InnerWorkings Inc
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

i n w k a n n u a l r e p o r t 2 0 1 5 annual report 2015 we make marketing happen. 600 West Chicago Avenue • Chicago, Illinois 60654 • inwk.com inwk letter from the ceo My fellow shareholders, In 2015, we further developed and deployed our powerful B2B technology, focused and strengthened our global service offering, and deepened our category expertise across the most meaningful elements of the marketing supply chain, particularly packaging, e-commerce, and retail displays. As a result, we enter 2016 with momentum directed at generating shareholder value by allowing us to maximize returns on our invested capital. Our path to arrive at the strong competitive position we are in today hasn’t been a straight line. There has been some trial and error, and associated expense, along the way, driven by our ambition to disrupt, and ultimately dominate, the marketing execution space within the world's largest and most successful companies. We initiated a number of meaningful changes in 2015 in our drive to maximize shareholder value. First, under leadership from our new CFO, Jeff Pritchett, we’ve adjusted incentive compensation to include capital charges in regional P&L’s and sales commissions, and we’ve linked executive bonuses more directly to return on invested capital. Second, we improved the commercial terms with our supplier base. Third, we streamlined our lower margin international operations. And finally, we are attacking our days sales outstanding through better billing practices, operational improvements, and improved collections and contractual terms, where we see real opportunities to better manage our cash flow. Our earnings growth in 2015 was strong, and we head into 2016 with a lot of potential for further gains. Our top-line growth in 2015, however, was muted. Currency fluctuations impacted our revenue, which is no excuse for delivering a lower organic growth rate than we have realized historically. We made the decision to expand our business globally, and exposure to foreign currencies was part of the calculation. There are two observations to make here. First, the effect of currency moves on our bottom line was small, as most of our direct costs for each client are in the same currency as our revenue from that client. Second, the decision to establish a global platform benefits our clients and our shareholders. Our target market is weighted heavily toward multi-national corporations, many of which are thinking globally and are looking to a partner like InnerWorkings that can provide coherent support to their brands around the world, eliminating their historical, sub-optimal, and largely disjointed regional solutions. Even with the lower reported sales growth figures of 2015, we remain a quintessential growth company, with a focused, organic growth strategy. Our opportunity is vast, as we have first mover, geographic, technology and category expertise advantages. The growth potential isn’t just with new clients, as we have a lot of growth potential within our existing client base, and we made tangible investments in the second half of 2015 to access this opportunity. We aren’t growing simply to maintain a lead on current and future potential competitors. We are doing so to create shareholder value. Growth improves our profit margins through operating leverage, and scale creates buying power and other market benefits which translate into higher returns. Some interesting facts that you may not know about InnerWorkings: 1 Traditional commercial print, our original product category, now represents a much smaller portion of our business than it did just a few years ago. The characteristics of board of directors Jack M. Greenberg Chairman of the Board Retired Chairman and CEO, McDonald’s Corporation Eric D. Belcher InnerWorkings President and Chief Executive Officer, Charles K. Bobrinskoy Vice Chairman and Head of Investment Group, Ariel Investments David Fisher Chairman and CEO, Enova International, Inc. Daniel M. Friedberg President and CEO, Sagard Capital Partners J. Patrick Gallagher Jr. Chairman and CEO, Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. Julie M. Howard Chairman and CEO, Navigant Consulting, Inc. Linda S. Wolf Retired Chairman and CEO, Leo Burnett Worldwide committees Audit Committee Charles K. Bobrinskoy (Chair) David Fisher Julie M. Howard Linda S. Wolf Compensation Committee J. Patrick Gallagher Jr. (Chair) Charles K. Bobrinskoy David Fisher Jack M. Greenberg Julie M. Howard Linda S. Wolf Daniel M. Friedberg Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee Linda S. Wolf (Chair) J. Patrick Gallagher Jr. Jack M. Greenberg Julie M. Howard Daniel M. Friedberg executive officers Eric D. Belcher President and Chief Executive Officer Jeffrey P. Pritchett Chief Financial Officer Ronald C. Provenzano General Counsel Robert L. Burkart Chief Information Officer shareholder information Corporate Headquarters InnerWorkings, Inc. 600 West Chicago Avenue Chicago, IL 60654 312.642.3700 Auditor Ernst & Young LLP Chicago, IL Annual Meeting InnerWorkings’ shareholders are invited to attend our annual meeting, which will be held on June 3, 2016, at 11:00 a.m. (CT) at our Corporate Headquarters. Common Stock The common stock of InnerWorkings, Inc. is traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “INWK.” Transfer Agent American Stock Transfer and Trust Company, LLC Shareholder Services 6201 15th Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11219 800.937.5449 www.amstock.com inwk corporate information the commercial printing industry which made it so ripe for disruption, such as excess capacity, the lack of data used in determining pricing, and the absence of transparency exist to a similar degree in the world of packaging, retail displays, direct mail, promotional products, and other categories of "below the line" marketing expenditures. These are highly related areas with similar decision makers and budgets involved, and we’ve had success in expanding into these attractive categories. 2 3 We had approximately 12.5 million visits to our technology platform in 2015, with the vast majority from our clients, who use our tool to order product, automate payments, access reports, manage projects, and perform other critical marketing functions that were historically manual and off-line. We are in discussions with dozens of our clients about a global, or at least a more global, solution. We now support more than 20 clients on more than one continent, with that number set to grow meaningfully over the next few years. As we look ahead to 2016, we remain focused on organic growth and will continue to make strategic reinvestments in two key areas. The first is our proprietary technology, which has revolutionized the marketing supply chain and is a key differentiator for us in the marketplace. This is a core component of our global service offering and makes us a more strategic and integrated partner with our clients. We will also further build out our sales engine by recruiting additional business development professionals to fuel our proven organic growth strategy. I would like to thank our Board of Directors for their continued guidance. I am also grateful for our more than 1,500 InnerWorkings professionals, whose talents and dedication to serving our clients made our 2015 achievements possible. From all of us at InnerWorkings, thank you for your continued support and confidence in our strategy and team. My regards, Eric D. Belcher President and Chief Executive Officer letter from the ceo creative execution services branded merchandise retail enviroments + displays 1 billion buying power print management + direct mail empowering our clients to maximize marketing impact through smarter buying, technology, and innovation 4.5 million historical records events+ promotions ecommerce + fulfillment product + luxury packaging 3 billion marketing pieces procured annually UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 Commission file number: 000-52170 INNERWORKINGS, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 20-5997364 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 600 West Chicago Avenue, Suite 850 , Chicago, IL 60654 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) (312) 642-3700 (Registrants’ telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, $0.0001 par value Name of each exchange on which registered Nasdaq Global Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2015, the last business day of the registrant’s most recent completed second quarter, was $293,538,423 (based on the closing sale price of the registrant’s common stock on that date as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market). As of February 25, 2016, the registrant had 54,147,780 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding which includes 1,048,682 shares of unvested restricted stock awards that have voting rights and are held by members of the Board of Directors and the Company’s employees. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE The registrant intends to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission a proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. Portions of such proxy statement are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. TABLE OF CONTENTS Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Signatures 4 4 10 17 17 17 17 18 18 20 21 37 38 73 73 74 75 75 75 75 75 76 77 77 78 3 PART I Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “InnerWorkings, Inc.,” “InnerWorkings,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” are to InnerWorkings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries. Forward-Looking Statements Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors which could materially affect such forward-looking statements can be found in Part I, Item 1A entitled “Risk Factors” and Part II, Item 7 entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Investors are urged to consider these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made herein are only made as of the date hereof and we undertake no obligation to publicly update such forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances. Item 1. Business Our Company We are a leading global marketing execution firm for some of the world's most marketing intensive companies, including those in the Fortune 1000. As a comprehensive outsourced global solution, we leverage proprietary technology, an extensive supplier network and deep domain expertise to streamline the creation, production and distribution of marketing and promotional materials, signage and displays, retail experiences, events and promotions, and product packaging across every major market worldwide. The items we source generally are procured through the marketing supply chain, and we refer to these items collectively as marketing materials. Our technology and databases of product and supplier information are designed to capitalize on excess manufacturing capacity and other inefficiencies in the traditional marketing materials supply chain to obtain favorable pricing while delivering high- quality products and services for our clients. Our proprietary software applications and databases create a fully-integrated solution that stores, analyzes and tracks the production capabilities of our supplier network, as well as detailed pricing data. As a result, we believe we have one of the largest independent repositories of supplier capabilities and pricing data for suppliers of marketing materials around the world. We leverage our supplier capabilities and pricing data to match our orders with suppliers that are optimally suited to meet the client’s needs at a highly competitive price. Through our network of more than 9,000 global suppliers, we offer a full range of fulfillment and logistics services that allow us to procure marketing materials of virtually any kind. The breadth of our product offerings and services and the depth of our supplier network enable us to fulfill the marketing materials procurement needs of our clients. By leveraging our technology and data, our clients are able to reduce overhead costs, redeploy internal resources and obtain favorable pricing and service terms. In addition, our ability to track individual transactions and provide customized reports detailing procurement activity on an enterprise-wide basis provides our clients with greater visibility and control of their marketing materials expenditures. We generate revenue by procuring and purchasing marketing materials from our suppliers and selling those products to our clients. We procure products for clients across a wide range of industries, such as retail, financial services, hospitality, consumer packaged goods, non-profits, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, broadcasting and cable, and transportation. Our clients fall into two categories, enterprise and transactional. We enter into contracts with our enterprise clients to provide some, or substantially all, of their marketing materials, typically on a recurring basis. We provide marketing materials to our transactional clients on an order-by-order basis. We were formed in 2001, commenced operations in 2002 and converted from a limited liability company to a Delaware corporation in January 2006. Our corporate headquarters are located in Chicago, Illinois. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we served approximately 300 enterprise clients. We have increased our annual revenue from $5.0 million in 2002 to $1.0 billion in 2015, representing a compound annual growth rate of 50.6%. 4 As of December 31, 2015, we operated in 67 global office locations. We organize our operations into three segments based on geographic regions: North America, Latin America and EMEA. The North America segment includes operations in the United States and Canada; the Latin America segment includes operations in Mexico, South America and Central America; and the EMEA segment includes operations in the United Kingdom, continental Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. We believe the opportunity exists to expand our business into new geographic markets. Our objective is to continue to increase our sales in the major markets in the United States and internationally. We intend to hire or acquire more account executives within close proximity to these large markets. Industry Overview Our business of providing marketing execution solutions primarily includes the procurement of marketing materials, branded merchandise, product packaging and retail displays. Based on external sources, including Smithers Pira, we estimate the global market for marketing materials, product packaging and retail displays, in aggregate, to be approximately $600 billion annually. Procurement of marketing materials is often dispersed across several areas of a business, including sales, marketing, communications and finance. The traditional process of procuring, designing and producing an order often requires extensive collaboration by manufacturers, designers, agencies, brokers, fulfillment and other middlemen, which is highly inefficient for the customer, who typically pays a mark-up at each intermediate stage of the supply chain. Consolidating marketing activities across the organization represents an opportunity to reduce total expenditure and decrease the number of vendors in the marketing supply chain. To become more competitive, many large corporations seek to focus on their core competencies and outsource non-core business functions, which typically include marketing execution. According to a recent report issued by Everest Group, the global business process outsourcing market for managed procurement is more than $250 billion and growing at about 12% annually. We seek to capitalize on the trends impacting the marketing supply chain and the movement towards outsourcing of non-core business functions by leveraging our propriety technology, deep domain expertise, extensive supplier network and purchasing power. Our Solution Utilizing our proprietary technology and data, we provide our clients a global solution to procure and deliver marketing materials at favorable prices. Our network of more than 9,000 global suppliers offers a wide variety of products and a full range of print, fulfillment and logistics services. Our procurement software and database seeks to capitalize on excess manufacturing capacity and other inefficiencies in the traditional supply chain for marketing materials. We believe that the most competitive prices we obtain from our suppliers are offered by the suppliers with the most unused capacity. We utilize our technology to: • • • greatly increase the number of suppliers that our clients can access efficiently; obtain favorable pricing and deliver high quality products and services for our clients; and aggregate our purchasing power. Our proprietary technology and data streamline the procurement process for our clients by eliminating inefficiencies within the traditional marketing supply chain and expediting production. However, our technology cannot manage all of the variables associated with procuring marketing materials, which often involves extensive collaboration among numerous parties. Effective management of the procurement process requires that dedicated and experienced personnel work closely with both clients and suppliers. Our account executives and production managers perform that critical function. Account executives act as the primary sales staff to our clients. Production managers manage the entire procurement process for our clients to ensure timely and accurate delivery of the finished product. For each order we receive, a production manager uses our technology to gather specifications, solicit bids from the optimal suppliers, establish pricing with the client, manage production and purchase and coordinate the delivery of the finished product. Each client is assigned an account executive and one or more production managers, who develop contacts with client personnel responsible for authorizing and making purchases. Our largest clients often are assigned multiple production managers. In certain cases, our production managers function on-site at the client. Whether on-site or off-site, a production manager functions as a virtual employee of the client. As of December 31, 2015, we had over 650 production managers, including over 300 production managers 5 working on-site at our clients. Although our clients fall into two categories, enterprise and transactional, the production process for each client category is substantially similar. Our Proprietary Technology Our proprietary technology is a fully-integrated solution that stores equipment profiles for our supplier network and price data for orders we quote and execute. Our technology allows us to match orders with the suppliers in our network that are optimally suited to produce an order at a highly competitive price. Our technology also allows us to efficiently manage the critical aspects of the procurement process, including gathering order specifications, identifying suppliers, establishing pricing, managing production and coordinating purchase and delivery of the finished product. Our database stores the production capabilities of our supplier network, as well as price and quote data for bids we receive and transactions we execute. As a result, we maintain one of the largest independent repositories of equipment profiles and price data for suppliers of marketing materials. Our production managers use this data to discover excess manufacturing capacity, select optimal suppliers, negotiate favorable pricing and efficiently procure high-quality products and services for our clients. We rate our suppliers based on product quality, customer service and overall satisfaction. This data is stored in our database and used by our production managers during the supplier selection process. We believe our proprietary technology allows us to procure marketing materials more efficiently than traditional manual or semi-automated systems used by many manufacturers in the marketplace. Our technology includes the following features: • Customized order management. Our solution automatically generates customized data entry screens based on product type and guides the production manager to enter the required job specifications. For example, if a production manager selects “envelope” in the product field, the screen will automatically prompt the production manager to specify the size, paper type, window size and placement and display style. • • Cost management. Our solution reconciles supplier invoices to executed orders to ensure the supplier adhered to the pricing and other terms contained in the order. In addition, it includes checks and balances that allow us to monitor important financial indicators relating to an order, such as projected gross margin and significant job alterations. Standardized reporting. Our solution generates transaction reports that contain quote, supplier capability, price and customer service information regarding the orders the client has completed with us. These reports can be customized, sorted and searched based on a specified time period or the type of product, price or supplier. In addition, the reports give our clients insight into their spend for each individual job and on an enterprise-wide basis, which allows the client to track the amounts it spends on job components such as paper, production and logistics. Task-tracking. Our solution creates a work order checklist that sends e-mail reminders to our production managers regarding the time elapsed between certain milestones and the completion of specified deliverables. These automated notifications enable our production managers to focus on more critical aspects of the process and eliminate delays. • • Historical price baseline. Some of our larger clients provide us with pricing data for orders they completed before they began to use our solution. For these clients, our solution automatically compares our current price for a job to the price obtained by the client for a comparable historical job, which enables us to demonstrate on an ongoing basis the cost savings we provide. We have created customized e-commerce stores on our client and third party platforms to order pre-selected products, such as personalized stationery, marketing brochures, and promotional products. Automated order processes can send requests to our vendors for fulfillment or printing of variable print on demand products. Our Clients We procure marketing materials for corporate clients across a wide range of industries, such as retail, financial services, hospitality, consumer packaged goods, non-profits, healthcare, food and beverage, broadcasting and cable, and transportation. Our clients also include manufacturers that outsource jobs to us because they do not have the requisite capabilities or capacity to complete an order. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we served approximately 300 enterprise clients through approximately 9,000 suppliers. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our largest customer accounted for 5%, 6% and 5% of our revenue, respectively. Revenue from our top ten clients accounted for 27%, 28% and 30% of our revenue in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We generate revenue by procuring and purchasing marketing materials from our suppliers and selling those products to our clients. Our clients fall into two categories, enterprise and transactional. We enter into contracts with our enterprise clients to provide 6 some or substantially all of their marketing materials, typically on a recurring basis. Our contracts with our enterprise clients are generally for a three to five year term with a termination right upon advance notice ranging from 90 days to twelve months. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, enterprise clients accounted for 85%, 79% and 77% of our revenue, respectively. We provide marketing materials to our transactional clients on an order-by-order basis. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, transactional clients accounted for 15%, 21% and 23% of our revenue, respectively. Our Products and Services We offer a full range of solutions to support the marketing execution needs of our clients. Our outsourced print management solution encompasses the design, sourcing and delivery of printed marketing materials such as direct mail, in-store signage and marketing collateral. We provide a similar outsourced solution for the design, sourcing, and delivery of other categories in the marketing supply chain, such as branded merchandise and product packaging. We also assist clients with the management of events and promotions spending and related procurement needs. Our retail environments solution involves the design, sourcing, and installation of point of sale displays, permanent retail fixtures, and overall store design. We also offer on-site outsourced creative studio services, as well as on-demand creative services. We offer comprehensive fulfillment and logistics services, such as kitting and assembly inventory management and pre-sorting postage. These services are often essential to the completion of the finished product. For example, we assemble multi-level direct mailings, insurance benefits packages and coupons and promotional incentives that are included with credit card and bank statements. We also provide creative services, including copywriting, graphics and website design, identity work and marketing collateral development, and pre-media services, such as image and print-ready page processing and proofing capabilities. Our e-commerce and online collaboration technology empowers our clients with branded self-service ecommerce websites that prompt quick and easy online ordering, fulfillment, tracking and reporting. We generally agree to provide our clients with products that conform to the industry standard of a “commercially reasonable quality” and our suppliers in turn agree to provide us with products of the same quality. The contracts we execute with our clients typically include customary provisions that limit the amount of our liability for product defects. To date, we have not experienced significant claims or liabilities relating to defective products. Our Supplier Network Our global network of more than 9,000 suppliers includes graphic designers, paper mills and merchants, digital imaging companies, specialty binders, finishing and engraving firms, fulfillment and distribution centers and manufacturers of displays and promotional items. These suppliers have been selected from among thousands of potential suppliers worldwide on the basis of price, quality, delivery and customer service. We direct requests for quotations to potential suppliers based on historical pricing data, quality control rankings and geographic proximity to a client or other criteria specified by our clients. In 2015, our top ten suppliers accounted for approximately 10% of our cost of goods sold, and no supplier accounted for more than 2% of our cost of goods sold. We have established a quality control program that is designed to ensure that we deliver high-quality products and services to our clients through the suppliers in our network. Sales and Marketing Our account executives sell our marketing execution solutions to corporate clients. As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately 400 account executives. Our agreements with our account executives require them to market and sell our solutions on an exclusive basis and contain non-competition and non-solicitation provisions that apply during and for a specified period after the term of their service. We expect to continue our growth by recruiting and retaining highly qualified account executives and providing them with the tools to be successful in the marketplace. There are a large number of experienced sales representatives globally and we believe that we will be able to identify additional qualified account executives from this pool of individuals. We also expect to augment our sales force through selective acquisitions of other businesses that offer marketing execution services, including brokers that employ experienced sales personnel with established client relationships. 7 We believe that we offer account executives an attractive opportunity because they can utilize our vast supplier network, proprietary pricing data and customized order management solution to sell to our clients virtually any type of marketing materials at a highly competitive price. In addition, the diverse production and service capabilities of the suppliers in our network provide our account executives the opportunity to deliver a more complete product and service offering to our clients. We believe we can better attract and retain experienced account executives than our competitors because of the breadth of products offered by our supplier network. To date, we have been successful in attracting and retaining qualified account executives. The integration process consists of training with our sales management, as well as access to a variety of sales and educational resources that are available on our intranet. Competition Our marketing execution solutions compete with in-house procurement departments in large marketing intensive companies and with companies in several manufacturing industries, including design, graphics art and digital imaging and fulfillment and logistics. As a result, we compete on some level with virtually every company that is involved in printing, from graphic designers to pre-press firms and fulfillment companies. Our primary competitors are manufacturers that employ traditional methods of marketing and selling their printed materials. The manufacturers with which we compete generally own and operate their own manufacturing equipment and typically serve clients only within the specific product categories that their equipment produces. We also compete with manufacturing management firms and brokers. These competitors generally do not own or operate printing equipment, and typically work with a limited number of suppliers and have minimal financial investment in the quality of the products produced for their clients. Our industry experience indicates that several of these competitors, such as Williams Lea, LogicSource and HH Global, offer print procurement services or enterprise software applications for the print industry. The principal elements of competition in marketing materials procurement are price, product quality, customer service and reliability. Although we believe our business delivers products and services on competitive terms, our business and the marketing execution industry are relatively new and are evolving rapidly. The individuals responsible for purchasing marketing materials at our prospective clients may prefer to utilize the traditional services offered by the manufacturers with whom we compete. Alternatively, some of these manufacturers may elect to compete with us directly by offering procurement services or enterprise software applications, and their well-established client relationships, industry knowledge, brand recognition, financial and marketing capabilities, technical resources and pricing flexibility may provide them with a competitive advantage over us. Intellectual Property We rely primarily on a combination of copyright, trademark and trade secret laws to protect our intellectual property rights. We also protect our proprietary technology through confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with our employees and independent contractors. Our IT infrastructure provides a high level of security for our proprietary database. The storage system for our proprietary data is designed to ensure that power and hardware failures do not result in the loss of critical data. The proprietary data is protected from unauthorized access through a combination of physical and logical security measures, including firewalls, antivirus software, intrusion detection software, password encryption and physical security, with access limited to authorized IT personnel. In addition to our security infrastructure, our system data is backed up and stored in a redundant facility on a daily basis to prevent the loss of our proprietary data due to catastrophic failures or natural disasters. We test our overall IT recovery ability and co-location facility semi-annually and test our back-up processes quarterly to verify that we can recover our business critical systems in a timely fashion. Employees As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately 1,600 employees and independent contractors in more than 39 countries. We consider our employee relations to be strong. Our Website 8 Our website is http://www.inwk.com. We make available, free of charge through our website, our Annual Reports on Form 10- K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K, including exhibits and any amendments to those reports, filed with or furnished to the SEC. We make these reports available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after our electronic filing of such materials with, or the furnishing of them to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other public filing made by us with the SEC. 9 Item 1A. Risk Factors Set forth below are certain risk factors that could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. You should carefully read the following risk factors, together with the financial statements, related notes and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business, financial condition and operating results may suffer if any of the following risks are realized. If any of these risks or uncertainties occur, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that contain risks and uncertainties. Please refer to the discussion of “forward-looking statements” on page four of this Annual Report on Form 10-K in connection with your consideration of the risk factors and other important factors that may affect future results described below. Risks Related to Our Business Competition could substantially impair our business and our operating results We compete with companies in the manufacturing of marketing related products, including printed materials, in-store displays, packaging materials, graphics art and digital imaging and fulfillment and logistics. Competition in these industries is intense. Our primary competitors are manufacturers that employ traditional methods of marketing and selling their marketing materials. Many of these manufacturers, such as Quad/Graphics and R.R. Donnelley, have larger client bases and significantly more resources than we do. Buyers may prefer to utilize the traditional services offered by the manufacturers with whom we compete. Alternatively, some of these manufacturers may elect to offer outsourced print procurement services or enterprise