequate product liability insurance in the
future on commercially desirable or reasonable terms. In addition, product liability coverage may cease to be available in sufficient
amounts or at an acceptable cost. An inability to obtain sufficient
43
insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or otherwise to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the
commercialization of our pharmaceutical systems. A product liability claim could also significantly harm our reputation and delay
market acceptance of our pharmaceutical systems.
Acceptance of our pharmaceutical systems in the marketplace is uncertain, and failure to achieve market acceptance will delay our
ability to generate or grow revenues
Our future financial performance will depend upon the successful introduction and customer acceptance of our products in
research and development, including REMOXY and other ORADUR-based drug candidates, POSIDUR, TRANSDUR-Sufentanil,
ELADUR and Relday. Even if approved for marketing, our pharmaceutical systems may not achieve market acceptance. The degree
of market acceptance will depend upon a number of factors, including:
the receipt of regulatory clearance of marketing claims for the uses that we are developing;
the establishment and demonstration in the medical community of the safety and clinical efficacy of our products and their
potential advantages over existing therapeutic products, including oral medication, transdermal drug delivery products such
as drug patches, or external or implantable drug delivery products; and
pricing and reimbursement policies of government and third-party payors such as insurance companies, health maintenance
organizations, hospital formularies and other health plan administrators.
Physicians, patients, payors or the medical community in general may be unwilling to accept, utilize or recommend any of our
products. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval, commercialize and market our future products when planned and achieve
market acceptance, we will not achieve anticipated revenues.
If users of our products are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, or if new restrictive legislation is
adopted, market acceptance of our products may be limited and we may not achieve anticipated revenues
The continuing efforts of government and insurance companies, health maintenance organizations and other payors of
healthcare costs to contain or reduce costs of health care may affect our future revenues and profitability, and the future revenues and
profitability of our potential customers, suppliers and third-party collaborators and the availability of capital. For example, in certain
foreign markets, pricing or profitability of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to government control. In the United States, recent
federal and state government initiatives have been directed at lowering the total cost of health care, and the U.S. Congress and state
legislatures will likely continue to focus on health care reform, the cost of prescription pharmaceuticals and on the reform of the
Medicare and Medicaid systems. While we cannot predict whether any such legislative or regulatory proposals will be adopted, the
announcement or adoption of such proposals could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The successful commercialization of our pharmaceutical systems will depend in part on the extent to which appropriate
reimbursement levels for the cost of our pharmaceutical systems and related treatment are obtained by governmental authorities,
private health insurers and other organizations, such as HMOs. Third-party payors are increasingly limiting payments or
reimbursement for medical products and services. Also, the trend toward managed health care in the United States and the concurrent
growth of organizations such as HMOs, which could control or significantly influence the purchase of health care services and
products, as well as legislative proposals to reform health care or reduce government insurance programs, may limit reimbursement or
payment for our products. The cost containment measures that health care payors and providers are instituting and the effect of any
health care reform could materially harm our ability to operate profitably.
44
If we or our third-party collaborators are unable to train physicians to use our pharmaceutical systems to treat patients’ diseases
or medical conditions, we may incur delays in market acceptance of our products
Broad use of our pharmaceutical systems will require extensive training of numerous physicians on the proper and safe use of
our pharmaceutical systems. The time required to begin and complete training of physicians could delay introduction of our products
and adversely affect market acceptance of our products. We or third parties selling our pharmaceutical systems may be unable to
rapidly train physicians in numbers sufficient to generate adequate demand for our pharmaceutical systems. Any delay in training
would materially delay the demand for our pharmaceutical systems and harm our business and financial results. In addition, we may
expend significant funds towards such training before any orders are placed for our products, which would increase our expenses and
harm our financial results.
Potential new accounting pronouncements and legislative actions are likely to impact our future financial position or results of
operations
Future changes in financial accounting standards may cause adverse, unexpected fluctuations in the timing of the recognition of
revenues or expenses and may affect our financial position or results of operations. New pronouncements and varying interpretations
of pronouncements have occurred with frequency and may occur in the future and we may make changes in our accounting policies in
the future. Compliance with changing regulation of corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses.
Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002, new SEC regulations, PCAOB pronouncements and NASDAQ rules, are creating uncertainty for companies such as ours and
insurance, accounting and auditing costs are high as a result of this uncertainty and other factors. We are committed to maintaining
high standards of corporate governance and public disclosure. As a result, we intend to invest all reasonably necessary resources to
comply with evolving standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of
management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities.
Risks Related To Our Common Stock
Our stock price may not meet the minimum bid price for continued listing on the Nasdaq Global Market. Our ability to publicly or
privately sell equity securities and the liquidity of our common stock could be adversely affected if we are delisted from The
Nasdaq Global Market or if we are unable to transfer our listing to another stock market.
If the closing bid price of our common stock is below $1.00 for 30 consecutive trading days, our shares would no longer comply
with the minimum closing bid price requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Global Market under Nasdaq Marketplace Rule
5450(a)(1). If this occurs, we expect that we would receive written notification from Nasdaq, and would have a 180-day period to
regain compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements by having the closing bid price of our common stock listed on Nasdaq be at
least $1.00 for at least 10 consecutive trading days. If we do not regain compliance within this time period, we may transfer our
common stock listing to The Nasdaq Capital Market, provided that the Company (i) meets the applicable market value of publicly
held shares requirement for continued listing and all other applicable requirements for initial listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market
(except for the closing bid price requirement) based on the Company’s most recent public filings and market information and
(ii) notifies Nasdaq of its intent to cure this deficiency. Following a transfer to The Nasdaq Capital Market, the Company would be
afforded the remainder of an additional 180 calendar day grace period in order to regain compliance with the minimum closing bid
price requirement of $1.00 per share under The Nasdaq Capital Market, unless it does not appear to NASDAQ that it would be
possible for the Company to cure the deficiency.
If compliance is not demonstrated within the applicable compliance period, Nasdaq will notify the Company that its securities
will be subject to delisting. The Company may appeal Nasdaq’s determination to delist its securities to a Hearings Panel. During any
appeal process, shares of the Company’s common stock would continue to trade on the Nasdaq Global Market or Nasdaq Capital
Market, as applicable.
45
There can be no assurance that we will maintain or regain compliance with the requirements for listing our common stock on the
Nasdaq Global Market or that our common stock would be eligible for transfer to the Nasdaq Capital Market and remain in
compliance with the requirements for listing on that market. Delisting from Nasdaq could adversely affect our ability to raise
additional financing through the public or private sale of equity securities, would significantly affect the ability of investors to trade
our securities and would negatively affect the value and liquidity of our common stock. Delisting could also have other negative
results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business
development opportunities.
Our operating history makes evaluating our stock difficult
Our quarterly and annual results of operations have historically fluctuated and we expect will continue to fluctuate for the
foreseeable future. We believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results should not be relied upon as predictive of
future performance. Our prospects must be considered in light of the risks, expenses and difficulties encountered by companies with
no approved pharmaceutical products, particularly companies in new and rapidly evolving markets such as pharmaceuticals, drug
delivery and biotechnology. To address these risks, we must, among other things, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize
our pharmaceutical systems, which may not occur. We may not be successful in addressing these risks and difficulties. We may
require additional funds to complete the development of our pharmaceutical systems and to fund operating losses to be incurred in the
next several years.
Investors may experience substantial dilution of their investment
Investors may experience dilution of their investment if we raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities or
convertible debt securities or grant additional stock options to employees and consultants. Any sales in the public market of the
common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.
The price of our common stock may be volatile
The stock markets in general, and the markets for pharmaceutical stocks in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that
has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect
the trading price of our common stock.
Price declines in our common stock could result from general market and economic conditions and a variety of other factors,
including:
failure of our third-party collaborators to successfully develop and commercialize the respective pharmaceutical systems
they are developing;
adverse results (including adverse events or failure to demonstrate safety or efficacy) or delays in our clinical and non-
clinical trials of POSIDUR, TRANSDUR-Sufentanil, ELADUR, REMOXY, our other ORADUR-based drug candidates,
Relday or other pharmaceutical systems;
announcements of FDA non-approval of our pharmaceutical systems, or delays in the FDA or other foreign regulatory
agency review process;
adverse actions taken by regulatory agencies or law enforcement agencies with respect to our pharmaceutical systems,
clinical trials, manufacturing processes or sales and marketing activities, or those of our third party collaborators;
announcements of technological innovations, patents, product approvals or new products by our competitors;
regulatory, judicial and patent developments in the United States and foreign countries;
46
any lawsuit involving us or our pharmaceutical systems including intellectual property infringement or product liability
suits;
announcements concerning our competitors, or the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industries in general;
developments concerning our strategic alliances or acquisitions;
actual or anticipated variations in our operating results;
changes in recommendations by securities analysts or lack of analyst coverage;
deviations in our operating results from the estimates of analysts;
sales of our common stock by our executive officers or directors or sales of substantial amounts of common stock by others;
potential failure to meet continuing listing standards from The NASDAQ Global Market;
loss or disruption of facilities due to natural disasters;
changes in accounting principles; or
loss of any of our key scientific or management personnel.
The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to factors which are beyond our control. The
stock market in general has recently experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. In addition, the market prices of securities of
technology and pharmaceutical companies have also been extremely volatile, and have experienced fluctuations that often have been
unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. These broad market fluctuations could result in
extreme fluctuations in the price of our common stock, which could cause a decline in the value of our common stock.
In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a particular company’s securities, litigation has often been
brought against that company. If litigation of this type is brought against us, it could be extremely expensive and divert management’s
attention and our company’s resources.
We have broad discretion over the use of our cash and investments, and their investment may not always yield a favorable return
Our management has broad discretion over how our cash and investments are used and may from time to time invest in ways
with which our stockholders may not agree and that do not yield favorable returns.
Executive officers, directors and principal stockholders have substantial control over us, which could delay or prevent a change in
our corporate control favored by our other stockholders
Our directors, executive officers and principal stockholders, together with their affiliates, have substantial control over us. The
interests of these stockholders may differ from the interests of other stockholders. As a result, these stockholders, if acting together,
could have the ability to exercise control over all corporate actions requiring stockholder approval irrespective of how our other
stockholders may vote, including:
the election of directors;
the amendment of charter documents;
the approval of certain mergers and other significant corporate transactions, including a sale of substantially all of our
assets; or
the defeat of any non-negotiated takeover attempt that might otherwise benefit the public stockholders.
Our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could discourage another company
from acquiring us.
47
Provisions of Delaware law, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or
acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a
premium for your shares. These provisions include:
authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock without any need for action by stockholders;
providing for a classified board of directors with staggered terms;
requiring supermajority stockholder voting to effect certain amendments to our certificate of incorporation and
bylaws;
eliminating the ability of stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;
prohibiting stockholder action by written consent; and
establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing
matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2.
Properties.
The following chart indicates the facilities that we lease, the location and size of each such facility and their designated use.
Location
Cupertino, CA
Approximate
Square Feet
30,000 sq. ft.
Cupertino, CA
20,000 sq. ft.
Operation
Office, Laboratory
and Manufacturing
Office and Laboratory
Vacaville, CA
24,634 sq. ft.
Manufacturing
Birmingham, AL
21,540 sq. ft.
Office, Laboratory and
Manufacturing
Expiration
Lease expires 2014
Lease expires 2014 (with an option to renew for an
additional five years)
Lease expires 2013 (with an option to renew for an
additional five years)
Lease expires 2021 (with an option to terminate
after seven years and nine months and with two
options to renew the lease term for an additional
five years each after the current lease expires)
We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current and foreseeable requirements or that suitable additional
or substitute space will be available as needed.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
We are not a party to any material legal proceedings.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
48
PART II
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matter and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Item 5.
Price Range of Common Stock
Our common stock has been traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “DRRX” since our initial public offering
on September 28, 2000. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices for our common stock
as reported by the NASDAQ Global Market.
Year ended December 31, 2011
First Quarter .........................................................................................................................................
Second Quarter.....................................................................................................................................
Third Quarter .......................................................................................................................................
Fourth Quarter ......................................................................................................................................
Year ended December 31, 2012
First Quarter .........................................................................................................................................
Second Quarter.....................................................................................................................................
Third Quarter .......................................................................................................................................
Fourth Quarter ......................................................................................................................................
Common Stock
Price
Low
$2.90
1.76
1.32
1.12
Low
$0.71
0.68
0.82
0.61
High
$3.65
3.77
2.28
1.90
High
$1.23
0.96
1.49
1.71
The closing sale price of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market on February 15, 2013 was $1.15 per
share. As of that date there were approximately 125 holders of record of the common stock. This does not include the number of
persons whose stock is in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers. The market price of our common stock has been and
may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a number of events and factors, such as progress in our development
programs, quarterly variations in our operating results, announcements of technological innovations or new products by us or our
competitors, changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts, the operating and stock performance of other
companies that investors may deem comparable to us, and news reports relating to trends in our markets. These fluctuations, as well as
general economic and market conditions, may adversely affect the market price for our common stock.
Dividend Policy
We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund the
development and growth of our business. Therefore, we do not currently anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable
future.
49
STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return data for our stock with the cumulative return of (i) The
NASDAQ Stock Market (U.S.) Index and (ii) the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index since December 31, 2007. The graph assumes that
$100 was invested on December 31, 2007. The stock price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future
stock price performance.
*
$100 Invested on 12/31/07 in stock or index—including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31.
DURECT CORPORATION
DURECT CORPORATION .................................................
NASDAQ STOCK MARKET (U.S.) ...................................
NASDAQ BIOTECHNOLOGY ...........................................
12/31/07
100.00
100.00
100.00
12/31/08
52.72
59.46
87.37
Cumulative Total Return
12/31/10
12/31/09
53.65
38.41
100.02
85.55
116.19
101.03
12/31/11
18.35
98.22
129.91
12/31/12
14.31
113.85
171.36
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
None.
50
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with and are qualified by reference to “Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes, which are
included in this Form 10-K. The statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 and the balance
sheet data at December 31, 2012 and 2011 are derived from, and are qualified by reference to, the audited financial statements
included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, and the
balance sheet data at December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 are derived from our audited statements not included in this Form 10-K.
Historical operating results are not necessarily indicative of results in the future. See Note 1 of notes to financial statements for an
explanation of the determination of the shares used in computing net loss per share.
Statement of Operations Data:
Collaborative research and development and other revenue .........
Product revenue, net......................................................................
Total revenue ................................................................................
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenue ....................................................................
Research and development ..................................................
Selling, general and administrative .....................................
Write-down of deferred royalties and commercial rights ....
Total operating expenses ...............................................................
Income (loss) from operations ......................................................
Other income (expense):
Interest and other income ....................................................
Interest and other expense ...................................................
Net other income (expense) ..........................................................
Net income (loss) ..........................................................................
Basic net income (loss) per share ..................................................
Diluted net income (loss) per share ...............................................
Shares used in computing basic net income (loss) per share ........
Shares used in computing diluted net income (loss) per share ......
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash, cash equivalents and investments........................................
Working capital .............................................................................
Total assets ....................................................................................
Other long-term liabilities .............................................................
Stockholders’ equity .....................................................................
2012
2011
Year Ended December 31,
2010
(in thousands, except per share data)
2009
2008
$ 42,494
10,576
53,070
$ 22,360
11,127
33,487
$ 20,091
11,500
31,591
$ 12,347
12,113
24,460
$ 19,770
8,765
28,535
4,654
20,265
12,095
—
37,014
16,056
151
(7)
144
$ 16,200
$ 0.18
$ 0.18
88,433
88,589
4,713
34,053
13,574
—
52,340
(18,853)
134
(46)
88
$ (18,765)
(0.21)
$
(0.21)
$
87,410
87,410
4,275
36,214
14,937
—
55,426
(23,835)
943
(6)
937
$ (22,898)
(0.26)
$
(0.26)
$
86,868
86,868
5,311
34,801
15,020
—
55,132
(30,672)
420
(36)
384
$ (30,288)
(0.36)
$
(0.36)
$
83,427
83,427
3,365
40,845
15,510
13,480
73,200
(44,665)
1,547
(789)
758
$ (43,907)
(0.56)
$
(0.56)
$
78,332
78,332
2012
2011
As of December 31,
2010
(in thousands)
2009
2008
$ 28,932
29,428
45,935
1,197
36,331
$ 30,829
22,410
49,196
738
3,477
$ 49,572
36,936
67,560
315
14,487
$ 41,552
34,796
58,151
508
27,843
$ 52,692
43,401
74,874
656
37,564
51
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as of December 31, 2012, 2011
and 2010 should be read in conjunction with our Financial Statements, including the Notes thereto, and “Risk Factors” section
included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. When used in this report or
elsewhere by management from time to time, the words “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “expect” and similar
expressions are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements contained herein are based on current expectations.
Forward-looking statements made in this report include, for example, statements about:
potential regulatory filings for or approval of REMOXY, POSIDUR or any of our other product candidates;
the progress of our third-party collaborations, including estimated milestones;
our intention to seek, and ability to enter into strategic alliances and collaborations;
the potential benefits and uses of our products;
responsibilities of our collaborators, including the responsibility to make cost reimbursement, milestone, royalty and other
payments to us, and our expectations regarding our collaborators’ plans with respect to our products;
our responsibilities to our collaborators, including our responsibilities to conduct research and development, clinical trials
and manufacture products;
our ability to protect intellectual property, including intellectual property licensed to our collaborators;
market opportunities for products in our product pipeline;
the number of patients enrolled and the timing of patient enrollment in clinical trials;
the progress and results of our research and development programs;
requirements for us to purchase supplies and raw materials from third parties, and the ability of third parties to provide us
with required supplies and raw materials;
the results and timing of clinical trials and the commencement of future clinical trials;
conditions for obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates;
submission and timing of applications for regulatory approval;
the impact of FDA, DEA, EMEA and other government regulation on our business;
the impact of potential Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) on our business;
uncertainties associated with obtaining and protecting patents and other intellectual property rights, as well as avoiding the
intellectual property rights of others;
products and companies that will compete with the products we license to third-party collaborators;
the possibility we may commercialize our own products and build up our commercial, sales and marketing capabilities and
other required infrastructure;
the possibility that we may develop additional manufacturing capabilities;
our employees, including the number of employees and the continued services of key management, technical and scientific
personnel;
52
our future performance, including our anticipation that we will not derive meaningful revenues from our pharmaceutical
systems for at least the next twelve months and our expectations regarding our ability to achieve profitability;
sufficiency of our cash resources, anticipated capital requirements and capital expenditures and our need for additional
financing;
our expectations regarding marketing expenses, research and development expenses, and selling, general and administrative
expenses;
the composition of future revenues; and
accounting policies and estimates, including revenue recognition policies.
Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties. Actual events or
results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. For a more detailed
discussion of such forward looking statements and the potential risks and uncertainties that may impact upon their accuracy, see the
“Risk Factors” section and “Overview” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations. These forward-looking statements reflect our view only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligations to
update any forward-looking statements. You should also carefully consider the factors set forth in other reports or documents that we
file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Overview
We are a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the development of pharmaceutical products based on our proprietary
drug delivery technology platforms. Our product pipeline currently consists of seven investigational drug candidates in clinical
development, with one program the subject of a New Drug Application (NDA) with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
for which a Complete Response Letter was received in June 2011, one program in Phase III with a NDA in preparation, two programs
in Phase II and three programs in Phase I. The more advanced programs are in the field of pain management and we believe that each
of these targets large market opportunities with product features that are differentiated from existing therapeutics. We have other
programs underway in fields outside of pain management, including several efforts underway which seek to improve the
administration of biotechnology agents such as proteins and peptides.
A central aspect of our business strategy involves advancing multiple product candidates at one time, which is enabled by
leveraging our resources with those of corporate collaborators. Thus, certain of our programs are currently licensed to corporate
collaborators on terms which typically call for our collaborator to fund all or a substantial portion of future development costs and
then pay us milestone payments based on specific development or commercial achievements plus a royalty on product sales. At the
same time, we have retained the rights to other programs, which are the basis of future collaborations and which over time may
provide a pathway for us to develop our own commercial, sales and marketing organization.
Collaborative Research and Development and Other Revenues
Collaborative research and development and other revenues consist of three broad categories: (a) the recognition of upfront
license payments on a straight-line basis over the period of our continuing involvement with the third party, (b) the reimbursement of
qualified research expenses by third parties and (c) milestone payments in connection with our collaborative agreements. During the
last several years, we generated collaborative research and development revenues from collaborative agreements with Pain
Therapeutics, Pfizer (King), Hospira, Nycomed, Zogenix, and others.
53
Product Revenues
We have historically generated product revenue from the sale of three product lines:
ALZET® osmotic pumps for animal research use;
LACTEL® biodegradable polymers which are used by our customers as raw materials in their pharmaceutical and medical
products; and
certain key excipients that are included in REMOXY.
In the future, we expect to generate modest revenue related to an animal health product which was approved and launched by
our licensee in 2011. Because we consider our core business to be developing and commercializing pharmaceutical systems, we do not
intend to significantly increase our investments in or efforts to sell or market any of our existing product lines. However, we expect
that we will continue to make efforts to increase our revenue related to collaborative research and development by entering into
additional research and development agreements with third-party collaborators to develop product candidates based on our drug
delivery technologies.
Reduction In Force
In February 2012, we reduced the size of our workforce by 15 employees or approximately 12% of our headcount. We
substantially completed this headcount reduction during February 2012, and incurred approximately $336,000 in severance costs for
the impacted employees in the first quarter of 2012. The goal of this action was to better align our cost structure with anticipated
revenues and operating expenses, while not compromising our key corporate objectives.
Operating Results
Since our inception in 1998, we have generally had a history of operating losses. At December 31, 2012, we had an accumulated
deficit of $339.3 million. While we did generate net income of $16.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 related to the
termination of certain of our collaboration agreements, we have incurred operating losses in other years. Our net losses were $18.8
million and $22.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. These losses have resulted primarily from
costs incurred to research and develop our product candidates and to a lesser extent, from selling, general and administrative costs
associated with our operations and product sales. We expect our research and development expenses to decrease in 2013 compared to
2012. We expect selling, general and administrative expenses to be comparable in 2013 compared to 2012. We do not anticipate
meaningful revenues from our pharmaceutical systems, should they be approved, for at least the next twelve months. Therefore, we
expect to incur continuing losses and negative cash flow from operations for the foreseeable future.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to
make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and
liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The
most significant estimates and assumptions relate to revenue recognition, the recoverability of our long-lived assets, including
goodwill and other intangible assets, accrued liabilities, contract research liabilities, inventories and stock-based compensation. Actual
amounts could differ significantly from these estimates.
Revenue Recognition
We enter into license and collaboration agreements under which we may receive upfront license fees, research funding and
contingent milestone payments and royalties. We evaluate the accounting treatment under
54
these agreements including whether multiple deliverables exist, how the deliverables should be separated and how the consideration
should be allocated to one or more units of accounting. For our collaborations with multiple deliverables, we have concluded that the
deliverables are not separable and the arrangements should be accounted for as a combined unit of accounting. As a combined unit of
accounting we recognized the consideration for the combined unit of accounting in the same manner as the revenue was recognized
for the final deliverable, which was generally ratably over the longest period of involvement. For example, upfront payments received
upon execution of collaborative agreements are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as collaborative research and
development revenue based on a straight-line basis over the period of our continuing involvement with the third-party collaborator
pursuant to the applicable agreement. Such period generally represents the longer of the estimated research and development period or
other continuing obligation period defined in the respective agreements between us and our third-party collaborators. If we determine
that the expected timeline for a project and therefore our continuing involvement is materially different than we previously assumed,
we will adjust the period over which we recognize the deferred revenue. In the first quarter of 2012, we were notified by Hospira,
Pfizer, and Nycomed that they were terminating certain license and collaboration agreements. As a result, the related deferred revenue
from up-front payments for those license and collaboration agreements was recognized as revenue during 2012 as our performance
obligations were relieved. During 2012, we recognized $35.4 million from the recognition of deferred revenue related to terminated
license and collaboration agreements.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses are primarily comprised of salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other
compensation cost associated with research and development personnel, overhead and facility costs, preclinical and non-clinical
development costs, clinical trial and related clinical manufacturing costs, contract services, and other outside costs. Research and
development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs paid to third parties under sponsored research
agreements are recognized as expense as the related services are performed, generally ratably over the period of service. In addition,
net reimbursements of research and development expenses by our partners incurred are recorded as collaborative research and
development revenue. Net payments of research and development expenses to our partners are recorded as an addition to our research
and development expenses in the period incurred.
Goodwill
We record intangible assets when we acquire other companies and intellectual property rights. The cost of an acquisition is
allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including intangible assets, with the remaining amount being classified as
goodwill.
Goodwill is periodically assessed for impairment. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level. The
Company operates in one operating segment and one reporting unit, which is the research, development and manufacturing of
pharmaceutical products. We assess the impairment of goodwill at least annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances
indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors we consider important which could trigger an impairment review
include the following:
significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period;
our market capitalization relative to net book value;
new information affecting the commercial value of the asset;
significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results;
significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business; and
significant negative industry or economic trends.
55
If we determine that the carrying value of our goodwill may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more of the
above indicators of impairment, we measure any impairment based on a projected discounted cash flow method using a discount rate
determined by our management to be commensurate with the risk inherent in our current business model. We would also reconcile our
estimate of total enterprise value to our market capitalization. As of December 31, 2012, the carrying value of goodwill was
approximately $6.4 million. No impairment of goodwill has been recorded through December 31, 2012. However, there can be no
assurance that at the time other periodic reviews are completed, a material impairment charge will not be recorded.
Accrued Liabilities and Contract Research Liabilities
We incur significant costs associated with third party consultants and organizations for pre-clinical studies, clinical trials,
contract manufacturing, validation, testing, and other research and development-related services. We are required to estimate
periodically the cost of services rendered but unbilled based on management’s estimates of project status. If these good faith estimates
are inaccurate, actual expenses incurred could materially differ from our estimates.
Inventories
Inventories include certain excipients that are sold to a customer and included in products awaiting regulatory approval. These
inventories are capitalized based on management’s judgment of probable sale prior to their expiration date which in turn is primarily
based on non-binding forecasts from our customer as well as management’s internal estimates. The valuation of inventory requires us
to estimate the value of inventory that may become expired prior to use. We may be required to expense previously capitalized
inventory costs upon a change in our judgment, due to, among other potential factors, a denial or delay of approval of our customer’s
product by the necessary regulatory bodies, or new information that suggests that the inventory will not be saleable. In addition, these
circumstances may cause us to record a liability related to minimum purchase agreements that we have in place for raw materials. As
of December 31, 2012, we had $1.0 million in inventory related to excipients that are included in REMOXY and other programs. In
addition, we have future purchase commitments totaling $500,000 per year through 2018. In the event that we determine that we will
not utilize all of these materials, there could be a potential write-off related to this inventory and a reserve for future purchase
commitments.
Stock-Based Compensation
Employee stock-based compensation is estimated at the date of grant based on the employee stock award’s fair value using the
Black-Scholes option-pricing model and is recognized as expense ratably over the requisite period.
We estimate the volatility of our common stock at the date of grant based on the historical volatility of our common stock. We
base the risk-free rate that we use in the Black-Scholes option valuation model on the implied yield in effect at the time of option grant
on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with equivalent remaining terms. We have never paid any cash dividends on our common stock
and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, we use an expected dividend yield of zero
in the Black-Scholes option valuation model. We estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those estimates in subsequent
periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. We use historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures and record
stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. For options granted before January 1, 2006, we
amortize the fair value on an accelerated basis. For options granted on or after January 1, 2006, we amortize the fair value on a
straight-line basis. All options are amortized over the requisite service periods of the awards, which are generally the vesting periods.
We may elect to use different assumptions under the Black-Scholes option valuation model in the future, which could materially affect
our net income or loss and net income or loss per share.
56
Results of Operations
Comparison of years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010
Collaborative research and development and other revenue
We recognize revenues from collaborative research and development activities and service contracts. Collaborative research and
development revenue primarily represents net reimbursement of qualified expenses related to the collaborative agreements with
various third parties to research, develop and commercialize potential products using our drug delivery technologies, revenue
recognized from ratable recognition of upfront fees and milestone payments in connection with our collaborative agreements.
We expect our collaborative research and development revenue to fluctuate in future periods pending our efforts to enter into
potential new collaborations and our existing third party collaborators’ commitment to and progress in the research and development
programs. The collaborative research and development and other revenues associated with our major collaborators are as follows (in
thousands):
Collaborator
Hospira Inc. (Hospira) (1) ..............................................................................
Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer) (2) ....................................................................................
Nycomed Danmark ApS (Nycomed) (3) .......................................................
Zogenix, Inc. (Zogenix) (4) ............................................................................
Pain Therapeutics, Inc. (Pain Therapeutics) ...................................................
Others .............................................................................................................
Total collaborative research and development and other revenue .................
Year ended December 31,
2011
2010
2012
$ 23,726
11,721
3,705
1,872
750
720
$ 42,494
$ 11,419
5,203
1,235
2,928
750
825
$ 22,360
$ 5,551
9,487
2,033
779
1,456
785
$ 20,091
(1) Amounts related to ratable recognition of upfront fees were $21.8 million in 2012, $3.6 million in 2011 and $2.1 million in
2010. In March 2012, we were notified that Hospira was terminating the Development and License Agreement between Hospira
and us dated June 1, 2010 relating to the development and commercialization of POSIDUR in the United States and Canada. As
a result, we recognized as revenue all of the remaining upfront fees in 2012 that had previously been deferred.
(2) Amounts related to ratable recognition of upfront fees were $9.9 million in 2012, $2.7 million in 2011 and $3.2 million in 2010.
In February 2011, Pfizer acquired King and thereby assumed the rights and obligations of King under the agreements we
formerly had in place with King; accordingly amounts attributed to King are now shown as Pfizer figures. In February 2012, we
were notified that Pfizer was terminating the worldwide Development and License Agreement between Alpharma (acquired by
King which subsequently was acquired by Pfizer) and us dated September 19, 2008 relating to the development and
commercialization of ELADUR. As a result, we recognized as revenue all of the remaining upfront fees in 2012 that had
previously been deferred.
(3) Amounts related to ratable recognition of upfront fees were $3.7 million in 2012, $1.2 million in 2011 and 2010. In October
2011, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited acquired Nycomed and thereby assumed the rights and obligations of Nycomed
under the agreements we formerly had in place with Nycomed. In January 2012, we were notified that Nycomed was
terminating the Development and License Agreement between Nycomed and us dated November 26, 2006, as amended, relating
to the development and commercialization of POSIDUR (SABER-Bupivacaine) in Europe and their other licensed territories.
As a result, we recognized as revenue all of the remaining upfront fees in 2012 that had previously been deferred.
(4) Amounts related to ratable recognition of upfront fees were $312,000 in 2012, $147,000 in 2011, and zero in 2010. A
development and license agreement with Zogenix was entered into in July 2011; we and Zogenix had previously been working
together under a feasibility agreement pursuant to which our research and development costs were reimbursed by Zogenix.
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We recorded $42.5 million, $22.4 million and $20.1 million of collaborative research and development revenue in 2012, 2011
and 2010, respectively. The increase in collaborative research and development revenue in 2012 compared with 2011 was primarily
attributable to revenue of $35.4 million recognized as a result of the termination of our agreements with Nycomed (with respect to
POSIDUR), Pfizer (with respect to ELADUR) and Hospira (with respect to POSIDUR) in the first quarter of 2012; the termination of
the agreements and the related recognition of deferred revenue did not result in additional cash proceeds to us. Excluding the impact of
recognition of the upfront fees from our agreements with collaborative partners in 2012 and 2011, collaborative research and
development revenue decreased in 2012 due to lower revenue recognized from our agreements with Hospira, Pfizer (with respect to
ELADUR) and Zogenix as the development activities for POSIDUR, ELADUR, Relday and other feasibility partners decreased in
2012 compared with 2011, partially offset by higher collaborative research and development revenue recognized in connection with
our agreements with Pfizer (with respect to REMOXY) in 2012.
The increase in collaborative research and development revenue in 2011 compared with 2010 was primarily attributable to
higher revenue recognized in connection with our agreements with, Hospira, Zogenix and other feasibility partners, partially offset by
lower collaborative research and development revenue from Pfizer, Nycomed and Pain Therapeutics.
We received a $2.25 million upfront fee in connection with the development and license agreement signed with Zogenix in July
2011 relating to Relday. The $2.25 million upfront fee is recognized as collaborative research and development revenue ratably over
the term of our continuing involvement with Zogenix with respect to Relday. At December 31, 2012, $459,000 of the $2.25 million
upfront fee had been recognized as revenue.
We also received a $27.5 million upfront fee in connection with the development and license agreement signed with Hospira in
June 2010 relating to POSIDUR. The $27.5 million upfront fee had been recognized as collaborative research and development
revenue ratably over the term of our continuing involvement with Hospira with respect to POSIDUR. Our estimate of the remaining
term of our continuing involvement was revised in the first quarter of 2012 as a result of Hospira’s termination notice received by us
in March 2012. At December 31, 2012, all of the $27.5 million upfront fee had been recognized as revenue.
We also received a $20.0 million upfront fee in connection with the development and license agreement signed with Alpharma
(acquired by King which was subsequently acquired by Pfizer) in September 2008 relating to ELADUR. The $20.0 million upfront fee
had been recognized as collaborative research and development revenue ratably over the term of our continuing involvement with
Alpharma with respect to ELADUR. Our estimate of the remaining term of our continuing involvement was revised in the first quarter
of 2012 as a result of Pfizer’s termination notice received by us in February 2012. At December 31, 2012, all of the $20.0 million
upfront fee had been recognized as revenue.
We also received a $14.0 million upfront fee in connection with the development and license agreement signed with Nycomed
in November 2006 relating to POSIDUR. The $14.0 million upfront fee had been recognized as collaborative research and
development revenue ratably over the term of our continuing involvement with Nycomed with respect to POSIDUR. Our estimate of
the remaining term of our continuing involvement was revised in the first quarter of 2012 as a result of Nycomed’s termination notice
received by us in January 2012. At December 31, 2012, all of the $14.0 million upfront fee had been recognized as revenue.
Product revenue
A portion of our revenues is derived from our product sales, which include our ALZET mini pump product line, our LACTEL
biodegradable polymer product line and certain excipients that are included in REMOXY. Net product revenues were $10.6 million,
$11.1 million and $11.5 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
58
The decrease in product revenue in 2012 compared to 2011 was primarily attributable to lower product revenue from the sale of
certain excipients included in REMOXY to Pfizer and from our ALZET mini pump product line as a result of fewer units sold,
partially offset by higher product revenue from our LACTEL polymer product line due to higher units sold compared to 2011.
Revenues in 2012 included $48,000 in product revenue related to the shipments of excipients included in REMOXY, compared to
$490,000 in 2011.
The decrease in product revenue in 2011 compared to 2010 was primarily attributable to lower product revenue from the sale of
certain excipients included in REMOXY and our LACTEL polymer product line as a result of lower units sold, partially offset by
higher product revenue from our ALZET mini pump product line as a result of higher selling prices compared to 2010. Product
revenues in 2011 included $490,000 of product revenue related to the shipments of excipients included in REMOXY. Product
revenues in 2010 included $551,000 related to a price settlement for shipments to Pfizer that occurred in 2008 and the first quarter of
2009 pursuant to the long term supply agreement executed in the third quarter of 2009 as well as $410,000 of product revenue related
to the shipment of another excipient that is included in REMOXY in 2010.
Cost of product revenues
Cost of product revenues was $4.7 million, $4.7 million and $4.3 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Cost of product
revenues include the cost of product revenue from our ALZET product line, our LACTEL product line and certain excipients that are
included in REMOXY.
