UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
(Mark One)
☒
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 000-31615
DURECT CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
94-3297098
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
10260 Bubb Road
Cupertino, CA 95014
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (408) 777-1417
Title of Each Class
Common Stock $0.0001 par value per share
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Trading Symbol(s)
DRRX
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
The NASDAQ Capital Market LLC
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐ NO ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15 of the Act. YES ☐ NO ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter
period than the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the
preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of
“large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer
Emerging growth company
☐
☒
☐
Accelerated filer
Smaller reporting company
☐
☒
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided
pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of
the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐
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issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers
during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ☐ NO ☒
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $107,820,564 as of June 30, 2022 based upon the closing sale price on The Nasdaq Global Market
reported for such date. Shares of Common Stock held by each officer and director and by each person who may be deemed to be an affiliate have been excluded. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily
a conclusive determination for other purposes.
There were 24,484,867 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock issued and outstanding as of March 3, 2023.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Part III incorporates information by reference from the definitive Proxy Statement for the 2022 annual meeting of stockholders, which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the Registrant’s
fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
DURECT CORPORATION
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ITEM 1.
Business
ITEM 1A.
Risk Factors
ITEM 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
ITEM 2.
Properties
ITEM 3.
Legal Proceedings
ITEM 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures
PART I
PART II
ITEM 5.
Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of
Equity Securities
ITEM 6.
[Reserved]
ITEM 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
ITEM 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
ITEM 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
ITEM 9.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
ITEM 9A.
Controls and Procedures
ITEM 9B.
Other Information
ITEM 9C.
Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent Inspections
PART III
ITEM 10.
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
ITEM 11.
Executive Compensation
ITEM 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
ITEM 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
ITEM 14.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
ITEM 15.
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
PART IV
Exhibit Index
ITEM 16.
Form 10-K Summary
Signatures
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Item 1. Business.
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company advancing novel and potentially lifesaving investigational therapies derived from our
Epigenetic Regulator Program. Larsucosterol (also known as “DUR‑928”), a new chemical entity in clinical development, is the
lead candidate in our Epigenetic Regulator Program. An endogenous, orally bioavailable small molecule, larsucosterol has been
shown in both in vitro and in vivo studies to play an important regulatory role in lipid metabolism, stress and inflammatory
responses, and cell death and survival. We are developing larsucosterol for alcohol-associated hepatitis (also called “alcoholic
hepatitis” or “AH”), a life-threatening acute liver condition with no approved therapeutics and a 28-Day and 90-Day historical
mortality rate of 20%-26% and 29%-31%, respectively. After completing a Phase 2a trial in which 100% of AH patients treated
with larsucosterol survived the 28-Day study period, we are now conducting a ~300-patient, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Phase 2b clinical trial called "AHFIRM" (trial in AH to evaluate saFety and effIcacy of laRsucosterol treatMent). Through our
AHFIRM trial, we are evaluating larsucosterol’s potential to reduce mortality or liver transplantation compared to a placebo with
or without steroids at the investigators’ discretion. Currently, we anticipate dosing the last patient in the AHFIRM trial in the
second quarter of 2023, which should enable top-line results to be reported in the second half of 2023. If the AHFIRM trial is
successful, it may support a New Drug Application (“NDA”) filing and we may decide to develop our own commercial, sales and
marketing organization. We have also investigated larsucosterol in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”) with
encouraging results in a Phase 1b clinical trial and are considering further development of larsucosterol for this and other
indications.
In addition to our Epigenetic Regulator Program, we developed a novel and proprietary post-surgical pain product called
POSIMIR that utilizes our innovative SABER platform technology to enable continuous sustained delivery of bupivacaine, a non-
opioid local analgesic, over three days in adults. In February 2021, POSIMIR received U.S. FDA approval for post-surgical pain
reduction for up to 72 hours following arthroscopic subacromial decompression. In December 2021, we entered into a license
agreement (the “Innocoll Agreement”) with Innocoll Pharmaceuticals Limited (“Innocoll”), pursuant to which the Company
granted to Innocoll an exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable right and license to develop, manufacture and commercialize
POSIMIR in the U.S. In September 2022, Innocoll launched POSIMIR in the U.S.
NOTE: POSIMIR® is a trademark of Innocoll Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. in the U.S. and a trademark of DURECT Corporation
outside of the U.S. SABER®, CLOUD™, ORADUR™ and ALZET® are trademarks of DURECT Corporation. Other trademarks referred
to belong to their respective owners. Full prescribing information for POSIMIR, including BOXED WARNING and Medication Guide
can be found at www.posimir.com. Full prescribing information for PERSERIS, including BOXED WARNING and Medication Guide
can be found at www.perseris.com.
As a result of the assignment of certain patent rights, we also receive single digit sales-based earn-out payments from U.S.
net sales of Indivior UK Limited (“Indivior”)’s PERSERIS™(risperidone) drug for schizophrenia and single-digit royalties from net
sales of Orient Pharma Co., Ltd. (“Orient Pharma”)’s Methydur Sustained Release Capsules ("Methydur") for the treatment of
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ("ADHD") in Taiwan. We also manufacture and sell ALZET® osmotic pumps used in
laboratory research.
Epigenetic Regulator Program and New Chemical Entities
Epigenetic regulation influences the expression of genes through the silencing or initiation of gene activity without
modifying the DNA sequence. For instance, methylation (the chemical binding of a methyl group) of cytosine nucleotides in
promoter regions of DNA, facilitated by DNA methyltransferases (“DNMTs”), will generally result in downregulation of gene
expression, while demethylation (removal of a methyl group) generally results in upregulation. DNA methylation/demethylation
can thus regulate the expression of relevant genes, especially clusters of master genes that further modulate crucial cellular
activities.
1
Our Epigenetic Regulator Program involves a multi-year collaborative effort with the Department of Internal Medicine at
Virginia Commonwealth University (“VCU”), the VCU Medical Center and the McGuire VA Medical Center. The knowledge base
supporting this program is a result of more than 30 years of lipid research by Shunlin Ren, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Internal
Medicine at the VCU Medical Center. The lead compound from this program, larsucosterol, is an endogenous sulfated oxysterol,
which acts as an epigenetic regulator. Under a license with VCU, we hold the exclusive royalty-bearing worldwide right to develop
and commercialize larsucosterol and related molecules discovered in the program.
In March 2021, a peer-reviewed research paper regarding the proposed mechanism of action of larsucosterol was published
in The Journal of Lipid Research. The research showed that larsucosterol (referred to in the paper as “25HC3S”) bound to and
inhibited the activities of DNMTs 1, 3a and 3b, enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA (a process called “DNA methylation”), as
well as reduced DNA hypermethylation. DNMTs 1 and 3a have been shown to be over-expressed in the livers of patients with
severe AH. As such, by inhibiting DNMTs 1 and 3a activities, larsucosterol may inhibit DNA hypermethylation, thereby modulating
the expression of genes and pathways that are involved in crucial cellular activities, including those associated with cell death,
stress response, and lipid biosynthesis. These modulations may lead to improved cell survival, reduced lipid accumulation or
lipotoxicity, minimized inflammation, and enhanced liver regeneration, as has been observed in various in vivo animal models
and in results from our completed clinical trials in AH and NASH patients.
The biological activity of larsucosterol has been demonstrated in over a dozen different animal disease models involving
three animal species. Some of these models represent acute organ injuries (e.g., LPS-induced endotoxin shock, drug-induced
acute oxidative stress injury, ischemic-reperfusion-induced kidney and brain injury), and some represent chronic metabolic
disorders (e.g., NASH).
Our major product research and development efforts for larsucosterol are described in the following table:
In pharmacokinetic (“PK”) and toxicology studies conducted in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, minipigs and monkeys,
larsucosterol has been found to be well tolerated and safe by all routes of administration tested to date. These results support the
use of larsucosterol in completed and ongoing human safety, PK, proof-of-concept, and efficacy trials. The chronic toxicity of
larsucosterol was further assessed in a 6-month oral study in rats and in a 9-month oral study in dogs. These studies support the
use of larsucosterol in long duration human trials.
2
Acute Organ Injury Program with Injectable Larsucosterol
Market Opportunity. AH, an acute form of alcohol-associated liver disease, is associated with long-term heavy intake of
alcohol and often occurs after a recent period of increased alcohol consumption. AH is typically characterized by recent onset
jaundice and hepatic failure. A Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (“MELD”) score is a commonly used scoring system to assess
the severity and prognosis of AH patients. AH was associated with approximately 158,000 U.S. hospitalizations in 2020 according
to the available data published for that year. A retrospective analysis of 77 studies published between 1971 and 2016, which
included data from a total of 8,184 patients, showed the overall mortality from AH was 26% at 28 days, 29% at 90 days and 44%
at 180 days. A subsequent global study published in December 2021, which included 85 tertiary centers in 11 countries across 3
continents, prospectively enrolled 2,581 AH patients with a median MELD score of 23.5, reported mortality at 28 and 90 days of
approximately 20% and 31%, respectively.
There are no FDA approved therapies for AH and stopping alcohol consumption is necessary, but frequently not sufficient
for recovery in many moderate and severe patients. Corticosteroids do not improve survival at 90 days or one year, and have
demonstrated an increased risk of infection. In addition, fewer than 50% of AH patients are eligible for corticosteroids. According
to a recent study, the healthcare costs associated with treating hospitalized AH patients and their length of hospital stay are
significant.
Each hospitalization episode with AH
diagnosis for patients who:
Died during the hospitalization
Were discharged
Average length of stay
Average total charges during hospital
stay
9 days
6 days
$147,000
$53,000
Marlowe, N., Lam, D., Krebs, W., Lin, W. & Liangpunsakul, S. (2022) Prevalence, co-morbidities, and in-hospital mortality of
patients hospitalized with alcohol-associated hepatitis in the United States from 2015 to 2019. Alcoholism: Clinical and
Experimental Research.
The rate of AH patients undergoing liver transplantation has increased in recent years, although the total number of such
transplants is still relatively small. Average charges for a liver transplant exceed $875,000, and patients require lifelong
immunosuppressive therapy to prevent organ rejection.
Clinical Program. In 2019, we completed a Phase 2a clinical trial evaluating safety and PK of intravenously (“IV”) infused
larsucosterol in patients with moderate and severe AH. Severity of AH was determined by MELD scores with moderate defined as
MELD 11-20 and severe as MELD 21-30. This was an open label, dose escalation (30 mg, 90 mg and 150 mg), multi-center U.S.
study, designed to be conducted in two sequential parts. Part A included patients with moderate AH and Part B included patients
with severe AH.
In this Phase 2a trial, dose escalation was permitted following review of safety and PK results of the prior dose level by a
Dose Escalation Committee. The target number of patients for the study was 4 per dose group. Final enrollment included 19
patients with moderate (7 of 19) and severe AH (12 of 19), who received IV larsucosterol at 30 mg, 90 mg, or 150 mg doses.
Eight patients (four moderate and four severe) were dosed at 30mg, seven patients (three moderate and four severe) were dosed
at 90mg and four patients (all severe) were dosed at 150mg. After being discharged on Day 2, one patient did not return for the
scheduled Day 7 and Day 28 follow-up visits; therefore Lille, bilirubin and MELD data reported below are based on 18 patients.
The objectives of this study included assessment of safety, PK and pharmacodynamic signals, including liver biochemistry,
biomarkers and prognostic scores, including the Lille score, following larsucosterol treatment.
3
In November 2019, the results from this Phase 2a clinical trial of larsucosterol in AH were presented as a late-breaking oral
presentation at The Liver Meeting®. The study summary results were also selected for inclusion in the ‘Best of The Liver Meeting’
presentation in the alcohol-related liver disease category.
All 19 patients treated with larsucosterol in this trial survived the 28-day follow-up period and there were no drug-related
serious adverse events. Using an alternative measure of AH severity to MELD, Maddrey’s Discrimination Function (“DF”), 15 of
the 19 patients had DF scores of 32 or greater, indicating that they had severe AH. Patients treated with larsucosterol had a
statistically significant reduction from baseline in bilirubin at Day 7 and Day 28, and MELD at Day 28. Lille scores, described
below, were also statistically significantly lower than those from a well-matched group of patients in a contemporary trial as well
as several published historical controls. 74% of all larsucosterol treated patients and 67% of those with severe AH were
discharged from the hospital within 4 days after receiving a single dose of larsucosterol.
Lille
Lille scores are used in clinical practice to help determine the prognosis and response of AH patients after 7 days of
treatment. The lower the Lille score, the better the prognosis. Patients with a Lille score below 0.45, treatment responders, have
a six-month survival rate of 85% compared to those with Lille scores above 0.45, who have only a 25% six-month survival rate.
The chart below shows the Lille scores for individual AH patients treated with larsucosterol plotted as a function of their baseline
MELD scores. In our study, the median Lille score for patients treated with larsucosterol was 0.10. The median Lille score among
a cohort of 16 patients treated with standard of care at the University of Louisville (“UL”) was 0.41 (shown as historical control).
1) Our advisor, Dr. Craig McClain from UL, shared anonymized data from his study, in which 16 AH patients with initial
MELD scores ranging from 15-30 received either supportive care alone (n=9 moderate AH patients) or supportive care
with corticosteroids (n=7 severe AH patients). Two of the UL control patients died by Day 28.
2) One patient in the larsucosterol group did not return for the Day 7 or Day 28 visits. All 19 patients treated with
larsucosterol in this trial survived the 28-Day follow-up period.
3) Lille scores in the larsucosterol group were significantly lower than that of the UL patients (p=0.01; Wilcoxon's Rank
Sum Test).
4
As shown in the table below, all patients in the 30 mg and 90 mg larsucosterol dosing groups were treatment responders
based on their Lille scores, regardless of disease severity by DF, MELD, or baseline serum bilirubin levels. 89% of the overall
larsucosterol patient population (16 of 18) were treatment responders based on Lille. Patients with severe AH, as defined by DF
≥32 or MELD 21-30, and baseline serum bilirubin above 8 mg/dL, had similarly high response rates to larsucosterol treatment.
AH Patient Category
2
All Patients
30 mg or 90 mg larsucosterol
2, 4
DF≥32 (SAH)
30 mg or 90 mg larsucosterol
MELD 21-30
30 mg or 90 mg larsucosterol
Baseline bilirubin >8mg/dl
30 mg or 90 mg larsucosterol
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
n
18
14
15
11
12
8
11
8
Responders
(Lille<0.45)
89%
100%
87%
100%
83%
100%
82%
100%
Lille
Median (Quartile)
0.10 (0.04, 0.20)
0.05 (0.04, 0.19)
0.19 (0.05, 0.22)
0.12 (0.05, 0.19)
0.19 (0.11, 0.25)
0.19 (0.10, 0.19)
0.10 (0.05, 0.20)
0.10 (0.05, 0.19)
1) One patient did not return for Day 7 and 28 visits.
2) Including patients receiving 30 mg, 90 mg and 150 mg of larsucosterol.
3) Excluding patients receiving 150 mg of larsucosterol.
4) DF is calculated using the patient’s prothrombin time and serum bilirubin level. DF was introduced in 1978 as a predictor
of significant mortality risk for AH patients. A DF≥32 identified AH patients with a 30-Day mortality rate of ≥50%.
The Lille scores of patients treated with larsucosterol in this trial were also significantly lower than several selected
published historical studies (Hepatology 2007, 45:1348-1354; Gut 2011, 60:255-260), in which patients had similar baseline
bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, prothrombin time and DF scores, and were treated with standard of care with or without
corticosteroids. Due to the historical nature of these studies, such comparisons should be interpreted with caution.
5
A sub-group analysis was conducted to compare severe AH patients in the 30 mg and 90 mg dosing groups (n=8) with well-
matched severe AH patients (n=13) who received corticosteroids for 28 days in a contemporaneous study at UL. Patients shown
in the chart below in the UL steroid group had a mean baseline MELD of 24.46 and mean baseline Maddrey’s DF score of 62.98.
The 8 patients in the larsucosterol group had baseline mean MELD of 24.50 and mean baseline Maddrey’s DF score of 61.25. All
patients treated with larsucosterol survived the 28-Day follow up period, while 3 of the 13 patients (23%) in the UL steroid group
died within the first 28 days.
The steroid group in the above graph includes the 7 severe AH patients treated with steroids from the UL group shown in the
MELD vs Lille graph above plus an additional 6 severe AH patients subsequently treated in the UL study.
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is formed by the breakdown of red blood cells in the body. The level of total bilirubin in the blood is an indication of
how the liver is functioning. Elevated bilirubin levels usually signify liver dysfunction and disease. In this trial (shown in the chart
below), patients treated with larsucosterol had a significant early reduction from baseline in bilirubin by Day 7. Patients with
more elevated bilirubin at baseline (serum bilirubin >8 mg/dL) had a median reduction from baseline of 25% by Day 7 and 48%
by Day 28.
*p<0.05 compared to baseline (Wilcoxon's Signed Rank Test)
6
As discussed above, MELD is another commonly used scoring system used to assess the severity and prognosis of AH
patients. Patients with MELD scores of 11-20 are classified as having moderate AH and patients with MELD scores of 21-30 are
classified as having severe AH. As with Lille scores, the lower the MELD score, the better the prognosis for the AH patient. In this
trial (shown in the chart below), the median reduction from baseline in MELD among all larsucosterol treated patients was >2
points and among those with baseline bilirubin levels >8 mg/dL was 5 points by Day 28.
*p<0.05 compared to baseline (Wilcoxon's Signed Rank Test)
MELD is calculated based on (a) bilirubin, (b) serum creatinine (sCr), and (c) International Normalized Ratio ("INR"), which is a
measure of prothrombin time.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics
In the Phase 2a study of larsucosterol in AH, larsucosterol was well tolerated at all doses tested. There were no drug-
related serious adverse events and only three adverse events designated as possibly or probably related to larsucosterol: one
occurrence of moderate generalized pruritus, one mild rash and one grade two alkaline phosphatase elevation. There were no
discontinuations, early withdrawals or termination of study drug or study participation due to adverse events. All patients treated
with larsucosterol survived through the 28-Day follow-up period. Drug exposures were dose proportional and were not affected by
the severity of the disease.
In December 2020, we announced that the FDA had granted larsucosterol Fast Track Designation for the treatment of AH.
The FDA grants Fast Track Designation to facilitate development and expedite the review of therapies with the potential to treat a
serious condition where there is an unmet medical need. A therapeutic that receives Fast Track Designation may benefit from
early and frequent communication with the agency in addition to a rolling submission of the marketing application, with the
objective of getting important new therapies to patients more quickly.
In January 2021, we announced the dosing of the first patient in our Phase 2b AHFIRM study of patients with severe AH.
AHFIRM is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international, multi-center Phase 2b study to evaluate the safety and
efficacy of larsucosterol in approximately 300 patients with severe AH. The study is comprised of three arms targeting
approximately 100 patients each: (1) Placebo plus supportive care, with or without methylprednisolone capsules at the
investigators’ discretion; (2) larsucosterol (30 mg); and (3) larsucosterol (90 mg). Patients in the larsucosterol arms receive the
same supportive care without steroids. In order to maintain blinding, patients in the two active arms receive matching placebo
capsules if the investigator prescribes steroids. Patients receive an IV dose of larsucosterol or placebo (sterile water) on Day 1
and a second identical IV dose on Day 4 if they are still hospitalized. The primary outcome measure will be the 90-Day incidence
of mortality or liver
7
transplantation for patients treated with larsucosterol compared to those treated with placebo. Secondary endpoints include the
difference in 90-Day mortality between patients treated with larsucosterol compared to those treated with placebo, the difference
in 28-Day mortality or liver transplantation for patients treated with larsucosterol compared to those treated with placebo, and
the difference in mortality between patients treated with larsucosterol compared to those treated with placebo. We now have
over 60 clinical trial sites across the United States, U.K., E.U. and Australia. We currently expect to enroll the last patient in the
AHFIRM trial in the second quarter of 2023, which should enable top-line results to be reported in the second half of 2023.
Phase 1 trials of larsucosterol administered through injection have supported the development of larsucosterol in AH. The
initial Phase 1 trial in healthy subjects was a single-site, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, single-ascending-dose
study that evaluated the safety, tolerability and PK of intramuscular ("IM") injected larsucosterol. The 24-subject study (16
healthy volunteers on larsucosterol and 8 on placebo) of four escalating dose levels resulted in dose proportional systemic
exposure of larsucosterol. Larsucosterol was well-tolerated at all dose levels, with no serious treatment-related adverse events
reported. We also conducted a multiple-dose study involving 10 healthy subjects, in which participants received IM-injected
larsucosterol for five consecutive days (8 subjects on larsucosterol, 2 on placebo) using the next to highest dose from the single
dose study. No serious treatment related adverse events were reported, no subjects withdrew from the study, no accumulation in
plasma concentrations were observed with repeat dosing, and the pain scores and injection site reactions were minimal. We also
conducted a single-ascending IV dose infusion study with 16 healthy subjects and observed no treatment-related serious adverse
events. The systemic exposure following IV infusion was dose proportional.
A Phase 1 drug-drug interaction study conducted in healthy subjects demonstrated that neither orally administered nor IV
injected larsucosterol at doses tested affected the safety and PK of midazolam, a drug metabolized by CYP3A4, which is one of
the important enzymes associated with clinically relevant drug-drug interactions.
We also conducted a Phase 1b study with injected larsucosterol in patients with impaired kidney function (stage 3 and 4
chronic kidney disease ("CKD")) and matched control subjects ("MCS"), matched by age, body mass and gender with normal
kidney function. This study was a single-site, open-label, single-ascending-dose study in two successive cohorts (first a low dose
of 30 mg and then a high dose of 120 mg) evaluating safety and PK of IM injected larsucosterol. The low dose cohort consisted of
6 patients with CKD and 3 MCS; the high dose cohort consisted of 5 CKD patients and 3 MCS. In this trial, larsucosterol was well
tolerated among all subjects and the PK parameters between the kidney function impaired patients and the MCS were
comparable.
Chronic Liver Disease Program with Orally Administered Larsucosterol
Market Opportunity. NAFLD is the most common form of chronic liver disease in both children and adults. It is estimated
that NAFLD affects approximately 30% to 40% of adults and 10% of children in the United States. NASH, a more severe and
progressive form of NAFLD, is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide, with an estimated prevalence of 3-5%
globally. No drug is currently approved for treatment of NAFLD or NASH. In addition to these liver diseases, there are a number
of orphan liver diseases for which we may seek to develop larsucosterol.
Clinical Program. In 2020, we completed a Phase 1b randomized, multi-center, and open-label clinical study in the United
States to evaluate safety, PK and signals of biological activity of larsucosterol in NASH patients with stage 1-3 fibrosis.
Larsucosterol (at doses of 50 mg QD, 150 mg QD and 300 mg BID) was administered orally for 28 days with 20 patients or more
per dose group for a total of 65 patients in the trial. Key endpoints included safety and PK, and clinical chemistry/efficacy signals,
such as liver enzymes (e.g., ALT, AST and GGT (each as defined below)), serum lipids (e.g., triglycerides), biomarkers (e.g., CK-
18s, inflammatory cytokines), and insulin resistance (i.e., HOMA-IR), as well as liver fat content and liver stiffness by imaging
(e.g., MRI-PDFF (as defined below) and FibroScan®).
8
Both the 50 mg and 600 mg dose groups showed a statistically significant median reduction at Day 28 from baseline of
serum alanine aminotransferase (“ALT”) levels at -16% and -17%, respectively. The 600 mg dose group also showed statistically
significant median reductions at Day 28 from baseline of serum aspartate aminotransferase (“AST”) (-18%) and gamma-glutamyl
transferase (“GGT”) (-8%), and the 50 mg dose group had a statistically significant reduction at Day 28 from baseline in liver
stiffness as measured by Fibroscan® (-10%).
Patients in the 50 mg or 150 mg dose groups also had statistically significant median reduction at Day 28 from baseline of
serum triglycerides (-13% in the 50 mg group) or LDL-C (-11% in the 150 mg group). Patients with elevated baseline triglycerides
(≥200 mg/dL; n=16) across all dose groups had a median reduction at Day 28 from baseline of -24% (p <0.01). Furthermore,
patients in the 50 mg and 150 mg groups had 22% and 18%, respectively, median reductions (not statistically significant) of
HOMA-IR from baseline respectively after 4 weeks of daily oral dosing of larsucosterol. The 600 mg group did not show a change
in HOMA-IR.
At Day 28, 43% of patients in all three dose groups showed greater than or equal to 10% liver fat reduction from baseline
as measured by magnetic resonance imaging - proton density fat fraction ("MRI-PDFF"). In this subgroup, there was a significant
reduction from baseline in median liver fat content (-18%, -19%, and -23%, in the 50 mg, 150 mg and 600 mg groups,
respectively). The reduction of liver fat content was accompanied by a significant median reduction from baseline of serum ALT
(-21%, -19%, and -32%, in the 50 mg, 150 mg and 600 mg groups, respectively), as well as both CK-18, M30 and M65 (each as
defined below) in the 50 mg and 600 mg groups.
Larsucosterol was well tolerated at all three doses evaluated. There were no serious adverse events reported during the
study, and no discontinuations, early withdrawals or termination of study drug or study participation due to adverse events. PK
parameters after repeat dosing were comparable to those after a single dose (from a prior study), indicating no accumulation of
the drug after repeat dosing.
We have completed multiple Phase 1 trials in healthy subjects with orally administered larsucosterol. These include single-
ascending-dose and multiple-ascending-dose studies as well as a food effect study. In all of these studies larsucosterol was well-
tolerated at all dose levels, with no serious treatment-related adverse events reported. Dose-related increases in plasma
concentrations were observed and no accumulation in plasma concentrations or food effects were observed with repeat dosing.
We also conducted a Phase 1b trial in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic NASH patients and MCS (matched by age, body mass index
and gender with normal liver function) utilizing orally administered larsucosterol. This was an open-label, single-ascending-dose
safety and PK study conducted in Australia in two successive dose cohorts (first a low dose of 50 mg and then a high dose of 200
mg). Both cohorts consisted of 10 NASH patients and 6 MCS. Data from this study were presented at the International Liver
Congress™ 2017 organized by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) in Amsterdam in April 2017. All patients
and MCS in this study tolerated larsucosterol well. One patient (with a prior history of arrhythmia and an ongoing viral infection)
in the high dose cohort experienced a serious adverse event (i.e., shortness of breath), which occurred without unusual
biochemical changes and resolved without intervention but was considered possibly treatment related by the physician due to its
temporal association with dosing. In both low and high dose cohorts, the PK parameters were comparable between the NASH
patients and the MCS. In addition, the systemic exposure following the low and high doses of larsucosterol was dose dependent.
While this study was not designed to assess efficacy, we observed statistically significant reductions from baseline levels of
several biomarkers after both doses of larsucosterol. A single oral dose of larsucosterol significantly reduced the levels of both
full-length (“M65”) and cleaved (“M30”) cytokeratin-18 (“CK-18”), bilirubin, hsCRP, and IL-18 in these subjects. The mean
reduction of full-length CK-18 (a generalized cell death marker) at the measured time point of greatest effect (12 hours after
dosing) was 33% in the low dose cohort and 41% in the high dose cohort. The mean decrease of cleaved CK-18 (a cell apoptosis
marker) at the measured time point of greatest effect (12 hours after dosing) was 37% in the low dose cohort and 47% in the
high dose cohort. The mean reduction of total bilirubin (a liver function marker) at the measured time point of greatest effect (12
hours after dosing) was 27% in the low dose cohort and 31% in the high dose cohort. The mean decrease of hsCRP (a marker of
inflammation) at the measured time point of greatest effect (24 hours after dosing) was 8% in the low
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dose cohort and 13% in the high dose cohort. The mean decrease of IL-18 (an inflammatory mediator) at the measured time
point of greatest effect (8 hours after dosing) was 4% in the low dose cohort and 8% in the high dose cohort.
We also conducted a Phase 1b open-label, multi-center U.S. study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and PK of
larsucosterol in subjects with moderate (Child-Pugh B scores, n=10) and severe (Child-Pugh C scores, n=7) hepatic function
impairment ("HI"), and MCS (n=10) with normal hepatic function. Each subject received a single oral dose of 200 mg
larsucosterol. Results from this study were presented at the International Liver Conference 2021 (EASL). Larsucosterol was safe
and well-tolerated by all moderate and severe HI subjects with no adverse events and no dose-limiting toxicity reported
throughout the study. As expected, clearance of larsucosterol was decreased in HI subjects compared to MCS with normal hepatic
function, resulting in a 4-10-fold higher drug exposure (Cmax and AUC) in HI subjects. Additionally, a single oral dose of 200 mg
of larsucosterol in subjects with HI resulted in statistically significant median reductions from baseline of the apoptosis biomarker
M30 (cCK-18) at 12 hours post-dose.
Collectively, the biological signals observed in NASH and HI patients plus results from our animal models and cell culture
studies suggest potential therapeutic activity of larsucosterol for patients with liver diseases. However, additional studies are
required to evaluate the safety and efficacy of larsucosterol, and there is no assurance that these biomarker, clinical chemistry
and liver imaging effects will be associated with clinically relevant benefits, or that larsucosterol will demonstrate safety or
efficacy in treating liver diseases in our ongoing or future trials.
Approved and Commercial Pharmaceutical Products
POSIMIR® (bupivacaine solution)
POSIMIR (bupivacaine solution) for infiltration use is a novel and proprietary product that combines the strength of 660 mg
of bupivacaine base with the innovative SABER platform technology, enabling continuous sustained delivery of a non-opioid local
analgesic over three days in adults, which we believe coincides with the time period of the greatest need for post-surgical pain
control in most patients. POSIMIR contains more bupivacaine than any other approved single-dose sustained-release bupivacaine
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product. At the end of surgery, POSIMIR is administered into the subacromial space under direct arthroscopic visualization,
where it continuously releases bupivacaine for 72 hours or more.
In February 2021, the FDA approved POSIMIR for infiltration use in adults for administration into the subacromial space
under direct arthroscopic visualization to produce post-surgical analgesia for up to 72 hours following arthroscopic subacromial
decompression.
In December 2021, we entered into the Innocoll Agreement, pursuant to which we granted to Innocoll an exclusive, royalty-
bearing, sublicensable right and license to develop, manufacture and commercialize POSIMIR in the U.S. with respect to all uses
and applications in humans. The Innocoll Agreement provides for the assignment of our supply agreement with a contract
manufacturing organization to Innocoll and also provides Innocoll with the right, within the U.S., to expand the approved
indications of POSIMIR. We retain, outside the U.S., all of the global rights to POSIMIR. Innocoll paid us an initial non-refundable,
upfront fee of $4.0 million as well as a fee in the amount of $1.3 million primarily to cover the manufacturing supplies and
excipients and certain equipment transferred to Innocoll pursuant to the terms of the Innocoll Agreement, and certain recently
incurred DURECT expenses the parties negotiated for Innocoll to reimburse. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we recognized $4.1
million as collaborative research and development and other revenue, $1.1 million as product revenue, and a reduction of $0.1
million in net equipment. At December 31, 2021, we included $5.3 million due from Innocoll in accounts receivable on our
balance sheet; these funds were received in January 2022. In August 2022, we were issued a new patent by the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office, extending U.S. patent coverage of POSIMIR to at least 2041, resulting in an $8.0 million milestone payment by
Innocoll to the Company. In September 2022, Innocoll launched POSIMIR in the U.S., triggering a $2.0 million milestone payment
to the Company for the first commercial sale of POSIMIR. As the commercial launch of POSIMIR progresses, we will also earn
tiered, low double-digit to mid-teen royalties on net product sales of POSIMIR in the U.S. We may earn additional milestone
payments up to $122.0 million in the aggregate, depending on the achievement of certain commercial, regulatory and
intellectual property milestones with respect to POSIMIR. Pursuant to the terms of the Innocoll Agreement, except as otherwise
expressly provided in the Innocoll Agreement, Innocoll is responsible for expenses relating to the manufacturing, development
and commercialization of POSIMIR in the U.S.
PERSERIS™ (risperidone)
In September 2017, we entered into an agreement with Indivior, under which we assigned to Indivior certain patents that
may provide further intellectual property protection for PERSERIS, Indivior’s extended-release injectable suspension for the
treatment of schizophrenia in adults. In consideration for such assignment, Indivior made non-refundable upfront and milestone
payments to DURECT totaling $17.5 million. Additionally, under the terms of the agreement with Indivior, DURECT receives
quarterly earn-out payments that are based on a single-digit percentage of U.S. net sales of PERSERIS into 2026. Indivior
commercially launched PERSERIS in the U.S. in February 2019.
ORADUR™-ADHD Program
We developed a proprietary drug product for the treatment of ADHD called Methydur in collaboration with Orient Pharma, a
diversified multinational pharmaceutical, healthcare and consumer products company with headquarters in Taiwan. We have
licensed worldwide Methydur rights to Orient Pharma and they launched Methydur commercially in Taiwan in September 2020.
Orient Pharma may seek commercialization partners in other countries throughout the world, including China and the U.S. We
receive a single-digit royalty on sales of Methydur by Orient Pharma or its commercialization partners as well as potential
milestones and sub-license fees.
Drug Delivery Technologies and Programs
Our drug delivery technologies are designed to deliver the right drug to the right place, in the right amount and at the right
time to treat a variety of chronic, acute and episodic diseases and conditions. We aim to improve therapy for a given disease or
patient population by controlling the rate and duration of drug administration. In addition, if advantageous for the therapy, our
technologies can target the delivery of the drug to its intended site of action.
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Our technologies are suitable for providing long-term drug therapy because they can often store highly concentrated,
stabilized drugs in a small volume and protect the drug from degradation by the body. This, in combination with the ability to
continuously deliver desired doses of a drug, can extend the therapeutic value of a wide variety of drugs, including, in some
cases, those which would otherwise be ineffective, too unstable, too potent or cause adverse side effects. In some cases,
delivering the drug directly to the intended site of action can improve efficacy while minimizing unwanted side effects elsewhere
in the body, which may limit the long-term use of many drugs. Our technologies may thus provide better therapy for chronic
diseases or conditions, or for certain acute conditions where longer drug dosing is required or advantageous, by replacing
multiple injection therapy or oral dosing, improving drug efficacy, reducing side effects and ensuring dosing compliance. Our
technology may thereby improve patients’ quality of life by eliminating more repetitive treatments, reducing dependence on
caregivers and allowing patients to lead more independent lives.