software applications, and their well- established client relationships, industry knowledge, brand recognition, financial and marketing capabilities, technical resources and pricing flexibility may provide them with a competitive advantage over us. We also compete with a number of management firms and brokers. Several of these competitors, such as Williams Lea, LogicSource and HH Global, offer outsourced procurement services or enterprise software applications for the marketing industry. These competitors, or new competitors that enter the market, may also offer procurement services similar to and competitive with, or superior to, our current or proposed offerings and may achieve greater market acceptance. In addition, a software solution and database similar to our proprietary technology could be created over time by a competitor with sufficient financial resources and comparable industry experience. If our competitors are able to offer comparable services, we could lose clients, and our market share could decline. Our competitors may also establish cooperative relationships to increase their ability to address client needs. Increased competition may lead to revenue reductions, reduced gross margins or a loss of market share, any one of which could harm our business and our operating results. If our services do not achieve widespread commercial acceptance, our business will suffer. Most companies currently coordinate the procurement and management of their print orders with their own employees using a combination of telephone, facsimile, e-mail, their own technology platforms and the Internet. Growth in the demand for our services depends on the adoption of our outsourcing model for marketing related procurement services. We may not be able to persuade prospective clients to change their traditional procurement processes. Our business could suffer if our services are not accepted or are not perceived by the marketplace to be effective or valuable. If our suppliers do not meet our needs or expectations, or those of our clients, our business would suffer. The success of our business depends to a large extent on our relationships with our clients and our reputation for high quality marketing materials and marketing execution services. We do not own manufacturing equipment. Instead, we rely on third-party suppliers to deliver the products and services that we provide to our clients. As a result, we do not directly control the products manufactured or the services provided by our suppliers. If our suppliers do not meet our needs or expectations, or those of our clients, our professional reputation may be damaged, our business would be harmed and we could be subject to legal liability. A significant portion of our revenue is derived from a relatively limited number of large clients and any loss of, or decrease in sales to, these clients could harm our results of operations. A significant portion of our revenue is derived from a relatively limited number of large clients. Revenue from our top ten clients accounted for 27%, 28% and 30% of our revenue during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 10 Our largest client accounted for 5%, 6% and 5% of our revenue in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We are likely to continue to experience ongoing client concentration, particularly if we are successful in attracting large enterprise clients. Moreover, there may be a loss or reduction in business from one or more of our large clients. It is also possible that revenue from these clients, either individually or as a group, may not reach or exceed historical levels in any future period. The loss or significant reduction of business from our major clients would adversely affect our results of operations. A significant or prolonged economic downturn, or a dramatic decline in the demand for marketing materials, could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. Our results of operations are affected directly by the level of business activity of our clients, which in turn is affected by the level of economic activity and cyclicality in the industries and markets that they serve. Certain of our products are sold to industries, including the advertising, retail, consumer products, housing, financial and pharmaceutical industries, that experience significant fluctuations in demand based on general economic conditions, cyclicality and other factors beyond our control. Continued economic uncertainty or an economic downturn could result in a reduction of the marketing budgets of our clients or a decrease in the number of marketing materials that our clients order from us. Reduced demand from one of these industries or markets could adversely affect our revenues, operating income and profitability. A significant decrease in the number of our suppliers could adversely affect our business. Our suppliers are not contractually required to continue to accept orders from us. If production capacity at a significant number of our suppliers becomes unavailable, we will be required to use fewer suppliers, which could significantly limit our ability to serve our clients on competitive terms. In addition, we rely on price bids provided by our suppliers to populate our database. If the number of our suppliers decreases significantly, we may not be able to obtain sufficient pricing information for our database, which could adversely affect our ability to obtain favorable pricing for our clients and adversely affect our operating income and profitability. We may face difficulties as we expand our operations into countries in which we have limited operating experience. Aggregate revenue from our Latin America and EMEA segments represented 31%, 31% and 26% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We intend to expand our global footprint, which may involve expanding into countries other than those in which we currently operate or increasing our operations in countries where we currently have limited operations and resources. Our business outside of the United States is subject to various risks, including: • • changes in economic and political conditions; changes in and compliance with international and domestic laws and regulations, including anti-corruption laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Anti-Bribery Act; • wars, civil unrest, acts of terrorism and other conflicts; • • • • • • • natural disasters; compliance with and changes in tariffs, trade restrictions, trade agreements and taxation; difficulties in managing or overseeing foreign operations; limitations on the repatriation of funds because of foreign exchange controls; political and economic corruption; less developed and less predictable legal systems than those in the United States; and intellectual property laws of countries which do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. The occurrence or consequences of any of these factors may lead to significant legal or compliance expenses and may restrict our ability to operate in the affected region or result in the loss of clients in the affected region or other regions, which could adversely affect our revenue, operating income and profitability. As we expand our business in foreign countries, we will become exposed to increased risk of loss from foreign currency fluctuations and exchange controls, particularly the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies, as well as longer accounts receivable payment cycles. We have limited control over these risks, and if we do not correctly anticipate changes in international economic and political conditions, we may not alter our business practices in time to avoid adverse effects. The European economy continues to experience overall weakness as a result of lingering high unemployment, sovereign debt issues and tightening of government budgets. Continued weak economic conditions in Europe could adversely affect our results of operations in the European countries in which we conduct business. Additionally, concerns persist regarding the debt burden of certain of the countries that have adopted the euro currency (the “euro zone”) and their ability to meet future financial obligations, 11 as well as concerns regarding the overall stability of the euro to function as a single currency among the diverse economic, social and political circumstances within the euro zone. We conduct a portion of our business in euro. Although it remains uncertain whether significant changes in utilization of the euro will occur or what the potential impact of such changes in the euro zone or globally might be, a material shift in circulation of the euro could result in disruptions to our business and negatively impact our results of operations. If we are unable to expand the number of our account executives, or if a significant number of our account executives leave InnerWorkings, our ability to increase our revenues could be negatively impacted. Our ability to expand our business will depend largely on our ability to attract additional account executives with established client relationships. Competition for qualified account executives can be intense and we may be unable to hire such individuals. Any difficulties we experience in expanding the number of our account executives could have a negative impact on our ability to expand our client base, increase our revenue and continue our growth. In addition, we must retain our current account executives and properly incentivize them to obtain new clients and maintain existing client relationships. If a significant number of our account executives leave InnerWorkings and take their clients with them, our revenue could be negatively impacted. Although we have entered into non-competition agreements with our account executives, we may need to litigate to enforce our rights under these agreements, which could be time-consuming, expensive and ineffective. A significant increase in the turnover rate among our current account executives could also increase our recruiting costs and decrease our operating efficiency and productivity, which could lead to a decline in the demand for our services. If we are unable to expand our enterprise client base, our revenue growth rate may be negatively impacted. As part of our growth strategy, we seek to attract new enterprise clients and expand relationships with existing enterprise and transactional clients. If we are unable to attract new enterprise clients or expand our relationships with our existing enterprise and transactional clients, our ability to grow our business will be hindered. Most of our clients may terminate their relationships with us on short notice and with no penalties or limited penalties. Our transactional clients, which accounted for approximately 15%, 21% and 23% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, typically use our services on an order-by-order basis rather than under long-term contracts. These clients have no obligation to continue using our services and may stop purchasing from us at any time. We have entered into contracts with our enterprise clients, which accounted for approximately 85%, 79% and 77% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, that are generally for three to five year terms. Most of these contracts, however, permit the clients to terminate our engagements upon prior notice ranging from 90 days to 12 months with limited or no penalties. The volume and type of services we provide our clients may vary from year to year and could be reduced if a client were to change its outsourcing or procurement strategy. If a significant number of our transactional or enterprise clients elect to terminate or not to renew their engagements with us, or if the volume of their orders decreases, our business, operating results and financial condition could suffer. We may not be able to develop or implement new systems, procedures and controls that are required to support the continued growth in our operations. Our revenue increased from $5.0 million in 2002 to $1.0 billion in 2015, representing a compound annual growth rate of 50.6%. Between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2015, the number of our employees and independent contractors increased from 21 to approximately 1,600. Continued growth could place a significant strain on our ability to: recruit, motivate and retain qualified account executives, production managers and management personnel; preserve our culture, values and entrepreneurial environment; develop and improve our internal administrative infrastructure and execution standards; and • • • • maintain high levels of client satisfaction. To manage our growth, we must implement and maintain proper operational and financial controls and systems. Further, we will need to manage our relationships with various clients and suppliers. We cannot give any assurance that we will be able to develop and implement, on a timely basis, the systems, procedures and controls required to support the growth in our operations or effectively 12 manage our relationships with various clients and suppliers. If we are unable to manage our growth, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. Our business and stock price may be adversely affected if our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires companies to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of their internal control over financial reporting. To comply with this statute, each year we are required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting; our management is required to assess and issue a report concerning our internal control over financial reporting; and our independent registered public accounting firm is required to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we reported that our internal control over financial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2015. See “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.” However, we cannot assure that we will not discover other material weaknesses in the future. The existence of one or more material weaknesses could result in errors in our financial statements, and substantial costs and resources may be required to rectify these or other internal control deficiencies, and may subject us to risk of litigation, for which we may incur substantial costs regardless of its outcome. If we cannot produce reliable financial reports, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly, we may be unable to obtain additional financing to operate and expand our business, and our business and financial condition could be harmed. The global integration of our technology platform may result in business interruptions. We are currently implementing a common technology platform across our global operations. The implementation of and such changes to our technology platform and related software carry risks such as cost overruns, project delays and business interruptions and delays. If we experience a material business interruption as a result of this process, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations. Security and privacy breaches may damage client relations and inhibit our growth. The secure and uninterrupted operation of our information technology systems is critical to our business. These systems host our own confidential information as well as third-party data, which may be targeted by sophisticated cyber attacks or other attempted intrusions. If we are the victim of a significant data security breach, or if our clients perceive that we are unable to protect the security of their confidential information, we could suffer harm to our reputation with clients, be exposed to liability, and incur significant remediation costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and results of operations. A decrease in levels of excess capacity in the commercial print industry could have an adverse impact on our business. We believe that for the past several years the U.S. commercial print industry has experienced significant levels of excess capacity. Our business seeks to capitalize on imbalances between supply and demand in the print industry by obtaining favorable pricing terms from suppliers in our network with excess capacity. Reduced excess capacity in the print industry generally, and in our supplier network specifically, could have an adverse impact on our ability to execute our business strategy and on our business results and growth prospects. Our inability to protect our intellectual property rights may impair our competitive position. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors could replicate our proprietary technology and processes and offer similar services, which would harm our competitive position. We rely primarily on a combination of trademark and trade secret laws and confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements to protect our proprietary technology. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate or that third parties will not infringe or misappropriate our rights or imitate or duplicate our services or methodologies. We may need to litigate to enforce our intellectual property rights or determine the validity and scope of the rights of others. Any such litigation could be time-consuming and costly. If we are unable to maintain our proprietary technology, demand for our services, and, therefore our revenue could decrease. We rely heavily on our proprietary technology to procure marketing materials for our clients. To keep pace with changing technologies and client demands, we must correctly interpret and address market trends and enhance the features and functionality of our technology in response to these trends, which may lead to significant research and development costs. We may be unable to 13 accurately determine the needs of buyers or the trends in the marketing materials industry or to design and implement the appropriate features and functionality of our technology in a timely and cost-effective manner, which could result in decreased demand for our services and a corresponding decrease in our revenue. In addition, we must protect our systems against physical damage from fire, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, hacker attacks, physical break-ins and similar events. Any software or hardware damage or failure that causes interruption or an increase in response time of our proprietary technology could reduce client satisfaction and decrease usage of our services. If the key members of our management team do not remain with us in the future, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. Our future success will depend to a significant extent on the continued services of Eric D. Belcher, our Chief Executive Officer, Jeffrey P. Pritchett, our Chief Financial Officer, Robert Burkart, our Chief Information Officer, and Ron Provenzano, our General Counsel. The loss of the services of these individuals could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition and could divert other senior management time in searching for their replacements. We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates, effectively integrate newly acquired businesses or achieve expected profitability from acquisitions. Part of our growth strategy is to increase our revenue and the markets that we serve through the acquisition of additional businesses. We are actively considering certain acquisitions and will likely consider others in the future. There can be no assurance that suitable candidates for acquisitions can be identified or, if suitable candidates are identified, that acquisitions can be completed on acceptable terms, if at all. Even if suitable candidates are identified, any future acquisitions may entail a number of risks that could adversely affect our business and the market price of our common stock, including the integration of the acquired operations, diversion of management’s attention, risks of entering markets in which we have limited experience, adverse short-term effects on our reported operating results, the potential loss of key employees of acquired businesses and risks associated with unanticipated liabilities. We have used, and expect to continue to use, shares of our common stock to pay for all or a portion of our acquisitions. If the owners of potential acquisition candidates are not willing to receive our common stock in exchange for their businesses, our acquisition prospects could be limited. Future acquisitions could also result in accounting charges, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities and increased debt and contingent liabilities, including liabilities related to unknown or undisclosed circumstances, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and the market price of our common stock. Our business is subject to seasonal sales fluctuations, which could result in volatility or have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. Our business is subject to some degree of sales seasonality. Historically, the percentage of our annual revenue earned during the third and fourth fiscal quarters has been higher due, in part, to a greater number of orders for marketing materials in anticipation of the year-end holiday season. If our business continues to experience seasonality, we may incur significant additional expenses during our third and fourth quarters, including additional staffing expenses. Consequently, if we were to experience lower than expected revenue during any future third or fourth quarter, whether from a general decline in economic conditions or other factors beyond our control, our expenses may not be offset, which would have a disproportionate impact on our operating results and financial condition for that year. Such fluctuations in our operating results could result in volatility or have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. Price fluctuations in raw materials costs could adversely affect the margins on our orders. Our business relies on a constant supply of various raw materials, including paper and ink. Prices within the print industry are directly affected by the cost of paper, which is purchased in a price sensitive market that has historically exhibited price and demand cyclicality. Prices are also affected by the cost of ink. Our profit margin and profitability are largely a function of the rates that our suppliers charge us compared to the rates that we charge our clients. If our suppliers increase the price of our orders, and we are not able to find suitable or alternative suppliers, our profit margin may decline. If any of our products cause damages or injuries, we may experience product liability claims. 14 Clients and third parties who claim to suffer damages or an injury caused by our products may bring lawsuits against us. Defending lawsuits arising out of any of the products we provide to our clients could be costly and absorb substantial amounts of management attention, which could adversely affect our financial performance. A significant product liability judgment against us could harm our reputation and business. If any of our key clients fails to pay for our services, our profitability would be negatively impacted. We take full title and risk of loss for the products we procure from our suppliers. Our obligation to pay our suppliers is not contingent upon receipt of payment from our clients. In 2015, 2014 and 2013, our revenue was $1,029.4 million, $1,000.1 million and $891.0 million, respectively, and our top ten clients accounted for 27%, 28% and 30%, respectively, of such revenue. If any of our key clients fails to pay for our services, our profitability would be negatively impacted. Our ability to raise capital in the future may be limited, and our failure to raise capital when needed could prevent us from growing. We may in the future be required to raise capital through public or private financing or other arrangements. Such financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all, and our failure to raise capital when needed could harm our business. Additional equity financing may be dilutive to the holders of our common stock, and debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants and could reduce our profitability. If we cannot raise funds on acceptable terms, we may not be able to grow our business or respond to competitive pressures. Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock The trading price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile. The trading prices of many small, mid-cap companies are highly volatile. Since our initial public offering in August 2006 through December 31, 2015, the closing sale price of our common stock as reported by the Nasdaq Global Market has ranged from a low of $1.92 on March 2, 2009 to a high of $18.69 on October 9, 2007. Certain factors may continue to cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate, including: • • • • • • • • • • • fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us; changes in market valuations of similar companies; changes in economic and political conditions in the United States or abroad; success of competitive products or services; changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of debt or equity securities; announcements by us, our competitors, our clients or our suppliers of significant products or services, contracts, acquisitions or strategic alliances; regulatory developments in the United States or foreign countries; litigation involving our company, our general industry or both; additions or departures of key personnel; investors’ general perception of us; and changes in general industry and market conditions. In addition, if the stock market in general experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations. If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to class action lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management. As a result, you could lose all of part of your investment. Our quarterly results are difficult to predict and may vary from quarter to quarter, which may result in our failure to meet the expectations of investors and increased volatility of our stock price. The continued use of our services by our clients depends, in part, on the business activity of our clients and our ability to meet their cost saving needs, as well as their own changing business conditions. The time between our payment to the supplier and our receipt of payment from our clients varies with each job and client. In addition, a significant percentage of our revenue is subject to the discretion of our enterprise and transactional clients, who may stop using our services at any time, subject, in the case of most of our enterprise clients, to advance notice requirements. Therefore, the number, size and profitability of jobs may vary significantly 15 from quarter to quarter. As a result, our quarterly operating results are difficult to predict and may fall below the expectations of current or potential investors in some future quarters, which could lead to significant variations in the market price of our stock. The factors that are likely to cause these variations include: • • • • • • • • the demand for our marketing execution solutions; the use of outsourced enterprise solutions; clients’ business decisions regarding the quantities of marketing materials they purchase; the number, timing and profitability of our jobs, unanticipated contract terminations and job postponements; new product introductions and enhancements by our competitors; changes in our pricing policies; our ability to manage costs, including personnel costs; and costs related to possible acquisitions of other businesses. Concentration of ownership of our common stock among our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders may prevent investors from influencing significant corporate decisions. As of December 31, 2015, our executive officers, directors and stockholders of more than 10% of our common stock beneficially owned or controlled approximately 29.9% of our common stock. If these stockholders choose to act together, they may be able to exercise significant influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, any amendments to our certificate of incorporation and significant corporate transactions. Without the consent of these stockholders, we could be delayed or prevented from entering into transactions (including the acquisition of our company by third parties) that may be viewed as beneficial to us or our other stockholders. In addition, this significant concentration of stock ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock if investors perceive disadvantages in owning stock in a company with controlling stockholders. We do not currently intend to pay dividends, which may limit the return on your investment in us. We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. If our board of directors authorizes the issuance of preferred stock, holders of our common stock could be diluted and harmed. Our board of directors has the authority to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to establish the preferred stock’s voting powers, preferences and other rights and qualifications without any further vote or action by the stockholders. The issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power and dividend liquidation rights of the holders of common stock. In addition, the issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discouraging a third party from acquiring, a majority of our outstanding voting stock or otherwise adversely affect the market price of our common stock. It is possible that we may need to raise capital through the sale of preferred stock in the future. 16 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties Properties Our principal executive offices are located in Chicago, Illinois. We have 24 other office locations in the United States and 42 office locations in 39 other countries around the world. These other offices are located in Canada, Chile, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, Argentina, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Denmark, Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, Russia, China, Hong Kong, Australia and various other countries, and are principally used for sales, operations, finance, administration and warehousing. We believe that our facilities are generally suitable to meet our needs for the foreseeable future; however, we will continue to seek additional space as needed to satisfy our growth. All of the properties where we conduct our business are leased. The terms of the leases vary and have expiration dates ranging from December 31, 2015 to November 21, 2021. Item 3. Legal Proceedings For information on our legal proceedings, see Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 17 Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities PART II Market Information Our common stock is listed and traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “INWK”. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported by the Nasdaq Global Select Market for each of the periods listed. 2015 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter 2014 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Holders High Low $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7.86 7.05 8.10 8.69 8.62 8.86 8.96 9.44 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 4.94 5.95 6.22 6.21 6.79 6.90 7.80 6.56 As of March 10, 2016, there were 34 holders of record of our common stock. The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share. Dividends We currently do not intend to pay any dividends on our common stock. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business. Any determination in the future to pay dividends will depend upon our financial condition, capital requirements, operating results and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors, including any contractual or statutory restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities On October 5, 2015, we issued 182,960 unregistered shares of our common stock to the sellers of Xpando Media (Ireland) Limited, a private limited company incorporated in Ireland (“Xpando”). The shares were issued as partial consideration in connection with the acquisition of Xpando in 2013. On June 10, 2015, we issued 55,293 unregistered shares of our common stock to the sellers of Idea Media Services, LLC, an Illinois limited liability company (“Idea Media”). The shares were issued as partial consideration in connection with the acquisition of Idea Media in 2012. All such shares of common stock were issued in reliance upon the exemption from registration provided by Section 4a(2) of the Securities Act, as the shares were issued to the owners of a business acquired in a privately negotiated transaction not involving a public offering or solicitation. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities On February 12, 2015, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program providing us authorization to repurchase up to an aggregate of $20.0 million of our common stock through open market and privately negotiated transactions over a two-year period. The timing and amount of any share repurchases will be determined based on market conditions, 18 share price and other factors, and the program may be discontinued or suspended at any time. Repurchases will be made in compliance share price and other factors, and the program may be discontinued or suspended at any time. Repurchases will be made in compliance with SEC rules and other legal requirements. with SEC rules and other legal requirements. During the three months ended December 31, 2015, we did not repurchase any of our common stock under our share repurchase During the three months ended December 31, 2015, we did not repurchase any of our common stock under our share repurchase program and purchased a small number of shares delivered by employees to satisfy minimum tax withholding requirements upon program and purchased a small number of shares delivered by employees to satisfy minimum tax withholding requirements upon the vesting of restricted stock. The following table provides information relating to our purchase of shares of our common stock in the vesting of restricted stock. The following table provides information relating to our purchase of shares of our common stock in the fourth quarter of 2015 (in thousands, except per share amounts): the fourth quarter of 2015 (in thousands, except per share amounts): Period Period 10/1/15-10/31/15 10/1/15-10/31/15 11/1/15-11/30/15 11/1/15-11/30/15 12/1/15-12/31/15 12/1/15-12/31/15 Total Total Number of Number of Shares Shares Purchased(1) Purchased(1) Average Price Average Price Paid Per Paid Per Share Share Total Number of Shares Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(2) Plans or Programs(2) — $ — $ 3 3 — — 3 3 $ $ — — 7.93 7.93 — — 7.93 7.93 — — — — — — — — 2,019 2,019 1,764 1,764 2,014 2,014 (1) Includes 2,968 shares delivered to us by employees to satisfy the mandatory tax withholding requirement upon vesting of restricted stock. (1) Includes 2,968 shares delivered to us by employees to satisfy the mandatory tax withholding requirement upon vesting of restricted stock. (2) The share repurchase plan authorized by our Board of Directors allows repurchases of up to $20 million of our common stock. The maximum (2) The share repurchase plan authorized by our Board of Directors allows repurchases of up to $20 million of our common stock. The maximum number of shares that may yet be repurchased under the plan is estimated using the closing share price on the last day of each period presented. number of shares that may yet be repurchased under the plan is estimated using the closing share price on the last day of each period presented. Stock Performance Graph Stock Performance Graph The information contained in the following chart is not considered to be “soliciting material,” or “filed,” or incorporated by The information contained in the following chart is not considered to be “soliciting material,” or “filed,” or incorporated by reference in any past or future filing by the Company under the Securities Act or Exchange Act unless, and only to the extent that, reference in any past or future filing by the Company under the Securities Act or Exchange Act unless, and only to the extent that, the Company specifically incorporates it by reference. the Company specifically incorporates it by reference. The following graph assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2010 in the common stock of the Company, and each of The following graph assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2010 in the common stock of the Company, and each of the following indices and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance on the graph below is not necessarily the following indices and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance on the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. indicative of future stock price performance. Dec 31, Dec 31, 2010 2010 Dec 31, Dec 31, 2011 2011 Dec 31, Dec 31, 2012 2012 Dec 31, Dec 31, 2013 2013 Dec 31, Dec 31, 2014 2014 Dec 31, Dec 31, 2015 2015 INWK INWK NASDAQ Market Index NASDAQ Market Index Dow Jones Business Support Services Index Dow Jones Business Support Services Index $ $ $ $ $ $ 100 100 100 100 100 100 $ $ $ $ $ $ 19 19 142 142 98 98 104 104 $ $ $ $ $ $ 210 210 114 114 130 130 $ $ $ $ $ $ 119 119 157 157 173 173 $ $ $ $ $ $ 119 119 179 179 178 178 $ $ $ $ $ $ 115 115 189 189 196 196 Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following table presents selected consolidated financial and other data as of and for the periods indicated. You should read the following information together with the more detailed information contained in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Change in fair value of contingent consideration (270) (37,873) (31,331) (27,689) Consolidated statements of operations data: Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross profit Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization Preference claim settlement charge VAT settlement charge Goodwill impairment charge Intangible asset impairment charges Restructuring and other charges Income (loss) from operations Gain on sale of investments Interest income Interest expense Other, net Total other income (expense) Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) per share of common stock: Basic Diluted Shares used in per share calculations: Basic Diluted Consolidated balance sheet data: Cash and cash equivalents Working capital(1) Total assets Revolving credit facility(2) Capital leases Total stockholders’ equity Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands, except per share amounts) $ 1,029,353 $ 1,000,133 $ 890,960 $ 789,585 $ 632,314 789,159 240,194 196,194 17,472 770,674 229,459 195,006 17,723 688,934 202,026 183,444 13,664 612,026 177,559 146,124 10,790 — — 37,539 202 1,053 (11,996) — 69 (4,612) (3,135) (7,678) (19,673) 12,665 — — — 2,710 — 51,893 — 57 (4,428) (747) (5,118) 46,775 2,313 — — 37,908 — 4,322 (5,981) — 76 (2,954) (357) (3,235) (9,216) (556) 1,099 1,485 — — — 45,750 1,196 66 94 (1,082) 44,668 5,874 (2,438) (2,251) 484,932 147,382 115,818 10,172 (1,702) 950 — — — — 22,144 3,948 182 — 1,879 24,023 7,407 16,616 0.36 0.34 $ $ $ (32,338) $ 44,462 (0.61) $ (0.61) $ 0.85 0.84 $ $ $ (8,660) $ 38,794 (0.17) $ (0.17) $ 0.79 0.76 $ $ $ 52,791 52,791 52,096 53,104 50,875 50,875 48,811 51,240 46,428 48,818 $ 30,755 $ 22,578 $ 18,606 $ 17,219 $ 85,873 608,467 99,258 — 95,160 631,250 104,539 — 57,766 614,667 69,000 — 84,489 514,780 65,000 — 13,219 65,815 457,653 60,000 65 258,027 296,147 245,442 242,952 181,725 (1) Working capital represents accounts receivable, unbilled revenue, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets, offset by accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities. (2) The Company entered into a Credit Agreement, dated as of August 2, 2010, subsequently amended most recently as of September 25, 2014 to fund acquisitions and for general working capital purposes. 20 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, which appear elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. It contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors.” Overview We are a leading global marketing execution firm for some of the world's most marketing intensive companies, including those in the Fortune 1000 brands, across a wide range of industries. As a comprehensive outsourced global solution, we leverage proprietary technology, an extensive supplier network, substantial procurement data, buying power and deep domain expertise to design, procure and execute branded marketing and promotional materials, signage and displays, retail experiences, events and promotions, creative services and product packaging across every major market worldwide. The items we source are generally procured through the marketing supply chain, and we refer to these items collectively as marketing materials. Our solution is designed to deliver substantial savings, shorter lead times, greater brand consistency, and more control and transparency across the marketing supply chain while delivering high-quality products and services for our clients. Our proprietary software applications and databases create a fully-integrated solution that stores, analyzes and tracks the production capabilities of our supplier network, as well as detailed pricing data. As a result, we have one of the largest independent repositories of supplier capabilities and pricing data for suppliers of marketing materials around the world. We leverage our supplier capabilities and pricing data to match our orders with suppliers that are optimally suited to meet the client’s needs at a highly competitive price. Through our network of more than 9,000 global suppliers, we offer a full range of fulfillment and logistics services that allow us to procure marketing materials of virtually any kind. The breadth of our product offerings and services and the depth of our supplier network enable us to fulfill the marketing materials procurement needs of our clients. By leveraging our technology and data, our clients are able to reduce overhead costs, redeploy internal resources and obtain favorable pricing and service terms. In addition, our ability to track individual transactions and provide customized reports detailing procurement activity on an enterprise- wide basis provides our clients with greater visibility and control of their marketing materials expenditures. We generate revenue by procuring and purchasing products from our suppliers and selling those products to our clients. We procure products for clients across a wide range of industries, such as retail, financial services, hospitality, consumer packaged goods, non-profits, healthcare, food and beverage, broadcasting and cable, and transportation. Our clients fall into two categories, enterprise and transactional. We enter into contracts with our enterprise clients to provide some, or substantially all, of their marketing materials, typically on a recurring basis. We provide marketing materials to our transactional clients on an order-by-order basis. As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately 1,600 employees and independent contractors in more than 39 countries. We organize our operations into three segments based on geographic regions: North America, Latin America and EMEA. In 2015, we generated global revenue from third parties of $708.5 million in the North America segment, $95.9 million in the Latin America segment and $224.9 million in the EMEA segment. We believe the opportunity exists to expand our business into new geographic markets. Our objective is to continue to increase our sales in the United States and internationally by adding new clients and increasing our sales to existing clients through additional marketing execution services or geographic markets. We intend to hire or acquire more account executives within close proximity to these large markets. Revenue We generate revenue through the procurement of marketing materials for our clients. Our annual revenue was $1,029.4 million, $1,000.1 million and $891.0 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, reflecting growth rates of 2.9% and 12.3% in 2015 and 2014, respectively, as compared to the corresponding prior year. Our revenue is generated from two different types of clients: enterprise and tranactional. Enterprise clients usually order marketing materials in higher dollar amounts and volume than our transactional clients. We categorize a client as an enterprise client if we have a contract with the client for the provision of marketing materials on a recurring basis; if the client has signed an open-ended purchase order, or a series of related purchase orders; or if the client has enrolled in our e-stores program, which enables the client to make online purchases of marketing materials on a recurring basis. We categorize all other clients as transactional. We enter into contracts with our enterprise clients to provide 21 some or a specific portion of their marketing products on a recurring basis. Our contracts with enterprise clients are generally three to five years, subject to termination by either party upon prior notice ranging from 90 days to twelve months. Several of our enterprise clients have outsourced substantially all of their recurring marketing materials needs to us. We provide marketing materials to our transactional clients on an order-by-order basis. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, enterprise clients accounted for 85%, 79% and 77% of our revenue, respectively, while transactional clients accounted for 15%, 21% and 23% of our revenue, respectively. Our revenue consists of the prices paid to us by our clients for marketing materials. These prices, in turn, reflect the amounts charged to us by our suppliers plus our gross profit. Our gross profit margin, in the case of some of our enterprise clients, is fixed by contract or, in the case of transactional clients, is dependent on prices negotiated on a job-by-job basis. Once either type of client accepts our pricing terms, the selling price is established and we procure the product for our own account in order to re-sell it to the client. We take full title and risk of loss for the product upon shipment. The finished product is typically shipped directly from our supplier to a destination specified by our client. Upon shipment, our supplier invoices us for its production costs and we invoice our client. Our revenue from enterprise clients tends to generate lower gross profit margins than our revenue from transactional clients because the gross profit margins established in our contracts with large enterprise clients are generally lower than the gross profit margins typically realized in our transactional business. Although our enterprise revenue generates lower gross profit margins, our enterprise business tends to be as profitable as our transactional business on an operating profit basis because the commission expense associated with enterprise clients is generally lower. Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit Our cost of goods sold consists primarily of the price at which we purchase products from our suppliers. Our selling price, including our gross profit, in the case of some of our enterprise clients, is based on a fixed gross profit as a percentage of revenue, which we refer to as gross margin, established by contract or, in the case of transactional clients, is determined at the discretion of the account executive or production manager within predetermined parameters. Our gross margins on our enterprise clients are typically lower than our gross margins on our transactional clients. As a result, our cost of goods sold as a percentage of revenue for our enterprise clients is typically higher than those for our transactional clients. Our gross profit for years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $240.2 million, $229.5 million and $202.0 million, or 23.3%, 22.9% and 22.7% of revenue, respectively. Operating Expenses and Income (Loss) from Operations Our selling, general and administrative expenses consist of commissions paid to our account executives, compensation costs for our management team and production managers as well as compensation costs for our finance and support employees, public company expenses, and corporate systems, legal and accounting, facilities and travel and entertainment expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue were 19.1%, 19.5% and 20.6% in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We accrue for commissions when we recognize the related revenue. Some of our account executives receive a monthly draw to provide them with a more consistent income stream. The cash paid to our account executives in advance of commissions earned is reflected as a prepaid expense on our balance sheet. As our account executives earn commissions, a portion of their commission payment is withheld and offset against their prepaid commission balance, if any. Our prepaid commission balance, net of accrued earned commissions not yet paid, decreased to $0.9 million as of December 31, 2015 from $3.0 million as of December 31, 2014. We agree to provide our clients with marketing materials that conform to the industry standard of a “commercially reasonable quality,” and our suppliers in turn agree to provide us with products of the same quality. In addition, the quotes we execute with our clients include customary industry terms and conditions that limit the amount of our liability for product defects. Product defects have not had a material adverse effect on our results of operations to date. We are required to make payment to our suppliers for completed jobs regardless of whether our clients make payment to us. Our bad debt expense was approximately $1.9 million, $2.0 million and $1.3 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Our income (loss) from operations for 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $(12.0) million, $51.9 million and $(6.0) million, respectively. 22 Critical Accounting Policies Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue upon meeting all of the following revenue recognition criteria, which is typically met upon shipment or delivery of our products to customers: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists through customer contracts and orders, (ii) the customer takes title and assumes the risks and rewards of ownership, (iii) the sales price charged is fixed or determinable as evidenced by customer contracts and orders, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. Unbilled revenue relates to shipments that have been made to customers for which the related account receivable has not yet been billed. In accordance with ASC 605-45, Revenue Recognition – Principal Agent Considerations, we generally report revenue on a gross basis because we are the primary obligor in our arrangements to procure marketing materials and other products for our customers. Under these arrangements, we are responsible for the fulfillment, including the acceptability, of the marketing materials and other products. In addition, we (i) determine which suppliers are included in our network, (ii) have discretion to select from among the suppliers within our network, (iii) are obligated to pay our suppliers regardless of whether we are paid by our customers, and (iv) have reasonable latitude to establish exchange price. In some transactions, we also have general inventory risk and are involved in the determination of the nature or characteristics of the marketing materials and products. When we are not the primary obligor, revenues are reported on a net basis. We recognize revenue for creative and other services provided to our customers which may be delivered in conjunction with the procurement of manufactured materials at the time when delivery and customer acceptance occur and all other revenue recognition criteria are met. We recognize revenue for creative and other services provided on a stand-alone basis upon completion of the service. Service revenue has not been material to our overall revenue to date. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The carrying amount of accounts receivable is reduced by an allowance that reflects management’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. Management individually reviews all accounts receivable balances and, based on an assessment of current creditworthiness, estimates the portion, if any, of the balance that will not be collected. These estimates of balances that will not be collected are based on historical write offs and recoveries of accounts receivable. The estimates of recovery can change based on actual experience and therefore can affect the level of reserves we place on existing accounts receivable. Fully reserved receivables are reviewed on a monthly basis and uncollectible accounts are written off when all reasonable collection efforts have been exhausted. We believe our reserve level is appropriate considering the quality of the portfolio as of December 31, 2015. While credit losses have historically been within expectations and the provisions established, we cannot guarantee that our credit loss experience will continue to be consistent with historical experience. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, goodwill is not amortized, but instead is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if circumstances indicate a possible impairment may exist. Absent any interim indicators of impairment, we test for goodwill impairment as of as of the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter of each year. Under ASC 350, an entity is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the quantitative test is required, in the first step, the fair value for each reporting unit is compared to its book value including goodwill. In the case that the fair value is less than the book value, a second step is performed which compares the implied fair value of goodwill to the book value of goodwill. The fair value for the goodwill is determined based on the difference between the fair value of the reporting unit and the net fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities. If the implied fair value of the goodwill is less than the book value of the goodwill, the difference is recognized as an impairment. We define our three reporting units as North America, Latin America and EMEA. At October 1, 2015, we elected to perform the quantitative impairment test for each of our three reporting units. In performing this test, we determined the fair value of the reporting units based on the income approach. Under the income approach, the fair value of a reporting unit is calculated based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. In the fourth quarter of 2015, we determined that our goodwill was impaired and recorded a non-cash, goodwill impairment charge of $37.5 million at the EMEA reporting unit as a result of the test. For additional information related to the goodwill impairment, see the discussion of our results of operations below. 23 The fair value estimates used in the goodwill impairment analysis required significant judgment. Our fair value estimates for purposes of determining the goodwill impairment charge are considered Level 3 fair value measurements. The fair value estimates were based on assumptions that management believes to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain, including estimates of future revenues and operating margins and assumptions about the overall economic climate and the competitive environment for the business. Other Intangible Assets Intangible assets other than goodwill acquired in business combinations are recorded at fair value. We review each business acquisition to identify intangible assets other than goodwill acquired, which include customer lists, non-competition agreements, patents, trade names and trademarks. Our significant acquired intangible assets subject to estimation of fair value primarily include acquired customer lists. For customer list assets, the nature of the customer relationships makes an estimation of the reproduction or replacement costs highly subjective. As there is a specific earnings stream that can be associated exclusively with the customer relationships, we believe that the discounted cash flow method is the most appropriate valuation methodology to determine the fair value of the customer relationships. ASC 350 also requires that intangible assets with estimable useful lives be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to the estimated residual values and reviewed for impairment when impairment indicators exist. Our intangible assets consist of customer lists, trade names, noncompetion agreements and patents. Our customer lists are being amortized using the economic useful life method over their estimated weighted-average useful lives of approximately 14 years. Our noncompetion agreements, trade names and patents are being amortized on the straight-line basis over their estimated weighted-average useful lives. As of December 31, 2015, the net balance of our intangible assets was $37.7 million. In the fourth quarter of 2015, we recorded a non-cash, intangible asset impairment charge of $0.2 million. For additional information related to the intangible asset impairment, see the discussion of our results of operations below. Contingent Purchase Consideration In connection with certain of our business acquisitions accounted for under ASC 805, contingent purchase consideration is payable in cash or shares of our stock upon the achievement of certain performance measures over future periods. For these acquisitions, we have estimated and recorded the fair value of the purchase consideration obligation, whereby fair value is determined based on the present value of the potential contingent purchase price. We have recorded $22.2 million and $32.6 million in contingent purchase consideration obligations at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Changes in estimated fair value of the contingent purchase consideration obligations are recorded in our results from operations. Adjustments to the estimated fair value of the contingent purchase consideration are based on estimates of probability of achievement of earnings targets based on actual results and forecasts of the earnings of the companies acquired. These forecast estimates can change based on macroeconomic conditions as well as the overall success of the business in retaining existing business and gaining new business. Stock-Based Compensation We account for stock-based compensation awards in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. Compensation expense is measured by determining the fair value of each award using the Black-Scholes option valuation model for stock options or the closing share price for restricted shares. The fair value is then recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting period, on a straight-line basis for the entire award. This valuation model requires assumptions, which impact the assumed fair value, including the expected life of the stock option, the risk-free interest rate, expected volatility of the our stock over the expected life and the expected dividend yield. We use historical data to determine these assumptions and if these assumptions change significantly for future grants, share-based compensation expense will fluctuate in future years. Expected term is estimated based on historical experience related to similar awards, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the stock-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior. We believe that historical experience provides the best estimate of future expected life. The risk-free interest rate is based on actual U.S. Treasury zero-coupon rates for bonds commensurate with the expected term. The expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over a period commensurate with the expected term. Stock-based compensation cost recognized during the period is based on the portion of the share-based payment awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Accordingly, stock-based compensation cost recognized has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. 24 We recorded $5.9 million, $5.4 million and $4.7 million in compensation expense related to stock-based compensation, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Income Taxes We operate in numerous states and countries through our various subsidiaries, and must allocate our income, expenses, and earnings under the various laws and regulations of each of these taxing jurisdictions. Accordingly, our provision for income taxes represents our total estimate of the liability that we have incurred in doing business each year in all of our locations. Deferred income tax balances reflect the effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases and are stated at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. In determining whether we need to record a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, management must make a number of estimates, assumptions and judgments, including estimates of future earnings and taxable income. We establish a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount we believe is more likely than not to be realized. The determination to record or release valuation allowances requires significant judgment. As a result of certain realization requirements of ASC 718, we have not recorded certain deferred tax assets that arose directly from tax deductions related to equity compensation that are greater than the compensation recognized for financial reporting. As of December 31, 2015, we have $13.8 million and $11.3 million in federal and state tax deductions, respectively, related to stock option exercises which have not been recorded but are available to reduce taxable income in future periods. These deductions will be recorded to additional paid in capital in the period in which they are realized. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes (Topic 740), (“ASU 2015-17”), which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes. ASU 2015-17 provides presentation requirements to classify deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent in the Balance Sheet. The standard will be effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The ASU may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax liabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. We evaluated the impact of adopting the new start on our consolidated financial statements and decided to apply the changes prospectively. The adoption resulted in $1.9 million of net current deferred tax assets being reclassified to non-current in our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2015. Adoption had no impact on our results of operations. In September 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-15, Business Combinations (Topic 805), (“ASU 2015-16”). The amendments in ASU 2015-16 require that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments are to be applied prospectively to adjustments to provisional amounts that occur after the effective date of ASU 2015-16 with earlier application permitted for financial statements that have not been issued. The Company does not expect ASU 2015-16 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In August 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-15, Interest- Imputation of Interest: Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements – Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to Staff Announcement at June 18, 2015 EITF Meeting (Topic 835), ("ASU 2015-15"). ASU 2015-15 clarifies the treatment of debt issuance costs from line-of-credit arrangements after the adoption of ASU 2015-03. In particular, ASU 2015-15 clarifies that the SEC staff would not object to an entity deferring and presenting debt issuance costs as an asset and subsequently amortizing the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. The Company does not expect ASU 2015-15 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), (“ASU 2014-9”), which amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 is based on principles that govern the recognition of revenue at an amount an entity expects to be entitled when products are transferred to customers. In August 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, (“ASU 2015-14”) which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for all entities by one year. Public business entities, certain not-for-profit entities, and certain employee benefit plans should apply the guidance in ASU 2014-09 to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. Earlier application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting 25 periods within that reporting period. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting these standards on our consolidated financial statements. In July 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (“ASU 2015-11”). ASU 2015-11 applies to inventory that is measured using first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost. Under the updated guidance, an entity should measure inventory that is within scope at the lower of cost and net realizable value, which is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Subsequent measurement is unchanged for inventory that is measured using last-in, last-out (LIFO). The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and should be applied prospectively with early adoption permitted at the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. We do not expect ASU 2015-11 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-5, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement, (“ASU 2015-5”). This update provides guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. This guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The new guidance is to be applied either prospectively to new cloud computing arrangements or retrospectively. We do not expect ASU 2015-5 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-3, Interest – Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30), (“ASU 2015-3”), which simplifies the presentation of debt issuance costs. This guidance requires debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The standard is effective for financial statements issued for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The new guidance should be applied on a retrospective basis. We do not expect ASU 2015-3 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In January 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-1, Income Statement – Extraordinary and Unusual Items (Subtopic 225-20), (“ASU 2015-1”). ASU 2015-1 eliminates from GAAP the concept of extraordinary items. The standard is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted provided that guidance is applied from the beginning of the fiscal period of adoption. Companies may also apply the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We do not expect ASU 2015-1 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern, (“ASU 2014-15”). ASU 2014-15 requires management to evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern and to provide disclosures in certain circumstances. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We do not expect ASU 2015-1 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-8, Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity, (“ASU 2014-8”). ASU 2014-8 provides a narrower definition of discontinued operations than currently exists under GAAP. The standard requires that only disposals of components of an entity (or groups of components) that represent a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the reporting entity’s operations are reported in the financial statements as discontinued operations. The standard also provides guidance on the financial statement presentations and disclosures of discontinued operations. The standard is effective prospectively for disposals (or classifications of businesses as held-for-sale) of components of an entity that occur in annual or interim periods beginning after December 15, 2014. We adopted ASU 2014-8 on January 1, 2015, and it did not have an effect on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), (“ASU 2016-2”). ASU 2016-2 is aimed at making leasing activities more transparent and comparable. The new standard requires substantially all leases be recognized by lessees on their balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability, including today’s operating leases. For public business entities, the standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application is permitted for all entities. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-2 on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. 26 Results of Operations The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the periods presented as a percentage of our revenue: Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross profit Operating expenses: Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization Change in fair value of contingent consideration Goodwill impairment charge Intangible asset impairment charges Restructuring and other charges Income (loss) from operations Other income (expense): Interest income Interest expense Other, net Total other expense Income (loss) before taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 100.0 % 76.7 % 23.3 % 100.0 % 77.1 % 22.9 % 100.0 % 77.3 % 22.7 % 19.1 % 1.7 % — % 3.6 % — % 0.1 % (1.2)% — % (0.4)% (0.3)% (0.7)% (1.9)% 1.2 % (3.1)% 19.5 % 1.8 % (3.8)% — % 0.3 % — % 5.2 % — % (0.4)% (0.1)% (0.5)% 4.7 % 0.2 % 4.4 % 20.6 % 1.5 % (3.5)% 4.3 % — % 0.5 % (0.7)% — % (0.4)% — % (0.4)% (1.1)% (0.1)% (1.0)% Comparison of years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Revenue Our revenue by segment for each of the years presented was as follows (in thousands): Year ended December 31, North America Latin America EMEA Net revenues from third parties $ 2015 708,532 95,939 224,882 $ 1,029,353 % of Total 2014 688,942 99,734 211,457 100.0% $ 1,000,133 68.8% $ 9.3 21.9 % of Total 68.9% $ 10.0 21.1 100.0% $ 2013 657,989 88,016 144,955 890,960 % of Total 73.8% 9.9 16.3 100.0% 2015 compared to 2014. Our revenue increased by $29.3 million, or 2.9%, from $1,000.1 million in 2014 to $1,029.4 million in 2015. North America North America revenue increased by $19.6 million, or 2.8%, from $688.9 million in 2014 to $708.5 million in 2015. This increase was driven primarily by organic growth from new enterprise clients added during the last 12 to 24 months, partially offset by a reduction in our transactional client activity during the year ended December 31, 2015. 