The cost of product revenue in 2012 and 2011 was comparable primarily due to lower cost of goods sold related to the sale of
certain excipients to Pfizer and related to our ALZET product line arising from lower units sold, partially offset by the result of higher
manufacturing costs associated with our LACTEL product line due to higher units sold in 2012 compared to 2011. Cost of product
revenue and gross profit margin will fluctuate from period to period depending upon the product mix in a particular period.
The increase in the cost of product revenue in 2011 compared to 2010 was primarily the result of higher manufacturing costs
associated with our ALZET product line, partially offset by lower units sold from our LACTEL product line and slightly lower cost of
goods sold associated with the sale of certain excipients for REMOXY. Cost of product revenue and gross profit margin will fluctuate
from period to period depending upon the product mix in a particular period.
Stock-based compensation expense recognized related to cost of product revenues was $244,000, $328,000 and $341,000 in
2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
As of December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, we had 24, 24 and 25 manufacturing employees, respectively. As of February 28,
2013, we had 22 employees in manufacturing, which we expect will remain comparable in the near future.
Research and Development. Research and development expenses are primarily comprised of salaries, benefits, stock-based
compensation and other compensation cost associated with research and development personnel, overhead and facility costs,
preclinical and non-clinical development costs, clinical trial and related clinical manufacturing costs, contract services, and other
outside costs. Research and development expenses were $20.3 million, $34.1 million and $36.2 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010.
Stock-based compensation expense recognized related to research and development personnel was $2.6 million, $4.2 million and $4.9
million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
Research and development expenses decreased by $13.8 million in 2012 compared to 2011. The decrease in 2012 was primarily
attributable to lower development costs associated with POSIDUR, depot injectable programs, REMOXY, Relday, ORADUR-ADHD,
TRANSDUR-Sufentanil and ELADUR, partially offset by higher development costs associated with other research programs
compared to 2011 as more fully discussed below.
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Research and development expenses decreased by $2.2 million in 2011 compared to 2010. The decrease in 2011 was primarily
attributable to lower development costs associated with our depot injectable programs, REMOXY, ORADUR-ADHD, TRANSDUR-
Sufentanil, ELADUR, and other research programs, partially offset by higher development costs associated with POSIDUR and
Relday compared to 2010 as more fully discussed below.
Research and development expenses associated with our major development programs are as follows (in thousands):
POSIDUR(1) ................................................................................................
Depot Injectable Programs ...........................................................................
REMOXY and other ORADUR-based opioid products (1) .........................
Relday (1) .....................................................................................................
ORADUR-ADHD ........................................................................................
TRANSDUR-Sufentanil (1) .........................................................................
ELADUR(1) .................................................................................................
Others ...........................................................................................................
Total research and development expenses ....................................................
2012
$ 9,700
2,503
2,164
1,638
509
254
200
3,297
$ 20,265
Year Ended December 31,
2011
$ 18,691
4,658
2,684
2,515
1,048
812
1,456
2,189
$ 34,053
2010
$ 16,017
6,250
3,710
853
1,382
871
3,420
3,711
$ 36,214
(1) See Note 2 Strategic Agreements in the financial statements for more details about our agreements with Hospira, Nycomed,
Pfizer, Pain Therapeutics, Zogenix and Endo.
POSIDUR
Our research and development expenses for POSIDUR decreased to $9.7 million in 2012 from $18.7 million in 2011, primarily
due to lower clinical trial expenses related to POSIDUR in 2012 as we largely completed the Phase III clinical study for POSIDUR in
the fourth quarter of 2011.
Our research and development expenses for POSIDUR increased to $18.7 million in 2011 from $16.0 million in 2010, primarily
due to higher costs associated with our Phase III clinical trial and higher employee-related costs for POSIDUR compared to 2010.
Depot Injectable programs
Our research and development expenses for depot injectable programs decreased to $2.5 million in 2012 from $4.7 million in
2011 primarily due to lower employee-related costs and lower external costs for these programs in 2012 compared to 2011.
Our research and development expenses for depot injectable programs decreased to $4.7 million in 2011 from $6.3 million in
2010 primarily due to lower employee-related costs and lower external costs for these programs in 2011 compared to 2010.
REMOXY and other ORADUR-based opioid products
Our research and development expenses for REMOXY and other ORADUR-based opioids decreased to $2.2 million in 2012
from $2.7 million in 2011, primarily due to decreased development support activities for REMOXY in 2012.
Our research and development expenses for REMOXY and other ORADUR-based opioids decreased to $2.7 million in 2011
from $3.7 million in 2010, primarily due to decreased activities to support the resubmission of the REMOXY NDA which occurred in
December 2010.
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Relday
Our research and development expenses for Relday decreased to $1.6 million in 2012 from $2.5 million in 2011 primarily due to
decreased formulation development activities and non-clinical studies associated with Relday as Zogenix filed an IND for Relday in
the second quarter of 2012.
Our research and development expenses for Relday increased to $2.5 million in 2011 from $853,000 in 2010 primarily due to
higher employee-related cost as well as higher costs related to formulation development and non-clinical studies associated with
Relday in 2011 compared with 2010.
ORADUR-ADHD
Our research and development expenses for ORADUR-ADHD decreased to $509,000 in 2012 from $1.0 million in 2011,
primarily due to lower employee-related costs incurred for this program.
Our research and development expenses for ORADUR-ADHD decreased to $1.0 million in 2011 from $1.4 million in 2010,
primarily due to lower employee-related costs incurred for this program in 2011.
TRANSDUR-Sufentanil
Our research and development expenses for TRANSDUR-Sufentanil decreased to $254,000 in 2012 from $812,000 in 2011,
primarily due to decreased external costs and employee-related costs for this drug candidate in 2012 compared with 2011.
Our research and development expenses for TRANSDUR-Sufentanil decreased to $812,000 in 2011 from $871,000 in 2010,
primarily due to decreased external costs and employee-related costs for this drug candidate in 2011 compared with 2010.
ELADUR
Our research and development expenses for ELADUR decreased to $200,000 in 2012 from $1.5 million in 2011, primarily due
to lower employee-related costs, non-clinical studies and contract manufacturing expenses related to this drug candidate.
Our research and development expenses for ELADUR decreased to $1.5 million in 2011 from $3.4 million in 2010, primarily
due to lower employee-related costs and lower contract manufacturing expenses related to this product candidate.
Other DURECT Research Programs
Our research and development expenses for all other activities increased to $3.3 million in 2012 from $2.2 million in 2011,
primarily due to increased contract research costs and higher employee-related costs for these research programs in 2012 compared
with 2011.
Our research and development expenses for all other activities decreased to $2.2 million in 2011 from $3.7 million in 2010,
primarily due to lower employee-related costs and decreased formulation and development activities for these programs.
As of December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, we had 54, 72 and 76 research and development employees respectively. As of
February 28, 2013, we had 54 employees in research and development, which we expect will remain comparable in the near future.
We expect research and development expenses to decrease in 2013 compared to 2012.
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We cannot reasonably estimate the timing and costs of our research and development programs due to the risks and uncertainties
associated with developing pharmaceutical systems as outlined in the “Risk Factors” section of this report. The duration of
development of our research and development programs may span as many as ten years or more, and estimation of completion dates
or costs to complete would be highly speculative and subjective due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with
developing pharmaceutical products, including significant and changing government regulation, the uncertainties of future preclinical
and clinical study results, the uncertainties with our collaborators’ commitment to and progress in the programs and the uncertainties
associated with process development and manufacturing as well as sales and marketing. In addition, with respect to our development
programs subject to third-party collaborations, the timing and expenditures to complete the programs are subject to the control of our
collaborators. Therefore, we cannot reasonably estimate the timing and estimated costs of the efforts necessary to complete the
research and development programs. For additional information regarding these risks and uncertainties, see “Risk Factors” above.
Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expenses are primarily comprised of salaries, benefits
and stock-based compensation associated with finance, legal, business development, sales and marketing and other administrative
personnel, overhead and facility costs, and other general and administrative costs. Selling, general and administrative expenses were
$12.1 million, $13.6 million and $14.9 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense recognized
related to selling, general and administrative personnel was $1.5 million, $2.1 million and $2.5 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010,
respectively.
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $1.5 million in 2012 compared to 2011, due to lower stock-based
compensation expenses related to selling, general and administrative personnel as well as lower other employee-related costs and
patent related expenses incurred in 2012 compared to 2011.
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $1.3 million in 2011 compared to 2010, due to lower stock-based
compensation expenses related to selling, general and administrative personnel as well as lower employee-related costs and patent
related expenses incurred in 2011 compared to 2010.
As of December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, we had 26, 28 and 29 selling, general and administrative personnel, respectively. As
of February 28, 2013, we had 26 employees in selling, general and administrative, which we expect will remain comparable in the
near future. We expect selling, general and administrative expenses to be comparable in 2013 compared to 2012.
Other Income (Expense). Interest and other income was $151,000, $134,000 and $943,000 in 2012, 2011 and 2010,
respectively. In 2010, we received grants totaling $733,000 under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 for three
qualifying therapeutic discovery projects in the fourth quarter of 2010. We did not receive any grants in 2012 or 2011.
Interest and other expense was $7,000, $46,000 and $6,000 in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
Income taxes. As of December 31, 2012, we had net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of
approximately $241.6 million, which expire in the years 2018 through 2032, and federal research and development tax credits of
approximately $7.4 million, which expire at various dates beginning in 2018 through 2031, if not utilized. As of December 31, 2012,
we had NOL carryforwards for state income tax purposes of approximately $173.8 million, which expire in the years 2013 through
2032, and state research and development tax credits of approximately $8.5 million, which do not expire. Utilization of the net
operating losses may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to federal and state ownership change limitations. The annual
limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization.
As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had net deferred tax assets of $110.3 million and $120.9 million, respectively. Deferred
tax assets reflect the net tax effects of net operating loss and credit carryforwards and the temporary differences between the carrying
amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and the
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amounts used for income tax purposes. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, the timing and
amount of which are uncertain. Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance.
Because realization of such tax benefits is uncertain, we provided a 100% valuation allowance as of December 31, 2012 and
2011. Utilization of the NOL and R&D credits carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership
change limitations that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future provided by Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986, as well as similar state and foreign provisions. These ownership changes may limit the amount of NOL and
R&D credits carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an ownership
change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public groups in the
stock of a corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. Since our formation, we have raised capital through
the issuance of capital stock on several occasions which, combined with the purchasing shareholders’ subsequent disposition of those
shares, may have resulted in a change of control, as defined by Section 382, or could result in a change of control in the future upon
subsequent disposition. In addition, we issued $60.0 million of convertible notes in 2003 and subsequently all of these notes had been
converted as of December 31, 2008 into our common stock. We also issued approximately 4.4 million shares of our common stock to
an institutional investor in connection with an equity financing in September 2009. In December 2012, we completed an underwritten
public offering in which we sold an aggregate of 14,000,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to an effective registration
statement. These transactions may also have resulted in a change of control as defined by Section 382 or could result in a change of
control in the future upon the subsequent disposition of the shares.
We have not currently completed a study to assess whether a change in control has occurred or whether there have been multiple
changes of control since our formation due to the significant complexity and cost associated with such a study and the fact that there
could be additional changes in the future. If we have experienced a change of control at any time since our formation, utilization of
our NOL or R&D credits carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Sections 382 and 383 which is determined by
first multiplying the value of our stock at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate, and then
could be subject to additional adjustments, as required. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of our NOL or R&D
credits carryforwards before utilization. Tax years 1998 to 2012 remain subject to future examination by the major tax jurisdictions in
which we are subject to tax.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We had cash, cash equivalents, and investments totaling $28.9 million and $30.8 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011,
respectively. This includes $400,000 and $868,000 of interest-bearing marketable securities classified as restricted investments on our
balance sheet as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, which primarily serve as collateral for letters of credit securing our
leased facilities in Alabama and California. The letter of credit for our leased facility in Alabama will expire in July 2021 and the letter
of credit for our leased facility in California expired in the first quarter of 2012.
We used $13.4 million and $17.4 million cash in operating activities in the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011,
respectively, and received $7.8 million of cash in operating activities in the year ended December 31, 2010. The cash used for
operations was primarily to fund operations as well as our working capital requirements. Our cash used in operating activities differs
from our net income (loss) primarily due to the timing and recognition of up-front payments under collaborative agreements. Upfront
payments received upon execution of collaborative agreements are recorded as deferred revenue and generally recognized on a
straight-line basis over the period of our continuing involvement with the third-party collaborator pursuant to the applicable
agreement. The net income of $16.2 million in 2012 was largely a result of the accelerated recognition of $35.4 million in deferred
revenue associated with up-front fees previously received from terminated collaboration agreements;
63
such revenue is non-recurring and has no cash flow impact on our financial statements in 2012. The decrease in cash used for
operations was mainly attributable to the increase in accounts receivable, partially offset by the decrease in contract research liability
and deferred revenue in 2012 compared to 2011. The increase in cash used in operations in 2011 compared with 2010 was primarily
attributable to the increases in prepaid expenses and other assets and accounts receivable, offset by the decreases in accrued liabilities
and deferred revenue in 2011 compared with 2010.
We generated $3.9 million and $14.7 million of cash from investing activities in the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011,
respectively, but used $6.1 million of cash in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2010. The decrease in cash received
from investing activities in 2012 compared to 2011 was primarily due to a decrease in net proceeds from maturities of available-for-
sale securities, partially offset by a decrease in purchases of property and equipment for in 2012 compared to 2011. The increase in
cash generated from investing activities in 2011 compared to 2010 was primarily due to an increase in net proceeds from maturities of
available-for-sale securities, partially offset by an increase in purchases of property and equipment in 2011 compared to 2010. We
anticipate incurring capital expenditures of approximately $100,000 over the next 12 months. The actual amount and timing of other
capital expenditures will depend, among other things, on the success of clinical trials for our product candidates and our collaborative
research and development activities.
We generated $11.8 million, $1.1 million and $517,000 million of cash from financing activities in the years ended
December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The increase in cash provided by financing activities in 2012 compared to 2011 was
primarily due to approximately $11.6 million of cash received from an equity financing in 2012, partially offset by lower proceeds
from exercises of stock options in 2012 compared to 2011. The increase in cash provided by financing activities in 2011 was primarily
due to higher proceeds from exercises of stock options compared with 2010. In May 2012, we filed a new shelf registration statement
on Form S-3 with the SEC, which upon being declared effective in May 2012, allowed us to offer up to $50 million of securities from
time to time in one or more public offerings of our common stock. In December 2012, we completed an underwritten public offering
in which we sold an aggregate of 14,000,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to an effective registration statement at a price to
the public of $0.90 per share. We received net proceeds of approximately $11.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and
commissions and estimated offering expenses.
Cash used in our operating activities is heavily influenced by the timing and structure of new corporate collaborations. While
one feature of our business strategy is seeking new corporate collaborations, assuming no new collaborations and no milestone
payments, we anticipate that cash used in operating activities will increase in the near term as a higher proportion of our research and
development efforts are self-funded rather than covered by collaborative partners. In aggregate, we are required to make future
payments pursuant to our existing contractual obligations as follows (in thousands):
Contractual Obligations
Capital lease(1) ....................................................................
Purchase commitments ........................................................
Operating lease obligations ..................................................
Total contractual cash obligations ........................................
2013
$
14
500
1,559
$2,073
2014
$ 14
500
454
$968
2015
$ 14
500
286
$800
2016
$ 7
500
293
$800
2017
$—
500
300
$800
2018 and
thereafter
$ —
500
1,141
$1,641
Total
$ 49
3,000
4,033
$7,082
(1)
Includes principal and interest payments.
We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments will be sufficient to fund our planned operations, existing
debt and contractual commitments and planned capital expenditures through at least the next 12 months. We may consume available
resources more rapidly than currently anticipated, resulting in the need for additional funding. Additionally, we do not expect to
generate significant revenues from our pharmaceutical
64
systems currently under development for at least the next twelve months, if at all. Depending on whether we enter into additional
collaborative agreements in the near term and the extent to which we earn milestone revenues, we may be required to raise additional
capital through a variety of sources, including:
the public equity markets;
private equity financings;
collaborative arrangements; and/or
public or private debt.
There can be no assurance that we will enter into additional collaborative agreements in the near term, will earn milestone
revenues or additional capital will be available on favorable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to
significantly reduce or refocus our operations or to obtain funds through arrangements that may require us to relinquish rights to
certain of our products, technologies or potential markets, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition and results of operations. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible
debt securities, the issuance of such securities would result in ownership dilution to our existing stockholders.
Our cash and investments policy emphasizes liquidity and preservation of principal over other portfolio considerations. We
select investments that maximize interest income to the extent possible given these two constraints. We satisfy liquidity requirements
by investing excess cash in securities with different maturities to match projected cash needs and limit concentration of credit risk by
diversifying our investments among a variety of high credit-quality issuers.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have not utilized “off-balance sheet” arrangements to fund our operations or otherwise manage our financial position.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio. Fixed rate securities and
borrowings may have their fair market value adversely impacted due to fluctuations in interest rates, while floating rate securities may
produce less income than expected if interest rates fall and floating rate borrowings may lead to additional interest expense if interest
rates increase. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates
or we may suffer losses in principal if forced to sell securities which have declined in market value due to changes in interest rates.
Our primary investment objective is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing yields without significantly
increasing risk. Our portfolio includes money markets funds, commercial paper, medium-term notes, corporate notes, government
securities and corporate bonds. The diversity of our portfolio helps us to achieve our investment objectives. As of December 31, 2012,
approximately 63% of our investment portfolio is composed of investments with original maturities of one year or less and
approximately 36% of our investment portfolio matures less than 90 days from the date of purchase.
65
The following table presents the amounts of our cash equivalents and investments that may be subject to interest rate risk and
the average interest rates as of December 31, 2012 by year of maturity (dollars in thousands):
Cash equivalents:
Fixed rate .........................................................................................................................