We currently focus our drug delivery technology efforts around our SABER® and CLOUD™ Bioerodible Injectable Depot
Systems. SABER uses a high viscosity base component, such as sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB), to provide controlled release
of a drug. When the high viscosity SAIB is formulated with drug, biocompatible excipients and other additives, the resulting
formulation is easily injectable with standard syringes and needles. After injection of a SABER formulation, the excipients diffuse
away over time, leaving a viscous depot which provides controlled sustained release of drug. CLOUD is a class of bioerodible
injectable depot technology which generally does not contain SAIB but includes various other release rate modifying excipients
and/or bioerodible polymers to achieve the delivery of drugs for periods of days to months from a single injection.
The SABER technology is the basis of POSIMIR (described above).
Our Strategy
Our objective is to develop multiple pharmaceutical products that address significant unmet medical needs and improve
patients’ quality of life. To achieve this objective, our strategy includes the following key elements:
Complete Clinical Development and Seek Regulatory Approval of Larsucosterol for the Treatment of AH. We are currently
enrolling our Phase 2b clinical trial (AHFIRM). We expect to complete enrollment in the second quarter of 2023 and to report
topline results in the second half of 2023. If the AHFIRM trial is successful, we intend to meet with the FDA and comparable
foreign regulatory authorities to discuss registration.
Maximize the Commercial Potential of Larsucosterol in AH. We intend to build a highly specialized commercial organization
to support the commercialization of larsucosterol, if approved, in the United States. We believe this market can be effectively
addressed with a modest-sized commercial organization, including a hospital-focused sales force focused on hospitals. We may
also seek strategic collaborations to commercialize larsucosterol outside the United States.
Apply Our Drug Development Expertise to New Chemical Entities Derived from Our Epigenetic Regulator Program. We have
assembled a core team of employees with considerable experience in drug development, and it is our intent to leverage their
capabilities by developing product candidates utilizing expertise from our Epigenetic Regulator Program. We may develop these
new chemical entities ourselves or with partners.
Expand Development Pipeline by Identifying Potential New Indications for Epigenetic Regulator Programs Focused on
Conditions with High Unmet Need. We believe our Epigenetic Regulator Program has the potential to address many of the
diseases and disorders that present great challenges to medicine including acute organ injury, metabolic disorders, and other
acute and chronic conditions. Our current efforts focus on exploiting our Epigenetic Regulator Program through which we have
identified new chemical entities, including larsucosterol, our lead compound, that may have utility in conditions such as acute
organ injuries, including AH, and chronic metabolic/lipid disorders, including NASH.
Enable Product Development Through Strategic Agreements. We believe that entering into selective strategic
collaborations and other arrangements with respect to our product development programs and technology can enhance the
success of our product development and commercialization, leverage and exploit the value of our intellectual property portfolio,
mitigate our risk and enable us to
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better manage our operating costs. Additionally, such collaborations and arrangements enable us to leverage investment by third
parties and reduce our net cash burn, while retaining significant economic rights.
Strategic Agreements
We have entered into the following strategic collaboration and other key agreements:
Innocoll Pharmaceuticals Limited. In December 2021, we entered into the Innocoll Agreement, pursuant to which, we
granted to Innocoll an exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable right and license to develop, manufacture and commercialize
POSIMIR in the U.S. with respect to all uses and applications in humans. The Innocoll Agreement provides for the assignment of
our supply agreement with a contract manufacturing organization to Innocoll and also provides Innocoll with the right, within the
U.S., to expand the approved indications of POSIMIR. We retain, outside the United States, all of the global rights to POSIMIR.
Innocoll paid us an initial non-refundable, upfront fee of $4.0 million as well as a fee in the amount of $1.3 million primarily to
cover the manufacturing supplies and excipients and certain equipment transferred to Innocoll pursuant to the terms of the
Innocoll Agreement, and certain recently incurred DURECT expenses the parties negotiated for Innocoll to reimburse. In the
fourth quarter of 2021, we recognized $4.1 million as collaborative research and development and other revenue, $1.1 million as
product revenue, and a reduction of $0.1 million in net equipment. At December 31, 2021, we included $5.3 million due from
Innocoll in accounts receivable on our balance sheet; these funds were received in January 2022. In August 2022, we were issued
a new patent by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, extending U.S. patent coverage of POSIMIR to at least 2041, resulting in
an $8.0 million milestone payment by Innocoll to the Company. In September 2022, Innocoll launched POSIMIR in the U.S.,
triggering a $2.0 million milestone payment to the Company for the first commercial sale of POSIMIR. As the commercial launch
of POSIMIR progresses, we will receive tiered, low double-digit to mid-teen royalties on net product sales of POSIMIR in the U.S.
We may earn additional milestone payments up to $122.0 million in the aggregate, depending on the achievement of certain
commercial, regulatory and intellectual property milestones with respect to POSIMIR. Thus, we recognized $10.0 million of
milestone revenue under the agreement with Innocoll during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.
Pursuant to the terms of the Innocoll Agreement, except as otherwise expressly provided in the Innocoll Agreement,
Innocoll is responsible for expenses relating to the manufacturing, development and commercialization of POSIMIR in the United
States. The Innocoll Agreement includes customary representations and warranties on behalf of us and Innocoll, including
representations as to the licensed intellectual property, regulatory matters and compliance with applicable laws. The Innocoll
Agreement also provides for certain mutual indemnities for breaches of representations, warranties and covenants.
Virginia Commonwealth University Intellectual Property Foundation. In December 2012, we entered into an exclusive in-
license and research and development agreement with the Virginia Commonwealth University Intellectual Property Foundation
regarding certain new chemical entities under development through our Epigenetic Regulator Program, including larsucosterol.
Under this licensing arrangement, we agreed to undertake certain efforts to bring licensed products to market, pay for
prosecution of related patents and report on progress to VCU. In addition, we are obligated to pay low single-digit percentage
patent royalties on net sales of licensed products, subject to annual minimum payments and additional milestone payments. This
license includes rights to ten patent families. We may terminate this agreement at any time by written notice, and VCU may
terminate this agreement by written notice if there is an uncured material breach.
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Indivior UK Ltd. In September 2017, we entered into an agreement with Indivior, under which we assigned to Indivior
certain patents that may provide further intellectual property protection for PERSERIS, Indivior’s extended-release injectable
suspension for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. In consideration for such assignment, Indivior made non-refundable
upfront and milestone payments to DURECT totaling $17.5 million. Additionally, under the terms of the agreement with Indivior,
DURECT receives quarterly earn-out payments that are based on a single digit percentage of U.S. net sales of PERSERIS into
2026. Indivior commercially launched PERSERIS in the U.S. in February 2019. We also receive a non-exclusive right under the
assigned patents to develop and commercialize certain risperidone-containing products and products that do not contain
risperidone or buprenorphine. The agreement contains customary representations, warranties and indemnities of the parties.
Commercial Product Lines
ALZET
The ALZET product line consists of miniature, implantable osmotic pumps and accessories used for research in mice, rats
and other laboratory animals. These pumps are neither approved nor intended for human use. ALZET pumps continuously deliver
drugs, hormones and other test agents at controlled rates from one day to six weeks without the need for external connections,
frequent handling or repeated dosing. In laboratory research, these infusion pumps can be used for systemic administration when
implanted under the skin or in the body. They can be attached to a catheter for IV, intracerebral, or intra-arterial infusion or for
targeted delivery, where the effects of a drug or test agent are localized in a particular tissue or organ. The wide use and
applications of the ALZET product line is evidenced by the more than 21,000 scientific references that now exist.
LACTEL® Absorbable Polymers
On December 31, 2020, we signed an Asset Purchase Agreement with Evonik Corporation (Evonik), pursuant to which
Evonik purchased certain assets related to our LACTEL Absorbable Polymers product line. Under the terms of the Asset Purchase
Agreement, Evonik paid us approximately $15.1 million and also agreed to assume certain liabilities with respect to the
transferred assets and assembled workforce.
Marketing and Sales
Historically, we have established strategic distribution and marketing alliances for our product candidates to leverage the
established sales organizations that certain pharmaceutical companies have in markets we are targeting. In the future, we may
elect to build our own commercial, sales and marketing capability in order to capture more of the economic value of certain
products that we may develop. If we choose to enter into third-party collaborations to commercialize our pharmaceutical product
candidates, we may in the future enter into these alliances under circumstances that allow us to participate in the sales and
marketing of these products. We will continue to pursue strategic alliances and collaborators from time to time consistent with
our strategy to leverage the established sales organizations of third-party collaborators.
We market and sell our ALZET product line through a direct sales force in the U.S. and through a network of distributors
outside of the U.S.
Suppliers
We purchase the larsucosterol drug substance from a third-party manufacturer and larsucosterol clinical trial materials from
another third-party manufacturer. As needed, we purchase sucrose acetate isobutyrate, a raw material for our SABER-based
pharmaceutical systems, including Methydur, POSIMIR, and ORADUR. We expect that we will continue to be able to obtain
sufficient supply of these raw materials to meet our needs for the foreseeable future. We do not have in place long term supply
agreements with respect to all of the components of any of our pharmaceutical product candidates, however, and are subject to
the risk that we may not be able to procure all required components in adequate quantities with acceptable quality, within
acceptable time frames or at reasonable cost.
Customers
Our product revenues principally are derived from sales of the ALZET product line to academic and pharmaceutical industry
researchers, and from the sale of certain key excipients that are included in POSIMIR, Methydur Sustained Release Capsules, and
other products. Until such time that we are able to
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bring our pharmaceutical product candidates to market, if at all, we expect these to be our principal sources of product revenue.
We also receive revenue from collaborative research and development arrangements with our third-party collaborators and earn
out revenue from our patent purchase agreement. In 2022, Innocoll accounted for 52% of our total revenue. In 2021, Innocoll
accounted for 37% of our total revenue.
Manufacturing
The process for manufacturing our pharmaceutical product candidates is technically complex, requires special skills, and
must be performed in qualified facilities. We have entered into development and commercial manufacturing agreements with
third parties for the manufacture of larsucosterol and POSIMIR (now assigned to Innocoll). In addition, we have a small multi-
discipline manufacturing facility in California that we have used to manufacture research and clinical supplies of several of our
pharmaceutical product candidates under good manufacturing practice (“GMP”), including larsucosterol dosage forms and
POSIMIR. In the future, we may develop additional manufacturing capabilities for our pharmaceutical product candidates and
components to meet our demands and those of our third-party collaborators by contracting with third party manufacturers and by
potentially constructing additional manufacturing space at our current facilities in California. We manufacture our ALZET product
line and certain key components for POSIMIR and Methydur at one of our California facilities.
Patents and Proprietary Rights
Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain patents, to protect trade secrets, to operate without infringing upon the
proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing on our proprietary rights. Our policy is to seek to protect our
proprietary position by, among other methods, filing U.S. and foreign patent applications related to our proprietary molecules and
technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development of our business. As of March 3, 2023, we owned
or exclusively in-licensed over 25 unexpired issued U.S. patents and over 170 unexpired issued foreign patents (which include
granted European patent rights that have been validated in various EU member states). In addition, we have over 30 pending
U.S. patent applications and over 190 foreign applications pending in Europe, Australia, Japan, Canada and other countries.
The patent status of our most advanced drug candidates is as follows:
Our Epigenetic Regulator Program includes ten in-licensed patent families and ten patent families solely owned by us.
Seven patent families each include at least one granted patent that could provide protection until at least 2026, 2032, 2033,
2034, 2035, 2037 and 2037, respectively. The other patent families include pending patent applications, which if granted, could
result in patents providing protection until at least 2037 to 2043. Patent terms are potentially subject to terminal disclaimers as
well as patent term adjustments and extensions. Of the twenty patent families covering larsucosterol and/or other molecules in
the Epigenetic Regulator Program, two were only filed in the United States, and the other eighteen have been filed or likely will
be filed both in the U.S. and internationally. Since larsucosterol is an endogenous molecule, patent claims directed to
larsucosterol compositions of matter may be more difficult to maintain or enforce in the United States under Myriad Genetics and
other recent court decisions. One of the U.S. patents issued before Myriad Genetics, and nine of the larsucosterol U.S. patents
issued after Myriad Genetics. The granted claims in the U.S. include both composition of matter and method of treatment claims.
There can be no assurance that the pending patent applications will be granted. Further, there can be no assurance that VCU will
not attempt to terminate their license to us, which termination could result in the loss of our rights to these patent families.
In the United States, POSIMIR is covered by four patent families. Three patent families include granted patents that could
provide protection until 2025, 2026 and 2041, respectively. The other patent family includes a pending patent application, which
if granted, could result in a patent expiring in 2042. In Europe, POSIMIR is covered by two granted patents with one that could
expire in 2025 and one that could expire in 2026. The families that could provide protection until at least 2041 and 2042,
respectively, have either been filed or will likely be filed in Europe.
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Proprietary rights relating to our planned and potential products will be protected from unauthorized use by third parties
only to the extent that they are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. Patents
owned by or licensed to us may not afford protection against competitors, and our pending patent applications now or hereafter
filed by or licensed to us may not result in patents being issued. In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries may not protect
our intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the U.S.
The patent positions of biopharmaceutical companies involve complex legal and factual questions and, therefore, their
enforceability cannot be predicted with certainty. Our patents or patent applications, or those licensed to us, if issued, may be
challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted thereunder may not provide proprietary protection or
competitive advantages to us against competitors with similar technology. Furthermore, our competitors may independently
develop similar technologies or duplicate any technology developed by us. Because of the extensive time required for
development, testing and regulatory review of a potential product, it is possible that, before any of our products can be
commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in existence for only a short period following commercialization, thus
reducing any advantage of the patent, which could adversely affect our ability to protect future product development and,
consequently, our operating results and financial position.
Because patent applications in the U.S. are typically maintained in secrecy for at least 18 months after filing and since
publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we
were the first to make inventions or file for protection of inventions set forth in our patents or patent applications.
Our planned or potential products may be covered by third-party patents or other intellectual property rights, in which case
we would need to obtain a license to continue developing or marketing these products. Any required licenses may not be
available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If we do not obtain any required licenses, we could encounter delays in product
introductions while we attempt to design around these patents, or could find that the development, manufacture or sale of
products requiring such licenses is foreclosed. Litigation may be necessary to defend against or assert such claims of
infringement, to enforce patents issued to us, to protect trade secrets or know-how owned by us, or to determine the scope and
validity of the proprietary rights of others. In addition, interference, derivation, post-grant oppositions, and similar proceedings
may be necessary to determine rights to inventions in our patents and patent applications. Litigation or similar proceedings could
result in substantial costs to and diversion of effort by us and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial
condition and results of operations. These efforts by us may not be successful.
We may rely, in certain circumstances, on trade secrets to protect our technology. However, trade secrets are difficult to
protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees
and certain contractors. There can be no assurance that these agreements will not be breached, that we will have adequate
remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or be independently discovered by
competitors. To the extent that our employees, consultants or contractors use intellectual property owned by others in their work
for us, disputes may also arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.
Government Regulation
The FDA and comparable regulatory agencies in state and local jurisdictions and in foreign countries impose substantial
requirements upon the development, manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical products. These agencies and other federal,
state and local entities regulate research and development activities and, among other things, the testing, manufacture, quality
control, safety, effectiveness, labeling, storage, distribution, record keeping, approval, advertising and promotion of our products.
We believe that our products in development will be regulated as drugs by the FDA rather than as biologics or devices.
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U.S. Drug Development Process
The standard process required by the FDA under the new drug provisions of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (the
“FDCA”) before our products in development may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves the following:
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preclinical laboratory and animal tests performed under current good laboratory practices;
submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application which must become effective before human
clinical trials may begin;
approval by an independent institutional review board (“IRB”) or ethics committee before each human clinical trial may
be initiated;
performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with IND regulations, code of good
clinical practice (“GCP”), requirements and other clinical trial-related regulations to establish the safety and efficacy of
the proposed pharmaceutical product candidates in their intended uses;
submission of an NDA to the FDA for approval of commercial marketing and sale, or of an NDA supplement for approval
of a new indication if the proposed pharmaceutical product candidate is already approved for another indication;
satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of manufacturing facilities and selected clinical investigators
for their compliance with current good manufacturing practice and current GCPs;
if the FDA convenes an advisory committee, satisfactory completion of the advisory committee review;
FDA approval of an NDA; and
compliance with any post-approval requirements, including the potential requirement to conduct post-approval studies.
Section 505 of the FDCA describes three types of NDAs: (1) an application that contains full reports of investigations of
safety and effectiveness (section 505(b)(1)); (2) an application that contains full reports of investigations of safety and
effectiveness but where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the
applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference (section 505(b)(2)); and (3) an application that
contains information to show that the proposed pharmaceutical product candidate is identical in active ingredient, dosage form,
strength, route of administration, labeling, quality, performance characteristics and intended use, among other things, to a
previously approved product (section 505(j)). We expect that our drug candidates deriving from our Epigenetic Regulator
Program will be evaluated for approval after submission of an NDA under section 505(b)(1).
The testing and approval process require substantial time, effort, and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that
any approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Preclinical development of a drug candidate can take several years to
complete, with no guarantee that an IND based on those studies will become effective to even permit clinical testing to begin.
Even though several of our pharmaceutical product candidates utilize active drug ingredients that are commercially marketed in
the United States in other dosage forms, we need to establish safety and effectiveness of those active ingredients in the
formulation and dosage forms that we are developing.
Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of the product candidate, its chemistry, formulation and stability, as well as
animal studies to assess the potential safety and efficacy of the pharmaceutical product candidate. We then submit the results of
the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, to the FDA as part of an IND, which must
become effective before we may begin human clinical trials. Each subsequent new clinical protocol must also be submitted to the
FDA under the IND. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-Day
time period, raises concerns or questions about the conduct of the trials as
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outlined in the IND and imposes a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding
concerns before clinical trials can begin. Our submission of an IND may not result in FDA authorization to commence clinical
trials. A separate submission to the existing IND must be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product
development. Further, an independent IRB at each medical center proposing to conduct the clinical trials must review and
approve any clinical study as well as the related informed consent forms and authorization forms that permit us to use
individually identifiable health information of study participants.
Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which may overlap:
•
•
•
Phase 1: The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients and tested for safety, dosage
tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion.
Phase 2: The drug is administered to a limited patient population with the target disease or condition in clinical trials
to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product candidate for
specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage.
Phase 3: When Phase 2 clinical trials demonstrate that a dosage range of the product candidate is effective and has
an acceptable safety profile, Phase 3 clinical trials are undertaken and the drug is administered to an expanded patient
population to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy and to further test for safety in well-controlled clinical trials to
generate enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the product candidate for approval, to
establish the overall risk-benefit profile of the product candidate, and to provide adequate information for the labeling
of the product.
In the case of product candidates for severe diseases, such as chronic pain, or life-threatening diseases such as cancer, the
initial human testing is often conducted in patients with the target diseases or conditions rather than in healthy volunteers. Since
these patients already have the target disease or condition, these studies may provide initial evidence of efficacy traditionally
obtained in Phase 2 trials, and thus these trials are frequently referred to as Phase 1/2 clinical trials or Phase 1b trials. Progress
reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and more frequently if serious
adverse events occur. We cannot be certain that we will successfully complete Phase 1, Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trials of our
pharmaceutical product candidates in development within any specific time period, if at all. Furthermore, the FDA or the IRB or
the sponsor may suspend clinical trials at any time for various reasons, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being
exposed to an unacceptable health risk. During the clinical development of product candidates, sponsors frequently meet and
consult with the FDA to ensure that the design of their studies will likely provide data both sufficient and relevant for later
regulatory review; however, no assurance of approvability can be given by the FDA.
NDA Review and Approval Processes
Assuming successful completion of all testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, the results of
product development, preclinical studies and clinical studies are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA for approval of the
marketing and commercial shipment of the product. Submission of an NDA may require the payment of a substantial user fee to
the FDA, and although the agency has defined user fee goals for the time in which to respond to sponsor applications, there can
be no assurance that the FDA will act in any particular timeframe. The FDA may deny approval of an NDA if the applicable
regulatory criteria are not satisfied or may require additional clinical trials be conducted. Even if such data is submitted, the FDA
may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. An NDA may be approved with significant
restrictions on its labeling, marketing and distribution under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy or otherwise that could
restrict the commercial applications of a product or impose costly procedures in connection with the commercialization or use of
the product. Once issued, the FDA may withdraw product approval if ongoing regulatory standards are not maintained or if safety
problems occur after the product reaches the market. Requirements for additional Phase 4 studies (post approval marketing
studies) to confirm safety and effectiveness in a broader commercial use population may be imposed as a condition of marketing
approval. In addition, the FDA may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the effects of approved products which
have been commercialized, and the FDA has the power to require changes in
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labeling or to prevent further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. Any comparative
claims comparing a product to other dosage forms or competitive products typically need to be supported by two adequate and
well-controlled head-to-head clinical trials.
Satisfaction of FDA requirements or similar requirements of state, local and foreign regulatory agencies typically takes
several years and the actual time required may vary substantially, based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the
pharmaceutical product and of the disease or condition. Government regulation may delay or prevent marketing of potential
products for a considerable period of time and impose costly procedures upon our activities. We cannot be certain that the FDA
or any other regulatory agency will grant approval for any of our pharmaceutical products under development on a timely basis,
if at all. Success in preclinical or early-stage clinical trials does not assure success in later stage clinical trials. Targets and
pathways identified in vitro may be determined to be less relevant in clinical studies and results in animal model studies may not
be predictive of human clinical results. Furthermore, data obtained from clinical activities is not always conclusive and may be
susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. Evolving safety concerns can
result in the imposition of new requirements for expensive and time-consuming tests, such as for QT interval cardiotoxicity
testing. Even if a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific indications. Further,
even after regulatory approval is obtained, any problems associated with a product may result in restrictions on the product or
even complete withdrawal of the product from the market. Any pharmaceutical products that we may develop and obtain
approval for would also be subject to adverse findings of the active drug ingredients being marketed in different dosage forms
and formulations. Delays in obtaining, or failures to obtain regulatory approvals would have a material adverse effect on our
business. Marketing our pharmaceutical products abroad will require similar regulatory approvals and is subject to similar risks. In
addition, we cannot predict what adverse governmental regulations may arise from future U.S. or foreign governmental action.
Expedited Development and Review Programs
There are several FDA programs intended to help facilitate the development of new drugs that meet certain criteria.
Specifically, new drugs are eligible for Fast Track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition
and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast Track designation applies to the
combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor of a new drug may request the
FDA to designate the drug as a Fast Track product at any time during the clinical development of the product. Under a Fast Track
designation, the FDA may consider for review sections of the marketing application on a rolling basis before the complete
application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the application, the FDA agrees
to accept sections of the application and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user
fees upon submission of the first section of the application.
A product candidate is eligible for priority review if it has the potential to provide safe and effective therapy where no
satisfactory alternative therapy exists or a significant improvement in the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a disease
compared to marketed products. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application for a new
drug or biological product designated for priority review to facilitate the review. Under priority review, the FDA’s goal is to review
an application in six months once it is filed, compared to ten months for a standard review. Priority review designation does not
change the scientific/medical standard for approval or the quality of evidence necessary to support approval.
Additionally, a product candidate that is being studied for safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening
illnesses and provides meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments may receive accelerated approval, which means
that it may be approved on the basis of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the product has an effect on
a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit, or on the basis of an effect on an intermediate clinical
endpoint other than survival or irreversible morbidity, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and
the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug
receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical trials with due diligence and, under
the Food and Drug
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Omnibus Reform Act of 2022 (“FDORA”), the FDA is now permitted to require, as appropriate, that such trials be underway prior
to approval or within a specific time period after the date of approval for a product granted accelerated approval. In addition, for
products being considered for accelerated approval, unless otherwise informed by the FDA, the FDA generally requires that all
advertising and promotional materials intended for dissemination or publication within 120 days following marketing approval be
submitted to the agency for review during the pre-approval review period, and that after 120 days following marketing approval,
all advertising and promotional materials must be submitted at least 30 days prior to the intended time of initial dissemination or
publication. Under FDORA, the FDA has increased authority for expedited procedures to withdraw approval of a drug or indication
approved under accelerated approval if, for example, the confirmatory trial fails to verify the predicted clinical benefit of the
product.
A product may also be eligible for receipt of a Breakthrough Therapy designation under the provisions of the Food and Drug
Administration Safety and Innovation Act (“FDASIA”). The Breakthrough Therapy designation is intended to expedite the FDA’s
review of a potential new drug for serious or life-threatening diseases where “preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug
may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as
substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development.” The designation of a drug as a Breakthrough Therapy
provides the same benefits as are available under the Fast Track program, as well as intensive FDA guidance on the product’s
development program. If a drug is designated as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA will provide more intensive guidance on the
drug development program and expedite its review. Fast Track designation, priority review, accelerated approval and
Breakthrough Therapy designation do not change the standards for approval, but they may expedite the development or
approval process.
Orphan Drug Designation and Exclusivity
Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs intended to treat a rare disease or
condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or 200,000 or
more individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making
the product available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product. Orphan
drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the identity of the
therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any
advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process. If a product that has orphan drug
designation subsequently receives FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is
entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug
for the same indication, except in limited circumstances, for seven years. These circumstances are an inability to supply the drug
in sufficient quantities or a situation in which a new formulation of the orphan drug has shown superior safety or efficacy or a
major contribution to patient care. Competitors, however, may receive approval of either a different product for the same
indication or the same product for a different indication but that could be used off-label in the orphan indication. Orphan drug
exclusivity could also block the approval of one of our products for seven years if a competitor obtains earlier approval of the
same product, as defined by the FDA, for the same indication we are seeking approval, or if our product is determined to be
contained within the scope of the competitor’s product for the same indication or disease. If we pursue marketing approval for an
indication broader than the orphan drug designation we have received, we may not be entitled to orphan drug exclusivity.
Orphan drug status in the European Union (“EU”) has similar, but not identical, requirements and benefits.
Post-Approval Regulation
Any pharmaceutical products manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and
continuing regulation by the FDA, including record-keeping requirements and reporting of adverse experiences with the product
or the active pharmaceutical ingredient or other components of the product. The FDA may also require post-approval clinical or
non-clinical trials. Drug
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manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are
subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and state agencies for compliance with good manufacturing practices,
which impose procedural and documentation requirements upon us and our third-party manufacturers. We cannot be certain that
we or our present or future suppliers will be able to comply with the GMP regulations and other FDA regulatory requirements.
The FDCA strictly regulates drug product marketing, prohibits manufacturers from marketing drug products for off-label use
and regulates the distribution of drug samples. The FDA has actively enforced regulations prohibiting the marketing of products
for unapproved uses, and federal and state authorities are also actively litigating against sponsors who promote their drugs for
unapproved uses under various fraud and abuse and false claims act statutes. We and our products are also subject to a variety
of state laws and regulations in those states or localities where our products are or will be marketed. Any applicable state or local
regulations may hinder our ability to market our products in those states or localities. We are also subject to numerous federal,
state and local laws relating to such matters as safe working conditions, manufacturing practices, environmental protection, fire
hazard control, and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances. We may incur significant costs to comply with
such laws and regulations now or in the future.
The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted which could prevent or delay
regulatory approval of our product candidates. Moreover, increased attention to the containment of health care costs in the U.S.
and in foreign markets could result in new government regulations that could have a material adverse effect on our business. We
cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation that might arise from future legislative or
administrative action, either in the U.S. or abroad.
The Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") regulates chemical compounds as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances, with
Schedule I substances considered to present the highest risk of substance abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest risk.
Certain active ingredients in ORADUR-Methylphenidate are listed by the DEA as Schedule II under the Controlled Substances Act
of 1970. Consequently, their manufacture, research, shipment, storage, sale and use are subject to a high degree of oversight
and regulation. For example, all Schedule II drug prescriptions must be signed by a physician, physically presented to a
pharmacist and may not be refilled without a new prescription. Furthermore, the amount of Schedule II substances we can obtain
for clinical trials and commercial distribution is limited by the DEA and our quota may not be sufficient to complete clinical trials
or meet commercial demand. There is a risk that DEA regulations may interfere with the supply of the drugs used in our clinical
trials, and, in the future, our ability to produce and distribute our products in the volume needed to meet commercial demand,
which could negatively impact us and our collaborators.
Other Healthcare Laws
In addition to FDA and DEA restrictions on the marketing of pharmaceutical products, other foreign, federal and state
healthcare regulatory laws restrict business practices in the pharmaceutical industry. These laws include, but are not limited to,
federal and state anti‑kickback, false claims, data privacy and security, and physician payment and drug pricing transparency
laws.
The U.S. federal Anti‑Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly and willfully
offering, paying, soliciting, receiving or providing any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, to induce or in
return for purchasing, leasing, ordering, or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease, or order of any good, facility, item
or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs. The term
“remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. The Anti‑Kickback Statute has been interpreted to
apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers,
formulary managers and beneficiaries on the other hand. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory
safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly. Practices
that involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchases, or recommendations may be
subject to scrutiny if they do not meet the requirements of a statutory or regulatory exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all
of the requirements of a particular applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor
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does not make the conduct per se illegal under the U.S. federal Anti‑Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement
will be evaluated on a case‑by‑case basis based on a cumulative review of all its facts and circumstances. Several courts have
interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to
induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the statute has been violated. In addition, a person or entity does not
need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. Moreover, a
claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the U.S. federal Anti‑Kickback Statute constitutes a false or
fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act. The majority of states also have anti‑kickback laws, which
establish similar prohibitions and, in some cases, may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third‑party payor, including
commercial insurers.
The federal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, prohibit, among other things, any person or entity from
knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false, fictitious or fraudulent claim for payment to, or approval by, the federal
government, knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent
claim to the federal government, or knowingly making a false statement to avoid, decrease, or conceal an obligation to pay
money to the U.S. federal government. A claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S.
government. Actions under the civil False Claims Act may be brought by the Attorney General or as a qui tam action by a private
individual in the name of the government. Moreover, a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the U.S.
federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act.
The federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical
supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific
exceptions, to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMMS”), information related to payments or
other “transfers of value” made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists, and chiropractors),
certain non-physician providers (physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified registered nurse
anesthetists and anesthesiologist assistants, and certified-nurse midwives), and teaching hospitals, and applicable manufacturers
and applicable group purchasing organizations to report annually to CMMS ownership and investment interests held by physicians
and their immediate family members.
There are federal price reporting laws, which require manufacturers to calculate and report complex pricing metrics to
government programs, and such reported prices may be used in the calculation of reimbursement and/or discounts on approved
products.
Similar state and local laws and regulations may also restrict business practices in the pharmaceutical industry, such as
state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to business practices, including but not limited to, research,
distribution, sales, and marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-
governmental third-party payors, including private insurers, or by patients themselves; state laws that require pharmaceutical
companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance
promulgated by the federal government, or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other
potential referral sources; state laws and regulations that require drug manufacturers to file reports relating to pricing
information and marketing expenditures or which require tracking gifts, compensation and other remuneration and items of value
provided to physicians, other healthcare professionals and entities ; and state and local laws that require the registration of
pharmaceutical sales representatives. Finally, the Physician Self-Referral (“Stark”) Law prohibits physicians from referring
Medicare or Medicaid patients to providers of “designated health services” with whom the physician or a member of the
physician’s immediate family has an ownership interest or compensation arrangement, unless a statutory or regulatory exception
applies.
Violations of any of these laws and other applicable healthcare fraud and abuse laws may be punishable by criminal and
civil sanctions, including fines and civil monetary penalties, the possibility of exclusion from federal healthcare programs
(including Medicare and Medicaid), disgorgement and corporate integrity agreements, which impose, among other things,
rigorous operational and monitoring requirements on companies. Similar sanctions and penalties, as well as imprisonment, also
can be imposed upon executive officers and employees of such companies.
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Coverage and Reimbursement
Sales of any pharmaceutical product depend, in part, on the extent to which such product will be covered by third-party
payors, such as federal, state and foreign government healthcare programs, commercial insurance and managed healthcare
organizations, and the level of reimbursement for such product by third-party payors. In the United States, no uniform policy
exists for coverage and reimbursement for pharmaceutical products among third-party payors. Therefore, decisions regarding the
extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided are made on a plan-by-plan basis. The process for determining
whether a third-party payor will provide coverage for a product typically is separate from the process for setting the price of such
product or for establishing the reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved.
Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, also known as a formulary, which might not
include all of the FDA-approved products for a particular indication, or place products at certain formulary levels that result in
lower reimbursement levels and higher cost-sharing obligation imposed on patients. One third-party payor’s decision to cover a
particular medical product or service does not ensure that other payors will also provide coverage for the medical product or
service, and the level of coverage and reimbursement can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage
determination process will often require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor
separately, which can be a time-consuming process, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be
applied consistently or obtained in the first instance. Additionally, a third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a product
does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved.
Moreover, as a condition of participating in, and having products covered under, certain federal healthcare programs, such
as Medicare and Medicaid, we may become subject to federal laws and regulations that require pharmaceutical manufacturers to
calculate and report certain price reporting metrics to the government, such as Medicaid Average Manufacturer Price (“AMP”),
and Best Price, Medicare Average Sales Price, the 340B Ceiling Price and Non-Federal AMP reported to the Department of Veteran
Affairs, and with respect to Medicaid, pay statutory rebates on utilization of manufacturers’ products by Medicaid beneficiaries.
Compliance with such laws and regulations require significant resources and any findings of non-compliance may have a material
adverse effect on our revenues.
Healthcare Reform
In the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of
legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system. In the United States, by way of example, in March 2010, the Patient
Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care Education and Reconciliation Act (collectively, the “Affordable
Care Act”), was enacted in the United States. Among the provisions of the Affordable Care Act of importance to our potential
product candidates, the Affordable Care Act: established an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports
certain specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents; expanded eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs; increased
the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; created a Medicare Part D
coverage gap discount program; established a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in and
conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research; and established a Center for Medicare
& Medicaid Innovation at Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to test innovative payment and service delivery models to
lower Medicare and Medicaid spending.
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There have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act. For
example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 included a provision that repealed, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared
responsibility payment imposed by the Affordable Care Act on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage
for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate.” On June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court
dismissed a challenge on procedural grounds that argued the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional in its entirety because the
individual mandate was repealed by Congress. Thus, the Affordable Care Act will remain in effect in its current form. However, it
is possible that the Affordable Care Act will be subject to additional judicial or Congressional challenges in the future.