27 Latin America Latin America revenue decreased by $3.8 million, or 3.8%, from $99.7 million in 2014 to $95.9 million in 2015. This decrease was driven primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. Dollar. Excluding foreign currency impacts, Latin America revenue increased by approximately $20.9 million, or 20.9%, primarily due to organic growth from new and existing enterprise customers. EMEA EMEA revenue increased by $13.4 million, or 6.3%, from $211.5 million in 2014 to $224.9 million in 2015. This increase was driven primarily by organic growth from new and existing enterprise customers. Excluding foreign currency impacts, EMEA revenue increased by approximately $51.4 million, or 24.3%. 2014 compared to 2013. Our revenue increased by $109.2 million, or 12.3%, from $891.0 million in 2013 to $1,000.1 million in 2014. North America North America revenue increased by $30.9 million, or 4.7%, from $658.0 million in 2013 to $688.9 million in 2014. This increase is driven primarily by organic new enterprise account growth. Latin America Latin America revenue increased by $11.7 million, or 13.1%, from $88.0 million in 2013 to $99.7 million in 2014. This decrease is driven primarily by organic new enterprise account growth and existing customer growth in the region, offset by foreign currency exchange rate impact of approximately $9.1 million. Excluding foreign currency impacts, Latin America revenue growth was $20.0 million, or 22.4%. EMEA EMEA revenue increased by $66.5 million, or 45.9%, from $145.0 million in 2013 to $211.5 million in 2014. This increase is driven primarily by a full year of revenue from 2013 acquisitions of $42.6 million and $29.0 million, or 20%, organic growth from new enterprise and growth with existing customers. The impact of foreign currency exchange rates was immaterial for the full year. Cost of goods sold 2015 compared to 2014. Our cost of goods sold increased by $18.5 million, or 2.4%, from $770.7 million in 2014 to $789.2 million in 2015. The increase is a result of higher revenue in 2015. Our cost of goods sold as a percentage of revenue was 76.7% in 2015 and 77.1% in 2014. 2014 compared to 2013. Our cost of goods sold increased by $81.7 million, or 11.9%, from $688.9 million in 2013 to $770.7 million in 2014. The increase is a result of the revenue growth in 2014. Our cost of goods sold as a percentage of revenue was 77.1% in 2014 and 77.3% in 2013. Gross Profit 2015 compared to 2014. Our gross profit as a percentage of revenue, which we refer to as gross margin, was 23.3% in 2015 and 22.9% in 2014. This increase was primarily driven by favorable product category mix in 2015 compared to 2014. 2014 compared to 2013. Our gross margin increased from 22.7% in 2013 to 22.9% in 2014. This increase was primarily driven by favorable product category mix in 2014 compared to 2013. Selling, general and administrative expenses 2015 compared to 2014. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $1.2 million, or 0.6%, from $195.0 million in 2014 to $196.2 million in 2015. As a percentage of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased from 19.5% in 2014 to 19.1% in 2015. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses is primarily due to incremental sales commission and cost of procurement staff to secure new enterprise accounts. 28 2014 compared to 2013. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $11.6 million, or 6.3%, from $183.4 million in 2013 to $195.0 million in 2014. As a percentage of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased from 20.6% in 2013 to 19.5% in 2014. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses is primarily due to incremental sales commission and cost of procurement staff to secure new enterprise accounts, $2.1 million of restatement-related professional fees incurred during the first quarter of 2014 related to Productions Graphics and a reserve of $0.9 million for the loss on a secured asset sold to a transactional customer in 2013, offset by $2.6 million in payments made to the former owner of Productions Graphics, net of cash recovered, during 2013. Excluding restatement-related professional fees, payments to the former owner of Productions Graphics in each period and the secured asset reserve, selling general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue were 20.3% and 19.2% in 2013 and 2014, respectively. This decrease is due to leverage from increased sales over fixed selling, general and administrative expenses and the elimination of losses from our Small and Medium Business (“SMB”) division. See Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further information related to Productions Graphics. Depreciation and amortization 2015 compared to 2014. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $0.2 million, or 1.4%, from $17.7 million in 2014 to $17.5 million in 2015. As a percentage of revenue, depreciation and amortization expense decreased from 1.8% in 2014 to 1.7% in 2015. This decrease is primarily driven by customer list amortization which follows the economic life method and generally declines over the life of the asset. 2014 compared to 2013. Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $4.0 million, or 29.7%, from $13.7 million in 2013 to $17.7 million in 2014. This increase is due to a full year of amortization of intangibles related to 2013 acquisitions as well as additional depreciation related to the Company’s global enterprise resource planning system for which implementation began in the third quarter of 2013. As a percentage of revenue, depreciation and amortization expense increased from 1.5% in 2013 to 1.8% in 2014. Change in fair value of contingent consideration 2015 compared to 2014. Income from the change in fair value of contingent consideration decreased by $37.6 million, or 99.3%, from $37.9 million in 2014 to $0.3 million in 2015. The decrease was primarily attributable to adjustments made to the contingent consideration liabilities related to DB Studios and Productions Graphics in 2015. 2014 compared to 2013. Income from the change in fair value of contingent consideration increased by $6.5 million, or 20.9%, from $31.3 million in 2013 to $37.9 million in 2014. Included in these amounts are $26.6 million and $7.2 million of reductions in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability in 2013 and 2014, respectively, related to the acquisition of Productions Graphics. As of December 31, 2014, the fair value of the potential remaining $41.9 million contingent consideration payments was zero as we believe the likelihood of making any future payments is remote. See Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further information related to Productions Graphics. Also included in the 2014 amount is a $30.4 million adjustment to reduce the liability relating to the DB Studios acquisition in 2013 due to a decrease in forecasted results. As of December 31, 2014, the fair value of the potential remaining $44.3 contingent consideration payments was estimated to be $5.2 million. Goodwill impairment charge During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recorded goodwill impairment charges of $37.5 million, $0.0 million and $37.9 million, respectively. 2015 Goodwill Impairment Charge We performed our annual impairment test as of October 1, 2015. In the first step of the impairment test, we concluded that the carrying amount of the EMEA reporting unit exceeded its fair value, requiring us to perform the second step of the impairment test to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The fair values of the North America and Latin America reporting units exceeded their carrying values, and the second step was not necessary. Based upon fair value estimates of long-lived assets and discounted cash flows of the EMEA reporting unit, we compared the implied fair value of the goodwill in this reporting unit with the carrying value. The test resulted in a $37.5 million non-cash, goodwill impairment charge which was recognized in the fourth quarter of 2015. No tax benefit is recognized on the goodwill impairment. This charge had no impact on our cash flows or compliance with debt covenants. 29 2013 Goodwill Impairment Charge In the third quarter of 2013, a change in our identified reporting units along with a decline in forecasted financial performance in fiscal year 2013 compelled management to perform an interim goodwill impairment test for its reporting units as of September 30, 2013. In the first step of the impairment test, we concluded that the carrying amount of the EMEA reporting unit exceeded its fair value, requiring the Company to perform the second step of the impairment test to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The fair values of the North America and Latin America reporting units exceeded their carrying values, and the second step was not necessary. Based upon fair value estimates of long-lived assets and discounted cash flows of the EMEA reporting unit, we compared the implied fair value of the goodwill in this reporting unit with the carrying value. The test resulted in a $37.9 million non-cash, goodwill impairment charge which was recognized in the third quarter of 2013. No tax benefit is recognized on the goodwill impairment. This charge had no impact on our cash flows or compliance with debt covenants. Intangible asset impairment charges In the fourth quarter of 2015, we recognized a $0.2 million non-cash, intangible asset impairment charge related to certain customer lists acquired in prior year business combinations within the EMEA segment. Due to the loss of specific customers included in the lists, the undiscounted projected cash flows from those customers did not exceed the recorded book value of the customer lists as of December 31, 2015. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we recognized a $2.7 million non-cash, intangible asset impairment charge related to certain customer lists acquired in prior year business combinations. Due to the loss of specific customers included in the lists, the undiscounted projected cash flows from those customers did not exceed the recorded book value of the customer lists as of December 31, 2014. Of the total charge, $2.4 million related to customer lists in the North America segment, and $0.3 million related to customer lists in the EMEA segment. Restructuring and asset write down charges During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recorded restructuring and other charges of $1.1 million, $0.0 million and $4.3 million, respectively. During the fourth quarter of 2015, management approved a global realignment plan that is expected to allow the Company to more efficiently meet client needs across its international platform. Through improved integration of global resources, the plan will create back office and other efficiencies and allow for the elimination of approximately 100 positions deemed unnecessary and result in annual profit improvement of approximately $5.0 to $6.0 million once fully implemented. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recognized $1.1 million in restructuring charges related to this plan of which $0.2 million, $0.1 million and $0.8 million related to the North America, Latin America and EMEA segments, respectively. This plan is expected to be completed during 2016. No restructuring charges were incurred during 2014. During the third quarter of 2013, we commenced various restructuring actions which resulted in charges of $3.0 million during the quarter. These actions consisted of the termination of 49 employees who were provided with severance benefits in accordance with benefit plans previously communicated to the affected employee group or in accordance with local employment laws. The restructuring charges consisted of approximately $0.4 million of cash payments to the terminated employees and $2.6 million of prepaid commission balances written off. Prepaid commission balances represent cash paid to our account executives in advance of commissions earned and is recorded in prepaid expenses on the balance sheet. For employees who had a balance and were affected by the restructuring actions, which primarily includes SMB account executives, we included these balances as part of the severance paid to these individuals. Our SMB division was one of the principal groups affected by the restructuring actions noted above. Recent performance below expectations led us to carry out these restructuring initiatives, which included the employee terminations described above as well as a planned change from an exclusive cold calling strategy to more of a warm lead customer acquisition strategy through a channel partner. In addition to these restructuring charges, we also recognized a charge during the third quarter for the write-off of the prepaid commission balances of the remaining account executives in SMB. While these employees were not directly affected 30 by the restructuring, a change in their compensation structure resulted in an additional $1.3 million write off in the third quarter of 2013. Income (loss) from operations 2015 compared to 2014. Income (loss) from operations decreased by $63.9 million from $51.9 million in 2014 to $(12.0) million in 2015. This decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in income from the change in the fair value of contingent consideration, as well as the goodwill impairment charge and restructuring charges recognized in 2015, all of which are discussed above. 2014 compared to 2013. Income (loss) from operations increased by $57.9 million from $(6.0) million in 2013 to $51.9 million in 2014. As a percentage of revenue, income (loss) from operations was 5.2% and (0.7)% in 2014 and 2013, respectively. This increase is primarily attributable to an increase in income from the change in the fair value of contingent consideration, as well as the goodwill impairment charge and restructuring charges recognized in 2013 which are discussed above. Other income and expense 2015 compared to 2014. Other expense increased by $2.6 million from $5.1 million in 2014 to $7.7 million in 2015. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in foreign exchange loss due to a charge of $1.5 million for the remeasurement of the Company's net assets in Venezuela. 2014 compared to 2013. Other expense increased by $1.9 million from $3.2 million in 2013 to $5.1 million in 2014. The increase is primarily attributable to an increase in interest expense of $1.5 million due to higher borrowing levels and a $0.4 million increase in foreign currency losses due to a decline in exchange rates for certain assets denominated in foreign currencies. Provision for income taxes 2015 compared to 2014. Income tax expense increased by $10.4 million from tax expense of $2.3 million in 2014 to tax expense of $12.7 million in 2015. Our effective income tax rate was (64.4)% and 4.9% in 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our effective income tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate each year due to certain operations that are subject to tax incentives, state and local taxes, and foreign taxes that are different than the U.S. federal statutory rate. In addition, the effective tax rate can be impacted each period by discrete factors and events. The effective tax rates for 2015 and 2014 were affected by the fair value changes to contingent consideration and the goodwill impairment charge. Portions of the total gain recognized from fair value changes to contingent consideration relate to non-taxable acquisitions for which deferred taxes are not recognized, consistent with the treatment of goodwill and intangible assets for those acquisitions under U.S. GAAP. $0.3 million and $37.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, was recognized as income from fair value changes to contingent consideration which did not result in recognition of a deferred tax liability, therefore, reducing the effective tax rate for these periods. This decrease was offset by the $37.5 million goodwill impairment charge in 2015 since the goodwill was not deductible and the impairment does not result in a tax benefit. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2015, we recognized a $4.7 million non-cash charge to record valuation allowances on deferred tax assets of certain foreign operations affected by the global realignment which have net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets for which it is considered more likely than not that those assets will not be realized. Excluding the impact of these and other discrete factors and events during 2015, our effective tax rate was 40.2%. 2014 compared to 2013. Income tax expense increased by $2.9 million from a tax benefit of $0.6 million in 2013 to tax expense of $2.3 million in 2014. Our effective income tax rate was 6.0% and 4.9% in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Our effective income tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate each year due to certain operations that are subject to tax incentives, state and local taxes, and foreign taxes that are different than the U.S. federal statutory rate. In addition, the effective tax rate can be impacted each period by discrete factors and events. The effective tax rates for 2013 and 2014 were also affected by the fair value changes to contingent consideration and the goodwill impairment charge, as discussed above. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, $27.1 million and $37.1 million, respectively, was recognized as income from fair value changes to contingent consideration which did not result in recognition of a deferred tax liability, therefore, reducing the effective tax rate for these periods. This 2013 decrease was offset by the $37.9 million goodwill impairment charge since the goodwill was not deductible and the impairment does not result in a tax benefit. 31 Net income (loss) 2015 compared to 2014. Net income (loss) decreased by $76.8 million from $44.5 million in 2014 to $(32.3) million in 2015. Net income (loss) as a percentage of revenue was (3.1)% and 4.4% in 2015 and 2014, respectively. This decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in income from the change in the fair value of contingent consideration, as well as the goodwill impairment charge and restructuring charges recognized in 2015, all of which are discussed above. 2014 compared to 2013. Net income (loss) increased by $53.1 million from $(8.7) million in 2013 to $44.5 million in 2014. Net income (loss) as a percentage of revenue was 4.4% and (1.0)% in 2014 and 2013, respectively. This increase is primarily attributable to an increase in income from the change in the fair value of contingent consideration, as well as the goodwill impairment charge and restructuring charges recognized in 2013 which are discussed above. Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted EBITDA, which represents income from operations with the addition of depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, change in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities and other amounts itemized in the reconciliation table below, is considered a non-GAAP financial measure under SEC regulations. Net income (loss) is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. We present this measure as supplemental information to help our investors better understand trends in our business over time. Our management team uses Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate the performance of our business. Adjusted EBITDA is not equivalent to any measure of performance required to be reported under GAAP, nor should this data be considered an indicator of our overall financial performance and liquidity. Moreover, the Adjusted EBITDA definition we use may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. Our Adjusted EBITDA by segment for each of the years presented was as follows: North America Latin America EMEA Other(1) Adjusted EBITDA Year ended December 31, 2015 % of Total 2014 % of Total 2013 % of Total (dollars in thousands) $ $ 64,612 6,380 8,655 (27,751) 51,896 124.5% $ 12.3 16.7 (53.5) 100.0% $ 57,662 5,273 5,893 (25,990) 42,838 134.6% $ 12.3 13.8 (60.7) 100.0% $ 51,873 3,098 764 (28,834) 26,901 192.8% 11.5 2.8 (107.1) 100.0% (1) “Other” consists of intersegment eliminations, shared service activities and corporate expenses which are not allocated to the operating segments as management does not consider them in evaluating segment performance. 2015 compared to 2014. Adjusted EBITDA increased by $9.1 million, or 21.1%, from $42.8 million in 2014 to $51.9 million in 2015. North America Adjusted EBITDA increased by $6.9 million, or 12.1%, from $57.7 million in 2014 to $64.6 million in 2015 due to increased revenue and gross profit from organic growth of new enterprise customers. Latin America Adjusted EBITDA increased by $1.1 million, or 21.0%, from $5.3 million in 2014 to $6.4 million in 2015 primarily due to organic growth of new enterprise customers. EMEA Adjusted EBITDA increased by $2.8 million from $5.9 million in 2014 to $8.7 million in 2015 primarily due to organic growth of new enterprise customers. Other Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $1.8 million, or 6.8%, from $(26.0) million in 2014 to $(27.8) million in 2015 due to cost management and productivity gains. 2014 compared to 2013. Adjusted EBITDA increased by $15.9 million, or 59.2%, from $26.9 million in 2013 to $42.8 million in 2014. North America Adjusted EBITDA increased by $5.8 million, or 11.2%, from $51.9 million in 2013 to $57.7 million in 2014 due to increased gross profit from organic new enterprise account growth. Latin America Adjusted EBITDA increased by $2.2 million, or 70.2%, from $3.1 million in 2013 to $5.3 million in 2014 due to organic new enterprise account growth. EMEA Adjusted EBITDA increased by $5.1 million from $0.8 million in 2013 to $5.9 million in 2014 due to a full year of gross margin from 2013 acquisitions in the EMEA region and organic enterprise account growth. Other Adjusted EBITDA increased by $2.8 million, or 9.9%, from expense of $28.8 million in 2013 to expense of $26.0 million in 2014 due to diligent cost management and productivity gains. 32 The table below provides a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) for each of the years presented (in thousands): Net income (loss) Income tax expense (benefit) Total other expense Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation expense Change in fair value of contingent consideration Goodwill impairment charge Intangible asset impairment charges Restructuring and other charges Payments to former owner of Productions Graphics, net of cash recovered Legal fees in connection with patent infringement Restatement-related professional fees Secured asset reserve(1) Adjusted EBITDA Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ (32,338) $ 12,665 7,678 17,472 5,873 (270) 37,539 202 1,053 — — — 2,022 51,896 $ 44,462 2,313 5,118 17,723 5,352 (37,873) — 2,710 — — — 2,093 940 42,838 $ $ (8,660) (556) 3,235 13,664 4,733 (31,331) 37,908 — 4,322 2,625 961 — — 26,901 (1) The Company accrued a reserve of $2.0 million and $0.9 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively, on inventory in which it holds a security interest. The inventory was procured for a former transactional client. Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share Adjusted diluted earnings per share, which represents net income (loss), with the addition of the change in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities, impairment charges and other amounts itemized in the reconciliation table below, divided by the weighted average shares outstanding plus share equivalents that would arise from the exercise of stock options and restricted stock and other contingently issuable shares, is considered a non-GAAP financial measure under SEC regulations. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. We present this measure as supplemental information to help our investors better understand trends in our business over time. Our management team uses adjusted diluted earnings per share to evaluate the performance of our business. Adjusted diluted earnings per share is not equivalent to any measure of performance required to be reported under GAAP, nor should this data be considered an indicator of our overall financial performance and liquidity. Moreover, the adjusted diluted earnings per share definition we use may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. Our adjusted diluted earnings per share for each of the years presented was as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): Net income (loss) Change in fair value of contingent consideration, net of tax Goodwill impairment charge Intangible asset impairment charges, net of tax Restructuring and other charges, net of tax Venezuela remeasurement charges Secured asset reserve, net of tax(1) Restatement-related professional fees, net of tax Realignment-related income tax charges Payments to former owner of Productions Graphics, net of cash recovered, net of tax Legal fees in connection with patent infringement defense, net of tax Numerator for adjusted diluted earnings per share Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted Adjusted diluted earnings per share $ $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 (32,338) $ (282) 37,539 153 873 1,521 1,239 — 4,684 — — 13,389 53,515 0.25 $ $ 44,462 (37,571) — 1,657 — — 568 1,266 — — — 10,382 53,104 0.20 $ $ $ (8,660) (29,658) 37,908 — 2,615 — — — — 1,617 625 4,447 50,875 0.09 (1) The Company accrued a reserve of $2.0 million and $0.9 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively, on inventory in which it holds a security interest. The inventory was procured for a former transactional client. 33 Quarterly Results of Operations The following table presents unaudited statement of income data for our most recent eight fiscal quarters. You should read the following table in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations of any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period. Mar 31, 2014(1) June 30, 2014(2) Sept 30, 2014(3) Three months ended Mar 31, Dec 31, 2015 2014 June 30, 2015 Sept 30, 2015 Dec 31, 2015 (in thousands, except per share amounts) $ 241,490 $ 260,350 $ 251,652 $246,641 $ 242,095 $ 252,227 $ 264,720 $ 270,311 54,584 289 58,927 1,605 57,098 5,114 58,850 37,454 55,065 1,139 58,980 1,431 63,611 4,983 62,538 (39,891) Revenue Gross profit Net income (loss) Earnings (loss) per share: Basic Diluted $ $ 0.01 0.01 $ $ 0.03 0.03 $ $ 0.10 0.10 $ $ 0.71 0.69 $ $ 0.02 0.02 $ $ 0.03 0.03 $ $ 0.09 0.09 $ $ (0.75) (0.75) Impact of Inflation Since January 1, 2010, Venezuela has been designated as a highly inflationary economy under GAAP. In accordance with GAAP, local subsidiaries in highly inflationary economies are required to use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency and remeasure the monetary assets and liabilities not denominated in U.S. dollars using the rate applicable to conversion of a currency for purposes of dividend remittances. All exchange gains and losses resulting from remeasurement are recognized currently in income. Prior to December 31, 2015, the Company translated the net assets and transactions of its Venezuelan subsidiary using the official exchange rate of 6.3 bolivars for each U.S. Dollar. In February 2015, the Venezuelan government introduced a new currency exchange system referred to as the SIMADI which is intended to be a market-driven rate and is more widely available than the official rate or the auction-based exchange system known as the SICAD. Based on the Company’s facts and circumstances as of December 31, 2015, the SIMADI rate was determined to be the most appropriate rate for reporting the operations of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary. As of December 31, 2015, the SIMADI rate was approximately 198 bolivars for each U.S. Dollar. The remeasurement of the Company’s net assets from the official rate of 6.3 to the SIMADI rate resulted in a foreign exchange loss of approximately $1.5 million during the fourth quarter of 2015. This loss is included in other expense on the consolidated statement of operations. The combined value of the net monetary assets of our Venezuelan subsidiary is less than $0.1 million at December 31, 2015. Further government regulation or changes in exchange rates could result in additional impairments of these assets. Inflation and changing prices did not have a material impact on our operations in 2014 or 2013. Liquidity and Capital Resources We entered into a Credit Agreement, dated as of August 2, 2010, subsequently amended most recently as of September 25, 2014, among us, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement includes a revolving commitment amount of $175 million in the aggregate with a maturity date of September 25, 2019, and provides us the right to increase the aggregate commitment amount by an additional $50 million. Outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility are guaranteed by our material domestic subsidiaries. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement and such domestic subsidiaries’ guaranty obligations are secured by substantially all of our respective assets. The ranges of applicable rates charged for interest on outstanding loans and letters of credit are 125-250 basis point spread for letter of credit fees and loans based on the Eurodollar rate and 25-150 basis point spread for loans based on the base rate. We are in compliance with all covenants contained in the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2015. At December 31, 2015, we had $30.8 million of cash and cash equivalents. 34 Operating Activities. Cash provided by (used in) operating activities primarily consists of net income adjusted for certain non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization and changes in the fair value of contingent consideration and the effect of changes in working capital and other activities. Cash provided by operating activities in 2015 was $43.4 million and primarily consisted of $73.2 million of non-cash items and $2.5 million provided by working capital, offset by $32.3 million of a net loss during the year. The most significant impact on working capital changes consisted of an increase in accounts receivable of $10.4 million, an increase in inventories of $8.2 million and an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $6.1 million, offset by a increase in accounts payable of $26.2 million and an increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $1.0 million. Cash used in operating activities in 2014 was $12.5 million and primarily consisted of $45.8 million used to fund working capital and $11.2 million of non-cash income items, offset by $44.5 million of net income during the year. The most significant impact on working capital changes consisted of a decrease in accounts payable of $25.2 million, an increase in accounts receivable of $14.8 million and an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $7.3 million, offset by an increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $2.2 million. Cash provided by operating activities in 2013 was $37.4 million and primarily reflected net loss of $8.7 million, offset by non-cash items of $32.4 million and $13.6 million provided by working capital changes. The most significant impact on working capital changes consisted of an increase in accounts payable of $29.6 million, offset by a decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $12.1 million and an increase in accounts receivable and unbilled revenue of $4.8 million. Investing Activities. In 2015, cash used in investing activities of $15.0 million was attributable to capital expenditures, primarily consisting of software development. In 2014, cash used in investing activities of $14.7 million was primarily attributable to capital expenditures of $14.1 million. In 2013, cash used in investing activities of $31.5 million was attributable to capital expenditures of $12.2 million and payments made in connection with acquisitions of $19.3 million. Financing Activities. In 2015, cash used in financing activities of $18.4 million was primarily attributable to $8.0 million of payments of contingent consideration, $5.3 million of net repayments under our revolving credit facility and $4.9 million to acquire treasury stock. In 2014, cash provided by financing activities of $32.3 million was primarily attributable to $35.5 million of net borrowings under our revolving credit facility and $2.6 million of borrowings under secured borrowing arrangements of certain international subsidiaries, offset by $5.8 million of payments of contingent consideration. In 2013, cash used in financing activities of $4.6 million was primarily attributable to $7.3 million of payments of contingent consideration and $2.6 million of excess tax benefits from stock-based award exercises, offset by $4.0 million of additional borrowings under our revolving credit facility and $2.0 million of proceeds from stock option exercises. We will continue to utilize cash, in part, to invest in our innovative technology platform, fund acquisitions of or make strategic investments in complementary businesses and to expand our sales force. Although we can provide no assurances, we believe that our available cash and cash equivalents and the $54.3 million available under our Credit Agreement will be sufficient to meet our working capital and operating expenditure requirements for the foreseeable future. Thereafter, we may find it necessary to obtain additional equity or debt financing. We earn a significant amount of our operating income outside the United States, which is deemed to be permanently reinvested in foreign jurisdictions. We do not currently foresee a need to repatriate funds; however, should we require more capital in the United States than is generated by our operations locally or through debt or equity issuances, we could elect to repatriate funds held in foreign jurisdictions. If foreign earnings were to be remitted to the United States, foreign tax credits would be available to reduce any U.S. tax due upon repatriation. Included in our cash and cash equivalents are amounts held by foreign subsidiaries. We had $15.1 million and $17.5 million foreign cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which are generally denominated in the local currency where the funds are held. 35 Contractual Obligations As of December 31, 2015, we had the following contractual obligations: Accounts payable Operating lease obligations Due to seller Secured borrowing arrangements Revolving credit facility Total Payments due by period Total Less than 1 year $ $ 170,244 26,647 402 2,393 99,258 298,944 $ $ 170,244 7,075 402 2,393 — 180,114 1-3 years (in thousands) $ — $ 9,515 — — — 9,515 $ $ 3-5 years More than 5 years — $ 6,740 — — 99,258 105,998 $ — 3,317 — — — 3,317 This table does not include contingent consideration obligations related to any acquisitions except for those included in “Due to seller”, as these payments are payable contingent upon the achievement of future performance measures not known at this time. As of December 31, 2015, the maximum payments potentially due on these contingent consideration obligations was $85.9 million. See Note 3 “Acquisitions” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements. 