Average fixed rate ...........................................................................................................
Variable rate ....................................................................................................................
Average variable rate .......................................................................................................
Short-term investments:
Fixed rate .........................................................................................................................
Average fixed rate ...........................................................................................................
Restricted investments:
Fixed rate .........................................................................................................................
Average fixed rate ...........................................................................................................
Total investment securities ....................................................................................
Average rate ..............................................................................................................................
2013
2014
Total
$ 5,663
0.18%
$ 4,204
0.04%
$ 17,337
0.27%
$
400
0.10%
$ 27,604
0.26%
$ —
—
$ —
—
$ —
—
$ —
—
$ —
—
$ 5,663
0.18%
$ 4,204
0.04%
$ 17,337
0.27%
$
400
0.10%
$ 27,604
0.26%
The following table presents the amounts of our cash equivalents and investments that may be subject to interest rate risk and
the average interest rates as of December 31, 2011 by year of maturity (dollars in thousands):
Cash equivalents:
Fixed rate .....................................................................................................................
Average fixed rate .......................................................................................................
Variable rate ................................................................................................................
Average variable rate ...................................................................................................
Short-term investments:
Fixed rate .....................................................................................................................
Average fixed rate .......................................................................................................
Long-term investments:
Fixed rate .....................................................................................................................
Average fixed rate .......................................................................................................
Restricted investments:
Fixed rate .....................................................................................................................
Average fixed rate .......................................................................................................
Total investment securities ................................................................................
Average rate ..........................................................................................................................
2012
2013
Total
$ 2,350
0.28%
$ 3,635
0.01%
$ 19,535
0.33%
$ —
—
$ —
—
$ —
—
$ 2,350
0.28%
$ 3,635
0.01%
$ 19,535
0.33%
$
—
—
$1,530
0.53%
$ 1,530
0.53%
$
868
0.11%
$ 26,388
0.30%
$ —
—
$1,530
0.53%
$
868
0.11%
$ 27,918
0.32%
66
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
DURECT CORPORATION
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ..................................................................................................
Balance Sheets .......................................................................................................................................................................
Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) ..............................................................................................
Statements of Stockholders’ Equity .......................................................................................................................................
Statements of Cash Flows ......................................................................................................................................................
Notes to Financial Statements ................................................................................................................................................
Page No.
68
69
70
71
72
73
67
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of DURECT Corporation
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of DURECT Corporation as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related
statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the
period ended December 31, 2012. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2). These
financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on
these financial statements and schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).
Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are
free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the
financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management,
as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our
opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of
DURECT Corporation at December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years
in the period ended December 31, 2012, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the
related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in
all material respects the information set forth therein.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States),
DURECT Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal
Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report
dated March 1, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
Redwood City, California
March 1, 2013
68
DURECT CORPORATION
BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Current assets:
A S S E T S
Cash and cash equivalents ...................................................................................................................
Short-term investments ........................................................................................................................
Short-term restricted investments ........................................................................................................
Accounts receivable (net of allowances of $154 at December 31, 2012 and $98 at December 31,
2011) ...............................................................................................................................................
Inventories ...........................................................................................................................................
Prepaid expenses and other current assets ...........................................................................................
Total current assets ....................................................................................................................
Property and equipment, net .........................................................................................................................
Goodwill .......................................................................................................................................................
Intangible assets, net .....................................................................................................................................
Long-term investments .................................................................................................................................
Long-term restricted investments ..................................................................................................................
Other long-term assets ..................................................................................................................................
Total assets .................................................................................................................................
L I A B I L I T I E S A N D S T O C K H O L D E R S’ E Q U I T Y
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable ................................................................................................................................
Accrued liabilities................................................................................................................................
Contract research liabilities .................................................................................................................
Deferred revenue, current portion .......................................................................................................
Total current liabilities ...............................................................................................................
Deferred revenue, non-current portion ..........................................................................................................
Other long-term liabilities .............................................................................................................................
Commitments
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value: 200,000 shares authorized; 101,880 and 87,547 shares issued
and outstanding at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively ......................................................
Additional paid-in capital ....................................................................................................................
Accumulated other comprehensive income .........................................................................................
Accumulated deficit ............................................................................................................................
Stockholders’ equity .....................................................................................................................................
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity ...................................................................................
December 31,
2012
2011
$ 11,195
17,337
—
2,166
3,399
2,258
36,355
2,457
6,399
36
—
400
288
$ 45,935
$
8,896
19,535
367
3,448
3,252
1,803
37,301
3,124
6,399
53
1,530
501
288
$ 49,196
$
1,785
3,997
483
662
6,927
1,480
1,197
$
1,274
4,884
1,361
7,372
14,891
30,090
738
10
375,658
6
(339,343)
36,331
$ 45,935
9
359,006
5
(355,543)
3,477
$ 49,196
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
69
DURECT CORPORATION
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Collaborative research and development and other revenue ................................................
Product revenue, net.............................................................................................................
Total revenues ......................................................................................................................
Operating expenses:
Cost of product revenues ............................................................................................
Research and development .........................................................................................
Selling, general and administrative ............................................................................
Total operating expenses ......................................................................................................
Income (loss) from operations .............................................................................................
Other income (expense):
Interest and other income ...........................................................................................
Interest and other expense ..........................................................................................
Net other income (expense) .................................................................................................
Net income (loss) .................................................................................................................
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, net of tax .................
Total comprehensive income (loss) .....................................................................................
Net income (loss) per share
Basic ...........................................................................................................................
Diluted ........................................................................................................................
Weighted-average shares used in computing net income (loss) per share
Basic ...........................................................................................................................
Diluted ........................................................................................................................
Year ended December 31,
2011
$ 22,360
11,127
33,487
2010
$ 20,091
11,500
31,591
2012
$ 42,494
10,576
53,070
4,654
20,265
12,095
37,014
16,056
151
(7)
144
$ 16,200
1
$ 16,201
4,713
34,053
13,574
52,340
(18,853)
134
(46)
88
$ (18,765)
(1)
$ (18,766)
4,275
36,214
14,937
55,426
(23,835)
943
(6)
937
$ (22,898)
(4)
$ (22,902)
$ 0.18
$ 0.18
$
$
(0.21)
(0.21)
$
$
(0.26)
(0.26)
88,433
88,589
87,410
87,410
86,868
86,868
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
70
DURECT CORPORATION
STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2009 ...........................................................................................
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and purchases of ESPP
shares ..............................................................................................................................
Stock-based compensation expense from stock options and ESPP shares ..........................
Net income (loss) ................................................................................................................
Change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of tax ................................
Balance at December 31, 2010 ...........................................................................................
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and purchases of ESPP
shares ..............................................................................................................................
Stock-based compensation expense from stock options and ESPP shares ..........................
Net income (loss) ................................................................................................................
Change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of tax ................................
Balance at December 31, 2011 ...........................................................................................
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and purchases of ESPP
shares ..............................................................................................................................
Issuance of common stock upon equity financing, net of issuance cost of $983 ................
Stock-based compensation expense from stock options and ESPP shares ..........................
Net income ..........................................................................................................................
Change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of tax ................................
Balance at December 31, 2012 ...........................................................................................
Common Stock
Shares
86,755
298
—
—
—
87,053
494
—
—
—
87,547
333
14,000
—
—
—
101,880
Amount
8
$
—
—
—
—
8
1
—
—
—
9
—
1
—
—
—
10
$
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
$341,705
565
8,981
—
—
351,251
1,125
6,630
—
—
359,006
231
11,616
4,805
—
—
$375,658
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
$ 10
—
—
—
(4)
6
—
—
—
(1)
5
—
—
—
—
1
$ 6
Accumulated
Deficit
$ (313,880)
—
—
(22,898)
—
(336,778)
—
—
(18,765)
—
(355,543)
—
—
—
16,200
—
$ (339,343)
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
$ 27,843
565
8,981
(22,898)
(4)
14,487
1,126
6,630
(18,765)
(1)
3,477
231
11,617
4,805
16,200
1
$ 36,331
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
71
DURECT CORPORATION
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income (loss) ........................................................................................................................
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash (used in) provided by operating
activities:
Depreciation and amortization ..........................................................................................
Stock-based compensation ................................................................................................
Loss (gain) on impairment and disposal of fixed assets ....................................................
Inventory write-off ............................................................................................................
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable .................................................................................................
Inventories ...............................................................................................................
Prepaid expenses and other assets ............................................................................
Accounts payable .....................................................................................................
Accrued liabilities ....................................................................................................
Contract research liability ........................................................................................
Deferred revenue......................................................................................................
Total adjustments ...........................................................................................
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities........................................
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment .........................................................................................
Purchases of available-for-sale securities ...................................................................................
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities ...................................................................
Proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities ...........................................................
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities ........................................
Cash flows from financing activities
Payments on equipment financing obligations ...........................................................................
Net proceeds from issuances of common stock upon exercise of stock options and purchases
of ESPP shares .......................................................................................................................
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with equity financing ..................
Net cash provided by financing activities .......................................................
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents .................................................................
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year ..........................................................................
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year ....................................................................................
Year ended December 31,
2011
2010
2012
$ 16,200
$ (18,765)
$ (22,898)
964
4,320
(73)
193
1,282
(353)
(372)
511
78
(878)
(35,320)
(29,648)
(13,448)
(290)
(25,155)
0
29,352
3,907
1,176
6,641
8
242
268
(670)
1,099
293
(1,464)
(748)
(5,466)
1,379
(17,386)
(2,467)
(30,320)
349
47,172
14,734
2,251
7,802
74
249
(2,016)
(303)
(1,405)
(38)
2,246
1,119
20,682
30,661
7,763
(256)
(67,150)
2,207
59,069
(6,130)
(8)
(15)
(48)
231
11,617
11,840
2,299
8,896
$ 11,195
1,126
—
1,111
(1,541)
10,437
$ 8,896
565
—
517
2,150
8,287
$ 10,437
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest ..................................................................................................................
$
7
$
5
$
5
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
72
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations
DURECT Corporation (the Company) was incorporated in the state of Delaware on February 6, 1998. The Company is a
pharmaceutical company developing therapies based on its proprietary drug formulations and delivery platform technologies. The
Company has several products under development by itself and with third party collaborators. The Company also manufactures and
sells osmotic pumps used in laboratory research, and designs, develops and manufactures a wide range of standard and custom
biodegradable polymers and excipients for pharmaceutical and medical device clients for use as raw materials in their products. In
addition, the Company conducts research and development of pharmaceutical products in collaboration with third party
pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.
Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates
The Company’s financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles
(U.S. GAAP). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and
assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of
the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ
materially from those estimates.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase to be cash
equivalents. Investments with original maturities of greater than 90 days from the date of purchase but less than one year from the
balance sheet date are classified as short-term investments, while investments with maturities in one year or beyond one year from the
balance sheet date are classified as long-term investments. Management determines the appropriate classification of its cash
equivalents and investment securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such determination as of each balance sheet date.
Management has classified the Company’s cash equivalents and investments as available-for-sale securities in the accompanying
financial statements. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of
accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains and losses are included in interest income. There were no material
realized gains or losses in the periods presented. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.
The Company invests in debt instruments of government agencies and corporations, and money market funds with high credit
ratings. The Company has established guidelines regarding diversification of its investments and their maturities with the objectives of
maintaining safety and liquidity, while maximizing yield.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of interest-bearing investments and
trade receivables. The Company maintains cash, cash equivalents and investments with various major financial institutions. The
Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of these financial institutions and limits the amount of credit
exposure with any one institution. In addition, the Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit quality of its
investments.
Pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions account for a substantial portion of the Company’s trade receivables. The
Company provides credit in the normal course of business to its customers and collateral
73
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
for these receivables is generally not required. The risk associated with this concentration is limited due to the large number of
accounts and their geographic dispersion. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of its customers to which it grants credit terms
in the normal course of business. The Company maintains reserves for estimated credit losses and, to date, such losses have been
within management’s expectations.
Customer and Product Line Concentrations
A portion of the Company’s revenue is derived from its ALZET mini pump product line, LACTEL biodegradable polymer
product line and the sale of certain excipients for REMOXY. In 2012, revenue from the ALZET product line and the LACTEL
product line accounted for 13% and 7% of total revenue, respectively. In 2011, revenue from the ALZET product line and the
LACTEL product line accounted for 22% and 9% of total revenue, respectively. In 2010, revenue from the ALZET product line and
the LACTEL product line accounted for 22% and 11% of total revenue, respectively. Total revenue in 2012 reflected one-time
recognition of $35.4 million of collaborative research and development revenue as a result of the termination of the Company’s
agreements with Nycomed, Pfizer and Hospira.
In 2012, Hospira and Pfizer accounted for 45% and 22% of the Company’s total revenues, respectively. In 2011, Hospira and
Pfizer accounted for 34% and 16% of the Company’s total revenues, respectively. In 2010, Pfizer (King) and Hospira accounted for
33% and 18% of the Company’s total revenues, respectively.
Total revenue by geographic region for the years 2012, 2011 and 2010 are as follows (in thousands):
United States ...................................................................................
Europe .............................................................................................
Japan ...............................................................................................
Other ...............................................................................................
Total ......................................................................................
Revenue by geography is determined by the location of the customer.
Year ended December 31,
2011
$ 27,782
3,651
1,183
871
$ 33,487
2012
$ 44,687
6,285
1,151
947
$ 53,070
2010
$ 25,459
4,436
863
833
$ 31,591
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market, with cost determined on a first-in, first-out basis. The Company’s
inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):
Raw materials ..............................................................................................................
Work in-process ...........................................................................................................
Finished goods .............................................................................................................
Total inventories .................................................................................................
December 31,
2012
$1,149
1,011
1,239
$3,399
2011
$ 841
1,172
1,239
$3,252
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, which is computed using the straight-line method over
the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to five years. Leasehold
74
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, or the terms of the related
leases, whichever are shorter.
Acquired Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Acquired intangible assets consist of patents, developed technology, trademarks and customer lists related to the Company’s
acquisitions accounted for using the purchase method. Amortization of these purchased intangibles is calculated on a straight-line
basis over the respective estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from four to seven years. The Company assesses goodwill for
impairment at least annually.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews long-lived assets, including property and equipment, intangible assets, and other long-term assets, for
impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully
recoverable.
An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the
asset and its eventual disposition is less than its carrying amount. Impairment, if any, is calculated as the amount by which an asset’s
carrying value exceeds its fair value, typically using discounted cash flows to determine fair value. Through December 31, 2012, there
have been no material impairment losses.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for share-based payments using a fair-value based method for costs related to all share-based payments,
including stock options and stock issued under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan (ESPP). The Company estimates the fair
value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. See Note 8 for further information regarding
stock-based compensation.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue from the sale of products is recognized when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, the product is
shipped and title transfers to customers, provided no continuing obligation on the Company’s part exists, the price is fixed or
determinable and the collectability of the amounts owed is reasonably assured. The Company enters into license and collaboration
agreements under which it may receive upfront license fees, research funding and contingent milestone payments and royalties. The
Company’s deliverables under these arrangements typically consist of granting licenses to intellectual property rights and providing
research and development services. The accounting standards contain a presumption that separate contracts entered into at or near the
same time with the same entity or related parties were negotiated as a package and should be evaluated as a single agreement.
In the first quarter of 2011, the Company adopted ASU No. 2009-13, Revenue Recognition—Multiple Deliverable Revenue
Arrangements (ASU 2009-13) for multiple deliverable revenue arrangements, on a prospective basis, for applicable transactions
originating or materially modified on or subsequent to January 1, 2011. ASU 2009-13 provides application guidance on whether
multiple deliverables exist, how the deliverables should be separated and how the consideration should be allocated to one or more
units of accounting. This update changes the requirements for establishing separate units of accounting in a multiple element
arrangement and establishes a selling price hierarchy for determining the selling price of a deliverable. The selling price used
75
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
for each deliverable is based on vendor-specific objective evidence, if available, third-party evidence if vendor-specific objective
evidence is not available, or estimated selling price if neither vendor-specific nor third-party evidence is available. Implementation of
ASU 2009-13 has had no impact on the Company’s reported revenue as compared to revenue under previous guidance. Under ASU
2009-13, the Company may be required to exercise considerable judgment in determining the estimated selling price of delivered
items under new agreements and the Company’s revenue under new agreements may be more accelerated as compared to the prior
accounting standard.
For multiple element arrangements entered into prior to January 1, 2011, the Company determined whether the elements had
value on a stand-alone basis and whether there was objective and reliable evidence of fair value. When the delivered element did not
have stand-alone value or there was insufficient evidence of fair value for the undelivered element(s), the Company recognized the
consideration for the combined unit of accounting in the same manner as the revenue was recognized for the final deliverable, which
was generally ratably over the longest period of involvement. For example, upfront payments received upon execution of collaborative
agreements are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as collaborative research and development revenue based on a straight-
line basis over the period of the Company’s continuing involvement with the third-party collaborator pursuant to the applicable
agreement. Such period generally represents the longer of the estimated research and development period or other continuing
obligation period defined in the respective agreements between the Company and its third-party collaborators. Returns or credits
related to the sale of products have not had a material impact on the Company’s revenues or net loss.
Research and development revenue related to services performed under the collaborative arrangements with the Company’s
third-party collaborators is recognized as the related research and development services are performed. These research payments
received under each respective agreement are not refundable and are generally based on reimbursement of qualified expenses, as
defined in the agreements. Research and development expenses under the collaborative research and development agreements
generally approximate or exceed the revenue recognized under such agreements over the term of the respective agreements. Deferred
revenue may result when the Company does not expend the required level of effort during a specific period in comparison to funds
received under the respective agreement. For joint control and funding development activities, the Company recognizes revenue from
the net reimbursement of the research and development expenses from our collaborators and records the net payment of research and
development expenses to our collaborators as additional research and development expense.