Further, the Affordable Care Act has been subject to various health reform measures. For example, prior to the U.S.
Supreme Court ruling, on January 28, 2021, the Biden administration issued an executive order that initiated a special enrollment
period for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the Affordable Care Act marketplace. The executive order
also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to
healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work
requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid
or the Affordable Care Act. In addition, on August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”)
into law, which among other things, extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in
Affordable Care Act marketplaces through plan year 2025 and includes several measures intended to lower the cost of
prescription drugs and related healthcare reforms. Specifically, the IRA authorizes and directs the Department of Health and
Human Services to set drug price caps for certain high-cost Medicare Part B and Part D qualified drugs, with the initial list of
drugs to be selected by September 1, 2023, and the first year of maximum price applicability to begin in 2026. The IRA further
authorizes the Department of Health and Human Services to penalize pharmaceutical manufacturers that increase the price of
certain Medicare Part B and Part D drugs faster than the rate of inflation. Finally, the IRA creates significant changes to the
Medicare Part D benefit design by capping Part D beneficiaries’ annual out-of-pocket spending at $2,000 and eliminates the
“donut hole” under the Medicare Part D program, both beginning in 2025, by significantly lowering the beneficiary maximum out-
of-pocket cost through a newly established manufacturer discount program. The implementation of government imposed cost
containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or
commercialize our product candidates if approved. It is unclear how any such challenges and other litigation, and the healthcare
reform measures of the current U.S. presidential administration will impact the Affordable Care Act and our business.
Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. These changes
include reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year that will remain in effect through 2031 unless
additional Congressional action is taken, except for a temporary suspension from May 1, 2020 through March 31, 2022 and
limited reductions to 1% from April 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic with the 2% payment reduction
having resumed on July 1, 2022. Following the resumption of the sequester, under current legislation, the actual reduction in
Medicare payments will vary from 1% in 2022 to up to 4% in the final fiscal year of this sequester. Further, the American
Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers and
increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.
Additionally, on March 11, 2021, President Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 into law, which eliminates the
statutory Medicaid drug rebate cap, currently set at 100% of a drug’s average manufacturer price, for single source and
innovator multiple source drugs, beginning January 1, 2024.
Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their
marketed products, which has resulted in several presidential executive orders, Congressional inquiries and proposed and
enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the
relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement
methodologies for pharmaceutical products. For example, the marketing, pricing and sale of the Company’s products are subject
to regulation, investigations and legal actions including under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program under the Affordable Care Act,
which has increased the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the program as well as a new methodology
by which rebates are owed for drugs that are
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inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected. We are also subject to federal and state false claims acts, as well as federal and
state antitrust and consumer protection laws. Increased scrutiny of health care industry business practices in recent years by
government agencies and state attorneys general in the U.S., and any resulting investigations and prosecutions, carry risk of
significant civil and criminal penalties including, but not limited to, debarment from participation in such government healthcare
programs.
Individual states in the United States have also become increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing
regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product and medical device pricing, including price or patient reimbursement
constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in
some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Legally mandated price controls on
payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition
and prospects. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to
determine what pharmaceutical products and medical devices to purchase and which suppliers will be included in their
prescription drug and other healthcare programs. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or
other restrictions could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
We expect that the Affordable Care Act, as well as other healthcare reform measures that have been adopted and may be
adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria, new payment methodologies and in additional downward
pressure on the price that we receive for any approved or cleared product and product candidates, if approved, and could
seriously harm our future revenues. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, or other government programs
may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of
government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we
or our partners are slow or unable to adapt to new requirements or policies, or if we or our partners are not able to maintain
regulatory compliance, our products and product candidates may lose any regulatory approval that may have been obtained,
which would reduce the likelihood that we may achieve or sustain profitability, or be able to enter attractive collaboration
agreements, which would adversely affect our business.
Foreign Regulation
Outside the United States, our ability to market a product is contingent upon receiving a marketing authorization from the
appropriate regulatory authorities. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, marketing authorization, pricing and
reimbursement vary widely from country to country. At present, foreign marketing authorizations are applied for at a national
level, although within the EU regional registration procedures are available to companies wishing to market a product in more
than one EU member state. If the competent regulatory authority is satisfied that adequate evidence of safety, quality and
efficacy has been presented, a marketing authorization may be granted. This foreign regulatory approval process involves all of
the risks associated with FDA approval discussed above and may also include additional risks.
Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in
non-US countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. Certain countries
outside of the United States have a process that requires the submission of a clinical trial application (“CTA”) much like an IND
prior to the commencement of human clinical trials. In the EU, a CTA must be submitted for each trial to the competent health
authority and to independent ethics committees by national procedure for a single country trial or by EMA submission portal
Clinical Trials Information System for a multinational study. Once the CTA is approved in accordance with the requirements in the
concerned countries, clinical trial development may proceed in those countries and are conducted in accordance with GCP and
other applicable regulatory requirements.
To obtain regulatory approval of an investigational drug under EU regulatory systems, we must submit a marketing
authorization application (“MAA”). This application is similar to the NDA in the United States, with the exception of, among other
things, regional and/or country-specific document requirements. Drugs can be authorized in the EU by using the centralized,
mutual recognition, decentralized or national authorization procedures described below.
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The EMA implemented the centralized procedure for the approval of human drugs to facilitate marketing authorizations that
are valid throughout the EU. This procedure results in a single marketing authorization granted by the European Commission that
is valid across the EU. Under the centralized procedure, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of an MAA by the EMA is 210
days (excluding clock stoppages for requests by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (“CHMP”) for additional
written or oral information to be provided by the applicant). A positive opinion on the MAA by the CHMP then needs to be
endorsed by the European Commission within approximately 67 days. Accelerated assessment might be granted by the CHMP in
exceptional cases, in which case the EMA ensures that the evaluation for the opinion of the CHMP is completed within 150 days
(excluding clock stops) and the opinion issued thereafter.
The mutual recognition procedure (“MRP”) for the approval of human drugs is an alternative approach to facilitate
individual national marketing authorizations within the EU. The MRP may be applied for all human drugs for which the centralized
procedure is not obligatory. The MRP is based on the principle of the mutual recognition by EU member states of their respective
national marketing authorizations. Based on a marketing authorization in the reference member state, the applicant may apply
for marketing authorizations in other member states. In such case, the reference member state shall update its existing
assessment report about the drug. After the assessment is completed, copies of the report are sent to all member states,
together with the approved summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet. The concerned member states then
recognize the decision of the reference member state and the summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet.
National marketing authorizations shall be granted within 30 days after acknowledgement of the agreement.
Should any member state refuse to recognize the marketing authorization by the reference member state, the member
states shall make all efforts to reach a consensus. If this fails, the procedure is submitted to an EMA scientific committee for
arbitration. The opinion of this EMA Committee is then forwarded to the Commission, for the start of the decision making process.
As in the centralized procedure, this process entails consulting various European Commission Directorates General and the
Standing Committee on Human Medicinal Products or Veterinary Medicinal Products, as appropriate.
Legislation similar to the Orphan Drug Act has been enacted in other countries outside of the United States, including the
EU. The orphan legislation in the EU is available for therapies addressing conditions that affect five or fewer out of 10,000
persons, are life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions and for which no satisfactory treatment is authorized. The
market exclusivity period is for ten years, although that period can be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year,
available evidence establishes that the product does not justify maintenance of market exclusivity.
For other countries outside of the EU, such as non-EU countries in Eastern Europe, Middle-East, Latin America, Japan or
other countries in Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement
vary. In all cases, again, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and the other applicable regulatory
requirements.
If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines,
suspension of clinical trials, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating
restrictions and criminal prosecution.
Competition
We may face competition from other companies in numerous industries including pharmaceuticals, medical devices and
drug delivery.
Competition for larsucosterol, if approved, will depend on the specific indication(s) for which larsucosterol is approved.
Akaza Bioscience Ltd., Aldeyra Therapeutics, Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Immuron Ltd., Intercept
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mallinckrodt plc, Novartis Pharma AG, PharmaKing Co. Ltd, Surrozen, Inc., and others have development
plans for products to treat AH. Our current and potential competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection or
commercializing products before us. Many of these entities have significantly greater research and development capabilities than
we do, as well as substantially more marketing, manufacturing, financial and managerial resources. These entities represent
significant competition for us. Acquisitions of, or investments in, competing pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies by large
corporations could increase such competitors’ financial, marketing, manufacturing and other resources.
26
Competition for our ALZET product line primarily consists of customers choosing to utilize delivery methods for their
research projects other than an osmotic pump. We also face competition for our ALZET product line from other companies
including low-cost foreign competitors.
Any pharmaceutical products we develop will compete in highly competitive markets. Many of our potential competitors in
these markets have greater development, financial, manufacturing, marketing, and sales resources than we do and we cannot be
certain that they will not succeed in developing products or technologies which will render our technologies and products
obsolete or noncompetitive. In addition, many of those potential competitors have significantly greater experience than we do in
their respective fields.
Corporate History, Headquarters and Website Information
We were incorporated in Delaware in February 1998. Our principal executive offices are located at 10260 Bubb Road,
Cupertino, California 95014. Our telephone number is (408) 777-1417, and our website address is www.durect.com. Information
contained on our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the inclusion of our website address in this Annual
Report on Form 10-K is an inactive textual reference only. We make our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form
10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports available free of charge on our website as soon as
reasonably practicable after we file these reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The SEC maintains an
internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file
electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s website to access all of this information is www.sec.gov. Our Code of Ethics can be found
on our website.
We also use our website, including the investor relations section of our website to announce important information about us
and other matters in order to achieve broad, non-exclusionary distribution of information to the public. We encourage investors
and others to review the information we make public in these locations, as such information could be deemed to be material
information. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not a part of this report, and all website addresses in
this report are intended to be inactive textual references only.
Human Capital
Our approach to human capital resource management starts with our mission to advance novel and potentially lifesaving
investigational therapies derived from our Epigenetic Regulator Program. Our industry exists in a complex regulatory
environment. The unique demands of our industry, together with the challenges of running an enterprise focused on the
discovery, development, manufacture and commercialization of innovative medicines, require talent that is highly educated
and/or has significant industry experience. Additionally, for certain key functions, we require specific scientific expertise to
oversee and conduct R&D activities and the complex manufacturing requirements for biopharmaceutical products.
The biopharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and recruiting and retaining employees is critical to the continued
success of our business. We are an equal opportunity employer and we are fundamentally committed to creating and
maintaining a work environment in which employees are treated with respect and dignity. All human resources policies,
practices and actions related to hiring, promotion, compensation, benefits and termination are administered in accordance with
the principal of equal employment opportunity, meaning that they are made on the basis of individual skills, knowledge, abilities,
job performance and other legitimate criteria and without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender
expression or identity, ethnicity, national origin, ancestry, age, mental or physical disability, genetic information, any veteran
status, any military status or application for military service, or membership in any other category protected under applicable
law. By focusing on employee retention and engagement, we also improve our ability to support our clinical trials, our pipeline,
our platform technologies, business and operations, and also protect the long-term interests of our stockholders. Our success also
depends on our ability to attract, engage and retain a diverse group of employees.
27
Our base pay program aims to compensate management and staff members relative to the value of the contributions of
their role, which takes into account the skills, knowledge and abilities required to perform each position, as well as the experience
brought to the job. We also provide annual incentive programs to reward our management team and staff members in alignment
with achievement of Company-wide goals that are established annually and designed to drive aspects of our strategic priorities
that support and advance our strategy across our Company. Our management team and staff members are eligible for the grant
of equity awards under our long-term incentive program that are designed to align the experience of these staff with that of our
stockholders. All management team and staff members also participate in a regular performance measurement process that
aligns pay to performance and through which they receive performance and development feedback.
Our benefit programs are also generally broad-based, promote health and overall well-being and emphasize saving for
retirement. All management team and regular staff members are eligible to participate in the same core health and welfare and
retirement savings plans. Other employee benefits include employee stock purchase plan, medical plans, dental plans, vacation
and sick-pay plans, employee assistance programs, flexible spending accounts, life and accident insurance and short and long-
term disability benefits.
Our Compensation Committee provides oversight of our compensation plans, policies and programs.
As of March 3, 2023, we had 79 employees, including 43 in research and development, 10 in manufacturing and 26 in
selling, general and administrative. At least 37 of our employees have advanced degrees of some sort (e.g., MD, PhD, DVM, JD,
MBA). The Company strives for gender diversity and diversity beyond gender throughout the organization. Of our employees,
35% are male and 65% are female. From time to time, we also employ independent contractors to support our research,
development and administrative organizations. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining unit, and we
have never experienced a work stoppage. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.
Executive Officers of the Registrant
Our executive officers and their ages as of March 3, 2023 are as follows:
Name
James E. Brown, D.V.M.
Timothy M. Papp, M.B.A.
Norman L. Sussman, M.D.
Judy R. Joice
Age
66
47
70
66
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Position
Chief Financial Officer
Chief Medical Officer
Senior Vice President, Operations and Corporate Quality Assurance
James E. Brown, D.V.M. co-founded DURECT in February 1998 and has served as our President, Chief Executive Officer and
a Director since June 1998. He previously worked at ALZA Corporation as Vice President of Biopharmaceutical and Implant
Research and Development from June 1995 to June 1998. Prior to that, Dr. Brown held various positions at Syntex Corporation, a
pharmaceutical company, including Director of Business Development from May 1994 to May 1995, Director of Joint Ventures for
Discovery Research from April 1992 to May 1995, and held a number of positions including Program Director for Syntex Research
and Development from October 1985 to March 1992. Dr. Brown holds a B.A. from San Jose State University and a D.V.M. (Doctor
of Veterinary Medicine) from the University of California, Davis where he also conducted post-graduate work in pharmacology and
toxicology.
Timothy M. Papp, MBA, joined DURECT in July 2022 as Chief Financial Officer and brings over 25 years of corporate finance
experience to DURECT, including 15 years in the Biopharma sector. Prior to joining DURECT, he was a Managing Director of
Healthcare Investment Banking at RBC Capital Markets, LLC from 2020 to 2021. Previously he was a Managing Director of
Healthcare Investment Banking at Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Inc. (“Stifel”), where he worked from 2010 to 2020. Prior to Stifel,
he was a Vice President of Healthcare Investment Banking at Cowen and Company, LLC (“Cowen”), where he worked from 2007
to 2010. Mr. Papp also held positions at KeyBanc Capital
28
Markets Inc. and Rodman & Renshaw LLC prior to joining Cowen. Mr. Papp graduated from Duke University with a Bachelor of
Science in economics and earned a Master of Business Administration from The Wharton School with a concentration in finance.
Norman L. Sussman, M.D., FAASLD, joined DURECT as Chief Medical Officer in November 2020. He has extensive clinical
experience and expertise in the field of liver disease and brings over 30 years of clinical research and development experience in
academia and industry. Prior to joining DURECT he was an Associate Professor of Medicine and Surgery at Baylor College of
Medicine and a faculty member of Baylor College of Medicine intermittently since 1985. During that time, he served as a Principal
Investigator for research focused on the assessment and management of acute liver failure and artificial liver support. Dr.
Sussman gained leadership experience in industry as the founder and Vice President of both Amphioxus Cell Technologies from
1995 to 2003 and Hepatix, Inc from 1993 to 1995. Most recently, he has also served in senior leadership roles as a member of
the Baylor Faculty Senate and as Director of the telehealth program, Project ECHO®, at Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center. Dr.
Sussman received his MBBCh from the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. He then completed his
residency at St. Louis University Hospital and his post-doctoral fellowship at Washington University. He is Board Certified in
Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, and Transplant Hepatology. Dr. Sussman is also a Fellow of the American Association of the
Study of Liver Disease, which is a designation that recognizes his superior level of professional achievement in the field of
hepatology.
Judy R. Joice has served as our Senior Vice President, Operations and Corporate Quality Assurance since March 2014 and as
our Vice President, Operations and Corporate Quality Assurance since April 2011. Previously, Ms. Joice served as our Vice
President, Corporate Quality Assurance since July 2008 and as our Executive Director, Quality Assurance from July 2007 to July
2008. She has over 30 years’ experience in the pharmaceutical industry with such companies as Nektar Therapeutics, Oread,
Roche Pharmaceuticals, and Syntex Research. During her career, Ms. Joice has gained broad experience in CMC development
activities including novel excipients, new chemical entities, devices, and combination products. She has developed, implemented
and managed all aspects of company-wide quality systems and compliance functions, ranging from drug development through
commercial manufacturing. Ms. Joice has a B.S. in Chemistry from California State University, Hayward.
29
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
In addition to the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, a number of factors may affect our business and
prospects. These factors include but are not limited to the following, which you should consider carefully in evaluating our
business and prospects. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and
growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
Summary
• We are dependent on the success of larsucosterol and the path to regulatory approval is uncertain; we cannot be
certain that it will receive regulatory approval or be commercialized
• We will require, and may have difficulty or be unsuccessful in raising needed capital in the future to continue to
•
•
operate as a going concern
The FDA’s Fast Track Designation of larsucosterol in AH may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or
approval
Safety data and indications of activity from completed larsucosterol clinical trials may not predict safety, activity or
efficacy in future trials
Open-label trials of larsucosterol in AH and NASH have inherent limitations
Ongoing and future clinical trials for larsucosterol may be delayed and may not demonstrate efficacy or safety
•
•
• We may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the
•
development and commercialization of our product candidates
Key components of larsucosterol are provided by a limited number of suppliers, and supply shortages or loss of these
suppliers could result in delays or interruptions in supply or increased costs
• Macroeconomic uncertainties have in the past impacted and may continue to adversely impact our business, including
posing challenges to conducting clinical trials
• We have a significant amount of debt. Compliance with repayment obligations and other covenants may be difficult;
failure to fulfill our obligations may cause the repayment obligations to accelerate
•
•
•
•
• We do not control the commercialization of POSIMIR, PERSERIS or Methydur
•
For certain of our product candidates, we depend to a large extent on third-party collaborators, and we have limited or
no control over their development, sales, distribution, disclosure, regulatory strategy or potential commercialization
Cancellation of third-party collaborations may adversely affect potential economic benefits
If we do not enter into new collaboration agreements, our revenues and/or cash flows will be reduced relative to prior
periods
Our cash flows are likely to differ from our reported revenues and earnings
Our business strategy includes entering into additional collaborative agreements to support development, clinical trials,
manufacturing and commercialization of product candidates. We may not be able to successfully negotiate or enter
into acceptable collaboration agreements
Failure to comply with governmental regulations could materially harm our business
•
• We have a history of operating losses, expect to continue to have losses and may never achieve or maintain
profitability and we may not successfully manage our company through varying business cycles including
macroeconomic uncertainties and the COVID-19 pandemic
• We may develop our own sales force and commercial group to market future products, but we have limited sales and
marketing experience and may not be able to do so effectively
• Write-offs related to impairment of goodwill, long-lived assets, inventories and other non-cash charges may adversely
impact profitability and cause cash flows to differ from reported earnings
• We depend upon key personnel who may terminate their employment with us at any time, and we may not be able to
•
attract and retain sufficient qualified personnel on a timely basis, if at all
Cyber-attacks or other failures in telecommunications or information technology systems could result in information
theft, data corruption and significant disruption of our business operations
30
•
•
Our business involves environmental risks and risks related to handling regulated substances
If we are unable to protect, maintain or enforce our intellectual property rights or secure rights to third-party
intellectual property, we may lose valuable assets, lose market share or incur costly litigation or our third-party
collaborators may choose to terminate their agreements with us, which may depend on our intellectual property
• We may be sued by third parties claiming that our products or product candidates infringe on their IP rights,
•
•
particularly because there is substantial uncertainty about the validity and breadth of biopharmaceutical patents
Competitive products or technologies could impair our ability to establish, maintain or grow our business
Our relationships with physicians, patients and third-party payers are subject to anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, privacy
and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual
damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings
• We could be exposed to significant product liability claims and we are subject to healthcare laws and regulations, which
could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages and reputational harm
Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent our product candidates’ commercial success
•
• Market acceptance of, and market opportunity for, our products or product candidates is uncertain, and failure to
achieve market acceptance or adequate reimbursement from third-party payers will harm our future revenues and
profitability
Inability to train physicians to use our products may prevent market acceptance of our products
Our stock price has in the past and may in the future not meet the minimum bid price for continued listing on Nasdaq
Our operating history makes evaluating our stock difficult and the price of our stock may be volatile
Investors may experience substantial dilution of their investment
Our ability to use net operating losses and other tax attributes is uncertain and may be limited
•
•
•
•
•
• We have broad discretion over the use of our cash and investments, which may not always yield a favorable return
•
•
Our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law could discourage an acquisition of us
Having Delaware as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders could limit our
stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes
Because our Company is a “smaller reporting company,” we may take advantage of certain scaled disclosures
available to us, resulting in holders of our securities receiving less Company information than they would receive from
a public company that is not a smaller reporting company
As a non-accelerated filer, we are not required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act and, consequently, some investors may find our common stock less attractive
•
•
31
Risks Related To Our Business
We are dependent on the success of larsucosterol and the path to regulatory approval is uncertain; we cannot be certain that
it will receive regulatory approval or be commercialized
Our business depends substantially on the successful development of larsucosterol, which has completed multiple clinical
trials, including a Phase 1b clinical trial in NASH and a Phase 2a clinical trial in AH, and is continuing to enroll patients for a Phase
2b clinical trial (AHFIRM) in patients with severe AH and anticipate enrolling the last patient in the AHFIRM trial in the second
quarter of 2023 with top-line results to be reported in the second half of 2023. In AH and NASH, there are no currently approved
drugs. Ongoing and future clinical trials will need to establish clinically and statistically significant proof of efficacy, and sufficient
evidence of safety to support filing for regulatory approval and/or additional clinical trials and ultimately regulatory approval.
Larsucosterol will require additional development, including completion of the ongoing AHFIRM clinical trial and potentially
additional clinical trials as well as potentially further preclinical studies, and other non-clinical parameters, to obtain regulatory
clearances before it can be commercialized. We will have to interact with the FDA and other regulatory agencies regarding
important aspects of the clinical development program, potentially including the size and design of clinical trials, the specific
primary and secondary endpoints for the clinical trials, inclusion and exclusion criteria, stopping rules, duration of follow up, size
of the safety databases, statistical analysis plans and other matters. Positive results obtained during early development do not
necessarily mean later development will succeed or that regulatory clearances or approvals will be obtained. Changes to any of
these aspects of our clinical trial design could result in the requirement for additional trials or delay development and approval of
larsucosterol. Our drug development efforts may not lead to commercial drugs for several reasons, such as if larsucosterol fails to
be shown to be safe and effective or if we do not have adequate financial or other resources to advance larsucosterol through
clinical development and the approval processes. We consider larsucosterol to be our lead and most important asset. If
larsucosterol fails to demonstrate safety or efficacy at any time or during any phase of development, we would experience
potentially significant delays in, or be required to abandon development of larsucosterol, which would materially harm our
business. Even if the Phase 2b AHFIRM trial successfully demonstrates a reduction in mortality or liver transplantation over
placebo plus standard of care, (1) additional clinical trial(s) may be required to support an NDA filing and ultimately to support
approval by FDA and/or other regulatory bodies; and (2) accelerated regulatory pathways (such as an FDA priority review
designation) may not be available.
We do not anticipate that larsucosterol will be eligible to receive regulatory approval from the FDA or comparable foreign
authorities and begin commercialization for a number of years, if ever. This uncertainty may make it difficult to predict the timing
or expense required to obtain regulatory approval for larsucosterol. We also may need to revise our clinical development plans
after trials have commenced or have been completed, which could add to the time and expense associated with the clinical
development of larsucosterol. If we are unable to reach an agreement with the FDA or other regulatory agencies regarding
clinical development plans for larsucosterol, we may curtail or limit our development activities for this product candidate. Even if
we ultimately receive regulatory approval for larsucosterol, we or our potential future partners, if any, may be unable to
commercialize it successfully for a variety of reasons. These include, for example, the availability of alternative, potentially
superior or less expensive treatments, lack of cost-effectiveness, the lack of favorable access and/or commercial pricing, the cost
or technical challenges of manufacturing the product on a commercial scale and competition with other treatments. The success
of larsucosterol may also be limited by the prevalence and severity of any adverse side effects, including mortality. If we fail to
obtain regulatory approval and successfully commercialize larsucosterol, we may be unable to raise sufficient capital or generate
sufficient revenues to attain or maintain profitability, and our financial condition and stock price may decline.
We will require and may have difficulty or be unsuccessful in raising needed capital in the future to continue to operate as a
going concern
Our business currently does not generate sufficient revenues to meet our capital requirements and we do not expect that it
will do so in the near future. We have expended and will continue to expend substantial funds to conduct the research,
development, manufacturing and clinical testing of our product candidates, funding and establishing additional clinical- and
commercial-scale manufacturing
32
arrangements and facilities, and to provide for the pre-commercial and commercial activities associated with the marketing, sales
and distribution of our products and product candidates.
Presently, we do not have sufficient cash resources to meet our plans for the next twelve months from the issuance of
these financial statements. Our recurring losses from operations, negative cash flows and need for additional capital raise
substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. As a result, our independent registered public accounting firm
included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements as of, and for the year ended, December 31, 2022.
We will require additional financing to fund our operations or we will have to significantly curtail our operations to conserve our
capital resources. Additional funds may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, and such availability will depend on a
number of factors, some of which are outside of our control, including general capital markets conditions and investors’ view of
our prospects and valuation. Further, investors’ perception of our ability to continue as a going concern may make it more
difficult for us to obtain financing, or necessitate that we obtain financing on terms that are more favorable to investors, and
could result in the loss of confidence by investors, suppliers and employees. Our continued operations are contingent on our
ability to enter into new collaborative agreements, raise additional capital and obtain financing and success in future operations.
If we do not acquire sufficient additional funding or alternative sources of capital to meet our working capital needs, we will have
to substantially curtail our operations and business plan resulting in delays in generating future revenue.
Our actual capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
continued progress and cost of our research and development programs;
progress with preclinical studies and clinical trials;
the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approvals, if any;
costs involved in establishing manufacturing capabilities for pre-clinical, non-clinical, clinical and commercial quantities
of our products and product candidates;
success in entering into collaboration agreements and achieving milestones under such agreements;
the continuation of our collaborative agreements that provide financial funding for certain of our activities;
regulatory actions with respect to our and our collaborators’ products and product candidates;
costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing intellectual property rights;
costs of developing sales, marketing and distribution channels and our ability and that of our collaborators to sell our
products, products we have a financial interest in and, eventually, product candidates;
competing technological and market developments;
• market acceptance of our products, products we have a financial interest in and, eventually, product candidates;
•
•
•
•
any failure to comply with the covenants in our debt instruments that results in acceleration of repayment obligations;
impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic;
costs for recruiting and retaining employees and consultants; and
unexpected legal, accounting and other costs and liabilities related to our business.
We may consume available resources more rapidly than currently anticipated, resulting in the need for additional funding.
We may seek to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings, convertible debt financings, collaborative arrangements
with corporate collaborators or other sources, which, in each case, may be dilutive to existing stockholders and may cause the
price of our common
33
stock to decline. In addition, in the event that additional funds are obtained through arrangements with collaborators or other
sources, we may have to relinquish rights to some of our technologies, products or product candidates that we would otherwise
seek to develop or commercialize ourselves.
The FDA’s Fast Track Designation of larsucosterol may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval
The FDA grants Fast Track Designation to therapies that are considered capable of addressing unmet medical needs and
possess the potential to treat serious or life-threatening disease conditions in order to facilitate its development and expedite the
review procedure. Even though larsucosterol has received Fast Track Designation for the treatment of AH, we may not experience
a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures, or receive FDA approval at all, in
that indication or any other. A Fast Track Designation does not change the standards for approval. The FDA may also withdraw
Fast Track Designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.
In addition, the statutes and regulations that define the timelines and criteria for approval of drugs and biologics are
subject to change by the U.S. Congress and the responsible administrative agencies. For example, the Prescription Drug User Fee
Act (“PDUFA”) authorizes the FDA to collect fees and use them for the review of human drug applications and defines the review
time targets for such applications. The current legislative authority for PDUFA will expire in September 2027. New legislation will
then be required for the FDA to continue collecting prescription drug user fees in future fiscal years and for manufacturers to
have clarity regarding the time the FDA will spend in review before granting regulatory approval. If PDUFA reauthorization is not
completed in the future, the review and approval times for new drugs like larsucosterol could be significantly longer than
currently expected, which could delay potential marketing approval and launch.
Safety data and indications of activity from completed Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of larsucosterol may not predict safety,
activity or therapeutic efficacy in future trials
Safety data and indications of activity from completed Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of larsucosterol may ultimately not be
correlated with treatment or improvement in the associated disease, and there is a risk that larsucosterol may not demonstrate
therapeutic efficacy in larger placebo-controlled trials such as AHFIRM. The failure of larsucosterol to show efficacy in one
indication may negatively affect its perceived value in other indications, and the emergence of safety signals in ongoing or future
clinical trials would significantly harm our business.
Open-label trials of larsucosterol in NASH and AH have inherent limitations
The most recently completed NASH and AH trials of larsucosterol were open-label trials with no control groups. Open label
trials have inherent risk of bias given that the patients and physicians know that the patients received active study drug, which
can lead to placebo effects. Trials without control groups have an inherent risk in that the comparisons used to determine the
study drug’s effect and side effect profile are based on comparisons with baseline (pre-treatment) levels (for blood chemistry and
biomarker endpoints) and/or with historical controls, which may not have been conducted under similar enough conditions to
make accurate comparisons and/or draw accurate conclusions from those comparisons. Additionally, larger placebo-controlled
clinical trials are required to evaluate the safety and efficacy of larsucosterol to treat any indication, including AH and NASH.
There can be no assurance that ongoing or future studies will demonstrate the safety or efficacy of larsucosterol in a statistically
significant or clinically meaningful manner.
Ongoing and future clinical trials for larsucosterol may be delayed and may not demonstrate efficacy or safety
The Phase 2b AHFIRM trial of larsucosterol in patients with AH is subject to potential delays. For example, the uncertainty of
COVID-19 has impacted and may in the future impact our clinical trial sites in the U.S., U.K., E.U. and Australia, which affects the
predictability and timing of availability of top-line data from this trial. There can be no assurance that the trial will complete
enrollment as anticipated if at all, and delays in enrollment could add to the costs and expenses of this trial and harm our
business. There can also be no assurance that biological activity demonstrated in previous animal disease models or earlier
clinical trials of larsucosterol will also be seen in ongoing trials or future clinical trials, or that any
34
clinically relevant biological activity will be observed, or that enrollment rates will be favorable or that these additional trials will
not identify safety issues. Failure of the AHFIRM trial to achieve desired results in its anticipated timeframe would negatively
impact our business and ability to raise additional capital.
We may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and
commercialization of our product candidates
We may experience delays in completing our preclinical studies and initiating or completing clinical trials, and we may
experience numerous unfavorable events during, or as a result of, any future clinical trials that we may conduct that could delay
or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
regulators, institutional review boards ("IRBs"), or ethics committees may not authorize us or our investigators to
commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at one or more prospective trial sites;
we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with prospective trial sites and
prospective CROs, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among
different CROs and trial sites. We may be forced to accept unfavorable contract provisions in such agreements based
on country, territory or local laws or requirements of institutions or IRBs where important clinical investigators practice;
clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, clinical trial subjects receiving
placebo or standard of care may experience better than expected outcomes, and we may decide, or regulators may
require us, to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials or we may decide to abandon product development
programs;
clinical trial sites or clinical investigators may not comply with the study protocol or applicable laws;
the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate,
enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate, or participants may drop out of these clinical trials
or fail to return for post-treatment follow-up at a higher rate than we anticipate;
our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us
in a timely manner, or at all, or may deviate from the clinical trial protocol or drop out of the trial, which may require
that we add new clinical trial sites or investigators;
we may elect to, or regulators or IRBs or ethics committees may require us or our investigators to, suspend or
terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that
the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;
the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;
the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product
candidates may be insufficient or inadequate; and
our product candidates may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us or our
investigators, regulators or IRBs or ethics committees to suspend or terminate the trials, or reports may arise from
preclinical or clinical testing of other therapies that raise safety or efficacy concerns about our product candidates.
We could encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, by the IRBs of the institutions at which such
trials are being conducted, by the Data Safety Monitoring Board for such trial or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Such
authorities may impose such a suspension or termination or clinical hold due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct
the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or
trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, changes in clinical trial design, safety
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issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product, changes in governmental regulations or
administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay
in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product
candidates. Further, the FDA may disagree with our clinical trial design and our interpretation of data from clinical trials, or may
change the requirements for approval even after it has reviewed and commented on the design for our clinical trials.
Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or regulatory approvals. We do not
know whether any of our future clinical trials will begin as planned, or whether any of our current or future clinical trials will need
to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, if at all. Significant preclinical study or clinical trial delays, also could shorten
any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to
bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm
our business and results of operations. Any delays in our ongoing or future preclinical or clinical development programs may
harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.
Key components of larsucosterol are provided by a limited number of suppliers, and supply shortages or loss of these suppliers
could result in delays or interruptions in supply or increased costs
While we have entered into contract manufacturing agreements with multiple vendors for larsucosterol, we currently have
a third-party sole supplier for GMP supplies of larsucosterol. This third party is our sole source for the drug product required for
development and commercialization of this drug candidate.
The reliance on a sole or limited number of suppliers could result in:
•
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•
an inability to obtain an adequate supply of larsucosterol;
delays associated with finding and contracting with a new supplier (if we can find one capable of replacing the old
supplier and negotiate commercially reasonable terms) and then transferring the know-how and technology required to
perform the services to the new supplier; and
reduced control over pricing, quality and delivery time.
There can be no assurance that we will receive sufficient quantities of larsucosterol to commence and conduct the non-
clinical trials, clinical trials and CMC activities we are planning, and delays in supply could delay development of larsucosterol. In
addition, certain of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers may be experiencing delays as a result of the COVID-19
pandemic or have otherwise encountered delays in providing their goods and services. As a result, we may not be able to
manufacture our product candidates for our clinical trials and conduct other research and development operations and maintain
current clinical and pre-clinical timelines. In addition, if additional third parties in our supply chain are adversely impacted by
restrictions resulting from the pandemic, including staffing shortages, raw material shortages, production slowdowns and/or
disruptions in delivery systems, our supply chain may be disrupted in other ways, further limiting our ability to manufacture our
product candidates for our clinical trials and conduct our research and development operations.