36 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Commodity Risk We are dependent upon the availability of paper, and paper prices represent a substantial portion of the cost of our products. The supply and price of paper depend on a variety of factors over which we have no control, including environmental and conservation regulations, natural disasters and weather. We believe a 10% increase in the price of paper would not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated statements of income or cash flows, as these costs are generally passed through to our clients. Interest Rate Risk We have exposure to changes in interest rates on our revolving credit facility. Interest is payable at the adjusted LIBOR rate or the alternate base rate. Assuming our $175.0 million revolving credit facility was fully drawn, a 1.0% increase in the interest rate would increase our annual interest expense by $1.75 million. Our interest income is sensitive to changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates, in particular because all of our investments are in cash equivalents. The average duration of all of our investments as of December 31, 2015 was less than one year. Due to the short-term nature of our investments, we believe that there is no material risk exposure. Foreign Currency Risk We transact business in various foreign currencies other than the U.S. dollar, principally the euro, British pound sterling, Czech koruna, Peruvian Nuevo Sol, Colombian peso, Brazilian real, Mexican peso and Chilean peso, which exposes us to foreign currency risk. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we derived approximately 31.2% of our revenue from international customers, and we expect the percentage of revenue derived from outside the United States to increase in future periods as we continue to expand globally. Revenue and related expenses generated from our international operations are denominated in the functional currencies of the corresponding country. The functional currency of our subsidiaries that either operate or support these markets is generally the same as the corresponding local currency. The results of operations of, and certain of our intercompany balances associated with, our international operations are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Changes in exchange rates could negatively affect our revenue and other operating results as expressed in U.S. dollars. We may record significant gains or losses on the re-measurement of intercompany balances. Foreign exchange gains and losses recorded to date have been immaterial to our financial results. At this time we do not, but in the future we may enter into derivatives or other financial instruments in an attempt to hedge our foreign currency exchange risk. It is difficult to predict the impact hedging activities would have on our results of operations. 37 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE INNERWORKINGS, INC.: Management’s Assessment of Internal Control over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Consolidated Statements of Operations Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 38 MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING The financial statements were prepared by management, which is responsible for their integrity and objectivity and for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: i. pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; ii. provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and iii. provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurances with respect to financial statement preparation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of internal controls may vary over time. Management assessed the design and effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015 based on criteria in Internal Control –Integrated Framework issued by the COSO. Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the financial statements of the Company for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. Their reports are presented on the following pages. InnerWorkings, Inc. March 10, 2016 39 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Board of Directors and Stockholders of InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)2. These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries at December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), InnerWorkings, Inc.’s and subsidiaries internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 10, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Chicago, Illinois March 10, 2016 40 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The Board of Directors and Stockholders of InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries We have audited InnerWorkings, Inc.’s and subsidiaries internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). InnerWorkings, Inc.’s and subsidiaries management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, and our report dated March 10, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Chicago, Illinois March 10, 2016 41 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Operations (In thousands, except per share data) Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross profit Operating expenses: Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization Change in fair value of contingent consideration Goodwill impairment charge Intangible asset impairment charges Restructuring and other charges Income (loss) from operations Other income (expense): Interest income Interest expense Other, net Total other expense Income (loss) before taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Basic earnings (loss) per share Diluted earnings (loss) per share Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 1,029,353 $ 1,000,133 $ 789,159 240,194 196,194 17,472 (270) 37,539 202 1,053 (11,996) 69 (4,612) (3,135) (7,678) (19,673) 12,665 (32,338) $ (0.61) $ (0.61) $ 770,674 229,459 195,006 17,723 (37,873) — 2,710 — 51,893 57 (4,428) (747) (5,118) 46,775 2,313 44,462 0.85 0.84 $ $ $ $ $ $ 890,960 688,934 202,026 183,444 13,664 (31,331) 37,908 — 4,322 (5,981) 76 (2,954) (357) (3,235) (9,216) (556) (8,660) (0.17) (0.17) See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 42 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (In thousands) Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax: Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized gains on marketable securities: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ (32,338) $ 44,462 $ (8,660) (8,592) (8,178) 2,505 Unrealized holding gains arising during the period Less: Reclassification adjustments for gains included in net income Unrealized losses on marketable securities, net Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax Income tax benefit related to components of other comprehensive loss Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Comprehensive income (loss) — — — (8,592) — (8,592) (40,930) $ — — — (8,178) — (8,178) 36,284 $ $ 1 (3) (2) 2,503 1 2,504 (6,156) See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 43 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except per share data) Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,231 and $2,685, respectively Unbilled revenue Inventories Prepaid expenses Deferred income taxes Other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Intangibles and other assets: Goodwill Intangible assets, net Deferred income taxes Other non-current assets Total intangibles and other assets Total assets Liabilities and stockholders' equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Current portion of contingent consideration Due to seller Other current liabilities Accrued expenses Total current liabilities Revolving credit facility Deferred income taxes Contingent consideration, net of current portion Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (See Note 10) Stockholders' equity: Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 200,000 and 200,000 shares authorized, 62,645 and 61,852 shares issued, 53,098 and 52,830 shares outstanding, respectively Additional paid-in capital Treasury stock at cost, 9,547 and 9,021 shares, respectively Accumulated other comprehensive loss Retained earnings Total stockholders' equity Total liabilities and stockholders' equity See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 44 December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ $ 30,755 188,819 30,758 33,327 14,353 — 31,825 329,837 32,681 206,257 37,715 586 1,391 245,949 608,467 170,244 11,387 402 31,363 11,603 224,999 99,258 12,898 10,775 2,510 350,440 22,578 179,466 31,699 27,163 12,684 1,819 28,819 304,228 29,764 246,948 44,920 3,904 1,487 297,259 631,251 144,045 9,078 402 30,637 9,990 194,152 104,539 9,967 23,504 2,942 335,104 6 213,566 (52,207) (13,993) 110,655 258,027 608,467 $ 6 207,429 (49,996) (5,401) 144,109 296,147 631,251 $ $ $ $ InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (In thousands) Balance at December 31, 2012 60,736 $ 6 10,535 $ (67,071) $ 198,118 $ 273 $ 111,626 $ 242,952 Common Stock Treasury Stock Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-in- Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Total Net loss Total other comprehensive income Comprehensive loss Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock awards 660 — Issuance of treasury shares as consideration for acquisition Excess tax benefit derived from stock award exercises Stock-based compensation expense (422) 4,759 1,594 490 (2,893) 4,733 2,504 (8,660) (38) (8,660) 2,504 (6,156) 1,594 5,211 (2,893) 4,733 Balance at December 31, 2013 61,396 6 10,113 (62,312) 202,042 2,777 102,928 245,441 Net income Total other comprehensive loss Comprehensive income Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock awards 456 — Issuance of treasury shares as consideration for acquisition Excess tax benefit derived from stock award exercises Stock-based compensation expense (1,092) 12,316 (8,178) 44,462 (3,281) 44,462 (8,178) 36,284 182 9,035 (147) 5,352 182 (147) 5,352 Balance at December 31, 2014 61,852 6 9,021 (49,996) 207,429 (5,401) 144,109 296,147 Net loss Total other comprehensive loss Comprehensive loss Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock awards 793 — Issuance of treasury shares as consideration for acquisition Acquisition of treasury shares Excess tax benefit derived from stock awards Stock-based compensation expense (238) 764 2,686 (4,897) 675 (411) 5,873 (32,338) (8,592) (1,116) (32,338) (8,592) (40,930) 675 1,570 (4,897) (411) 5,873 Balance at December 31, 2015 62,645 $ 6 9,547 $ (52,207) $ 213,566 $ (13,993) $ 110,655 $ 258,027 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 45 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation expense Deferred income taxes Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability Goodwill impairment charge Intangible asset impairment charges Bad debt provision Secured asset reserve Venezuela remeasurement charges Reduction of prepaid commissions Excess tax benefit from exercise of stock awards Other operating activities Change in assets, net of acquisitions: Accounts receivable and unbilled revenue Inventories Prepaid expenses and other assets Change in liabilities, net of acquisitions: Accounts payable Accrued expenses and other liabilities Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchases of property and equipment Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired Other investing activities Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Net repayments of revolving credit facility Net short-term secured borrowings (repayments) Repurchases of common stock Payments of contingent consideration Proceeds from exercise of stock options Payment of debt issuance costs Excess tax benefit from exercise of stock awards Other financing activities Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents, end of period Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ (32,338) $ 44,462 $ (8,660) 17,472 5,873 7,320 (270) 37,539 202 1,949 2,022 890 — — 210 17,723 5,352 (2,192) (37,873) — 2,710 1,984 940 — — (185) 364 (10,361) (14,793) (8,188) (6,138) 26,199 1,021 43,402 (635) (7,335) (25,199) 2,162 (12,515) (15,034) (14,116) — — — (594) 13,664 4,733 (653) (31,331) 37,908 — 1,285 — — 3,940 2,619 239 (4,843) (1,384) 2,332 29,643 (12,121) 37,371 (12,226) (19,301) — (15,034) (14,710) (31,527) (5,281) (799) (4,897) (8,010) 1,195 — — (594) (18,386) (1,805) 8,177 22,578 35,539 2,618 — (5,769) 778 (696) 185 (399) 32,256 (1,059) 3,972 18,606 $ 30,755 $ 22,578 $ 4,000 — — (7,298) 2,005 (325) (2,619) (411) (4,648) 191 1,387 17,219 18,606 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 46 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Description of the Business InnerWorkings, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, “the Company”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware on January 3, 2006. The Company is a leading global marketing execution firm for the world's most marketing intensive companies, including those in the Fortune 1000, across a wide range of industries. As a comprehensive outsourced enterprise solution, the Company leverages proprietary technology, an extensive supplier network and deep domain expertise to streamline the creation, production, and distribution of marketing and promotional materials, signage and displays, retail experiences, events and promotions, and packaging across every major market worldwide. The items the Company sources are generally procured through the marketing supply chain, and are referred to collectively as marketing materials. The Company’s technology and database of information is designed to capitalize on excess manufacturing capacity and other inefficiencies in the traditional marketing and print supply chain to obtain favorable pricing and to deliver high-quality products and services. The Company is organized and managed as three business segments, North America, Latin America and EMEA, and is viewed as three operating segments by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of resource allocation and assessing performance. See Note 19 for further information about the Company’s reportable segments. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of InnerWorkings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Reclassifications Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. These reclassifications have not been material and have not affected net income. Preparation of Financial Statements and Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to product returns, allowance for doubtful accounts, inventories and inventory valuation, valuation and impairments of goodwill and long-lived assets, income taxes, contingencies, stock-based compensation and litigation. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on other assumptions that its management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities when those values are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results can differ from those estimates. Foreign Currency Translation The Company determines the functional currency for its parent company and each of its subsidiaries by reviewing the currencies in which their respective operating activities occur. Assets and liabilities of these operations are translated into U.S. currency at the rates of exchange at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at average monthly rates of exchange. The resulting translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Transaction gains and losses arising from activities in other than the applicable functional currency are calculated using average exchange rates for the applicable period and reported in net income as a non-operating item in each period. Non- monetary balance sheet items denominated in a currency other than the applicable functional currency are translated using the historical rate. The net realized gains (losses) on foreign currency transactions were $(3.3) million, $(0.8) million and $(0.3) million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As further discussed later in Note 2, the net realized losses on foreign currency transactions for the year ended December 31, 2015 includes a charge of $1.5 million for the remeasurement of the Company's net assets in Venezuela. 47 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue upon meeting all of the following revenue recognition criteria, which is typically met upon shipment or delivery of our products to customers: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists through customer contracts and orders, (ii) the customer takes title and assumes the risks and rewards of ownership, (iii) the sales price charged is fixed or determinable as evidenced by customer contracts and orders, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. Unbilled revenue relates to shipments that have been made to customers for which the related account receivable has not yet been billed. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605-45, Revenue Recognition – Principal Agent Considerations, the Company generally reports revenue on a gross basis because the Company is the primary obligor in its arrangements to procure marketing materials and other products for its customers. Under these arrangements, the Company is responsible for the fulfillment, including the acceptability, of the printed materials and other products. In addition, the Company (i) determines which suppliers are included in its network, (ii) has discretion to select from among the suppliers within its network, (iii) is obligated to pay its suppliers regardless of whether it is paid by its customers, and (iv) has reasonable latitude to establish exchange price. In some transactions, the Company also has general inventory risk and is involved in the determination of the nature or characteristics of the printed materials and products. When the Company is not the primary obligor, revenues are reported on a net basis. The Company recognizes revenue for creative, design, installation, warehousing and other services provided to its customers which may be delivered in conjunction with the procurement of marketing materials at the time when delivery and customer acceptance occur and all other revenue recognition criteria are met. When provided on a stand-alone basis, the Company recognizes revenue for these services upon completion of the service. Service revenue has not been material to the Company’s overall revenue to date. The Company records taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are uncollateralized customer obligations due under normal trade terms. Invoices generally require payment within 30 to 90 days from the invoice date. Accounts receivable are stated at the amount billed to the customer, less an estimate for amounts deemed uncollectible. Interest is not generally accrued on outstanding balances. The carrying amount of accounts receivable is reduced by an allowance that reflects management’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. The Company estimates the collectability of its accounts receivable based on a combination of factors including, but not limited to, customer credit ratings and historical experience. In circumstances where the Company is aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations to the Company (e.g., bankruptcy filings or substantial downgrading of credit ratings), the Company provides allowances for bad debts against amounts due to reduce the net recognized receivable to the amount it reasonably believes will be collected. Fully reserved receivables are reviewed on a monthly basis and uncollectible accounts are written off when all reasonable collection efforts have been exhausted. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined by the first-in, first-out method. Market value is based upon an estimated average selling price reduced by estimated costs of disposal. Inventories primarily consist of purchased finished goods. Finished goods inventory includes consigned inventory held on behalf of customers as well as inventory held at third-party fulfillment centers and subcontractors. 48 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The estimated useful lives, by asset class, are as follows: Computer equipment Software, including internal-use software Office equipment Furniture and fixtures 3 years 1 to 6 years 5 years 7 years Leasehold improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the terms of the related leases. Internal-Use Software In accordance with ASC 350-40, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, Internal-Use Software, certain costs incurred in the planning and evaluation stage of internal-use computer software are expensed as incurred. Certain costs incurred during the application development stage are capitalized and included in property and equipment. Capitalized internal-use software costs are depreciated over the expected economic life of three to six years using the straight-line method. Capitalized internal-use software asset depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $8.6 million, $7.2 million and $3.9 million, respectively, and is included in total depreciation expense. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the net book value of internal-use software was $25.8 million and $23.5 million, respectively. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, goodwill is not amortized, but instead is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if circumstances indicate a possible impairment may exist. Absent any interim indicators of impairment, the Company tests for goodwill impairment as of the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter of each year. Under ASC 350, an entity is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the quantitative test is required, in the first step, the fair value for each reporting unit is compared to its book value including goodwill. In the case that the fair value is less than the book value, a second step is performed which compares the implied fair value of goodwill to the book value of goodwill. The fair value for the goodwill is determined based on the difference between the fair value of the reporting unit and the net fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities. If the implied fair value of the goodwill is less than the book value of the goodwill, the difference is recognized as an impairment. The Company defines its three reporting units as North America, Latin America and EMEA. At October 1, 2015, the Company elected to perform the quantitative impairment test for each of its three reporting units. In performing this test, the Company determined the fair value of the reporting units based on the income approach. Under the income approach, the fair value of a reporting unit is calculated based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company determined that its goodwill was impaired and recorded a non-cash, goodwill impairment charge of $37.5 million as a result of the test. For additional information related to the goodwill impairment, see Note 4. The fair value estimates used in the goodwill impairment analysis required significant judgment. The Company's fair value estimates for purposes of determining the goodwill impairment charge are considered Level 3 fair value measurements. The fair value estimates were based on assumptions that management believes to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain, including estimates of future revenues and operating margins and assumptions about the overall economic climate and the competitive environment for the business. 49 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Other Intangible Assets In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, the Company amortizes its intangible assets with finite lives over their respective estimated useful lives and reviews for impairment whenever impairment indicators exist. Impairment indicators could include significant under-performance relative to the historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of assets, significant negative industry or economic trends or significant changes in the Company’s market capitalization relative to net book value. Any changes in key assumptions used by the Company, including those set forth above, could result in an impairment charge and such a charge could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations. The Company’s intangible assets consist of customer lists, noncompete agreements, trade names and patents. The Company’s customer lists, which have an estimated weighted-average useful life of approximately fourteen years, are being amortized using the economic life method. The Company’s noncompete agreements, trade names and patents are being amortized on the straight-line basis over their estimated weighted-average useful lives of approximately four years, thirteen years and nine years, respectively. In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company recorded a non-cash, intangible asset impairment charge of $0.2 million. For additional information related to the intangible asset impairment, see Note 5. Shipping and Handling Costs Shipping and handling costs are classified in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of operations. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based upon anticipated future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying values of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A valuation allowance is established to reduce the carrying value of deferred tax assets if it is considered more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. Any change in the valuation allowance would be charged to income in the period such determination was made. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is “more likely than not” the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. There was no interest or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Based on the Company’s evaluation, it was concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in its financial statements. The evaluation was performed for the tax years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012, the tax years which remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions as of December 31, 2015. Advertising Costs of advertising, which are expensed as incurred by the Company, were $1.0 million, $0.5 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. 50 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Comprehensive Income The components of accumulated comprehensive income (loss) included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2013 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from AOCI Net current-period other comprehensive loss Balance at December 31, 2014 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from AOCI Net current-period other comprehensive loss Balance at December 31, 2015 Stock-Based Compensation Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments $ 2,777 (8,178) — (8,178) (5,401) (8,592) — (8,592) $ (13,993) The Company accounts for stock-based compensation awards in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. Compensation expense is measured by determining the fair value of each award using the Black-Scholes option valuation model for stock options or the closing share price for restricted shares. The fair value is then recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting period, on a straight-line basis for the entire award. Stock-based compensation cost recognized during the period is based on the portion of the share-based payment awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Accordingly, stock-based compensation cost recognized has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Stock-based compensation expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. Venezuelan Highly Inflationary Economy Since January 1, 2010, Venezuela has been designated as a highly inflationary economy under GAAP. In accordance with GAAP, local subsidiaries in highly inflationary economies are required to use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency and remeasure the monetary assets and liabilities not denominated in U.S. dollars using the rate applicable to conversion of a currency for purposes of dividend remittances. All exchange gains and losses resulting from remeasurement are recognized currently in income. Prior to December 31, 2015, the Company translated the net assets and transactions of its Venezuelan subsidiary using the official exchange rate of 6.3 bolivars for each U.S. Dollar. In February 2015, the Venezuelan government introduced a new currency exchange system referred to as the SIMADI which is intended to be a market-driven rate and is more widely available than the official rate or the auction-based exchange system known as the SICAD. Based on the Company’s facts and circumstances as of December 31, 2015, the SIMADI rate was determined to be the most appropriate rate for reporting the operations of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary. As of December 31, 2015, the SIMADI rate was approximately 198 bolivars for each U.S. Dollar. The remeasurement of the Company’s net assets from the official rate of 6.3 to the SIMADI rate resulted in a foreign exchange loss of approximately $1.5 million during the fourth quarter of 2015. This loss is included in other expense on the consolidated statement of operations. 51 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Recent Accounting Pronouncements In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes (Topic 740), (“ASU 2015-17”) which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes. ASU 2015-17 provides presentation requirements to classify deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent in the Balance Sheet. The standard will be effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The ASU may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax liabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company evaluated the impact of adopting the new standard on its consolidated financial statements and decided to adopt the standard at December 31, 2015 and apply the changes prospectively. The adoption resulted in $1.9 million of net current deferred tax assets reclassified to non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2015. Adoption had no impact on the Company's results of operations. In September 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805), (“ASU 2015-16”). The amendments in ASU 2015-16 require that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments are to be applied prospectively to adjustments to provisional amounts that occur after the effective date of ASU 2015-16 with earlier application permitted for financial statements that have not been issued. The Company does not expect ASU 2015-16 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In August 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-15, Interest- Imputation of Interest: Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements – Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to Staff Announcement at June 18, 2015 EITF Meeting (Topic 835), ("ASU 2015-15"). ASU 2015-15 clarifies the treatment of debt issuance costs from line-of-credit arrangements after the adoption of ASU 2015-03. In particular, ASU 2015-15 clarifies that the SEC staff would not object to an entity deferring and presenting debt issuance costs as an asset and subsequently amortizing the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. The Company does not expect ASU 2015-15 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), (“ASU 2014-9”) which amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 is based on principles that govern the recognition of revenue at an amount an entity expects to be entitled when products are transferred to customers. In August 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date (“ASU 2015-14”) which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for all entities by one year. Public business entities, certain not-for-profit entities, and certain employee benefit plans should apply the guidance in ASU 2014-09 to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. Earlier application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting these standards on its consolidated financial statements. In July 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, (“ASU 2015-11”). ASU 2015-11 applies to inventory that is measured using first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost. Under the updated guidance, an entity should measure inventory that is within scope at the lower of cost and net realizable value, which is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Subsequent measurement is unchanged for inventory that is measured using last-in, last-out (LIFO). The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and should be applied prospectively with early adoption permitted at the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2015-11 on its consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-5, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement, (“ASU 2015-5”). This update provides guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. This guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The new guidance is to be applied either prospectively to new cloud computing arrangements or retrospectively. The Company does not expect ASU 2015-5 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. 52 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-3, Interest – Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30), (“ASU 2015-3”), which simplifies the presentation of debt issuance costs. This guidance requires debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The standard is effective for financial statements issued for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The new guidance should be applied on a retrospective basis. The Company does not expect ASU 2015-3 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In January 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-1, Income Statement – Extraordinary and Unusual Items (Subtopic 225-20), (“ASU 2015-1”). ASU 2015-1 eliminates from GAAP the concept of extraordinary items. The standard is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted provided that guidance is applied from the beginning of the fiscal period of adoption. The Company may also apply the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company does not expect ASU 2015-1 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern, (“ASU 2014-15”). ASU 2014-15 requires management to evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern and to provide disclosures in certain circumstances. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company does not expect ASU 2014-15 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In April 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-8, Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity, (“ASU 2014-8”). ASU 2014-8 provides a narrower definition of discontinued operations than currently exists under GAAP. The standard requires that only disposals of components of an entity (or groups of components) that represent a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the reporting entity’s operations are reported in the financial statements as discontinued operations. The standard also provides guidance on the financial statement presentations and disclosures of discontinued operations. The standard is effective prospectively for disposals (or classifications of businesses as held-for-sale) of components of an entity that occur in annual or interim periods beginning after December 15, 2014. The Company adopted ASU 2014-8 on January 1, 2015, and it did not have an effect on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), (“ASU 2016-2”). ASU 2016-2 is aimed at making leasing activities more transparent and comparable. The new standard requires substantially all leases be recognized by lessees on their balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability, including today’s operating leases. For public business entities, the standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application is permitted for all entities. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-2 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. 3. Acquisitions Contingent Consideration In connection with certain of the Company’s acquisitions, contingent consideration is payable in cash or common stock upon the achievement of certain performance measures over future periods. The Company recorded the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration liability as additional purchase price. As discussed in Note 12, the process for determining the fair value of the contingent consideration liability consists of reviewing financial forecasts and assessing the likelihood of reaching the required performance measures based on factors specific to each acquisition as well as the Company’s historical experience with similar arrangements. Subsequent to the acquisition date, the Company estimates the fair value of the contingent consideration liability each reporting period, and any adjustments made to the fair value are recorded in the Company’s results of operations. The Company has recorded $22.2 million in contingent consideration at December 31, 2015 related to these arrangements. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company recorded income of $0.3 million, $37.9 million and $31.3 million for changes in the fair value of contingent consideration, reflecting the net reductions in the liability for each of those periods. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company’s fair value adjustment to the contingent consideration liability includes adjustments of $7.2 million and $26.6 million, respectively, to reduce the liability relating to the Productions Graphics acquisition in 2011. See Note 9 for more information on Productions Graphics. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company’s fair value adjustment to the contingent consideration liability also includes an adjustment of $30.4 million to reduce the liability relating to the DB Studios acquisition in 2013 due to a decrease in 53 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements forecasted results. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of the potential remaining $44.3 million contingent consideration payments for DB Studios was estimated to be $3.3 million. As of December 31, 2015, the potential maximum contingent consideration payments and their respective fair values are payable as follows (in thousands): 2016 2017 Total Maximum Potential Payment Fair Value of Liability $ $ 39,653 46,201 85,854 $ $ 11,387 10,775 22,162 If the performance measures required by the purchase agreements are not achieved, the Company may pay less than the maximum amounts presented in the table above, depending on the terms of the agreement. While the maximum potential payments shown in the table are $85.9 million, the Company estimates the fair value of the payments that will be made is $22.2 million. Shares Issued as Consideration for Acquisitions Purchase agreements entered by the Company for business combinations often state that the purchase price, including contingent consideration, is to be paid in shares of the Company’s common stock. The value of the shares for each issuance is determined by the closing price of the Company’s common stock on dates specified in each separate agreement. Generally, the date that determines the share value is the date of the purchase agreement, the last date in a contingent consideration measurement period, or the date of issuance to the sellers. The following table presents the number of shares issued as consideration for acquisitions and contingent consideration and the corresponding value of those shares during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (in thousands, except per share amounts): Shares of Common Stock Issued Value of Shares Average Share Value Year ended December 31, 2015: Payments for acquisitions Payments of contingent consideration Total Year ended December 31, 2014: Payments for acquisitions Payments of contingent consideration Total Year ended December 31, 2013: Payments for acquisitions Payments of contingent consideration Total — $ 238 238 $ — $ 1,092 1,092 $ 223 199 422 $ $ — $ 1,570 1,570 $ — $ 9,034 9,034 $ 2,489 2,723 5,212 $ $ — 6.59 6.59 — 8.27 8.27 11.17 13.66 12.35 54 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 4. Goodwill The following is a summary of the goodwill balance for each operating segment as of December 31 (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2013 Finalization of purchase accounting for prior year acquisitions Foreign exchange impact Balance as of December 31, 2014 Goodwill impairment charge Foreign exchange impact Balance as of December 31, 2015 2015 Goodwill Impairment Charge North America Latin America EMEA Total $ $ 171,095 (168) (67) 170,860 — (124) 170,736 $ 9,875 $ 70,259 $ 251,229 — — 9,875 — (170) 9,705 $ 693 (4,739) 66,213 (37,539) (2,858) 25,816 525 (4,806) 246,948 (37,539) (3,152) $ 206,257 $ As discussed in Note 2, the Company performed its annual impairment test as of October 1, 2015. In the first step of the impairment test, the Company concluded that the carrying amount of the EMEA reporting unit exceeded its fair value, requiring the Company to perform the second step of the impairment test to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The fair values of the North America and Latin America reporting units exceeded their carrying values, and the second step was not necessary. Based upon fair value estimates of long-lived assets and discounted cash flows of the EMEA reporting unit, the Company compared the implied fair value of the goodwill in this reporting unit with the carrying value. The test resulted in a $37.5 million non-cash, goodwill impairment charge which was recognized in the fourth quarter of 2015. No tax benefit is recognized on the goodwill impairment. This charge had no impact on the Company’s cash flows or compliance with debt covenants. 2013 Goodwill Impairment Charge In the third quarter of 2013, a change in the Company’s identified reporting units along with a decline in forecasted financial performance in fiscal year 2013 compelled management to perform an interim goodwill impairment test for its reporting units as of September 30, 2013. In the first step of the impairment test, the Company concluded that the carrying amount of the EMEA reporting unit exceeded its fair value, requiring the Company to perform the second step of the impairment test to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The fair values of the North America and Latin America reporting units exceeded their carrying values, and the second step was not necessary. Based upon fair value estimates of long-lived assets and discounted cash flows of the EMEA reporting unit, the Company compared the implied fair value of the goodwill in this reporting unit with the carrying value. The test resulted in a $37.9 million non-cash, goodwill impairment charge which was recognized in the third quarter of 2013. No tax benefit is recognized on the goodwill impairment. This charge had no impact on the Company’s cash flows or compliance with debt covenants. 5. Other Intangible Assets The following is a summary of the Company’s other intangible assets as of December 31 (in thousands): Customer lists Noncompete agreements Trade names Patents Less accumulated amortization Intangible assets, net Weighted Average Life 13.6 4.0 12.6 9.0 2015 2014 $ 73,759 $ 75,114 988 3,228 57 78,032 (40,317) 37,715 $ $ 1,077 3,468 57 79,716 (34,796) 44,920 55 Amortization expense related to these intangible assets was $5.8 million, $7.4 million and $6.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The estimated amortization expense for the next five years is as follows (in thousands): 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter $ $ 5,553 5,131 4,635 4,330 4,276 13,790 37,715 Customer List Impairment Charges In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company recognized a $0.2 million non-cash, intangible asset impairment charge related to certain customer lists acquired in prior year business combinations in the EMEA segment. Due to the global realignment discussed in Note 6, the Company evaluated the affected markets and identified certain customer lists for which undiscounted projected cash flows of the customers in those markets did not exceed the recorded book value of the customer lists. As such, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $0.2 million to reduce the customer lists to their respective fair values. In the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company recognized a $2.7 million non-cash, intangible asset impairment charge related to certain customer lists acquired in prior year business combinations. Due to the loss of specific customers included in the lists, the undiscounted projected cash flows from those customers did not exceed the recorded book value of the customer lists as of December 31, 2014. As such, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $2.7 million to reduce the customer lists to their respective fair values. Of the total charge, $2.4 million related to customer lists in the North America segment, and $0.3 million related to customers lists in the EMEA segment. 6. Restructuring Activities and Other Charges 2015: On December 14, 2015, the Company approved a global realignment plan that is expected to allow the Company to more efficiently meet client needs across its international platform. Through improved integration of global resources, the plan will create back office and other efficiencies and allow for the elimination of approximately 100 positions deemed unnecessary. In connection with these actions, the Company expects to incur total pre-tax cash restructuring charges of $3.7 million to $5.2 million, the majority of which will be recognized during 2016. These cash charges will include approximately $3.5 million to $4.9 million for employee severance and related benefits and $0.2 million to $0.3 million for lease and contract termination and other associated costs. As required by law, the Company is consulting with each of the affected countries’ local Works Councils throughout implementation of this plan. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recognized $1.1 million in restructuring charges related to this plan of which $0.2 million, $0.1 million and $0.8 million related to the North America, Latin America and EMEA segments, respectively. This plan is expected to be completed during 2016. The following table summarizes the restructuring activities for this plan for the year ended December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2014 Charges Cash payments Balance at December 31, 2015 Employee Severance and Related Benefits Lease and Contract Termination Costs Total $ $ — $ 978 (694) 284 $ — $ 75 — 75 $ — 1,053 (694) 359 2014: No restructuring activities occurred during the year ended December 31, 2014. 56 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2013: During the third quarter of 2013, the Company commenced various restructuring actions which resulted in charges of $3.0 million during the quarter. These actions consisted of terminating 49 employees and providing them with severance benefits in accordance with benefit plans previously communicated to the affected employee group or local employment laws. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recognized $3.0 million in restructuring charges related to this plan of which $2.7 million and $0.3 million related to the North America and EMEA segments, respectively. This plan was completed during 2013. The Company’s SMB division was one of the principal groups affected by the restructuring actions noted above. In addition to these restructuring charges, the Company changed its compensation structure during the third quarter so that remaining employees of SMB are paid a fixed salary. This change in compensation structure resulted in the recording of an additional charge of $1.3 million for these employees in 2013. The following table summarizes the restructuring activities for this plan for the year ended December 31, 2013 (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2012 Charges(1) Cash payments Non-cash settlements(2) Balance at December 31, 2013 Employee Severance and Related Benefits $ $ — 3,006 (382) (2,624) — (1) Charges in this table exclude the $1.3 million charge recognized for the change in compensation structure of SMB employees discussed above. (2) Non-cash settlements consist of the write-off of prepaid commission balances. Prepaid commission balances represent cash paid to account executives in advance of commissions earned and is recorded in prepaid expenses on the balance sheet. For employees who had a balance and were affected by the restructuring actions, which primarily includes Small and Medium Business (“SMB”) account executives, the Company included these balances as part of the severance paid to these individuals. 7. Property and Equipment Property and equipment at December 31, 2015 and 2014 consisted of the following (in thousands): 2015 2014 Computer equipment Software, including internal use software Office equipment and furniture Leasehold improvements Less accumulated depreciation $ 8,148 $ 59,718 4,778 2,498 75,142 (42,461) 32,681 $ 7,454 48,731 4,099 1,902 62,186 (32,422) $ 29,764 Depreciation expense was $11.7 million, $10.4 million and $6.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 8. Revolving Credit Facility The Company entered into a Credit Agreement, dated as of August 2, 2010, subsequently amended most recently as of September 25, 2014, among the Company, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement includes a revolving commitment amount of $175 million in the aggregate with a maturity date of September 25, 2019, and provides the Company the right to increase the aggregate commitment amount by an additional $50 million. Outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility are guaranteed by the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries. The Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement and such domestic subsidiaries’ guaranty obligations are secured by substantially all of their respective assets. The ranges of applicable rates charged for interest on outstanding loans and letters of credit 57 are 125-250 basis point spread for letter of credit fees and loans based on the Eurodollar rate and 25-150 basis point spread for loans based on the base rate. The terms of the Credit Agreement include various covenants, including covenants that require the Company to maintain a maximum leverage ratio and a minimum interest coverage ratio. The Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain a leverage ratio of no more than 3.0 to 1.0 for the quarter ended December 31, 2015 and each period thereafter. The Company is also required to maintain an interest coverage ratio of no less than 5.00 to 1.0. The Company is in compliance with all covenants in the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2015. At December 31, 2015, the Company had $54.3 million of unused availability under the Credit Agreement and $0.7 million of letters of credit which have not been drawn upon. The fair value of the debt under this Credit Agreement is not materially different from its book value as of December 31, 2015. 9. Transactions Involving Former Owner of Productions Graphics The Company removed the former owner of Productions Graphics from his role as President of the Company’s French subsidiary in October 2013 for performance-related reasons, and he is no longer an employee of the Company. This individual had served in such role since the Company’s acquisition in 2011 of Productions Graphics, a European business then owned by this individual and an organization affiliated with him (collectively, the “Seller”). As of December 31, 2015, the Company had paid to the Seller €5.8 million (approximately $8.0 million) in fixed consideration and €7.1 million (approximately $9.4 million) in contingent earn-out consideration. There are certain potential disputes between the former owner of Productions Graphics and the Company relating to, among other things, the termination of his employment and the Productions Graphics acquisition agreement. In connection with such disputes, the Company initiated a review of this individual’s conduct in connection with certain transactions impacting the earn-out payments made to the Seller (collectively, the “Transactions”). As a result of the review, the Company concluded it was the victim of a fraud perpetrated by the former owner of Productions Graphics. Specifically, the Company concluded that the former owner of Productions Graphics artificially inflated the financial results of Productions Graphics in order to induce the Company to make earn-out payments of €1.2 and €5.9 million (approximately $1.6 million and $7.8 million, respectively) for the 2011 and 2012 earn-out measurement periods, respectively. He inflated the results by directing the issuance of fraudulent invoices to purported third-party customers and then, indirectly or directly, funded or reimbursed the third parties’ payments in respect of such invoices. The Company estimates that he issued approximately €6.9 million (approximately $9.0 million) of fraudulent invoices in 2011 and 2012, collectively, of which €5.7 million (approximately $7.5 million) was subsequently received by the Company. The Company has accounted for these aggregate payments as a partial refund of the earn-out consideration unduly paid to the Seller. The Company intends to seek to redress the harm caused by conduct of the former owner of Productions Graphics through appropriate legal proceedings. See Note 10 for further discussion of the legal matters relating to the former owner of Productions Graphics. 58 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 10. Commitments and Contingencies Lease Commitments The Company leases many of its office facilities for various terms under long-term, noncancelable operating lease agreements. The leases expire at various dates from fiscal year 2016 through fiscal year 2021. Future minimum lease payments are presented below (in thousands): 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter Total minimum lease payments Operating Leases 7,075 5,469 4,046 3,597 3,143 3,317 26,647 $ $ The Company recognizes rental expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The total rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $11.4 million, $10.0 million and $9.1 million, respectively, and is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. Secured Borrowing Arrangements Certain international subsidiaries are party to short-term secured borrowing arrangements which allow the Company to borrow against the value of a pool of current accounts receivable. The Company retains possession of the accounts receivable which are pledged as collateral. The pledged amounts are immaterial to the consolidated accounts receivable balance. Legal Contingencies In December 2010, e-Lynxx Corporation filed a complaint against the Company and numerous other defendants for patent infringement in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. As to the Company, the complaint alleges, among other things, that certain aspects of the Company’s PPM4 technology infringe on two patents owned by e-Lynxx purporting to cover a system and method for competitive pricing and procurement of customized goods and services, and seeks monetary damages, interest, costs, attorneys’ fees, punitive damages and a permanent injunction. In May 2013, e-Lynxx asserted that the monetary damages it seeks from the Company are in the range of $35 million to $88 million for the period from May 2009 through December 2012; e-Lynxx has not yet specified damages sought for 2013 and future periods. The Company disputes the allegations contained in e-Lynxx’s complaint and intends to vigorously defend this matter. Specifically, the Company contends that the patents at issue are invalid and not infringed, and, therefore, e-Lynxx is not entitled to any relief and the complaint should be dismissed. Further, even if e-Lynxx could establish liability, the Company contends that e-Lynxx is not entitled to the excessive monetary relief it seeks. On July 25, 2013, the court granted the Company’s motion for summary judgment, finding that the Company did not infringe the patents-in-suit. E-Lynxx filed a motion for reconsideration, which was denied. On March 5, 2014, e-Lynxx filed an appeal from the judgment entered in favor of the Company. On February 9, 2015, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment entered in favor of the Company. All deadlines for further appellate review have since passed and the judgment in favor of the Company became a final judgment; therefore, the Company has no liability in the matter and effective July 2015, the matter is closed. In October 2013, the Company removed the former owner of Productions Graphics from his role as President of Productions Graphics, the Company’s French subsidiary. He had been in that role since the Company’s 2011 acquisition of Productions Graphics, a European business then principally owned by him. In December 2013, the former owner of Productions Graphics initiated a wrongful termination claim in the Commercial Court of Paris seeking approximately €0.7 million (approximately $1.0 million) in fees and damages. In anticipation of this claim, in November 2013, he also obtained a judicial asset attachment order in the amount of €0.7 million (approximately ($1.0 million) as payment security; the attachment order was confirmed in January 2014, and the Company filed an appeal of the order. In March 2015, the appellate court ruled in the Company’s favor in the attachment proceedings, releasing all attachments. The Company disputes the allegations of the former owner of Productions Graphics and intends to vigorously defend these matters. In February 2014, based on a review the Company initiated into certain transactions associated with the former owner of Productions Graphics, the Company concluded that he had engaged in fraud by inflating the results of the Productions Graphics 59 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements business in order to induce the Company to pay him €7.1 million in contingent consideration pursuant to the acquisition agreement. In light of those findings, in February 2014 the Company filed a criminal complaint in France seeking to redress the harm caused by his conduct and this proceeding is currently pending. In addition, in September 2015 the Company initiated a civil claim in the Paris Commercial Court against the former owner of Production Graphics, seeking civil damages to redress these same harms. In addition to these pending matters, there may be other potential disputes between the Company and the former owner of Productions Graphics relating to the acquisition agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had paid €5.8 million (approximately $8.0 million) in fixed consideration and €7.1 million (approximately $9.4 million) in contingent consideration to the former owner of Productions Graphics; the remaining maximum contingent consideration for the earn-out period ending in 2015 was €34.5 million (approximately $37.6 million) and the Company has determined that none of this amount was earned and payable. In January 2014, a former finance employee of Productions Graphics initiated wrongful termination and overtime claims in the Labor Court of Boulogne-Billancourt, and he currently seeks damages of approximately €0.6 million (approximately $0.8 million). The Company disputes these allegations and intends to vigorously defend these matters. In addition, the Company’s criminal complaint in France, described above, seeks to redress harm caused by this former employee in light of his participation in the fraudulent transactions described above. The labor claim has been stayed in deference to the Company’s related criminal complaint. In February 2014, shortly following the Company’s announcement of its intention to restate certain historical financial statements, an individual filed a putative securities class action complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois entitled Van Noppen v. InnerWorkings et al. The complaint, as amended in July 2014, alleges that the Company and certain executive officers violated federal securities laws by making materially false or misleading statements or omissions, and by engaging in a scheme to defraud purchasers of securities, relating to the Company’s financial results and prospects. The purported misstatements and scheme relate to the Company’s inside sales initiative and the Productions Graphics business based in France. The complaint seeks unspecified damages, interest, attorneys’ fees and other costs. The Company and individual defendants dispute the claims and intend to vigorously defend the matter. On September 29, 2014, the Company and individual defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim. On September 30, 2015, the Court granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss, resulting in the dismissal with prejudice of all claims relating to the inside sales initiative. On December 12, 2014, the Company received a derivative demand letter on behalf of Tom Turberg, a purported stockholder, demanding that the Company’s Board of Directors investigate and take action on behalf of the Company against the executive officers named in the Van Noppen action as well as certain past and current members of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. The demand letter’s allegations relate to (i) the Company’s restatement of financial statements for the fourth quarter of 2011 through the third quarter of 2013, (ii) the Company’s use of gross revenue accounting, (iii) incentive compensation paid to executive officers in 2011 and 2012, (iv) allegations in the Van Noppen action, and (v) typographical errors in the 2013 Form 10-K. The demand letter has been forwarded to the Company’s Board of Directors for its review and handling. Any loss that the Company and individual defendants may incur as a result of these matters cannot be estimated. 60 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 11. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, under which deferred assets and liabilities are recognized based upon anticipated future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying values of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. The provision for income taxes consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (in thousands): Current income tax expense: Federal State Foreign Total current income tax expense Deferred income tax expense: Federal State Foreign Total deferred income tax expense (benefit) Income tax expense (benefit) Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ — $ 324 5,021 5,345 3,811 499 3,010 7,320 $ 12,665 $ 237 197 4,071 4,505 87 3 (2,282) (2,192) 2,313 $ $ (1,803) (316) 2,216 97 2,824 449 (3,926) (653) (556) The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 differs from the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 35% to pretax income (loss) because of the effect of the following items (in thousands): Tax expense at U.S. federal income tax rate State income taxes, net of federal income tax effect Effect of non-US operations Nontaxable contingent liability fair value changes and goodwill impairment Research and development credit Change in valuation allowances Prior year provision to return adjustment Write-off of deferred taxes and tax receivables Nondeductible expense and other Income tax expense (benefit) Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 (6,886) 541 (306) 13,083 (422) 5,173 372 858 252 12,665 16,371 1,465 (1,632) (14,334) (376) 850 (172) — 141 2,313 (3,226) 205 (644) 3,828 (1,046) 607 — — (280) (556) 61 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax return reporting purposes. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 Current deferred tax assets: Reserves and allowances not currently deductible $ — $ Other Total current deferred tax assets Noncurrent deferred tax assets: Inventory reserve Other reserves and allowances Income tax basis in excess of financial statement basis in intangible assets Deductible stock-based compensation Net operating loss carryforward Tax credit carryforwards Valuation allowance Total noncurrent deferred tax assets Total deferred tax assets Total current deferred tax liability: Prepaid & other expenses Total current deferred tax liability Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities: Prepaid & other expenses Fixed assets Intangible assets Total noncurrent deferred tax liabilities Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liability Net current deferred tax asset Net noncurrent deferred tax liability Net deferred tax liability — — 838 2,993 4,267 4,615 8,667 2,099 23,479 (6,500) 16,979 16,979 — — (867) (6,013) (22,411) (29,291) (29,291) 1,858 77 1,935 — — 5,235 4,740 10,984 1,338 22,297 (1,604) 20,693 22,628 (116) (116) — (4,931) (21,825) (26,756) (26,872) $ $ $ (12,312) $ (4,244) — $ (12,312) (12,312) $ 1,819 (6,063) (4,244) As discussed in Note 2, the Company adopted ASU 2015-17 on a prospective basis as of December 31, 2015, and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in the table above have been reclassified as noncurrent deferred taxes on the consolidated balance sheet. Since the Company adopted the ASU on a prospective basis, the 2014 balances above have not been restated. The realizability of deferred income tax assets is based on a more likely than not standard. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance must be established against the deferred income tax assets. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent primarily on the generation of future taxable income. In considering the need for a valuation allowance the Company considers historical, as well as future projected, taxable income along with other positive and negative evidence in assessing the realizability of its deferred tax assets. 62 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded net increases in its valuation allowances of $5.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has gross federal and state net operating loss (“NOLs”) carryforwards of $14.9 million and $14.0 million, respectively. The federal carryovers begin to expire in 2023, and the state carryovers begin to expire in 2022. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes an annual limitation on the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards related to acquired corporations based on a statutory rate of return (usually the “applicable federal funds rate” as defined in the Internal Revenue Code) and the value of the corporation at the time of a “change in ownership” as defined by Section 382. The Company’s total federal NOL as of December 31, 2015 includes $0.6 million of NOLs from acquired corporations. These acquired NOLs have an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of $0.2 million. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had gross NOLs in France, Italy, Chile and Switzerland of $16.4 million, $1.6 million, $2.8 million and $1.5 million, respectively, which have an indefinite carryover period. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had gross federal and state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $1.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The federal carryovers begin to expire in 2031, and the state carryovers begin to expire in 2015. As a result of certain realization requirements of ASC 718, Stock-Based Compensation, the Company has not recorded certain deferred tax assets that arose directly from tax deductions related to equity compensation that are greater than the compensation recognized for financial reporting. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has $13.8 million and $11.3 million in federal and state tax deductions, respectively, related to these stock option exercises which have not been recorded but are available to reduce taxable income in future periods. These deductions will be recorded to additional paid in capital in the period in which they are realized. The Company's intention is to indefinitely reinvest all undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in accordance with ASC 740. Deferred income taxes were not calculated on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries, which were $26.1 million and $8.9 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability on the undistributed earnings considered indefinitely reinvested is not practicable. If the undistributed earnings were to be remitted to the Company, foreign tax credits would be available to reduce any U.S. tax due upon repatriation. The Company's income (loss) before taxes on foreign operations was $(29.5) million, $15.4 million and $(13.8) million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 12. Fair Value Measurement ASC 820 includes a fair value hierarchy that is intended to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related disclosures. The fair value hierarchy is based on observable or unobservable inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value. Observable inputs reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon its own market assumptions. The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels: • • • Level 1: Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2: Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and market- corroborated inputs, which are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. Level 3: Inputs that are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are unobservable. The Company's potential contingent consideration payments relating to acquisitions occurring subsequent to January 1, 2009 are its only Level 3 liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The fair value of the liabilities determined by this analysis is primarily driven by the probability of reaching the performance measures required by the purchase agreements and the associated discount rate. Probabilities are estimated by reviewing financial forecasts and assessing the likelihood of reaching the required performance measures based on factors specific to each acquisition as well as the Company’s historical experience with similar arrangements. If an acquisition reaches the required performance measure, the estimated probability would be increased to 100%, and if the measure is not reached, the probability would be reduced to reflect the amount earned, if any, depending on the terms of the agreement. Discount rates are determined by applying a risk premium to a risk-free interest rate. A one percentage point increase 63 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the discount rate across all contingent consideration liabilities would result in a decrease to the fair value of approximately $0.3 million. The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the basis of measurement at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively (in thousands): At December 31, 2015 Assets: Money market funds(1) Liabilities: Contingent consideration At December 31, 2014 Assets: Money market funds(1) Liabilities: Contingent consideration Total Fair Value Measurement Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) $ $ 667 $ 667 $ — $ — (22,162) $ — $ — $ (22,162) Total Fair Value Measurement Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) $ $ 667 $ 667 $ — $ — (32,582) $ — $ — $ (32,582) (1) Included in cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet. The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2013 Contingent consideration payments paid in cash Contingent consideration payments paid in stock Change in fair value(1) Reclass to Due to seller Foreign exchange impact(2) Balance at December 31, 2014 Contingent consideration payments paid in cash Contingent consideration payments paid in stock Change in fair value(1) Foreign exchange impact(2) Balance at December 31, 2015 Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Contingent Consideration $ $ (87,333) 5,769 9,133 37,874 402 1,573 (32,582) 8,010 1,570 270 570 (22,162) (1) Adjustments to original contingent consideration obligations recorded were the result of using revised financial forecasts and updated fair value measurements. These changes are recognized within operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. (2) Changes in the contingent consideration liability which are caused by foreign exchange rate fluctuations are recognized in other comprehensive income. 64 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 13. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average shares outstanding plus share equivalents that would arise from the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted common shares and other contingently issuable shares. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, 3.2 million, 2.4 million and 4.3 million options and restricted common shares were excluded from the calculation as these options and restricted common shares were anti-dilutive. The computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): Numerator: Net income (loss) Denominator: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ (32,338) $ 44,462 $ (8,660) Denominator for basic earnings per share—weighted-average shares outstanding 52,791 52,096 50,875 Effect of dilutive securities: Employee stock options and restricted common shares Contingently issuable shares Denominator for diluted earnings per share Basic earnings (loss) per share Diluted earnings (loss) per share 14. Share Repurchase Program — — 924 84 — — 52,791 53,104 50,875 $ $ (0.61) $ (0.61) $ 0.85 0.84 $ $ (0.17) (0.17) On February 12, 2015, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $20 million of its common stock through open market and privately negotiated transactions over a two-year period. The timing and amount of any share repurchases will be determined based on market conditions, share price and other factors, and the program may be discontinued or suspended at any time. Repurchases will be made in compliance with SEC rules and other legal requirements. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company repurchased 763,787 shares of its common stock for an aggregate amount of $4.9 million at an average cost of $6.41 per share. Shares repurchased under this program are recorded at acquisition cost, including related expenses. 65 15. Stock-Based Compensation Plans In 2006, the Company adopted the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Plan"). Upon adoption, all previously existing plans were merged into the Plan and ceased to separately exist. The Plan was amended and restated effective June 2014 resulting in an increase in the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the Plan by 2,200,000, from 5,650,000 to 7,850,000. The Company’s policy is to issue shares resulting from the exercise of stock options and conversion of restricted stock as new shares. The Company recorded $5.9 million, $5.4 million and $4.7 million in compensation expense related to stock-based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. All stock-based compensation expense is recorded net of an estimated forfeiture rate and adjusted to reflect actual forfeiture activity. The estimated forfeiture rates applied as of December 31, 2015 ranged from 7.0% to 8.0% for various types of employees. The Company recorded $1.0 million, $0.5 million and $0.5 million of additional stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for awards vested which exceeded the expense recorded using the estimated forfeiture rate. Stock Options Eligible employees receive non-qualified stock options as a portion of their total compensation. The options vest over various time periods depending upon the grant, but generally vest ratably over a four to five year service period. Vested options may be exercised and converted to one share of the Company’s common stock in exchange for the exercise price which is generally equal to the share price on the grant date. The Company measures the compensation cost based on the Black-Scholes option valuation model at the grant date. The stock-based compensation expense related to stock options for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $2.4 million, $1.7 million and $2.1 million, respectively. A summary of stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): Outstanding at December 31, 2012 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2013 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2014 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at December 31, 2015 Options vested and exercisable at December 31, 2015 Outstanding Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price $ 3,921 227 (415) (179) 3,554 779 (162) (125) 4,046 975 (405) (556) 4,060 2,467 $ $ 5.07 14.60 4.83 8.97 8.52 7.23 4.82 4.11 8.35 6.87 2.95 9.58 8.37 8.80 Aggregate Intrinsic Value 28,048 $ — 3,190 — 4,779 — 3,302 — 4,725 — 1,604 — 2,760 2,026 $ $ 66 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The weighted-average fair values and ranges of exercise prices for stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, which vest ratably from one to five years, are as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): 2013 2014 2015 Options Granted 227 779 975 Weighted-Average Fair Value $ 5.58 3.57 3.39 Exercise Prices $10.76 - $15.05 $7.18 - $8.72 $6.21 - $8.20 Vested options totaled 2.5 million, 2.7 million and 2.6 million as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of each fiscal year and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. These amounts change based on the fair market value of the Company’s stock which was $7.50, $7.79 and $7.79 on the last business day of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The following assumptions were utilized in the Black-Scholes valuation model for options granted in 2015, 2014 and 2013: Dividend yield Risk-free interest rate Expected life Volatility 2015 — 1.92%-2.12% 6 years 50.0% 2014 — 1.32%-2.17% 6 years 38.0%-50.0% 2013 — 1.32%-1.41% 6 years 38.0% Expected term is estimated based on historical experience related to similar awards, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the stock-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior. The Company believes that its historical experience provides the best estimate of future expected life. The risk-free interest rate is based on actual U.S. Treasury zero-coupon rates for bonds commensurate with the expected term. The expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock over a period commensurate with the expected term. There was $5.6 million, $5.8 million and $2.9 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to the stock options granted under the Plan as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.8, 2.4 and 2.6 years, respectively. The following table summarizes information about all stock options outstanding for the Company as of December 31, 2015 (share amounts in thousands): Options Outstanding Options Vested Exercise Price $2.36 - $4.92 $5.19 - $7.95 $8.07 - $11.97 $12.10 - $16.41 Restricted Common Shares Number Outstanding Weighted- Average Life Remaining (Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Number Exercisable Weighted- Average Exercise Price 264 2,366 588 842 4,060 1.07 7.04 5.56 4.46 $ $ 4.48 6.69 9.38 13.61 8.37 $ 264 998 511 694 2,467 $ 4.48 6.29 9.36 13.65 8.80 Eligible employees receive restricted common shares as a portion of their total compensation. The restricted common shares vest over various time periods depending upon the grant, but generally vest from zero to five years and convert to common stock at the conclusion of the vesting period. The Company measures the compensation cost based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date. The stock-based compensation expense related to restricted common shares for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $3.5 million, $3.6 million and $2.6 million, respectively. 67 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements A summary of restricted share activity is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): Outstanding Restricted Common Shares Weighted- Average Grant- Date Fair Value Nonvested Restricted Common shares at December 31, 2012 692 $ Granted Vested and transferred to unrestricted common stock Forfeited Nonvested Restricted Common shares at December 31, 2013 Granted Vested and transferred to unrestricted common stock Forfeited Nonvested Restricted Common shares at December 31, 2014 Granted Vested and transferred to unrestricted common stock Forfeited Nonvested Restricted Common shares at December 31, 2015 448 (278) (127) 735 736 (362) (19) 1,090 688 (465) (356) 957 $ 8.95 11.46 9.22 8.56 10.45 7.59 8.90 8.02 8.92 6.90 8.40 8.19 7.66 There was $6.9 million, $8.9 million $4.5 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to the restricted common shares as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.7, 2.4 and 2.9 years, as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 16. Benefit Plans The Company adopted a 401(k) savings plan effective February 1, 2005, covering all of the Company’s employees upon completion of 90 days of service. Employees may contribute a percentage of eligible compensation on both a before-tax basis and after-tax basis. The Company has the right to make discretionary contributions to the plan. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, total costs incurred from the Company’s contributions to the 401(k) plan were $1.0 million, $1.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively. 17. Related Party Transactions Agreements and Services with Related Parties The Company provides print procurement services to Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. J. Patrick Gallagher, Jr., a member of the Company’s Board of Directors since August 2011, is the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. and has a direct ownership interest in Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. The total amount billed for such procurement services during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $1.7 million, $1.7 million and $0.7 million, respectively. Additionally, Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. provides insurance brokerage and risk management services to the Company. As consideration for these services, Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. billed the Company $0.6 million, $0.6 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The net amounts receivable from Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. as of December 31, 2015 was $0.2 million and were immaterial as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. 68 18. Supplemental Cash Flow Information Supplemental cash flow information is as follows (in thousands): Cash paid for: Interest Income taxes Noncash investing and financing activities: Shares issued as payments for acquisitions Shares issued as payment of contingent consideration 19. Business Segments Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ $ 4,306 3,863 8,169 $ $ 3,790 6,855 10,645 $ $ — $ 1,570 1,570 $ — $ 9,034 9,034 $ 2,415 811 3,226 2,489 2,723 5,212 Segment information is prepared on the same basis that our CEO, who is our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), manages the segments, evaluates financial results, and makes key operating decisions. The Company is organized and managed as three business segments: North America, Latin America, and EMEA. The North America segment includes operations in the United States and Canada; the Latin America segment includes operations in Mexico, South America and Central America; and the EMEA segment includes operations in the United Kingdom, continental Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. “Other” consists of intersegment eliminations, shared service activities and unallocated corporate expenses. All transactions between segments are presented at their gross amounts and eliminated through Other. Management evaluates the performance of its operating segments based on net revenues and Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. The accounting policies of each of the operating segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in Note 2. Adjusted EBITDA represents income from operations excluding depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, income/expense related to changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities and other items as described below. Management does not evaluate the performance of its operating segments using asset measures. The identifiable assets by segment disclosed in this note are those assets specifically identifiable within each segment and include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, goodwill and intangible assets. Shared service assets are primarily comprised of short- term investments, capitalized internal-use software and net property and equipment of the corporate headquarters. 69 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The table below presents financial information for our reportable operating segments and Other for the fiscal years noted (in thousands): Fiscal 2015: Net revenues from third parties Net revenues from other segments Total net revenues Adjusted EBITDA(1) Total assets Fiscal 2014: Net revenues from third parties Net revenues from other segments Total net revenues Adjusted EBITDA(1) Total assets Fiscal 2013: Net revenues from third parties Net revenues from other segments Total net revenues Adjusted EBITDA(1) Total assets North America Latin America EMEA Other Total $ $ 708,532 7 708,539 64,612 390,739 688,942 48 688,990 57,662 443,530 657,989 33 658,022 51,873 431,562 $ 95,939 1,422 97,361 6,380 45,053 99,734 429 100,163 5,273 30,488 88,016 1,270 89,286 3,098 29,841 224,882 7,269 232,151 8,655 150,007 211,457 5,160 216,617 5,893 135,257 144,955 75 145,030 764 119,531 $ — $ 1,029,353 — 1,029,353 51,896 608,467 (8,698) (8,698) (27,751) 22,668 — (5,637) (5,637) (25,990) 21,976 — (1,378) (1,378) (28,834) 33,733 1,000,133 — 1,000,133 42,838 631,251 890,960 — 890,960 26,901 614,667 (1) Adjusted EBITDA, which represents income from operations with the addition of depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, income/expense related to changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities, goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges, restructuring and other charges, secured assets reserves and legal fees from patent infringement defense, is considered a non-GAAP financial measure under SEC regulations. Income from operations is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. The Company presents this measure as supplemental information to help investors better understand trends in its business results over time. The Company's management team uses Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate the performance of the business. Adjusted EBITDA is not equivalent to any measure of performance required to be reported under GAAP, nor should this data be considered an indicator of the Company's overall financial performance and liquidity. Moreover, the Adjusted EBITDA definition the Company uses may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. The table below reconciles the total of the reportable segments' Adjusted EBITDA and the Adjusted EBITDA included in Other to consolidated income before income taxes (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 Adjusted EBITDA Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation Change in fair value of contingent consideration Goodwill impairment charge Intangible asset impairment charges Restructuring and other charges Secured asset reserve(1) Restatement-related professional fees Payments to former owner of Productions Graphics, net of cash recovered Legal fees in connection with patent infringement Total other expense Income (loss) before income taxes $ $ $ 51,896 (17,472) (5,873) 270 (37,539) (202) (1,053) (2,022) — — — (7,678) (19,673) $ 42,838 (17,723) (5,352) 37,873 — (2,710) — (940) (2,093) — — (5,118) 46,775 $ $ 26,901 (13,664) (4,733) 31,331 (37,908) — (4,322) — — (2,625) (961) (3,235) (9,216) (1) The Company accrued a reserve of $2.0 million and $0.9 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively, on inventory in which it holds a security interest. The inventory was procured for a former transactional client. 70 InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The Company had long-lived assets, consisting of net property and equipment, in the United States of $22.1 million, $21.5 million and $18.1 million at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Long-lived assets in foreign countries were $10.6 million, $8.3 million and $5.6 million at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Company does not record revenue for financial reporting purposes by product and service category, and therefore, it is impracticable for the Company to report revenue in such manner. 20. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) The tables below are a condensed summary of the Company’s unaudited quarterly statements of operations and quarterly earnings per share data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands, except per share data): Revenue Gross profit Net income (loss) Net income (loss) per share: Basic Diluted Year Ended December 31, 2015 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter $ $ $ 242,095 55,065 1,139 0.02 0.02 $ $ $ 252,227 58,980 1,431 0.03 0.03 $ $ $ 264,720 63,611 4,983 0.09 0.09 $ $ $ Fourth Quarter(1) 270,311 62,538 (39,891) (0.75) (0.75) (1) The results for the fourth quarter of 2015 include a goodwill impairment charge of $37.5 million. For additional information related to the goodwill impairment, see Note 4. Revenue Gross profit Net income (loss) Net income (loss) per share: Basic Diluted Year Ended December 31, 2014 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter $ $ $ 241,490 54,584 289 0.01 0.01 $ $ $ 260,350 58,927 1,605 0.03 0.03 $ $ $ 251,652 57,098 5,114 0.10 0.10 $ $ $ Fourth Quarter(1) 246,641 58,850 37,454 0.71 0.69 (1) The results for the fourth quarter of 2014 include income of $36.1 million relating to changes in the fair value of contingent consideration. This amount primarily consists of $31.0 million and $5.6 million to reduce the liabilities relating to the DB Studios and Productions Graphics acquisitions, respectively, because changes in the forecasted results of each business resulted in a decreased likelihood that the applicable performance targets would be achieved and that contingent consideration would be paid. 71 SCHEDULE II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (in thousands) Description Fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 Allowance for doubtful accounts Fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 Allowance for doubtful accounts Fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 Allowance for doubtful accounts Balance at Beginning of Period Charged to Expense (Uncollectible Accounts Written Off, Net of Recoveries) Other Balance at End of Period $ $ $ 2,685 2,129 1,554 $ $ $ 1,949 1,984 1,285 $ $ $ (3,403) $ (1,427) $ (710) $ — $ — $ — $ 1,231 2,685 2,129 72 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Management assessed the design and effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015 based on criteria in Internal Control –Integrated Framework issued by the COSO. As required under this Item 9A, the management's report titled “Management's Assessment of Control over Financial Reporting” is set forth in “Item 8 - Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and is incorporated herein by reference. Attestation Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm As required under this Item 9A, the auditor’s attestation report titled “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” is set forth in "Item 8 - Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" and is incorporated herein by reference. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting In the third quarter of 2013, we began the implementation of a new global enterprise resource planning system. This multi- year initiative will be conducted in phases and will include modifications to the design and operation of controls over financial reporting. We are testing internal controls over financial reporting for design effectiveness prior to implementation of each phase, and we have monitoring controls in place over the implementation of these changes. 73 There have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a–15(f) and 15d–15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None. 74 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III Certain information required by this Item 10 relating to our directors and executive officers is incorporated by reference herein from our 2016 proxy statement to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. We have adopted a code of ethics, which is posted in the Investor Relations section of our website at http://www.inwk.com. We intend to include on our website any amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of the code of ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, or controller that relates to any element of the code of ethics definition contained in Item 406(b) of SEC Regulation S-K. In addition, our board of directors has adopted corporate governance guidelines, which are also posted in the Investor Relations section of our website at http://www.inwk.com. Item 11. Executive Compensation Certain information required by this Item 11 relating to remuneration of directors and executive officers and other transactions involving management is incorporated by reference herein from our 2016 proxy statement to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Securities Authorized For Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans The following table sets forth information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands, except. Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options (a) Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)) 4,060 $ — 4,060 $ 8.37 — 8.37 677 (2) — 677 Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders(1) Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders(3) Total (1) (2) (3) Includes our 2004 Unit Option Plan, which was merged with our 2006 Stock Incentive Plan. Includes shares remaining available for future issuance under our 2006 Stock Incentive Plan. There are no equity compensation plans in place not approved by our stockholders. Certain information required by this Item 12 relating to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated by reference herein from our 2016 proxy statement to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Certain information required by this Item 13 relating to certain relationships and related transactions and director independence is incorporated by reference herein from our 2016 proxy statement to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. 75 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Certain information required by this Item 14 regarding principal accounting fees and services is incorporated by reference herein from the section entitled “Matters Concerning Our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in our 2016 proxy statement to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. 76 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules PART IV (a) (1) Financial Statements: Reference is made to the Index to Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule in the section entitled “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (2) Financial Statement Schedule: Reference is made to the Index to Financial Statements and Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts in the section entitled “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Schedules not listed above are omitted because they are not required or because the required information is given in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. (3) Exhibits: Exhibits are as set forth in the section entitled “Exhibit Index” which follows the section entitled “Signatures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain of the exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index have been previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such exhibits are identified by the parenthetical references following the listing of each such exhibit and are incorporated by reference. Exhibits which are incorporated herein by reference can be inspected and copied at the public reference rooms maintained by the SEC in Washington, D.C., New York, New York, and Chicago, Illinois. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference rooms. SEC filings are also available to the public from commercial document retrieval services and at the Web site maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. 77 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES INNERWORKINGS, INC. By: Title: / S / ERIC D. BELCHER Eric D. Belcher Chief Executive Officer and President KNOWN BY ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that the individuals whose signatures appear below hereby constitute and appoint Eric D. Belcher and Jeffrey P. Pritchett, and each of them severally, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents with full power of substitution and resubsitution for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead in any and all capacities to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, full power and authority to do or perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or of his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do to cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date / S / ERIC D. BELCHER President, Chief Executive Officer and Director March 10, 2016 Eric D. Belcher (principal executive officer) / S / JEFFREY P. PRITCHETT Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer) March 10, 2016 Jeffrey P. Pritchett / S / JACK M. GREENBERG Chairman of the Board March 10, 2016 Jack M. Greenberg / S / LINDA S. WOLF Director Linda S. Wolf / S / CHARLES K. BOBRINSKOY Director Charles K. Bobrinskoy / S / JULIE M. HOWARD Director Julie M. Howard / S / DAVID FISHER Director David Fisher / S / J. PATRICK GALLAGHER Director J. Patrick Gallagher / S / DANIEL M. FRIEDBERG Director Daniel M. Friedberg 78 March 10, 2016 March 10, 2016 March 10, 2016 March 10, 2016 March 10, 2016 March 10, 2016 Exhibit No. 3.1 Description Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.(1) EXHIBIT INDEX 3.2 4.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 Amended and Restated By-Laws.(1) Specimen Common Stock Certificate.(2) InnerWorkings, LLC 2004 Unit Option Plan.(2)† InnerWorkings, Inc. 2006 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective June 13, 2014.(4)† Form of InnerWorkings Restricted Stock Award Agreement.(3)† Form of Stock Option Award Agreement.(1)† InnerWorkings, Inc. Annual Incentive Plan.(2)† Stock Option Grant Agreement dated October 1, 2005 between InnerWorkings, Inc. and Jack M. Greenberg.(3)† Form of Indemnification Agreement.(2) Amended and Restated Employment Agreement entered into as of December 19, 2013 by and between Eric D. Belcher and InnerWorkings, Inc.(5)† Amended and Restated Employment Agreement effective as of April 30, 2012 by and between Joseph Busky and InnerWorkings, Inc.(6)† Credit Agreement, dated as of August 2, 2010, by and among InnerWorkings, Inc., as borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as syndication agent, PNC Bank, National Association, as documentation agent, and the other lenders party thereto.(7) First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of April 20, 2012, by and among InnerWorkings, Inc., as borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as syndication agent, PNC Bank, National Association, as documentation agent, and the other lenders party hereto.(8) 10.12 Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of September 25, 2014, by and among InnerWorkings, Inc., the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent.(9) 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement effective as of April 11, 2014 by and between John Eisel and InnerWorkings, Inc.(10)† Employee Agreement entered into as of June 30, 2015 by and between InnerWorkings, Inc. and Jeffrey P. Pritchett.(11)† Employee Agreement entered into as of August 23, 2012 by and between InnerWorkings, Inc. and Ronald Provenzano.† Transition Agreement dated as of January 19, 2015 by and between InnerWorkings, Inc. and Joseph Busky and InnerWorkings, Inc.(12)† 79  Exhibit No. Description 21.1 Subsidiaries of InnerWorkings, Inc. 23.1 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP. 31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002. 31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Incorporated by reference to Form S-1 Registration Statement (File No. 333-139811). Incorporated by reference to Form S-1 Registration Statement (File No. 333-133950). Incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 28, 2008. Incorporated by reference to 2014 Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 24, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 20, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 3, 2012. Incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 6, 2010. Incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 26, 2012. Incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 14, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 6, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 20, 2015. † Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement of the Company. 80 Subsidiaries of InnerWorkings, Inc. Exhibit 21.1 Name of Subsidiary United States Subsidiaries DB Studios, Inc. E-Corporate Printers, Inc. EYELEVEL, Inc. INWK EMEA, LLC INWK Holdings LLC InnerWorkings Luxembourg IP S.à r.l. LLC Lightning Golf and Promotions, Inc. Print Systems, Inc. Productions Graphics Group Screened Images, Inc. Foreign Subsidiaries Cirqit Colombia LTDA Cirqit de Costa Rica S.A. Cirqit de El Salvador, S. de R.L. De C.V. Cirqit de Guatemala S.A. Cirqit De Honduras S. de R.L. De C.V. Cirqit Latam de Venezuela Cirqit S.A. Cirqit Servicios de Impresion CPRO de Servicios Limitada CPRO de Servicios S.A. etrinsic Limited French Branch Eyelevel Distribution Services EYELEVEL Limited EYELEVEL, LLC EYELEVEL Retail Solutions Consultoria Ltda EYELEVEL Solution Pty Ltd EYELEVEL Solutions LTD. EYELEVEL s.r.o. Guangzhou InnerWorkings Trading Company Limited Iconomedia Sarl InnerWorkings Andina S.A.S. InnerWorkings Asia Pacific InnerWorkings Belgium SPRL/BVBA InnerWorkings Brasil Gerenciamento de Impressoes InnerWorkings Canada InnerWorkings Colombia S.A.S. InnerWorkings Comercio de Producto de Marketing Ltda. InnerWorkings Deutschland Gmbh InnerWorkings Danmark A/S Place of Formation California Illinois Oregon Delaware Delaware Delaware Maryland Michigan Delaware New Jersey Colombia Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Venezuela Ecuador Chile Chile Argentina France Czech Republic Hong Kong Russia Brazil Australia United Kingdom Czech Republic China France Colombia Hong Kong Belgium Brazil Canada Colombia Brazil Germany Denmark InnerWorkings Dubai InnerWorkings EMEA Holdings LP InnerWorkings Europe Limited InnerWorkings France InnerWorkings Global Limited InnerWorkings Holdings Europe Limited InnerWorkings Hong Kong Ltd InnerWorkings India Private Limited InnerWorkings Ireland InnerWorkings Instanbul Grafik, Reklam, Iletisim ve Matbaa Hizmetleri Ticaret Limited Sirketi InnerWorkings Italia S.R.L. InnerWorkings Latin America, S.L. InnerWorkings Luxembourg IP S.à r.l. InnerWorkings Nederland BV InnerWorkings (NI) Limited InnerWorkings Peru S.A.C. InnerWorkings Polska Spolka z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia InnerWorkings Portugal Unipessoal, LDA InnerWorkings Russia LLA InnerWorkings Singapore Private Limited InnerWorkings South Africa (Pty) Ltd. InnerWorkings Trading & Commerce Company Limited InnerWorkings Ukraine Limited Liability Company INWK Mexico S de R.L. De C.V. INWK Panama S.A. INWK Puerto Rico Inc. INWK Republica Dominicana S.R.S. INWK Switzerland GmbH Mania Holdings Limited Merchandise Mania Limited PPA International Limited Professional Packaging Services (Holding) Limited Professional Packaging Services Limited Productions Grand Format Productions Graphics Agencement et Volume Productions Graphics Canada Productions Graphics Centrale Europe Productions Graphics Hellas Productions Graphics Iberia Productions Graphics UK Taizhou EYELEVEL Store Fixtures Co., Ltd United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Kingdom France United Kingdom United Kingdom China India Ireland Turkey Italy Spain Luxembourg Netherlands United Kingdom Peru Poland Portugal Russia Singapore South Africa China Turkey Ukraine Mexico Panama Puerto Rico Dominican Republic Switzerland United Kingdom United Kingdom Hong Kong United Kingdom United Kingdom France France Canada Hungary Greece Spain United Kingdom China Exhibit 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1) Registration Statements (Form S-3 Nos. 333-198721, 333-196758, 333-177535, 333-180423, 333-181815, 333-184362 and 333-190638) of InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries, and (2) Registration Statements (Form S-8 Nos. 333-196759, 333-137173, 333-165363, 333-175103, and 333-183311) pertaining to the InnerWorkings, Inc. 2006 Stock Incentive Plan; of our reports dated March 10, 2016, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and schedule of InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries, and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of InnerWorkings, Inc. and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2015. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Chicago, Illinois March 10, 2016 Exhibit 31.1 CERTIFICATION I, Eric D. Belcher, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of InnerWorkings, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. By: / S / ERIC D. BELCHER Eric D. Belcher Chief Executive Officer Date: March 10, 2016 Exhibit 31.2 CERTIFICATION I, Jeffrey P. Pritchett, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of InnerWorkings, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. By: / S / JEFFREY P. PRITCHETT Jeffrey P. Pritchett Chief Financial Officer Date: March 10, 2016 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report of InnerWorkings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2015, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), we, Eric D. Belcher, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Jeffrey P. Pritchett, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to our knowledge, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. By: By: / S / ERIC D. BELCHER Eric D. Belcher Chief Executive Officer / S / JEFFREY P. PRITCHETT Jeffrey P. Pritchett Chief Financial Officer Date: March 10, 2016 EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT THIS EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is entered into this 23rd day of August, 2012 (the “Effective Date”), by and between InnerWorkings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and Ronald Provenzano (“Executive”). 1. Employment: Position and Duties. The Company agrees to employ Executive, and Executive agrees to be employed by the Company, upon the terms and conditions of this Agreement. Executive shall be employed by the Company as the General Counsel of the Company. Executive will report directly to the Chief Executive Officer of the Company. In this capacity, Executive agrees to devote his full time, energy and skill to the faithful performance of his duties herein, and shall perform the duties and carry out the responsibilities assigned to him to the best of his ability and in a diligent, businesslike and efficient manner. Executive’s duties shall include all those duties customarily performed by a General Counsel of a company similar to Company, as well as those additional duties that may be reasonably assigned by the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors. Executive shall comply with any policies and procedures established for Company employees, including, without limitation, those policies and procedures contained in the Company’s employee handbook. 2. Term of Employment. Executive’s start date with the Company shall be September 4, 2012. This Agreement may be terminated by Executive or the Company’s Chief Executive Officer or Board of Directors, at any time, with or without Cause (as defined below). Upon the termination of Executive’s employment with the Company for any reason, neither party shall have any further obligation or liability under this Agreement to the other party, except as set forth in Sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15 and 16, and 17 of this Agreement. 3. Compensation. Executive shall be compensated by the Company for his services as follows: (a) Base Salary. During the first four months of Executive’s employment with the Company, Executive shall be paid a base salary (“Base Salary”) of $20,833 per month (or $250,000 on an annualized basis), subject to applicable withholding, in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll procedures. Effective January 1, 2013, Executive’s Base Salary will be increased to $25,000 per month (or $300,000 on an annualized basis). Thereafter, starting in 2014, during the Company’s annual review process (to take place in the first quarter of the applicable calendar year), Executive’s Base Salary shall be reviewed on an annual basis for possible increase (but not decrease) based on the Company’s operating results and financial condition, salaries paid to other Company executives, and general marketplace and other applicable considerations. Such increased Base Salary, if any, shall then constitute Executive’s “Base Salary” for purposes of this Agreement. (b) Benefits. During the term of this Agreement, Executive shall have the right, on the same basis as other members of senior management of the Company, to participate in and to receive benefits under any of the Company’s employee benefit plans, insurance programs and/or indemnification agreements, as may be in effect from time to time, subject to any applicable waiting periods and other restrictions. In addition, Executive shall be entitled to the benefits afforded to other members of the senior executive team under the Company’s holiday and business expense reimbursement policies. Executive shall receive 4 weeks of vacation per year pursuant to the Company’s vacation policies. In addition, Company shall reimburse Executive for the full amount of his insurance costs should he elect to participate in the Company’s health insurance programs. (c) Bonuses. Starting for the 2012 fiscal year, in addition to the Base Salary, Executive shall be eligible to receive bonus at a target of not less than fifty percent (50%) of his Base Salary. The Company will set Executive’s performance goals and bonus criteria at the beginning of each year, and the Performance Bonuses shall have a target payment date within 2-1/2 months following the end of the applicable fiscal year of the Company, but in no event shall the Performance Bonus be paid later than 4 months from the end of the fiscal year on which the Performance Bonus is based. The Performance Bonus is intended to qualify for the short-term deferral exception to Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). (d) Equity Grant. On or about Executive’s first day of Employment, Executive will receive stock based compensation under and pursuant to the Company Stock Incentive Plan (50% stock options/50% restricted shares) equivalent to $750,000 in value, vesting ratably over a five year period on the anniversary date of the grant (i.e. $150,000 per year in value). (e) Expenses. In addition to reimbursement for business expenses incurred by Executive in the normal and ordinary course of his employment by the Company pursuant to the Company’s standard business expense reimbursement policies and procedures, the Company shall reimburse Executive for the full amount of his insurance costs should he elect to participate in the Company’s health insurance program (s). 4. Benefits Upon Termination. (a) Termination for Cause or Termination for Other than Good Reason. In the event of the termination of Executive’s employment by the Company for Cause (as defined below), the termination of Executive’s employment by reason of his death or disability, or the termination of Executive’s employment by Executive for any reason other than Good Reason (as defined below), Executive shall be entitled to no further compensation or benefits from the Company following the date of termination, except the Accrued Obligations, which Accrued Obligations shall be paid to the Executive within thirty (30) days following the date of termination. For purposes of this Agreement, the Executive’s “Accrued Obligations” include, to the extent not theretofore paid: (i) the Executive’s Base Salary earned through the date of termination; (ii) the Executive’s Benefits, vested or earned through the date of termination; (iii) the Executive’s Performance Bonus for the fiscal year immediately preceding the fiscal year in which the date of termination occurs if such award has been earned but has not been paid as of the date of termination; (iv) the Executive’s vested restricted stock, stock options or other long-term or equity-based incentive compensation; and (v) the Executive’s business expenses that have not been reimbursed by the Company as of the date of termination that were incurred by the Executive prior to the date of termination in accordance with the applicable Company policy. For purposes of this Agreement, a termination for “Cause” occurs if Executive’s employment is terminated by the Company for any of the following reasons: (A) theft, dishonesty, or falsification of any employment or Company records by Executive; (B) the determination by the Board that Executive has committed an act or acts constituting a felony or any act involving moral turpitude; (C) the determination by the Board that Executive has engaged in willful misconduct or gross negligence that has had a material adverse effect on the Company’s reputation or business; or (D) the continuing material breach by Executive of any provision of this Agreement after receipt of written notice of such breach from the Board and a reasonable opportunity to cure such breach. For purposes of this Agreement, a termination by the Executive shall be for “Good Reason” if Executive terminates his employment for any of the following reasons: (1) the Company materially reduces Executive’s duties or authority below, or assigns Executive duties that are materially inconsistent with, the duties and authority contemplated by Section 1 of this Agreement; (2) the Company requires Executive to relocate his office more than 100 miles from the current office of the Company without his consent; or (3) the Company has breached any provision of this Agreement, including but not limited to, the provisions relating to the payment or providing of compensation and Benefits in accordance with Section 3 above, and such breach continues for more than thirty (30) days after notice from Executive to the Company specifying the action which constitutes the breach and demanding its discontinuance; (b) Termination Without Cause or Termination for Good Reason. Each of the Company and Executive is free to terminate this Agreement, and Executive’s employment with the Company, at any time, for any reason, in its or Executive’s absolute sole discretion. If Executive’s employment is terminated by the Company for any reason other than for Cause or by reason of his death or disability, or if Executive’s employment is terminated by Executive for Good Reason, Executive shall only be entitled to: (i) receive continued payment of his Base Salary, less applicable withholding, in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll procedures, for twelve (12) months following the termination of Executive’s employment; (ii) immediate vesting of (A) restricted stock granted on or about the Effective Date, and (B) stock options granted on or about the Effective Date, in each case as if Executive’s employment had continued for a period of twenty-four (24) months following the termination of Executive’s employment. (iii) the Accrued Obligations. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, no payments shall be paid under this Section 4(b)(i) or (ii) unless and until Executive shall have executed a general release and waiver of claims against the Company, acknowledging Executive’s obligations under Section 7 below, and in a form prescribed by the Company; provided that, such release shall not require the Executive to release any rights to Accrued Obligations, rights under the Indemnification Provisions (as defined below), or under this Agreement, and the execution of such general release and waiver shall be a condition to Executive’s rights under Section 4(b)(i) or (ii). In addition, if Section 409A of the Code requires that a payment hereunder may not commence for a period of six (6) months following termination of employment, then such payments shall be withheld by the Company and paid as soon as permissible, along with such other monthly payments then due and payable. 5. Employee Inventions and Proprietary Rights Assignment Agreement. Executive agrees to abide by the terms and conditions of the Company’s standard Employee Inventions and Proprietary Rights Assignment Agreement as executed by Executive and attached hereto as Exhibit A. 6. Covenants Not to Compete or Solicit. During Executive’s employment and for a period of two (2) years following the termination of Executive’s employment for any reason, Executive shall not, anywhere in the Geographic Area (as defined below), other than on behalf of the Company or with the prior written consent of the Company, directly or indirectly: (a) perform services for (whether as an employee, agent, consultant, advisor, independent contractor, proprietor, partner, officer, director or otherwise), have any ownership interest in (except for passive ownership of five percent (5%) or less of any entity whose securities have been registered under the Securities Act or Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), or participate in the financing, operation, management or control of, any firm, partnership, corporation, entity or business that engages or participates in a “competing business purpose” (as defined below); (b) induce or attempt to induce any customer, potential customer, supplier, licensee, licensor or business relation of the Company to cease doing business with the Company, or in any way interfere with the relationship between any customer, potential customer, supplier, licensee, licensor or business relation of the Company or solicit the business of any customer or potential customer of the Company, whether or not Executive had personal contact with such entity; and (c) solicit, encourage, hire or take any other action which is intended to induce or encourage, or has the effect of inducing or encouraging, any employee or Independent Contractor of the Company or any subsidiary of the Company to terminate his or his employment or relationship with the Company or any subsidiary of the Company, other than in the discharge of his duties as an officer of the Company. For the purpose of this Agreement, the term “competing business purpose” shall mean the sale or provision of any printed materials, items, or other products that are competitive with in any manner the products sold or offered by the Company during the term of this Agreement. The term “Geographic Area” shall mean the United States of America. The covenants contained in this Section 7 shall be construed as a series of separate covenants, one for each county, city, state, or any similar subdivision in any Geographic Area. Except for geographic coverage, each such separate covenant shall be deemed identical in terms to the covenant contained in the preceding Sections. If, in any judicial proceeding, a court refuses to enforce any of such separate covenants (or any part thereof), then such unenforceable covenant (or such part) shall be eliminated from this Agreement to the extent necessary to permit the remaining separate covenants (or portions thereof) to be enforced. In the event that the provisions of this Section 7 are deemed to exceed the time, geographic or scope limitations permitted by applicable law, then such provisions shall be reformed to the maximum time, geographic or scope limitations, as the case may be, permitted by applicable laws. 7. Equitable Remedies. Executive acknowledges and agrees that the agreements and covenants set forth in Sections 6 and 7 are reasonable and necessary for the protection of the Company’s business interests, that irreparable injury will result to the Company if Executive breaches any of the terms of said covenants, and that in the event of Executive’s actual or threatened breach of any such covenants, the Company will have no adequate remedy at law. Executive accordingly agrees that, in the event of any actual or threatened breach by Executive of any of said covenants, the Company will be entitled to seek immediate injunctive and other equitable relief, without bond and without the necessity of showing actual monetary damages. Nothing in this Section 8 will be construed as prohibiting the Company from pursuing any other remedies available to it for such breach or threatened breach, including the recovery of any damages that it is able to prove. 8. Dispute Resolution. In the event of any dispute or claim relating to or arising out of this Agreement (including, but not limited to, any claims of breach of contract, wrongful termination or age, sex, race or other discrimination), Executive and the Company agree that all such disputes shall be fully and finally resolved by binding arbitration conducted by the American Arbitration Association in Chicago, Illinois in accordance with its National Employment Dispute Resolution rules, as those rules are currently in effect (and not as they may be modified in the future). Executive acknowledges that by accepting this arbitration provision he is waiving any right to a jury trial in the event of such dispute. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this arbitration provision shall not apply to any disputes or claims relating to or arising out of the misuse or misappropriation of trade secrets or proprietary information. 9. Governing Law. This Agreement has been executed in the State of Illinois, and Executive and the Company agree that this Agreement shall be interpreted in accordance with and governed by the laws of the State of Illinois, without regard to its conflicts of laws principles. 10. Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and its successors and assigns, provided that successor or assignee is the successor to substantially all of the assets of the Company, or a majority of its then outstanding Units, and that such successor or assignee assumes the liabilities, obligations and duties of the Company under this Agreement, either contractually or as a matter of law. In view of the personal nature of the services to be performed under this Agreement by Executive, she shall not have the right to assign or transfer any of his rights, obligations or benefits under this Agreement, except as otherwise noted herein. 11. Entire Agreement. This Agreement, including its attached Exhibit A, constitutes the entire employment agreement between Executive and the Company regarding the terms and conditions of his employment. This Agreement supersedes all prior negotiations, representations or agreements between Executive and the Company, whether written or oral, concerning Executive’s employment. 12. No Conflict. Executive represents and warrants to the Company that neither his entry into this Agreement nor his performance of his obligations hereunder will conflict with or result in a breach of the terms, conditions or provisions of any other agreement or obligation to which Executive is a party or by which Executive is bound, including without limitation, any noncompetition or confidentiality agreement previously entered into by Executive. 13. Validity. Except as otherwise provided in Section 7, above, if anyone or more of the provisions (or any part thereof) of this Agreement shall be held invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions (or any part thereof) shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby. 14. Modification. This Agreement may not be modified or amended except by a written agreement signed by Executive and the Company. 15. Code Section 409. This Agreement is intended to comply with Section 409A of the Code, and the interpretative guidance thereunder, including the exceptions for short-term deferrals, separation pay arrangements, reimbursements, and in kind distributions, and shall be administratively administered accordingly. The Executive hereby agrees that the Company may, without further consent from the Executive, make the minimum changes to this Agreement as may be necessary or appropriate to avoid the imposition of additional taxes or penalties on the Executive pursuant to Section 409A of the Code. The Company cannot guarantee that the payments and benefits that may be paid or provided pursuant to this Agreement will satisfy all applicable provisions of Section 409A of the Code. In the case of any reimbursement payment which is required to be made promptly under this Agreement, such payment will be made in all instances no later than December 31,of the Calendar year following the Calendar year in which the obligation to make such reimbursement arises. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any payments or benefits under this Agreement become subject to Section 409A of the Code, then for the purpose of complying therewith, to the extent such payments or benefits do not satisfy the separation pay exemption described in Treasury Regulation § 1.409A-1(b)(9)(iii) or any other exemption available under Section 409A of the Code (the “Non- Exempt Payments”), if the Executive is a specified employee as described in Treasury Regulation § 1.409A-1 (i) on the Date of Termination, any amount of such Non-Exempt Payments which would be paid prior to the six-month anniversary of the Date of Termination shall instead be accumulated and paid to the Executive in a lump sum payment within five (5) business days after such six month anniversary. 16. Adjustments Due to Excise Tax. (a) If it is determined that any amount or benefit to be paid or payable to the Executive under this Agreement or otherwise in conjunction with his employment (whether paid or payable or distributed or distributable pursuant to the terms of this Agreement or otherwise in conjunction with his employment) would give rise to liability of the Executive for the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, as amended from time to time, or any successor provision (the “Excise Tax”), then the amount or benefits payable to the Executive (the total value of such amounts or benefits, the “Payments”) shall be reduced by the Company to the extent necessary so that no portion of the Payments to the Executive is subject to the Excise Tax. Such reduction shall only be made if the net amount of the Payments, as so reduced (and after deduction of applicable federal, state, and local income and payroll taxes on such reduced Payments other than the Excise Tax (collectively, the “Deductions”)) is greater than the excess of (1) the net amount of the Payments, without reduction (but after making the Deductions) over (2) the amount of Excise Tax to which the Executive would be subject in respect of such Payments. In the event Payments are required to be reduced pursuant to this Section 17(a), the Executive shall designate the order in which such amounts or benefits shall be reduced in a manner consistent with Code Section 409A. (b) The independent public accounting firm serving as the Company's auditing firm, or such other accounting firm, law firm or professional consulting services provider of national reputation and experience reasonably acceptable to the Company and Executive (the “Accountants”) shall make in writing in good faith all calculations and determinations under this Section 17, including the assumptions to be used in arriving at any calculations. For purposes of making the calculations and determinations under this Section 17, the Accountants and each other party may make reasonable assumptions and approximations concerning the application of Section 280G and Section 4999 of the Code. The Company and Executive shall furnish to the Accountants and each other such information and documents as the Accountants and each other may reasonably request to make the calculations and determinations under this Section 17. The Company shall bear all costs the Accountants incur in connection with any calculations contemplated hereby. 17. Indemnification. To the fullest extent permitted by the indemnification provisions of the laws of the state or jurisdiction of the Company, as applicable, organization in effect from time to time, and subject to the conditions thereof, the Company shall: (a) indemnify the Executive against all liabilities and reasonable expenses that the Executive may incur in any threatened, pending, or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal or administrative, or investigative and whether formal or informal, because the Executive is or was an officer or director of or service provider to the Company, the Partnership, the Parent or any of their respective affiliates provided, however, that the Executive shall have acted in good faith and in a manner that the Executive reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the Company and (b) pay for or reimburse the reasonable expenses upon submission of appropriate documentation incurred by the Executive in the defense of any proceeding to which the Executive is a party because the Executive is or was an officer or director of or service provider to the Company, the Partnership, the Parent or any of their respective affiliates, including an advancement of such expenses to the extent permitted by applicable law, subject to the Executive’s execution of any legally required repayment undertaking. The preceding indemnification right shall be in addition to, and not in lieu of, any rights to indemnification to which the Executive may be entitled pursuant to the documents under which the Company is organized as in effect from time to time and shall not apply with respect to any action or failure to act by the Executive which constitutes willful misconduct or bad faith on the part of the Executive. The indemnification rights of the Executive in this Section 18 are referred to below as the “Indemnification Provisions.” The rights of the Executive under the Indemnification Provisions shall survive the cessation of the Executive’s employment with the Company. The Company shall also maintain a directors' and officers' liability insurance policy, or an equivalent errors and omissions liability insurance policy, covering the Executive with reasonable scope, exclusions, amounts and deductibles based on the Executive’s positions with the Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall have no obligation to indemnify, defend or hold harmless the Executive from and against any liabilities and expenses, or to pay for, or reimburse the Executive for, any expenses arising from or relating to (a) the Executive’s gross negligence or intentional or willful misconduct, or (b) actions or claims which are initiated by the Executive unless such action was approved in advance by the Board. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the 23rd day of August, 2012. * * * * * INNERWORKINGS, INC., a Delaware corporation By: _/s/ Joseph Busky ________________ Its: ____CFO _______________________ EXHIBIT TO EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT ___/s/ Ron Provenzano________________________ Ronald Provenzano Exhibit A—Employee Inventions and Proprietary Rights Assignment Agreement letter from the ceo board of directors Jack M. Greenberg Chairman of the Board Retired Chairman and CEO, McDonald’s Corporation Eric D. Belcher President and Chief Executive Officer, InnerWorkings Charles K. Bobrinskoy Vice Chairman and Head of Investment Group, Ariel Investments executive officers Eric D. Belcher President and Chief Executive Officer Jeffrey P. Pritchett Chief Financial Officer Ronald C. Provenzano General Counsel Robert L. Burkart Chief Information Officer shareholder information Corporate Headquarters InnerWorkings, Inc. 600 West Chicago Avenue Chicago, IL 60654 312.642.3700 Auditor Ernst & Young LLP Chicago, IL Annual Meeting InnerWorkings’ shareholders are invited to attend our annual meeting, which will be held on June 3, 2016, at 11:00 a.m. (CT) at our Corporate Headquarters. Common Stock The common stock of InnerWorkings, Inc. is traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “INWK.” Transfer Agent American Stock Transfer and Trust Company, LLC Shareholder Services 6201 15th Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11219 800.937.5449 www.amstock.com inwk corporate information David Fisher Chairman and CEO, Enova International, Inc. Daniel M. Friedberg President and CEO, Sagard Capital Partners J. Patrick Gallagher Jr. Chairman and CEO, Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. Julie M. Howard Chairman and CEO, Navigant Consulting, Inc. Linda S. Wolf Retired Chairman and CEO, Leo Burnett Worldwide committees Audit Committee Charles K. Bobrinskoy (Chair) David Fisher Julie M. Howard Linda S. Wolf Compensation Committee J. Patrick Gallagher Jr. (Chair) Charles K. Bobrinskoy David Fisher Jack M. Greenberg Julie M. Howard Linda S. Wolf Daniel M. Friedberg Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee Linda S. Wolf (Chair) J. Patrick Gallagher Jr. Jack M. Greenberg Julie M. Howard Daniel M. Friedberg My fellow shareholders, In 2015, we further developed and deployed our powerful B2B technology, focused and strengthened our global service offering, and deepened our category expertise across the most meaningful elements of the marketing supply chain, particularly packaging, e-commerce, and retail displays. As a result, we enter 2016 with momentum directed at generating shareholder value by allowing us to maximize returns on our invested capital. Our path to arrive at the strong competitive position we are in today hasn’t been a straight line. There has been some trial and error, and associated expense, along the way, driven by our ambition to disrupt, and ultimately dominate, the marketing execution space within the world's largest and most successful companies. We initiated a number of meaningful changes in 2015 in our drive to maximize shareholder value. First, under leadership from our new CFO, Jeff Pritchett, we’ve adjusted incentive compensation to include capital charges in regional P&L’s and sales commissions, and we’ve linked executive bonuses more directly to return on invested capital. Second, we improved the commercial terms with our supplier base. Third, we streamlined our lower margin international operations. And finally, we are attacking our days sales outstanding through better billing practices, operational improvements, and improved collections and contractual terms, where we see real opportunities to better manage our cash flow. Our earnings growth in 2015 was strong, and we head into 2016 with a lot of potential for further gains. Our top-line growth in 2015, however, was muted. Currency fluctuations impacted our revenue, which is no excuse for delivering a lower organic growth rate than we have realized historically. We made the decision to expand our business globally, and exposure to foreign currencies was part of the calculation. There are two observations to make here. First, the effect of currency moves on our bottom line was small, as most of our direct costs for each client are in the same currency as our revenue from that client. Second, the decision to establish a global platform benefits our clients and our shareholders. Our target market is weighted heavily toward multi-national corporations, many of which are thinking globally and are looking to a partner like InnerWorkings that can provide coherent support to their brands around the world, eliminating their historical, sub-optimal, and largely disjointed regional solutions. Even with the lower reported sales growth figures of 2015, we remain a quintessential growth company, with a focused, organic growth strategy. Our opportunity is vast, as we have first mover, geographic, technology and category expertise advantages. The growth potential isn’t just with new clients, as we have a lot of growth potential within our existing client base, and we made tangible investments in the second half of 2015 to access this opportunity. We aren’t growing simply to maintain a lead on current and future potential competitors. We are doing so to create shareholder value. Growth improves our profit margins through operating leverage, and scale creates buying power and other market benefits which translate into higher returns. Some interesting facts that you may not know about InnerWorkings: 1 Traditional commercial print, our original product category, now represents a much smaller portion of our business than it did just a few years ago. The characteristics of i n w k a n n u a l r e p o r t 2 0 1 5 annual report 2015 we make marketing happen. 600 West Chicago Avenue • Chicago, Illinois 60654 • inwk.com inwk 

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