Milestone payments under collaborative arrangements are triggered either by the results of the Company’s research and
development efforts or by specified sales results by a third-party collaborator. Milestones related to the Company’s development-
based activities may include initiation of various phases of clinical trials, successful completion of a phase of development or results
from a clinical trial, acceptance of a New Drug Application by the FDA or an equivalent filing with an equivalent regulatory agency in
another territory, or regulatory approval by the FDA or by an equivalent regulatory agency in another territory. Due to the uncertainty
involved in meeting these development-based milestones, the development-based milestones are considered to be substantial (i.e. not
just achieved through passage of time) at the inception of the collaboration agreement. In addition, the amounts of the payments
assigned thereto are considered to be commensurate with the enhancement of the value of the delivered intellectual property as a result
of the Company’s performance. The Company’s involvement is necessary to the achievement of development-based milestones. The
Company would account for development-based milestones as revenue upon achievement of the substantive milestone events.
Milestones related to sales-based activities may be triggered upon events such as the first commercial sale of a product or when sales
first achieve a defined level. Under the Company’s collaborative agreements, the Company’s third-party collaborators will take the
lead in commercialization activities and the Company is typically not involved in the achievement
76
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
of sales-based milestones. These sales-based milestones would be achieved after the completion of the Company’s development
activities. The Company would account for the sales-based milestones in the same manner as royalties, with revenue recognized upon
achievement of the milestone. In addition, upon the achievement of either development-based or sales-based milestone events, the
Company has no future performance obligations related to any milestone payments.
Revenue on cost-plus-fee contracts, such as under contracts to perform research and development for others, is recognized as the
related services are rendered as determined by the extent of reimbursable costs incurred plus estimated fees thereon.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses are primarily comprised of salaries and benefits associated with research and development
personnel, overhead and facility costs, preclinical and non-clinical development costs, clinical trial and related clinical manufacturing
costs, contract services, and other outside costs. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development
costs paid to third parties under sponsored research agreements are recognized as the related services are performed. In addition, net
reimbursements of research and development expenses incurred by the Company’s partners are recorded as collaborative research and
development revenue. Net payments of research and development expenses to the Company’s partners are recorded as an addition to
research and development expenses in the period incurred.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 is entirely comprised of unrealized gains or
losses on available-for-sale securities.
Segment Reporting
The Company operates in one operating segment, which is the research, development and manufacturing of pharmaceutical
products.
Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares
outstanding. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and
common stock equivalents (i.e., options and warrants to purchase common stock) outstanding during the period, if dilutive, using the
treasury stock method for options and warrants.
77
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The numerators and denominators in the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share were as follows (in
thousands except per share amounts):
Numerators:
Net income (loss)
Denominators:
Outstanding dilutive securities not included in diluted net loss per share
Weighted average shares used to compute basic net income (loss) per share
Effect of dilutive securities:
Dilution from stock options
Dilution from ESPP
Dilutive common shares
Weighted average shares used to compute basic net income (loss) per share
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic
Diluted
Year Ended December 31,
2011
2010
2012
$ 16,200
$ (18,765)
$ (22,898)
88,433
87,410
86,868
150
6
156
88,589
—
—
—
87,410
—
—
—
86,868
$ 0.18
$ 0.18
$
$
(0.21)
(0.21)
$
$
(0.26)
(0.26)
The computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the year ended December 31, 2012 excludes the impact of options to
purchase 20.7 million shares of common stock outstanding at December 31, 2012, as such impact would be antidilutive.
The computation of diluted net loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2011 excludes the impact of options to
purchase 21.3 million shares of common stock outstanding at December 31, 2011, as such impact would be antidilutive.
The computation of diluted net loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2010 excludes the impact of options to
purchase 19.6 million shares of common stock, and a warrant to purchase 770 shares of common stock outstanding at December 31,
2010, as such impact would be antidilutive.
Shipping and Handling
Costs related to shipping and handling are included in cost of revenues for all periods presented.
Operating Leases
The Company leases administrative, manufacturing and laboratory facilities under operating leases. Lease agreements may
include rent holidays, rent escalation clauses and tenant improvement allowances. The Company recognizes scheduled rent increases
on a straight-line basis over the lease term beginning with the date the Company takes possession of the leased space. The Company
records tenant improvement allowances as deferred rent liabilities and amortizes the deferred rent over the terms of the lease to rent
expense on the statements of operations.
78
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
2. Strategic Agreements
The collaborative research and development and other revenues associated with the Company’s major third-party collaborators
are as follows (in thousands):
Collaborator
Hospira Inc. (Hospira) (1) ........................................................................
Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer) (2) ..............................................................................
Nycomed Danmark ApS (Nycomed) (3) .................................................
Zogenix, Inc. (Zogenix) (4) .....................................................................
Pain Therapeutics, Inc. (Pain Therapeutics) ............................................
Others.......................................................................................................
Total collaborative research and development and other revenue ...........
Year ended December 31,
2011
2012
2010
$ 23,726
11,721
3,705
1,872
750
720
$ 42,494
$ 11,419
5,203
1,235
2,928
750
825
$ 22,360
$ 5,551
9,487
2,033
779
1,456
785
$ 20,091
(1) Amounts related to ratable recognition of upfront fees were $21.8 million in 2012, $3.6 million in 2011 and $2.1 million in
2010. In March 2012, the Company was notified that Hospira was terminating the Development and License Agreement
between Hospira and the Company dated June 1, 2010 relating to the development and commercialization of POSIDUR in the
United States and Canada. As a result, the Company recognized as revenue all of the remaining upfront fees in 2012 that had
previously been deferred.
(2) Amounts related to ratable recognition of upfront fees were $9.9 million in 2012, $2.7 million in 2011 and $3.2 million in 2010.
In February 2011, Pfizer acquired King and thereby assumed the rights and obligations of King under the agreements the
Company formerly had in place with King; accordingly amounts attributed to King are now shown as Pfizer figures. In February
2012, the Company wasnotified that Pfizer was terminating the worldwide Development and License Agreement between
Alpharma (acquired by King which subsequently was acquired by Pfizer) and the Company dated September 19, 2008 relating
to the development and commercialization of ELADUR. As a result, the Company recognized as revenue all of the remaining
upfront fees in 2012 that had previously been deferred.
(3) Amounts related to ratable recognition of upfront fees were $3.7 million in 2012, $1.2 million in 2011 and 2010. In October
2011, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited acquired Nycomed and thereby assumed the rights and obligations of Nycomed
under the agreements the Company formerly had in place with Nycomed. In January 2012, the Company wasnotified that
Nycomed was terminating the Development and License Agreement between Nycomed and the Company dated November 26,
2006, as amended, relating to the development and commercialization of POSIDUR (SABER-Bupivacaine) in Europe and their
other licensed territories. As a result, the Company recognized as revenue all of the remaining upfront fees in 2012 that had
previously been deferred.
(4) Amounts related to ratable recognition of upfront fees were $312,000 in 2012, $147,000 in 2011, and zero in 2010. A
development and license agreement with Zogenix was entered into in July 2011; the Company and Zogenix had previously been
working together under a feasibility agreement pursuant to which the Company’s research and development costs were
reimbursed by Zogenix.
As of February 28, 2013, the Company had potential milestones of up to $110.6 million that the Company may receive in the
future under its collaborative arrangements, of which $35.6 million are development-based milestones and $75.0 million are sales-
based milestones. Within the category of development-based milestones, $3.1 million are related to early stage clinical testing (defined
as Phase 1 or 2 activities), $5.8 million are related
79
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
to late stage clinical testing (defined as Phase III activities), $10.7 million are related to regulatory filings, and $16.0 million are
related to regulatory approvals.
Agreement with Pain Therapeutics, Inc.
In December 2002, the Company entered into an exclusive agreement with Pain Therapeutics, Inc. (“Pain Therapeutics”) to
develop and commercialize on a worldwide basis REMOXY and other oral sustained release, abuse deterrent opioid products
incorporating four specified opioid drugs, using the ORADUR technology. The agreement also provides Pain Therapeutics with the
exclusive right to commercialize products developed under the agreement on a worldwide basis. In connection with the execution of
the agreement, Pain Therapeutics paid the Company upfront fees of $900,000 in December 2002 and $100,000 in October 2003. In
December 2005, the Company amended its agreement with Pain Therapeutics in order to specify its obligations with respect to the
supply of key excipients for use in the licensed products. Under the agreement, as amended, the Company is responsible for
formulation development, supply of selected key excipients used in the manufacture of licensed products and other specified tasks.
Under the agreement with Pain Therapeutics, subject to and upon the achievement of predetermined development and regulatory
milestones for the four drug candidates currently in development, the Company is entitled to receive milestone payments of up to $9.3
million in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2012, the Company had received $1.7 million in cumulative milestone payments. In
addition, if commercialized, the Company will receive royalties for REMOXY and other licensed products which do not contain an
opioid antagonist of between 6.0% to 11.5% of net sales of the product depending on sales volume. This agreement can be terminated
by either party for material breach by the other party and by Pain Therapeutics without cause. Under the agreement, Pain Therapeutics
reimburses the Company for qualified expenses incurred by the Company in connection with the development program.
The Company recognizes collaborative research and development revenue related to research and development activities for
REMOXY and other development programs based on reimbursement of qualified expenses as defined in the collaborative agreement
and related amendment with Pain Therapeutics. Total collaborative research and development revenue recognized under the
agreements with Pain Therapeutics was $750,000, $750,000 and $1.5 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The cumulative
aggregate payments received by the Company as of December 31, 2012 were $33.5 million under this agreement.
Under the terms of this agreement, Pain Therapeutics paid the Company an upfront license fee of $1.0 million, with the potential
for an additional $9.3 million in performance milestone payments based on the successful development and approval of the four
ORADUR-based opioids. Of these potential milestones, $9.3 million are development-based milestones (of which $1.7 million have
been achieved as of December 31, 2012). There are no sales-based milestones under the agreement.
In March 2009, King assumed the responsibility for further development of REMOXY from Pain Therapeutics. As a result of
this change, the Company continues to perform REMOXY-related activities in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in
the license agreement between the Company and Pain Therapeutics. Now King is substituted in lieu of Pain Therapeutics with respect
to interactions with the Company in its performance of those activities including the obligation to pay the Company with respect to all
REMOXY-related costs incurred by the Company. In February 2011, Pfizer acquired King and thereby assumed the rights and
obligations of King with respect to REMOXY; accordingly, amounts attributed to King are now shown as Pfizer figures.
Total collaborative research and development revenue recognized for REMOXY-related work performed by the Company for
Pfizer was $1.7 million, $1.3 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2012,
80
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
2011 and 2010, respectively. Prior to March 2009, the Company recognized collaborative research and development revenue for
REMOXY-related work under the agreements with Pain Therapeutics. The cumulative aggregate payments received by the Company
from Pfizer as of December 31, 2012 were $7.0 million under this agreement.
Long Term Supply Agreement with King (now Pfizer)
During 2008, the Company began to manufacture commercial lots of certain key excipients that are included in REMOXY to
meet the anticipated requirements for these components. In addition, during the second, third and fourth quarters of 2008 and the first
quarter of 2009, the Company made shipments of these materials to meet the production requirements of King, which has rights to
commercialize REMOXY upon approval by the FDA. During these periods, all product revenue and associated cost of goods sold was
deferred pending the establishment of definitive final terms and conditions even though cash receipts and expenditures occurred
during these periods.
In August 2009, the Company signed an exclusive long term excipient supply agreement with respect to REMOXY with King.
In February 2011, Pfizer acquired King and thereby assumed the rights and obligations of King with respect to this long term supply
agreement. This agreement stipulates the terms and conditions under which the Company will supply to King, based on the
Company’s manufacturing cost plus a specified percentage mark-up, two key excipients used in the manufacture of REMOXY.
The term of the agreement commenced on August 5, 2009 and will continue in effect until the earlier of the expiration of all
licenses granted under the development and license agreement between the Company and Pain Therapeutics or the termination or
expiration of the 2005 development and license agreement between Pain Therapeutics and King, unless the agreement is terminated
earlier in accordance with its terms. The agreement provides each party with specified termination rights, which include, but are not
limited to, the right of King to terminate the agreement in the event that governmental action requires the withdrawal of REMOXY
from all countries in the territory or results in the withdrawal of required manufacturing approvals, or upon a change of control of the
Company, in which case termination will be effective one year after notice by King. The Company may terminate the agreement if the
Company is unable to procure suitable and sufficient quantities of certain raw materials required to produce the excipient ingredients.
Each party may terminate the agreement upon material breach of the agreement by, or the bankruptcy or insolvency of, the other party,
in each case subject to a cure period. The agreement further specifies the rights and obligations of the Company and King with respect
to plant allocation, adding additional production capacity and sourcing of raw materials, as well as other terms and conditions
customary for this type of agreement, including those regarding forecasting, purchasing, invoicing, representations, warranties and
indemnities.
In 2010, the Company recognized $551,000 of product revenue for shipments made in 2008 and 2009 related to a price
settlement after all criteria of revenue recognition were met. The price settlement related to additional manufacturing cost incurred by
the Company and certain mark-up for the goods produced and shipped in 2008 and 2009 pursuant to the long term excipient supply
agreement. In addition, the Company also recognized $410,000 of product revenue related to the shipment of another excipient that is
included in REMOXY upon shipment to King in 2010. In 2010, total revenue recognized related to these excipients was $961,000 and
the associated cost of goods sold was $315,000.
In 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized $48,000 and $490,000 of product revenue, respectively, related to a key excipient
for REMOXY and the associated cost of goods sold was $33,000 and $302,000, respectively.
81
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
Agreement with Zogenix, Inc.
On July 11, 2011, the Company and Zogenix, Inc., (Zogenix), entered into a Development and License Agreement (the License
Agreement). The Company and Zogenix had previously been working together under a feasibility agreement pursuant to which the
Company’s research and development costs were reimbursed by Zogenix. Under the License Agreement, Zogenix will be responsible
for the clinical development and commercialization of a proprietary, long-acting injectable formulation of risperidone using the
Company’s SABER controlled-release formulation technology in combination with Zogenix’s DosePro® needle-free, subcutaneous
drug delivery system. DURECT will be responsible for non-clinical, formulation and CMC development activities. The Company will
be reimbursed by Zogenix for its research and development efforts on the product.
Zogenix paid a non-refundable upfront fee to the Company of $2.25 million in July 2011. The Company’s research and
development services are considered integral to utilizing the licensed intellectual property and, accordingly, the deliverables are
accounted for as a single unit of accounting. The $2.25 million upfront fee will be recognized as collaborative research and
development revenue ratably over the term of the Company’s continuing research and development involvement with Zogenix with
respect to this product candidate. Zogenix is obligated to pay the Company up to $103 million in total future milestone payments with
respect to the product subject to and upon the achievement of various development, regulatory and sales milestones. Of these potential
milestones, $28 million are development-based milestones (none of which has been achieved as of December 31, 2012), and $75
million are sales-based milestones (none of which has been achieved as of December 31, 2012). Zogenix is also required to pay a mid
single-digit to low double-digit percentage patent royalty on annual net sales of the product determined on a jurisdiction-by-
jurisdiction basis. The patent royalty term is equal to the later of the expiration of all DURECT technology patents or joint patent
rights in a particular jurisdiction, the expiration of marketing exclusivity rights in such jurisdiction, or 15 years from first commercial
sale in such jurisdiction. After the patent royalty term, Zogenix will continue to pay royalties on annual net sales of the product at a
reduced rate for so long as Zogenix continues to sell the product in the jurisdiction. Zogenix is also required to pay to the Company a
tiered percentage of fees received in connection with any sublicense of the licensed rights.
The Company granted to Zogenix an exclusive worldwide license, with sub-license rights, to the Company’s intellectual
property rights related to the Company’s proprietary polymeric and non-polymeric controlled-release formulation technology to make
and have made, use, offer for sale, sell and import risperidone products, where risperidone is the sole active agent, for administration
by injection in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or other psychiatric related disorders in humans. The Company retains
the right to supply Zogenix’s Phase III clinical trial and commercial product requirements on the terms set forth in the License
Agreement.
The Company retains the right to terminate the License Agreement with respect to specific countries if Zogenix fails to advance
the development of the product in such country, either directly or through a sublicensee. In addition, either party may terminate the
License Agreement upon insolvency or bankruptcy of the other party, upon written notice of a material uncured breach or if the other
party takes any act impairing such other party’s relevant intellectual property rights. Zogenix may terminate the License Agreement
upon written notice if during the development or commercialization of the product, the product becomes subject to one or more
serious adverse drug experiences or if either party receives notice from a regulatory authority, independent review committee, data
safety monitory board or other similar body alleging significant concern regarding a patient safety issue. Zogenix may also terminate
the License Agreement with or without cause, at any time upon prior written notice.
82
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The following table provides a summary of collaborative research and development revenue recognized under the agreements
with Zogenix (in thousands). The cumulative aggregate payments received by the Company as of December 31, 2012 were $10.2
million under these agreements.
Ratable recognition of upfront payment ...................................................................
Research and development expenses reimbursable by Zogenix ..............................
Total collaborative research and development revenue ...........................................
Year Ended December 31,
2011
$ 146
2,782
$2,928
2012
$ 312
1,560
$1,872
2010
$ —
779
$ 779
Agreement with Hospira, Inc.
In June 2010, the Company and Hospira, Inc. (Hospira) entered into a license agreement to develop and market POSIDUR
(SABER-bupivacaine) in the U.S. and Canada. POSIDUR is the Company’s investigational post-operative pain relief depot currently
in Phase III clinical development in the U.S. that utilizes the Company’s patented SABER technology to deliver bupivacaine to
provide up to three days of pain relief after surgery.
Under the terms of the agreement, Hospira made an upfront payment of $27.5 million. In March 2012, the Company was
notified that Hospira was terminating the agreement effective September 28, 2012, or, as permitted under the agreement, at an earlier
date elected by the Company. Hospira’s termination returned to the Company the U.S. and Canadian rights to develop and
commercialize POSIDUR and as such the Company now holds worldwide rights to POSIDUR. As a result of the termination of the
Hospira agreement for POSIDUR, the Company recognized as revenue during the first quarter of 2012 the remaining $21.8 million of
deferred revenue related to the upfront fee of the development and license agreement as the Company has no remaining performance
obligations under the agreement; this recognition of revenue did not result in additional cash proceeds to the Company.