We have supply agreements in place for certain components of our products and product candidates, but do not have in
place long term supply agreements with respect to all of the components of any of our products or product candidates. Therefore,
the supply of a particular component could be terminated without DURECT’s consent at any time without penalty to the supplier.
In addition, we may not be able to procure required components or drugs from third-party suppliers at a commercially reasonable
quantity, quality, cost and timing. In addition, certain of our suppliers may be experiencing delays as a result of the COVID-19
pandemic or have otherwise encountered delays in providing their services. Any interruption in the supply of single source
components (including active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, or components like vials, stoppers, filters and the like),
products or product candidates, could cause us to seek alternative sources of supply or attempt to manufacture these items
internally if feasible. Furthermore, in some cases, we are relying on our third-party collaborators to procure supply of necessary
components. If the supply of any components for our products or product candidates is interrupted,
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components from alternative suppliers may not be available in sufficient volumes or at acceptable quality levels within required
timeframes, if at all, to meet our needs or those of our third-party collaborators. This could delay our ability to obtain commercial
product supplies or complete development and obtain approval for commercialization and marketing of our product candidates,
causing us to lose sales, incur additional costs, delay new product introductions and could harm our reputation and make access
to capital more difficult, expensive or impossible. Supply chain disruptions have affected and are likely to continue to affect the
manufacturing and shipment of goods globally. Any delay in production or delivery of the components and drug substances used
in our products or product candidates for any reason, including due to an extended closure of our suppliers’ plants as a result of
efforts to limit the spread of COVID-19, could adversely impact our business and hinder our growth.
Macroeconomic uncertainties have in the past impacted and may continue to adversely impact our business, including posing
challenges to conducting clinical trials
Global economic and business activities continue to face widespread macroeconomic uncertainties, including labor
shortages and supply chain disruptions, inflation and monetary supply shifts, as well as recession risks, which may continue for
an extended period, which may have an adverse impact on the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in a
severe and prolonged global economic downturn that could continue to affect demand for our ALZET product line and could have
an adverse impact on our business operations and financial condition. Further, such macroeconomic uncertainties may also
adversely impact our ability to raise additional capital to provide sufficient funding to continue our product development efforts,
including clinical trials, which would make it more difficult for companies such as ours to access capital. For example, the global
COVID-19 pandemic delayed the initiation of our AHFIRM Phase 2b clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of larsucosterol
in severe AH patients and it has delayed, and may in the future delay, the pace of enrollment in this trial and other clinical trials.
Additionally, inflation has the potential to adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of
operations by increasing our overall cost structure. The existence of inflation in the economy has resulted in, and may continue to
result in, higher interest rates and capital costs, supply shortages, increased costs of labor, increased manufacturing costs and
clinical trial costs, weakening exchange rates and other similar effects. As a result of inflation, we have experienced and may
continue to experience cost increases.
The extent to which such macroeconomic uncertainties impact our operations will depend on future developments, which
are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence. As a result, there have been and may continue to be longer lead
times required for acquiring components and supplies used in manufacturing of larsucosterol, and there have been periods of
reduced demand for our ALZET products, which are used in scientific and pre-clinical research. We may continue to experience
disruptions that could severely impact our business, preclinical studies and clinical trials including:
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delays or difficulties in enrolling patients in our clinical trials;
delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, including difficulties in recruiting clinical site investigators and clinical site
staff;
diversion of healthcare resources away from the conduct of clinical trials, including the diversion of hospitals serving as
our clinical trial sites and hospital staff supporting the conduct of our clinical trials;
interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site data monitoring, due to limitations on travel imposed
or recommended by federal, state or local governments, employers and others or interruption of clinical trial subject
visits and study procedures, which may impact the integrity of subject data and clinical study endpoints, the ability to
collect, ship and analyze biological samples from clinical trial patients due to concerns about potential contamination of
samples and/or exposure of clinical staff to patients with COVID-19;
interruption or delays in the operations of the FDA or other regulatory authorities, which may impact review and
approval timelines;
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•
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disruption or delays in manufacturing of clinical and commercial supplies due to issues experienced by our contract
manufacturing organizations and/or shortages and delays in obtaining raw materials and supplies required in the
manufacturing processes;
interruption of or delays in receiving supplies of our products and product candidates from our contract manufacturing
organizations due to staffing shortages, production slowdowns or stoppages, prioritization of pandemic-related
activities over ours and disruptions in delivery systems;
interruptions in preclinical studies due to restricted or limited operations at laboratory facilities;
limitations on employee resources that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of our preclinical studies, clinical
trials, and manufacturing activities including because of sickness of employees or their families or the desire of
employees to avoid contact with groups of people; and
• material delays and complications with respect to our research and development programs.
Delays or difficulties in the enrollment of subjects in clinical trials may increase our overall development expenses and delay
clinical trial data and receipt of necessary regulatory approvals
Successful and timely completion of clinical trials will require that we enroll a sufficient number of subjects and/or patients
within a reasonable period of time. Enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors
including the size and nature of the patient population, our ability to recruit clinical sites and the ability of clinical sites to
successfully recruit subjects to participate in clinical trials. Initiation of and enrollment in many clinical trials has been and may in
the future be adversely affected by COVID-19, which has at times caused some institutions to stop enrolling patients, has
created a large number of clinical trial proposals for potential clinical trial sites to review and consider, and has caused many
individuals to avoid contact with hospitals or other healthcare providers. Additionally, some of the patients in our clinical trials,
including AH patients, are hospitalized and concerns about exposure to COVID-19 limit clinical trial staff’s access to patients, the
frequency of interactions between patients and staff, the ability to obtain blood draws and other biological sample collection, and
may limit the ability to ship samples to outside laboratories for analysis. In areas heavily impacted by COVID-19, there may be
limited hospital staff available for clinical trial activities due to staff becoming infected or due to de-prioritization of clinical trial
activities. Trials may be subject to delays as a result of patient enrollment taking longer than anticipated or patient withdrawal.
We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for larsucosterol if we are unable to sign and maintain sufficient clinical
sites, locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA or other
regulatory authorities or if we are unable to collect and analyze biological samples required for trial endpoints. It is possible that
the inclusion and exclusion criteria for patients to be enrolled in these trials or COVID-19-related issues may make the trials more
difficult to conduct or may significantly extend the time required for enrollment and the cost of these trials.
We cannot predict how successful we will be at enrolling patients in our clinical trials. Enrollment is affected by many
factors including:
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the eligibility criteria for the trial in question;
the prevalence and incidence of the conditions being studied;
COVID-19-related challenges with patient access, hospital prioritization, clinical trial staff availability, ability to collect,
ship and analyze patients’ biological samples, availability of personal protective equipment, swabs, reagents and other
materials and supplies;
the perceived risks and benefits of our product candidates;
clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product candidate being studied in relation to
other available therapies, including any new drugs or therapeutic biologics that may be approved for the indications we
are investigating;
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•
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•
•
•
the efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials;
competition for clinical sites and patients from other clinical trials;
the willingness of potential clinical trial patients to provide informed consent to participate in the trial;
the patient referral practices of physicians;
the ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment; and
the proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients.
Our inability to sign up and maintain sufficient clinical trial sites and/or enroll a sufficient number of patients for clinical
trials would result in significant delays and could require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in
these clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our drug candidates or delays in regulatory filings and
approvals, which would cause the value of our Company to decline and limit our ability to obtain additional financing.
The FDA or other regulatory agencies may require more information or clinical studies for our product candidates, and our
product candidates may never be approved
The failure to adequately demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a pharmaceutical product candidate under
development to the satisfaction of FDA and other regulatory agencies will result in delays to the regulatory approval or non-
approvability of our product candidates and could materially harm our business. Clinical trials may not demonstrate the sufficient
levels of safety and efficacy necessary to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals for our product candidates or may require
such significant numbers of patients or additional costs to make it impractical to satisfy the regulatory agency’s requirements,
and thus our product candidates may not be approved for marketing. During the review process, the FDA or other regulatory
agencies may request additional information regarding the efficacy or safety of our product candidates and providing such
additional information could require significant additional work and expense, and take a significant amount of time, resulting in a
material delay of approval or the failure to obtain approval or lead our Company to abandon the development of that product
candidate. During the review process, the FDA, or other regulatory agencies, may also request more information regarding the
chemistry, manufacturing or controls related to our product candidates, and answering such questions could require significant
additional work and expense, and take a significant amount of time, resulting in a material delay of approval or the failure to
obtain approval or abandonment of the product candidate. Additionally, even if our product candidates receive FDA or other
regulatory agency approval, the regulatory agency may require that we conduct additional clinical or non-clinical studies after
such approval, place limitations on the use of our products in applicable labels, require marketing under a Risk Evaluation and
Mitigation Strategy program, include commercially unattractive language in the approved product label, delay approval to market
our products or limit the indicated use of our products, which may harm our business and results of operations.
We have a significant amount of debt. Compliance with repayment obligations and other covenants may be difficult, and
failure to fulfill our obligations under the applicable loan agreements may cause our repayment obligations to accelerate
In July 2016, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (as amended, the “Loan Agreement”) with Oxford Finance LLC
("Oxford Finance"), pursuant to which Oxford Finance provided a $20 million secured single-draw term loan to us with an initial
maturity date of August 1, 2020. The term loan was fully drawn at close and the proceeds may be used for working capital and
general business requirements. The term loan repayment schedule provided initially for interest only payments for the first 18
months, followed by consecutive monthly payments of principal and interest in arrears starting on March 1, 2018 and continuing
through the maturity date of August 1, 2020. Following five amendments, we make interest only payments under the amended
Loan Agreement until June 1, 2023 and the final maturity date of the loan is September 1, 2025. The Loan Agreement provides
for a floating interest rate (7.95% initially and 11.45% as of December 31, 2022) based on an index rate plus a spread and an
additional payment equal to 10% of the principal amount of the term loan, which is due when the term loan becomes due or upon
the prepayment of the facility. Any increases in prevailing interest rates could increase our
39
expenses under the Loan Agreement. If we elect to prepay the loan, there is also a prepayment fee between 0.75% and 2.5% of
the principal amount of the term loan depending on the timing of prepayment. Our debt repayment obligations under the Loan
Agreement, as amended, may prove a burden to our Company as they become due, particularly following the expiration of the
interest-only period. Increased payment requirements that are scheduled to start after June 2023 will increase our cash
expenditures and require us to raise additional capital or renegotiate or refinance the Loan Agreement. There can be no
assurance that additional capital will be available on acceptable terms, if at all, or that we would be able to successfully
renegotiate or refinance the Loan Agreement on acceptable terms, if at all. If our debt repayments increase, we may be required
to scale back development programs or other operations, which could have an adverse effect on our business.
The Loan Agreement contains customary events of default, including, among other things, our failure to fulfill certain of our
obligations under the Loan Agreement and the occurrence of a material adverse change in our business, operations or condition
(financial or otherwise), a material impairment of the prospect of repayment of any portion of the loan, the failure to deliver an
unqualified audit report and board approved financial projections within time periods set forth in the Loan Agreement, or a
material impairment in the perfection or priority of lender’s lien in the collateral or in the value of such collateral. In the event of
default by us under the Loan Agreement, the lender would be entitled to exercise its remedies thereunder, including the right to
accelerate the debt, upon which we may be required to repay all amounts then outstanding under the Loan Agreement, which
could harm our business, operations and financial condition.
In addition, the term loan is secured by substantially all of our assets, except that the collateral does not include any equity
interests in our Company, any intellectual property (including all licensing, collaboration and similar agreements relating thereto),
and certain other excluded assets. The Loan Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants by us,
which covenants limit our ability to convey, sell, lease, transfer, assign or otherwise dispose of certain of our assets; engage in
any business other than the businesses currently engaged in by us or reasonably related thereto; liquidate or dissolve; make
certain management changes; undergo certain change of control events; create, incur, assume, or be liable with respect to
certain indebtedness; grant certain liens; pay dividends and make certain other restricted payments; make certain investments;
make payments on any subordinated debt; and enter into transactions with any of our affiliates outside of the ordinary course of
business or permit our subsidiaries to do the same. Complying with these covenants may make it more difficult for us to
successfully execute our business strategy.
We do not control the commercialization of POSIMIR, PERSERIS or Methydur
We rely on Innocoll for the commercialization of POSIMIR. The current approved labeling for POSIMIR is limited, and Innocoll
is responsible for completing post-marketing non-clinical studies and any additional studies required by FDA, and negative results
from these studies could adversely affect commercialization of POSIMIR. Innocoll is also responsible for manufacturing POSIMIR. If
Innocoll does not successfully grow POSIMIR sales, the royalty payments we receive under our agreement with them will be
limited and we may not receive additional milestone payments from them. We rely on Indivior for the commercialization of
PERSERIS. There can be no assurance that PERSERIS sales will maintain current levels or grow materially. If Indivior does not
successfully grow PERSERIS sales, future earn-out payments we receive under our agreement with them will be limited. Both
POSIMIR and PERSERIS are subject to boxed warnings that may make them more difficult to commercialize. We rely on Orient
Pharma for the commercialization of Methydur. If Orient Pharma does not successfully grow Methydur sales, the royalty payments
we receive under our agreement with them will be limited. Further, the sales of each of these products may be negatively
impacted by challenging macroeconomic conditions.
For certain of our product candidates, we depend to a large extent on third-party collaborators, and we have limited or no
control over their development, sales, distribution and disclosure for those product candidates
Our performance for certain of our product candidates depends to a large extent on the ability of our third-party
collaborators to successfully develop and obtain regulatory approvals. We have entered into
40
agreements with Innocoll, Indivior and Orient Pharma under which we granted such third parties the right to develop, apply for
regulatory approval for, market, promote or distribute certain products or product candidates, subject to payments to us in the
form of product royalties, earn-out and other payments. We have limited or no control over the expertise or resources that any
collaborator may devote to the development, clinical trial strategy, regulatory approval, marketing or sale of these product
candidates, or the timing of their activities. Any of our present or future collaborators may not perform their obligations as
expected. These collaborators may breach or terminate their agreement with us or otherwise fail to conduct their collaborative
activities successfully and in a timely manner. Enforcing any of these agreements in the event of a breach by the other party
could require the expenditure of significant resources and consume a significant amount of management time and attention. Our
collaborators may also conduct their activities in a manner that is different from the manner we would recommend or would have
chosen had we been developing such product candidates ourselves. Further, our collaborators may elect not to develop or
commercialize product candidates arising out of our collaborative arrangements or not devote sufficient resources to the
development, clinical trials, regulatory approval, manufacture, marketing or sale of these product candidates. If any of these
events occur, we may not recognize revenue from the commercialization of our product candidates based on such collaborations.
In addition, these third parties may have similar or competitive products to the ones which are the subject of their collaborations
with us, or relationships with our competitors, which may reduce their interest in developing or selling our products or product
candidates. We may not be able to control public disclosures made by some of our third-party collaborators, which could
negatively impact our stock price.
Cancellation of third-party collaborations may adversely affect potential economic benefits
Third-party collaboration agreements typically allow the third party to terminate the agreement (or a specific program
within an agreement) at will by providing notice. Termination can result from failure of the collaboration to achieve anticipated
milestones, from changes in strategy of the other party or for other reasons. In these cases, the product rights revert to us or
certain rights of the partner to use our proprietary technology are terminated. If there have been payments under such
agreements that are being recognized over time, termination of such agreements (or programs) can lead to a near-term increase
in our reported revenues resulting from the immediate recognition of the balance of such payments. Termination deprives us of
potential future economic benefits under such agreements, and may make it more difficult, unattractive or impossible to enter
into agreements with other third parties for use of the assets and/or technologies that were subject to the terminated agreement.
For example, termination of our agreements with Innocoll or Orient Pharma could have negative effects on our Company.
If we do not enter into new collaboration agreements, our revenues and/or cash flows will be reduced relative to prior periods
Our revenues have been based to a significant extent on collaborative arrangements with third parties, pursuant to which
we receive payments based on our performance of research and development activities set forth in these agreements. For
example, approximately 58% of our total revenues in 2019 were derived from our collaboration agreement with Gilead. In June
2020, Gilead notified us that they were terminating this collaboration, resulting in accelerated recognition of $22.7 million in
deferred revenue related to a nonrefundable upfront license fee and a milestone payment totaling $35.0 million that had
previously been received. In addition, we have seen periodic fluctuations in revenues associated with our other collaboration
agreements, which reflect the current development stage of the product candidates subject to those agreements, and our
collaborator’s needs for our services. Long-term growth of our collaboration revenues requires us to enter into new collaboration
agreements, and there can be no assurance that we will do so. Even if we enter into new collaboration agreements, we may not
be able to fulfill our obligations or attain milestones set forth in any specific agreement, which could cause our revenues and/or
cash flows to fluctuate or be less than anticipated and may expose us to liability for contractual breach. In addition, these
agreements may require us to devote significant time and resources to communicating with and managing our relationships with
such collaborators and resolving possible issues of contractual interpretation which may detract from time our management
would otherwise devote to managing our operations. Such agreements are generally complex and contain provisions that could
give rise to legal disputes, including potential disputes concerning ownership of intellectual property. Such disputes can delay or
prevent the development of potential new product candidates, or can lead to
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lengthy, expensive litigation or arbitration. In general, our collaboration agreements, may be terminated by the other party at will
or upon specified conditions including, for example, if we fail to satisfy specified performance milestones or if we breach the
terms of the agreement. Acquisitions of our collaborators or strategic changes or re-organizations or re-prioritizations of our
collaborators can lead to turnover of program staff, a review of development programs and strategies by the acquirer, and other
events that can disrupt a program, resulting in program delays or discontinuations.
If we do not enter into new collaboration agreements, our anticipated revenues and/or cash flows will be reduced relative to
periods of increased collaborative research and development revenues, such as occurred in 2020.
Our cash flows are likely to differ from our reported revenues and earnings
Our revenues and earnings may differ from our cash flows from revenue-generating activities. Upfront payments received
upon execution of collaborative agreements may be recorded as deferred revenue, in which case they would be recognized over
the period of performance for the related performance obligations with the third-party collaborator pursuant to the applicable
agreement. The period of performance obligations may also be revised on a prospective basis. As of December 31, 2022, we
recognized $812,000 of revenue that was previously classified as deferred revenue, which resulted in our reported revenue being
greater than cash flows from our ongoing revenue-generating activities. Assumptions related to revenue recognition for
performance obligations provided over time are reviewed in each accounting period and changes are recorded in the current
period. In certain circumstances, changes in assumptions related to the measure of progress for a performance obligation
performed over time could result in negative revenue or the acceleration of revenue for an accounting period.
Our business strategy includes relying on third parties to support development, clinical testing, manufacturing and
commercialization of our products and product candidates.
Our current business strategy includes reliance on third-party CROs, consultants, service providers and suppliers to provide
critical services to support development, clinical testing, and manufacturing of our products and product candidates, including,
but not limited to larsucosterol and others. For example, we currently depend on third-party vendors to manage and monitor
most of our clinical trials. We rely on third parties to manufacture or perform manufacturing steps relating to our products,
product candidates and components. We anticipate that we will continue to rely on these and other third-party contractors to
support development, clinical testing, and manufacturing of our products and product candidates. Third parties may not execute
their responsibilities and tasks competently in compliance with their contractual obligations to us, applicable laws and regulations
or in a timely or cost-effective fashion. Failure of these contractors to provide the required services in a competent or timely
manner or on reasonable commercial terms could materially delay the development and approval of our product candidates or
commercialization of our products, increase our expenses and materially harm our business, financial condition, results of
operations and access to capital.
Failure to comply with governmental regulations could materially harm our business
Developing, manufacturing, marketing or promoting a drug is subject to very strict regulations and controls. Furthermore,
clearance or approval may entail ongoing requirements for post-marketing studies or surveillance. The manufacture and
marketing of drugs are subject to continuing FDA and foreign regulatory review and requirements that we update our regulatory
filings. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, manufacturer or facility, or our failure to update
regulatory files, may result in restrictions, including withdrawal of the product from the market. Any of the following or other
similar events, if they were to occur, could delay or preclude us from further developing, marketing or realizing full commercial
value of our products or product candidates, which in turn would materially harm our business, financial condition and results of
operations:
•
•
failure to obtain or maintain requisite governmental approvals;
failure to meet GMP, good laboratory practice and/or other governmental requirements for drug development;
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•
•
failure to obtain approvals for commercially valuable intended uses of our products and product candidates; or
FDA required product withdrawals, clinical holds or warnings arising from identification of serious adverse side effects
in our products and product candidates.
Manufacturers of drugs must comply with the applicable FDA GMP regulations, which include production design controls,
testing, quality control and quality assurance requirements as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and
documentation. Compliance with current GMP regulations is difficult and costly. Manufacturing facilities are subject to ongoing
periodic inspection by the FDA and corresponding state and in some cases, foreign agencies, including unannounced inspections,
and must be licensed before they can be used for the commercial manufacture of our products and product candidates. We
and/or our present or future suppliers and distributors may be unable to comply with the applicable GMP regulations and other
FDA and/or foreign regulatory requirements. If we, our third-party collaborators or our respective suppliers do not achieve
compliance for our products or product candidates we or they manufacture, the FDA or foreign equivalents may refuse or
withdraw marketing clearance or approvals, put our or our partner’s clinical trial on hold, withdraw or reject an investigational
NDA or require product recall, which may cause interruptions or delays in the development, manufacture and sale of our products
and product candidates.
We have a history of operating losses, expect to continue to have losses and may never achieve or maintain profitability and
we may not successfully manage our Company through varying business cycles
We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception in 1998 and, as of December 31, 2022, had an
accumulated deficit of approximately $561.4 million. We expect to continue to incur significant operating losses over the next
several years as we continue to incur significant costs for research and development, clinical trials, manufacturing, sales, and
general and administrative functions. Our ability to achieve profitability depends upon our ability, alone or with others, to
successfully complete the development of our proposed product candidates, obtain the required regulatory clearances,
manufacture and market our proposed product candidates and successfully commercialize our approved products. Development
of pharmaceutical product candidates is costly and requires significant investment. In addition, we may choose to license from
third parties either rights to particular drugs or other appropriate technology and/or intellectual property rights for use in our
products and product candidates. The license fees as well as the operating costs of using or developing these technologies or
rights would increase the costs of our products and product candidates as well as our operating costs generally.
Our current revenues are from milestones and royalties from Innocoll related to POSIMIR, the ALZET product line, from
certain excipient sales, from earn-out payments from Indivior related to sales of PERSERIS, from royalty payments from Orient
Pharma related to sales of Methydur in Taiwan, and from payments under collaborative research and development agreements
with third parties. We expect our revenues to decrease in the near future, and we do not expect that our revenues will exceed
our operating expenses in the near future. We do not anticipate meaningful revenues to derive from the commercialization and
marketing of our products and product candidates in the near future, do not expect to receive additional milestone payments in
the near term or meaningful royalties from POSIMIR until the product achieves meaningful sales (if ever) and therefore do not
expect to generate sufficient revenues to cover expenses or achieve profitability in the near future.
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Our success will depend on properly sizing our Company through growth and contraction cycles caused in part by changing
business conditions, which places a significant strain on our management and on our administrative, operational and financial
resources. For example, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, we required most of our personnel, including all of our
administrative employees, to work remotely, restricted on-site staff to only mandatory personnel, implemented social distancing
on-site, and closed certain of our offices temporarily. Our increased reliance on personnel working remotely makes us more
susceptible to reduced productivity, disruptions, delays, and other adverse impacts on our business. In addition, this model could
increase our cyber security risk, create data accessibility concerns, and make us more susceptible to communication disruptions,
any of which could adversely impact our business operations or delay necessary interactions with the FDA, manufacturing sites,
research or clinical trial sites. To mitigate future cycles, we may expand or contract our facilities, our operational, financial and
management systems and our personnel. If we are unable to manage growth and contractions effectively, our business would be
harmed.
Changes in tax law could adversely affect our business and financial condition
The rules dealing with U.S. federal, state, and local income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the
legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive
application) could adversely affect us or holders of our common stock. In recent years, many such changes have been made and
changes are likely to continue to occur in the future. For example, on March 11, 2021, President Biden signed into law the
“American Rescue Plan Act”, which included extenders to the refundable employee retention credit under the Coronavirus Aid,
Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act and limitations to executive compensation effective for tax years beginning after
2026. Future changes in tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition or results of
operations.
We may develop our own sales force and commercial group to market future products but we have limited sales and
marketing experience and may not be able to do so effectively
We have a small sales and marketing group focused on our ALZET product line. We may choose to develop our own sales
force and commercial group to market larsucosterol, if approved, or other products that we may develop in the future.
Developing a sales force and commercial group would require substantial expenditures and the hiring of qualified personnel. We
have limited sales and marketing experience, and may not be able to effectively recruit, train or retain sales and marketing
personnel. If we are not able to put in place an appropriate sales force and commercial group for our products in development
and provide that commercial team with sufficient financial and other resources, we may not be able to effectively launch or
commercialize these or any other products. We may not be able to effectively sell our products and product candidates, if
approved, and our failure to do so could limit or materially harm our business.
We and our third-party collaborators may not sell our product candidates effectively
We and our third-party collaborators (including Innocoll, Indivior and Orient Pharma) compete with many other companies
that currently have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations. Our marketing and sales efforts and those of our
third-party collaborators may be unable to compete successfully against these other companies. We and our third-party
collaborators, where applicable, may be unable to establish a sufficient sales and marketing organization on a timely basis, if at
all. We and our third-party collaborators, where applicable, may be unable to engage qualified distributors. Even if engaged,
these collaborators and distributors may:
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fail to adequately market our products or product candidates;
fail to satisfy financial or contractual obligations to us;
cease operations, terminate our collaboration or re-allocate resources away from our products or product candidates
with little or no notice to us;
offer, design, manufacture or promote competing product lines;
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fail to maintain adequate inventory and thereby restrict use of our products or product candidates; or
build up inventory in excess of demand thereby limiting future purchases of our products or product candidates
resulting in significant quarter-to-quarter variability in our sales.
The failure of us or our third-party collaborators to effectively develop, gain regulatory approval for, sell, manufacture and
market our products and product candidates will hurt our business, prospects, financial results and may impact our access to
capital.
Write-offs related to impairment of goodwill, long-lived assets, inventories and other non-cash charges may adversely impact
profitability and cause cash flows to differ from reported earnings
We may incur significant non-cash charges related to impairment write-downs of our long-lived assets, including goodwill.
We are required to perform periodic impairment reviews of our goodwill at least annually. The carrying value of goodwill on our
balance sheet was $6.2 million at December 31, 2022. To the extent these reviews conclude that the expected future cash flows
generated from our business activities are not sufficient to recover the cost of our long-lived assets, we will be required to
measure and record an impairment charge to write-down these assets to their realizable values. We completed our last review
during the fourth quarter of 2022 and determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2022. However, there can
be no assurance that upon completion of subsequent reviews a material impairment charge will not be recorded. If future
periodic reviews determine that our assets are impaired and a write-down is required, it will adversely impact or delay our
profitability.
Inventories, in part, include certain excipients that are sold to customers and included in products and product candidates
in development. These inventories are capitalized based on management’s judgment of probable sale prior to their expiration
date which in turn is primarily based on management’s internal estimates. The valuation of inventory requires us to estimate the
value of inventory that may become expired prior to use. We may be required to expense previously capitalized inventory costs
upon a change in our judgment, due to, among other potential factors, a denial or delay of approval of a product by the
necessary regulatory bodies, changes in product development timelines, or other information that suggests that the inventory
will not be saleable.
Global credit and financial market conditions could negatively impact the value of our investments
Our cash and cash equivalents are maintained in highly liquid investments with remaining maturities of 90 days or less at
the time of purchase. Our short-term investments consist primarily of readily marketable debt securities with original maturities
of greater than 90 days from the date of purchase but remaining maturities of less than one year from the balance sheet date.
Our long-term investments consist primarily of readily marketable debt securities with maturities of one year or beyond from the
balance sheet date. No assurance can be given that deterioration in conditions of the global credit and financial markets would
not negatively impact our current portfolio of cash equivalents, short-term investments or long-term investments or our ability to
meet our financing objectives.
We depend upon key personnel who may terminate their employment with us at any time, and we may not be able to attract
and retain sufficient qualified personnel on a timely basis, if at all
Our success will depend to a significant degree upon the continued services of key management, technical and scientific
personnel. In addition, our success will depend on our ability to attract and retain other highly skilled personnel, particularly as
we develop and expand our Epigenetic Regulator Program. Competition for qualified personnel is intense, and the process of
hiring and integrating such qualified personnel is often lengthy. The market for qualified personnel in the San Francisco Bay Area
is very competitive and we may be unable to recruit such personnel on a timely basis, if at all. Our management and other
employees may voluntarily terminate their employment with us at any time. Further, in 2021 and 2022, the labor market in the
U.S. experienced a significant increase in workers leaving their positions (often referred to as the “Great Resignation”), which
made the market to replace these individuals competitive and resulted in significant wage inflation in response to labor
shortages. During the Great Resignation we faced and may continue to face increased challenges of employee attraction and
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retention. The loss of the services of key personnel, or the inability to attract and retain additional qualified personnel, could
result in delays to product development or approval, loss of sales and diversion of management resources as well as difficulties
or inability to raise sufficient capital to fund our Company’s operations.
Cyber-attacks or other failures in telecommunications or information technology systems could result in information theft, data
corruption and significant disruption of our business operations
We utilize information technology, systems and networks to process, transmit and store electronic information in
connection with our business activities. As use of digital technologies has increased, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks
and attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, have increased in frequency and sophistication.
These threats pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our
data, and may cause a disruption in our operations, harm our reputation, cause us to pay to retrieve our data if it becomes
infected or otherwise subject to ransomware, and increase our stock trading risk. There can be no assurance that we will be
successful in preventing cyber-attacks or successfully mitigating their effects. Similarly, there can be no assurance that our third-
party collaborators, distributors and other contractors and consultants will be successful in protecting our clinical and other data
that is stored on their systems. Any cyber-attack or destruction or loss of data could have a material adverse effect on our
business and prospects. In addition, we may suffer reputational harm or face litigation or adverse regulatory action as a result of
cyber-attacks or other data security breaches and may incur significant additional expense to implement further data protection
measures.
Our corporate headquarters, certain manufacturing facilities and personnel are located in a seismically active area near
wildfire zones
Our corporate headquarters, certain manufacturing facilities and personnel are located in a geographical area that is known
to be seismically active and prone to earthquakes, as well as wildfires and related power outages or power shortages. Should
such a natural disaster or power outage or power shortage occur, our ability to conduct our business could be severely restricted,
and our business and assets, including the results of our research, development and manufacturing efforts, could be harmed or
destroyed.
Our business involves environmental risks and risks related to handling regulated substances
In connection with our research and development activities and our manufacture of materials, products and product
candidates, we are subject to federal, state and local laws, rules, regulations and policies governing the use, generation,
manufacture, storage, air emission, effluent discharge, handling and disposal of certain materials, biological specimens and
wastes. Although we believe that we have complied with the applicable laws, regulations and policies in all material respects and
have not been required to correct any material noncompliance, we may be required to incur significant costs to comply with
environmental and health and safety regulations in the future. Our research and development involves the use, generation and
disposal of hazardous materials, including but not limited to certain hazardous chemicals, solvents, agents and biohazardous
materials. Although we believe that our safety procedures for storing, handling and disposing of such materials comply with the
standards prescribed by state and federal regulations, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or
injury from these materials. We currently contract with third parties to dispose of these substances generated by us, and we rely
on these third parties to properly dispose of these substances in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. If these third
parties do not properly dispose of these substances in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to
legal action by governmental agencies or private parties for improper disposal of these substances. The costs of defending such
actions and the potential liability resulting from such actions are often very large. In the event we are subject to such legal action
or we otherwise fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations governing the use, generation and disposal of hazardous
materials and chemicals, we could be held liable for any damages that result, and any such liability could exceed our resources.
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As a non-accelerated filer, we are not required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
and, consequently, some investors may find our common stock less attractive
We are a non-accelerated filer as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and as such, are not required to provide an
auditor attestation of management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting, which is generally required for SEC
reporting companies under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Therefore, our internal controls over financial reporting will
not receive the level of review provided by the process relating to the auditor attestation included in annual reports of issuers
that are subject to the auditor attestation requirements. Because we are not required to have our auditors provide an attestation
of our management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting, a material weakness in internal control may remain
undetected for a longer period. In addition, investors may find our common stock less attractive because we are not required to
comply with the auditor attestation requirements. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may
be a less active trading market for our common stock and the trading price for our common stock as well as our ability to raise
capital may be negatively affected.
If we seek approval to commercialize our current or future drug candidates outside of the United States, a variety of risks
associated with international operations could harm our business
If we seek approval of our current or future drug candidates outside of the United States, we expect that we will be subject
to additional risks including:
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different regulatory requirements for approval of therapies in foreign countries;
the potential for reduced protection for intellectual property rights;
the potential requirement of additional clinical studies in international jurisdictions;
unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;
economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;
compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;
foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and other
obligations incident to doing business in another country;
foreign reimbursement, pricing and insurance regimes;
• workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;
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production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and
business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters and public
health pandemics, such as COVID-19.
We have no prior experience in these areas. In addition, there are complex regulatory, tax, labor and other legal
requirements imposed by many of the individual countries in and outside of Europe with which we will need to comply. Many
biopharmaceutical companies have found the process of marketing their own products in foreign countries to be very
challenging.
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Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
If we are unable to protect, maintain or enforce our intellectual property rights or secure rights to third-party intellectual
property, we may lose valuable assets, lose market share or incur costly litigation or our third-party collaborators may choose
to terminate their agreements with us
Our ability to commercially exploit our products will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patents,
maintain trade secret protection and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others.
As of March 3, 2023, we owned or exclusively in-licensed over 25 unexpired issued U.S. patents and over 170 unexpired
issued foreign patents (which include granted European patent rights that have been validated in various EU member states). In
addition, we have over 30 pending U.S. patent applications and over 190 foreign applications pending in Europe, Australia, Japan,
Canada and other countries.
There can be no assurance that the pending patent applications will be granted. Further, there can be no assurance that
VCU will not attempt to terminate their license to us, which termination could result in the loss of our rights to certain of these
patent families.
The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies, including ours, are uncertain and involve complex legal and factual
questions. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued.
Consequently, our patent applications or those that are licensed to us may not issue into patents, and any issued patents may
not provide protection against competitive technologies or may be held invalid if challenged. Our competitors may also
independently develop products similar to ours or design around or otherwise circumvent patents issued to us or licensed by us.
In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as U.S. law, if at all.
We also rely upon trade secrets, technical know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our
competitive position. We require our employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to execute confidentiality and
assignment-of-inventions agreements with us. These agreements typically provide that all materials and confidential information
developed or made known to the individual during the course of the individual’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and
not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances, and that all inventions arising out of the individual’s relationship
with us will be our exclusive property. These agreements may be breached, and in some instances, we may not have an
appropriate remedy available for breach of the agreements. Furthermore, our competitors may independently develop
substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques, reverse engineer our information and techniques, or otherwise
gain access to our proprietary technology.
We may be unable to meaningfully protect our rights in trade secrets, technical know-how and other non-patented
technology. We may have to resort to litigation or arbitration to protect our intellectual property rights, or to determine their
scope, validity or enforceability. In addition, interference, derivation, post-grant oppositions, and similar proceedings may be
necessary to determine rights to inventions in our patents and patent applications. Enforcing or defending our proprietary rights
is expensive, could cause diversion of our resources and may be unsuccessful. Any failure to enforce or protect our rights could
cause us to lose the ability to exclude others from using our technology to develop or sell competing products. In addition, in
some circumstances our collaborators have the first right to enforce our patents against third party infringers, and such
collaborators may not enforce such claims adequately or successfully or in the manner that we would do ourselves.
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Our collaboration agreements may depend on our intellectual property
We are party to collaborative agreements with Innocoll and Orient Pharma, among others. Our third-party collaborators
have entered into these agreements based on the exclusivity that our intellectual property rights confer on the products being
developed. The loss or diminution of our intellectual property rights could result in a decision by our third-party collaborators to
terminate their agreements with us. In addition, these agreements are generally complex and contain provisions that could give
rise to legal disputes, including potential disputes concerning ownership of intellectual property and data under collaborations.
Such disputes can lead to lengthy, expensive litigation or arbitration requiring us to devote management time and resources to
such disputes which we would otherwise spend on our business.
We may be sued by third parties claiming that our products or product candidates infringe on their intellectual property rights,
particularly because there is substantial uncertainty about the validity and breadth of biopharmaceutical patents
We or our collaborators may be exposed to future litigation by third parties based on claims that our products, product
candidates or activities infringe the intellectual property rights of others. We may also be subject to claims asserting that we, our
collaborators, our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or
former employers or claims asserting ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property. These risks are exacerbated
by the fact that the validity and breadth of claims covered in medical technology, pharmaceutical and biotechnology patents and
the breadth and scope of trade secret protection involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles
are unresolved. Any litigation or claims against us or our collaborators, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs,
could place a significant strain on our financial resources and could harm our reputation and business prospects. We also may not
have sufficient funds to litigate, particularly against parties with substantially greater resources. In addition, pursuant to our
collaborative agreements, we have provided our collaborators with the right, under specified circumstances, to defend against
any claims of infringement of the third-party intellectual property rights, and such collaborators may not defend against such
claims adequately or successfully or in the manner that we would do ourselves. Intellectual property litigation or claims could
force us or our collaborators to do one or more of the following, any of which could harm our business or financial results:
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cease selling, incorporating or using any of our products or product candidates that incorporate the challenged
intellectual property;
obtain a license from the holder of the infringed intellectual property right, which license may be costly or may not be
available on reasonable terms, if at all; or
redesign our products or product candidates, which would be costly and time-consuming and may not be successful.
Risks Related To Our Industry
The markets for our pharmaceutical products, product candidates and for our ALZET product line are rapidly changing and
competitive, and new products or technologies developed by others could impair our ability to establish, maintain or grow our
business and remain competitive
The pharmaceutical industry is subject to rapid and substantial technological change. Developments by others may render
our products, product candidates under development or technologies noncompetitive or obsolete, or we may be unable to keep
pace with technological developments or other market factors. Technological competition in the industry from pharmaceutical
and biotechnology companies, universities, governmental entities and others diversifying into the field is intense and is expected
to increase.
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We may face competition from other companies in numerous industries including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, medical
devices and drug delivery. Competition for larsucosterol, if approved, will depend on the specific indication(s) for which
larsucosterol is approved. Akaza Bioscience Ltd., Aldeyra Therapeutics, Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Immuron
Ltd., Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mallinckrodt plc, Novartis Pharma AG, PharmaKing Co. Ltd, Surrozen, Inc., and others have
development plans for products to treat AH.
Competition for our ALZET product line primarily consists of customers choosing to utilize delivery methods for their
research projects other than an osmotic pump. We also face competition for our ALZET product line from other companies
including low cost foreign competitors.
We are engaged in the development of novel therapeutic technologies. Our resources are limited and we may experience
technical challenges inherent in such novel technologies. Competitors have developed or are in the process of developing
technologies that are, or in the future may be, the basis for competitive products. Some of these products may have an entirely
different approach or means of accomplishing similar therapeutic effects than our products and product candidates. Our
competitors may develop products that are safer, more effective or less costly than our products and product candidates and,
therefore, present a serious competitive threat to our product candidates and product offerings.
The widespread acceptance of therapies that are alternatives to ours may limit market acceptance of our products and
product candidates if commercialized. For example, post-operative pain is currently being treated by oral medication,
transdermal drug delivery systems, such as drug patches, long-acting and short-acting injectable products and implantable drug
delivery devices which are competitive with our products and product candidates. Many of these treatments are widely accepted
in the medical community and have a long history of use. The established use of these competitive products may limit the
potential for our products and product candidates to receive widespread acceptance if and when commercialized.
Our relationships with physicians, patients and third-party payers are subject to anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, privacy and
other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages,
reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings
Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payers will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of
POSIMIR and any additional product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our future arrangements with third-party
payers and customers may expose us and our partners to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and
regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we and our partners may
market, sell and distribute our products. As a pharmaceutical company, even though we do not and may not control referrals of
healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payers, federal and state healthcare laws and
regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. These regulations
include:
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the Federal Healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully
soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or
in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service,
for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid, and which will
constrain our marketing practices and the marketing practices of our licensees, educational programs, pricing policies,
and relationships with healthcare providers or other entities;
the federal physician self-referral prohibition, commonly known as the Stark Law, which prohibits physicians from
referring Medicare or Medicaid patients to providers of “designated health services” with whom the physician or a
member of the physician’s immediate family has an ownership interest or compensation arrangement, unless a
statutory or regulatory exception applies;
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federal false claims laws that prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing
to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other government reimbursement programs that are
false or fraudulent, and which may expose entities that provide coding and billing advice to customers to potential
criminal and civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, and including as a result of claims
presented in violation of the Federal Healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute, the Stark Law or other healthcare-related laws,
including laws enforced by the FDA;
the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which imposes criminal and civil
liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and also created federal criminal laws that
prohibit knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false
statements in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services, and which as
amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, also imposes
obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission
of individually identifiable health information;
federal physician sunshine requirements under the Affordable Care Act, which requires manufacturers of drugs,
devices, biologics and medical supplies to report annually to HHS information related to payments and other transfers
of value to physicians, other healthcare providers, and teaching hospitals, and ownership and investment interests held
by physicians and other healthcare providers and their immediate family members and applicable group purchasing
organizations;
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which, among other things, strictly regulates drug product marketing,
prohibits manufacturers from marketing drug products for off-label use and regulates the distribution of drug samples;
state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws, which
may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-
governmental third-party payers, including private insurers, state laws requiring pharmaceutical companies to comply
with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance
promulgated by the federal government and which may require drug manufacturers to report information related to
payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures, many
of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by federal laws such as HIPAA, thus
complicating compliance efforts; and
HIPPA and other state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information or other personal
information, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, (EU 2016/679), which require
limitations regarding access and use of certain personal and health information.
Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare and privacy laws and
regulations do and will in the future involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our
business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse
or other healthcare or privacy laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other
governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties,
damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the
curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to
do business are found to not be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative
sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.
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Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent our product candidates’ commercial success
In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of
legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system, including cost-containment measures that may reduce or limit
coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product
candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities, affect our ability to profitably sell any product or product candidates for
which we obtain marketing approval and otherwise affect our future revenue and profitability and the future revenue and
profitability of our collaborators or potential collaborators. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of
initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of healthcare. For
examples of healthcare reform measures, see “Part I, Item 1. Business—Government Regulation—Healthcare Reform” above.
We could be exposed to significant product liability claims which could be time consuming and costly to defend, divert
management attention and adversely impact our ability to obtain and maintain insurance coverage
The testing, clinical development, manufacture, marketing and sale of our products and product candidates involve an
inherent risk that product liability claims will be asserted against us. Our present product liability insurance may be inadequate
and may not fully cover the costs of any claim(s) or any ultimate damages we might be required to pay. Product liability claims or
other claims related to our products and product candidates, regardless of their outcome, could require us to spend significant
time and money in litigation or to pay significant damages. Any successful product liability claim may prevent us from obtaining
adequate product liability insurance in the future on commercially desirable or reasonable terms. In addition, product liability
coverage may cease to be available in sufficient amounts or at an acceptable cost. An inability to obtain sufficient insurance
coverage at an acceptable cost or otherwise to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the
commercialization of our products or product candidates if and when approved. A product liability claim could also significantly
harm our reputation and delay or prevent market acceptance of our products and product candidates.
Market acceptance of, and market opportunity for, our products or product candidates is uncertain, and failure to achieve
market acceptance will delay our ability to generate or grow revenues
Our future financial performance will depend upon the successful introduction and customer acceptance of our products or
products we have licensed to others, including larsucosterol, if approved, and Innocoll’s POSIMIR, Indivior’s PERSERIS and Orient
Pharma’s Methydur. Even if approved for marketing, these products and product candidates may not achieve market acceptance
or the market opportunities for our current and potential future product candidates may be smaller than we predicted, which
could adversely affect our future product revenues and could cause our business to suffer. The degree of market acceptance will
depend upon a number of factors, including:
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the degree of unmet need in the market for the approved indication(s);
the receipt of regulatory clearance of marketing claims for the uses that we are developing;
the approved product labeling;
pricing, reimbursement and formulary access;
the degree of resources applied to promotion and other commercial activities;
the establishment and demonstration in the medical community of the safety and clinical efficacy of our products and
their potential advantages over existing therapies; and
pricing, access and reimbursement policies of government and third-party payors such as insurance companies, health
maintenance organizations, hospital formularies and other health plan administrators.
Physicians, patients, payers or the medical community in general may be unwilling to accept, utilize or recommend any of
the products we have developed. If these products do not achieve widespread market acceptance, we will not achieve
meaningful revenues.
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If users of our products are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement from third-party payers, obtain access to our product(s),
or if new restrictive legislation is adopted, market acceptance of our products may be limited and we may not achieve
meaningful revenues or profitability
The continuing efforts of government and insurance companies, health maintenance organizations and other payers of
healthcare costs to contain or reduce costs of health care may affect our future revenues and profitability, and the future
revenues and profitability of our potential customers, suppliers and third-party collaborators and the availability of capital. For
example, in certain foreign markets, pricing, access and/or profitability of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to government
control. In the United States, recent federal and state government initiatives have been directed at lowering the total cost of
health care, and the U.S. Congress and state legislatures will likely continue to focus on health care reform, the cost of
prescription pharmaceuticals and on the reform of the Medicare and Medicaid systems. While we cannot predict whether any
such legislative or regulatory proposals will be adopted, the announcement or adoption of such proposals could materially harm
our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The successful commercialization of our current and future products will depend in part on the extent to which appropriate
reimbursement levels for the cost of our products and related treatment are obtained from governmental authorities, private
health insurers and other organizations, such as health maintenance organizations (“HMOs”). Third-party payers often limit
access, payments and/or reimbursement for medical products and services. Also, the trend toward managed health care in the
United States and the concurrent growth of organizations such as HMOs, which could control or significantly influence the
purchase of health care services and products, as well as legislative proposals to reform health care or reduce government
insurance programs, may limit access, reimbursement or payment for our products. The cost containment measures that health
care payers and providers are instituting and the effect of any health care reform could materially harm our ability to operate
profitably and access capital.
If we or our third-party collaborators are unable to train physicians to use our products and product candidates to treat
patients’ diseases or medical conditions, we may not achieve market acceptance of our products
Broad use of certain of our products or out-licensed products, such as POSIMIR, will require extensive training of numerous
physicians on their proper and safe use. The time required to train physicians could delay adoption of our products and adversely
affect market acceptance of our products. We or third parties selling our products may be unable to rapidly train physicians in
numbers sufficient to generate adequate demand for our products. Any delay in training would materially delay the demand for
our products and harm our business and financial results. In addition, we or our partners may expend significant funds towards
such training before any orders are placed for our products, which would increase our expenses and harm our financial results.
Risks related to actions on trade by the U.S. and foreign governments could adversely affect our Company's results of
operations and financial condition
The U.S. government under the previous administration indicated its intent to adopt a new approach to trade policy and in
some cases to renegotiate, or potentially terminate, certain existing bilateral or multilateral trade agreements. It also initiated
the imposition of tariffs on certain foreign products. Changes in U.S. trade policy have resulted in, and could continue to result in,
one or more U.S. trading partners adopting responsive trade policy making it more difficult or costly for us to export our products
to those countries. These measures could also result in increased costs for goods imported into the United States. This in turn
could require us to increase prices to our customers which may reduce demand, or, if we are unable to increase prices, result in
lowering our margin on products sold.
53
There is also a concern that the imposition of additional tariffs by the United States could result in the adoption of
additional tariffs by other countries. A potential resulting trade war could have a significant adverse effect on world trade and the
world economy. We cannot predict future trade policy or the terms of any renegotiated trade agreements and their impact on
our business. The adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, the occurrence of a trade war, or other governmental action
related to tariffs or trade agreements or policies has the potential to adversely impact demand for our products, our costs, our
customers, our suppliers, and the U.S. economy, which in turn could adversely impact our business, financial condition, access to
capital and results of operations.
Risks Related To Our Common Stock
Our stock price has in the past and may in the future not meet the minimum bid price for continued listing on Nasdaq. Our
ability to continue operations or to publicly or privately sell equity securities and the liquidity of our common stock could be
adversely affected if we are delisted from Nasdaq
In several instances in the past, including as recently as February 9, 2022, we received written notifications from Nasdaq
informing us that because the closing bid price of our common stock was below $1.00 for 30 consecutive trading days (the
“Minimum Closing Bid Price Requirement”), our shares no longer complied with the Minimum Closing Bid Price Requirement for
continued listing on Nasdaq under Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Each time, we were given a period of 180 days from the date of the
notification and in one case an extra 180-day period to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements by having the
closing bid price of our common stock listed on Nasdaq be at least $1.00 for at least 10 consecutive trading days.
While we have regained compliance within the applicable time periods in the past, if our shares again no longer comply
with the Minimum Closing Bid Price Requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market under Nasdaq Marketplace
Rule 5550(a)(2) and we do not regain compliance within the applicable 180-day time period, Nasdaq will notify us that our
securities will be subject to delisting. One strategy to regain compliance in such circumstances would be to implement a reverse
stock split. For example, we implemented such a strategy to regain compliance with the Minimum Closing Bid Price Requirement
when we completed a 1-for-10 reverse stock split on December 5, 2022 (the “Stock Split”). We could also appeal Nasdaq’s
determination to delist our securities to a Hearings Panel. During any appeal process, shares of our common stock would
continue to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market.
There can be no assurance that we will maintain compliance with the requirements for listing our common stock on the
Nasdaq Capital Market. Delisting from Nasdaq would constitute an event of default under our loan facility with Oxford, entitling
Oxford to accelerate our obligations under such facility, among other actions. Under such circumstances, we could be required to
renegotiate the repayment terms of our loan facility, on terms which would not be as favorable to our Company as our current
terms, or we could be required to take other actions, such as discontinuing some or all of our operations, selling assets, or other
action. Delisting could also adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital through the public or private sale of equity
securities, would significantly affect the ability of investors to trade our securities and would negatively affect the value and
liquidity of our common stock. Delisting could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by
employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.
Additionally, there can be no assurance that the Stock Split will result in a per-share market price that will maintain
compliance with the Minimum Closing Bid Price Requirement, that will attract institutional investors or investment funds or that
such share price will satisfy investing guidelines of institutional investors or investment funds. As a result, the trading liquidity of
our common stock may not improve. Further, if the market price of our common stock declines, the percentage decline may be
greater than would have occurred in the absence of a reverse stock split.
Our operating history makes evaluating our stock difficult
Our quarterly and annual results of operations have historically fluctuated and we expect will continue to fluctuate for the
foreseeable future. We believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results should not be relied upon as predictive
of future performance. Our prospects must be considered in light of the risks, expenses and difficulties encountered by
companies with a limited number
54
of approved pharmaceutical products, particularly companies in new and rapidly evolving markets such as pharmaceuticals and
biotechnology. To address these risks, we must, among other things, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize our
product candidates, which may not occur. We may not be successful in addressing these risks and difficulties. We expect to
require additional funds to complete the development of larsucosterol or our other product candidates, and to fund operating
losses to be incurred in the next several years.
Investors may experience substantial dilution of their investment
In order to raise capital and for other purposes, we may in the future offer and issue additional shares of our common stock
or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock, and the price per share at which we sell additional
shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock in future transactions may
be higher or lower than the price per share at which investors in our common stock bought their shares. In July 2021, we filed the
2021 Registration Statement to sell up to $250 million of securities from time to time in one or more public offerings, including up
to $75.0 million of shares of common stock through the 2021 Sales Agreement. Any sales in the public market of our common
stock, under the 2021 Sales Agreement, in offerings under our shelf registration statement or otherwise, could adversely affect
prevailing market prices for our common stock. Through several financings between 2019 and 2022, and through our 2015 Sales
Agreement, 2018 Sales Agreement and 2021 Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald during this period, we have raised an
aggregate of $79.5 million. Further, on February 3, 2023, we consummated a registered direct offering financing pursuant to
which we sold an aggregate of 1,700,000 shares of our common stock, pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 300,000 shares of
our common stock and common warrants to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of our common stock. Each share of common stock
and accompanying common warrant and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a
combined offering price of $5.00 per share and accompanying warrant or, in the case of pre-funded warrants, $4.99999 per pre-
funded warrant and accompanying common warrant. You could experience substantial dilution of your investment as a result of
subsequent exercises of the outstanding warrants. As of March 3, 2023, we had up to $240.0 million of our securities available for
sale under the 2021 Registration Statement, of which $75.0 million of our common stock are available pursuant to the 2021 Sales
Agreement.
In addition, as of December 31, 2022, 2,843,416 shares of our common stock were issuable upon exercise of stock options
outstanding under our stock option plans at a weighted average exercise price of $12.97 per share, 2,171,128 additional shares
of common stock were reserved for potential future issuance under our stock option plan, and an aggregate of 25,455 shares of
common stock were reserved for potential future issuance under our 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. At December 31, 2022,
we had 150,000,000 authorized shares of common stock and, as such, we have the ability to issue significantly more shares and
options in the future, which would result in substantial dilution to our stockholders, including investors in this offering.
Our ability to use net operating losses and certain other tax attributes is uncertain and may be limited
Our ability to use our federal and state net operating losses to offset potential future taxable income and related income
taxes that would otherwise be due is dependent upon our generation of future taxable income before the expiration dates of the
net operating losses, and we cannot predict with certainty when, or whether, we will generate sufficient taxable income to use
any or all of our net operating losses. In addition, utilization of net operating losses to offset potential future taxable income and
related income taxes that would otherwise be due is subject to annual limitations under the “ownership change” provisions of
Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code") and similar state
provisions, which may result in the expiration of net operating losses before future utilization. In general, under the Code, if a
corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership
over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating losses and other pre-change tax attributes
(such as research and development credit carryforwards) to offset its post-change taxable income or taxes may be limited. Our
equity offerings and other changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, may have resulted or could
in the future result in an ownership change.
55
If an ownership change limitation were to apply, utilization of our net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards could be
limited in future periods and a portion of the carryforwards could expire before being available to reduce future income tax
liabilities.
Because our Company is a “smaller reporting company,” we may take advantage of certain scaled disclosures available to us,
resulting in holders of our securities receiving less Company information than they would receive from a public company that
is not a smaller reporting company
We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Exchange Act. As a smaller reporting company, we may take
advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies and will be able to take advantage of
these scaled disclosures for so long as (i) our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million
measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100 million during the
most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million
measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter. To the extent we take advantage of any reduced disclosure
obligations, it may make it harder for investors to analyze our Company’s results of operations and financial prospectus in
comparison with other public companies.
The price of our common stock may be volatile
The stock markets in general, and the markets for pharmaceutical stocks in particular, have experienced extreme volatility
that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may
adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.
Price declines in our common stock could result from general market and economic conditions and a variety of other
factors, including:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
adverse results (including adverse events or failure to demonstrate safety or efficacy) or delays in our clinical and non-
clinical trials of larsucosterol or other product candidates;
announcements of FDA non-approval of our product candidates, approvals with narrow indications, commercially
limiting labels, clinical holds or delays in the FDA or other foreign regulatory agency review process;
adverse actions taken by regulatory agencies or law enforcement agencies with respect to our products and product
candidates, clinical trials, manufacturing processes, accounting practices or sales and marketing activities, or those of
our third-party collaborators;
announcements of technological innovations, patents, product approvals, sales performance or new products by our
competitors;
failure of third-party collaborators to continue development or successful commercialization of the respective products
and product candidates they are developing or commercializing;
failure by our commercial licensee (Innocoll) to successfully manufacture and store adequate supplies, and/or to
achieve sales expectations and successfully commercialize POSIMIR;
regulatory, judicial and patent developments in the United States and foreign countries;
any lawsuit or arbitration involving us or our products and product candidates including intellectual property
infringement or product liability suits;
announcements concerning our competitors, or the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industries in general;
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•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
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•
developments concerning our strategic alliances or termination of such alliances or acquisitions or dispositions;
actual or anticipated variations in our operating results;
changes in recommendations by securities analysts, misstatements or mischaracterizations in analyst reports or
dropping or lack of analyst coverage;
negative press coverage or online or social media misinformation about the Company or its partners or their respective
products or personnel;
deviations in our operating results from the estimates of analysts;
sales of our common stock by our executive officers or directors or sales of substantial amounts of common stock by us
or others;
potential failure to meet continuing listing standards from The Nasdaq Capital Market;
loss or disruption of facilities due to natural disasters;
acceleration of our debt obligations due to a determination by our lender that a material adverse change has occurred;
changes in accounting principles; or
loss of any of our key scientific or management personnel.
The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to factors which are beyond our control. The
stock market in general has periodically experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. For example, the COVID-19
pandemic, pronouncements by the Federal Reserve, inflation, outbreaks of war such as between Russia and Ukraine, oil price
volatility and other factors have caused broad stock market and industry fluctuations. In addition, the market prices of securities
of technology and pharmaceutical companies have also been extremely volatile, and have experienced fluctuations that often
have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. These broad market fluctuations
could result in extreme fluctuations in the price of our common stock, which could cause a decline in the value of our common
stock.
In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a particular company’s securities, litigation has often been
brought against that company. If litigation of this type is brought against us, it could be extremely expensive, particularly if we
were to lose the lawsuit and have to pay damages, and divert management’s attention and our Company’s resources.
We have broad discretion over the use of our cash and investments, and their investment may not always yield a favorable
return
Our management has broad discretion over how our cash and investments are made and used. We may from time to time
invest in ways with which our stockholders may not agree and that do not yield favorable returns.
Our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could discourage another company from
acquiring us
Provisions of Delaware law, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or
acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for
your shares. These provisions include:
•
•
•
•
authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock without any need for action by stockholders;
providing for a classified board of directors with staggered terms;
requiring supermajority stockholder voting to effect certain amendments to our certificate of incorporation and bylaws;
eliminating the ability of stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;
57
•
•
prohibiting stockholder action by written consent; and
establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing
matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings.
Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes
between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes
with us or our directors, officers or employees
Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or
proceeding brought on behalf of our Company, any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director,
officer or other employee of our Company, any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the General
Corporation Law of Delaware or our Certificate of Incorporation or bylaws or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal
affairs doctrine. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds
favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and
our directors, officers and other employees.
Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation to be
inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other
jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2. Properties.
The following chart indicates the facilities that we lease, the location and size of each such facility and their designated use.
Location
Cupertino, CA
Approximate
Square Feet
30,149 sq. ft.
Operation
Expiration
Office, Laboratory and
Manufacturing
Lease expires 2024 (with an option to renew for an
additional five years)
Cupertino, CA
20,100 sq. ft.
Office and Laboratory
Vacaville, CA
24,634 sq. ft.
Manufacturing
Lease expires 2024 (with an option to renew for an
additional five years)
Lease expires 2023 (with an option to renew for an
additional five years)
We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current and foreseeable requirements or that suitable
additional or substitute space will be available as needed.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
We are not a party to any material legal proceedings.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity
Securities.
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “DRRX”.
Holders
As of March 3, 2023, there were approximately 79 holders of record of the common stock. This does not include the number
of persons whose stock is in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers.
Dividend Policy
We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund the
development and growth of our business. Therefore, we do not currently anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable
future.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
None.
Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as of December 31, 2022 and
2021 should be read in conjunction with our Financial Statements, including the Notes thereto, and “Risk Factors” section
included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. References to the “Company,” “DURECT,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to
DURECT Corporation.
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. When used in this annual report or elsewhere by
management from time to time, the words “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “could,”
“potentially,” “possibility,” and similar expressions are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements contained
herein are based on current expectations and beliefs. Actual events or results may differ materially from those discussed in the
forward-looking statements as a result of various factors.
Forward-looking statements made in this report include, but are not limited to, statements about:
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•
the clinical trial plans and timelines for larsucosterol;
potential uses and benefits of larsucosterol to treat alcohol-associated hepatitis (also called “alcoholic hepatitis” or
“AH”), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”), or other conditions;
the results and timing of clinical trials, the ability to enroll patients in clinical trials in a timely and cost-effective
manner;
the likelihood of future clinical trial results of larsucosterol being positive and/or similar to results from previous trials,
the possible commencement of future clinical trials, enrollment rates and timing of announcements of the results from
our clinical trials;
the possibility of filing for marketing approval for larsucosterol for the treatment of AH if the AH to evaluate saFety and
effIcacy of laRsucosterol treatMent (“AHFIRM”) trial is successful and the likelihood of the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (“FDA”) or other regulatory bodies granting such marketing approval;
our intention to seek, and ability to enter into and maintain strategic alliances and collaborations;
the potential benefits and uses of our products, product candidates and technologies, including larsucosterol, POSIMIR,
and our SABER, CLOUD and ORADUR technologies;
the potential milestone and royalty payments we may receive from Innocoll Pharmaceuticals Limited (“Innocoll”)
related to POSIMIR, earn-out payments we may receive from Indivior UK Limited (“Indivior”) related to the
commercialization of PERSERIS, and milestone, sub-license fees and royalty payments we may receive from Orient
Pharma Co., Ltd. (“Orient Pharma”);
the progress of our third-party collaborations, including estimated milestones;
responsibilities of our third-party collaborators, including the responsibility to make cost reimbursement, milestone,
royalty and other payments to us, and our expectations regarding our collaborators’ plans with respect to our products
and product candidates and continued development of our products and product candidates;
our responsibilities to our third-party collaborators, including our responsibilities to conduct research and development,
clinical trials and/or manufacture excipients, products or product candidates;
• market opportunities for product candidates in our product development pipeline;
•
potential regulatory filings for or approval of larsucosterol or any of our or any third parties’ other product candidates;
61
•
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the progress and results of our research and development programs and our evaluation of additional development
programs;
requirements for us to purchase pre-clinical, clinical trial and commercial supplies of product candidates and/or
products, as well as raw materials or active pharmaceutical ingredients from third parties, and the ability of third
parties to provide us with our requirements for such supplies and raw materials;
conditions for obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates;
submission and timing of applications for regulatory approval and timing of responses to our regulatory submissions;
the impact of FDA, European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) and other government regulation on our business;
our ability to obtain, assert and protect patents and other intellectual property rights, including intellectual property
licensed to our collaborators, as well as avoiding the intellectual property rights of others;
products and companies that will compete with our products and the product candidates we develop and/or license to
third-party collaborators;
the possibility we may commercialize our own products and build up our commercial, sales and marketing capabilities
and other required infrastructure;
the possibility that we may develop additional manufacturing capabilities;
our employees, including the number of employees and the continued services of key management, technical and
scientific personnel;
our future performance, including our anticipation that we will not derive meaningful revenues from our products and
product candidates in development for at least the next twelve months, potential for future inventory write-offs and our
expectations regarding our ability to achieve profitability;
sufficiency of our cash resources, anticipated capital requirements and capital expenditures, our ability to comply with
covenants of our term loan, our need or desire for additional financing, including potential sales under our shelf
registration statement, and our ability to continue to operate as a going concern;
our expectations regarding research and development expenses, and selling, general and administrative expenses;
the composition of future revenues; and
accounting policies and estimates.
We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on
Form 10-K. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties. Actual
events or results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. For a
more detailed discussion of such forward looking statements and the potential risks and uncertainties that may impact upon their
accuracy, see the “Risk Factors” section and “Overview” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations. These forward-looking statements reflect our view only as of the date of this report. We
undertake no obligations to update any forward-looking statements. You should also carefully consider the factors set forth in
other reports or documents that we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
This discussion and analysis generally addresses 2022 and 2021 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2022 and
2021. Discussions of 2020 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 that are not included in this Annual
Report on Form 10-K can be found in “Item
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7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for
the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on March 8, 2022, which is available free of charge on the SEC’s
website at www.sec.gov and the investor relations section of our website at www.durect.com/investors/sec-filings/. These website
addresses are intended to be inactive, textual references only. None of the materials on, or accessible through, these websites
are part of this report or are incorporated by reference herein. Throughout this section, references to number of shares, stock
price and exercise price have generally been conformed to reflect the effects of the Company’s 1-for-10 reverse stock split,
effective December 5, 2022, unless otherwise specified herein.
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company advancing novel and potentially lifesaving investigational therapies derived from our
Epigenetic Regulator Program. Larsucosterol (also known as “DUR‑928”), a new chemical entity in clinical development, is the
lead candidate in our Epigenetic Regulator Program. An endogenous, orally bioavailable small molecule, larsucosterol has been
shown in both in vitro and in vivo studies to play an important regulatory role in lipid metabolism, stress and inflammatory
responses, and cell death and survival. We are developing larsucosterol for alcohol-associated hepatitis (“AH”), a life-threatening
acute liver condition with no approved therapeutics and a 28-Day and 90-Day historical mortality rate of 20%-26% and 29%-31%,
respectively. After completing a Phase 2a trial in which 100% of AH patients treated with larsucosterol survived the 28-Day study
period, we are now conducting a ~300-patient, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2b clinical trial called AHFIRM (trial in AH
to evaluate saFety and effIcacy of laRsucosterol treatMent). Through our AHFIRM trial, we are evaluating larsucosterol’s potential
to reduce mortality or liver transplantation compared to a placebo with or without steroids at the investigators’ discretion.
Currently we anticipate dosing the last patient in the AHFIRM trial in the second quarter of 2023. If the AHFIRM trial is successful,
it may support a New Drug Application (“NDA”) filing and we may decide to develop our own commercial, sales and marketing
organization. We have also investigated larsucosterol in patients with NASH with encouraging results in a Phase 1b clinical trial
and are considering further development of larsucosterol for this and other indications.
In addition to our Epigenetic Regulator Program, we developed a novel and proprietary post-surgical pain product called
POSIMIR that utilizes our innovative SABER® platform technology to enable continuous sustained delivery of bupivacaine, a non-
opioid local analgesic, over three days in adults. In February 2021, POSIMIR received U.S. FDA approval for post-surgical pain
reduction for up to 72 hours following arthroscopic subacromial decompression. In December 2021, we entered into a license
agreement (the “Innocoll Agreement”) with Innocoll Pharmaceuticals Limited (“Innocoll”), pursuant to which the Company
granted to Innocoll an exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable right and license to develop, manufacture and commercialize
POSIMIR in the United States. In September 2022, Innocoll launched POSIMIR in the U.S.
As a result of the assignment of certain patent rights, we also receive single digit sales-based earn-out payments from U.S.
net sales of Indivior UK Limited’s (“Indivior”) PERSERIS™ (risperidone) drug for schizophrenia and single-digit royalties from net
sales of Orient Pharma Co., Ltd.’s (“Orient Pharma”) Methydur Sustained Release Capsules (“Methydur”) for the treatment of
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (“ADHD”) in Taiwan. We also manufacture and sell ALZET® osmotic pumps used in
laboratory research.
NOTE: POSIMIR® is a trademark of Innocoll Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. in the U.S. and a trademark of DURECT Corporation
outside of the U.S. SABER®, CLOUD™, ORADUR™ and ALZET® are trademarks of DURECT Corporation. Other trademarks referred
to belong to their respective owners. Full prescribing information for POSIMIR, including BOXED WARNING and Medication Guide
can be found at www.posimir.com. Full prescribing information for PERSERIS, including BOXED WARNING and Medication Guide
can be found at www.perseris.com.
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Collaborative Research and Development and Other Revenue
Collaborative research and development and other revenue consists of three broad categories: (a) the recognition of
upfront license payments over the period of our continuing involvement with the third party, (b) the reimbursement of qualified
research expenses by third parties, (c) milestone payments in connection with our collaborative agreements and (d) royalties and
earn out payments from our agreements with third parties. During the last two years, we generated collaborative research and
development revenues from collaborative agreements with Innocoll and others.
Product Revenue
We also currently generate product revenue from the sale of two product lines:
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•
ALZET® osmotic pumps which are used for animal research; and
certain key excipients that are included in Methydur and one excipient that is included in POSIMIR and in a marketed
animal health product.
Because we consider our core business to be developing and commercializing pharmaceuticals, we do not intend to
significantly increase our investments in or efforts to sell or market any of our existing product lines. However, we expect that we
will continue to make efforts to increase our revenues related to collaborative research and development by extending and
expanding our current collaborations, and by entering into new collaborations.