The following table provides a summary of amounts comprising the Company’s net share of the research and development costs
for POSIDUR under the agreement with Hospira (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2011
$7,792
—
—
$7,792
2012
$1,968
—
—
$1,968
2010
$3,436
—
—
$3,436
Research and development expenses reimbursable by Hospira ...........................
Research and development expenses reimbursable by the Company ..................
Net payable to Hospira ........................................................................................
Net receivable from Hospira ................................................................................
83
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The following table provides a summary of collaborative research and development revenue recognized under the agreement
with Hospira (in thousands). The cumulative aggregate payments received by the Company as of December 31, 2012 were $40.7
million under this agreement.
Recognition of upfront payment(1) .................................................................
Research and development expenses reimbursable by Hospira .......................
Total collaborative research and development revenue ...................................
Year Ended December 31,
2011
$ 3,627
7,792
$ 11,419
2012
$ 21,758
1,968
$ 23,726
2010
$2,115
3,436
$5,551
(1) The Company’s estimate of the term of its continuing performance obligation was revised in the first quarter of 2012 as a result
of the termination of the POSIDUR agreement by Hospira. As a result of the termination of the Hospira agreement for
POSIDUR, the Company recorded as revenue during the first quarter of 2012 the remaining $21.8 million deferred revenue
related to the upfront fee of the development and license agreement.
Agreement with Nycomed
In November 2006, the Company entered into a development and license agreement with Nycomed, which was amended in
February 2010 and February 2011. Under the terms of the agreement, as amended, the Company licensed to Nycomed the exclusive
commercialization rights to POSIDUR for the European Union (E.U.) and certain other countries.
Under the terms of the agreement as amended, Nycomed paid the Company an upfront license fee of $14.0 million and an $8.0
million development-based milestone payment. In October 2011, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (Takeda) acquired
Nycomed and thereby assumed the rights and obligations of Nycomed under the agreements the Company formerly had in place with
Nycomed. In January 2012, the Company was notified that Takeda (through Nycomed) was terminating the license agreement with us,
and thereby returning their right to develop and commercialize POSIDUR (SABER® -Bupivacaine) in Europe and their other licensed
territories to us. As a result of the termination of the Nycomed agreement for POSIDUR, the Company recognized revenue during the
first quarter of 2012 for the remaining $3.7 million of deferred revenue related to the upfront fee of the development and license
agreement as the Company had no remaining performance obligations under the agreement; this recognition of revenue did not result
in additional cash proceeds to the Company.
The following tables provide a summary of the amounts comprising the Company’s net share of the research and development
costs for POSIDUR under the Company’s agreement with Nycomed (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2011
$ —
—
—
$ —
2010
$1,466
(966)
(298)
$ 798
2012
$ —
—
—
$ —
Research and development expenses reimbursable by Nycomed ............................
Research and development expenses reimbursable by the Company ......................
Net payable to Nycomed .........................................................................................
Net receivable from Nycomed .................................................................................
84
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The following table provides a summary of collaborative research and development revenue recognized under the agreement
with Nycomed with regard to POSIDUR (in thousands). The cumulative aggregate payments received by the Company from
Nycomed as of December 31, 2012 were $37.3 million under this agreement. In addition, the cumulative aggregate payments paid by
the Company to Nycomed were $9.0 million as of December 31, 2012.
Recognition of upfront payment(1) .....................................................................
Research and development expenses reimbursable by Nycomed ........................
Total collaborative research and development revenue .......................................
Year Ended December 31,
2011
$1,235
—
$1,235
2012
$3,705
—
$3,705
2010
$1,235
798
$2,033
(1) The Company’s estimate of the term of its continuing performance obligation was revised in the first quarter of 2012 as a result
of the termination of the agreement by Nycomed. As a result of the termination of the Nycomed agreement for POSIDUR, the
Company recorded as revenue during the first quarter of 2012 the remaining $3.7 million deferred revenue related to the upfront
fee of the development and license agreement.
Agreement with Alpharma Ireland Limited, an affiliate of Alpharma Inc. (Alpharma) (acquired by King which subsequently
was acquired by Pfizer)
Effective October 2008, the Company and Alpharma, entered into a development and license agreement granting Alpharma the
exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize ELADUR, DURECT’s investigational transdermal bupivacaine patch. As a
result of the acquisition of Alpharma by King in December 2008, King assumed the rights and obligations of Alpharma under the
agreement. As a result of the acquisition of King by Pfizer in February 2011, Pfizer assumed the rights and obligations of King under
the agreement; accordingly, amounts contributed to King are now shown as Pfizer figures.
Under the terms of the agreement, Alpharma paid the Company an upfront license fee of $20.0 million. The $20.0 million
upfront fee had been recognized as collaborative research and development revenue ratably over the term of the Company’s
continuing involvement with Pfizer with respect to ELADUR. The Company’s estimate of the remaining term of its continuing
involvement was adjusted in the third quarter of 2011 as a result of an updated development plan for ELADUR.
In February 2012, the Company was notified that Pfizer was terminating the agreement, effective August 30, 2012, or, as
permitted under the agreement, at an earlier date elected by the Company. Pfizer’s termination returned to the Company worldwide
rights to develop and commercialize ELADUR. As a result of the termination of the agreement for ELADUR, the Company
recognized revenue during the first quarter of 2012 for the remaining $9.9 million of deferred revenue related to the upfront fee of the
development and license agreement as the Company has no remaining performance obligations under the agreement; this recognition
of revenue did not result in additional cash proceeds to the Company.
85
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The following table provides a summary of collaborative research and development revenue recognized under the agreement
with King with regard to ELADUR (in thousands). The cumulative aggregate payments received by the Company as of December 31,
2012 were $29.2 million under this agreement.
Recognition of upfront payment(1) ...................................................................
Research and development expenses reimbursable by King .............................
Total collaborative research and development revenue .....................................
Year Ended December 31,
2011
$2,708
1,150
$3,858
2012
$ 9,895
124
$ 10,019
2010
$3,218
2,673
$5,891
(1) The Company’s estimate of the term of our continuing performance obligation was revised in the first quarter of 2012 as a result
of the termination of the agreement by Pfizer. As a result of the termination of this agreement for ELADUR, the Company
recorded as revenue during the first quarter of 2012 the remaining $9.9 million deferred revenue related to the upfront fee of the
development and license agreement.
3. Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Intangible assets recorded in connection with the Company’s acquisitions consist of the following (in thousands):
Developed technology ...................................................
Patents ............................................................................
Other intangible assets ...................................................
Total ...............................................................................
Developed technology ...................................................
Patents ............................................................................
Other intangible assets ...................................................
Total ...............................................................................
Gross
Intangibles
$ 3,600
591
3,260
$ 7,451
Gross
Intangibles
$ 3,600
591
3,260
$ 7,451
December 31, 2012
Accumulated
Amortization
$ (3,600)
(555)
(3,260)
$ (7,415)
December 31, 2011
Accumulated
Amortization
$ (3,600)
(538)
(3,260)
$ (7,398)
Net
Intangibles
$ —
36
—
$ 36
Net
Intangibles
$ —
53
—
$ 53
The intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives ranging from four to seven years.
The net amount of intangible assets at December 31, 2012 was $36,000, which will be amortized as follows: $17,900 in each of
the years from 2013 to 2014, and $200 in 2015. Should any intangible assets become impaired, the Company will write them down to
their estimated fair value.
Goodwill totaled $6.4 million at December 31, 2012. The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment at least annually. In
2012, 2011 and 2010 goodwill was evaluated and no indicators of impairment were noted.
86
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
Should goodwill become impaired, the Company may be required to record an impairment charge. To date, the Company has not
recorded any impairment charge to goodwill.
4. Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the
principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the
measurement date. The Company’s valuation techniques used to measure fair value maximize the use of observable inputs and
minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company follows a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the
first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value. These levels of inputs are the
following:
Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets
or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by
observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of
the assets or liabilities.
The Company’s financial instruments are valued using quoted prices in active markets or based upon other observable inputs.
The following table sets forth the fair-value of the Company’s financial assets that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as
of December 31, 2012 (in thousands):
Money market funds ..................................................................
Certificates of deposit ................................................................
Commercial paper ......................................................................
Corporate debt ............................................................................
U.S. Government agencies .........................................................
Total .................................................................................
Level 1
$4,204
—
—
—
—
$4,204
Level 2
—
$
550
8,993
3,807
10,050
$ 23,400
Level 3
$ —
—
—
—
—
$ —
Total
$ 4,204
550
8,993
3,807
10,050
$ 27,604
The following table sets forth the fair value of our financial assets that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of
December 31, 2011 (in thousands):
Money market funds ..................................................................
Certificates of deposit ................................................................
Commercial paper ......................................................................
Corporate debt ............................................................................
U.S. Government agencies .........................................................
Total..................................................................................
Level 1
$3,635
—
—
—
—
$3,635
Level 2
—
$
1,720
6,987
808
14,768
$ 24,283
Level 3
$ —
—
—
—
—
$ —
Total
$ 3,635
1,720
6,987
808
14,768
$ 27,918
The fair value of the Level 2 assets is obtained from pricing sources and is estimated based upon recent trading prices for the
same security or using pricing models using current observable market information for similar securities.
87
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The following is a summary of available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 (in thousands):
Money market funds .....................................................
Certificates of deposit ...................................................
Commercial paper ........................................................
Corporate debt ..............................................................
U.S. Government agencies ...........................................
Reported as:
Cash and cash equivalents ...................................
Short-term investments .......................................
Long-term restricted investments ........................
Money market funds .....................................................
Certificates of deposit ...................................................
Commercial paper ........................................................
Corporate debt ..............................................................
U.S. Government agencies ...........................................
Reported as:
Cash and cash equivalents ..................................
Short-term investments .......................................
Short-term restricted investments .......................
Long-term investments .......................................
Long-term restricted investments........................
December 31, 2012
Unrealized
Gain
$ —
—
—
1
5
$ 6
$ —
6
—
$ 6
Unrealized
Loss
$ —
—
—
—
—
$ —
$ —
—
—
$ —
December 31, 2011
Unrealized
Gain
$ —
1
1
—
6
$ 8
$ —
7
—
1
—
$ 8
Unrealized
Loss
$ —
(1)
—
(1)
(1)
$ (3)
$ —
(2)
—
(1)
—
$ (3)
Amortized
Cost
$ 4,204
550
8,993
3,806
10,045
$ 27,598
$ 9,867
17,331
400
$ 27,598
Amortized
Cost
$ 3,635
1,720
6,986
809
14,763
$ 27,913
$ 5,985
19,530
367
1,530
501
$ 27,913
Estimated
Fair
Value
$ 4,204
550
8,993
3,807
10,050
$ 27,604
$ 9,867
17,337
400
$ 27,604
Estimated
Fair
Value
$ 3,635
1,720
6,987
808
14,768
$ 27,918
$ 5,985
19,535
367
1,530
501
$ 27,918
All securities as of December 31, 2012 have a remaining maturity of one year or less. There were no securities that have had an
unrealized loss for more than 12 months as of December 31, 2012 or 2011.
As of December 31, 2012, unrealized losses on available-for-sale investments are not attributed to credit risk and are considered
to be temporary. The Company believes that it is more-likely-than-not that investments in an unrealized loss position will be held until
maturity or the recovery of the cost basis of the investment. To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment charges on
marketable securities related to other-than-temporary declines in market value.
88
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
5. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):
Equipment ..........................................................................................................................
Leasehold improvement .....................................................................................................
Construction-in-progress ....................................................................................................
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization ...............................................................
Property and equipment, net ..............................................................................................
December 31,
2012
$ 12,369
9,755
289
22,413
(19,956)
$ 2,457
2011
$ 12,303
9,834
693
22,830
(19,706)
$ 3,124
Depreciation expense was $948,000, $1.2 million and $2.2 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Amortization expense
was $9,307, $9,844 and $39,580 in 2012, 2011 and 2010 for assets held under capital lease assets, respectively.
As of December 31, 2012, the Company has recorded $558,000 as a liability which was included in other long-term liabilities
on its balance sheet for asset retirement obligations associated with the estimated restoration cost for its leased buildings.
6. Restricted Investments
In September 2005, the Company deposited $329,000 in the form of a certificate of deposit with a financial institution as a letter
of credit to secure a lease signed in August 2005 for the Company’s office facility in Cupertino, California. The restriction on these
funds was released in March 2012 after the Company terminated the lease effective December 2011.
In January 2006, the Company deposited $61,000 in the form of a certificate of deposit with a financial institution as a letter of
credit to secure a lease signed in December 2005 for capital equipment from a third party vendor for a phone system at the Cupertino
facilities. The installation was completed in April 2006. The restriction on these funds was released upon termination of the lease in
March 2011.
In October 2010, the Company deposited $500,000 in the form of a certificate of deposit with a financial institution as a letter of
credit to secure a lease signed in October 2010 for the Company’s facility in Birmingham, Alabama. The total amount of the letter of
the credit was reduced to $400,000 in the first quarter of 2012.
As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company had $400,000 and $868,000, respectively, recorded as restricted investments,
which primarily served as collateral for letters of credit securing its leased facilities in Alabama and California.
7. Commitments
Operating Leases
In October 2011, the Company signed a lease termination agreement relating to an office facility of 40,560 square feet in
Cupertino, California which reduced the Company’s cash rent payment by approximately $800,000 in 2012. The original term of the
lease ended in December 2012 and it was revised to end in December 2011.
89
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The Company has several other lease arrangements for its facilities in California and Alabama. Under these leases, the Company
is required to pay certain maintenance expenses in addition to monthly rent. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over
the lease term for leases that have scheduled rental payment increases. Rent expense under all operating leases was $1.6 million, $2.0
million and $1.9 million, for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
Future minimum payments (including principal and interest) under these noncancelable leases are as follows (in thousands):
Year ending December 31,
2013 .........................................................................................................................................................
2014 .........................................................................................................................................................
2015 .........................................................................................................................................................
2016 .........................................................................................................................................................
Thereafter ................................................................................................................................................
Operating
Leases
$ 2,073
968
800
800
2,441
$ 7,082
Other Purchase Commitments
In 2005, the Company entered into a supply agreement with a vendor. The remaining minimum purchase commitments under
this agreement are $500,000 per year through 2018.
8. Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
In July 2010, the Company entered into an equity line of credit facility with Azimuth Opportunity Ltd., or Azimuth, under
which the Company may sell to Azimuth, subject to certain limitations, up to $50 million of common stock over a 24-month period.
Azimuth will not be obligated to purchase shares under the equity line of credit unless specified conditions are met. This equity line
expired in July 2012.
In May 2012, the Company filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which upon being declared
effective by the SEC in May 2012, allows the Company to offer up to $50 million of securities from time to time in one or more
public offerings of the Company’s common stock.
In December 2012, the Company completed an underwritten public offering in which we sold an aggregate of 14,000,000 shares
of our common stock pursuant to an effective registration statement at a price to the public of $0.90 per share. We received net
proceeds of approximately $11.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses.
Description of Stock-Based Compensation Plans
2000 Stock Plan (Incentive Stock Plan)
In January 2000, the Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders adopted the DURECT Corporation 2000 Stock Plan,
under which incentive stock options and non-statutory stock options and stock purchase rights may be granted to employees,
consultants and non-employee directors. The 2000 Stock Plan was amended by written consent of the Board of Directors in March
2000 and written consent of the stockholders in August 2000.
90
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
In April 2005, the Board of Directors approved certain amendments to the 2000 Stock Plan. At the Company’s annual
stockholders meeting in June 2005, the stockholders approved the amendments of the 2000 Stock Plan to: (i) expand the types of
awards that the Company may grant to eligible service providers under the Stock Plan to include restricted stock units, stock
appreciation rights and other similar types of awards (including other awards under which recipients are not required to pay any
purchase or exercise price) as well as cash awards; and (ii) include certain performance criteria that may be applied to awards granted
under the Stock Plan.
In April 2010, the Board of Directors approved certain amendments to the 2000 Stock Plan. At the Company’s annual
stockholders meeting in June 2010, the stockholders approved the amendments of the 2000 Stock Plan to: (i) provide that the number
of shares that remain available for issuance will be reduced by two shares for each share issued pursuant to an award (other than an
option or stock appreciation right) granted on or after the date of the 2010 Annual Meeting; (ii) expand the types of transactions that
might be considered repricings and option exchanges for which stockholder approval is required; (iii) provide that shares tendered or
withheld in payment of the exercise price of an option or withheld to satisfy a withholding obligation, and all shares with respect to
which a stock appreciation right is exercised, will not again be available for issuance under the Stock Plan; (iv) require that options
and stock appreciation rights have an exercise price or base appreciation amount that is at least fair market value on the grant date,
except in connection with certain corporate transactions, and that stock appreciation rights may not have longer than a 10-year term;
(v) add new performance goals that may be used to provide “performance-based compensation” under the 2000 Stock Plan;
(vi) extend the term of the 2000 Stock Plan to the date that is ten (10) years following the stockholders meeting; and (vii) expand the
treatment of outstanding awards in connection with certain changes of control of the Company to cover mergers in which the
consideration payable to stockholders is not solely securities of the successor corporation.
In March 2011, the Board of Directors approved an amendment to the 2000 Stock Plan. At the Company’s annual stockholders
meeting in June 2011, the stockholders approved the amendment of the 2000 Stock Plan to increase the number of shares of the
Company’s common stock available for issuance by 5,500,000 shares. A total of 29,796,500 shares of common stock have been
reserved for issuance under this plan. The plan expires in June 2020.
Options granted under the 2000 Stock Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. Options may be granted with
different vesting terms from time to time not to exceed five years from the date of grant. The option price of an incentive stock option
granted to an employee or of a nonstatutory stock option granted to any person who owns stock representing more than 10% of the
total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company (or any parent or subsidiary) shall be no less than 110% of the fair
market value per share on the date of grant. The option price of an incentive stock option granted to any other employee shall be no
less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant.
As of December 31, 2012, 6,460,743 shares of common stock were available for future grant and options to purchase
20,246,769 shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2000 Stock Plan.
2000 Directors’ Stock Option Plan
In March 2000, the Board of Directors adopted the 2000 Directors’ Stock Option Plan. A total of 300,000 shares of common
stock had been reserved initially for issuance under this plan. The directors’ plan provides that each person who becomes a non-
employee director of the Company after the effective date of the Company’s initial public offering will be granted a non-statutory
stock option to purchase 20,000 shares of common stock on the date on which the optionee first becomes a non-employee director of
the Company. This plan also provides
91
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
that each option granted to a new director shall vest at the rate of 33 1/3% per year and each annual option of 5,000 shares shall vest in
full at the end of one year.
At the Company’s annual stockholders meeting in June 2002, the stockholders approved an amendment of the 2000 Directors’
Stock Option Plan to: (i) increase the number of stock options granted to a non-employee director on the date which such person first
becomes a director from 20,000 to 30,000 shares of common stock; (ii) increase the number of stock options granted to each non-
employee director on the date of each annual meeting of the stockholders after which the director remains on the Board from 5,000 to
12,000 shares of common stock; and (iii) reserve 200,000 additional shares of common stock for issuance under the 2000 Directors’
Stock Option Plan so that the total number of shares reserved for issuance is 500,000.
In April 2005, the Board of Directors approved certain amendments to the 2000 Directors’ Stock Option Plan. At the
Company’s annual stockholders meeting in June 2005, the stockholders approved the amendments of the 2000 Directors’ Stock
Option Plan to: (i) increase the number of shares of common stock issuable under the Director’s Plan by an additional 425,000 shares,
to an aggregate of 925,000 shares; (ii) increase the number of option shares issued to nonemployee directors annually in connection
with their continued service on the Board from 12,000 shares to 20,000 shares; and (iii) modify the vesting of such annual option
grants so that such shares vest completely on the day before the first anniversary of the date of grant. The plan expired in September
2010. Awards to our non-employee directors have been granted under the 2000 Stock Plan following that date.
As of December 31, 2012, no shares of common stock were available for future grant and options to purchase 664,000 shares of
common stock were outstanding under the 2000 Director’s Stock Option Plan.
2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In August 2000, the Company adopted the 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. This purchase plan is implemented by a series
of overlapping offering periods of approximately 24 months’ duration, with new offering periods, other than the first offering period,
beginning on May 1 and November 1 of each year and ending April 30 and October 31, respectively, two years later. The purchase
plan allows eligible employees to purchase common stock through payroll deductions at a price equal to the lower of 85% of the fair
market value of the Company’s common stock at the beginning of each offering period or at the end of each purchase period. The
initial offering period commenced on the effectiveness of the Company’s initial public offering.
In April 2010, the Board of Directors approved certain amendments to the 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. At the
Company’s annual stockholders meeting in June 2010, the stockholders approved the amendments of the 2000 Employee Stock
Purchase Plan to: (i) increase the number of shares of our common stock authorized for issuance under the ESPP by 250,000 shares;
(ii) extend the term of the ESPP to the date that is ten (10) years following the stockholders meeting; (iii) provide for six-month
consecutive offering periods beginning on November 1, 2010; (iv) revise certain provisions to reflect the final regulations issued under
Section 423 of the Code by the Internal Revenue Service; and (v) provide for the cash-out of options outstanding under an offering
period in effect prior to the consummation of certain corporate transactions as an alternative to providing for a final purchase under
such offering period.
The plan expires in June 2020. A total of 2,200,000 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance under this plan. As
of December 31, 2012, 373,810 shares of common stock were available for future grant and 1,826,190 shares of common stock have
been issued under the 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
92
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
As of December 31, 2012, shares of common stock reserved for future issuance consisted of the following:
Stock options outstanding ........................................................................................................................
Stock options available for grant .............................................................................................................
Employee Stock Purchase Plan ...............................................................................................................
December 31,
2012
20,910,769
6,460,743
373,810
27,745,322
A summary of stock option activity under all stock-based compensation plans is as follows:
Outstanding at December 31, 2009 ....................................
Options granted ..................................................................
Options exercised ...............................................................
Options forfeited ................................................................
Options expired ..................................................................
Outstanding at December 31, 2010 ....................................
Options granted ..................................................................
Options exercised ...............................................................
Options forfeited ................................................................
Options expired ..................................................................
Outstanding at December 31, 2011 ....................................
Options granted ..................................................................
Options exercised ...............................................................
Options forfeited ................................................................
Options expired ..................................................................
Outstanding at December 31, 2012 ....................................
Exercisable at December 31, 2012 .....................................
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2012 ...........
Number of
Options
16,627,790
3,783,677
(114,888)
(436,373)
(477,072)
19,383,134
2,931,779
(300,809)
(923,172)
(625,868)
20,465,064
3,418,287
(179,067)
(632,036)
(2,161,479)
20,910,769
17,118,975
20,659,832
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price Per Share
$ 4.11
$ 2.24
$ 1.99
$ 3.36
$ 7.65
$ 3.68
$ 3.17
$ 2.71
$ 2.91
$ 7.21
$ 3.55
$ 0.79
$ 0.78
$ 2.47
$ 4.37
$ 3.07
$ 3.33
$ 3.09
Weighted
Average Remaining
Contractual Term
(in Years)
6.72
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)
$ —
6.36
$ —
5.65
$ —
5.41
4.78
5.37
$ —
$ —
$ —
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pretax intrinsic value (i.e., the difference between the
Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of 2012 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money
options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2012.
This amount changes based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock. The total intrinsic value of options exercised
was $103,000, $248,000 and $110,000 for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
In January 2010 and February 2012, the Company granted its employees stock options to purchase 921,000 and 966,000 shares,
respectively, of the Company’s common stock, which vested immediately on the grant date. The weighted-average grant-date fair
value of all options granted with exercise prices equal to fair market value was $0.54 in 2012, $2.13 in 2011 and $1.53 in 2010
determined by the Black-Scholes option valuation method. There were no options granted with exercise prices lower than fair market
value in 2012, 2011 and 2010.
93
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
Expenses for non-employee stock options are recorded over the vesting period of the options, with the value determined by the
Black-Scholes option valuation method and remeasured over the vesting term.
As of December 31, 2012, the Company had three stock-based equity compensation plans, which are described above. The
employee stock-based compensation cost that has been included in the statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) is
shown as below (in thousands):
Cost of product revenues......................................................................................
Research and development ...................................................................................
Selling, general and administrative ......................................................................
Year ended December 31,
2011
$ 328
4,181
2,132
$6,641
2012
$ 244
2,602
1,474
$4,320
2010
$ 341
4,941
2,520
$7,802
Because the Company had a net operating loss carryforward as of December 31, 2012, no excess tax benefits for the tax
deductions related to stock-based compensation expense were recognized in our statement of operations. Additionally, no incremental
tax benefits were recognized from stock options exercised during 2012, which would have resulted in a reclassification to reduce net
cash provided by operating activities with an offsetting increase in net cash provided by financing activities.
Determining Fair Value
Valuation and Expense Recognition. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes
option valuation model. For options granted before January 1, 2006, the Company recognized the expense on an accelerated basis. For
options granted on or after January 1, 2006, the Company recognizes the expense on a straight-line basis. The expense for options is
recognized over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the vesting period.
Expected Term. The expected term of options granted represents the period of time that the options are expected to be
outstanding. In 2010, 2011 and 2012, the Company determined the expected life using historical options experience. This develops the
expected life by taking the weighted average of the actual life of options exercised and cancelled and assumes that outstanding options
are exercised uniformly from the current holding period through the end of the contractual life.
Expected Volatility. The Company estimates the volatility of its common stock at the date of grant based on the historical
volatility of the Company’s common stock.
Risk-Free Rate. The Company bases the risk-free rate that it uses in the Black-Scholes option valuation model on the implied
yield in effect at the time of option grant on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with substantially equivalent remaining terms.
Dividends. The Company has never paid any cash dividends on its common stock and the Company does not anticipate paying
any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, the Company uses an expected dividend yield of zero in the Black-Scholes
option valuation model.
94
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The Company used the following assumptions to estimate the fair value of options granted (including fully vested options issued
in January 2010 and February 2012) and shares purchased under its employee stock plans and stock purchase plan for the years ended
December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010:
Stock Options
Risk-free rate ...................................................................................
Expected dividend yield ..................................................................
Expected term (in years) ..................................................................
Volatility..........................................................................................
Forfeiture rate ..................................................................................
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Risk-free rate ...................................................................................
Expected dividend yield ..................................................................
Expected term (in years) ..................................................................
Volatility..........................................................................................
2012
Year ended December 31,
2011
2010
0.89-1.47%
—
5.5 – 6.5
78-81%
7.69%
1.16-2.65%
1.53-2.92%
—
6.25
73-77%
6.14%
—
5.5
75-87%
5.33%
2012
Year ended December 31,
2011
2010
0.05-1.00%
0.05-1.00%
0.16-1.45%
—
1.25
—
1.25
—
1.25
69-101%
50-163%
59-163%
There were 153,730, 192,997 and 183,687 shares purchased under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan during the
years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Included in the statement of operations for the year ended
December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $36,000, $63,000 and $307,000, respectively, in stock-based compensation expense related to
the amortization of expenses related to shares purchased under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan.
As of December 31, 2012, $3.9 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested stock options is expected
to be recognized over the respective vesting terms of each award through 2016. The weighted average term of the unrecognized stock-
based compensation expense is 1.7 years.
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2012:
Options Outstanding
Options Exercisable
Range of
Exercise Price
$0.73 – 0.73
$0.74 – 0.78
$0.82 – 2.09
$2.10 – 2.13
$2.18 – 2.18
$2.22 – 3.11
$3.12 – 3.26
$3.29 – 4.34
$4.35 – 5.89
$5.99 – 6.32
$0.73 – 6.32
Number of
Options
Outstanding
20,000
2,860,760
2,328,489
39,350
2,555,399
3,431,980
3,357,165
2,578,349
3,591,777
147,500
20,910,769
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual Life
(In years)
9.28
9.00
4.76
6.37
6.73
4.98
5.28
3.82
3.75
3.15
5.41
Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
$ 0.73
$ 0.78
$ 1.78
$ 2.12
$ 2.18
$ 2.92
$ 3.24
$ 4.12
$ 5.51
$ 6.27
$ 3.07
Number of
Options
Exercisable
2,500
1,422,175
1,878,976
25,261
1,993,643
3,243,966
2,271,953
2,541,224
3,591,777
147,500
17,118,975
Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
$ 0.73
$ 0.78
$ 1.87
$ 2.12
$ 2.18
$ 2.91
$ 3.23
$ 4.13
$ 5.51
$ 6.27
$ 3.33
95
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The Company received $140,000, $815,000 and $229,000 in cash from option exercises under all stock-based compensation
plans for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
9. Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method under ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under this method, deferred
tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences resulting from the different treatment of items for tax and
financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable
income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. Additionally, the Company must assess the
likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered as deductions from future taxable income. The Company has provided a full
valuation allowance on the Company’s deferred tax assets because the Company believes it is more likely than not that its deferred tax
assets will not be realized. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. Currently, there is no
provision for income taxes as the Company has incurred losses to date.
The reconciliation of income tax expenses (benefit) at the statutory federal income tax rate of 34% to net income tax benefit
included in the statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 is as follows (in thousands):
U.S. federal taxes provision (benefit) at statutory rate ....................................
State taxes .......................................................................................................
Net operating loss ...........................................................................................
Non-deductible stock-based compensation .....................................................
Other ...............................................................................................................
Total income tax provision .............................................................................
Year Ended December 31,
2011
$(6,377)
—
5,355
995
27
—
$
2012
$ 5,516
—
(7,208)
1,688
4
—
$
2010
$(7,782)
—
6,792
1,224
(234)
—
$
Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the net tax effects of net operating loss and research and other credit carryforwards and
the temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and the amounts used for
income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards ..........................................................................
Research and other credits ....................................................................................
Capitalized research and development expenses ..................................................
Deferred revenue ..................................................................................................
Stock-based compensation ....................................................................................
Other .....................................................................................................................
Total deferred tax assets .................................................................................................
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets ...................................................................
Net deferred tax assets ...................................................................................................
December 31,
2012
2011
$ 91,979
9,191
179
624
6,708
1,600
110,281
(110,281)
—
$
$ 86,476
8,986
1,778
14,016
7,297
2,386
120,939
(120,939)
—
$
96
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain.
Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The valuation allowance decreased by $10.7
million in 2012 and increased by $5.1 million and $8.6 million during 2011 and 2010, respectively.
As of December 31, 2012, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of approximately
$241.6 million, which expire in the years 2018 through 2032 and federal research and development tax credits of approximately $7.4
million which expire at various dates beginning in 2018 through 2031, if not utilized.
As of December 31, 2012, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for state income tax purposes of approximately
$173.8 million, which expire in the years 2013 through 2032, if not utilized, and state research and development tax credits of
approximately $8.5 million, which do not expire.
Utilization of the net operating losses may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to federal and state ownership change
limitations. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses before utilization.
At December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2012, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $4.6 million and
$4.8 million, respectively (none of which, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate). The Company does not
believe there will be any material changes in its unrecognized tax positions over the next twelve months.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
Balance at beginning of the year ..................................................................................
Increases (decrease) related to prior year tax positions ......................................
Increases related to current year tax positions ....................................................
Settlements .........................................................................................................
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations...............................
Balance at end of the year ..................................................................................
December 31,
2012
$4,644
—
133
—
—
$4,777
2011
$4,229
—
415
—
—
$4,644
Interest and penalty costs related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, are classified as a component of interest income and other
income (expense), net in the accompanying Statements of Operations. The Company did not recognize any interest and penalty
expense related to unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. The Company is subject to
U.S. federal and state income tax examination for calendar tax years ending 1998 through 2012.
10. Reduction in Force
In February 2012, the Company reduced the size of its workforce by 15 employees or approximately 12% of its headcount. The
goal of this action was to better align the Company’s cost structure with anticipated revenues
97
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
and operating expenses, while not compromising the Company’s key corporate objectives for the year. The Company completed this
headcount reduction during the first quarter of 2012, and incurred approximately $336,000 in severance costs for the impacted
employees, of which $195,000 was recorded in research and development expenses and $141,000 was recorded in selling, general and
administrative expenses in the first quarter of 2012. All activities related to the restructuring were completed and the severance costs
were paid during the first quarter of 2012.
11. Government Grants
In the fourth quarter of 2010, DURECT was notified that it had been awarded grants totaling $733,000 under the Patient
Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 for three qualifying therapeutic discovery projects. The Company received this funding in
November 2010 and recorded the amount received as other income on its Statements of Operations in the fourth quarter of 2010.
12. Unaudited Selected Quarterly Financial Data (in thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenue ...............................................
Net income (loss) .................................
Basic net income (loss) per share .........
Diluted net income (loss) per share ......
First Quarter
Second Quarter
Third Quarter
Fourth Quarter
2012*
$ 41,185
$ 30,829
$ 0.35
$ 0.35
2011
$ 8,604
$ (6,357)
$ (0.07)
$ (0.07)
2012
$ 4,796
$ (4,328)
$ (0.05)
$ (0.05)
2011
$ 7,833
$ (5,245)
$ (0.06)
$ (0.06)
2012
$ 3,828
$ (4,803)
$ (0.05)
$ (0.05)
2011
$ 8,115
$ (5,025)
$ (0.06)
$ (0.06)
2012
$ 3,262
$ (5,498)
$ (0.06)
$ (0.06)
2011
$ 8,935
$ (2,138)
$ (0.02)
$ (0.02)
*
Revenue in the first quarter of 2012 included one-time recognition of $35.4 million of collaborative research and development
revenue as a result of the termination of the Company’s agreements with Nycomed, Pfizer and Hospira.
98
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Not applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As required by paragraph (b) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15, DURECT’s management, including our Chief Executive
Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this report, of the effectiveness of
DURECT’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based on that evaluation,
our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that DURECT’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective
as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term
is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial
Officer and with the participation of our management, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over
financial reporting as of December 31, 2012 based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on that evaluation, our management concluded
that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2012.
Our independent registered public accountants, Ernst & Young LLP, audited the financial statements included in this Annual
Report on Form 10-K and have issued an audit report on our internal control over financial reporting which appears below.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by
paragraph (d) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected or are
reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
99
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of DURECT Corporation
We have audited DURECT Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria
established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway
Commission (the COSO criteria). DURECT Corporation’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over
financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the
accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the
company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).
Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control
over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over
financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of
internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances.
We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the
reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that
(1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the
assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial
statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being
made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance
regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a
material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also,
projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of
changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, DURECT Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as
of December 31, 2012, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the
balance sheets of DURECT Corporation as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, the related statements of operations and comprehensive
income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012 of DURECT
Corporation and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2) and our report dated March 1, 2013 expressed an
unqualified opinion thereon.
Redwood City, California
March 1, 2013
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
100
Item 9B. Other Information.
None
The definitive proxy statement for our 2013 annual meeting of stockholders, when filed, pursuant to Regulation 14A of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, will be incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K pursuant to General Instruction G (3) of
Form 10-K and will provide the information required under Part III (Items 10-14), except for the information with respect to our
executive officers, which is included in “Part I—Executive Officers of the Registrant.”
PART III
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:
(1) Financial Statements
Item 8 of this Form 10-K
See
(2) Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule
II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Schedules not listed above have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or
is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
(3) Exhibits are incorporated herein by reference or are filed in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S–K.
Number
2.1
2.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Description
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated April 18, 2001, among the Company, Target and Magnolia Acquisition
Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-31615) filed on
May 15, 2001).