Operating Results
Since our inception in 1998, we have generally had a history of operating losses. At December 31, 2022, we had an
accumulated deficit of $561.4 million. Our net losses were $35.3 million and $36.3 million for the years ended December 31,
2022 and 2021, respectively. These losses have resulted primarily from costs incurred to research and develop our product
candidates and, to a lesser extent, from selling, general and administrative costs associated with our operations and product
sales. We expect our research and development expenses to decrease in 2023 compared to 2022 as we expect to complete the
AHFIRM trial and to incur lower contract manufacturing costs for larsucosterol in 2023. We expect our selling, general and
administrative expenses to increase in 2023 compared to 2022 due to higher market research expenses and employee expenses
in 2023. We expect to incur continuing losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future. As disclosed in
the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section, we have concluded that substantial doubt exists about our ability to continue as a
going concern for a period of at least 12 months from the date of issuance of these financial statements.
Recent Developments
Reverse Stock Split
On December 5, 2022, we effected a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock. The reverse stock split
also affected our outstanding stock options, purchase rights and equity incentive plans and resulted in the shares underlying
such instruments being reduced and the exercise price being increased proportionately.
Registered Direct Offering
On February 3, 2023, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), with two institutional
healthcare investors (the “Purchasers”), relating to the purchase and sale of an aggregate of (i) 1,700,000 shares (the “Shares”)
of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 300,000 shares of
Common Stock, and (iii) accompanying common warrants, to purchase an aggregate of 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock in a
registered direct offering (the “Offering”). The aggregate gross proceeds to us from the Offering were $10.0 million before
deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses payable by DURECT and excluding the proceeds, if any,
from the exercise of the pre-funded warrants and common warrants issued in the Offering. The aggregate net proceeds to us
from the Offering were approximately $8.8 million after deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses
payable by us.
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The pre-funded warrants are exercisable immediately following the closing date of the Offering and have an unlimited term
and an initial exercise price of $0.00001 per share. The common warrants will be immediately exercisable and have a five year
term and an initial exercise price of $5.00 per share. The combined offering price is $5.00 per Share and accompanying common
warrant, or in the case of pre-funded warrants, $4.99999 per pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant. A holder
(together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of a pre-funded warrant or common warrant to the extent that the
holder would own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Stock immediately after
exercise.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires
management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of
contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses
during the reporting periods. We believe that the most significant accounting estimates and assumptions relate to revenue
recognition, prepaid and accrued clinical costs, prepaid and accrued manufacturing costs, and stock-based compensation. We
base our estimates on historical experience, current circumstances and various other assumptions that our management believes
to be reasonable under the circumstances. In many instances, we could reasonably use different accounting estimates, and in
some instances changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual
results could differ significantly from the estimates made by our management. To the extent that there are differences between
our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash
flows will be affected. We believe that the critical accounting estimates discussed below are critical to understanding our
historical and future performance, as these estimates involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are
reasonably likely to have a material impact on the financial condition or results of operations of the registrant.
Revenue Recognition
Product Revenue, Net
We manufacture and sell ALZET osmotic pumps used in laboratory research, and manufacture and sell certain excipients
used by pharmaceutical companies as raw materials in certain of their products, including POSIMIR, an animal health product and
Methydur.
Revenue from product sales is recognized when the customer obtains control of our product, which occurs at a point in
time, typically upon shipment to the customer. We expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract as and when incurred if
the expected amortization period of the asset that we would have recognized is one year or less.
Trade Discounts and Allowances: We provide certain customers with discounts that are explicitly stated in our contracts
and are recorded as a reduction of revenues in the period the related product revenue is recognized.
Product Returns: Consistent with industry practice, we generally offer customers a limited right of return for products that
have been purchased from us. We estimate the amount of our product sales that may be returned by our customers and record
this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. We currently estimate product
return liabilities primarily using our own historical sales information. We expect product returns to be minimal.
Collaborative Research and Development and Other Revenue
We enter into license agreements under which we license certain rights to our product candidates or products to third
parties. The terms of these arrangements typically include payment to us of one or more of the following: non-refundable, up-
front license fees; reimbursement of development costs incurred by us under approved work plans; development, regulatory,
intellectual property and commercial milestone payments; payments for manufacturing supply services we provide ourselves or
through our contract manufacturers; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each of these payments results in
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collaborative research and development revenues, except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products and earn-
out revenues, which are classified as other revenues.
In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as we fulfill our obligations under each of our
agreements, we perform the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination
of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the
contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the
transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance
obligation. For arrangements that are determined to include multiple performance obligations, we must develop assumptions
that require judgment to determine the estimated stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified. These
assumptions may include: forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for personnel costs, discount rates
and probabilities of technical and regulatory success. We expect to recognize revenue for the variable consideration currently
being constrained when it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur.
Licenses of Intellectual Property: If the license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other
performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenues from the transaction price allocated to the license
when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. For performance
obligations comprised of licenses that are bundled with other promises, we utilize judgment to assess the nature of the combined
performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time
and, if over time, we apply an appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing related revenue from the
allocated transaction price. For performance obligations recognized over time, we evaluate the measure of progress each
reporting period and recognize revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis as collaborative research and development revenues.
Milestone Payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development milestone payments, we evaluate
whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimate the amount to be included in the transaction
price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated
milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of us or the licensee,
such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. The transaction
price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which we recognize
revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each subsequent reporting
period, we re-evaluate the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if
necessary, adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price.
Manufacturing Supply Services: Arrangements that include a promise for future supply of raw materials or drug product for
either clinical development or commercial supply at the customer’s discretion are generally considered as options. We assess if
these options provide a material right to the customer and, if so, they are accounted for as separate performance obligations and
allocate a portion of the transaction price based on the estimated standalone selling price of the material right. If we are entitled
to additional payments when the customer exercises these options, the deferred transaction price and any additional payments
are recorded in collaborative research and development revenue when the customer obtains control of the goods.
Royalties and Earn-outs: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties or earn-outs, including milestone payments
based on first commercial sale or the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties
relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which
some or all of the royalty or earn-out has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, we have not
recognized
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material royalty revenue resulting from our collaborative arrangements or material earn-out revenues from any of our
agreements.
Research and development services: Revenue from research and development services that are determined to represent a
distinct performance obligation related to services performed under the collaborative arrangements with our third-party
collaborators is recognized over time as the related research and development services are performed using an appropriate
method of measuring progress. We evaluate the measure of progress each reporting period and recognize revenue on a
cumulative catch-up basis, as collaborative research and development revenue. Research and development expenses under the
collaborative research and development agreements generally approximate or exceed the revenue recognized under such
agreements over the term of the respective agreements. Deferred revenue may result when we do not expend the required level
of effort during a specific period in comparison to funds received under the respective agreement.
We receive payments from our customers based on development cost schedules established in each contract. Up-front
payments are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due, and may require deferral of revenue recognition to a
future period until we performs our obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when
our right to consideration is unconditional. We do not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the
expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of the promised
goods or services to the customer will be one year or less.
Prepaid and Accrued Clinical Costs
We incur significant costs associated with third party consultants and organizations for pre-clinical studies, clinical trials,
contract research, regulatory advice and other research and development-related services. We are required to estimate
periodically the cost of services rendered but unbilled based on management’s estimates. Estimates are determined each
reporting period by reviewing the terms and conditions of the underlying contracts, reviewing open purchase orders and by
having detailed discussions with internal clinical personnel and third-party service providers as to the nature and status of the
services performed in relation to amounts billed. The costs for unbilled services are estimated by applying the rates and fees
applicable in the underlying contracts. If these good faith estimates are inaccurate, actual expenses incurred could materially
differ from our estimates.
Prepaid and Accrued Manufacturing Costs
We incur significant costs associated with third party consultants and organizations for manufacturing, validation, testing
and other research and development-related services. We are required to estimate periodically the cost of services rendered but
unbilled based on management’s estimates. Estimates are determined each reporting period by reviewing the terms and
conditions of the underlying contracts, reviewing open purchase orders and by having detailed discussions with internal
personnel and third-party service providers as to the nature and status of the services performed in relation to amounts billed.
The costs for unbilled services are estimated by applying the rates and fees applicable in the underlying contracts. If these good
faith estimates are inaccurate, actual expenses incurred could materially differ from these estimates.
Stock-Based Compensation
Employee stock-based compensation is estimated at the date of grant based on the employee stock award’s fair value
using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and is recognized as expense ratably over the requisite period.
We estimate the volatility of our common stock at the date of grant based on the historical volatility of our common stock.
We base the risk-free rate that we use in the Black-Scholes option valuation model on the implied yield in effect at the time of
option grant on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with equivalent remaining terms. We have never paid any cash dividends on
our common stock and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, we use an
expected dividend yield of zero in the Black-Scholes option valuation model. We determine the expected life using historical
options experience. Upon the adoption of ASU 2016-09, we account for forfeitures as they occur and record stock-based
compensation expense only for those awards that vest. We amortize the fair value of options granted on a straight-line basis. All
options are amortized over the requisite service
67
periods of the awards, which are generally the vesting periods. We may elect to use different assumptions under the Black-
Scholes option valuation model in the future, which could materially affect our net income or loss and net income or loss per
share. See Note 9 “Stockholders’ Equity” to our financial statements for further information regarding stock-based compensation.
Results of Operations
Comparison of years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Revenue
Collaborative research and development and other revenue
We recognize revenue from collaborative research and development activities and service contracts. Collaborative research
and development and other revenue primarily represents reimbursement of qualified expenses related to collaborative
agreements with various third parties to research, develop and commercialize potential products using our drug delivery
technologies, and revenue from the recognition of upfront fees and milestone payments in connection with our collaborative or
license agreements.
We expect our collaborative research and development and other revenue to fluctuate in future periods pending our efforts
to enter into potential new collaborations, our existing third-party collaborators’ commitment to and progress in the research and
development programs, and any royalty or earn-out revenue recognized from collaborators or counterparties. The collaborative
research and development and other revenue associated with our major collaborators or counterparties are as follows (in
thousands):
Collaborator/Counterparty
Innocoll (1)
Other (2)
Total collaborative research and development and other revenue
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
$
$
10,015 $
3,189
13,204 $
4,100
2,231
6,331
(1) We signed a license agreement with Innocoll on December 21, 2021, pursuant to which Innocoll agreed to pay a
nonrefundable upfront license fee of $4.0 million and $1.3 million primarily for the sale of manufacturing supplies and
excipients. In December 2021, we recognized $4.1 million as collaborative research and development and other
revenue and $1.1 million in product revenue upon the transfer of control of the license and the manufacturing supplies
excipients, and equipment to Innocoll, and a reduction of $0.1 million in net equipment. In the twelve months ended
December 31, 2022, we recognized $8.0 million of patent milestone revenue and $2.0 million of first commercial sale
milestone revenue under the license agreement with Innocoll. See Note 2 "Strategic Agreements" - "Agreement with
Innocoll" to our financial statements.
Includes: (a) amounts related to earn-out revenue from Indivior UK Limited (Indivior) with respect to PERSERIS net
sales; (b) royalty revenue from Orient Pharma with respect to Methydur net sales; and (c) revenue from other
agreements, including research and development activities funded by our collaborators and recognition of deferred
revenue.
(2)
The increase in collaborative research and development and other revenue in 2022 compared with 2021 was primarily due
to higher revenue recognized from our agreements with Innocoll, Indivior and feasibility agreements with other companies.
Innocoll paid us a $4.0 million upfront fee and a payment of $1.3 million primarily for the sale of manufacturing supplies
and excipients in connection with the license agreement signed in December 2021. Through December 31, 2021, $5.2 million
had been recognized as revenue as there were no remaining substantive performance obligations to be provided to Innocoll by
the Company. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $8.0 million of patent milestone revenue and
$2.0 million of first commercial sale milestone revenue under the license agreement with Innocoll.
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As of December 31, 2022, we had potential milestones of up to $122.0 million that we may receive in the future under our
collaborative arrangements, of which $10.0 million are development-based milestones, $2.0 million are patent-based milestones
and $110.0 million are sales-based milestones. Within the category of development-based milestones, $10.0 million are related
to regulatory approvals. In January 2023, we received a $2.0 million sales-based milestone payment that was achieved in
September 2022 for the first commercial sale of POSIMIR by Innocoll.
Product revenue, net
A portion of our revenues is derived from product sales, which include our ALZET osmotic pump product line, and certain
excipients that are included in POSIMIR, Methydur and in a marketed animal health product. Net product revenues were $6.1
million and $7.6 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The decrease in product revenues in 2022 was primarily attributable to lower revenue from our ALZET osmotic pump
product line as a result of lower units sold and lower product revenue related to the sale of manufacturing supplies and excipients
that are included in POSIMIR, Methydur and a marketed animal health product compared to 2021.
Operating Expenses
Cost of product revenues
Cost of product revenues includes the cost of product revenue from our ALZET product line, and certain excipients that are
included in POSIMIR, Methydur and a marketed animal health product. Cost of product revenues was $1.6 million and $2.0 million
in 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The decrease in cost of product revenues in 2022 was primarily attributable to lower cost of goods sold related to our
ALZET product line arising from fewer units sold and lower cost of goods sold related to certain excipients and materials that are
included in POSIMIR, Methydur and a marketed animal health product compared with 2021.
Stock-based compensation related to cost of product revenues was $20,000 and $19,000 in 2022 and 2021, respectively.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had 10 manufacturing employees.
Research and development
Research and development expenses are primarily comprised of salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other
compensation costs associated with research and development personnel, overhead and facility costs, preclinical and non-clinical
development costs, clinical trial and related clinical manufacturing costs, contract services, and other outside costs. Research and
development expenses were $36.9 million and $31.8 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Stock-based compensation
recognized related to research and development personnel was $1.2 million in each of 2022 and 2021.
Research and development expenses increased by $5.0 million in 2022 compared to 2021. The increase in 2022 was
primarily attributable to higher research and development costs associated with larsucosterol and the depot injectable programs,
partially offset by lower research and development costs associated with POSIMIR and other research programs compared to
2021, as more fully discussed below. We expect our research and development expenses to decrease in 2023 compared to 2022
as we expect to complete the AHFIRM trial and to incur lower contract manufacturing costs for larsucosterol in 2023.
Research and development expenses associated with our major development programs were as follows (in thousands):
Larsucosterol
Depot injectable programs
POSIMIR
Other
Total research and development expenses
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Year Ended December 31,
2022
2021
$
$
34,048 $
1,588
524
702
36,862 $
25,074
1,388
4,249
1,135
31,846
Larsucosterol
Our research and development expenses for larsucosterol increased to $34.0 million in 2022 from $25.1 million in 2021,
primarily due to higher clinical trial related expenses, higher contract manufacturing expenses and higher employee-related costs
for this drug candidate compared with 2021.
We continue to assess the impact of macroeconomic uncertainties, including the COVID-19 pandemic, on our business,
including our larsucosterol Phase 2b trial in alcohol-associated hepatitis; COVID-19 may affect our ability to complete recruitment
and data analysis for our clinical trials, including larsucosterol trials, in our planned timeframe. For additional information
regarding these risks and uncertainties, see “Risk Factors” above.
Depot injectable programs
Our research and development expenses for depot injectable programs increased to $1.6 million in 2022 from $1.4 million
in 2021 primarily due to higher employee-related costs, partially offset by lower outside expenses for these programs.
POSIMIR
Our research and development expenses for POSIMIR decreased to $524,000 in 2022 from $4.2 million in 2021, primarily
due to lower employee-related costs and lower consulting expenses for POSIMIR.
Other DURECT research programs
Our research and development expenses for all other research activities decreased to $702,000 in 2022 from $1.1 million in
2021, primarily due to lower employee-related costs incurred for these programs.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had 42 and 45 research and development employees, respectively.
Our research and development programs may span as many as ten years or more, and estimation of completion dates or
costs to complete are highly speculative and subjective due to numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing
pharmaceutical products, including significant and changing government regulation, uncertainties of future preclinical and clinical
study results, uncertainties related to the COVID-19 pandemic, uncertainties with our collaborators’ commitment to and progress
in the programs and uncertainties associated with process development and manufacturing as well as sales and marketing. In
addition, with respect to our development programs subject to third-party collaborations, the timing and expenditures to
complete the programs are subject to the control of our collaborators. Therefore, we cannot reasonably estimate the timing and
costs of the efforts necessary to complete the research and development programs. For additional information regarding these
risks and uncertainties, see “Risk Factors” above.
Selling, general and administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses are primarily comprised of salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation
associated with finance, legal, business development, sales and marketing (including sales and marketing expenses for our
ALZET product line) and other administrative personnel, overhead and facility costs, and other general and administrative costs.
Selling, general and administrative expenses were $15.9 million and $14.4 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Selling,
general and administrative expenses increased by $1.5 million in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due to higher patent
expenses as well as higher employee expenses in 2022 compared with 2021. Stock-based compensation recognized related to
selling, general and administrative personnel was $1.2 million and $1.4 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect our
selling, general and administrative expenses to increase in 2023 compared to 2022 due to higher market research and employee
expenses in 2023.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had 26 and 24 selling, general and administrative personnel, respectively.
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Other Income (Expense)
Interest and other income
Interest and other income were $2.1 million and $156,000 in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in interest and
other income in 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to a $1.25 million settlement payment received from a former
collaborator as well as higher interest income generated as a result of higher interest rates associated with our cash and
investments in 2022 compared with 2021.
Interest expense
Interest expense was $2.4 million and $2.1 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in interest expense in 2022
compared to 2021 was primarily due to higher interest rates associated with the term loan with Oxford Finance in 2022 compared
to 2021.
Income Taxes
As of December 31, 2022, we had net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of
approximately $317.7 million, of which approximately $245.2 million will expire in the years 2023 through 2037, and
approximately $72.5 million will not expire under current tax laws. As of December 31, 2022, we had federal research and
development tax credits of approximately $18.0 million, which expire at various dates beginning in 2023 through 2042, if not
utilized. As of December 31, 2022, we had NOL carryforwards for state income tax purposes of approximately $243.8 million,
which expire in the years 2023 through 2042, and state research and development tax credits of approximately $17.8 million,
which do not expire under current tax laws. Utilization of the NOLs may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to
federal and state ownership change limitations. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of NOLs and credits before
utilization.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had net deferred tax assets of $117.6 million and $116.4 million, respectively.
Deferred tax assets reflect the net tax effects of NOLs and credit carryforwards and the temporary differences between the
carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Realization of
deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Accordingly, the net
deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance.
Because realization of such tax benefits is uncertain, we provided a 100% valuation allowance as of December 31, 2022
and 2021. Utilization of the NOL and R&D credits carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to
ownership change limitations that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future provided by Sections 382 and 383 of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, as well as similar state and foreign provisions. These ownership changes may
limit the amount of NOL and R&D credits carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax,
respectively. In general, an ownership change is defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a
three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOLs and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research and
development credit carryforwards) to offset its post-change taxable income or taxes may be limited. Since our formation, we
have raised capital through the issuance of capital stock on several occasions which, combined with the purchasing shareholders’
subsequent disposition of those shares, may have resulted in a change of control, as defined by Section 382, or could result in a
change of control in the future upon subsequent disposition. We issued $60.0 million of convertible notes in 2003 and
subsequently all of these notes had been converted as of December 31, 2008 into approximately 1.9 million shares of our
common stock. We also issued approximately 440,000 shares of our common stock to an institutional investor in connection with
an equity financing in September 2009. In December 2012, November 2013, April 2016, June 2019 and February 2021, we
completed underwritten public offerings in which we sold an aggregate of approximately 1.4 million, 820,000, 1.4 million, 2.9
million and 2.0 million shares, respectively, of our common stock pursuant to effective registration statements. In 2016, 2017,
2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, we issued approximately 520,000, 890,000, 960,000, 230,000, 530,000 and 95,000 shares,
respectively, of our common stock in the open market through Controlled Equity Offering sales agreements with Cantor Fitzgerald
pursuant to effective registration statements. These transactions may also have resulted in a change of control as defined by
Section 382 or could result in a change of control in the future upon the subsequent disposition of the shares.
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We have not currently completed a study to assess whether a change in control has occurred or whether there have been
multiple changes of control since our formation due to the significant complexity and cost associated with such a study and the
fact that there could be additional changes in the future. If we have experienced a change of control at any time since our
formation, utilization of our NOL or R&D credits carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Sections 382 and
383 which is determined by first multiplying the value of our stock at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-
term tax-exempt rate, and then could be subject to additional adjustments, as required. Any limitation may result in expiration of
a portion of our NOL or R&D credits carryforwards before utilization. Tax years 2000 to 2022 remain subject to future examination
by the major tax jurisdictions in which we are subject to tax.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We had cash, cash equivalents and investments totaling $43.6 million at December 31, 2022, which includes $150,000 of
interest-bearing marketable securities classified as restricted investments on our balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 as
compared to cash, cash equivalents, cash held in escrow, investments and restricted investments totaling $70.0 million at
December 31, 2021.
Our cash and investments policy emphasizes liquidity and preservation of principal over other portfolio considerations. We
select investments that maximize interest income to the extent possible given these two constraints. We satisfy liquidity
requirements by investing excess cash in securities with different maturities to match projected cash needs and limit
concentration of credit risk by diversifying our investments among a variety of high credit-quality issuers.
As discussed below, we do not have sufficient cash resources to fund our planned operations, existing debt and contractual
commitments and planned capital expenditures. Our auditors have issued a going concern opinion. Unless we secure additional
equity or debt financing, of which there can be no assurance, we may not be able to continue operations.
Cash Flows
We used $26.3 million and $37.3 million of cash in operating activities in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021,
respectively. The cash provided by or used for operations was primarily to fund operations as well as working capital
requirements. Our cash provided by or used in operating activities differs from our net loss in part due to the timing and
recognition of up-front payments under collaborative agreements. Depending on the nature of the upfront payments received
upon execution of collaborative agreements, which can either be recognized as revenue upfront in full or primarily recorded as
deferred revenue and generally recognized over the period using a basis that best reflects the satisfaction of our performance
obligations with the third-party collaborator pursuant to the applicable agreement. The decrease in cash used in operating
activities in 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to changes in accounts payable, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses
and other assets, and accrued liabilities as well as $13.3 million received under the agreement with Innocoll in 2022.
We generated $19.8 million and $15.3 million of cash from investing activities in the years ended December 31, 2022 and
2021, respectively. The increase in cash received from investing activities in 2022 was due to a decrease in net purchases of
available-for-sale securities, partially offset by a decrease in proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities in 2022
compared with 2021. In addition, we received $15 million of cash in 2021 from the sale of the LACTEL product line. We anticipate
incurring capital expenditures of approximately $100,000 over the next 12 months. The amount and timing of these capital
expenditures will depend on, among other things, our research and development activities and needs, and the need for
equipment replacements.
We generated $83,000 and $50.5 million of cash from financing activities in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021,
respectively. The decrease in cash received from financing activities was primarily due to lower net proceeds from shares sold
under our shelf registration statement as well as lower proceeds from the exercise of stock options in 2022 compared to 2021. In
2021, we completed an underwritten public offering of 2,036,458 shares of our common stock at a price of $22.39 per share
pursuant to an underwriting agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald, raising net proceeds of approximately $45.4 million. In 2021, we
also raised net proceeds of approximately $2.4 million from the sale of 95,000
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shares of our common stock in the open market at a weighted average price of $26.00 per share pursuant to the 2018
Registration Statement (as defined below) and 2015 Sales Agreement (as defined below).
Shelf Registration Statement
In July 2021, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC (the “2021 Registration Statement”) (File No.
333-258333), which upon being declared effective in August 2021, terminated our registration statement filed in August 2018
(File No. 333-226518) and allowed us to offer up to $250.0 million of securities from time to time in one or more public offerings,
inclusive of up to $75.0 million of shares of our common stock which we may sell, subject to certain limitations, pursuant to a
sales agreement dated July 30, 2021 with Cantor Fitzgerald (the “2021 Sales Agreement”). The 2021 Sales Agreement replaced
a prior 2015 Sales Agreement.
Following the closing of the Offering described above under “Recent Developments”, as of March 3, 2023, we had up to
$240.0 million of our securities available for sale under the 2021 Registration Statement, of which $75.0 million of our common
stock are available pursuant to the 2021 Sales Agreement.
Any material sales in the public market of our common stock, under the 2021 Sales Agreement or otherwise under the 2021
Registration Statement, could adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.
Term Loan
In July 2016, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (as amended, the "Loan Agreement") with Oxford Finance LLC
("Oxford Finance"), pursuant to which Oxford Finance provided a $20.0 million secured single-draw term loan to us with an initial
maturity date of August 1, 2020. The term loan was fully drawn at close and the proceeds may be used for working capital and
general business requirements. The term loan repayment schedule provided initially for interest only payments for the first 18
months, followed by consecutive monthly payments of principal and interest in arrears starting on March 1, 2018 and continuing
through the maturity date of August 1, 2020. Following five amendments, we make interest only payments under the amended
Loan Agreement until June 1, 2023 and the final maturity date of the loan is September 1, 2025. The Loan Agreement provides
for a floating interest rate (7.95% initially and 11.45% as of December 31, 2022) based on an index rate plus a spread and an
additional payment equal to 10% of the principal amount of the term loan, which is due when the term loan becomes due or upon
the prepayment of the facility. If we elect to prepay the loan, there is also a prepayment fee between 0.75% and 2.5% of the
principal amount of the term loan depending on the timing of prepayment. Our debt repayment obligations under the Loan
Agreement, as amended, may prove a burden to the Company as they become due, particularly following the expiration of the
interest-only period.
The term loan is secured by substantially all of our assets, except that the collateral does not include any intellectual
property (including licensing, collaboration and similar agreements relating thereto), and certain other excluded assets. The Loan
Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants by us, which covenants limit our ability to convey, sell,
lease, transfer, assign or otherwise dispose of certain assets; engage in any business other than the businesses currently
engaged in by us or reasonably related thereto; liquidate or dissolve; make certain management changes; undergo certain
change of control events; create, incur, assume, or be liable with respect to certain indebtedness; grant certain liens; pay
dividends and make certain other restricted payments; make certain investments; and make payments on any subordinated
debt.
73
The Loan Agreement also contains customary indemnification obligations and customary events of default, including,
among other things, our failure to fulfill certain obligations under the 2016 Loan Agreement and the occurrence of a material
adverse change which is defined as a material adverse change in our business, operations, or condition (financial or otherwise), a
material impairment of the prospect of repayment of any portion of the loan, or a material impairment in the perfection or priority
of lender’s lien in the collateral or in the value of such collateral. In the event of default by us under the 2016 Loan Agreement,
the lender would be entitled to exercise its remedies thereunder, including the right to accelerate the debt, upon which we may
be required to repay all amounts then outstanding under the Loan Agreement. As a result, the term loan was reclassified to
current liabilities from non-current liabilities on our balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 due to recurring losses, liquidity
concerns and a subjective acceleration clause in the Loan Agreement.
Going Concern
As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $43.6 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments. In February
2023, we received $8.8 million of net proceeds from a registered direct offering after deducting placement agent fees and other
estimated offering expenses payable by us. In accordance with ASU No. 2014-15 Presentation of Financial Statements – Going
Concern (subtopic 205-40), our management evaluates whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that
raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial
statements are issued. Based on our evaluation, substantial doubt exists regarding our ability to continue as a going concern for
a period of one year from the issuance of our financial statements.
Cash used in our operating activities is heavily influenced by the timing and structure of new corporate collaborations.
While one feature of our business strategy is seeking new corporate collaborations, assuming no new collaborations and no
milestone payments, we anticipate that cash used in operating activities will increase in the near term. In 2022, there were no
significant changes in our commercial commitments and contractual obligations. In aggregate, we are required to make future
payments pursuant to our existing contractual obligations as follows (in thousands):
Contractual Obligations
Term loan (1)
Operating lease obligations
Total contractual cash obligations
2023
2024
2025
Total
$
$
5,714 $
1,970
7,684 $
8,571 $
275
8,846 $
7,715 $
—
7,715 $
22,000
2,245
24,245
(1) Includes principal, interest and final payments and assumes no acceleration of obligations.
Presently, we do not have sufficient cash resources to fund our planned operations, existing debt and contractual
commitments and planned capital expenditures through at least the next 12 months from issuance of these financial statements.
We may consume available resources more rapidly than currently anticipated, resulting in the need for additional funding. We
expect to incur continuing losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future.
Depending on whether we enter into additional collaborative agreements in the near term and the extent to which we earn
revenues from our collaborative agreements, we may decide to raise additional capital through a variety of sources in the short-
term and in the long-term, including:
•
•
•
•
the public equity markets;
private equity financings;
collaborative arrangements; and/or
public or private debt.
There can be no assurance that we will enter into additional collaborative agreements or maintain existing collaborative
agreements, will earn collaborative revenues or that additional capital will be available on favorable terms, if at all. If adequate
funds are not available, we may be required to significantly reduce or re-focus our operations or to obtain funds through
arrangements that may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our products, technologies or potential markets, either of
which could
74
have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent that additional capital
is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of such securities would result in ownership
dilution to our existing stockholders (assuming convertible debt securities were converted into shares). These factors raise
substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Our inability to obtain required funding in the near future
or our inability to obtain funding on favorable terms will have a material adverse effect on our operations and strategic
development plan for future growth. If we cannot successfully raise additional capital and implement our strategic development
plan, our liquidity, financial condition and business prospects will be materially and adversely affected, and we may have to
cease operations.
As a result of our recurring losses from operations, negative cash flows from operating activities and need to raise
additional capital, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our
audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 expressing substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as
a going concern.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” – “Recent Accounting Pronouncements”, to our financial
statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated
effects on financial condition and results of operations, which is incorporated herein by reference.
75
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio and to our term loan.
Fixed rate securities and borrowings may have their fair market value adversely impacted due to fluctuations in interest rates,
while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall and floating rate borrowings may lead
to additional interest expense if interest rates increase. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short
of expectations due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if forced to sell securities which have
declined in market value due to changes in interest rates. Our interest expense on the term loan may rise if the interest rates
increase.
Our primary investment objective is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing yields without significantly
increasing risk. Our portfolio includes money markets funds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, corporate debt, and U.S.
government agencies. The diversity of our portfolio helps us to achieve our investment objectives. As of December 31, 2022,
100% of our investment portfolio was composed of investments maturing less than 90 days from the date of purchase.
The following table presents the amounts of our cash equivalents and investments that may be subject to interest rate risk
and the average interest rates as of December 31, 2022 by year of maturity (dollars in thousands):
Cash equivalents:
Fixed rate
Average fixed rate
Variable rate
Average variable rate
Short-term investments:
Fixed rate
Average fixed rate
Restricted investments:
Fixed rate
Average fixed rate
Total investment securities
Average rate
2023
633
4.01 %
40,465
4.72 %
—
—
150
0.11 %
41,248
4.48 %
$
$
$
$
$
As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of our term loan was estimated to be $21.2 million. The Loan Agreement provides
for interest only payments through June 1, 2023, followed by consecutive monthly payments of principal and interest in arrears
starting on June 1, 2023 and continuing through the maturity date of the term loan of September 1, 2025. The Loan Agreement
provides for a floating interest rate (7.95% initially and 11.45% as of December 31, 2022) based on an index rate plus a spread.
In addition, a payment equal to 10% of the principal amount of the term loan is due when the term loan becomes due or upon the
prepayment of the facility. If the Company elects to prepay the loan, there is also a prepayment fee of between 0.75% and 2.5%
of the principal amount of the term loan depending on the timing of prepayment. The obligation under the term loan is subject to
interest rate risk because the interest rates under the obligation may exceed current interest rates.
76
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
DURECT CORPORATION
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)
Balance Sheets
Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
Statement of Stockholders’ Equity
Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Financial Statements
77
Page No.
78
80
81
82
83
84
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of DURECT Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of DURECT Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and
2021, the related statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three
years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In
our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December
31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December
31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
The Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern.
As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has stated
that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management's evaluation of the events
and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not
include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion
on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in
accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange
Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and
perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement,
whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal
control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial
reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial
reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements,
whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a
test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the
accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the
financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical audit matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements
that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures
that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The
communication of the critical audit matter
78
does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the
critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it
relates.
Accrued clinical costs
Description of the Matter
How We Addressed the Matter
in Our Audit
At December 31, 2022, the Company had $1,965 thousand in accrued clinical costs. As described
in Note 1 of the financial statements, the Company incurs significant costs associated with third-
party service providers for its clinical trials. The Company is required to estimate periodically the
cost of services rendered but unbilled based on management’s estimates. Estimates are
determined each reporting period by reviewing the terms and conditions of the underlying
contracts, reviewing open purchase orders and by having detailed discussions with internal
clinical personnel and third-party service providers as to the nature and status of the services
performed in relation to amounts billed. The costs for unbilled services are estimated by applying
the rates and fees applicable in the underlying contracts.
Auditing management’s accounting for accrued clinical costs was especially challenging as
evaluating the nature and status of the services performed under the Company’s clinical
agreements in relation to amounts billed was dependent upon the accumulation of a high volume
of information from internal clinical personnel and third-party service providers.
Our audit procedures included, among others, obtaining an understanding of accrued clinical
costs by performing a fluctuation analysis over the accrued clinical costs, gaining an
understanding of key movements against our expectations, reviewing significant agreements in
place with the Company’s third-party clinical service providers, performing inquiries with
management to verify the nature and status of the services performed, confirming applicable
information directly with third-party clinical service providers, including: total amounts invoiced
during the year, estimated unbilled amounts, unpaid amounts, patient enrollment status for
clinical sites at December 31, 2022 and the terms and conditions of the underlying contracts. Our
procedures also included vouching significant accrued clinical costs at December 31, 2022 to
subsequent cash disbursements and tracing a sample of subsequent cash disbursements to
related invoices received by the Company to verify whether they were appropriately included or
excluded from the accrued clinical costs balance.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1998.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
San Francisco, California
March 8, 2023
79
DURECT CORPORATION
BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
A S S E T S
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Short-term investments
Accounts receivable (net of allowances of $21 at December 31, 2022
and $15 at December 31, 2021)
Inventories, net
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Total current assets
Property and equipment, net
Operating lease right-of-use assets
Goodwill
Long-term restricted investments
Other long-term assets
Total assets
L I A B I L I T I E S A N D S T O C K H O L D E R S’ E Q U I T Y
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable
Accrued liabilities
Deferred revenue, current portion
Term loan, current portion, net
Operating lease liabilities, current portion
Total current liabilities
Deferred revenue, non-current portion
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion
Term loan, non-current portion, net
Other long-term liabilities
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value: 10,000 shares authorized; none issued
and outstanding
Common stock, $0.0001 par value: 150,000 shares and 35,000 shares authorized at December
31, 2022 and 2021, respectively; 22,785 and 22,768 shares issued and outstanding at December
31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
Additional paid-in capital
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Accumulated deficit
Stockholders’ equity
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
December 31,
2022
2021
43,483 $
—
3,423
2,113
2,375
51,394
188
1,943
6,169
150
256
60,100 $
3,106 $
7,896
—
21,170
1,832
34,004
—
260
—
851
49,844
19,966
6,477
1,870
3,580
81,737
227
3,446
6,169
150
261
91,990
1,311
6,799
98
—
1,848
10,056
812
1,824
20,632
884
—
—
23
586,357
(13 )
(561,382 )
24,985
60,100 $
23
583,818
(10 )
(526,049 )
57,782
91,990
$
$
$
$
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
80
DURECT CORPORATION
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Collaborative research and development and other revenue
Product revenue, net
Total revenues
Operating expenses:
Cost of product revenues
Research and development
Selling, general and administrative
Total operating expenses
Loss from operations
Other income (expense):
Interest and other income
Interest expense
Net other expense
Loss from continuing operations
Income from discontinued operations (Note 11)
Net loss
Net change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale
securities, net of tax
Total comprehensive loss
Net loss per share
Basic and diluted
Loss from continuing operations
Income from discontinued operations
Net loss per common share, basic and diluted
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
$
13,204 $
6,331 $
6,079
19,283
1,588
36,862
15,915
54,365
(35,082 )
2,148
(2,399 )
(251 )
(35,333 )
—
(35,333 )
7,646
13,977
1,955
31,846
14,449
48,250
(34,273 )
156
(2,148 )
(1,992 )
(36,265 )
—
(36,265 )
(3 )
(5 )
$
(35,336 ) $
(36,270 ) $
$
$
$
(1.55 ) $
— $
(1.55 ) $
(1.61 ) $
— $
(1.61 ) $
23,941
6,170
30,111
1,406
27,709
13,611
42,726
(12,615 )
517
(2,237 )
(1,720 )
(14,335 )
13,753
(582 )
(2 )
(584 )
(0.72 )
0.69
(0.03 )
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted
22,777
22,505
19,946
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
81
DURECT CORPORATION
STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2019
19,526
$
19
$
512,046
$
(3 ) $
(489,202 ) $
22,860
Common Stock
Shares
Amount
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (loss)
Accumulated
Deficit
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock
options and purchases of ESPP shares
Issuance of common stock upon equity financings, net
of issuance costs of $380
Stock-based compensation expense from stock
options and ESPP shares
Net loss
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale
securities, net of tax
297
530
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
3,381
12,282
2,175
—
—
Balance at December 31, 2020
20,353
$
20
$
529,884
$
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock
options and purchases of ESPP shares
Issuance of common stock upon equity financings, net
of issuance costs of $395
Stock-based compensation expense from stock
options and ESPP shares
Net loss
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale
securities, net of tax
283
2,132
—
—
—
1
2
—
—
—
3,586
47,658
2,690
—
—
Balance at December 31, 2021
22,768
$
23
$
583,818
$
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock
options and purchases of ESPP shares
Issuance of common stock upon equity financings, net
of issuance costs of $0
Stock-based compensation expense from stock
options and ESPP shares
Net loss
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale
securities, net of tax
Balance at December 31, 2022
14
3
—
—
—
22,785
$
—
—
—
—
—
23
59
25
2,455
—
—
$
586,357
$
—
—
—
—
(2 )
(5 ) $
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(582 )
—
(489,784 ) $
—
—
—
(36,265 )
(5 )
(10 ) $
—
(526,049 ) $
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(35,333 )
(3 )
(13 )
$
—
(561,382 )
$
3,381
12,283
2,175
(582 )
(2 )
40,115
3,587
47,660
2,690
(36,265 )
(5 )
57,782
59
25
2,455
(35,333 )
(3 )
24,985
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
82
DURECT CORPORATION
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating
activities:
Gain on sale of equipment
Depreciation and accretion
Stock-based compensation
Inventory write-down
Amortization of debt issuance cost
Net accretion/amortization on investments
Changes in operating lease liabilities
Gain on sale of LACTEL product line
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable
Inventories
Prepaid expenses and other assets
Accounts payable
Accrued liabilities
Deferred revenue
Total adjustments
Net cash used in operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment
Purchases of available-for-sale securities
Proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities
Net proceeds from sale of LACTEL product line
Net cash provided by investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities
Payments on equipment financing obligations
Net proceeds from issuances of common stock upon exercise of
stock options, and purchases of ESPP shares
Net proceeds from issuances of common stock in connection with
equity financings
Term loan amendment cost
Net cash provided by financing activities
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of the
period (1)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of the period (1)
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest
Supplementary disclosure of non-cash investing and financing information
Cash held in escrow
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
$
(35,333 )
$
(36,265 )
$
(582 )
—
119
2,457
—
479
16
(77 )
—
3,054
(245 )
1,210
1,795
1,155
(910 )
9,053
(26,280 )
(111 )
—
19,947
—
—
19,836
(1 )
59
25
—
83
(6,361 )
(11 )
288
2,688
—
451
(76 )
(22 )
—
(5,440 )
(4 )
965
(367 )
384
98
(1,046 )
(37,311 )
(194 )
(52,298 )
48,830
3,994
14,979
15,311
(2 )
3,587
47,660
(713 )
50,532
28,532
49,994
43,633 $
21,462
49,994 $
—
297
2,170
194
453
(313 )
(61 )
(12,845 )
389
(249 )
(2,178 )
(241 )
(3,059 )
(22,679 )
(38,122 )
(38,704 )
(208 )
(45,066 )
54,706
—
—
9,432
(4 )
3,381
12,283
—
15,660
(13,612 )
35,074
21,462
1,800 $
1,617 $
1,678
— $
— $
14,979
$
$
$
(1) Includes restricted cash of $150,000 (presented as long-term restricted investments) on the balance sheets at each of
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
83
DURECT CORPORATION
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations
DURECT Corporation (the “Company”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware on February 6, 1998. The Company is a
biopharmaceutical company with research and development programs broadly falling into two categories: (i) new chemical
entities derived from our Epigenetics Regulator Program, in which the Company attempts to discover and develop molecules
which have not previously been approved and marketed as therapeutics, and (ii) Proprietary Pharmaceutical Programs, in which
the Company applies its formulation expertise and technologies largely to active pharmaceutical ingredients whose safety and
efficacy have previously been established but which the Company aims to improve in some manner through a new formulation.
The Company also manufactures and sells osmotic pumps used in laboratory research, and manufactures certain excipients for
certain clients for use as raw materials in their products.
Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates
The Company’s financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles
(U.S. GAAP). The preparation of the accompanying Financial Statements conforms to accounting principles generally accepted in
the U.S. which requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets,
liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates
including, but not limited to, those related to revenue recognition, the period of performance, identification of performance
obligations and evaluation of milestones with respect to our collaborations, the amounts of revenues, recoverability of inventory,
certain accrued liabilities including accrued clinical costs, asset retirement obligations, and stock-based compensation. The
Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and other relevant assumptions that
the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about
the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ materially
from those estimates.
Reverse Stock Split
On December 5, 2022, the Company effected a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of its outstanding common stock. The reverse
stock split also affected our outstanding stock options, purchase rights and equity incentive plans and resulted in the shares
underlying such instruments being reduced and the exercise price being increased proportionately.
For all financial statement periods presented, references to number of shares, net loss per share, stock price and exercise
price have been conformed to reflect the effects of the Company’s 1-for-10 reverse stock split, effective December 5, 2022,
unless otherwise specified herein.
Discontinued Operations
On December 31, 2020, the Company sold its LACTEL Absorbable Polymer (LACTEL) product line to Evonik. The
accompanying financial statements have been recast to reflect the assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses related to the
Company’s LACTEL product line as discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 (see Note 11). The Company
believes this format provides comparability with its previously filed financial statements.
84
Liquidity and Need to Raise Additional Capital
As of December 31, 2022, the Company has an accumulated deficit of $561.4 million as well as negative cash flows from
operating activities. Presently, the Company does not have sufficient cash resources to meet its plans for the next twelve months
following the issuance of these financial statements. The Company will continue to require substantial funds to continue research
and development, including clinical trials of its product candidates. These factors raise substantial doubt regarding the
Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the issuance of these financial statements.
Management’s plans in order to meet its operating cash flow requirements include seeking additional collaborative agreements
for certain of its programs as well as financing activities such as public offerings and private placements of its common stock,
preferred stock offerings, issuances of debt and convertible debt instruments.
There are no assurances that such additional funding will be obtained and that the Company will succeed in its future
operations. If the Company cannot successfully raise additional capital and implement its strategic development plan, its
liquidity, financial condition and business prospects will be materially and adversely affected, and the Company may have to
cease operations. As further described in Note 8, the Company reclassified the remaining balance of its term loan to current
liabilities from non-current liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 due to recurring losses, liquidity
concerns and a subjective acceleration clause in the Company’s Loan Agreement. These financial statements have been
prepared on a going concern basis and do not include any adjustments to the amounts and classification of assets and liabilities
that may be necessary in the event the Company can no longer continue as a going concern.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase to be cash
equivalents. Investments with original maturities of greater than 90 days from the date of purchase but less than one year from
the balance sheet date are classified as short-term investments, while investments with maturities in one year or beyond one
year from the balance sheet date are classified as long-term investments. Management determines the appropriate classification
of its cash equivalents and investment securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such determination as of each balance
sheet date. Management has classified the Company’s cash equivalents and investments as available-for-sale securities in the
accompanying financial statements. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses
reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Realized gains and losses are included in interest income.
There were no material realized gains or losses in the periods presented. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific
identification method.
The Company invests in debt instruments of government agencies, corporations, and money market funds with high credit
ratings. The Company has established guidelines regarding diversification of its investments and their maturities with the
objectives of maintaining safety and liquidity, while maximizing yield.
Total cash held in escrow (related to the sale of the LACTEL product line) was $15 million as of December 31, 2020; the $15
million was released from escrow in January 2021.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of interest-bearing investments
and trade receivables. The Company maintains cash, cash equivalents and investments with various major financial institutions.
The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of these financial institutions. In addition, the
Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit quality of its investments.
85
Pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions account for a substantial portion of the Company’s trade receivables.
The Company provides credit in the normal course of business to its customers and collateral for these receivables is generally
not required. The risk associated with this concentration is limited to a certain extent due to the large number of accounts and
their geographic dispersion. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of its customers to which it grants credit terms in the
normal course of business. The Company maintains reserves for estimated credit losses and, to date, such losses have been
immaterial in all periods presented.
Customer and Product Line Concentrations
Revenue from the sale of products from the ALZET product line accounted for 31%, 46% and 20% of total revenue for 2022,
2021 and 2020, respectively. Innocoll accounted for 52% and 37% of the Company’s total revenue for 2022 and 2021,
respectively. Gilead accounted for 76% of the Company’s total revenue for 2020.
Total revenue by geographic region for the years 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands):
United States
Europe
Japan
Others
Total
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
$
$
5,447 $
11,791
1,488
557
19,283 $
5,690 $
6,630
1,015
642
13,977 $
26,894
1,386
1,174
657
30,111
Revenue by geography is determined by the location of the customer.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were comprised as follows (in thousands):
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Year ended December 31, 2022
Year ended December 31, 2021
Year ended December 31, 2020
Inventories
Balance at
beginning
of the year
Additions
(Reductions) to
allowances
Deductions
Balance at
end of the
year
$
$
$
(15 ) $
(72 ) $
(27 ) $
(6 ) $
56 $
(46 ) $
— $
1 $
1 $
(21 )
(15 )
(72 )
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on a first-in, first-out basis. The
Company capitalizes inventories produced in preparation for product launches after receiving regulatory approval on a product.
The Company may be required to expense previously capitalized inventory costs upon a change in management’s judgment due
to new information that suggests that the inventory will not be saleable. If the Company is able to subsequently sell products
made with raw materials that were previously written down, the Company will report an unusually high gross profit as there will
be no or little associated cost of goods for these materials.
86
The Company’s inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):
Raw materials
Work in-process
Finished goods
Total inventories
Property and Equipment
December 31,
2022
2021
$
$
168 $
1,151
794
2,113 $
143
712
1,015
1,870
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, which is computed using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to five years. Leasehold improvements are
amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, or the terms of the related leases,
whichever are shorter.
Goodwill
Goodwill is periodically assessed and evaluated for impairment. The Company operates in one operating segment and also
has only one reporting unit, which is the research, development and manufacturing of pharmaceutical products. The Company
assesses the impairment of goodwill at least annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the
carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors the Company considers important which could trigger an impairment review
include the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
significant decline in our stock price for a prolonged period;
our market capitalization relative to net book value;
new information affecting the commercial value of the asset;
significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results;
significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for the Company’s overall business;
and
significant negative industry or economic trends.
The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment at least annually. To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment
charge related to goodwill.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews long-lived assets, including property and equipment, intangible assets, and other long-term assets,
for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not
be fully recoverable.
An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of
the asset and its eventual disposition is less than its carrying amount. Impairment, if any, is calculated as the amount by which
an asset’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, typically using discounted cash flows to determine fair value. Through December
31, 2022, there have been no material impairment losses.
Leases
ASC 842 requires the Company to recognize an operating lease right-of-use asset and corresponding operating lease
liability for the Company’s leased properties. The Company’s operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized
under ASC 842 based on the present value of lease payments over the remaining lease term at the lease commencement date.
In determining the net present value of lease
87
payments, we estimate the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available, including remaining lease term. As of
December 31, 2022, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 0.99 years for the Company’s leased properties.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for share-based payments using a fair-value based method for costs related to all share-based
payments, including stock options and stock issued under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan (ESPP). The Company
estimates the fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The Company
recognizes compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period and accounts for forfeitures as they
occur. See Note 9 for further information regarding stock-based compensation.
Revenue Recognition
Product Revenue, Net
The Company manufacture and sell ALZET osmotic pumps used in laboratory research, and manufacture and sell certain
excipients used by pharmaceutical companies as raw materials in certain of their products, including POSIMIR, an animal health
product and Methydur.
Revenues from product sales are recognized when the customer obtains control of the Company’s product, which occurs at
a point in time, typically upon shipment to the customer. The Company expenses incremental costs of obtaining a contract as
and when incurred if the expected amortization period of the asset that the Company would have recognized is one year or less.
Trade Discounts and Allowances: The Company provides certain customers with discounts that are explicitly stated in the
Company’s contracts and are recorded as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized.
Product Returns: The Company generally offers customers a limited right of return for products that have been purchased.
The Company estimates the amount of its product sales that are probable of being returned by its customers and records this
estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. The Company currently estimates
product return liabilities primarily using its historical sales information. The Company expects product returns to be minimal.
Collaborative Research and Development and Other Revenue
The Company enters into license agreements, under which it licenses certain rights to its product candidates or products to
third parties. The terms of these arrangements typically include payment to the Company of one or more of the following: non-
refundable, up-front license fees; reimbursement of development costs incurred by the Company under approved work plans;
development, regulatory, intellectual property and commercial milestone payments; payments for manufacturing supply services
the Company provides itself or through its contract manufacturers; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each of these
payments results in collaborative research and development revenues, except for revenues from royalties on net sales of
licensed products and earn-out revenues, which are classified as other revenues.
88
In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as it fulfills its obligations under each of its
agreements, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii)
determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the
context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv)
allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company
satisfies each performance obligation. For arrangements that are determined to include multiple performance obligations, the
Company must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the estimated stand-alone selling price for each
performance obligation identified. These assumptions may include: forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement
rates for personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success. The Company expects to recognize
revenue for the variable consideration currently being constrained when it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not
occur.
Licenses of intellectual property: If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the
other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenues from the transaction price
allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the
license. For performance obligations comprised of licenses that are bundled with other promises, the Company utilizes its
judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance
obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the Company applies an appropriate method of measuring
progress for purposes of recognizing related revenues from the allocated transaction price. For performance obligations
recognized over time, the Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and recognizes revenues on a
cumulative catch-up basis as collaborative research and development revenues.
Milestone Payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development milestone payments, the Company
evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the
transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the
associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the
Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are
received. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for
which the Company recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of
each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of such development milestones
and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price.
Manufacturing Supply Services: Arrangements that include a promise for future supply of raw materials or drug product for
either clinical development or commercial supply at the customer’s discretion are generally considered as options. The Company
assesses if these options provide a material right to the customer and if so, they are accounted for as separate performance
obligations and allocated a portion of the transaction price based on the estimated standalone selling price of the material right.
If the Company is entitled to additional payments when the customer exercises these options, the deferred transaction price and
any additional payments are recorded in collaborative research and development revenue when the customer obtains control of
the goods.
89
Royalties and Earn-outs: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties or earn-outs, including milestone payments
based on first commercial sale or the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties
relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to
which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not
recognized material royalty revenue resulting from the Company’s collaborative arrangements or material earn-out revenues
from any of the Company’s agreements.
Research and development services: Revenue from research and development services that are determined to represent a
distinct performance obligation with the Company’s third-party collaborators is recognized over time as the related research and
development services are performed using an appropriate method of measuring progress. The Company evaluates the measure
of progress each reporting period and recognizes revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis, as collaborative research and
development revenue. Research and development expenses under the collaborative research and development agreements
generally approximate or exceed the revenue recognized under such agreements over the term of the respective agreements.
Deferred revenue may result when the Company does not expend the required level of effort during a specific period in
comparison to funds received under the respective agreement.
The Company receives payments from its customers based on development cost schedules established in each contract.
Up-front payments are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due and may require deferral of revenue recognition
to a future period until the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts
receivable when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a
significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the
customer and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer will be one year or less.
Prepaid and Accrued Clinical Costs
The Company incurs significant costs associated with third party consultants and organizations for pre-clinical studies,
clinical trials, contract research, regulatory advice and other research and development-related services. The Company is
required to estimate periodically the cost of services rendered but unbilled based on management’s estimates. Estimates are
determined each reporting period by reviewing the terms and conditions of the underlying contracts, reviewing open purchase
orders and by having detailed discussions with internal clinical personnel and third-party service providers as to the nature and
status of the services performed in relation to amounts billed. The costs for unbilled services are estimated by applying the rates
and fees applicable in the underlying contracts. If these good faith estimates are inaccurate, actual expenses incurred could
materially differ from these estimates.
Prepaid and Accrued Manufacturing Costs
The Company incurs significant costs associated with third party consultants and organizations for manufacturing,
validation, testing and other research and development-related services. The Company is required to estimate periodically the
cost of services rendered but unbilled based on management’s estimates. Estimates are determined each reporting period by
reviewing the terms and conditions of the underlying contracts, reviewing open purchase orders and by having detailed
discussions with internal personnel and third-party service providers as to the nature and status of the services performed in
relation to amounts billed. The costs for unbilled services are estimated by applying the rates and fees applicable in the
underlying contracts. If these good faith estimates are inaccurate, actual expenses incurred could materially differ from these
estimates.
90
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses are primarily comprised of salaries and benefits associated with research and
development personnel, overhead and facility costs, preclinical and non-clinical development costs, clinical trial and related
clinical manufacturing costs, contract services, and other outside costs. Research and development costs are expensed as
incurred. Research and development costs paid to third parties under sponsored research agreements are recognized as the
related services are performed. In addition, research and development expenses incurred that are reimbursed by the Company’s
partners are recorded as collaborative research and development revenue.
Comprehensive Loss
Components of other comprehensive loss are comprised entirely of unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s
available-for-sale securities for all periods presented. Total comprehensive loss has been disclosed in the Company’s Statements
of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Segment Reporting
The Company operates in one operating segment, which is the research, development and manufacturing of
pharmaceutical products.
Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares
outstanding. Diluted net loss per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and
common stock equivalents (i.e., options to purchase common stock) outstanding during the period, if dilutive, using the treasury
stock method for options.
The numerators and denominators in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share were as follows (in thousands
except per share amounts):
Numerators:
Net loss
Denominators:
Weighted average shares used to compute basic
net loss per share
Effect of dilutive securities:
Dilution from stock options
Dilution from ESPP
Dilutive common shares
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted
net loss per share
Net loss per share:
Basic
Diluted
Year Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
$
(35,333 ) $
(36,265 ) $
(582 )
22,777
22,505
19,946
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
22,777
22,505
19,946
$
$
(1.55 ) $
(1.55 ) $
(1.61 ) $
(1.61 ) $
(0.03 )
(0.03 )
The computation of diluted net loss per share for 2022, 2021 and 2020 excludes the impact of options to purchase 2.8
million, 834,000 and 752,000 shares of common stock outstanding at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as such
impact would be antidilutive.
91
Shipping and Handling
Costs related to shipping and handling are included in cost of revenues for all periods presented.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13 (ASU 2016-13) “Financial Instruments - Credit
Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” ASU 2016-13 requires measurement and recognition of
expected credit losses for financial assets. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 for small
reporting companies, including interim reporting periods within those years and must be adopted using a modified retrospective
approach, with certain exceptions. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2023 and the
adoption did not have a material effect on the financial statements.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference
Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. In response to concerns about structural risks of the cessation of London Interbank Offered
Rate (LIBOR), the amendments in this ASU provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting
for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments in this ASU provide optional
expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference
rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts and hedging relationships that
reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. The expedients and
exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or
evaluated after December 31, 2022. The amendments in this ASU are elective and are effective for all entities as of March 12,
2020 through December 31, 2022. The adoption of the standard did not have a material effect on the financial statements.
2.
Strategic Agreements
The collaborative research and development and other revenue associated with the Company’s major third-party
collaborators are as follows (in thousands):
Collaborator/Counterparty
Innocoll (1)
Gilead (2)
Other (3)
Total collaborative research and development and other revenue
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
$
$
10,015 $
—
3,189
13,204 $
4,100 $
—
2,231
6,331 $
—
22,879
1,062
23,941
(1)
(2)
The Company signed a license agreement with Innocoll on December 21, 2021, pursuant to which Innocoll agreed to pay a
nonrefundable upfront license fee of $4.0 million and $1.3 million primarily for the sale of manufacturing supplies and
excipients. In December 2021, upon the transfer of control of the license, the manufacturing supplies and excipients, and
equipment to Innocoll, the Company recognized $4.1 million as collaborative research and development and other revenue,
$1.1 million as product revenue, and a reduction of $0.1 million in net equipment. In the twelve months ended December
31, 2022, the Company recognized $8.0 million of patent milestone revenue and $2.0 million of first commercial sale
milestone revenue under the license agreement with Innocoll.
The Company signed a license agreement with Gilead on July 19, 2019. Amounts related to recognition of upfront fees and
milestone payments were zero, zero and $22.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020,
respectively. The Company received a
92
nonrefundable upfront license fee and a milestone payment totaling $35.0 million in 2019 which was being recognized as
revenue as its obligation was being satisfied using the cost-to-cost input method. In June 2020, the Company received
notice that Gilead was terminating the License Agreement and a related R&D agreement between Gilead and the Company.
As a result, the Company recognized all its remaining deferred revenue as there were no remaining substantive
performance obligations to be provided to Gilead by the Company as of the date when the termination notice was received.
Amounts recognized as revenue during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 also included the Company’s
reimbursable collaborative research and development services performed under its agreement with Gilead.
Includes: (a) amounts related to earn-out revenue from Indivior UK Limited (Indivior) with respect to PERSERIS net sales; (b)
royalty revenue from OP Pharma with respect to Methydur net sales; and (c) revenue from other agreements, including
research and development activities funded by our collaborators and recognition of deferred revenue.
(3)
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had potential milestones of up to $122.0 million that the Company may receive in
the future under its collaborative arrangements, of which $10.0 million are development-based milestones, $2.0 million are
patent-based milestones and $110.0 million are sales-based milestones. Within the category of development-based milestones,
$10.0 million are related to regulatory approvals. In January 2023, the Company received a $2.0 million sales-based milestone
payment that was achieved in September 2022 for the first commercial sale of POSIMIR by Innocoll.
Agreement with Innocoll
On December 21, 2021, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Innocoll Agreement”) with Innocoll
Pharmaceuticals Limited (“Innocoll”). Pursuant to the Innocoll Agreement, the Company has granted Innocoll an exclusive,
royalty-bearing, sublicensable right and license to develop, manufacture and commercialize in the United States, POSIMIR®, the
Company’s FDA-approved post-surgical pain product, with respect to all uses and applications in humans. The Innocoll Agreement
provides for the assignment of the Company’s supply agreement with its contract manufacturing organization to Innocoll and also
provides Innocoll with the right, within the United States, to expand the approved indications of POSIMIR. The Company retains,
outside the United States, all of the global rights to POSIMIR.
Upon execution of the Innocoll Agreement, Innocoll paid the Company an initial nonrefundable, upfront fee of $4.0 million
as well as a fee in the amount of $1.3 million primarily to cover the manufacturing supplies and excipients and certain equipment
transferred to Innocoll pursuant to the terms of the Innocoll Agreement, and certain recently incurred DURECT expenses the
parties negotiated for Innocoll to reimburse. The Innocoll Agreement includes customary representations and warranties on
behalf of the Company and Innocoll, including representations as to the licensed intellectual property, regulatory matters and
compliance with applicable laws. The Innocoll Agreement also provides for certain mutual indemnities for breaches of
representations, warranties and covenants.
The Company also evaluated Innocoll’s future purchases of an excipient from the Company and concluded that these
purchases are option rights, and are at market rates, and do not constitute a material right performance obligation. As such,
these future purchases have been excluded from the allocation of transaction price and the Company will account for them as
separate contracts when and if Innocoll elects to issue purchase orders for the excipient.
During December 2021, the upfront fee of $4.0 million as well as a fee in the amount of $1.2 million to cover reimbursed
expenses, the manufacturing supplies and excipients transferred to Innocoll pursuant to the terms of the Innocoll Agreement was
recognized as revenue when the performance obligations were satisfied in December 2021 and $0.1 million was recorded as a
net reduction in equipment in December 2021. At December 31, 2021, the Company included $5.3 million due from Innocoll in
accounts receivable on its balance sheet; these funds were received in January 2022.
93
In August 2022, the Company was issued a new patent by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, extending U.S. patent
coverage of POSIMIR to at least 2041, resulting in an $8.0 million milestone payment by Innocoll to the Company. In September
2022, Innocoll launched POSIMIR in the U.S., triggering a $2.0 million milestone payment to the Company for the first commercial
sale of POSIMIR. Thus, the Company recognized $10.0 million of milestone revenue under the agreement with Innocoll during the
twelve months ended December 31, 2022. As the commercial launch of POSIMIR progresses, the Company will receive tiered, low
double-digit to mid-teen royalties on net product sales of POSIMIR in the United States. The Company may earn additional
milestone payments of up to $122.0 million in the aggregate, depending on the achievement of certain regulatory, commercial,
and intellectual property milestones with respect to POSIMIR.
Agreement with Gilead Sciences, Inc.
On July 19, 2019, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Gilead Agreement”) with Gilead Sciences, Inc.
(“Gilead”). Pursuant to the Gilead Agreement, the Company granted Gilead the exclusive worldwide rights to develop and
commercialize a long-acting injectable HIV product utilizing DURECT’s SABER® technology. Gilead also received exclusive access
to the SABER platform for HIV and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and the exclusive option to license additional SABER-based products
directed to HIV and HBV.
Under the terms of the Gilead Agreement, Gilead made a non-refundable upfront payment to DURECT of $25 million, and in
October 2019, the Company also received a $10 million milestone payment from Gilead for further development of the product
candidate.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, the upfront and milestone consideration of $35 million received in
2019 associated with the Primary Services was being recognized as revenue when the first performance obligation was being
satisfied using the cost-to-cost input method, which the Company believes best depicts the transfer of control to the customer.
Under the cost-to-cost input method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of actual costs
incurred to the total estimated costs. Revenue is recorded as a percentage of the transaction price based on the extent of
progress towards completion. The estimate of the Company’s measure of progress, which can include additional Primary
Services, if any, and the estimate of any additional consideration for those additional Primary Services, are included in the
transaction price which is updated at each reporting date, and revenue is recognized on a cumulative catchup basis. As such,
management applies a certain amount of judgment in estimating both the Primary Services and the corresponding timeline
through completion of the first performance obligation, which are key inputs when using the cost-to-cost input method.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized $12.3 million of the deferred revenue within
collaborative research and development and other revenue. The Company also recognized $4.8 million from Gilead during the
twelve months ended December 31, 2019 from feasibility related collaborative research and development services.
In June 2020, Gilead terminated the Gilead Agreement and a related R&D agreement between Gilead and the Company. As
a result, the Company recognized $22.7 million as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020, which represented all of
the remaining upfront fee and milestone payment that had previously been deferred as there were no remaining substantive
performance obligations to be provided to Gilead by the Company as of the date when the termination notice was received.
Patent Purchase Agreement with Indivior
In September 2017, we entered into an agreement with Indivior (the “Indivior Agreement”), under which we assigned to
Indivior certain patents that may provide further intellectual property protection for PERSERIS, Indivior’s extended-release
injectable suspension for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. In consideration for such assignment, Indivior made non-
refundable upfront and milestone payments to DURECT totaling $17.5 million. Additionally, under the terms of the agreement
with Indivior, DURECT
94
receives quarterly earn-out payments into 2026 that are based on a single digit percentage of U.S. net sales of PERSERIS. Indivior
commercially launched PERSERIS in the U.S. in February 2019. The Indivior Agreement contains customary representations,
warranties and indemnities of the parties. Amounts recognized during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and
2020 related to earn-out revenues from PERSERIS have been immaterial and are included in collaborative research and
development and other revenue.
3.
Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in
the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the
measurement date. The Company’s valuation techniques used to measure fair value maximize the use of observable inputs and
minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company follows a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the
first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value. These levels of inputs are
the following:
•
•
•
Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar
assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be
corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value
of the assets or liabilities.
The Company’s financial instruments are valued using quoted prices in active markets or based upon other observable
inputs. The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets that were measured at fair value on a
recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):
Money market funds
Certificates of deposit
Commercial paper
Total
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
$
$
633 $
—
—
633 $
— $
150
40,465
40,615 $
— $
—
—
— $
633
150
40,465
41,248
The following table sets forth the fair value of our financial assets that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as
of December 31, 2021 (in thousands):
Money market funds
Certificates of deposit
Commercial paper
U.S. Government agencies
Total
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
$
$
2,089 $
—
—
—
2,089 $
— $
150
62,495
1,293
63,938 $
— $
—
—
—
— $
2,089
150
62,495
1,293
66,027
The Company’s financial instruments are valued using quoted prices in active markets or based upon other observable
inputs. Money market funds are classified as Level 1 financial assets. Certificates of deposit, commercial paper and U.S.
Government agency securities are classified as Level 2 financial assets. The fair value of the Level 2 assets is estimated using
pricing models using current observable market information for similar securities. The Company’s Level 2 investments include
U.S. government-backed securities and corporate securities that are valued based upon observable inputs that may include
benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers
and reference data including market research publications. The fair value of
95
commercial paper is based upon the time to maturity and discounted using the three-month treasury bill rate. The average
remaining maturity of the Company’s Level 2 investments as of December 31, 2022 is less than twelve months and these
investments are rated by S&P and Moody’s at AAA or AA- for securities and A1 or P1 for commercial paper.
The following is a summary of available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
Money market funds
Certificates of deposit
Commercial paper
Reported as:
Cash and cash equivalents
Long-term restricted investments
Money market funds
Certificates of deposit
Commercial paper
Corporate debt
Reported as:
Cash and cash equivalents
Short-term investments
Long-term restricted investments
December 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost
Unrealized
Gain
Unrealized
Loss
Estimated
Fair
Value
633 $
150
40,478
41,261 $
41,111 $
150
41,261 $
— $
—
—
— $
— $
—
— $
— $
—
(13 )
(13 ) $
(13 ) $
—
(13 ) $
633
150
40,465
41,248
41,098
150
41,248
December 31, 2021
Amortized
Cost
Unrealized
Gain
Unrealized
Loss
Estimated
Fair
Value
2,089 $
150
62,505
1,293
66,037 $
45,913 $
19,974
150
66,037 $
— $
—
—
—
— $
— $
—
—
— $
— $
—
(10 )
—
(10 ) $
(2 ) $
(8 )
—
(10 ) $
2,089
150
62,495
1,293
66,027
45,911
19,966
150
66,027
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
The following is a summary of the cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2022, by
contractual maturity (in thousands):
Mature in one year or less
Mature after one year through five years
December 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost
Estimated
Fair
Value
$
$
40,478 $
150
40,628 $
40,465
150
40,615
There were no securities that have had an unrealized loss for more than 12 months as of December 31, 2022.
As of December 31, 2022, unrealized losses on available-for-sale investments are not attributed to credit risk and are
considered to be temporary. The Company believes that it is more-likely-than-not that investments in an unrealized loss position
will be held until maturity or the recovery of the cost basis of
96
the investment. To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment charges on marketable securities related to other-than-
temporary declines in market value.
4.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):
Equipment
Leasehold improvements
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
Property and equipment, net
December 31,
2022
2021
$
$
10,791 $
8,490
19,281
(19,093 )
188 $
10,696
8,474
19,170
(18,943 )
227
Depreciation expense was $150,000, $132,000 and $297,000 in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded $607,000 and $638,000, respectively, as a liability which was
included in other long-term liabilities on its balance sheet for asset retirement obligations associated with the estimated
restoration cost for its leased buildings.
5.
Restricted Investments
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $150,000 recorded as restricted investments, which primarily served
as collateral for letters of credit securing a leased facility in California.
6.
Commitments
Operating Leases
The Company has lease arrangements for its facilities in California as follows.
Location
Cupertino, CA
Approximate
Square Feet
30,149 sq. ft.
Operation
Expiration
Office, Laboratory and
Manufacturing
Lease expires 2024 (with an option to renew for an
additional five years)
Cupertino, CA
20,100 sq. ft.
Office and Laboratory
Vacaville, CA
24,634 sq. ft.
Manufacturing
Lease expires 2024 (with an option to renew for an
additional five years)
Lease expires 2023 (with an option to renew for an
additional five years)
Under these leases, the Company is required to pay certain maintenance expenses in addition to monthly rent. Rent
expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term for leases that have scheduled rental payment increases. Rent
expense under all operating leases was $1.9 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. In
determining the net present value of lease payments, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate of 13.8% based on the
information available, including remaining lease term, at the adoption date of ASC 842. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the
weighted-average remaining lease term was 0.99 years and 1.99 years, respectively, for the Company’s leased properties.
97
Future minimum payments under these noncancelable leases are as follows (in thousands):
Year ending December 31,
2023
2024
Less present value adjustment
Operating lease liabilities recognized
Operating
Leases
1,970
275
2,245
(153 )
2,092
$
7.
Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were comprised as follows (in thousands):
Accrued compensation and benefits
Accrued clinical costs
Accrued contract research and manufacturing cost
Others
Total
8.
Term Loan
December 31,
2022
2021
$
3,970 $
4,099
1,966
861
1,099
7,896 $
97
757
1,846
6,799
$
In July 2016, the Company entered into a $20.0 million secured single-draw term loan (as amended, the “Loan Agreement”)
with Oxford Finance LLC (“Oxford Finance”). The Company and Oxford Finance entered into five subsequent amendments to the
Loan Agreement in February 2018, November 2018, December 2019, March 2021 and May 2021. For amendments 1-3 and 5, the
Company paid Oxford Finance loan modification fees of $100,000, $900,000, $825,000 and $712,500, respectively. As amended,
the Loan Agreement provides for interest only payments through June 1, 2023, followed by consecutive monthly payments of
principal and interest in arrears starting on June 1, 2023 and continuing through the maturity date of the term loan of September
1, 2025. The Loan Agreement provides for a floating interest rate (7.95% initially and 11.45% as of December 31, 2022) based on
an index rate plus a spread. In addition, a payment equal to 10% of the principal amount of the term loan is due when the term
loan becomes due or upon the prepayment of the facility. If the Company elects to prepay the loan, there is also a prepayment
fee of between 0.75% and 2.5% of the principal amount of the term loan depending on the timing of prepayment. The $150,000
facility fee that was paid at the original closing, the loan modification fees and other debt offering/issuance costs have been
recorded as debt discount on the Company’s balance sheets and together with the final $2.0 million payment are being
amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the revised term of the loan.
The term loan is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company, except that the collateral does not include any
intellectual property (including licensing, collaboration and similar agreements relating thereto), and certain other excluded
assets. The 2016 Loan Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants by the Company, which
covenants limit the Company’s ability to convey, sell, lease, transfer, assign or otherwise dispose of certain assets of the
Company; engage in any business other than the businesses currently engaged in by the Company or reasonably related thereto;
liquidate or dissolve; make certain management changes; undergo certain change of control events; create, incur, assume, or be
liable with respect to certain indebtedness; grant certain liens; pay dividends and make certain other restricted payments; make
certain investments; and make payments on any subordinated debt.
98
The Loan Agreement also contains customary indemnification obligations and customary events of default, including,
among other things, the Company’s failure to fulfill certain obligations of the Company under the Loan Agreement and the
occurrence of a material adverse change which is defined as a material adverse change in the Company’s business, operations,
or condition (financial or otherwise), a material impairment of the prospect of repayment of any portion of the loan, or a material
impairment in the perfection or priority of lender’s lien in the collateral or in the value of such collateral. In the event of default by
the Company under the Loan Agreement, the lender would be entitled to exercise its remedies thereunder, including the right to
accelerate the debt, upon which the Company may be required to repay all amounts then outstanding under the Loan
Agreement, which could harm the Company’s financial condition. The conditionally exercisable call option related to the event of
default is considered to be an embedded derivative which is required to be bifurcated and accounted for as a separate financial
instrument. In the periods presented, the value of the embedded derivative is not material, but could become material in future
periods if an event of default became more probable than is currently estimated.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all material covenants under the Loan Agreement and
there had been no material adverse change. In accordance with ASC 470-10-45-2, the term loan was reclassified to current
liabilities from non-current liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 due to recurring losses, liquidity
concerns and a subjective acceleration clause in the Company’s Loan Agreement.
The fair value of the term loan approximates the carrying value. Future maturities due under the term loan as of December
31, 2022, are as follows (in thousands):
2023
2024
2025
Total minimum payments
Less unamortized debt discount and accrued final payment
Carrying value of term loan, net
$
5,714
8,571
7,715
22,000
(830 )
21,170
9.
Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
In August 2018, the Company filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which upon being declared
effective in October 2018, terminated an earlier registration statement and allowed the Company to offer up to $175.0 million of
securities from time to time in one or more public offerings, inclusive of up to $75.0 million of additional shares of common stock
which the Company may sell, subject to certain limitations, under the 2015 Sales Agreement through Cantor Fitzgerald, acting as
agent.
On June 20, 2019, the Company entered into a transaction to sell 2,900,000 shares of our common stock to certain
investors in a registered offering at a price of $5.20 per share, raising total gross proceeds to the Company of approximately
$15.1 million. In 2020, the Company raised net proceeds of approximately $12.3 million from the sale of 530,800 shares of the
Company’s common stock in the open market at a weighted average price of $23.90 per share pursuant to the October 2018
registration statement.
In February 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 2,036,458 shares of its common stock at a
price of $22.39 per share pursuant to an underwriting agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., raising total gross proceeds to the
Company of approximately $45.6 million before deducting estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. Total stock
issuance costs related to this
99
financing were approximately $195,000. After deducting estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, the net proceeds
to the Company were approximately $45.4 million.
In 2019, the Company raised net proceeds of approximately $3.5 million from the sale of 234,982 shares of the Company’s
common stock in the open market at a weighted average price of $15.50 per share pursuant to the October 2018 registration
statement. In 2021, the Company raised net proceeds (net of commissions) of approximately $2.4 million from the sale of 95,000
shares of the Company’s common stock in the open market at a weighted average price of $26.00 per share pursuant to the
2018 Registration Statement and the 2015 Sales Agreement.
In July 2021, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC (the “2021 Registration
Statement”) (File No. 333-258333), which upon being declared effective in August 2021, terminated the 2018 Registration
Statement and allows the Company to offer up to $250.0 million of securities from time to time in one or more public offerings,
inclusive of up to $75.0 million of shares of the Company’s common stock which the Company may sell, subject to certain
limitations, pursuant to a sales agreement dated July 30, 2021 with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (the “2021 Sales Agreement”). The
2021 Sales Agreement replaced the 2015 Sales Agreement.
On December 5, 2022, the Company effected a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of its outstanding common stock. The reverse
stock split also affected our outstanding stock options, purchase rights and equity incentive plans and resulted in the shares
underlying such instruments being reduced and the exercise price being increased proportionately.
Description of Stock-Based Compensation Plans
2000 Stock Plan (Incentive Stock Plan)
In January 2000, the Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders adopted the DURECT Corporation 2000 Stock Plan,
under which incentive stock options and non-statutory stock options and stock purchase rights may be granted to employees,
consultants and non-employee directors. The 2000 Stock Plan was amended by written consent of the Board of Directors in March
2000 and written consent of the stockholders in August 2000.
In April 2005, the Board of Directors approved certain amendments to the 2000 Stock Plan. At the Company’s annual
stockholders meeting in June 2005, the stockholders approved the amendments of the 2000 Stock Plan to: (i) expand the types of
awards that the Company may grant to eligible service providers under the Stock Plan to include restricted stock units, stock
appreciation rights and other similar types of awards (including other awards under which recipients are not required to pay any
purchase or exercise price) as well as cash awards; and (ii) include certain performance criteria that may be applied to awards
granted under the Stock Plan.
At the Company’s annual stockholders meeting in June 2010, the stockholders approved amendments of the 2000 Stock
Plan to: (i) provide that the number of shares that remain available for issuance will be reduced by two shares for each share
issued pursuant to an award (other than an option or stock appreciation right) granted on or after the date of the 2010 Annual
Meeting; (ii) expand the types of transactions that might be considered repricings and option exchanges for which stockholder
approval is required; (iii) provide that shares tendered or withheld in payment of the exercise price of an option or withheld to
satisfy a withholding obligation, and all shares with respect to which a stock appreciation right is exercised, will not again be
available for issuance under the Stock Plan; (iv) require that options and stock appreciation rights have an exercise price or base
appreciation amount that is at least fair market value on the grant date, except in connection with certain corporate transactions,
and that stock appreciation rights may not have longer than a 10-year term; (v) add new performance goals that may be used to
provide “performance-based compensation” under the 2000 Stock Plan; (vi) extend the term of the 2000 Stock Plan to the date
that is ten (10) years following the stockholders meeting; and (vii) expand the treatment of outstanding awards in connection
with certain changes of control of the Company to
100
cover mergers in which the consideration payable to stockholders is not solely securities of the successor corporation.
At the Company’s annual stockholders meeting in June 2011, June 2014, June 2016 and June 2018, the stockholders
approved amendments of the 2000 Stock Plan to increase the number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for
issuance by 550,000 shares, 400,000 shares, 500,000 shares and 750,000 shares, respectively, each of which had previously
been approved by the Board of Directors.
At the Company’s annual stockholders meeting in June 2019, the stockholders approved an amendment of the 2000 Stock
Plan to extend the term of the 2000 Stock Plan to the date that is ten (10) years following the stockholders meeting.
In April 2013, the Board of Directors approved certain amendments to the 2000 Stock Plan to: (i) increase the number of
stock options granted to a non-employee director on the date which such person first becomes a director from 3,000 to 7,000
shares of common stock; each option shall have a ten-year term, become exercisable in installments of one-third of the total
number of options granted on each anniversary of the grant and have a two-year period following termination of Director status
in which the former director can exercise the option; (ii) modify the exercise period for future option grants to a non-employee
director in which a former director can exercise the option following termination of Director status from a one year period to a
two-year period.
Options granted under the 2000 Stock Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. Options may be granted
with different vesting terms from time to time not to exceed five years from the date of grant. The option price of an incentive
stock option granted to an employee or of a nonstatutory stock option granted to any person who owns stock representing more
than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company (or any parent or subsidiary) shall be no less
than 110% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant. The option price of an incentive stock option granted to any
other employee shall be no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant.
At the Company’s annual stockholders meeting in June 2022, the stockholders approved an amendment of the 2000 Stock
Plan to increase the number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for issuance by 1,800,000 shares and to extend
the term of the 2000 Stock Plan to the date that is ten (10) years following the stockholders meeting.
A total of 6,429,650 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance under this plan. The plan expires in June
2032.
As of December 31, 2022, 2,171,128 shares of common stock were available for future grant and options to purchase
2,843,416 shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2000 Stock Plan.
2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In August 2000, the Company adopted the 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. This purchase plan is implemented by a
series of overlapping offering periods of 24 months’ duration, with new offering periods, other than the first offering period,
beginning on May 1 and November 1 of each year and ending April 30 and October 31, respectively, two years later. The
purchase plan allows eligible employees to purchase common stock through payroll deductions at a price equal to the lower of
85% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the beginning of each offering period or at the end of each
purchase period. The initial offering period commenced on the effectiveness of the Company’s initial public offering.
101
In April 2010, the Board of Directors approved certain amendments to the 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. At the
Company’s annual stockholders meeting in June 2010, the stockholders approved the amendment of the 2000 Employee Stock
Purchase Plan to: (i) increase the number of shares of our common stock authorized for issuance under the ESPP by 25,000
shares; (ii) extend the term of the ESPP to the date that is ten (10) years following the stockholders meeting; (iii) provide for six-
month consecutive offering periods beginning on November 1, 2010; (iv) revise certain provisions to reflect the final regulations
issued under Section 423 of the Code by the Internal Revenue Service; and (v) provide for the cash-out of options outstanding
under an offering period in effect prior to the consummation of certain corporate transactions as an alternative to providing for a
final purchase under such offering period.
In March 2015, the Board of Directors approved certain amendments to the 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. At the
Company’s annual stockholders meeting in June 2015, the stockholders approved the amendments of the 2000 Employee Stock
Purchase Plan to: (i) increase the number of shares of our common stock authorized for issuance under the ESPP by 35,000
shares; and (ii) extend the term of the ESPP to the date that is ten (10) years following the stockholders meeting. At each of the
Company’s annual stockholders meeting in June 2017 and in June 2020, the stockholders approved amendments of the 2000
Employee Stock Purchase Plan to increase the number of shares our common stock authorized for issuance under the ESPP by
35,000 shares and to re-approve its material terms.
The plan expires in June 2030. A total of 325,000 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance under this plan.
As of December 31, 2022, 25,455 shares of common stock were available for future grant and 299,545 shares of common stock
have been issued under the 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
As of December 31, 2022, shares of common stock reserved for future issuance consisted of the following:
Stock options outstanding
Stock options available for grant
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
December 31,
2022
2,843,416
2,171,128
25,455
5,039,999
A summary of stock option activity under all stock-based compensation plans is as follows:
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price Per
Share
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
(in Years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)
Number of
Options
Outstanding at December 31, 2021
Options granted
Options exercised
Options forfeited
Options expired
Outstanding at December 31, 2022
Exercisable at December 31, 2022
Vested and expected to vest at
December 31, 2022
2,535,943 $
517,851 $
(1,450 ) $
(95,339 ) $
(113,589 ) $
2,843,416 $
2,216,215 $
13.89
7.76
5.77
12.48
10.26
12.97
13.28
4.74 $
1.7
4.82 $
3.79 $
—
—
—
2,843,416 $
12.97
4.82 $
The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
was $7.76, $19.38, and $21.17 per share, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value
102
in the table above represents the total intrinsic value (i.e., the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last
trading day of 2022 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by
the option holders had all option holders exercised their in-the-money options on December 31, 2022. This amount changes
based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock. The total value of options exercised was $2,300, $3.1 million
and $3.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Expenses for non-employee stock options are recorded over the vesting period of the options, which closely approximates
the non-employee’s performance period, with the value determined by the Black-Scholes option valuation method and
remeasured over the vesting term.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had three stock-based equity compensation plans, which are described above. The
employee stock-based compensation cost that has been included in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss is
shown as below (in thousands):
Cost of product revenues
Research and development
Selling, general and administrative
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
$
$
20 $
1,215
1,222
2,457 $
19 $
1,245
1,424
2,688 $
13
981
1,085
2,079
Because the Company had a net operating loss carryforward as of December 31, 2022, no excess tax benefits for the tax
deductions related to stock-based compensation were recognized in the statement of operations. Additionally, no incremental tax
benefits were recognized from stock options exercised during 2021, which would have resulted in a reclassification to reduce net
cash provided by operating activities with an offsetting increase in net cash provided by financing activities.
Determining Fair Value
Valuation and Expense Recognition. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-
Scholes option valuation model. The Company recognizes the expense on a straight-line basis. The expense for options is
recognized over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the vesting period.
Expected Term. The expected term of options granted represents the period of time that the options are expected to be
outstanding. The Company determines the expected life using historical options experience. This develops the expected life by
taking the weighted average of the actual life of options exercised and cancelled and assumes that outstanding options are
exercised uniformly from the current holding period through the end of the contractual life.
Expected Volatility. The Company estimates the volatility of its common stock at the date of grant based on the historical
volatility of the Company’s common stock.
Risk-Free Rate. The Company bases the risk-free rate that it uses in the Black-Scholes option valuation model on the
implied yield in effect at the time of option grant on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with substantially equivalent remaining
terms.
Dividends. The Company has never paid any cash dividends on its common stock and the Company does not anticipate
paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, the Company uses an expected dividend yield of zero in the
Black-Scholes option valuation model.
103
The Company used the following assumptions to estimate the fair value of options granted and shares purchased under its
stock plans and employee stock purchase plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
Stock Options
Risk-free rate
Expected dividend yield
Expected term (in years)
Volatility
Forfeiture rate (1)
(1) The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Risk-free rate
Expected dividend yield
Expected term (in years)
Volatility
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
1.8-4.2%
0.8-1.5%
—
—
7.0-7.3
83-86%
7.0-7.8
85-86%
0.0 %
0.0 %
0.5-1.4%
—
7.0-7.3
84-87%
0.0 %
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
0.04-1.49%
0.04%
—
0.5
—
0.5
56-80%
56-71%
0.1%
—
0.5
78-124%
There were 13,575, 11,367 and 10,179 shares purchased under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan during the
years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Included in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss
for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $19,000, $57,000 and $86,000, respectively, in stock-based
compensation expense related to the recognition of expenses related to shares purchased under the Company’s employee stock
purchase plan.
As of December 31, 2022, $3.7 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested stock options is
expected to be recognized over the respective vesting terms of each award through 2025. The weighted average term of the
unrecognized stock-based compensation expense is 2.1 years.
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2022:
Range of
Exercise Price
Number of
Options
Outstanding
Options Outstanding
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual Life
(In years)
Options Exercisable
Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
Number of
Options
Exercisable
Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
$4.00-$5.77
$5.82-$6.77
$8.71-$7.77
$8.80-$8.77
$11.70-$9.77
$12.60-$10.77
$14.00-$11.77
$20.90-$12.77
$21.90-$13.77
$28.00-$14.77
$4.00 - $28.00
388,747
71,147
315,022
422,420
486,885
297,424
388,454
380,089
75,728
17,500
2,843,416
6.64 $
7.74 $
8.99 $
2.30 $
2.79 $
3.18 $
6.64 $
3.56 $
6.57 $
2.45 $
4.82 $
5.52
6.34
8.71
10.18
12.26
13.16
18.17
20.98
24.32
28.00
12.97
275,052 $
40,936 $
59,600 $
417,574 $
483,510 $
282,424 $
241,237 $
331,545 $
66,837 $
17,500 $
2,216,215 $
5.76
6.09
8.71
10.19
12.26
13.16
17.07
20.97
24.27
28.00
13.28
The Company received $8,000, $3.4 million and $3.2 million in cash from option exercises under all stock-based
compensation plans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
104
10.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method under ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under this method,
deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences resulting from the different treatment of items
for tax and financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to
apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. Additionally, the Company
must assess the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered as deductions from future taxable income. The Company
has provided a full valuation allowance on the Company’s deferred tax assets because the Company believes it is more likely
than not that its deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets on a
quarterly basis. The Company recorded a deferred tax liability of $244,000 on its balance sheet at both December 31, 2022 and
2021 that arose from tax amortization of an indefinite-lived intangible asset. The Company recorded no tax expense in each of
the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
The reconciliation of income tax expenses (benefit), at the statutory federal income tax rate of 21%, to net income tax
benefit included in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
is as follows (in thousands):
U.S. federal taxes benefit at statutory rate
Change in valuation allowance
Stock-based compensation
Research and development tax credits
Expiring net operating losses
Other
Total income tax (benefit) provision
Year Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
$
$
(7,420 ) $
1,152
371
(1,449 )
7,313
33
— $
(7,616 ) $
2,266
641
(954 )
5,612
51
— $
(122 )
(2,022 )
268
(1,132 )
2,991
17
—
In 2022, 2021 and 2020, total income tax provision (benefit) expense was zero. Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect
the net tax effects of net operating loss, research and other credit carryforwards, and the temporary differences between the
carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and the amounts used for income tax purposes.
Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards
Research and other credits
Section 174 R&D capitalization
Deferred revenue
Stock-based compensation
Other
Total deferred tax assets
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
Deferred tax liabilities - right of use asset
Net deferred tax assets and liabilities
December 31,
2022
2021
83,262
20,602
6,911
—
2,603
4,765
118,143
(117,639 )
(748 )
(244 ) $
90,114
19,197
—
202
2,741
4,962
117,216
(116,358 )
(1,102 )
(244 )
$
The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent that the Company believes that these assets are more likely
than not to be realized. In making such a determination, all available positive and negative evidence is considered, including
future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences,
105
projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If it is determined that the Company
would be able to realize deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, the Company would make an
adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would cause a provision benefit to be recognized. The
recognition and measurement of tax benefits requires significant judgment. Judgments concerning the recognition and
measurement of tax benefit might change as new information becomes available. Given the Company’s history of operating
losses, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The valuation allowance increased by $1.3
million and $2.0 million during 2022 and 2021, and decreased by $2.9 million during 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of
approximately $317.7 million, of which approximately $245.2 million will expire in the years 2023 through 2037, and
approximately $72.5 million which do not expire, and federal research and development tax credits of approximately $18.0
million, which expire at various dates beginning in 2023 through 2042, if not utilized.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for state income tax purposes of
approximately $243.8 million, which expire in the years 2023 through 2042, if not utilized, and state research and development
tax credits of approximately $17.8 million, which do not expire.
Utilization of the net operating losses may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to federal and state ownership
change limitations. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses before utilization.
At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $13.1 million
and $12.4 million, respectively (none of which, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate). The Company does
not believe there will be any material changes in its unrecognized tax positions over the next twelve months.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
Balance at beginning of the year
Increase related to prior year tax positions
Increase related to current year tax positions
Balance at end of the year
December 31,
2022
2021
$
$
12,421 $
(188 )
835
13,068 $
10,888
911
622
12,421
Interest and penalty costs related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, are classified as a component of interest and other
income, net in the Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company did not recognize any interest and penalties
expenses related to unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. The Company is subject
to U.S. federal and state income tax examination for calendar tax years ending 2002 through 2022 due to unutilized net
operating losses and research credits.
California Assembly Bill 85 (AB 85) was signed into law in June 2021. The legislation suspended the use of California Net
Operating Loss deductions for 2020, 2021, and 2022 for certain taxpayers and imposed a limitation on the use of certain
California Tax Credits for 2020, 2021, and 2022. The carryover periods for Net Operating Loss deductions disallowed by this
provision were extended. California enacted Senate Bill 113 on February 14, 2022, which removed the net operating loss
suspension and limited use of business tax credits for 2022. Senate Bill 113 had no income tax impact as the Company continues
to record full valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets due to the cumulative tax losses.
106
Beginning with 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures
when incurred under Section 174 and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize domestic expenditures over five years and
foreign expenditures over fifteen years. Given the lack of current legislative guidance available, the Company has provided for an
estimate of their expenditures subject to the Section 174 requirements and established a deferred tax asset, offset by the
Company’s 100% valuation allowance.
11. Discontinued Operations
On December 31, 2020, the Company completed the sale of its LACTEL Absorbable Polymers product line to Evonik. Under
the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement, Evonik paid DURECT approximately $15.1 million, and also agreed to assume certain
liabilities with respect to the transferred assets.
As a result of the sale of the LACTEL product line, the operating results from our LACTEL product line have been excluded
from continuing operations and presented as discontinued operations in the accompanying Statements of Operations and
Comprehensive Loss for all periods presented. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a gain on sale
of the LACTEL product line of $12.8 million, upon the completion of sale to Evonik. The results of operations and gain from
discontinued operations presented below include certain allocations that management believes fairly reflect the utilization of
services provided to the LACTEL product line. The allocations do not include amounts related to general corporate administrative
expenses or interest expense. Therefore, these results of operations do not necessarily reflect what the results of operations
would have been had the LACTEL product line operated as a stand-alone entity.
The components of income from discontinued operations as reported in the Company’s statement of operations were as
follows (in thousands):
Total revenues
Operating expenses:
Cost of product revenues
Research and development
Selling, general and administrative
Total costs and expenses
Income from discontinued operations
Other income:
Gain on sale of the LACTEL product line
Net income from discontinued operations
Net income per share
Basic and diluted
Weighted-average shares used in computing net income per share basic and diluted
Basic and diluted
107
Year ended
December 31,
2020
4,918
3,019
476
515
4,010
908
12,845
13,753
0.69
19,946
$
$
The following table presents certain non-cash items related to discontinued operations, which are included in the
Company’s statement of cash flows (in thousands):
Depreciation
Stock-based compensation expense
Goodwill
Loss on disposal of property and equipment
Gain on sale of the LACTEL product line
Non-cash items, net
Years ended
December 31,
2020
198
91
229
129
647
12,845
(12,198 )
$
$
$
$
12. Subsequent Events
On February 3, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with two
institutional investors (the “Purchasers”) relating to the purchase and sale of an aggregate of (i) 1,700,000 shares (the “Shares”)
of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 300,000 shares of
Common Stock, and (iii) accompanying common warrants, to purchase an aggregate of 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock in a
registered direct offering (the “Offering”). The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the Offering were $10.0 million
before deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses payable by DURECT and excluding the proceeds, if
any, from the exercise of the pre-funded warrants and common warrants issued in the Offering. The aggregate net proceeds to
the Company from the Offering were approximately $8.8 million after deducting placement agent fees and other estimated
offering expenses payable by us.
The pre-funded warrants are exercisable immediately following the closing date of the Offering and have an unlimited term
and an initial exercise price of $0.00001 per share. The common warrants will be immediately exercisable and have a five year
term and an initial exercise price of $5.00 per share. The combined offering price is $5.00 per Share and accompanying common
warrant, or in the case of pre-funded warrants, $4.99999 per pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant. A holder
(together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of a pre-funded warrant or common warrant to the extent that the
holder would own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder 9.99%) of DURECT’s outstanding Common Stock
immediately after exercise.
108
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Not applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As required by paragraph (b) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15, DURECT’s management, including our Chief
Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this report, of the
effectiveness of DURECT’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based
on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that DURECT’s disclosure controls and
procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such
term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief
Financial Officer and with the participation of our management, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal
control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework
issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework). Based on that evaluation,
our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required
by paragraph (d) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially
affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
109
Item 9B. Other Information.
Adjustment of certain items in our Unaudited Condensed Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2022 included within our Fourth Quarter and Full Year
2022 Financial Results earnings release.
Subsequent to the issuance of the Company's earnings announcement on March 7, 2023, the Company recorded an adjustment
in its Unaudited Condensed Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2022 to reclassify the $15,895,000 noncurrent portion of its term
loan to current liabilities. The adjustment had no effect on the previously reported total assets and total liabilities and
stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2022. The effects of this adjustment also did not change its previously reported
Unaudited Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
Not applicable.
110
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The names of the executive officers of the Company and their ages, titles and biographies as of the date hereof are
incorporated by reference from Part I, Item 1, above.
Information required by this item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission on Schedule 14A in connection with our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the Proxy Statement),
which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, under the
headings “Election of Directors,” “The Board, Board Committees and Meetings,” “Code of Ethics,” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial
Ownership Reporting Compliance,” and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Information required by this item will be contained in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Executive Compensation,”
“Director Compensation,” and “Compensation Committee Report” and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information required by this item will be contained in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Common Stock Ownership
of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information,” and is incorporated herein by
reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence
Information required by this item will be contained in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Certain Relationships,”
“Other Transactions,” and “The Board, Board Committees and Meetings,” and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Information required by this item will be contained in the Proxy Statement under the heading “Fees Billed for Services
Rendered by Principal Accountant,” and is incorporated herein by reference.
111
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)
The following documents are filed as part of this report:
(1) Financial Statements
PART IV
The Index to financial statements in Item 8 of this report is incorporated herein by reference as the list of the financial
statements required as part of this report.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules
Schedules not listed above have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not
applicable or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information
required is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.
(3)
The list of exhibits are filed as part of or furnished with this annual report on Form 10-K as applicable.
112
Exhibit
Number
Exhibit Index
Description
3.1
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.7 to
the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615), as filed with the SEC on August 5, 2010).
3.2
Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of DURECT Corporation
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on
June 20, 2018).
3.3
Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series A Participating Preferred Stock of
DURECT Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form
S-3, as amended (File No. 333-128979), as initially filed with the SEC on October 13, 2005).
3.4
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series A
Participating Preferred Stock of DURECT Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.7 to the Company’s
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615), as filed with the SEC on August 5, 2010).
3.5
Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on
June 16, 2021).
3.6
Certificate of Correction to the Charter Amendment (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s
Current Report on Form 8-K/A, as filed with the SEC on June 25, 2021).
3.7
Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Durect Corporation
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on
June 16, 2022).
3.8*
Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Durect Corporation.
3.9
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s
Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-31615), as filed with the SEC on December 17, 2014).
4.1*
Description of Securities of the Registrant Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, as amended.
10.1+
Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and each of its Officers and Directors (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-
35316), as initially filed with the SEC on April 20, 2000).
113
Exhibit
Number
10.2+
2000 Stock Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on
Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 16, 2022).
Description
10.3+
2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s
Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 18, 2020).
10.4
Modified Net Single Tenant Lease Agreement between the Company and DeAnza Enterprises, Ltd. dated as of
February 18, 1999 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form
S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), as initially filed with the SEC on April 20, 2000).
10.5
Lease between the Company and Renault & Handley Employee Investments Co. with commencement date of
January 1, 2005 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File
No. 000-31615), as filed with the SEC on March 11, 2004).
10.6
First Lease Extension between the Company and Renault & Handley Employee Investments Co. effective March 1,
2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.54 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-
31615), as filed with the SEC on May 7, 2009).
10.7
Second Amendment to Lease between De Anza Enterprises and the Company dated as of August 6, 2009
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.56 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-
31615), as filed with the SEC on November 2, 2009).
10.8
Third Amendment to Lease between De Anza Enterprises and the Company dated as of December 21, 2010
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.63 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615),
as filed with the SEC on March 3, 2011).
10.9
10.10
10.11
Fourth Amendment to Lease between De Anza Enterprises and the Company dated as of August 20, 2013
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.71 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-
31615), as filed with the SEC on November 5, 2013).
Addendum II to Lease between the Company and Northwest Asset Management Company dated as of August 27,
2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.72 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-
31615), as filed with the SEC on November 5, 2013).
Second Amendment to Lease between Handley Management Corporation, as successor-by-merger to Renault &
Handley Employee Investments Co. and the Company dated November 11, 2013 (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10.73 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615), as filed with the SEC on
February 28, 2014).
10.12**
Exclusive License Agreement between the Company and Virginia Commonwealth University Intellectual Property
Foundation dated December 5, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Company’s Annual Report
on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615), as filed with the SEC on March 3, 2015).
114
Exhibit
Number
10.13
Loan and Security Agreement between the Company and Oxford Finance LLC dated July 28, 2016. (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615), as filed with
the SEC on November 1, 2016).
Description
10.14
First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement between the Company and Oxford Finance LLC dated February
28, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with
SEC on March 5, 2018).
10.15
Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement between the Company and Oxford Finance LLC dated
November 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as
filed with the SEC November 5, 2018).
10.16
Addendum III to Lease between the Company and Northwest Asset Management Company dated as of April 10,
2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-
31615), as filed with the SEC on August 2, 2018).
10.17
Fifth Amendment to Lease between De Anza Enterprises and the Company dated as of August 15, 2018
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on
August 17, 2018).
10.18
Third Amendment to Lease between Handley Management Corporation, as successor-by-merger to Renault &
Handley Employee Investments Co. and the Company dated September 17, 2018 (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on September 21, 2018).
10.19
10.20
Amendment No. 1 to Exclusive License Agreement between the Company and Virginia Commonwealth University
Intellectual Property Foundation dated July 2, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615), as filed with the SEC on November 8, 2018).
Amendment No. 2 to Exclusive License Agreement between the Company and Virginia Commonwealth University
Intellectual Property Foundation dated March 6, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-31615), as filed with the SEC on November 8, 2018).
10.21
Third Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement between the Company and Oxford Finance LLC dated
December 31, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as
filed with the SEC on January 6, 2020).
10.22+ Executive Change of Control Policy, as amended December 9, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to
the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-31615), as filed with the SEC on March 5, 2021).
10.23
Fourth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement between the Company and Oxford Finance LLC dated March
3, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-
31615), as filed with the SEC on March 8, 2022).
115
Exhibit
Number
10.24
Fifth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement between the Company and Oxford Finance LLC dated May 28,
2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the
SEC on June 2, 2021).
Description
10.25++ License agreement by and between the Company and Innocoll Pharmaceuticals Limited dated December 21,
2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-
31615), as filed with the SEC on March 8, 2022).
10.26
First Amendment to License Agreement by and between the Company and Innocoll Pharmaceuticals Limited
dated September 19, 2022 (incorporated by reference Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form
10-Q (File No. 000-31615) filed with the SEC on November 3, 2022).
10.27+ Offer letter between Timothy M. Papp and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the
Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on July 5, 2022).
10.28+ Offer letter between Norman L. Sussman and DURECT Corporation dated October 12, 2020 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on November 2,
2022).
10.29+*
Offer letter between Judy Joice and DURECT Corporation dated May 9, 2007.
10.30+*
Amendment to Offer Letter between Judy Joice and DURECT Corporation dated March 31, 2014.
10.31+ Employment Agreement with James E. Brown (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s
Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-35316), as initially filed with the SEC on April 20,
2000).
23.1*
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1*
Rule 13a-14(a) Section 302 Certification.
31.2*
Rule 13a-14(a) Section 302 Certification.
32.1***
Certificate pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002.
32.2***
Certificate pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002.
101
The following financial statements from the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December
31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, (ii)
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021
and 2020, (iii)
116
Exhibit
Number
Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, (iv)
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and (v) Notes to
Condensed Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags.
Description
104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
* Filed herewith.
** Confidential treatment granted with respect to certain portions of this Exhibit.
*** Furnished, not filed.
+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
++ Certain portions of this exhibit (indicated by “[***]”) have been omitted in accordance with Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
The Company has elected not to include summary information.
117
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused
this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
SIGNATURES
DURECT CORPORATION
By:
/S/ JAMES E. BROWN
James E. Brown
President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: March 8, 2023
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following
persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ JAMES E. BROWN
James E. Brown
/s/ TIMOTHY M. PAPP
Timothy M. Papp
/s/ MOHAMMAD AZAB
Mohammad Azab
/s/ TERRENCE F. BLASCHKE
Terrence F. Blaschke
/s/ GAIL M. FARFEL
Gail M. Farfel
/s/ PETER S. GARCIA
Peter S. Garcia
/s/ DAVID R. HOFFMANN
David R. Hoffmann
/s/ GAIL J. MADERIS
Gail J. Maderis
/s/ JUDITH J. ROBERTSON
Judith J. Robertson
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
March 8, 2023
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
March 8, 2023
Director
March 8, 2023
Director
March 8, 2023
Director
Director
March 8, 2023
March 8, 2023
Director, Chairman of the Board
March 8, 2023
Director
Director
118
March 8, 2023
March 8, 2023