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated August 15, 2003, among the Company, Birmingham Polymers, Inc., Absorbable
Polymer Technologies, Inc. and the Principal Shareholders of Absorbable Polymer Technologies, Inc. (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 2.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3, as amended (File No. 333-108396), initially filed on
August 29, 2003).
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to our
Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 3.4 to our Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3, filed on
July 1, 2010.
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to our Registration Statement
on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series A Participating Preferred Stock of DURECT
Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-128979)
initially filed on October 13, 2005).
101
Number
3.7
3.8
4.2
4.3
10.1+
10.2+
10.3+
10.4+
10.5+
10.6**
10.7**
10.8
10.9**
Description
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series A Participating
Preferred Stock of DURECT Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.7 to our Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on August 5, 2010).
Amendment to Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.8 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
(File No. 000-31615) filed on August 5, 2011).
Second Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Registration
Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
Preferred Shares Rights Agreement, dated as of July 6, 2001, between the Company and EquiServe Trust Company,
N.A. including the form of Certificate of Designation, the form of the Rights Certificate and the Summary of Rights
attached thereto as Exhibits A, B and C, respectively (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1 to our Registration
Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 000-31615) filed on July 10, 2001).
Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and each of its Officers and Directors (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on
April 20, 2000).
1998 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as
amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
2000 Stock Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K
(File No. 000-31615) filed on June 27, 2011).
2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Registration Statement on Form
S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
2000 Directors’ Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1,
as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
Second Amended and Restated Development and Commercialization Agreement between the Company and ALZA
Corporation effective April 28, 1999 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Registration Statement on
Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
Product Acquisition Agreement between the Company and ALZA Corporation dated as of April 14, 2000 (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed
on April 20, 2000).
Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement between the Company and Silicon Valley Bank dated as of
October 28, 1998 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended
(File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
Manufacturing and Supply Agreement between Neuro-Biometrix, Inc. and Novel Biomedical, Inc. dated as of
November 24, 1997 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended
(File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
10.10** Master Services Agreement between the Company and Quintiles, Inc. dated as of November 1, 1999 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.10 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed
on April 20, 2000).
10.11
Modified Net Single Tenant Lease Agreement between the Company and DeAnza Enterprises, Ltd. dated as of
February 18, 1999 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended
(File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
102
Number
10.12
10.13**
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20**
10.21
10.22
Description
Sublease Amendment between the Company and Ciena Corporation dated as of November 29, 1999 and Sublease
Agreement between Company and Lightera Networks, Inc. dated as of March 10, 1999 (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10.12 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on
April 20, 2000).
Project Proposal between the Company and Chesapeake Biological Laboratories, Inc. dated as of October 11, 1999
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended
(File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
Common Stock Purchase Agreement between the Company and ALZA Corporation dated April 14, 2000 (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially
filed on April 20, 2000).
Warrant issued to ALZA Corporation dated April 14, 2000 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to our
Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
Amended and Restated Market Stand-off Agreement between the Company and ALZA Corporation dated as of April 14,
2000 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended
(File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
Asset Purchase Agreement between the Company and IntraEAR, Inc. dated as of September 24, 1999 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.20 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed
on April 20, 2000).
Warrant issued to Silicon Valley Bank dated December 16, 1999 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to our
Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement dated as of April 14, 2000 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.22 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed
on April 20, 2000).
10.23** Master Agreement between the Company and Pacific Data Designs, Inc. dated as of July 6, 2000 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.23 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), initially filed
on April 20, 2000).
10.24** Master Services Agreement between the Company and Clinimetrics Research Associates, Inc. dated as of July 11, 2000
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended
(File No. 333-35316), initially filed on April 20, 2000).
10.25**
10.26
10.27
10.28
Supply Agreement between the Company and Mallinckrodt, Inc. dated as of October 1, 2000 (incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 10.25 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed on March 30, 2001).
Lease between Sobrato Development Companies #850 and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to
our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on November 13, 2001).
Southern BioSystems, Inc. 1993 Stock Option Plan (as amended) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our
Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-61224) filed on May 18, 2001).
Southern Research Technologies, Inc. 1995 Nonqualified Stock Option Plan (as amended) (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 4.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-61224) filed on May 18, 2001).
103
Number
10.29**
10.30**
10.31**
Description
Feasibility, Development and Commercialization Agreement between Southern BioSystems, Inc., an Alabama
corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (now merged into the Company), and Voyager
Pharmaceutical Corporation dated as of July 22, 2002 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to our Quarterly
Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on November 14, 2002).
License & Option Agreement and Mutual Release between Southern BioSystems, Inc, an Alabama corporation and
wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (now merged into the Company), and Thorn BioScience LLC dated as of
July 26, 2002 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615)
filed on November 14, 2002).
Third Amended and Restated Development and Commercialization Agreement between the Company and ALZA
Corporation dated as of October 1, 2002 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to our Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on November 14, 2002).
10.32** Development and License Agreement between the Company, Southern BioSystems, Inc, an Alabama corporation and
wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (now merged into the Company), and BioPartners, GmbH dated as of
October 18, 2002 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615)
filed on March 14, 2003).
10.33** Development, Commercialization and Supply License Agreement between the Company and Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc.
dated as of November 8, 2002 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K
(File No. 000-31615) filed on March 14, 2003).
10.34**† Development and License Agreement between the Company, Southern BioSystems, Inc., an Alabama corporation and
wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (now merged into the Company), and Pain Therapeutics, Inc. dated as of
December 19, 2002 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-
31615) filed on March 14, 2003).
10.35
10.36
10.37
10.38
10.39**
10.40
10.41**
Sublease between the Company and Norian Corporation with commencement date of January 1, 2004 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.35 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed on March 11, 2004).
Lease between the Company and Renault & Handley Employee Investments Co. with commencement date of January 1,
2005 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed on
March 11, 2004).
Amendment to Development, Commercialization and Supply License Agreement between the Company and Endo
Pharmaceuticals Inc. dated as of January 28, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to our Annual Report on
Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed on March 11, 2004).
Indenture of Lease between the Company and the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama dated as of May 1,
2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on
August 4, 2004).
License and Commercial Agreement between the Company and NeuroSystec Corporation dated as of May 13, 2004
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on
August 4, 2004).
Commercial Lease between the Company and EWE, Inc. dated as of September 21, 2004 (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10.40 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on November 5, 2004).
License agreement between the Company and Endo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. dated as of March 10, 2005 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.41 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on May 6, 2005).
104
Number
10.42
10.43
10.44
10.45**
10.46**
10.47
10.48**
10.49**
10.50
10.51
10.52**
10.53
10.54
10.55**
Description
Indenture of Lease between the Company and the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama dated as of April 25,
2005 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on
August 4, 2005).
Third Addendum to Lease between the Company and Garaventa Properties dated as of July 8, 2005 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.43 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on October 13, 2005).
Lease between the Company and RWC, LLC dated as of September 1, 2005 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44
to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on October 13, 2005).
Amendment dated December 21, 2005 to Development and License Agreement dated December 19, 2002 between the
Company and Pain Therapeutics, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K
(File No. 000-31615) filed on March 16, 2006).
Sucrose Acetate Isobutyrate Pharmaceutical Grade Supply Agreement between the Company and Eastman Chemical
Company dated as of December 30, 2005 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.46 to our Annual Report on
Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed on March 16, 2006).
Indenture of Lease between the Company and the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama dated as of
October 17, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615)
filed on March 15, 2007).
Development and License Agreement between the Company and NYCOMED Danmark ApS dated as of November 29,
2006 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed on
March 15, 2007).
License Agreement between the Company and EpiCept Corporation dated as of December 20, 2006 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.49 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed on March 15, 2007).
Lease between the Company and KLP Properties dated as of April 23, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50
to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on August 8, 2008).
Amendment No. 1 to License Agreement between the Company and EpiCept Corporation dated as of September 12,
2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.51 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on
November 4, 2008).
Development and License Agreement between the Company and Alpharma Ireland Limited dated as of September 19,
2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.52 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on
November 4, 2008).
Amendment to Commercial Lease between the Company and EWE, Inc. effective December 23, 2008 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.53 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed with the SEC on
March 10, 2009).
First Lease Extension between the Company and Renault & Handley Employee Investments Co. effective March 1, 2009
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.54 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on
May 7, 2009).
Excipient Manufacturing and Supply Agreement between King Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the Company dated as of
August 5, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.55 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615)
filed on November 2, 2009).
105
Number
10.56
Second Amendment to Lease between De Anza Enterprises and the Company dated as of August 6, 2009 (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 10.56 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on November 2, 2009).
Description
10.57** Amendment No. 1 to Development and License Agreement between the Company and Nycomed Danmark, ApS dated
February 18, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
(File No. 000-31615) filed on May 10, 2010).
10.58
Amendment to Commercial Real Estate Lease between the Company and EWE, Inc. effective May 10, 2010
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.58 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on August
5, 2010).
10.59** Development and License Agreement between the Company and Hospira, Inc. dated June 1, 2010 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.59 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on August 5, 2010).
10.60
10.61
10.62
10.63
Supply Agreement between the Company and Hospira, Inc. dated June 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10.60 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on August 5, 2010).
Common Stock Purchase Agreement between DURECT Corporation and Azimuth Opportunity Ltd., dated July 1, 2010
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-31615) filed on
July 1, 2010).
Lease between the Company and DRA/CLP Riverchase Center Birmingham, LLC dated as of October 19, 2010
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.62 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed with the SEC
on March 3, 2011).
Third Amendment to Lease between De Anza Enterprises and the Company dated as of December 21, 2010
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.63 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed with the SEC
on March 3, 2011).
10.64** Amendment No. 2 to Development and License Agreement between DURECT Corporation and Nycomed Danmark,
APS dated February 8, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.64 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
(File No. 000-31615) filed on May 6, 2011).
10.65
Amendment to Commercial Lease between the Company and EWE, Inc. effective May 23, 2011 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.65 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on August 5, 2011).
10.66** Development and License Agreement between the Company and Zogenix, Inc. effective July 11, 2011 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.66 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed on November 7, 2011).
10.67
10.68
10.69
Lease Termination Agreement between ECI TWO RESULTS LLC and the Company dated as of October 27, 2011
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.67 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed with the SEC
on March 2, 2012).
Amendment to Commercial Lease between the Company and EWE, Inc. effective December 19, 2011 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.68 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615) filed with the SEC on
March 2, 2012).
Amendment to Commercial Lease between the Company and EWE, Inc. effective March 9, 2012 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.69 to our Annual Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed with the SEC on
May 4, 2012).
12.1*
Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges.
106
Number
23.1*
24.1
31.1*
31.2*
32.1*
32.2*
Description
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Power of Attorney (see signature page of this Form 10-K).
Rule 13a-14(a) Section 302 Certification.
Rule 13a-14(a) Section 302 Certification.
Certificate pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certificate pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS
XBRL Instance Document++
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document++
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document++
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document++
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document++
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document++
Filed herewith.
*
** Confidential treatment granted with respect to certain portions of this Exhibit.
†
Refiled with additional disclosure previously treated as confidential.
Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
+
++ These interactive data files are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of sections 11 or
12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under these sections.
107
SCHEDULE II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
Year Ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010
(in thousands)
December 31, 2012
Allowance for doubtful accounts ...................................
December 31, 2011
Allowance for doubtful accounts ...................................
December 31, 2010
Allowance for doubtful accounts ...................................
Balance at
beginning
of the year
$ 98
$107
$103
Provision
$ 73
$ (23)
$ 8
Recoveries/
Write-
Offs
Balance at
end of the
year
$ (17)
$ 14
$ (4)
$154
$ 98
$107
108
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this
report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
SIGNATURES
DURECT CORPORATION
By:
/S/ JAMES E. BROWN
James E. Brown
President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: March 1, 2013
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints
James E. Brown and Felix Theeuwes, jointly and severally, his or her attorneys-in-fact, each with the power of substitution, for him or
her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and
other documents in connection therewith with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each
of said attorneys-in-fact, or his or her substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons
on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ JAMES E. BROWN
James E. Brown
/s/ FELIX THEEUWES
Felix Theeuwes
/s/ MATTHEW J. HOGAN
Matthew J. Hogan
/s/ SIMON X. BENITO
Simon X. Benito
/s/ TERRENCE F. BLASCHKE
Terrence F. Blaschke
/s/ MICHAEL D. CASEY
Michael D. Casey
/s/ DAVID R. HOFFMANN
David R. Hoffmann
/s/ ARMAND P. NEUKERMANS
Armand P. Neukermans
/s/ JON S. SAXE
Jon S. Saxe
President, Chief Executive Officer and
Director (Principal Executive Officer)
March 1, 2013
Chairman and Chief Scientific Officer
March 1, 2013
March 1, 2013
March 1, 2013
March 1, 2013
March 1, 2013
March 1, 2013
March 1, 2013
March 1, 2013
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
Director
Director
Director
Director
Director
Director
109
COMPUTATION OF RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES
The following table sets forth our ratio of earnings to fixed charges for each of the periods indicated (in thousands):
Exhibit 12.1
Earnings:
Net income (loss)
Fixed charges
Total Earnings
Fixed Charges:
Interest expense
Portion of rent expense representative of interest
Total Fixed Charges
Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges(1)
2012
$ 16,200
620
$ 16,820
$
$
7
613
620
27.1
Year Ended December 31,
2010
2009
2011
2008
$ (18,765)
828
$ (17,937)
$ (22,898)
805
$ (22,093)
$ (30,288)
934
$ (29,354)
$ (43,907)
1,636
$ (42,271)
$
46
782
828
—
$
$
6
799
805
—
$
$
36
898
934
—
$
$
789
847
$ 1,636
—
(1) For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to fixed charges, earnings consist of net loss plus fixed charges. Fixed charges
consist of interest expense, amortization of debt expense and discount or premium related to indebtedness, whether expensed or
capitalized, and that portion of rental payments under operating leases we believe to be representative of interest. Earnings were
insufficient to cover fixed charges by $18,765, $22,898, $30,288, and $43,907 for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010,
2009 and 2008, respectively. Earnings for the year ended December 31, 2012 included recognition of $35.4 million of
collaborative research and development revenue as a result of the termination of the Company’s agreements with Nycomed,
Pfizer and Hospira. Excluding the recognition of $35.4 million of deferred revenue, earnings would have been insufficient to
cover fixed charges by $19.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.
Exhibit 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:
(1) Registration Statements (Form S-8 Nos. 333-126990 and 333-98939) pertaining to the DURECT Corporation 2000
Directors’ Stock Option Plan,
(2) Registration Statements (Form S-8 Nos. 333-166700, 333-161025, 333-152968, 333-124701 and 333-86110) pertaining to
the DURECT Corporation 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and the DURECT Corporation 2000 Stock Plan,
(3) Registration Statements (Form S-8 Nos. 333-176113, 333-120405 and 333-108390) pertaining to the
DURECT Corporation 2000 Stock Plan,
(4) Registration Statements (Form S-8 No. 333-170349) pertaining to the DURECT Corporation 2000 Employee Stock
Purchase Plan,
(5) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-47400) pertaining to the DURECT Corporation 2000 Employee Stock
Purchase Plan, the DURECT Corporation 1998 Stock Option Plan, the DURECT Corporation 2000 Stock Plan and the
DURECT Corporation 2000 Directors’ Stock Option Plan,
(6) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-61224) pertaining to the DURECT Corporation 2000 Employee Stock
Purchase Plan, the DURECT Corporation 2000 Stock Plan, the Southern BioSystems, Inc. 1993 Stock Option Plan and
the Southern Research Technologies, Inc. 1995 Nonqualified Stock Option Plan,
(7) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-76622) pertaining to the Southern BioSystems, Inc. 1993 Stock Option Plan
and the Southern Research Technologies, Inc. 1995 Nonqualified Stock Option Plan,
(8) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-128979) of DURECT Corporation,
(9) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-108398) of DURECT Corporation,
(10) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-108396) of DURECT Corporation,
(11) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-155042) of DURECT Corporation, and
(12) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-181174) of DURECT Corporation
of our reports dated March 1, 2013, with respect to the financial statements and schedule of DURECT Corporation, and the
effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of DURECT Corporation included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of
DURECT Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2012.
/s / ERNST & YOUNG LLP
Redwood City, California
March 1, 2013
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, James E. Brown, certify that:
Exhibit 31.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K of DURECT Corporation;
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material
fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not
misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in
all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods
presented in this report;
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and
procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as
defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)
designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed
under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated
subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report
is being prepared;
designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be
designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and
the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles;
evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our
conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by
this report based on such evaluation; and
disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during
the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that
has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial
reporting; and
(b)
(c)
(d)
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control
over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or
persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)
all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial
reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and
report financial information; and
any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the
registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
(b)
March 1, 2013
/S/ JAMES E. BROWN
James E. Brown
Chief Executive Officer
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Matthew J. Hogan, certify that:
Exhibit 31.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K of DURECT Corporation;
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material
fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not
misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in
all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods
presented in this report;
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and
procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as
defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)
designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed
under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated
subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report
is being prepared;
designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be
designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and
the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles;
evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our
conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by
this report based on such evaluation; and
disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during
the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that
has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial
reporting; and
(b)
(c)
(d)
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control
over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or
persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)
all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial
reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and
report financial information; and
any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the
registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
(b)
March 1, 2013
/S/ MATTHEW J. HOGAN
Matthew J. Hogan
Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
Exhibit 32.1
In connection with the Annual Report of DURECT Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2012 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, James E. Brown, Chief
Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002, that:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of
operations of the Company.
March 1, 2013
/S/ JAMES E. BROWN
James E. Brown
Chief Executive Officer
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
Exhibit 32.2
In connection with the Annual Report of DURECT Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2012 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Matthew J. Hogan,
Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant
to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of
operations of the Company.
March 1, 2013
/S/ MATTHEW J. HOGAN
Matthew J. Hogan
Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer