NBT Bancorp
Annual Report 2016

Plain-text annual report

2016A N N U A L R E P O R T NBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTBNBTB2016 annual report financial highlights (all dollar amounts in thousands except share and per share data) Corporate Headquarters NBT Bancorp Inc. 52 South Broad Street Norwich, N.Y. 13815 800.NBT.BANK Company Profile › Financial holding company › Incorporated in 1986 in the state of Delaware › Primarily operates through NBT Bank, N.A. and two financial services companies FOR THE YEAR PERFORMANCE 2016 2015 Net income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 78,409 $ 76,425 Return on average assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible equity . . . . . . . . . Net interest margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PER COMMON SHARE DATA Basic earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Diluted earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Cash dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Dividend yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.92% 13.13% 3.43% 1.81 1.80 0.90 2.15% $ $ $ 0.96% 13.31% 3.50% 1.74 1.72 0.87 3.12% › NBT Bank, N.A. offers personal banking, At December 31 asset management and business services through 154 locations in six states, including New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine. › EPIC Advisors, Inc., based in Rochester, N.Y., is a full-service 401(k) plan recordkeeping firm. › NBT-Mang Insurance Agency, based in Norwich, N.Y., is a full-service insurance agency. Marty Dietrich and John Watt honored NBT’s past and future at the Nasdaq opening bell on December 19, 2016. 2 BALANCE SHEET DATA Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,867,268 $ 8,262,646 Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,198,057 $ 5,883,133 Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 65,200 $ 63,018 Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,973,688 $ 6,604,843 Total shareholders’ equity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 913,316 $ 882,004 ASSET QUALITY Nonperforming loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 40,522 Nonperforming assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 46,103 $ $ 37,406 42,072 Nonperforming loans to total loans . . . . . . . 0.65% 0.64% CAPITAL Common equity tier 1 capital ratio . . . . . . . . Tier 1 capital ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total risk-based capital ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.98% 11.42% 12.39% Book value per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 21.11 Tangible book value per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14.61 Closing stock price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 41.88 $ $ $ 10.20% 11.73% 12.74% 20.31 13.79 27.88 Ending shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,257,750 43,430,702 Market capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,811,635 $ 1,210,848 WEALTH MANAGEMENT DIVISION Assets under management and administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,346,337 $ 5,770,229 NBT BANCORP$80,000 $70,000 $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 16.00% 12.00% 8.00% 4.00% 0.00% NET INCOME* 9 0 4 , 8 7 $ 5 2 4 , 6 7 $ 4 7 0 , 5 7 $ 7 4 7 , 1 6 8 $ 5 5 , 4 5 $ DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE* 0 8 . 1 $ 2 7 . 1 $ 9 6 . 1 $ $1.80 $1.50 2 6 . 1 $ 6 4 . 1 $ $1.20 $0.90 $0.60 RETURN ON AVERAGE ASSETS* % 3 9 . 0 % 7 9 . % 0 5 8 . 0 % 6 9 . 0 % 2 9 . 0 1.00% 0.75% 0.50% 0.25% 0.00% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 RETURN ON AVERAGE TANGIBLE EQUITY* % 4 1 . 4 1 % 0 9 . 3 1 % 1 1 . 3 1 % 1 3 . 3 1 % 3 1 . 3 1 NET INTEREST INCOME 1 4 4 , 4 6 2 $ 8 7 8 , 1 5 2 $ 8 0 6 , 2 5 2 $ 9 7 0 , 8 3 2 $ $265,000 $245,000 $225,000 $205,000 $185,000 3 0 2 , 4 0 2 $ $165,000 $120,000 $100,000 NONINTEREST INCOME** 7 5 3 , 6 1 1 $ 5 1 2 , 1 1 1 $ 4 3 5 , 6 0 1 $ 9 8 7 , 1 0 1 $ $80,000 8 2 7 , 6 8 $ $60,000 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 NET CHARGE-OFFS TO AVERAGE LOANS TOTAL NONPERFORMING LOANS TO TOTAL LOANS % 5 5 . 0 % 4 4 . 0 % 1 4 . 0 % 8 3 . 0 % 9 3 . 0 0.60% 0.40% 0.20% 0.00% % 8 9 . 0 % 9 9 . 0 % 2 8 . 0 % 4 6 . 0 % 5 6 . 0 1.00% 0.75% 0.50% 0.25% 0.00% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data * 2013 includes merger expenses related to the acquisition of Alliance Financial Corporation ** Shown excluding net securities gains (losses) and gains on the sale of our ownership in Springstone Financial, LLC 3 2016 ANNUAL REPORT to our shareholders Fellow Shareholders, Solid Growth—By the Numbers One of our greatest responsibilities is to ensure that NBT Bancorp Inc. (NBT) remains fundamentally strong from the inside out. That means focusing not only on the things we do as a company, but also on why and how we do them. As a community bank, we rely on our local teams to develop new customer relationships and expand existing ones. By all accounts, they are getting the job done. Organic growth continued to be a key driver of NBT’s success: We have long believed that when we live by our corporate values, we create a culture capable of sustaining consistently outstanding performance. On this point, NBT’s track record offers proof positive: For the fourth year in a row, the company set a new earnings record, generating net income of $78.4 million in 2016, up from $76.4 million in 2015. Earnings per diluted share were $1.80 for 2016, up 5% from $1.72 the prior year. Taking a longer look back, NBT has posted net income exceeding $50 million annually for more than a decade—a period that included many challenges for the financial services industry, such as the Great Recession. This equates to an annual return on average assets of over 90 basis points for all but one of those years: 2013 when we acquired Alliance Financial Corporation and finished at 85 basis points. What’s more, we achieved this profitability while investing in the expansion of our footprint into New England and completing the Alliance acquisition— the largest in our history. • Average demand deposits increased by 10% over 2015, the seventh consecutive year this growth has been 10% or higher. • Loans grew by 5.4% in 2016, compared to 5.1% in 2015. • 2016 net interest income was up $11.8 million, or 4.7%, compared to 2015. This was driven by a $510.5 million increase in earning assets. • 2016 noninterest income grew by $6 million, or 5%, compared to 2015 (excluding net securities gains and the gain on sale of an equity investment). Retirement plan income was up $2 million, while ATM and debit card income increased $1 million. We also depend on our employees at all levels to find ways we can be more efficient, whether through streamlined processes or better use of resources. Again, their efforts paid off in 2016 as improved operating efficiencies resulted in flat noninterest expense year over year. We have no doubt that the commitment and capabilities of our employees are at the heart of this success, making what motivates and guides them of great importance. That’s why our management team gathered in 2016 to refine and reaffirm the values that form the foundation for most everything we do. These values, combined with our vision, promote an environment where we can be innovative in pursuing new business opportunities and in responding to shifts in our markets and industry. They define everyday interactions with customers and colleagues. Ultimately, they inspire us to act in the best interests of the company, our customers and our shareholders. Our shared values and strategic focus areas also help create continuity. This was on full display as management of the company transitioned seamlessly during 2016. 4 $50 NBT BANCORP STOCK PRICE We have always had confidence in our strong fundamentals, including growth in loan production, core deposit levels and fee income generation. We believed that investors who took the long view with respect to the potential of their investment would see it grow in value when the outlook for interest rates and the financial sector turned in a favorable direction. Last year that time arrived: NBT’s stock price increased by 50% from year-end 2015 to year-end 2016. $27.88 12/31/15 6/30/16 3/31/16 9/30/16 $20 $30 $40 $41.88 12/31/16 NBT BANCORPThe Road Ahead Closing Thoughts We will continue to focus on organic growth, which generates low-cost core deposits and reduces the company’s need to borrow. In 2016 alone, average demand deposit growth saved NBT approximately $4.5 million in interest expense. Our New England expansion states of Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine will continue to be an important part of that organic growth. We maintained our positive trajectory in New England in 2016 with total loans outstanding exceeding $1 billion, an increase of more than 24% over the prior year. We expect that noninterest income, particularly from our Wealth Management business, will continue to gain momentum as a significant contributor to the bottom line. Two acquisitions completed in 2016 added new capabilities that complement our established wealth management services: Actuarial Designs & Solutions, Inc. is a retirement plan consulting and services firm, and Columbia Ridge Capital Management, Inc. is a registered investment advisor. NBT has always taken pride in employing technology to better serve our customers. Our digital capacity is constantly evolving to address the needs of increasingly mobile customers. We offer them more tools than ever to manage their finances from anywhere, at any time, through virtually any device connected to the Internet. We continue to extend our digital branch model, recently completing work on our fourth such location in Hamilton, N.Y. These branches offer advanced self-service technology and layouts that facilitate a side-by-side customer/banker experience. Other digital initiatives include the more robust delivery of marketing messages through targeted, measurable channels and the introduction of interactive resources to help our employees sell, collaborate and grow professionally. We see last year as the continuation of a remarkable story, one that now dates back 160 years! NBT ended 2016 with $8.9 billion in assets, up 7.3% from the close of 2015. 160 YEARS NBT BANK HISTORY SNL Financial ranked NBT the 84th largest bank in the U.S. based on total assets as of December 31, 2016. We are that much closer to crossing the threshold of $10 billion in assets and are on track with our readiness plan to meet the regulatory compliance requirements associated with that milestone. Reflecting its continued confidence in the company’s financial health, the Board of Directors voted to pay out a 500th consecutive cash dividend in March 2017—another record we are very proud of. For the last decade, the banking industry has grappled with a sluggish economy, historically low interest rates and significant new government regulation. Recently, the Federal Reserve has signaled the likelihood of multiple increases in the Federal Funds Rate in 2017. Moreover, momentum appears to have shifted toward viable and reasonable regulatory reform, as well as corporate tax relief. While we support sensible reforms, we are also keenly aware of the need to preserve the safety and soundness of our nation’s financial system. We look forward to more clarity on these matters in the near future. We believe NBT is well positioned for continued solid performance based on our strong fundamentals, outstanding team, investments in technology and aligned culture. We know that our values and strategies have produced enviable results through some challenging times, and we expect even greater success as conditions improve for our industry. We would like to thank our directors, shareholders, employees and our 500,000 customers for all of your enthusiastic support. John H. Watt, Jr. President and Chief Executive Officer Martin A. Dietrich Chairman of the Board 5 2016 ANNUAL REPORT seamless transitions NBT executives rang the Nasdaq opening bell on December 19, 2016, celebrating 160 years in business for NBT Bank and a transition to new leadership for the company. When Daryl R. Forsythe was named president and chief executive officer of NBT Bancorp and NBT Bank in 1995, Martin A. Dietrich had been with NBT for 14 years, working in various management capacities. Suffice it to say, they would come to know each other pretty well and forge a strong relationship in the years that followed. This set the table for over two decades of stable, like-minded leadership, as Marty would eventually succeed Daryl as CEO in 2006 and serve through 2016. This past year will be remembered for some historic and seamless transitions in the company’s corporate governance. In May 2016, Daryl retired from his role as NBT’s chairman, bringing to a close 28 years of service to the company. At the same time, the Board of Directors elected Marty chairman and announced a succession plan, promoting John H. Watt, Jr. to the position of NBT Bank president and naming him Marty’s successor as CEO of the holding company and bank at the end of 2016, when Marty retired from those posts. John joined NBT in 2014 and has played a key leadership role in several areas: commercial and consumer lending, credit administration and marketing. He was previously executive vice president for commercial banking, investment management and bank operations and a director with Alliance Financial Corporation, which was acquired by NBT in 2013. On December 19, 2016, NBT had the honor of ringing the bell to open the Nasdaq Stock Market for the second time in the company’s history, commemorating the bank’s 160th anniversary and the official transition of the CEO role from Marty to John. Also in 2016, the board structure was streamlined so that the same directors serve on both the holding company and bank boards. The Board believes this evolution in the company’s corporate structure represents a step toward more continuity, efficiency and agility. The Board and the Executive Management Team would like to extend many thanks to Brian K. Hanaburgh, Susan H. Kwiatek, Thomas G. Mazzotta and Russell B. Strait, who completed terms of service on the bank board last May. In addition, they recognize V. Daniel Robinson, II, Matthew J. Salanger and Andrew S. Kowalczyk, III, as they began terms of service on the holding company board in December. 6 NBT BANCORPexecutive management John H. Watt, Jr. President and Chief Executive Officer Michael J. Chewens Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Timothy L. Brenner Executive Vice President and President of Wealth Management Matthew K. Durkee Executive Vice President and President of New England Region Sarah A. Halliday Executive Vice President and President of Commercial Banking F. Sheldon Prentice Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary Catherine M. Scarlett Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer and Chief Ethics Officer Joseph R. Stagliano Executive Vice President, Operations and Retail Banking board of directors Martin A. Dietrich Chairman Patricia T. Civil Timothy E. Delaney James H. Douglas Andrew S. Kowalczyk, III, Esq. John C. Mitchell Michael M. Murphy John H. Watt, Jr. President and Chief Executive Officer V. Daniel Robinson, II Matthew J. Salanger Joseph A. Santangelo Lowell A. Seifter, Esq. Robert A. Wadsworth Jack H. Webb NBT Bank Honorary Directors include: Carl Barbic, Richard Chojnowski, Daryl R. Forsythe, Peter B. Gregory, DDS, Paul D. Horger, Esq., Janet H. Ingraham, Andrew S. Kowalczyk, Jr., Esq., Van Ness D. Robinson, Paul M. Solomon, Paul O. Stillman and J.K. Weinman. Additional information regarding our Executive Management Team and the NBT Bancorp Board of Directors can be found in the proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. shareholder information Annual Meeting Tuesday, May 23, 2017 10:00 a.m. DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel 225 Water Street Binghamton, N.Y. 13901 607.722.7575 Stock Traded on: Nasdaq Global Select Market Symbol: NBTB Financial Reports and Releases Copies of the company’s annual report to the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and news releases may be obtained without charge by visiting our website at www.nbtbancorp.com or by writing to Chief Financial Officer Michael J. Chewens at the corporate headquarters address provided on the back cover. Shareholder Relations Information regarding NBT Bancorp, our dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan, and direct deposit of dividends can be found on our website at www.nbtbancorp.com. Those seeking additional information should contact Shareholder Relations by phone at 800.NBT.BANK (800.628.2265), Option 7, or by mail in the care of NBT Bank at P.O. Box 351, Norwich, N.Y. 13815. Stock Transfer and Registrar Agent American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC 6201 15th Avenue Brooklyn, N.Y. 11219 800.NBT.BANK (800.628.2265), Option 7 www.amstock.com info@amstock.com Independent Auditors KPMG LLP 515 Broadway Albany, N.Y. 12207 7 2016 ANNUAL REPORTUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549 FORM 10-K [X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016 COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 0-14703 NBT BANCORP INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Delaware 16-1268674 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 52 SOUTH BROAD STREET NORWICH, NEW YORK 13815 (Address of principal executive office) (Zip Code) (607) 337-2265 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class: Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share Name of each exchange on which registered: The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [X] No [ ] Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15 (d) of the Act. Yes [ ] No [X] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [ ] Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (Section 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive Proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer [X] Accelerated filer [ ] Non-accelerated filer [ ] Smaller reporting company [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes [ ] No [X] Based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock as of June 30, 2016, the aggregate market value of the voting stock, common stock, par value, $0.01 per share, held by non-affiliates of the registrant is $1,187,578,681. The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of February 10, 2017, was 43,393,972. Documents Incorporated by Reference Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 23, 2017 are incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of this Form 10-K. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–14 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–21 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23–24 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25–26 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26–46 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46–47 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48–104 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2016 and 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Consolidated Statements of Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54–104 2 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS, RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108–110 ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 SIGNATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 3 PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS NBT Bancorp Inc. (the “Registrant” or the “Company”) is a registered financial holding company incorporated in the state of Delaware in 1986, with its principal headquarters located in Norwich, New York. The Company, on a consolidated basis, at December 31, 2016 had assets of $8.9 billion and stockholders’ equity of $913.3 million. The principal assets of the Registrant consist of all of the outstanding shares of common stock of its subsidiaries, includ- ing: NBT Bank, National Association (the “Bank”), NBT Financial Services, Inc. (“NBT Financial”), NBT Holdings, Inc. (“NBT Hold- ings”), Hathaway Agency, Inc., CNBF Capital Trust I, NBT Statutory Trust I, NBT Statutory Trust II, Alliance Financial Capital Trust I, and Alliance Financial Capital Trust II (collectively, the “Trusts”). The Company’s principal sources of revenue are the manage- ment fees and dividends it receives from the Bank, NBT Financial and NBT Holdings. The Company’s business, primarily conducted through the Bank but also through its other subsidiaries, consists of providing commercial banking and financial services primarily to customers in its market area, which includes central and upstate New York, northeastern Pennsylvania, southern New Hampshire, western Massachusetts, Vermont, and the greater Portland, Maine area. The Company has been, and intends to continue to be, a com- munity-oriented financial institution offering a variety of financial services. The Company’s business philosophy is to operate as a community bank with local decision-making, principally in non- metropolitan markets, providing a broad array of banking and financial services to retail, commercial, and municipal customers. The financial condition and operating results of the Company are dependent on its net interest income which is the difference between the interest and dividend income earned on its earning assets, primarily loans and investments, and the interest expense paid on its interest bearing liabilities, primarily consisting of deposits and borrowings. Among other factors, net income is also affected by provisions for loan losses and noninterest income, such as service charges on deposit accounts, insurance and other financial services fees, trust revenue, and gains/losses on securities sales, bank owned life insurance income, ATM and debit card fees, and retirement plan administration fees as well as noninterest expense, such as salaries and employee benefits, occupancy, equipment, data processing and communications, professional fees and outside services, office supplies and postage, amorti- zation, loan collection and other real estate owned (“OREO”) expenses, advertising, FDIC expenses, and other expenses. Like much of the nation, some of the market areas that the Company serves are still experiencing economic challenges and volatility. A variety of factors (e.g., any substantial rise in inflation or rise in unemployment rates, decrease in consumer confidence, adverse international economic conditions, natural disasters, war, or political instability) may affect both the Com- pany’s markets and the national market. The Company will continue to emphasize managing its funding costs and lending and investment rates to effectively maintain profitability. In addition, the Company will continue to seek and maintain rela- tionships that can generate noninterest income. We anticipate that this approach should help mitigate profit fluctuations that are caused by movements in interest rates, business and con- sumer loan cycles, and local economic factors. NBT Bank, N.A. The Bank is a full service commercial bank formed in 1856, which provides a broad range of financial products to indi- viduals, corporations and municipalities throughout the central and upstate New York, northeastern Pennsylvania, western Massachusetts, southern New Hampshire, Vermont, and the greater Portland, Maine market areas. Through its network of branch locations, the Bank offers a wide range of products and services tailored to individuals, busi- nesses, and municipalities. Deposit products offered by the Bank include demand deposit accounts, savings accounts, negotiable order of withdrawal (“NOW”) accounts, money market deposit accounts (“MMDA”), and certificate of deposit (“CD”) accounts. The Bank offers various types of each deposit account to accom- modate the needs of its customers with varying rates, terms, and features. Loan products offered by the Bank include consumer loans, home equity loans, mortgages, business banking loans and commercial loans, with varying rates, terms and features to accommodate the needs of its customers. The Bank also offers various other products and services through its branch network such as trust and investment services and financial planning and life insurance services. In addition to its branch network, the Bank also offers access to certain products and services electronically enabling customers to check balances, transfer funds, pay bills, view statements, apply for loans and access various other prod- uct and service information. The Bank provides 24-hour access to an automated telephone line whereby customers can check balances, obtain account information, transfer funds, request statements, and perform various other activities. 4 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K NBT Financial Services, Inc. Through NBT Financial Services, the Company operates EPIC Advisors, Inc. (“EPIC”), a retirement plan administrator. Through EPIC, the Company offers services including retirement plan consulting and recordkeeping services. EPIC’s headquarters are located in Rochester, New York. NBT Holdings, Inc. Through NBT Holdings, the Company operates NBT-Mang Insurance Agency, LLC (“Mang”), a full-service insurance agency acquired by the Company on September 1, 2008. Mang’s head- quarters are in Norwich, New York. Through Mang, the Company offers a full array of insurance products, including personal property and casualty, business liability and commercial insur- ance, tailored to serve the specific insurance needs of individuals as well as businesses in a range of industries operating in the markets served by the Company. The Trusts The Trusts were organized to raise additional regulatory capital and to provide funding for certain acquisitions. CNBF Capital Trust I (“Trust I”) and NBT Statutory Trust I are Delaware statutory business trusts formed in 1999 and 2005, respectively, for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities and lending the proceeds to the Company. In connection with the acquisition of CNB Bancorp, Inc., the Company formed NBT Statutory Trust II (“Trust II”) in February 2006 to fund the cash portion of the acquisition as well as to provide regulatory capital. In connec- tion with the acquisition of Alliance Financial Corporation (“Alliance”), the Company acquired two statutory trusts, Alliance Financial Capital Trust I and Alliance Financial Capital Trust II, which were formed in 2003 and 2006, respectively. The Company guarantees, on a limited basis, payments of distributions on the trust preferred securities and payments on redemption of the trust preferred securities. The Trusts are variable interest entities for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary, as defined by Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). In accordance with ASC, the accounts of the Trusts are not included in the Com- pany’s consolidated financial statements. Operating Subsidiaries of the Bank The Bank has seven operating subsidiaries, NBT Capital Corp., Broad Street Property Associates, Inc., NBT Services, Inc., CNB Realty Trust, Alliance Preferred Funding Corp., Alliance Leasing, Inc. and Columbia Ridge Capital Management, Inc. NBT Capital Corp., formed in 1998, is a venture capital corporation formed to assist young businesses to develop and grow primarily in the markets they serve. Broad Street Property Associates, Inc., formed in 2004, is a property management company. NBT Serv- ices, Inc., formed in 2004, has a 44% ownership interest in Land Record Services, LLC. Land Record Services, LLC, a title insurance agency, offers mortgagee and owner’s title insurance coverage to both retail and commercial customers. CNB Realty Trust, formed in 1998, is a real estate investment trust. Alliance Preferred Funding Corp., formed in 1999, is a real estate investment trust. Alliance Leasing, Inc. was formed in 2002 to provide equipment leasing services. Columbia Ridge Capital Management, Inc. was acquired in 2016 and is a registered investment advisor that provides investment advice and financial consulting services. Competition The financial services industry, including commercial banking, is highly competitive, and we encounter strong competition for deposits, loans and other financial products and services in our market area. The increasingly competitive environment is the result of the continued low rate environment, changes in regulation, changes in technology and product delivery sys- tems, additional financial service providers, and the accelerating pace of consolidation among financial services providers. The Company competes for loans, deposits, and customers with other commercial banks, savings and loan associations, securities and brokerage companies, mortgage companies, insurance companies, finance companies, money market funds, credit unions, and other nonbank financial service providers. The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. Banks, securities firms and insurance companies can merge under the umbrella of a financial holding company, which can offer virtually any type of financial service, including banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both agency and underwriting) and merchant bank- ing. Also, technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services tradi- tionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment systems. Some of the Company’s nonbanking competitors have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures. In addition, some of the Company’s competitors have assets, capital and lending limits greater than that of the Company, have greater access to capital markets and offer a broader range of products and services than the Company. These institutions may have the ability to finance wide-ranging advertising cam- paigns and may also be able to offer lower rates on loans and higher rates on deposits than the Company can offer. Some of these institutions offer services, such as credit cards and inter- national banking, which the Company does not directly offer. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 5 Various in-state market competitors and out-of-state banks continue to enter or have announced plans to enter or expand their presence in the market areas in which the Company cur- rently operates. With the addition of new banking presences within our market, the Company expects increased competition for loans, deposits, and other financial products and services. In order to compete with other financial services providers, the Company stresses the community nature of its banking operations and principally relies upon local promotional activ- ities, personal relationships established by officers, directors, and employees with their customers, and specialized services tailored to meet the needs of the communities served. We also offer certain customer services, such as agricultural lending, that many of our larger competitors do not offer. While the Company’s position varies by market, the Company’s manage- ment believes that it can compete effectively as a result of local market knowledge, local decision making, and awareness of customer needs. The table below summarizes the Bank’s deposits and market share by the thirty-eight counties of New York, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, and Maine in which it had customer facilities as of June 30, 2016. Market share is based on deposits of all commercial banks, credit unions, sav- ings and loans associations, and savings banks. Deposits Market Market Number Number County State in thousands* Share Rank of Branches* of ATMs* Chenango NY $ 877,049 91.26% 1 11 13 Fulton NY 450,106 61.45% 1 5 6 Schoharie NY 208,325 48.03% 1 4 4 Hamilton NY 44,543 45.02% 2 1 1 Cortland NY 276,064 40.09% 1 5 7 Montgomery NY 256,385 36.44% 2 5 4 Otsego NY 340,762 33.20% 2 8 12 Delaware NY 315,836 32.48% 1 5 4 Essex NY 186,437 27.89% 2 3 5 Madison NY 221,459 25.35% 2 4 6 Susquehanna PA 162,173 19.81% 2 5 7 Saint Lawrence NY 158,982 13.76% 4 5 5 Oneida NY 453,441 13.19% 5 7 11 Broome NY 345,188 13.09% 2 8 10 Pike PA 80,147 11.79% 5 2 2 Wayne PA 115,200 9.09% 4 3 4 Herkimer NY 51,319 8.29% 4 2 1 Lackawanna PA 416,307 8.02% 6 13 16 Tioga NY 35,031 7.98% 5 1 1 Clinton NY 104,792 7.92% 5 3 2 Oswego NY 133,627 7.58% 5 4 6 Franklin NY 30,099 5.90% 4 1 1 Schenectady NY 148,378 5.57% 5 2 2 Onondaga NY 422,290 4.38% 7 11 13 Saratoga NY 151,210 3.55% 8 4 4 Greene NY 37,633 3.05% 5 2 2 Berkshire MA 117,648 2.94% 7 6 6 Monroe PA 76,817 2.93% 8 4 4 Warren NY 47,105 2.77% 7 2 3 Chittenden VT 79,324 1.85% 7 3 3 Cheshire NH 25,705 1.82% 7 1 — Albany NY 219,906 1.40% 9 4 5 Luzerne PA 80,788 1.38% 13 4 6 Rensselaer NY 12,199 0.59% 11 1 1 Hillsborough NH 64,879 0.57% 11 2 2 Rutland VT 3,543 0.36% 9 1 1 Rockingham NH 16,360 0.24% 19 1 2 Cumberland ME 5,776 0.06% 16 1 — $6,772,833 154 182 Source: SNL Financial LLC *Branch and ATM data is as of December 31, 2016. 6 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Supervision and Regulation The Company, the Bank and certain of its non-banking sub- sidiaries are subject to extensive regulation under federal and state laws. The regulatory framework applicable to bank holding companies and their subsidiary banks is intended to protect depositors, federal deposit insurance funds, and the stability of the U.S. banking system. This system is not designed to protect equity investors in bank holding companies, such as the Company. Set forth below is a summary of the significant laws and regulations applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries. The description that follows is qualified in its entirety by refer- ence to the full text of the statutes, regulations, and policies that are described. Such statutes, regulations, and policies are subject to ongoing review by Congress and state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies. A change in any of the statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries could have a material effect on the results of the Company. Overview The Company is a registered bank holding company and financial holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”), and is subject to the supervision of and regular examination by the Board of Gov- ernors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board” or “FRB”) as its primary federal regulator. The Company is also subject to the jurisdiction of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and is subject to the disclosure and other regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as administered by the SEC. The Company’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select market under the ticker symbol, “NBTB,” and the Company is subject to the NASDAQ stock market rules. The Bank is chartered as a national banking association under the National Bank Act. The Bank is subject to the super- vision of, and to regular examination by, the Office of the Comp- troller of the Currency (“OCC”) as its chartering authority and primary federal regulator. The Bank is also subject to the super- vision and regulation, to a limited extent, of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) as its deposit insurer. Financial products and services offered by the Company and the Bank are subject to federal consumer protection laws and imple- menting regulations promulgated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”). The Company and the Bank are also subject to oversight by state attorneys general for com- pliance with state consumer protection laws. The Bank’s deposits are insured by the FDIC up to the applicable deposit insurance limits in accordance with FDIC laws and regulations. The non- bank subsidiaries of the Company and the Bank are subject to federal and state laws and regulations, including regulations of the FRB and the OCC, respectively. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) has significantly changed the financial regulatory landscape in the U.S. Several provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act are subject to further rulemaking, guid- ance and interpretation by the federal banking agencies. Con- sidering the recent changes in administration and controlling party in the U.S., Congress, state legislatures and financial reg- ulatory agencies may introduce various legislative and regulatory initiatives that are likely to impact the financial services industry, generally. However, it is not clear whether such changes will be introduced at all or will be implemented successfully. As a result, management cannot predict the ultimate impact of the Dodd-Frank Act or potential additional reforms in the regulation of financial institutions, or the extent to which they could affect operations of the Company and the Bank. Federal Bank Holding Company Regulation The Company is a bank holding company as defined by the BHC Act. The BHC Act generally limits the business of the Com- pany to banking, managing or controlling banks, and other activities that the FRB has determined to be so closely related to banking “as to be a proper incident thereto.” The Company has also qualified for and elected to be a financial holding com- pany. Financial holding companies may engage in any activity, or acquire and retain the shares of a company engaged in any activity that is either (i) financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity (as determined by the FRB in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury), or (ii) complementary to a financial activity, and that does not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the finan- cial system (as solely determined by the FRB). If a bank holding company seeks to engage in the broader range of activities permitted under the BHC Act for financial holding companies, (i) the bank holding company and all of its depository institution subsidiaries must be “well-capitalized” and “well-managed,” as defined in the FRB’s Regulation Y, and (ii) it must file a declaration with the FRB that it elects to be a “financial holding company.” In order for a financial holding company to commence any activity that is financial in nature, incidental thereto, or com- plementary to a financial activity, or to acquire a company engaged in any such activity permitted by the BHC Act, each insured depository institution subsidiary of the financial holding company must have received a rating of at least “satisfactory” NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 7 in its most recent examination under the Community Reinvest- ment Act of 1977 (the “CRA”). See the section titled “Community Reinvestment Act of 1977” for further information relating to the CRA. Regulation of Mergers and Acquisitions The BHC Act, the Bank Merger Act, and other federal and state statutes regulate acquisitions of depository institutions and their holding companies. The BHC Act requires prior FRB approval for a bank holding company to acquire, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of any class of voting securities of a com- mercial bank or its parent holding company and for a company, other than a bank holding company, to acquire 25% or more of any class of voting securities of a bank or bank holding com- pany. Under the Change in Bank Control Act, any person, includ- ing a company, may not acquire, directly or indirectly, control of a bank without providing 60 days’ prior notice and receiving a non-objection from the appropriate federal banking agency. Under the Bank Merger Act, prior approval of the OCC is required for a national bank to merge with another bank where the national bank is the surviving bank or to purchase the assets or assume the deposits of another bank. In reviewing applications seeking approval of merger and acquisition trans- actions, the federal banking agencies will consider, among other criteria, the competitive effect and public benefits of the transactions, the capital position of the combined banking organization, the applicant’s performance record under the CRA, and the effectiveness of the subject organizations in com- bating money laundering activities. As a financial holding company, the Company is permitted to acquire control of non-depository institutions engaged in activities that are financial in nature and in activities that are incidental and complementary to financial activities without prior FRB approval. However, the BHC Act, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Act, requires prior written approval from the FRB or prior written notice to the FRB before a financial holding company may acquire control of a company with consolidated assets of $10 billion or more. Capital Distributions The principal source of the Company’s liquidity is dividends from the Bank. The OCC oversees the ability of the Bank to make capital distributions, including dividends. The OCC gen- erally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distributions (including payment of a dividend) or paying any management fee to its parent holding company if the bank would thereafter be undercapitalized. The OCC’s prior approval is required if the total of all dividends declared by a national bank in any calendar year would exceed the sum of the bank’s net income for that year and its undistributed net income for the preceding two calendar years, less any required transfers to surplus. The National Bank Act also prohibits national banks from paying dividends that would be greater than the bank’s undivided profits after deducting statutory bad debt in excess of the bank’s allowance for loan losses. The federal banking agencies have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a bank’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice and that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings. The appropriate federal regulatory authority is authorized to determine, based on the financial condition of a bank holding company or a bank, that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice and to prohibit such payment. Affiliate and Insider Transactions Transactions between the Bank and its affiliates, including the Company, are governed by sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act (the “FRA”) and the FRB’s implementing Regulation W. An “affiliate” of a bank includes any company or entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the Bank. In a bank holding company context, at a mini- mum, the parent holding company of a bank, and any compa- nies which are controlled by such parent holding company, are affiliates of the bank. Generally, sections 23A and 23B of the FRA are intended to protect insured depository institutions from losses in transactions with affiliates. These sections place quantitative and qualitative limitations on covered transactions between the Bank and its affiliates, and require that all trans- actions between a bank and its affiliates occur on market terms that are consistent with safe and sound banking practices. Section 22(h) of the FRA and its implementing Regulation O restricts loans to directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders (“Insiders”). Under Section 22(h), loans to Insiders and their related interests may not exceed, together with all other outstanding loans to such persons and affiliated entities, the institution’s total capital and surplus. Loans to Insiders above specified amounts must receive the prior approval of the Bank’s board of directors. Further, under Section 22(h) of the FRA, loans to directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders must be made on terms substantially the same as offered in comparable transactions to other persons, except that such insiders may receive preferential loans made under a benefit or compensation program that is widely available to the Bank’s employees and does not give preference to the insider over the employees. Section 22(g) of the FRA places additional limitations on loans to executive officers. 8 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Federal Deposit Insurance and Brokered Deposits The FDIC’s deposit insurance limit is $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, for each account ownership category. The Bank’s deposit accounts are fully insured by the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”) up to the deposit insurance limits in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. The FDIC uses a risk-based assessment system that imposes insurance premiums based upon a risk matrix that takes into account a bank’s capital level and supervisory rating (“CAMELS rating”). The risk matrix uses different risk categories distin- guished by capital levels and supervisory ratings. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, the base for deposit insurance assess- ments is now consolidated average assets less average tan- gible equity. Assessment rates are calculated using formulas that take into account the risk of the institution being assessed. In addition to deposit insurance assessments, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”) provides for additional assess- ments to be imposed on insured depository institutions to pay for the cost of Financing Corporation funding. Financing Corporation is a mixed-ownership government corporation established by the Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 whose sole purpose was to function as a financing vehicle for the now defunct Federal Savings & Loan Insurance Company. The Financing Corporation assessments are adjusted quarterly to reflect changes in the assessment base of the DIF and do not vary depending upon a depository institution’s capitaliza- tion or supervisory evaluation. Under FDIC laws and regulations, no FDIC-insured depository institution can accept brokered deposits unless it is well-cap- italized, or unless it is adequately capitalized and receives a waiver from the FDIC. Applicable laws and regulations also prohibit any depository institution that is not well-capitalized from paying an interest rate on brokered deposits in excess of three-quarters of one percentage point over certain pre- vailing market rates. The Dodd-Frank Act requires that the FDIC raise the mini- mum reserve ratio of the DIF from 1.15 percent to 1.35 percent, and that the FDIC offset the effect of this increase on insured depository institutions with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion. In March 2016, the FDIC issued a final rule affecting insured depository institutions with total consolidated assets of more than $10 billion. The final rule imposes a sur- charge of 4.5 cents per $100 of the institution’s assessment base on deposit insurance assessment rates paid by these larger institutions. If the reserve ratio does not reach 1.35% by December 31, 2018, through implementation of the sur- charge, the FDIC will impose an additional, one-time shortfall assessment on insured depository institutions with more than $10 billion in assets on March 31, 2019, to be paid by June 30, 2019. The FDIC also has authority to further increase deposit insurance assessments. At this time, the Bank is not subject to this surcharge. Under the FDIA, the FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regu- lation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. The Bank’s management is not aware of any practice, condition, or violation that might lead to the termination of its deposit insurance. Federal Home Loan Bank System The Bank is also a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of New York, which provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions for home mortgage and neighborhood lending. The Bank is subject to the rules and requirements of the FHLB, including the requirement to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the FHLB in an amount at least equal to the sum of 0.35% of the aggregate principal amount of its unpaid residential mortgage loans and similar obligations at the beginning of each year, up to a maximum of $25.0 million. The Bank was in compliance with FHLB rules and requirements as of December 31, 2016. Debit Card Interchange Fees The Dodd-Frank Act requires that any interchange transaction fee charged for a debit transaction be reasonable and propor- tional to the cost incurred by the issuer for the transaction. FRB regulations mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act limit inter- change fees on debit cards to a maximum of 21 cents per trans- action plus 5 basis points of the transaction amount. The rule also permits a fraud-prevention adjustment of 1 cent per trans- action conditioned upon an issuer developing, implementing, and updating reasonably designed fraud-prevention policies and procedures. Issuers that, together with their affiliates, have less than $10 billion of assets, such as the Company, are exempt from the debit card interchange fee standards. However, FRB regulations prohibit all issuers, including the Company and the Bank, from restricting the number of networks over which elec- tronic debit transactions may be processed to less than two unaffiliated networks. Source of Strength Doctrine FRB policy requires bank holding companies to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to their subsidiary banks. Section 616 of the Dodd-Frank Act codifies the require- ment that bank holding companies serve as a source of financial NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 9 strength to their subsidiary depository institutions. As a result, the Company is expected to commit resources to support the Bank, including at times when the Company may not be in a financial position to provide such resources. Any capital loan by the Company to the Bank is subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary banks. The U.S. Bankruptcy Code provides that, in the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to priority of payment. In addition, under the National Bank Act, if the Bank’s capital stock is impaired by losses or otherwise, the OCC is authorized to require payment of the deficiency by assessment upon the Company. If the assessment is not paid within three months, the OCC could order a sale of Bank stock held by the Company to cover any deficiency. Capital Adequacy and Prompt Corrective Action In July 2013, the FRB, the OCC and the FDIC approved final rules (the “Capital Rules”) that established a new capital frame- work for U.S. banking organizations. The Capital Rules generally implement the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s (the “Basel Committee”) December 2010 final capital framework referred to as “Basel III” for strengthening international capital standards. The Capital Rules revise the definitions and the com- ponents of regulatory capital, as well as address other issues affecting the numerator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios. The Capital Rules also address asset risk weights and other matters affecting the denominator in banking insti- tutions’ regulatory capital ratios and replace the existing general risk-weighting approach with a more risk-sensitive approach. The Capital Rules: (i) require a capital measure called “Com- mon Equity Tier 1” (“CET1”) and related regulatory capital ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets; (ii) specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting certain revised requirements; (iii) mandate that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital; and (iv) expand the scope of the deductions from and adjustments to capital as compared to existing regulations. Under the Capital Rules, for most banking organizations, including the Company, the most common form of Additional Tier 1 capital is non- cumulative perpetual preferred stock and the most common forms of Tier 2 capital are subordinated notes and a portion of the allocation for loan losses, in each case, subject to the Capital Rules’ specific requirements. Pursuant to the Capital Rules, the minimum capital ratios as of January 1, 2015 are: • 4.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets; • 6.0% Tier 1 capital (CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets; • 8.0% Total capital (Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk- weighted assets; and • 4.0% Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets as reported on consolidated financial statements (known as the “leverage ratio”). The Capital Rules also require a “capital conservation buffer,” composed entirely of CET1, on top of these minimum risk- weighted asset ratios. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity and other capital instru- ment repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. When fully phased-in on January 1, 2019, the capital standards applicable to the Company and the Bank will include an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of CET1, effectively resulting in minimum ratios inclusive of the capital conservation buffer of (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%, (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5%, and (iii) Total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%. The risk-weighting categories in the Capital Rules are standardized and include a risk-sensitive number of cate- gories, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures, and resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset classes. The Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1. These include, for example, the requirement that mortgage servicing rights, deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that could not be realized through net operating loss carrybacks and significant invest- ments in non-consolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 or all such items, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of CET1. The deductions and adjustments will be incrementally phased in between January 1, 2015 and January 1, 2019. In addition, under the prior general risk-based capital rules, the effects of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss (“AOCI”) items included in stockholders’ equity (for example, marks-to-market of securities held in the available-for-sale portfolio) under GAAP were excluded for the purposes of 10 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K determining regulatory capital ratios. Under the Capital Rules, the effects of certain AOCI items are not excluded; however, banking organizations not using the advanced approaches, including the Company, and the Bank, were permitted to make a one-time permanent election to continue to exclude these items in January 2015. The Capital Rules also preclude certain hybrid securities, such as trust preferred securities issued after May 19, 2010, from inclusion in bank holding companies’ Tier 1 capital. Implementation of the deductions and other adjustments to CET1 began on January 1, 2015, are phased-in over a 4-year period (beginning at 40% on January 1, 2015 and an additional 20% per year thereafter). The implementation of the capital conservation buffer began on January 1, 2016 at the 0.625% level and increase by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until it reaches 2.5% on January 1, 2019. Management believes that the Company is in compliance, and will continue to be in compliance, with the targeted capital ratios as such requirements are phased in. Prompt Corrective Action and Safety and Soundness Pursuant to Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”), federal banking agencies are required to take “prompt corrective action” (“PCA”) should an insured depository insti- tutions fail to meet certain capital adequacy standards. At each successive lower capital category, an insured depository insti- tution is subject to more restrictions and prohibitions, including restrictions on growth, restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, restrictions or prohibitions on payment of dividends and restrictions on the acceptance of brokered deposits. Fur- thermore, if an insured depository institution is classified in one of the undercapitalized categories, it is required to submit a capital restoration plan to the appropriate federal banking agency, and the holding company must guarantee the per- formance of that plan. Based upon its capital levels, a bank that is classified as well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, or undercapitalized may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition, or an unsafe or unsound practice, warrants such treatment. For purposes of PCA, to be: (i) well-capitalized, an insured depository institution must have a total risk based capital ratio of at least 10%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of at least 8%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of at least 6.5%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5%; (ii) adequately capitalized, an insured depository institution must have a total risk based capital ratio of at least 8%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of at least 6%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of at least 4.5%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 4%; (iii) undercapitalized, an insured depository institution would have a total risk based capital ratio of less than 8%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of less than 6%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of less than 4.5%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of less than 4%; (iv) significantly undercapitalized, an insured depository institution would have a total risk based capital ratio of less than 6%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of less than 4%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of less than 3%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of less than 3%.; (v) critically undercapitalized, an insured depository insti- tution would have a ratio of tangible equity to total assets that is less than or equal to 2%. Bank holding companies and insured depository institutions may also be subject to potential enforcement actions of varying levels of severity for unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their business, or for violation of any law, rule, regulation, con- dition imposed in writing by the agency or term of a written agreement with the agency. In more serious cases, enforcement actions may include the issuance of directives to increase capital; the issuance of formal and informal agreements; the imposition of civil monetary penalties; the issuance of a cease and desist order that can be judicially enforced; the issuance of removal and prohibition orders against officers, directors, and other institution-affiliated parties; the termination of the insured depository institution’s deposit insurance; the appointment of a conservator or receiver for the insured depository institution; and the enforcement of such actions through injunctions or restraining orders based upon a judicial determination that the FDIC, as receiver, would be harmed if such equitable relief was not granted. Volcker Rule Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act, commonly known as the Volcker Rule, restricts the ability of banking entities, such as the Company, from: (i) engaging in “proprietary trading” and (ii) investing in or sponsoring certain covered funds, subject to cer- tain limited exceptions. Under the Volcker Rule, the term “covered funds” is defined as any issuer that would be an investment company under the Investment Company Act but for the exemp- tions in section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of that Act, which includes col- lateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) and collateralized debt obligation securities. The regulation also provides an exemption for CLOs meeting certain requirements. Compliance with the Volcker Rule is generally required by July 21, 2017. Given the Company’s size and the scope of its activities, the Company does not believe the implementation of the Volcker Rule will have a significant effect on its consolidated financial statements. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 11 Depositor Preference The FDIA provides that, in the event of the “liquidation or other resolution” of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors of the institution, including the claims of the FDIC as subrogee of insured depositors, and certain claims for admin- istrative expenses of the FDIC as a receiver, will have priority over other general unsecured claims against the institution. If an insured depository institution fails, insured and uninsured depositors, along with the FDIC, will have priority in payment ahead of unsecured, non-deposit creditors, including the parent bank holding company, with respect to any extensions of credit they have made to such insured depository institution. Consumer Protection and CFPB Supervision The Dodd-Frank Act centralized responsibility for consumer financial protection by creating the CFPB, an independent agency charged with responsibility for implementing, enforcing, and examining compliance with federal consumer financial laws. The CFPB has examination authority over all banks and savings institutions with more than $10 billion in assets. As the Company is below this threshold, the OCC continues to exercise primary examination authority over the Bank with regard to compliance with federal consumer financial laws and regulations. Under the Dodd-Frank Act state attorneys general are empow- ered to enforce rules issued by the CFPB. The Company is subject to federal consumer financial statutes and the regulations promulgated thereunder including, but not limited to: • The Truth-In-Lending Act, governing disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers; • The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”), prohibiting discrimination in connection with the extension of credit; • The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (“HMDA”), requiring home mortgage lenders, including the Bank, to make avail- able to the public expanded information regarding the pricing of home mortgage loans, including the “rate spread” between the annual percentage rate and the average prime offer rate for mortgage loans of a comparable type; • The Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), governing the pro- vision of consumer information to credit reporting agencies and the use of consumer information; and • The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, governing the man- ner in which consumer debts may be collected by collec- tion agencies. The Bank’s failure to comply with any of the consumer finan- cial laws can result in civil actions, regulatory enforcement action by the federal banking agencies and the U.S. Department of Justice. USA PATRIOT Act The Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”), as amended by the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (“USA PATRIOT Act”), imposes obligations on U.S. financial institutions, including banks and broker-dealer subsidiaries, to implement policies, procedures and controls which are reasonably designed to detect and report instances of money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The USA PATRIOT Act requires all financial institutions, including the Company and the Bank, to identify their customers, adopt formal and comprehensive anti-money laundering programs, scrutinize or prohibit alto- gether certain transactions of special concern, and be prepared to respond to inquiries from U.S. law enforcement agencies concerning their customers and their transactions. The USA PATRIOT Act also encourages information-sharing among finan- cial institutions, regulators, and law enforcement authorities by providing an exemption from the privacy provisions of the GLB Act for financial institutions that comply with this provision. The effectiveness of a financial institution in combating money laundering activities is a factor to be considered in any appli- cation submitted by the financial institution under the Bank Merger Act, which applies to the Bank, or the BHC Act, which applies to the Company. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal, financial and reputational consequences. As of December 31, 2016, the Company and the Bank believe that they are in compliance with the BSA and the USA PATRIOT Act, and implementing regulations thereunder. Identity Theft Prevention The Fair Credit Reporting Act’s (“FCRA”) Red Flags Rule requires financial institutions with covered accounts (e.g., con- sumer bank accounts and loans) to develop, implement, and administer an identity theft prevention program. This program must include reasonable policies and procedures to detect sus- picious patterns or practices that indicate the possibility of identity theft, such as inconsistencies in personal information or changes in account activity. 12 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulation Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 The United States has imposed economic sanctions that affect transactions with designated foreign countries, nationals, and others. These are typically known as the “OFAC” rules based on their administration by the U.S. Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). The OFAC-administered sanctions targeting countries take many different forms. Gen- erally, they contain one or more of the following elements: (i) restrictions on trade with or investment in a sanctioned country, including prohibitions against direct or indirect imports from and exports to a sanctioned country and prohibitions on “U.S. persons” engaging in financial transactions relating to making investments in, or providing investment-related advice or assis- tance to, a sanctioned country; and (ii) a blocking of assets in which the government or specially designated nationals of the sanctioned country have an interest, by prohibiting transfers of property subject to U.S. jurisdiction (including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons). Blocked assets (prop- erty and bank deposits) cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off, or transferred in any manner without a license from OFAC. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious legal and reputational consequences. Financial Privacy and Data Security The Company and the Bank are subject to federal laws, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”) and certain state laws containing consumer privacy protection provisions. These provisions limit the ability of banks and other financial institutions to disclose nonpublic information about consumers to affiliated and non-affiliated third parties and limit the reuse of certain consumer information received from nonaffiliated financial institutions. These provisions require notice of privacy policies to clients and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent disclosure of certain nonpublic personal information to affiliates or non-affiliated third parties by means of “opt out” or “opt in” authorizations. The GLBA requires that financial institutions implement comprehensive written information security programs that include administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to protect consumer information. Further, pursuant to interpre- tive guidance issued under the GLBA and certain state laws, financial institutions are required to notify clients of security breaches resulting in unauthorized access to their personal information. The Bank believes it is in compliance with all GLBA obligations. The Bank is also subject to data security standards, privacy and data breach notice requirements, primarily those issued by the OCC. The Bank has a responsibility under the CRA, as implemented by OCC regulations, to help meet the credit needs of its com- munities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions nor does it limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community, consistent with the CRA. Regulators periodically assess the Bank’s record of compliance with the CRA. In addition, the ECOA and the Fair Housing Act prohibit discrimination in lending practices on the basis of characteristics specified in those statutes. The Bank’s failure to comply with the CRA could, at a minimum, result in regulatory restrictions on its activities and the activities of the Company. The Bank’s latest CRA rating was “Satisfactory.” Future Legislative Initiatives Congress, state legislatures, and financial regulatory agencies are expected to introduce various legislative and regulatory initiatives that are likely to impact the financial services industry, generally. Such initiatives may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and/or depos- itory institutions or proposals to substantially change the finan- cial institution regulatory system. Such legislation could change banking statutes and the operating environment of the Com- pany in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase or decrease the cost of doing busi- ness, limit or expand permissible activities, or affect the com- petitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions. The Company cannot predict whether any such legislation will be enacted, and, if enacted, the effect that it or any implementing regulations would have on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company. A change in statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies applicable to the Company or any of its subsidiaries could have a material effect on the business of the Company. Employees At December 31, 2016, the Company had 1,704 full-time equivalent employees. The Company’s employees are not presently represented by any collective bargaining group. Available Information The Company’s website is http://www.nbtbancorp.com. The Company makes available free of charge through its website its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 13 is electronically filed or furnished with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. We also make avail- able through our website other reports filed with or furnished to the SEC under the Exchange Act, including our proxy state- ments and reports filed by officers and directors under Section 16(a) of that Act, as well as our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and other codes/committee charters. The references to our website do not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained in the website and such information should not be considered part of this document. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS There are risks inherent to the Company’s business. The material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect the Company are described below. Any of the following risks could affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations and could be material and/or adverse in nature. You should consider all of the following risks together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Deterioration in Local Economic Conditions May Negatively Impact Our Financial Performance The Company’s success depends primarily on the general economic conditions in central and upstate New York, north- eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Hampshire, western Mas- sachusetts, Vermont, Maine and the specific local markets in which the Company operates. Unlike larger national or other regional banks that are more geographically diversified, the Company provides banking and financial services to customers primarily in the upstate New York areas of Norwich, Syracuse, Oneonta, Amsterdam-Gloversville, Albany, Binghamton, Utica- Rome, Plattsburgh, Glens Falls and Ogdensburg-Massena, the northeastern Pennsylvania areas of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre and East Stroudsburg, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, southern New Hampshire, Vermont and the greater Portland, Maine area. The local economic conditions in these areas have a significant impact on the demand for the Company’s products and services as well as the ability of the Company’s customers to repay loans, the value of the collateral securing loans and the stability of the Company’s deposit funding sources. As a lender with the majority of our loans secured by real estate or made to businesses in New York, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont and Maine, a downturn in these local economies could cause significant increases in nonperforming loans, which could negatively impact our earn- ings. Declines in real estate values in our market areas could Any materials we file with the SEC may be read and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Wash- ington, DC, 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800- SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. cause any of our loans to become inadequately collateralized, which would expose us to greater risk of loss. Additionally, a decline in real estate values could result in the decline of orig- inations of such loans, as most of our loans and the collateral securing our loans, are located in those areas. Variations in Interest Rates May Negatively Affect Our Financial Performance The Company’s earnings and financial condition are largely dependent upon net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned from loans and investments and inter- est paid on deposits and borrowings. The narrowing of interest rate spreads could adversely affect the Company’s earnings and financial condition. The Company cannot predict with cer- tainty, or control, changes in interest rates. Regional and local economic conditions and the policies of regulatory authorities, including monetary policies of the FRB, affect interest income and interest expense. High interest rates could also affect the amount of loans that the Company can originate because higher rates could cause customers to apply for fewer mortgages or cause depositors to shift funds from accounts that have a comparatively lower cost to accounts with a higher cost. The Company may also experience customer attrition due to com- petitor pricing. If the cost of interest-bearing deposits increases at a rate greater than the yields on interest-earning assets increase, net interest income will be negatively affected. Changes in the asset and liability mix may also affect net interest income. Similarly, lower interest rates cause higher yielding assets to prepay and floating or adjustable rate assets to reset to lower rates. If the Company is not able to reduce its funding costs sufficiently, due to either competitive factors or the maturity schedule of existing liabilities, then the Company’s net interest margin will decline. 14 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Although management believes it has implemented effective asset and liability management strategies to mitigate the poten- tial adverse effects of changes in interest rates on the Company’s results of operations, any substantial or unexpected change in, or prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. See the section captioned “Net Interest Income” in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk located elsewhere in this report for further discussion related to the Company’s management of interest rate risk. Changes in the Economy or the Financial Markets Could Materially Affect Our Financial Performance Downturns in the United States or global economies or financial markets could adversely affect the demand for and income received from the Company’s fee-based services. Rev- enues from the trust and benefit plan administration businesses depend in large part on the level of assets under management and administration. Market volatility that leads customers to liquidate investments, as well as lower asset values, can reduce our level of assets under management and administration and thereby decrease our investment management and adminis- tration revenues. Our Lending, and Particularly Our Emphasis on Commercial Lending, Exposes Us to the Risk of Losses Upon Borrower Default As of December 31, 2016, approximately 45% of the Com- pany’s loan portfolio consisted of commercial and industrial, agricultural, commercial construction and commercial real estate loans. These types of loans generally expose a lender to greater risk of non-payment and loss than residential real estate loans because repayment of the loans often depends on the successful operation of the property, the income stream of the borrowers and, for construction loans, the accuracy of the esti- mate of the property’s value at completion of construction and the estimated cost of construction. Such loans typically involve larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers compared to residential real estate loans. Because the Company’s loan portfolio contains a significant number of commercial and industrial, agricultural, construction and com- mercial real estate loans with relatively large balances, the dete- rioration of one or a few of these loans could cause a significant increase in nonperforming loans. An increase in nonperforming loans could result in a net loss of earnings from these loans, an increase in the provision for loan losses and/or an increase in loan charge-offs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of oper- ations. See the section captioned “Loans” in Item 7. Manage- ment’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations located elsewhere in this report for further discussion related to commercial and industrial, agricultural, construction and commercial real estate loans. If Our Allowance for Loan Losses is Not Sufficient to Cover Actual Loan Losses, Our Earnings Will Decrease The Company maintains an allowance for loan losses, which is an allowance established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, that represents management’s best esti- mate of probable losses that could be incurred within the existing portfolio of loans. The allowance, in the judgment of management, is necessary to reserve for estimated loan losses and risks inherent in the loan portfolio. The level of the allowance reflects management’s continuing evaluation of industry con- centrations; specific credit risks; loan loss experience; current loan portfolio quality; present economic, political, environmental and regulatory conditions and unidentified losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires the Company to make sig- nificant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. Changes in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of the Company’s control, may require an increase in the allowance for loan losses. Bank regulatory agencies periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses and may require an increase in the provision for loan losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. In addition, if charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for loan losses, the Company may need additional provisions to increase the allowance for loan losses. These potential increases in the allowance for loan losses would result in a decrease in net income and, possibly, capital and may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. See the section captioned “Risk Man- agement—Credit Risk” in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations located elsewhere in this report for further discussion related to the Company’s process for determining the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 15 Strong Competition Within Our Industry and Market Area Could Hurt Our Performance and Slow Our Growth The Company faces substantial competition in all areas of its operations from a variety of different competitors, many of which are larger and may have more financial resources. Such competitors primarily include national, regional and community banks within the various markets in which the Company oper- ates. Additionally, various banks continue to enter or have announced plans to enter the market areas in which the Com- pany currently operates. The Company also faces competition from many other types of financial institutions, including, with- out limitation, savings and loans, credit unions, finance com- panies, brokerage firms, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries. The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. Technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non- banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment sys- tems. Many of the Company’s competitors have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures. Additionally, due to their size, many competitors may be able to achieve economies of scale and, as a result, may offer a broader range of products and services as well as better pricing for those products and services than the Company can. The Company’s ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including, among other things: • The ability to develop, maintain and build upon long-term customer relationships based on top quality service, high ethical standards and safe, sound assets; • The ability to expand the Company’s market position; • The scope, relevance and pricing of products and services offered to meet customer needs and demands; • The rate at which the Company introduces new products, services and technologies relative to its competitors; • Customer satisfaction with the Company’s level of service; • Industry and general economic trends; and • The ability to attract and retain talented employees. Failure to perform in any of these areas could significantly weaken the Company’s competitive position, which could adversely affect the Company’s growth and profitability, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. We Are Subject to Extensive Government Regulation and Supervision, Which May Interfere With Our Ability to Conduct Our Business and May Negatively Impact Our Financial Results We, primarily through the Bank and certain non-bank sub- sidiaries, are subject to extensive federal and state regulation and supervision. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors’ funds, the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund and the safety and soundness of the banking system as a whole, not stockholders. These regulations affect the Com- pany’s lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy and growth, among other things. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. Changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, could affect the Company in substantial and unpre- dictable ways. Such changes could subject the Company to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products the Company may offer, and/or limit the pricing the Company may charge on certain banking services, among other things. Compliance personnel and resources may increase our costs of operations and adversely impact our earnings. Failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of oper- ations. While the Company has policies and procedures designed to prevent any such violations, there can be no assurance that such violations will not occur. See the section captioned “Super- vision and Regulation” in Item 1. Business of this report for further information. We Will be Subject to Heightened Regulatory Requirements if We Exceed $10 Billion in Total Consolidated Assets Based on our historical growth rates and current size, it is possible that our total assets could exceed $10 billion dollars in the near future. The Dodd-Frank Act and its implementing regulations impose enhanced supervisory requirements on bank holding companies with more than $10 billion in total consolidated assets. For bank holding companies with more than $10 billion but less than $50 billion in total consolidated assets such requirements include, among other things: • Compliance with the FRB’s annual stress testing requirements; • Increased capital, leverage, liquidity and risk management standards; 16 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K • Examinations by the CFPB for compliance with federal consumer financial protection laws and regulations; • Limits on interchange fees on debit cards; and • Changes to the FDIC deposit insurance assessments cal- culation that would increase our insurance premium costs. Federal financial regulators may require us to take actions to prepare for compliance before we exceed $10 billion in total consolidated assets. Our regulators may consider our preparation for compliance with these regulatory requirements when exam- ining our operations or considering any request for regulatory approval. We may, therefore, incur compliance costs before we reach $10 billion in total consolidated assets and may be required to maintain the additional compliance procedures even if we do not grow at the anticipated rate or at all. Failure to comply with these new requirements may nega- tively impact the results of our operations and financial condi- tion. To ensure compliance, we will be required to investment significant resources, which may necessitate hiring additional personnel and implementing additional internal controls. These additional compliance costs may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company is Subject to Liquidity Risk Which Could Adversely Affect Net Interest Income and Earnings The purpose of the Company’s liquidity management is to meet the cash flow obligations of its customers for both deposits and loans. The primary liquidity measurement the Company utilizes is called basic surplus, which captures the adequacy of the Company’s access to reliable sources of cash relative to the stability of its funding mix of average liabilities. This approach recognizes the importance of balancing levels of cash flow liq- uidity from short and long-term securities with the availability of dependable borrowing sources which can be accessed when necessary. However, competitive pressure on deposit pricing could result in a decrease in the Company’s deposit base or an increase in funding costs. In addition, liquidity will come under additional pressure if loan growth exceeds deposit growth. These scenarios could lead to a decrease in the Company’s basic surplus measure below the minimum policy level of 5%. To manage this risk, the Company has the ability to purchase brokered time deposits, borrow against established borrowing facilities with other banks (Federal funds) and enter into repur- chase agreements with investment companies. Depending on the level of interest rates, the Company’s net interest income, and therefore earnings, could be adversely affected. See the section captioned “Liquidity Risk” in Item 7. Our Ability to Service Our Debt, Pay Dividends and Otherwise Pay Our Obligations as They Come Due is Substantially Dependent on Capital Distributions From Our Subsidiaries The Company is a separate and distinct legal entity from its subsidiaries. It receives substantially all of its revenue from dividends from its subsidiaries. These dividends are the prin- cipal source of funds to pay dividends on the Company’s com- mon stock and interest and principal on the Company’s debt. Various federal and/or state laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that the Bank may pay to the Company. Also, the Company’s right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors. In the event the Bank is unable to pay dividends to the Company, the Company may not be able to service debt, pay obligations or pay dividends on the Company’s common stock. The inabil- ity to receive dividends from the Bank could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. A Breach of Information Security, Including as a Result of Cyber Attacks, Could Disrupt Our Business and Impact Our Earnings We depend upon data processing, communication and infor- mation exchange on a variety of computing platforms and net- works and over the internet. In addition, we rely on the services of a variety of vendors to meet our data processing and com- munication needs. Despite existing safeguards, we cannot be certain that all of our systems are free from vulnerability to attack or other technological difficulties or failures. If information security is breached or difficulties or failures occur, despite the controls we and our third party vendors have instituted, infor- mation can be lost or misappropriated, resulting in financial loss or costs to us, reputational harm or damages to others. Such costs or losses could exceed the amount of insurance coverage, if any, which would adversely affect our earnings. The Company May be Adversely Affected by Fraud As a financial institution, the Company is inherently exposed to operational risk in the form of theft and other fraudulent activity by employees, customers, and other third parties tar- geting the Company and/or the Company’s customers or data. Such activity may take many forms, including check fraud, elec- tronic fraud, wire fraud, phishing, social engineering and other dishonest acts. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 17 Although the Company devotes substantial resources to maintaining effective policies and internal controls to identify and prevent such incidents, given the increasing sophistication of possible perpetrators, the Company may experience financial losses or reputational harm as a result of fraud. We Continually Encounter Technological Change and the Failure to Understand and Adapt to These Changes Could Hurt Our Business The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. The Company’s future success depends, in part, upon its ability to address the needs of its customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in the Company’s operations. Many of the Company’s competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. The Company may not be able to effectively implement new technology- driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to its customers. Failure to suc- cessfully keep pace with technological changes affecting the financial services industry could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business and, in turn, the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Company Relies on Third Parties to Provide Key Components of its Business Infrastructure The Company relies on third parties to provide key compo- nents for its business operations, such as data processing and storage, recording and monitoring transactions, online banking interfaces and services, internet connections, and network access. While the Company selects these third-party vendors carefully, it does not control their actions. Any problems caused by these third parties, including those resulting from breakdowns or other disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, failure of a vendor to handle current or higher volumes, cyber-attacks and security breaches at a vendor, failure of a vendor to provide services for any reason, or poor performance of services by a vendor, could adversely affect the Company’s ability to deliver products and services to its customers and otherwise conduct its business. Financial or operational difficulties of a third-party vendor could also hurt the Company’s operations if those difficulties interfere with the vendor’s ability to serve the Company. Replacing these third party vendors also could create significant delays and expense that adversely affect the Company’s business and performance. The Possibility of the Economy’s Return to Recessionary Conditions and the Possibility of Further Turmoil or Volatility in the Financial Markets Would Likely Have an Adverse Effect on Our Business, Financial Position and Results of Operations The economy in the United States and globally has experienced volatility in recent years and may continue to do so for the fore- seeable future. There can be no assurance that economic con- ditions will not worsen. Unfavorable or uncertain economic conditions can be caused by declines in economic growth, busi- ness activity or investor or business confidence, limitations on the availability or increases in the cost of credit and capital, increases in inflation or interest rates, the timing and impact of changing governmental policies, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, acts of war or a combination of these or other factors. A worsening of business and economic conditions recovery could have adverse effects on our business, including the following: • Investors may have less confidence in the equity markets in general and in financial services industry stocks in par- ticular, which could place downward pressure on the Com- pany’s stock price and resulting market valuation; • Economic and market developments may further affect consumer and business confidence levels and may cause declines in credit usage and adverse changes in payment patterns, causing increases in delinquencies and default rates; • The Company’s ability to assess the creditworthiness of its customers may be impaired if the models and approaches the Company uses to select, manage and underwrite its customers become less predictive of future behaviors; • The Company could suffer decreases in demand for loans or other financial products and services or decreased deposits or other investments in accounts with the Company; • Customers of the Company’s trust and benefit plan admin- istration business may liquidate investments, which together with lower asset values, may reduce the level of assets under management and administration and thereby decrease the Company’s investment management and administration revenues; • Competition in the financial services industry could inten- sify as a result of the increasing consolidation of financial services companies in connection with current market conditions or otherwise; and; • The value of loans and other assets or collateral securing loans may decrease. 18 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K We are Subject to Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Risk Which Could Negatively Impact Our Financial Performance The Company recognizes an impairment charge when the decline in the fair value of equity, debt securities and cost- method investments below their cost basis are judged to be other-than-temporary. Significant judgment is used to identify events or circumstances that would likely have a significant adverse effect on the future use of the investment. The Company considers various factors in determining whether an impairment is other-than-temporary, including the severity and duration of the impairment, forecasted recovery, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, whether the Company has the intent to sell and whether it is more likely than not it will be forced to sell the security in question. Information about unrealized gains and losses is subject to changing conditions. The values of securities with unrealized gains and losses will fluctuate, as will the values of securities that we identify as potentially distressed. Our current evaluation of other-than- temporary impairments reflects our intent to hold securities for a reasonable period of time sufficient for a forecasted recov- ery of fair value. However, our intent to hold certain of these securities may change in future periods as a result of facts and circumstances impacting a specific security. If our intent to hold a security with an unrealized loss changes and we do not expect the security to fully recover prior to the expected time of disposition, we will write down the security to its fair value in the period that our intent to hold the security changes. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of good- will and other intangibles is highly subjective and requires sig- nificant judgment. The Company estimates the expected future cash flows of its various businesses and determines the carrying value of these businesses. The Company exercises judgment in assigning and allocating certain assets and liabilities to these businesses. The Company then compares the carrying value, including goodwill and other intangibles, to the discounted future cash flows. If the total of future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets, an impairment loss is rec- ognized based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. Estimates of the future cash flows asso- ciated with the assets are critical to these assessments. Changes in these estimates based on changed economic conditions or business strategies could result in material impairment charges and therefore have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and performance. The Risks Presented by Acquisitions Could Adversely Affect Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations The business strategy of the Company has included and may continue to include growth through acquisition. Any future acquisitions will be accompanied by the risks commonly encountered in acquisitions. These risks may include, among other things: • Our ability to realize anticipated cost savings; • The difficulty of integrating operations and personnel, the loss of key employees; • The potential disruption of our or the acquired company’s ongoing business in such a way that could result in decreased revenues, the inability of our management to maximize our financial and strategic position; • The inability to maintain uniform standards, controls, pro- cedures and policies; and • The impairment of relationships with the acquired com- pany’s employees and customers as a result of changes in ownership and management. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with acquisitions. Our inability to overcome these risks could have an adverse effect on the achievement of our business strategy and results of operations. There are Substantial Risks and Uncertainties Associated With the Introduction or Expansion of Lines of Business or New Products and Services Within Existing Lines of Business From time to time, the Company may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and mar- keting new lines of business and/or new products and services, the Company may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove attainable. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 19 line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the Company’s system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition. Our Controls and Procedures May Fail or be Circumvented, Which May Result in a Material Adverse Effect on Our Business Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure or circumvention of the controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We Are Exposed to Risk of Environmental Liabilities With Respect to Properties to Which We Obtain Title A significant portion of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2016 was secured by real estate. In the course of our business, we may foreclose and take title to real estate and could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these prop- erties. We may be held liable to a government entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination, or may be required to clean up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation and remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, if we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the prop- erty. These costs and claims could adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects. We May be Adversely Affected by the Soundness of Other Financial Institutions Including the FHLB of New York Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services companies are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute trans- actions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds and other institutional clients. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services companies, or the financial serv- ices industry generally, have led to market-wide liquidity prob- lems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated if the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not suf- ficient to recover the full amount of the loan or derivative exposure due us. There is no assurance that any such losses would not materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. The Company owns common stock of FHLB of New York in order to qualify for membership in the FHLB system, which enables it to borrow funds under the FHLB of New York’s advance program. The carrying value and fair market value of our FHLB of New York common stock was $31.8 million as of December 31, 2016. There are 11 branches of the FHLB, including New York, which are jointly liable for the consolidated obligations of the FHLB system. To the extent that one FHLB branch cannot meet its obligations to pay its share of the system’s debt, other FHLB branches can be called upon to make the payment. Any adverse effects on the FHLB of New York could adversely affect the value of our investment in its common stock and negatively impact our results of operations. Provisions of Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, as Well as Delaware Law and Certain Banking Laws, Could Delay or Prevent a Takeover of Us by a Third Party Provisions of the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws, the corporate law of the State of Delaware and state and federal banking laws, including regulatory approval require- ments, could delay, defer or prevent a third party from acquiring the Company, despite the possible benefit to the Company’s stockholders, or otherwise adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock. These provisions include supermajority voting requirements for certain business com- binations and advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the Company’s board of directors and for pro- posing matters that stockholders may act on at stockholder meetings. In addition, the Company is subject to Delaware law, which among other things prohibits the Company from engag- ing in a business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years from the date the person became an interested stockholder unless certain conditions are met. 20 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K These provisions may discourage potential takeover attempts, discouraging bids for the Company’s common stock at a pre- mium over market price or adversely affect the market price of and the voting and other rights of the holders of the Com- pany’s common stock. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors other than candidates nominated by the Board. The Company’s Common Stock Price May Fluctuate Significantly The Company’s common stock price constantly changes, and has increased substantially since the U.S. Presidential elec- tion in November 2016. The market price of the Company’s common stock may continue to fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors including, but not limited to: • The political climate and whether the proposed policies of the new Presidential administration in the U.S. that have affected market prices for financial institution stocks are successfully implemented; • Changes in securities analysts’ recommendations or expec- tations of financial performance; • Volatility of stock market prices and volumes; • Incorrect information or speculation; • Changes in industry valuations; • Variations in operating results from general expectations; • Actions taken against the Company by various regulatory agencies; • Changes in authoritative accounting guidance; ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. • Changes in general domestic economic conditions such as inflation rates, tax rates, unemployment rates, labor and healthcare cost trend rates, recessions and changing government policies, laws and regulations; and • Severe weather, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism and other external events. There May be Future Sales or Other Dilution of the Company’s Equity, Which May Adversely Affect the Market Price of the Company’s Stock The Company is not restricted from issuing additional com- mon stock, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, com- mon stock. The Company also grants a significant number of shares of common stock to employees and directors under the Company’s incentive plan each year. The issuance of any addi- tional shares of the Company’s common stock or preferred stock or securities convertible into, exchangeable for or that represent the right to receive common stock, or the exercise of such securities could be substantially dilutive to stockholders of the Company’s common stock. Holders of the Company’s common stock have no preemptive rights that entitle such holders to purchase their pro rata share of any offering of shares or any class or series. Because the Company’s decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market condi- tions, its acquisition activity and other factors, the Company cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of its future offerings. Thus, the Company’s stockholders bear the risk of the Company’s future offerings reducing the market price of the Company’s common stock and diluting their stock holdings in the Company. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 21 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES The Company owns its headquarters located at 52 South Broad Street, Norwich, New York 13815. The Company operated the following community banking branches and ATMs as of December 31, 2016: County Branches ATMs County Branches ATMs New York Pennsylvania Albany 4 5 Lackawanna 13 16 Broome 8 10 Luzerne 4 6 Chenango 11 13 Monroe 4 4 Clinton 3 2 Pike 2 2 Cortland 5 7 Susquehanna 5 7 Delaware 5 4 Wayne 3 4 Essex 3 5 Franklin 1 1 New Hampshire Fulton 5 6 Cheshire 1 — Greene 2 2 Hillsborough 2 2 Hamilton 1 1 Rockingham 1 2 Herkimer 2 1 Madison 4 6 Vermont Montgomery 5 4 Chittenden 3 3 Oneida 7 11 Rutland 1 1 Onondaga 11 13 Oswego 4 6 Massachusetts Otsego 8 12 Berkshire 6 6 Rensselaer 1 1 Saint Lawrence 5 5 Maine Saratoga 4 4 Cumberland 1 — Schenectady 2 2 Schoharie 4 4 Tioga 1 1 Warren 2 3 Total 154 182 The Company leases 66 of the above listed branches from third parties. The Company owns all other banking premises. The Company believes that its offices are sufficient for its present operations. All of the above ATMs are owned by the Company. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS There are no material legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or of which any of their property is subject. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES None. 22 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information The common stock of the Company, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”), is quoted on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “NBTB.” The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices and dividends declared for the Common Stock for the periods indicated: High Low Dividend 2016 1st quarter $27.50 $23.81 $0.22 2nd quarter 29.55 25.67 0.22 3rd quarter 33.04 27.31 0.23 4th quarter 42.49 32.26 0.23 2015 1st quarter $26.46 $22.97 $0.21 2nd quarter 26.89 23.75 0.22 3rd quarter 27.72 24.91 0.22 4th quarter 30.52 25.58 0.22 The closing price of the Common Stock on February 10, 2017 was $40.08. As of February 10, 2017, there were 6,412 stockholders of record of Common Stock. No unregistered securities were sold by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2016. Stock Performance Graph The following stock performance graph compares the cumu- lative total stockholder return (i.e., price change, reinvestment of cash dividends and stock dividends received) on our Common Stock against the cumulative total return of the NASDAQ Stock Market (U.S. Companies) Index and the KBW Regional Bank Index (Peer Group). The stock performance graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2011. The graph further assumes the reinvestment of dividends into additional shares of the same class of equity securities at the frequency with which dividends are paid on such securities during the relevant fiscal year. The yearly points marked on the horizontal axis cor- respond to December 31 of that year. We calculate each of the referenced indices in the same manner. All are market-capital- ization-weighted indices, so companies judged by the market to be more important (i.e., more valuable) count for more in all indices. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 23 $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 H B J $50 $0 12/31/11 The Company’s Long-Term Total Return Performance vs. Indices B NBT Bancorp J KBW Regional Bank Index H NASDAQ Composite Index J B H J H B H J B H J B H J B 12/31/12 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 12/31/16 Period Ending Index 12/31/11 12/31/12 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 12/31/16 NBT Bancorp $100.00 $ 95.06 $125.80 $132.08 $144.83 $223.79 KBW Regional Bank Index $100.00 $113.18 $166.06 $170.01 $180.18 $250.39 NASDAQ Composite Index $100.00 $117.70 $164.92 $189.32 $202.81 $220.91 Source: Bloomberg, L.P. Dividends We depend primarily upon dividends from our subsidiaries for a substantial part of our revenue. Accordingly, our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders depends primarily upon the receipt of dividends or other capital distributions from our subsidiaries. Payment of dividends to the Company from the Bank is subject to certain regulatory and other restrictions. Under OCC regulations, the Bank may pay dividends to the Company without prior regulatory approval so long as it meets its applicable regulatory capital requirements before and after payment of such dividends and its total dividends do not exceed its net income to date over the calendar year plus retained net income over the preceding two years. At December 31, 2016, the Bank was in compliance with all applicable minimum capital requirements and had the ability to pay dividends of $102.5 million to the Company without the prior approval of the OCC. If the capital of the Company is diminished by depreciation in the value of its property or by losses, or otherwise, to an amount less than the aggregate amount of the capital rep- resented by the issued and outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets, no divi- dends may be paid out of net profits until the deficiency in the amount of capital represented by the issued and outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets has been repaired. See the section captioned “Super- vision and Regulation” in Item 1. Business and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements is included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, which are located else- where in this report. Stock Repurchase The Company purchased 675,535 shares of its common stock during the year ended December 31, 2016 at an average price of $25.45 per share under a previously announced plan that expired on December 31, 2016. On March 28, 2016, the NBT Board of Directors authorized a new repurchase program for NBT to repurchase up to 1,000,000 shares of its outstanding stock. This plan expires on December 31, 2017. The Company did not purchase any shares of its common stock during the fourth quarter of 2016. 24 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following summary of financial and other information about the Company is derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for each of the last five fiscal years ended December 31 and should be read in conjunction with Item 7 and the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, included elsewhere in this report: Year ended December 31, (In thousands except share and per share data) 2016 2015 2014 2013(1) 2012(2) Interest, fee and dividend income $ 286,947 $ 273,224 $ 275,081 $ 268,723 $ 239,397 Interest expense 22,506 20,616 23,203 30,644 35,194 Net interest income 264,441 252,608 251,878 238,079 204,203 Provision for loan losses 25,431 18,285 19,539 22,424 20,269 Noninterest income excluding securities gains 116,357 115,394 125,935 101,789 86,728 Securities (losses) gains, net (644) 3,087 92 1,426 599 Noninterest expense 235,922 236,176 246,063 228,927 193,887 Income before income taxes 118,801 116,628 112,303 89,943 77,374 Net income 78,409 76,425 75,074 61,747 54,558 Per common share Basic earnings $ 1.81 $ 1.74 $ 1.71 $ 1.47 $ 1.63 Diluted earnings 1.80 1.72 1.69 1.46 1.62 Cash dividends paid 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.80 Book value at year-end 21.11 20.31 19.69 18.77 17.24 Tangible book value at year-end(3) 14.61 13.79 13.22 12.09 12.23 Average diluted common shares outstanding 43,622 44,389 44,395 42,351 33,719 Securities available for sale, at fair value $1,338,290 $1,174,544 $1,013,171 $1,364,881 $1,147,999 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost 527,948 471,031 454,361 117,283 60,563 Loans 6,198,057 5,883,133 5,595,271 5,406,795 4,277,616 Allowance for loan losses 65,200 63,018 66,359 69,434 69,334 Assets 8,867,268 8,262,646 7,807,340 7,652,175 6,042,259 Deposits 6,973,688 6,604,843 6,299,605 5,890,224 4,784,349 Borrowings 886,986 674,124 548,943 866,061 605,855 Stockholders’ equity 913,316 882,004 864,181 816,569 582,273 Key ratios Return on average assets 0.92% 0.96% 0.97% 0.85% 0.93% Return on average equity 8.74% 8.70% 8.84% 8.09% 9.72% Average equity to average assets 10.49% 10.98% 10.95% 10.50% 9.55% Net interest margin 3.43% 3.50% 3.61% 3.66% 3.86% Dividend payout ratio 50.00% 49.92% 49.16% 55.48% 49.38% Tier 1 leverage 9.11% 9.44% 9.39% 8.93% 8.54% Common equity tier 1 capital ratio 9.98% 10.20% N/A N/A N/A Tier 1 risk-based capital 11.42% 11.73% 12.32% 11.74% 11.00% Total risk-based capital 12.39% 12.74% 13.50% 12.99% 12.25% (1)Includes the impact of the acquisition of Alliance Financial Corporation (“Alliance”) on March 8, 2013. (2)Includes the impact of the acquisition of Hampshire First Bank on June 8, 2012. (3)Tangible book value calculation (non-GAAP): Year ended December 31, (In thousands, except share and per share data) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Stockholders’ equity $913,316 $882,004 $864,181 $816,569 $582,273 Intangibles 281,254 283,222 283,951 290,554 169,335 Tangible equity 632,062 598,782 580,229 526,015 412,938 Diluted common shares outstanding 43,258 43,431 43,896 43,513 33,775 Tangible book value $ 14.61 $ 13.79 $ 13.22 $ 12.09 $ 12.23 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 25 Selected Quarterly Financial Data 2016 2015 (Dollars in thousands except share and per share data) Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third Second First Interest, fee and dividend income $73,109 $72,509 $71,375 $69,954 $68,771 $69,500 $67,727 $67,226 Interest expense 5,684 5,847 5,598 5,377 5,259 5,255 5,042 5,060 Net interest income 67,425 66,662 65,777 64,577 63,512 64,245 62,685 62,166 Provision for loan losses 8,165 6,388 4,780 6,098 5,779 4,966 3,898 3,642 Noninterest income excluding net securities gains 28,762 29,644 29,613 28,338 29,427 31,258 28,189 26,520 Net securities (losses) gains (674) — 1 29 3,044 3 26 14 Noninterest expense 57,639 59,614 60,445 58,224 60,619 59,891 57,964 57,702 Net income 19,608 20,001 19,909 18,891 19,127 19,851 19,281 18,166 Basic earnings per share $ 0.45 $ 0.46 $ 0.46 $ 0.44 $ 0.44 $ 0.45 $ 0.44 $ 0.41 Diluted earnings per share $ 0.45 $ 0.46 $ 0.46 $ 0.43 $ 0.43 $ 0.45 $ 0.43 $ 0.41 Annualized net interest margin 3.41% 3.40% 3.44% 3.47% 3.42% 3.48% 3.51% 3.60% Annualized return on average assets 0.89% 0.92% 0.94% 0.92% 0.93% 0.97% 0.97% 0.94% Annualized return on average equity 8.54% 8.80% 9.00% 8.63% 8.58% 8.97% 8.81% 8.46% Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding 43,703 43,562 43,454 43,707 44,072 44,262 44,530 44,642 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Forward-Looking Statements Certain statements in this filing and future filings by the Company with the SEC, in the Company’s press releases or other public or shareholder communications, or in oral state- ments made with the approval of an authorized executive officer, contain forward-looking statements, as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. These statements may be identified by the use of phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “will,” “can,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may,” or other similar terms. There are a number of factors, many of which are beyond the Company’s control that could cause actual results to differ materially from those con- templated by the forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by such forward-looking statements include, among others, the following possibilities: (1) local, regional, national and inter- national economic conditions and the impact they may have on the Company and its customers and the Company’s assess- ment of that impact; (2) changes in the level of nonperforming assets and charge-offs; (3) changes in estimates of future reserve requirements based upon the periodic review thereof under relevant regulatory and accounting requirements; (4) the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board; (5) inflation, interest rate, securities market and monetary fluctuations; (6) political instability; (7) acts of war or terrorism; (8) the timely development and acceptance of new products and services and perceived overall value of these products and services by users; (9) changes in consumer spending, borrowings and savings habits; (10) changes in the financial performance and/or condition of the Company’s borrowers; (11) technological changes; (12) acquisitions and integration of acquired busi- nesses; (13) the ability to increase market share and control expenses; (14) changes in the competitive environment among financial holding companies; (15) the effect of changes in laws and regulations (including laws and regulations concerning taxes, banking, securities and insurance) with which the Com- pany and its subsidiaries must comply including those under the Dodd-Frank Act; (16) the effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the FASB and other accounting standard setters; (17) changes in the Company’s organization, compensation and benefit plans; (18) the costs and effects of legal and regulatory developments including the resolution of legal proceedings or regulatory or other governmental inquiries and the results of regulatory examinations or reviews; (19) greater than expected costs or difficulties related to the integration of new products and lines of business; and (20) the Company’s success at man- aging the risks involved in the foregoing items. 26 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K The Company cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made, and advises readers that various factors including, but not limited to, those described above, could affect the Company’s financial performance and could cause the Com- pany’s actual results or circumstances for future periods to differ materially from those anticipated or projected. Except as required by law, the Company does not undertake, and specifically disclaims any obligations to, publicly release any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking state- ments to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements. General The financial review which follows focuses on the factors affecting the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Bank, NBT Financial Services and NBT Holdings during 2016 and, in summary form, the preceding two years. Collectively, the Registrant and its subsidiaries are referred to herein as “the Company.” Net interest margin is presented in this discussion on a fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”) basis. Average balances discussed are daily averages unless otherwise described. The audited consolidated financial statements and related notes as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 should be read in conjunction with this review. Amounts in prior period consolidated financial statements are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the 2016 presentation. Critical Accounting Policies The Company has identified policies as being critical because they require management to make particularly difficult, sub- jective and/or complex judgments about matters that are inher- ently uncertain and because of the likelihood that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. These policies relate to the allowance for loan losses, pension accounting, provision for income taxes and impairment of goodwill and intangible assets. Management of the Company considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for loan losses to be a critical accounting policy given the uncertainty in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio and the material effect that such judgments can have on the results of operations. While management’s current evaluation of the allowance for loan losses indicates that the allowance is adequate, under adversely different conditions or assumptions, the allowance may need to be increased. For example, if historical loan loss experience significantly worsened or if current economic conditions significantly deteriorated, additional provision for loan losses would be required to increase the allowance. In addition, the assumptions and estimates used in the internal reviews of the Company’s nonperforming loans and potential problem loans have a significant impact on the overall analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. While management has concluded that the current evaluation of collateral values is reasonable under the circumstances, if collateral values were significantly lower, the Company’s allowance for loan loss policy would also require additional provision for loan losses. Management is required to make various assumptions in valuing its pension assets and liabilities. These assumptions include the expected rate of return on plan assets, the discount rate, and the rate of increase in future compensation levels. Changes to these assumptions could impact earnings in future periods. The Company takes into account the plan asset mix, funding obligations, and expert opinions in determining the various rates used to estimate pension expense. The Company also considers the Citigroup Pension Liability Index, market interest rates and discounted cash flows in setting the appro- priate discount rate. In addition, the Company reviews expected inflationary and merit increases to compensation in determining the rate of increase in future compensation levels. The Company is subject to examinations from various taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in challenges to the tax return treatment applied by the Company to specific trans- actions. Management believes that the assumptions and judg- ments used to record tax-related assets or liabilities have been NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 27 appropriate. Should tax laws change or the taxing authorities determine that management’s assumptions were inappropriate, an adjustment may be required which could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations. As a result of acquisitions, the Company has acquired good- will and identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill represents the cost of acquired companies in excess of the fair value of net assets at the acquisition date. Goodwill is evaluated at least annually or when business conditions suggest that an impair- ment may have occurred. Goodwill will be reduced to its carrying value through a charge to earnings if impairment exists. Core deposits and other identifiable intangible assets are amortized to expense over their estimated useful lives. The determination of whether or not impairment exists is based upon discounted cash flow modeling techniques that require management to make estimates regarding the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. It also requires them to select a discount rate that reflects the current return requirements of the market in relation to present risk-free interest rates, required equity market premiums and Company-specific risk indicators, all of which are susceptible to change based on changes in economic con- ditions and other factors. Future events or changes in the esti- mates used to determine the carrying value of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets could have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations. The Company’s policies on the allowance for loan losses, pension accounting, provision for income taxes, goodwill and intangible assets are disclosed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. A more detailed description of the allowance for loan losses is included in the section captioned “Risk Management—Credit Risk” in Item 7. Management’s Dis- cussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Oper- ations of this Form 10-K. All significant pension accounting assumptions, income tax assumptions, and intangible asset assumptions and detail are disclosed in Notes 13, 12 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, respectively. All account- ing policies are important, and as such, the Company encourages the reader to review each of the policies included in Note 1 to obtain a better understanding of how the Company’s financial performance is reported. Non-GAAP Measures This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains financial infor- mation determined by methods other than in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These measures adjust GAAP measures to exclude the effects of acquisition related intangible amorti- zation expense on earnings and equity as well as providing a fully taxable equivalent yield on securities and loans. Where non-GAAP disclosures are used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the comparable GAAP measure, as well as a reconciliation to the comparable GAAP measure, is provided in the accom- panying tables. Management believes that these non-GAAP measures provide useful information that is important to an understanding of the operating results of the Company’s core business as well as provide information standard in the financial institution industry. Non-GAAP measures should not be con- sidered a substitute for financial measures determined in accor- dance with GAAP and investors should consider the Company’s performance and financial condition as reported under GAAP and all other relevant information when assessing the perform- ance or financial condition of the Company. Overview Significant factors management reviews to evaluate the Company’s operating results and financial condition include, but are not limited to: net income and earnings per share, return on assets and equity, net interest margin, noninterest income, operating expenses, asset quality indicators, loan and deposit growth, capital management, liquidity and interest rate sensitivity, enhancements to customer products and serv- ices, technology advancements, market share and peer com- parisons. The following information should be considered in connection with the Company’s results for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016: • Net income for 2016 was $78.4 million, the highest in the Company’s history, and up from $76.4 million in 2015. • Net interest margin for 2016 declined 7 basis points as a result of the continued low rate environment on loans and investments. 28 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K • Asset quality indicators showed stability from last year: – Nonperforming loans were 0.65% at December 31, 2016 compared to 0.64% at December 31, 2015; – Past due loans to total loans increased to 0.64% at December 31, 2016 from 0.62% at December 31, 2015; and – Net charge-offs to average loans were 0.39% for 2016 compared to 0.38% in 2015. • Continued demand deposit growth strategies resulting in 10.1% growth in average deposits from 2015 to 2016. • Increased efforts to grow noninterest income with focus on organic growth of our wealth management businesses; and • Improved operating efficiencies resulting in flat noninterest expense year over year. The Company reported net income of $78.4 million or $1.80 per diluted share for 2016, up 2.6% from net income of $76.4 million or $1.72 per diluted share for 2015. Net interest income was $264.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, up $11.8 million, or 4.7% from $252.6 million in 2015. FTE net inter- est margin was 3.43% for the year ended December 31, 2016, down from 3.50% for the year ended December 31, 2015. Aver- age interest earning assets were up $510.5 million, or 7.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to 2015. The provision for loan losses totaled $25.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, up $7.1 million, or 39.1%, from $18.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. 2017 Outlook The Company’s 2016 earnings reflected the Company’s con- tinued ability to manage through the existing economic con- ditions and challenges in the financial services industry, while investing in the Company’s future. Since the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, financial services stock prices have increased substan- tially based in part on assumptions related to interest rates, deregulation and tax policy, the extent, timing and impact of which remains uncertain. Significant items that may have an impact on 2017 results include: • Improving economic conditions may cause interest rates to rise. This would result in principal and interest payments on currently outstanding loans and investments being reinvested at higher rates. In addition, rising market rates would likely increase deposit and borrowing costs from current low levels. This could potentially offset or more than offset the benefits of higher rates on our earning assets. The magnitude and timing of interest rate increases, along with the shape of the yield curve, will impact net interest income in 2017. • The new administration’s proposed regulatory relief and income tax reform could have positive impacts on com- pliance costs and income tax expense for both the Com- pany and our customers. The extent and speed of these potential reforms will determine the significance of the potential benefits in 2017. • Generally, political turmoil, both in the United States and globally, may give rise to continued market volatility that could impact both the Company’s stock price and interest rates. • The Company’s continued focus on long-term strategies including growth in the New England markets, diversifi- cation of revenue, improving operating efficiencies and investing in technology. • The Company’s 2017 outlook is subject to factors in addi- tion to those identified above and those risks and uncer- tainties that could impact the Company’s future results are explained in ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 29 Asset/Liability Management The Company attempts to maximize net interest income and net income, while actively managing its liquidity and interest rate sensitivity through the mix of various core deposit products and other sources of funds, which in turn fund an appropriate mix of earning assets. The changes in the Company’s asset mix and sources of funds, and the resulting impact on net interest income, on a fully tax equivalent basis, are discussed Average Balances and Net Interest Income below. The following table includes the condensed consolidated average balance sheet, an analysis of interest income/expense and average yield/rate for each major category of earning assets and interest bearing liabilities on a taxable equivalent basis. Interest income for tax-exempt securities and loans has been adjusted to a taxable-equivalent basis using the statutory Federal income tax rate of 35%. 2016 2015 2014 Average Yield/ Average Yield/ Average Yield/ (Dollars in thousands) Balance Interest Rate Balance Interest Rate Balance Interest Rate Assets Short-term interest bearing accounts $ 16,301 $ 95 0.58% $ 10,157 $ 33 0.33% $ 4,344 $ 28 0.65% Securities available for sale(1)(2) 1,237,930 24,450 1.98% 1,059,284 20,888 1.97% 1,258,999 25,760 2.05% Securities held to maturity(1) 487,837 12,255 2.51% 459,589 11,296 2.46% 233,465 6,558 2.81% Investment in FRB and FHLB Banks 38,867 1,973 5.08% 33,044 1,712 5.18% 39,290 2,005 5.10% Loans(3) 6,035,513 251,723 4.17% 5,743,860 242,587 4.22% 5,528,015 244,162 4.42% Total interest earning assets $7,816,448 $290,496 3.72% $7,305,934 $276,516 3.78% $7,064,113 $278,513 3.94% Other assets 740,506 691,583 691,934 Total assets $8,556,954 $7,997,517 $7,756,047 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Money market deposit accounts $1,668,555 $ 3,599 0.22% $1,582,078 $ 3,351 0.21% $1,457,770 $ 2,532 0.17% NOW deposit accounts 1,077,581 546 0.05% 987,638 515 0.05% 949,759 509 0.05% Savings deposits 1,135,182 652 0.06% 1,071,753 651 0.06% 1,020,974 760 0.07% Time deposits 905,126 9,569 1.06% 960,188 9,740 1.01% 1,015,748 9,837 0.97% Total interest bearing deposits $4,786,444 $ 14,366 0.30% $4,601,657 $ 14,257 0.31% $4,444,251 $ 13,638 0.31% Short-term borrowings 497,654 2,309 0.46% 339,885 783 0.23% 382,451 845 0.22% Long-term debt 118,860 3,204 2.70% 130,705 3,355 2.57% 224,556 6,555 2.92% Junior subordinated debt 101,196 2,627 2.60% 101,196 2,221 2.19% 101,196 2,165 2.14% Total interest bearing liabilities $5,504,154 $ 22,506 0.41% $5,173,443 $ 20,616 0.40% $5,152,454 $ 23,203 0.45% Demand deposits 2,045,465 1,857,027 1,670,188 Other liabilities 110,105 88,937 83,940 Stockholders’ equity 897,230 878,110 849,465 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $8,556,954 $7,997,517 $7,756,047 Net interest income (FTE) 267,990 255,900 255,310 Interest rate spread 3.31% 3.38% 3.49% Net interest margin 3.43% 3.50% 3.61% Taxable equivalent adjustment 3,549 3,292 3,432 Net interest income $264,441 $252,608 $251,878 (1)Securities are shown at average amortized cost. (2)Excluding unrealized gains or losses. (3)For purposes of these computations, nonaccrual loans are included in the average loan balances outstanding. Note: Interest income for tax-exempt securities and loans has been adjusted to a Fully Taxable-Equivalent (“FTE”) basis using the statutory Federal income tax rate of 35%. 30 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 2016 OPERATING RESULTS AS COMPARED TO 2015 OPERATING RESULTS Net Interest Income Net interest income was $264.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, up $11.8 million from 2015. Fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”) net interest margin was 3.43% for the year ended December 31, 2016, down from 3.50% for the year ended December 31, 2015. Average interest earning assets were up $510.5 million, or 7.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to 2015. This increase from last year was driven primarily by $314.9, or 5.4%, period end loan growth and a $220.7 million, or 13.4%, increase in investment securities in 2016. The benefit of earning asset growth was partially offset by a 6 basis point (“bp”) decrease in earning assets yields, driven by a 5 bp decrease in loan yields from 2015 to 2016. Average interest bearing liabilities increased $330.7 million, or 6.4%, from the year ended December 31, 2015 to the year ended December 31, 2016. Total average deposits increased $373.2 million, or 5.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2016 as com- pared to the prior year driven primarily by a 10.1% increase in noninterest bearing demand deposits, as well as increases in money market deposit accounts, NOW and savings deposits in 2016. Average short-term borrowings increased $157.8 mil- lion for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the prior year funding earning asset growth. The rates paid on interest bearing liabilities increased by 1 bp for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to 2015. The following table presents changes in interest income, on a FTE basis, and interest expense attributable to changes in volume (change in average balance multiplied by prior year rate), changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by prior year volume), and the net change in net interest income. The net change attributable to the com- bined impact of volume and rate has been allocated to each in proportion to the absolute dollar amounts of change. Analysis of Changes in Fully Taxable Equivalent Net Interest Income Increase (Decrease) Increase (Decrease) 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 (In thousands) Volume Rate Total Volume Rate Total 5 Short-term interest-bearing accounts $ 27 $ Securities available for sale 3,527 35 3,562 (3,966) (906) (4,872) Securities held to maturity 706 253 959 5,649 (911) 4,738 Investment in FRB and FHLB Banks 296 (35) 261 (323) 30 (293) Loans 12,194 (3,058) 9,136 9,337 (10,912) (1,575) 35 $ 62 $ 24 $ (19) $ Total interest income 16,750 (2,770) 13,980 10,721 (12,718) (1,997) Money market deposit accounts 186 62 248 229 590 819 NOW deposit accounts 46 (15) 31 20 (14) 6 Savings deposits 37 (36) 1 36 (145) (109) Time deposits (572) 401 (171) (552) 455 (97) Short-term borrowings 479 1,047 1,526 (97) 35 (62) Long-term debt (314) 163 (151) (2,483) (717) (3,200) Junior subordinated debt — 406 406 0 56 56 Total interest expense (138) 2,028 1,890 (2,847) 260 (2,587) Change in FTE net interest income $16,888 $(4,798) $12,090 $13,568 $(12,978) $ 590 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 31 Loans and Corresponding Interest and Fees on Loans The average balance of loans increased by approximately $291.7 million, or 5.1%, from 2015 to 2016. The yield on average loans decreased from 4.22% in 2015 to 4.17% in 2016, as loan rates declined due to the continued low rate environment in 2016. FTE interest income from loans increased 3.8%, from $242.6 million in 2015 to $251.7 million in 2016. This increase was due to the decrease in yields, offset by the increase in aver- age loan balances. Composition of Loan Portfolio Total loans increased $314.9 million, or 5.4%, from December 31, 2015 to December 31, 2016. Increases in commercial real estate loans and commercial loans were the primary drivers of the increase in total loans from 2015 as the Company experi- enced strong originations in 2016 in the upstate New York, Pennsylvania and New England markets. The following table reflects the loan portfolio by major cat- egories as of December 31 for the years indicated: As of December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Residential real estate mortgages $1,262,614 $1,196,780 $1,115,715 $1,041,502 $ 651,105 Commercial 1,242,701 1,159,089 1,144,761 1,180,995 964,297 Commercial real estate 1,543,301 1,430,618 1,334,984 1,218,988 1,040,600 Consumer 1,641,657 1,568,204 1,430,216 1,345,395 1,046,333 Home equity 507,784 528,442 569,595 619,915 575,281 Total loans $6,198,057 $5,883,133 $5,595,271 $5,406,795 $4,277,616 Residential real estate mortgages consist primarily of loans secured by first or second deeds of trust on primary residences. Loans in the commercial and agricultural categories, including commercial and agricultural real estate mortgages, consist pri- marily of short-term and/or floating rate loans made to small and medium-sized entities. Consumer loans include $1.2 billion of indirect installment loans to individuals which is secured by automobiles and other personal property including marine, recreational vehicles and manufactured housing. Consumer loans also consist of direct installment loans to individuals secured by similar collateral. Although automobile loans have generally been originated through dealers, all applications submitted through dealers are subject to the Company’s normal underwriting and loan approval procedures. In addition, the consumer loan portfolio as of December 31, 2016 includes $374.9 million of unsecured consumer loans across a national footprint originated through our relationship with a leading national fintech company that began nine years ago as the result of our investment in Springstone Financial LLC (“Spring- stone”). Advances of credit through this specialty lending business line are to prime borrowers and are subject to the Company’s underwriting standards. Real estate construction and development loans include commercial construction and development and residential construction loans. Commercial construction loans are for small and medium-sized office build- ings and other commercial properties and residential construc- tion loans are primarily for projects located in upstate New York and northeastern Pennsylvania. Risks associated with the commercial real estate portfolio include the ability of borrowers to pay interest and principal during the loan’s term, as well as the ability of the borrowers to refinance at the end of the loan term. 32 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K The following table, Maturities and Sensitivities of Certain Loans to Changes in Interest Rates, summarizes the maturities of the commercial and agricultural and real estate construction and development loan portfolios and the sensitivity of those loans to interest rate fluctuations at December 31, 2016. Sched- uled repayments are reported in the maturity category in which the contractual payment is due. Maturities and Sensitivities of Certain Loans to Changes in Interest Rates Remaining Maturity at December 31, 2016 After One Year Within But Within After (In thousands) One Year Five Years Five Years Total Floating/adjustable rate Commercial, commercial real estate, agricultural, and agricultural real estate $437,030 $366,779 $1,199,719 $2,003,528 Fixed rate Commercial, commercial real estate, agricultural, and agricultural real estate 64,730 366,958 350,786 782,474 Total $501,760 $733,737 $1,550,505 $2,786,002 Securities and Corresponding Interest and Dividend Income The average balance of securities available for sale (“AFS”) increased $178.6 million, or 16.9%, from 2015 to 2016. The yield on average AFS securities was 1.98% for 2016 compared to 1.97% in 2015. The average balance of securities held to maturity (“HTM”) increased from $459.6 million in 2015 to $487.8 million in 2016. Securities Portfolio At December 31, 2016, HTM securities were comprised primarily of tax-exempt municipal securities. The yield on HTM securities increased from 2.46% in 2015 to 2.51% in 2016. The average balance of FRB and FHLB stock increased to $38.9 million in 2016 from $33.0 million in 2015. The yield from investments in FRB and FHLB banks decreased from 5.18% in 2015 to 5.08% in 2016. As of December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Amortized Fair Amortized Fair Amortized Fair (In thousands) Cost Value Cost Value Cost Value AFS securities U.S. Treasury $ — $ — $ — $ 23,041 $ 23,111 Federal agency 175,135 174,408 312,580 311,272 332,193 329,914 State & municipal 47,053 46,726 31,208 31,637 37,035 37,570 Mortgage-backed 528,769 529,844 406,277 409,896 356,557 364,727 Collateralized mortgage obligations 574,253 566,573 405,635 404,971 240,074 242,129 Other securities 15,849 20,739 13,637 16,768 12,818 15,720 — $ Total AFS securities $1,341,059 $1,338,290 $1,169,337 $1,174,544 $1,001,718 $1,013,171 HTM securities Mortgage-backed $ 97,201 $ 96,112 $ 10,043 $ 10,031 $ 755 $ 868 Collateralized mortgage obligations 225,213 224,765 272,550 272,401 317,628 317,597 State & municipal 205,534 204,173 188,438 190,708 135,978 136,529 Total HTM securities $ 527,948 $ 525,050 $ 471,031 $ 473,140 $ 454,361 $ 454,994 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 33 Our mortgage backed securities, U.S. agency notes, and CMOs are all “prime/conforming” and are guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, the FHLB, the Federal Farm Credit Banks, or Ginnie Mae (“GNMA”). GNMA securities are considered equivalent to U.S. Treasury securities, as they are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Currently, there are no securities backed by subprime mortgages in our investment portfolio. The following tables set forth information with regard to contractual maturities of debt securities at December 31, 2016: Amortized Estimated Weighted (Dollars in thousands) Cost Fair Value Average Yield Debt securities classified as AFS Within one year $ 67,803 $ 67,877 1.20% From one to five years 162,913 162,754 2.20% From five to ten years 144,957 146,014 2.60% After ten years 949,537 940,906 2.46% $1,325,210 $1,317,551 Debt securities classified as HTM Within one year $ 37,187 $ 37,199 1.62% From one to five years 27,956 28,019 3.48% From five to ten years 122,228 121,697 2.88% After ten years 340,577 338,135 2.09% $ 527,948 $ 525,050 Funding Sources and Corresponding Interest Expense The Company utilizes traditional deposit products such as time, savings, NOW, money market, and demand deposits as its primary source for funding. Other sources, such as short- term FHLB advances, federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, brokered time deposits, and long-term FHLB borrowings are utilized as necessary to support the Company’s growth in assets and to achieve interest rate sensitivity objectives. The average balance of interest-bearing liabilities increased $330.7 million from 2015, and totaled $5.5 billion in 2016. The rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased from 0.40% in 2015 to 0.41% in 2016. This increase in rates and increase in average balances, caused an increase in interest expense of $1.9 million, or 9.2%, from $20.6 million in 2015 to $22.5 million in 2016. Deposits Average interest bearing deposits increased $184.8 million, or 4.0%, from 2015 to 2016, due primarily to organic deposit growth. Average money market deposits increased $86.5 mil- lion or 5.5% during 2016 when compared to 2015. Average NOW accounts increased $89.9 million or 9.1% during 2016 as compared to 2015. The average balance of savings accounts increased $63.4 million or 5.9% during 2016 when compared to 2015. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in average time deposits, which decreased $55.1 million, or 5.7%, from 2015 to 2016. The average balance of demand deposits increased $188.4 million, or 10.1%, during 2016 when compared to 2015. This growth in demand deposits was driven principally by increases in accounts from retail, municipal, and commercial customers. 34 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K The rate paid on average interest-bearing deposits was 0.30% for 2016 and 0.31% for 2015. The rate paid for money market deposit accounts increased from 0.21% during 2015 to 0.22% during 2016. The rate paid for time deposits increased from 1.01% during 2015 to 1.06% during 2016. The rate paid for savings deposits was 0.06% for 2016 and 2015. The following table presents the maturity distribution of time deposits of $100,000 or more at December 31: (In thousands) 2016 2015 Within three months $ 71,459 $ 46,570 After three but within twelve months 69,810 80,674 After one but within three years 71,275 58,834 Over three years 31,356 55,425 Total $243,900 $241,503 Borrowings Average short-term borrowings increased to $497.7 million in 2016 from $339.9 million in 2015 funding earning asset growth. The average rate paid on short-term borrowings increased from 0.23% in 2015 to 0.46% in 2016. Average long- term debt decreased from $130.7 million in 2015 to $118.9 mil- lion in 2016. The average balance of junior subordinated debt remained at $101.2 million in 2016. The average rate paid for junior sub- ordinated debt in 2016 was 2.60%, up from 2.19% in 2015. Short-term borrowings consist of Federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements, which gen- erally represent overnight borrowing transactions, and other short-term borrowings, primarily FHLB advances, with original maturities of one year or less. The Company has unused lines of credit and access to brokered deposits available for short- term financing of approximately $1.9 billion and $2.1 billion at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Securities col- lateralizing repurchase agreements are held in safekeeping by non-affiliated financial institutions and are under the Com- pany’s control. Long-term debt, which is comprised primarily of FHLB advances, are collateralized by the FHLB stock owned by the Company, certain of its mortgage-backed securities and a blanket lien on its residential real estate mortgage loans. Noninterest Income Noninterest income is a significant source of revenue for the Company and an important factor in the Company’s results of operations. The following table sets forth information by category of noninterest income for the years indicated: Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Insurance and other financial services revenue $ 24,396 $ 24,211 $ 24,517 Service charges on deposit accounts 16,729 17,056 17,941 ATM and debit card fees 19,448 18,248 17,135 Retirement plan administration fees 16,063 14,146 12,129 Trust fees 18,565 19,026 18,950 Bank owned life insurance income 5,195 4,334 5,349 Net securities (losses) gains (644) 3,087 92 Gain on the sale of equity investment — 4,179 19,401 Other 15,961 14,194 10,513 Total noninterest income $115,713 $118,481 $126,027 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 35 Noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $115.7 million, down $2.8 million, or 2.3%, from the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease was primarily due to the $4.2 million gain recognized in the third quarter of 2015 from the 2014 sale of Springstone. In addition, net securities income was down $3.7 million from 2015 due to a $0.6 million securities loss in 2016 versus a net securities gain for $3.1 million in 2015. The decreases were offset by increases in retirement plan administration fees, other noninterest income, ATM and debit card fees, bank owned life insurance income and insurance and other financial services revenue. Retirement plan admin- istration fees were up $1.9 million, or 13.6%, from 2015 due primarily to the 2015 fourth quarter acquisition of Third Party Administrators, Inc. and the 2016 third quarter acquisition of Actuarial Designs & Solutions, Inc. Other noninterest income was up $1.8 million, or 12.4% primarily due to higher swap fee income in 2016 than in 2015, an increase in mortgage banking income and a $0.9 million gain on the sale of equity investments for compliance with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in the third quarter of 2016. Nonin- terest income as a percent of total revenue excluding net secu- rities (losses) gains and the gain on the sale of equity investment was 30.6% for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Noninterest Expense Noninterest expenses are also an important factor in the Company’s results of operations. The following table sets forth the major components of noninterest expense for the years indicated: Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Salaries and employee benefits $129,702 $124,318 $119,667 Occupancy 20,940 22,095 22,128 Data processing and communications 16,495 16,588 16,137 Professional fees and outside services 13,617 13,407 14,426 Equipment 14,295 13,408 12,658 Office supplies and postage 6,168 6,367 6,983 FDIC expenses 5,111 5,145 4,944 Advertising 2,556 2,654 2,831 Amortization of intangible assets 3,928 4,864 5,047 Loan collection and other real estate owned 3,458 2,620 3,248 Prepayment penalties on long-term debt — — 17,902 Other 19,652 24,710 20,092 Total noninterest expense $235,922 $236,176 $246,063 Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $235.9 million, down $0.3 million, or 0.1% from 2015. This decrease was driven primarily by lower other noninterest expense during 2016 than 2015 primarily due to reorganization expenses incurred during the third quarter of 2015, offset by higher salaries and employee benefit expenses in 2016. Salaries and employee benefits expense increased $5.4 million, or 4.3% from 2015 to 2016, due to higher salaries and medical insurance costs that were partially offset by lower pension credit and contract termination costs. Income Taxes Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $40.4 million, up from $40.2 million for the same period in 2015. The effective tax rate was 34.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to 34.5% for the same period in 2015. The decrease in the effective tax rate was due to the higher level of tax-exempt income to total income in 2016 compared to 2015. We calculate our current and deferred tax provision based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed during the subse- quent year. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified, which is generally in the third quarter of the subsequent year for U.S. federal and state provisions. The amount of income taxes the Company pays is subject at times to ongoing audits by federal and state tax authorities, which may result in proposed assessments. Future results may include favorable or unfavorable adjustments to the estimated tax liabilities in the period the assessments are proposed or resolved or when statutes of limitation on potential assessments expire. As a result, the Company’s effective tax rate may fluc- tuate significantly on a quarterly or annual basis. 36 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Risk Management—Credit Risk Credit risk is managed through a network of loan officers, credit committees, loan policies, and oversight from the senior credit officers and Board of Directors. Management follows a policy of continually identifying, analyzing, and grading credit risk inherent in each loan portfolio. An ongoing independent review, subsequent to management’s review, of individual credits in the commercial loan portfolio is performed by the independent loan review function. These components of the Company’s underwriting and monitoring functions are critical to the timely identification, classification, and resolution of problem credits. Nonperforming Assets As of December 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2016 % 2015 % 2014 % 2013 % 2012 % Nonaccrual loans Commercial, agricultural and real estate loans $19,351 54% $14,655 43% $18,226 45% $27,033 54% $20,923 53% Real estate mortgages 8,027 23% 8,625 26% 10,867 26% 10,296 21% 8,083 20% Consumer 4,653 13% 6,009 18% 8,086 20% 7,213 14% 8,440 21% Troubled debt restructured loans 3,681 10% 4,455 13% 3,895 9% 5,423 11% 2,230 6% Total nonaccrual loans 35,712 100% 33,744 100% 41,074 100% 49,965 100% 39,676 100% Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing Commercial, agricultural and real estate loans — 0% — 0% 84 2% 105 3% 148 6% Real estate mortgages 1,733 36% 1,022 28% 1,927 39% 808 22% 330 13% Consumer 3,077 64% 2,640 72% 2,930 59% 2,824 75% 1,970 81% Total loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing 4,810 100% 3,662 100% 4,941 100% 3,737 100% 2,448 100% Total nonperforming loans 40,522 37,406 46,015 53,702 42,124 Other real estate owned 5,581 4,666 3,964 2,904 2,276 Total nonperforming assets $46,103 $42,072 $49,979 $56,606 $44,400 Total nonperforming loans to total loans 0.65% 0.64% 0.82% 0.99% 0.98% Total nonperforming assets to total assets 0.52% 0.51% 0.64% 0.74% 0.73% Total allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans 160.90% 168.47% 144.21% 129.29% 164.60% Total nonperforming assets were $46.1 million at December 31, 2016, compared to $42.1 million at December 31, 2015 pri- marily due to the increase in nonaccrual commercial, agricultural and real estate loans. Nonperforming loans at December 31, 2016 were $40.5 million or 0.65% of total loans compared with $37.4 million or 0.64% at December 31, 2015. Included in non- performing loans are $5.6 million of nonaccrual loans in the acquired loan portfolio. Excluding nonaccrual acquired loans, originated nonperforming loans to originated loans was 0.61% at December 31, 2016. The Company recorded a provision for loan losses of $25.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $18.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Net charge-offs to average loans for the year ended December 31, 2016 were 0.39%, compared with 0.38% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The allowance for loan losses was 160.90% of nonperforming loans at December 31, 2016 as compared to 168.47% at December 31, 2015. The allowance for loan losses as a percentage of loans was 1.05% (1.13% excluding acquired loans with no related allowance recorded) at December 31, 2016, compared to 1.07% (1.18% excluding acquired loans with no related allowance recorded) at Decem- ber 31, 2015. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 37 Impaired loans, which primarily consist of nonaccruing com- mercial, commercial real estate, agricultural, and agricultural real estate loans, as well as loans that have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”), increased to $28.9 million at December 31, 2016 as compared to $27.2 million at December 31, 2015. At December 31, 2016, $7.0 million of the total impaired loans had a specific reserve allocation of $1.5 million compared to $5.9 million of impaired loans at December 31, 2015 which had a specific reserve allocation of $2.0 million. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level esti- mated by management to provide adequately for risk of prob- able losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. The adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is continuously monitored. It is assessed for adequacy using a methodology designed to ensure the level of the allowance reasonably reflects the loan portfolio’s risk profile. It is evaluated to ensure that it is sufficient to absorb all reasonably estimable credit losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. Management considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for loan losses to be a critical accounting policy given the inherent uncertainty in evaluating the levels of the allowance required to cover credit losses in the portfolio and the material effect that such judgments can have on the con- solidated results of operations. For purposes of evaluating the adequacy of the allowance, the Company considers a number of significant factors that affect the collectability of the portfolio. For individually analyzed loans, these include estimates of loss exposure, which reflect the facts and circumstances that affect the likelihood of repayment of such loans as of the evaluation date. For homogeneous pools of loans, estimates of the Company’s exposure to credit loss reflect a current assessment of a number of factors, which could affect collectability. These factors include: past loss experience; size, trend, composition, and nature of loans; changes in lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and collection, charge-offs and recoveries; trends experienced in nonperforming and delinquent loans; current economic condi- tions in the Company’s market; portfolio concentrations that may affect loss experienced across one or more components of the portfolio; the effect of external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements; and the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral component of their exami- nation process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additions to the allowance based on their examinations. After a thorough consideration of the factors discussed above, any required additions to the allowance for loan losses are made periodically by charges to the provision for loan losses. These charges are necessary to maintain the allowance at a level which management believes is reasonably reflective of overall inherent risk of probable loss in the portfolio. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, additions to the allowance may fluctuate from one reporting period to another. These fluctuations are reflective of changes in risk associated with portfolio content and/or changes in management’s assessment of any or all of the deter- mining factors discussed above. 38 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Total net charge-offs for 2016 were $23.2 million, up from $21.6 million in 2015. Net charge-offs to average loans was 0.39% for 2016 as compared with 0.38% for 2015. For the orig- inated portfolio, net charge-offs to average loans for the year ended December 31, 2016 was 0.39%, compared to 0.38% for last year. Gross charge-offs were up to $29.3 million for 2016 from $26.1 million for 2015. Recoveries increased from $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Allowance for Loan Losses (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Balance at January 1 $63,018 $66,359 $69,434 $69,334 $71,334 Loans charged-off Commercial and agricultural 4,592 5,718 9,414 10,459 8,750 Residential real estate mortgages 1,343 2,229 1,417 1,771 1,906 Consumer* 23,364 18,140 16,642 15,459 15,848 Total loans charged-off 29,299 26,087 27,473 27,689 26,504 Recoveries Commercial and agricultural 1,887 1,014 1,774 1,956 1,641 Residential real estate mortgages 293 320 285 272 38 Consumer* 3,870 3,127 2,800 3,137 2,556 Total recoveries 6,050 4,461 4,859 5,365 4,235 Net loans charged-off 23,249 21,626 22,614 22,324 22,269 Provision for loan losses 25,431 18,285 19,539 22,424 20,269 Balance at December 31 $65,200 $63,018 $66,359 $69,434 $69,334 Allowance for loan losses to loans outstanding at end of year 1.05% 1.07% 1.19% 1.28% 1.62% Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding 0.39% 0.38% 0.41% 0.44% 0.55% *Consumer charge-off and recoveries include consumer and home equity. In addition to the nonperforming loans discussed above, the Company has also identified approximately $70.0 million in potential problem loans at December 31, 2016 as compared to $73.8 million at December 31, 2015. Potential problem loans are loans that are currently performing, with a possibility of loss if weaknesses are not corrected. Such loans may need to be disclosed as nonperforming at some time in the future. Potential problem loans are classified by the Company’s loan rating system as “substandard.” At December 31, 2016, there were 17 potential problem loans exceeding $1.0 million, totaling $34.9 million in aggregate, compared to 13 potential problem loans exceeding $1.0 million, totaling $25.0 million at December 31, 2015. Management cannot predict the extent to which eco- nomic conditions may worsen or other factors which may impact borrowers and the potential problem loans. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that other loans will not become 90 days or more past due, be placed on nonaccrual, become restructured, or require increased allowance coverage and pro- vision for loan losses. To mitigate this risk, the Company main- tains a diversified loan portfolio, has no significant concentration in any particular industry, and originates loans primarily within its footprint. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 39 The following table sets forth the allocation of the allowance for loan losses by category, as well as the percentage of loans in each category to total loans, as prepared by the Company. This allocation is based on management’s assessment of the risk characteristics of each of the component parts of the total loan portfolio as of a given point in time and is subject to changes as and when the risk factors of each such component Allocation of the Allowance for Loan Losses part change. The allocation is not indicative of either the specific amounts of the loan categories in which future charge-offs may be taken, nor should it be taken as an indicator of future loss trends. The allocation of the allowance to each category does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in any category. As of December 31, 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Category Category Category Category Category Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent (Dollars in thousands) Allowance of Loans Allowance of Loans Allowance of Loans Allowance of Loans Allowance of Loans Commercial and agricultural $25,444 45% $25,545 44% $32,433 44% $35,090 44% $35,624 47% Real estate mortgages 6,381 20% 7,960 20% 7,130 20% 6,520 19% 6,252 15% Consumer 33,375 35% 29,253 36% 26,720 36% 27,694 37% 27,162 38% Unallocated — 0% 260 0% 76 0% 130 0% 296 0% Total $65,200 100% $63,018 100% $66,359 100% $69,434 100% $69,334 100% The Company’s accounting policy relating to the allowance for loan losses requires a review of each significant loan type within the loan portfolio, considering asset quality trends for each type, including, but not limited to, delinquencies, nonac- cruals, historical charge-off experience, and specific economic factors (e.g. milk prices are considered when reviewing agri- cultural loans). Based on this review, management believes the reserve allocations are adequate to address any trends in asset quality indicators. As a result of the general improvement and stabilization of asset quality indicators in 2016, as well as the aforementioned review of the loan portfolio, the allowance for loan losses as a percentage of originated loans decreased from 1.18% as of December 31, 2015 to 1.13% as of December 31, 2016. Acquired loans were recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition, with no carryover of the related allowance for loan losses. Generally, the fair value discount represents expected credit losses, net of market interest rate adjustments. The dis- count on loans receivable will be amortized to interest income over the estimated remaining life of the acquired loans using the level yield method. At December 31, 2015, approximately 59% of the Company’s loans were secured by real estate located in central and northern New York, northeastern Pennsylvania, western Massachusetts, southern New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the Com- pany’s portfolio is susceptible to changes in market conditions of those areas. Management is not aware of any material con- centrations of credit to any industry or individual borrowers. Subprime mortgage lending, which has been the riskiest sector of the residential housing market, is not a market that the Company has ever actively pursued. The market does not apply a uniform definition of what constitutes “subprime” lending. Our reference to subprime lending relies upon the “Statement on Subprime Mortgage Lending” issued by the OTS and the other federal bank regulatory agencies (the “Agencies”), on June 29, 2007, which further referenced the “Expanded Guidance for Subprime Lending Programs,” or the Expanded Guidance, issued by the Agencies by press release dated January 31, 2001. In the Expanded Guidance, the Agencies indicated that subprime lend- ing does not refer to individual subprime loans originated and managed, in the ordinary course of business, as exceptions to prime risk selection standards. The Agencies recognize that many prime loan portfolios will contain such accounts. The Agencies also excluded prime loans that develop credit problems after acquisition and community development loans from the subprime arena. According to the Expanded Guidance, subprime loans are other loans to borrowers which display one or more characteristics of reduced payment capacity. Five specific criteria, which are not intended to be exhaustive and are not meant to define specific parameters for all subprime borrowers and may not match all markets or institutions’ specific subprime definitions, are set forth, including having a FICO score of 660 or below. Based upon the definition and exclusions described above, the Company is a prime lender. Within the loan portfolio, there are loans that, at the time of origination, had FICO scores of 660 or below. However, since the Company is a portfolio lender, it 40 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K reviews all data contained in borrower credit reports and does not base underwriting decisions solely on FICO scores. We believe the aforementioned loans, when made, were amply collateralized and otherwise conformed to our prime lending standards. For acquired loans that are not deemed to be impaired at acquisition, credit discounts representing the principal losses expected over the life of the loan are a component of the initial fair value and amortized over the life of the asset. As a result of the application of this accounting methodology, certain credit-related ratios may not necessarily be directly comparable with periods prior to acquisitions, or comparable with other institutions. The credit metrics most impacted by our acquisition of loans related to the acquisition of Alliance Financial Corporation (“Alliance”) were the allowance for loans losses to total loans, and total allowance for loan losses to non- performing loans. As of December 31, 2016, the allowance for loan losses to total originated loans and the total allowance for loan losses to originated nonperforming loans were 1.13% and 186.82%, respectively. Liquidity Risk Liquidity involves the ability to meet the cash flow require- ments of customers who may be depositors wanting to with- draw funds or borrowers needing assurance that sufficient funds will be available to meet their credit needs. The Asset Liability Committee (ALCO) is responsible for liquidity manage- ment and has developed guidelines which cover all assets and liabilities, as well as off-balance sheet items that are potential sources or uses of liquidity. Liquidity policies must also provide the flexibility to implement appropriate strategies. Requirements change as loans grow, deposits and securities mature, and pay- ments on borrowings are made. Liquidity management includes a focus on interest rate sensitivity management with a goal of avoiding widely fluctuating net interest margins through periods of changing economic conditions. The primary liquidity measurement the Company utilizes is called “Basic Surplus,” which captures the adequacy of its access to reliable sources of cash relative to the stability of its funding mix of average liabilities. This approach recognizes the impor- tance of balancing levels of cash flow liquidity from short and long-term securities with the availability of dependable bor- rowing sources which can be accessed when necessary. At December 31, 2016, the Company’s Basic Surplus measurement was 13.6% of total assets, or $1.2 billion, which was above the Company’s minimum of 5% (calculated at $443.4 million of period end total assets at December 31, 2016) set forth in its liquidity policies. This Basic Surplus approach enables the Company to ade- quately manage liquidity from both operational and contin- gency perspectives. By tempering the need for cash flow liquidity with reliable borrowing facilities, the Company is able to operate with a more fully invested and, therefore, higher interest income generating securities portfolio. The makeup and term structure of the securities portfolio is, in part, impacted by the overall interest rate sensitivity of the balance sheet. Investment decisions and deposit pricing strategies are impacted by the liquidity position. At December 31, 2016, the Company considered its Basic Surplus position to be strong. However, certain events may adversely impact the Company’s liquidity position in 2017. Improvement in the economy may increase competitive pressure on deposit pricing, which, in turn, could result in a decrease in the Company’s deposit base or increase funding costs. Additionally, liquidity will come under additional pressure if loan growth exceeds deposit growth in 2017. These scenarios could lead to a decrease in the Company’s Basic Surplus measure below the minimum policy level of 5%. To manage this risk, the Company has the ability to purchase brokered time deposits, borrow against established borrowing facilities with other banks (Federal funds), and enter into repurchase agreements with investment companies. The additional liquidity that could be provided by these measures was $1.6 billion at December 31, 2016. In addi- tion, the Bank has enhanced its “Borrower-in-Custody” program with the FRB with the addition of the ability to pledge auto- mobile loans. At December 31, 2016, the Bank had the capacity to borrow $832 million from this program. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, FHLB advances outstanding totaled $598 million and $432 million, respectively. The Bank is a member of the FHLB system and had additional borrowing capacity from the FHLB of approximately $0.8 billion at Decem- ber 31, 2016 and $1.1 billion at December 31, 2015. In addition, unpledged securities could have been used to increase bor- rowing capacity at the FHLB by an additional $706 million at December 31, 2016 or used to collateralize other borrowings, such as repurchase agreements. At December 31, 2016, a portion of the Company’s loans and securities were pledged as collateral on borrowings. There- fore, future growth of earning assets will depend upon the Company’s ability to obtain additional funding, through growth of core deposits and collateral management, and may require further use of brokered time deposits, or other higher cost borrowing arrangements. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 41 Net cash flows provided by operating activities totaled $113.5 million in 2016 and $124.5 million in 2015. The critical elements of net operating cash flows include net income, adjusted for non-cash income and expense items such as the provision for loan losses, deferred income tax expense, depre- ciation and amortization, and cash flows generated through changes in other assets and liabilities. Net cash flows used by investing activities totaled $633.9 million and $504.0 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively. Critical elements of investing activities are loan and investment secu- rities transactions. Net cash flows provided by financing activities totaled $529.3 million in 2016 as compared to $373.1 million in 2015. The critical elements of financing activities are proceeds from deposits, borrowings, and stock issuances. In addition, financ- ing activities are impacted by dividends and treasury stock transactions. Contractual Obligations In connection with its financing and operating activities, the Company has entered into certain contractual obligations. The Company’s future minimum cash payments, excluding interest, associated with its contractual obligations pursuant to its borrowing agreements, operating leases, and other obli- gations at December 31, 2016 are as follows: Payments Due by Period (In thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total Long-term debt obligations $40,150 $40,000 $20,000 $ — $ 72 $ 3,865 $104,087 Junior subordinated debt — — — — — 101,196 101,196 Operating lease obligations 7,757 7,375 6,858 6,132 4,954 19,890 52,966 Capital lease obligations 214 187 174 134 63 — 772 IT/Software obligations 7,437 2,365 1,328 284 11 — 11,425 Data processing commitments 4,491 4,425 4,425 4,425 998 250 19,014 Total contractual obligations $60,049 $54,352 $32,785 $10,975 $6,098 $125,201 $289,460 We have obligations under our pension, post-retirement plan, directors’ retirement and supplemental executive retire- ment plans as described in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements. The supplemental executive retirement, pension and postretirement benefit and directors’ retirement payments represent actuarially determined future benefit payments to eligible plan participants. Commitments to Extend Credit The Company makes contractual commitments to extend credit, which include unused lines of credit, which are subject to the Company’s credit approval and monitoring procedures. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, commitments to extend credit in the form of loans, including unused lines of credit, amounted to $1.5 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively. In the opinion of management, there are no material commitments to extend credit, including unused lines of credit that represent unusual risks. All commitments to extend credit in the form of loans, including unused lines of credit, expire within one year. Standby Letters of Credit The Company does not issue any guarantees that would require liability-recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit. The Company guarantees the obligations or performance of customers by issuing standby letters of credit to third parties. These standby letters of credit are frequently issued in support of third party debt, such as corporate debt issuances, industrial revenue bonds, and municipal securities. The risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as the credit risk involved in extending loan facilities to customers, and they are subject to the same credit origination, portfolio maintenance and management procedures in effect to monitor other credit and off-balance sheet products. Typically, these instruments have terms of five years or less and expire unused; therefore, the total amounts do not necessarily repre- sent future cash requirements. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, outstanding standby letters of credit were approximately $36.8 million and $31.5 million, respectively. The fair value of the Company’s standby letters of credit at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was not significant. The following table sets forth the commitment expiration period for standby letters of credit at December 31, 2016: Within one year $27,664 After one but within three years 4,593 After three but within five years 3,657 After five years 901 Total $36,815 42 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Interest Rate Swaps The Company records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risk, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting. For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative and the hedged item related to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings. Any hedge inef- fectiveness would be recognized in the income statement line item pertaining to the hedged item. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, changes in fair value of the effective portion of the cash flow hedges are reported in OCI. When the cash flows associated with the hedged item are realized, the gain or loss included in OCI is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income. When the Company purchases a portion of a commercial loan that has an existing interest rate swap, it enters a risk participation agreement with the counterparty and assumes the credit risk of the loan customer related to the swap. Any fee paid to the Company under a risk participation agreement is in consideration of the credit risk of the counterparties and is recognized in the income statement. Credit risk on the risk participation agreements is determined after considering the risk rating, probability of default and loss given default of the counterparties. Loans Serviced for Others and Loans Sold with Recourse The total amount of loans serviced by the Company for unrelated third parties was approximately $604.0 million and $616.1 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had approxi- mately $0.9 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of mortgage servicing rights. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company serviced $28.5 million and $25.1 million, respectively, of agri- cultural loans sold with recourse. Due to sufficient collateral on these loans, no reserve is considered necessary at December 31, 2016 and 2015. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company serviced $72.2 million and $47.3 million, respectively, of consumer loans serviced for Springstone. Capital Resources Consistent with its goal to operate a sound and profitable financial institution, the Company actively seeks to maintain a “well-capitalized” institution in accordance with regulatory standards. The principal source of capital to the Company is earnings retention. The Company’s capital measurements are in excess of both regulatory minimum guidelines and meet the requirements to be considered well-capitalized. The Company’s principal source of funds to pay interest on trust preferred debentures and pay cash dividends to its share- holders are dividends from its subsidiaries. Various laws and regulations restrict the ability of banks to pay dividends to their shareholders. Generally, the payment of dividends by the Company in the future as well as the payment of interest on the capital securities will require the generation of sufficient future earnings by its subsidiaries. The Bank also is subject to substantial regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay dividends to the Company. Under OCC reg- ulations, the Bank may not pay a dividend, without prior OCC approval, if the total amount of all dividends declared during the calendar year, including the proposed dividend, exceeds the sum of its retained net income to date during the calendar year and its retained net income over the preceding two years. At December 31, 2016, approximately $102.5 million of the total stockholders’ equity of the Bank was available for payment of dividends to the Company without approval by the OCC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends also is subject to the Bank being in compliance with regulatory capital requirements. The Bank is currently in compliance with these requirements. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 43 Stock Repurchase Plan The Company purchased 675,535 shares of its common stock during the year ended December 31, 2016 at an average price of $25.45 per share under a previously announced plan that expired on December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, there were 1,000,000 shares available for repurchase under the repurchase plan that was announced on March 28, 2016, which expires on December 31, 2017. Recent Accounting Updates See Note 24 to the consolidated financial statements for a detailed discussion of new accounting pronouncements. 2015 OPERATING RESULTS AS COMPARED TO 2014 OPERATING RESULTS Net Interest Income Net interest income was $252.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, up $0.7 million from 2014. FTE net interest margin was 3.50% for the year ended December 31, 2015, down from 3.61% for the year ended December 31, 2014. Average interest earning assets were up $241.8 million, or 3.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to 2014. This increase from last year was driven primarily by organic loan growth. Yields on earning assets decreased from 3.94% during 2014 to 3.78% for 2015, more than offsetting the growth in earning assets, resulting in a 0.7% decrease in interest income for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The yield compression was driven by a 20 basis-point decrease in loan yields from 2014 to 2015. Average interest bearing liabilities increased $21.0 million, or 0.4%, from the year ended December 31, 2014 to the year ended December 31, 2015. Total average deposits increased $344.2 million, or 5.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to last year driven primarily by an 11.2% increase in noninterest bearing demand deposits, as well as increases in money market deposit accounts and savings deposits in 2015. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in average long-term borrowings of $93.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to last year due to the debt restructuring completed during the third quarter of 2014, which resulted in the prepayment of $165.0 million of long-term debt. In addition, average short-term borrowings decreased $42.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to last year driven by deposit growth. The rates paid on interest bearing liabilities decreased by 5 basis-points for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to 2014. This decrease resulted primarily from a shift in deposits into lower cost core deposits as well as the aforementioned debt restructuring. Loans and Corresponding Interest and Fees on Loans The average balance of loans increased by approximately $215.8 million, or 3.9%, from 2014 to 2015. The yield on average loans decreased from 4.42% in 2014 to 4.22% in 2015, as loan rates declined due to the continued low rate environment in 2015. Interest income from loans decreased 0.6%, from $244.2 million in 2014 to $242.6 million in 2015. This decrease was due to the decrease in yields, partially offset by the increase in average loan balances. Total loans increased $287.9 million, or 5.1%, from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. Increases in residential real estate mortgages, commercial real estate loans, and consumer loans were the primary drivers of the increase in total loans from 2014 as the Company experienced strong originations in 2015 in the upstate New York and Vermont markets. Securities and Corresponding Interest and Dividend Income The average balance of AFS securities decreased $199.7 mil- lion, or 15.9%, from 2014 to 2015. The yield on average AFS securities was 1.97% for 2015 compared to 2.05% in 2014. The average balance of HTM securities increased from $233.5 million in 2014 to $459.6 million in 2015. At December 31, 2015, HTM securities were comprised primarily of tax-exempt munic- ipal securities. The yield on HTM securities decreased from 2.81% in 2014 to 2.46% in 2015. During the third quarter of 2014, the Company transferred $340.5 million in securities from the AFS portfolio to the HTM portfolio to mitigate the impact of volatility of interest rate changes on tangible book value. The average balance of FRB and FHLB stock decreased to $33.0 million in 2015 from $39.3 million in 2014. The yield from investments in FRB and FHLB banks increased from 5.10% in 2014 to 5.18% in 2015. 44 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Funding Sources and Corresponding Interest Expense The Company utilizes traditional deposit products such as time, savings, NOW, money market, and demand deposits as its primary source for funding. Other sources, such as short- term FHLB advances, federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, brokered time deposits, and long-term FHLB borrowings are utilized as necessary to support the Company’s growth in assets and to achieve interest rate sensitivity objectives. The average balance of interest-bearing liabilities increased $21.0 million from 2014, and totaled $5.2 billion in 2015. The rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities decreased from 0.45% in 2014 to 0.40% in 2015. This decrease in rates, partially offset by an increase in average balances, caused a decrease in interest expense of $2.6 million, or 11.1%, from $23.2 million in 2014 to $20.6 million in 2015. Deposits Average interest bearing deposits increased $157.4 million, or 3.5%, from 2014 to 2015, due primarily to organic deposit growth. Average money market deposits increased $124.3 million or 8.5% during 2015 when compared to 2014. Average NOW accounts increased $37.9 million or 4.0% during 2015 as compared to 2014. The average balance of savings accounts increased $50.8 million or 5.0% during 2015 when compared to 2014. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in average time deposits, which decreased $55.6 million, or 5.5%, from 2014 to 2015. The average balance of demand deposits increased $186.8 million, or 11.2%, during 2015 when compared to 2014. This growth in demand deposits was driven principally by increases in accounts from retail, municipal, and commercial customers. The rate paid on average interest-bearing deposits was 0.31% for 2015 and 2014. The rate paid for money market deposit accounts increased from 0.17% during 2014 to 0.21% during 2015. The rate paid for time deposits increased from 0.97% during 2014 to 1.01% during 2015. The rate paid for sav- ings deposits decreased from 0.07% during 2014 to 0.06% during 2015. Borrowings Average short-term borrowings decreased to $339.9 million in 2015 from $382.5 million in 2014. The average rate paid on short-term borrowings increased from 0.22% in 2014 to 0.23% in 2015. Average long-term debt decreased from $224.6 million in 2014 to $130.7 million in 2015. This decrease was due to the long-term debt restructure completed in the third quarter of 2014 which resulted in the prepayment of $165.0 million of long-term debt. The average balance of junior subordinated debt remained at $101.2 million in 2015. The average rate paid for junior subordinated debt in 2015 was 2.19%, up slightly from 2.14% in 2014. Short-term borrowings consist of Federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements, which gen- erally represent overnight borrowing transactions, and other short-term borrowings, primarily FHLB advances, with original maturities of one year or less. The Company has unused lines of credit and access to brokered deposits available for short- term financing of approximately $2.0 billion and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Securities col- lateralizing repurchase agreements are held in safekeeping by non-affiliated financial institutions and are under the Company’s control. Long-term debt, which is comprised primarily of FHLB advances, are collateralized by the FHLB stock owned by the Company, certain of its mortgage-backed securities and a blan- ket lien on its residential real estate mortgage loans. Noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $118.5 million, down $7.5 million, or 6.0%, from the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease from 2014 was pri- marily driven by a $19.4 million gain recognized in 2014 from the previously disclosed sale of our ownership interest in Springstone as compared with the $4.2 million gain recognized in 2015. Excluding the gains recognized from the sale of equity investments, noninterest income was up $7.7 million, or 7.2%, from 2014 to 2015. This increase was driven in part to a gain on the sale of an equity investment totaling $3.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2015. In addition, retirement plan admin- istration fees were up $2.0 million, or 16.6%, from 2014 to 2015 due to new business generation as well as the 2015 acquisition of Third Party Administrators, Inc.. ATM and debit card fees were up $1.1 million, or 6.5%, in 2015 as compared to 2014 due to an increase in debit card activity. Other nonin- terest income was up $3.7 million in 2015 as compared with 2014 due primarily to charge-off recoveries on acquired loans of $1.5 million and a favorable settlement of a prior accrual of $1.6 million in 2015. Noninterest Expense Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $236.2 million, down $9.9 million from 2014. This decrease was driven primarily by $17.9 million in prepayment penalties NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 45 resulting from the debt restructuring in 2014. Excluding these prepayment penalties, noninterest expense was up $8.0 million, or 3.5%, from 2014 to 2015. This increase was due primarily to an increase in salaries and employee benefits of $4.7 million, or 3.9%, from 2014 to 2015. This increase was driven primarily by a $2.4 million increase in post-retirement expenses as well as contract termination costs totaling $1.6 million accrued in the fourth quarter of 2015. In addition, other operating expenses were up $4.6 million in 2015 as compared with 2014. This increase was driven primarily by branch reorganization expenses totaling $3.8 million in 2015. Income Taxes Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $40.2 million, up from $37.2 million for the same period in 2014. The effective tax rate was 34.5% for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to 33.2% for the same period in 2014. The income tax expense on the Company’s income was dif- ferent than the income tax expense at the Federal statutory rate of 35% due primarily to tax exempt income and, to a lesser extent, the effect of state income taxes and Federal low income housing tax credits. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK Interest rate risk is the most significant market risk affecting the Company. Other types of market risk, such as foreign cur- rency exchange rate risk and commodity price risk, do not arise in the normal course of the Company’s business activities or are immaterial to the results of operations. Interest rate risk is defined as an exposure to a movement in interest rates that could have an adverse effect on the Com- pany’s net interest income. Net interest income is susceptible to interest rate risk to the degree that interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice on a different basis than earning assets. When interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice more quickly than earning assets in a given period, a significant increase in market rates of interest could adversely affect net interest income. Similarly, when earning assets mature or reprice more quickly than interest-bearing liabilities, falling interest rates could result in a decrease in net interest income. In an attempt to manage the Company’s exposure to changes in interest rates, management monitors the Company’s interest rate risk. Management’s asset/liability committee (“ALCO”) meets monthly to review the Company’s interest rate risk posi- tion and profitability, and to recommend strategies for consid- eration by the Board of Directors. Management also reviews loan and deposit pricing, and the Company’s securities portfolio, formulates investment and funding strategies, and oversees the timing and implementation of transactions to assure attain- ment of the Board’s objectives in the most effective manner. Notwithstanding the Company’s interest rate risk management activities, the potential for changing interest rates is an uncer- tainty that can have an adverse effect on net income. In adjusting the Company’s asset/liability position, the Board and management attempt to manage the Company’s interest rate risk while minimizing the net interest margin compression. At times, depending on the level of general interest rates, the relationship between long and short-term interest rates, market conditions and competitive factors, the Board and management may determine to increase the Company’s interest rate risk position somewhat in order to increase its net interest margin. The Company’s results of operations and net portfolio values remain vulnerable to changes in interest rates and fluctuations in the difference between long and short-term interest rates. The primary tool utilized by ALCO to manage interest rate risk is through earnings at risk modeling (interest rate sensitivity analysis). Information such as principal balance, interest rate, maturity date, cash flows, next repricing date (if needed), and current rates is uploaded into the model to create an ending balance sheet. In addition, ALCO makes certain assumptions regarding prepayment speeds for loans and mortgage related investment securities along with any optionality within the deposits and borrowings. The model is first run under an assump- tion of a flat rate scenario (i.e. no change in current interest rates) with a static balance sheet. Two additional models are run in which a gradual increase of 200 bps and a gradual decrease of 100 bps takes place over a 12 month period with a static bal- ance sheet. Under these scenarios, assets subject to prepayments are adjusted to account for faster or slower prepayment assump- tions. Any investment securities or borrowings that have callable options embedded into them are handled accordingly based on the interest rate scenario. The resultant changes in net interest income are then measured against the flat rate scenario. 46 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K In the declining rate scenario, net interest income is projected to decrease slightly when compared to the forecasted net inter- est income in the flat rate scenario through the simulation period. The decrease in net interest income is a result of earning assets repricing downward, given potential higher prepayments and lower reinvestment rates, slightly faster than the interest bearing liabilities that are at or near their floors. In the rising rate scenarios, net interest income is projected to experience a decline from the flat rate scenario; however, the potential impact on earnings is dependent on the ability to lag deposit repricing on NOW, savings, MMDA, and CD accounts. Net interest income for the next twelve months in the +200/–100 bp sce- narios, as described above, is within the internal policy risk limits of not more than a 7.5% change in net interest income. The following table summarizes the percentage change in net interest income in the rising and declining rate scenarios over a 12-month period from the forecasted net interest income in the flat rate scenario using the December 31, 2016 balance sheet position: Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis Change in interest rates Percent change in (In basis points) net interest income +200 (2.60)% –100 (2.50)% The Company anticipates that under the current low rate environment, on a monthly basis, interest income is expected to decrease at a faster rate than interest expense given the potential higher prepayments and reinvestment into lower rates as deposit rates are at or near their respective floors. In order to protect net interest income from anticipated net interest margin compression in 2017, the Company will continue to focus on increasing earning assets while maintaining a bal- anced asset mix of loans and investments, and focus on funding growth through lower cost core deposits. Another tool used by ALCO to manage interest rate risk is financial modeling of net portfolio values (discounted present value of assets minus discounted present value of liabilities). The table below represents the percent change in net portfolio values from base case (flat rates) for +200/–100 instantaneous rate shocks: Net Portfolio Value Sensitivity Analysis Change in interest rates Percent change in (In basis points) net portfolio value +200 (8.34)% –100 18.75% NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 47 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders NBT Bancorp Inc.: We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of NBT Bancorp Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of NBT Bancorp Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 1, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. /s/ KPMG LLP Albany, New York March 1, 2017 48 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Consolidated Balance Sheets As of December 31, (In thousands except share and per share data) 2016 2015 Assets Cash and due from banks $ 147,789 $ 130,593 Short-term interest bearing accounts 1,392 9,704 Securities available for sale, at fair value 1,338,290 1,174,544 Securities held to maturity (fair value $525,050 and $473,140) 527,948 471,031 Trading securities 9,259 8,377 Federal Reserve and Federal Home Loan Bank stock 47,033 36,673 Loans 6,198,057 5,883,133 Less allowance for loan losses 65,200 63,018 Net loans 6,132,857 5,820,115 Premises and equipment, net 84,187 88,826 Goodwill 265,439 265,957 Intangible assets, net 15,815 17,265 Bank owned life insurance 168,012 117,044 Other assets 129,247 122,517 Total assets $8,867,268 $8,262,646 Liabilities Demand (noninterest bearing) $2,195,845 $1,998,165 Savings, negotiable order withdrawal and money market 3,905,432 3,697,851 Time 872,411 908,827 Total deposits 6,973,688 6,604,843 Short-term borrowings 681,703 442,481 Long-term debt 104,087 130,447 Junior subordinated debt 101,196 101,196 Other liabilities 93,278 101,675 Total liabilities 7,953,952 7,380,642 Stockholders’ equity Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; authorized 2,500,000 shares at December 31, 2016 and 2015 — — Common stock, $0.01 par value; authorized 100,000,000 shares at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015; issued 49,651,493 at December 31, 2016 and 2015 497 497 Additional paid-in-capital 575,078 576,726 Retained earnings 501,761 462,232 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (21,520) (22,418) Common stock in treasury, at cost, 6,393,743 and 6,220,792 shares at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively (142,500) (135,033) Total stockholders’ equity 913,316 882,004 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $8,867,268 $8,262,646 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 49 Consolidated Statements of Income Years ended December 31, (In thousands except per share data) 2016 2015 2014 Interest, fee, and dividend income Interest and fees on loans $250,994 $241,828 $243,324 Securities available for sale 24,033 20,418 24,464 Securities held to maturity 9,852 9,233 5,261 Other 2,068 1,745 2,032 Total interest, fee, and dividend income 286,947 273,224 275,081 Interest expense Deposits 14,366 14,257 13,638 Short-term borrowings 2,309 783 845 Long-term debt 3,204 3,355 6,555 Junior subordinated debt 2,627 2,221 2,165 Total interest expense 22,506 20,616 23,203 Net interest income 264,441 252,608 251,878 Provision for loan losses 25,431 18,285 19,539 Net interest income after provision for loan losses 239,010 234,323 232,339 Noninterest income Insurance and other financial services revenue 24,396 24,211 24,517 Service charges on deposit accounts 16,729 17,056 17,941 ATM and debit card fees 19,448 18,248 17,135 Retirement plan administration fees 16,063 14,146 12,129 Trust 18,565 19,026 18,950 Bank owned life insurance income 5,195 4,334 5,349 Net securities (losses) gains (644) 3,087 92 Gain on the sale of equity investment — 4,179 19,401 Other 15,961 14,194 10,513 Total noninterest income 115,713 118,481 126,027 Noninterest expense Salaries and employee benefits 129,702 124,318 119,667 Occupancy 20,940 22,095 22,128 Data processing and communications 16,495 16,588 16,137 Professional fees and outside services 13,617 13,407 14,426 Equipment 14,295 13,408 12,658 Office supplies and postage 6,168 6,367 6,983 FDIC expenses 5,111 5,145 4,944 Advertising 2,556 2,654 2,831 Amortization of intangible assets 3,928 4,864 5,047 Loan collection and other real estate owned 3,458 2,620 3,248 Prepayment penalties on long-term debt — — 17,902 Other 19,652 24,710 20,092 Total noninterest expense 235,922 236,176 246,063 Income before income tax expense 118,801 116,628 112,303 Income tax expense 40,392 40,203 37,229 Net income $ 78,409 $ 76,425 $ 75,074 Earnings per share Basic $ 1.81 $ 1.74 $ 1.71 Diluted 1.80 1.72 1.69 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 50 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Net income $78,409 $76,425 $ 75,074 Other comprehensive income, net of tax: Unrealized net holding (losses) gains arising during the year (pre-tax amounts of $(8,618), $(3,159), and $18,069) (5,265) (1,930) 10,933 Reclassification adjustment for net losses (gains) related to securities available for sale included in net income (pre-tax amounts of $644, $(3,087), and $(92)) 393 (1,886) (56) Unrealized gains on derivatives (cash flow hedges) (pre-tax amounts of $2,901) 1,772 — — Amortization of unrealized net gains and losses related to the reclassification of available for sale investment securities to held to maturity (pre-tax amounts of $(1,094), $(1,311), and $(421)) 668 801 257 Pension and other benefits: Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial gains (pre-tax amounts of $2,370, $2,239, and $75) 1,421 1,371 46 Decrease (increase) in unrecognized actuarial loss (pre-tax amounts of $3,154, $(6,144), and $(19,245)) 1,909 (3,747) (11,442) Total other comprehensive income (loss) 898 (5,391) (262) Comprehensive income $79,307 $71,034 $ 74,812 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 51 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity Accumulated Additional Other Common (In thousands except Common Paid-in- Retained Comprehensive Stock in share and per share data) Stock Capital Earnings (Loss) Income Treasury Total Balance at December 31, 2013 $497 $574,152 $385,787 $(16,765) $(127,102) $816,569 Net income — — 75,074 — — 75,074 Cash dividends—$0.84 per share — — (36,905) — — (36,905) Purchase of 3,288 treasury shares — — — — (72) (72) Net issuance of 386,692 shares to employee stock plans, including tax benefit — (1,169) — — 7,425 6,256 Stock-based compensation — 3,521 — — — 3,521 Other comprehensive loss — — — (262) — (262) Balance at December 31, 2014 $497 $576,504 $423,956 $(17,027) $(119,749) $864,181 Net income — — 76,425 — — 76,425 Cash dividends—$0.87 per share — — (38,149) — — (38,149) Purchase of 1,047,152 treasury shares — — — — (26,797) (26,797) Net issuance of 581,400 shares to employee stock plans, including tax benefit — (3,864) — — 11,513 7,649 Stock-based compensation — 4,086 — — — 4,086 Other comprehensive loss — — — (5,391) — (5,391) Balance at December 31, 2015 $497 $576,726 $462,232 $(22,418) $(135,033) $882,004 Net income — — 78,409 — — 78,409 Cash dividends—$0.90 per share — — (38,880) — — (38,880) Purchase of 675,535 treasury shares — — — — (17,193) (17,193) Net issuance of 502,585 shares to employee stock plans, including tax benefit — (6,026) — — 9,726 3,700 Stock-based compensation — 4,378 — — — 4,378 Other comprehensive income — — — 898 — 898 Balance at December 31, 2016 $497 $575,078 $501,761 $(21,520) $(142,500) $913,316 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 52 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Operating activities Net income $ 78,409 $ 76,425 $ 75,074 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Provision for loan losses 25,431 18,285 19,539 Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment 9,023 8,646 8,324 Net accretion on securities 5,278 2,554 3,216 Amortization of intangible assets 3,928 4,864 5,047 Stock-based compensation 4,378 4,086 3,521 Bank owned life insurance income (5,195) (4,334) (5,349) Trading security purchases (287) (810) (1,626) (Gains) losses in trading securities (594) 226 (388) Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale 96,603 72,498 7,050 Originations and purchases of loans held for sale (96,692) (69,677) (10,215) Net gains on sales of loans held for sale (499) (239) (17) Net security losses (gains) 644 (3,087) (92) Net gains on sales of other real estate owned (687) (1,337) (459) Gain on sale of equity investment — (4,179) (19,401) Gain on asset sold (2,462) — — Impairment write-down 2,565 — — Prepayment penalties on long-term debt — — 17,902 Net decrease (increase) in other assets 364 15,386 (19,601) Net (decrease) increase in other liabilities (10,697) 5,236 5,286 Net cash provided by operating activities 109,510 124,543 87,811 Investing activities Net cash (used in) acquisitions (2,000) (3,100) — Securities available for sale: Proceeds from maturities, calls, and principal paydowns 324,781 299,302 236,133 Proceeds from sales 98,466 15,091 189 Purchases (597,428) (481,262) (197,652) Securities held to maturity: Proceeds from maturities, calls, and principal paydowns 100,893 79,212 44,756 Purchases (157,418) (95,272) (49,479) Other: Net increase in loans (344,448) (315,363) (212,238) Proceeds from FHLB stock redemption 158,818 60,852 78,441 Purchases of Federal Reserve and FHLB stock (169,178) (64,899) (64,203) Proceeds from settlement of bank owned life insurance 1,477 1,541 6,064 Purchase of bank owned life insurance (47,250) — — Purchases of premises and equipment, net (3,308) (8,193) (9,003) Proceeds from sale of equity investment — 4,179 19,639 Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned 6,635 3,908 3,612 Net cash used in investing activities (629,960) (504,004) (143,741) Financing activities Net increase in deposits 368,845 305,238 409,381 Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings 239,222 125,679 (139,240) Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt 23,880 — 120,051 Repayments of long-term debt (50,240) (498) (315,831) Proceeds from the issuance of shares to employee benefit plans and other stock plans 3,700 7,649 6,256 Purchase of treasury stock (17,193) (26,797) (72) Cash dividends (38,880) (38,149) (36,905) Net cash provided by financing activities 529,334 373,122 43,640 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 8,884 (6,339) (12,290) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 140,297 146,636 158,926 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 149,181 $ 140,297 $ 146,636 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Cash paid during the year for: Interest $ 22,466 $ 20,908 $ 23,387 Income taxes, net of refund 40,879 28,684 38,912 Noncash investing activities: 4,330 Loans transferred to other real estate owned $ Preferred stock acquired from sale of equity investment — — 2,762 Transfer of available for sale securities to held to maturity portfolio — — 332,115 Acquisitions: Fair value of assets acquired $ 4,100 $ — 2,584 $ 6,863 $ 3,293 $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 53 NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries: Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2016 and 2015 (1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The accounting and reporting policies of NBT Bancorp Inc. (“NBT Bancorp”) and its subsidiaries, NBT Bank, National Asso- ciation (“NBT Bank” or the “Bank”), NBT Holdings, Inc., and NBT Financial Services, Inc., conform, in all material respects, with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and to general practices within the banking industry. Collectively, NBT Bancorp and its subsidiaries are referred to herein as “the Company.” The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Estimates associated with the allowance for loan losses, income taxes, pension expense, fair values of financial instru- ments, status of contingencies and other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on investments are particularly susceptible to material change in the near term. The following is a description of significant policies and practices: Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of NBT Bancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiaries mentioned above. All material intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Amounts previously reported in the consolidated financial statements are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current year’s presentation. In the “Parent Company Financial Information,” the investment in sub- sidiaries is recorded using the equity method of accounting. The Company determines whether it has a controlling finan- cial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity under GAAP. Voting interest entities are entities in which the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance itself independently and provides the equity holders with the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make decisions about the entity’s activities. The Company consolidates voting interest entities in which it has all, or at least a majority of, the voting interest. As defined in applicable accounting standards, variable interest entities (“VIEs”) are entities that lack one or more of the char- acteristics of a voting interest entity. A controlling financial interest in a VIE is present when the Company has both the power and ability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries CNBF Capital Trust I, NBT Statutory Trust I, NBT Statutory Trust II, Alliance Financial Capital Trust I and Alliance Financial Capital Trust II are VIEs for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the accounts of these entities are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Segment Reporting The Company’s operations are primarily in the community banking industry and include the provision of traditional banking services. The Company also provides other services through its subsidiaries such as insurance, retirement plan administration, and trust administration. The Company operates solely in the geographical regions of central and upstate New York, north- eastern Pennsylvania, western Massachusetts, southern New Hampshire, Vermont, and the greater Portland, Maine area. The Company has no reportable operating segments. Cash Equivalents The Company considers amounts due from correspondent banks, cash items in process of collection, and institutional money market mutual funds to be cash equivalents for purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows. Securities The Company classifies its securities at date of purchase as either held to maturity (“HTM”), trading or available for sale (“AFS”). HTM debt securities are those that the Company has the ability and intent to hold until maturity. Trading securities are securities purchased with the intent to sell within a short period of time. AFS securities are securities that are not classified as a HTM or trading securities. AFS securities are recorded at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses, net of the 54 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K related tax effect, on AFS securities are excluded from earnings and are reported in the consolidated statements of stockhold- ers’ equity and the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. HTM securities are recorded at amortized cost. Trading securities are recorded at fair value, with net unrealized gains and losses recognized in income. Transfers of securities between categories are recorded at fair value at the date of transfer. Declines in the fair value of HTM and AFS securities below their cost that are deemed to be other than temporary are reflected in earnings as realized losses or in other com- prehensive income, depending on whether the Company intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss. If the Company intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the OTTI shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amor- tized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the OTTI shall be separated into (a) the amount representing the credit loss and (b) the amount related to all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI impairment related to the credit loss shall be recognized in earnings. The amount of the total OTTI related to other factors shall be recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. In estimating OTTI losses, management considers, among other things, (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (iii) the historical and implied volatility of the fair value of the security. Non-marketable equity securities are carried at cost. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life of the related security as an adjustment to yield using the interest method. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Realized gains and losses on securities sold are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold. Investments in Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) and Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock are required for membership in those organizations and are carried at cost since there is no market value available. The FHLB New York continues to pay dividends and repurchase stock. As such, the Company has not recognized any impairment on its holdings of FHLB stock. Loans Loans are recorded at their current unpaid principal balance, net of unearned income and unamortized loan fees and expenses, which are amortized under the effective interest method over the estimated lives of the loans. Interest income on loans is accrued based on the principal amount outstanding. For all loan classes within the Company’s loan portfolio, loans are placed on nonaccrual status when timely collection of principal and interest in accordance with contractual terms is doubtful. Loans are transferred to nonaccrual status generally when principal or interest payments become ninety days delinquent, unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection, or sooner when management concludes cir- cumstances indicate that borrowers may be unable to meet contractual principal or interest payments. When a loan is transferred to a nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued in the current period but not collected is reversed against interest income in that period. Interest accrued in a prior period and not collected is charged-off against the allowance for loan losses. If ultimate repayment of a nonaccrual loan is expected, any payments received are applied in accordance with contractual terms. If ultimate repayment of principal is not expected, any payment received on a nonaccrual loan is applied to principal until ultimate repayment becomes expected. For all loan classes within the Company’s loan portfolio, nonaccrual loans are returned to accrual status when they become current as to principal and interest and demonstrate a period of performance under the contractual terms and, in the opinion of manage- ment, are fully collectible as to principal and interest. For loans in all portfolios, the principal amount is charged off in full or in part as soon as management determines, based on available facts, that the collection of principal in full is improbable. For commercial loans, management considers specific facts and circumstances relative to individual credits in making such a determination. For consumer and residential loan classes, management uses specific guidance and thresholds from the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council’s Uniform Retail Credit Classification and Account Management Policy. Commercial type loans are considered impaired when it is probable that the borrower will not repay the loan according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement, and all loan types are considered impaired if the loan is restructured in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). In determining that we will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agree- ments, we consider factors such as payment history and changes in the financial condition of individual borrowers, local economic NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 55 conditions, historical loss experience and the conditions of the various markets in which the collateral may be liquidated. A loan is considered to be a TDR when the Company grants a concession to the borrower because of the borrower’s financial condition that the Company would not otherwise consider. Such concessions include the reduction of interest rates, for- giveness of all or a portion of principal or interest, or other modifications at interest rates that are less than the current market rate for new obligations with similar risk. TDR loans are nonaccrual loans; however, they can be returned to accrual status after a period of performance, generally evidenced by six months of compliance with their modified terms. When the Company modifies a loan, management evaluates any possible impairment based on the present value of the expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan agreement, except when the sole (remaining) source of repayment for the loan is the oper- ation or liquidation of the collateral. In these cases, management uses the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs, instead of discounted cash flows. If management determines that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premium or discount), impairment is recognized. Acquired Loans Acquired loans are initially measured at fair value as of the acquisition date without carryover of historical allowance for loan losses. For loans that meet the criteria stipulated in ASC 310-30— Receivables—Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality, the Company shall recognize the accretable yield, which is defined as the excess of all cash flows expected at acquisition over the initial fair value of the loan, as interest income on a level-yield basis over the expected remaining life of the loan. The excess of the loan’s contractually required pay- ments over the cash flows expected to be collected is the nonaccretable difference. The nonaccretable difference shall not be recognized as an adjustment of yield, a loss accrual, or a valuation allowance. Decreases in the expected cash flows in subsequent periods require the establishment of an allowance for loan losses. Improvements in expected cash flows in future periods result in a reduction of the nonaccretable discount, with such amount reclassified as part of the accretable yield and subsequently recognized in interest income over the remain- ing lives of the acquired loans on a level-yield basis if the amount and timing of future cash flows is reasonably estimable. Acquired loans that met the criteria for nonaccrual of interest prior to the acquisition are considered performing upon acqui- sition, regardless of whether the customer is contractually delin- quent, if the Company can reasonably estimate the timing and amount of the expected cash flows on such loans and if the Company expects to fully collect the new carrying value of the loans. As such, the Company may no longer consider the loan to be nonaccrual or nonperforming and may accrue interest on these loans, including the impact of any accretable yield. As such, charge-offs on acquired loans are first applied to the nonaccretable difference and then to any allowance for loan losses recognized subsequent to acquisition. For loans that meet the criteria stipulated in ASC 310-20— Receivables—Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (“ASC 310- 20”), the Company shall amortize/accrete into interest income the premium/discount determined at the date of purchase on a level-yield basis over the life of the loan. Subsequent to the acquisition date, the methods utilized to estimate the required allowance for loan losses are similar to originated loans. Loans accounted for under ASC 310-20 are placed on nonaccrual status when past due in accordance with the Company’s nonac- crual policy. An acquired loan may be resolved either through receipt of payment (in full or in part) from the borrower, the sale of the loan to a third party, or foreclosure of the collateral. In the event of a sale of the loan, a gain or loss on sale is recognized and reported within noninterest income based on the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the loan. In other cases, individual loans are removed from the pool based on comparing the amount received from its reso- lution (fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell in the case of a foreclosure) with its outstanding balance. Any difference between these amounts is recorded as a charge-off through the allowance for loan losses. Acquired loans subject to modification are not removed from the pool even if those loans would otherwise be deemed TDRs as the pool, and not the individual loan, represents the unit of account. Allowance for Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses is the amount which, in the opinion of management, is necessary to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The allowance is determined based upon numerous considerations, including local and regional conditions, the growth and composition of the loan portfolio with respect to the mix between the various types of loans and their related risk characteristics, a review of the value of collateral supporting the loans, comprehensive reviews of 56 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K the loan portfolio by the independent loan review staff and management, as well as consideration of volume and trends of delinquencies, nonperforming loans, and loan charge-offs. Loan losses are charged off against the allowance, while recov- eries of amounts previously charged off are credited to the allowance. As a result of tests of adequacy, required additions to the allowance for loan losses are made periodically by charges to the provision for loan losses. The allowance for loan losses related to impaired loans specifically allocated for impairment is based on discounted expected cash flows using the loan’s initial effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral for certain loans where repayment of the loan is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral (“collateral dependent”). The Company’s impaired loans are generally collateral dependent. The Company considers the estimated cost to sell, on a discounted basis, when determining the fair value of collateral in the measurement of impairment if those costs are expected to reduce the cash flows available to repay or otherwise satisfy the loans. The allowance for loan losses for homogeneous non impaired loans is calculated using a systematic methodology with both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis. For purposes of our allowance methodology, the loan portfolio is segmented as described in Note 5. Each segment has a distinct set of risk characteristics monitored by management. We further assess and monitor risk and perform- ance at a more disaggregated level which includes our internal risk grading system for the commercial segments. We first apply historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. Loss rates are calculated by historical charge-offs that have occurred within each pool of loans over the lookback period (“LBP”), multiplied by the loss emergence period (“LEP”). The LBP represents the historical data period uti- lized to calculate loss rates. The LEP is an estimate of the average amount of time from the point at which a loss is incurred on a loan to the point at which the loss is confirmed. In general, the LEP will be shorter in an economic slowdown or recession and longer during times of economic stability or growth, as customers are better able to delay loss confirmation after a potential loss event has occurred. In conjunction with our annual review of the ALL assumptions, we update our study of LEPs for each portfolio segment using our loan charge-off history. After consideration of the historic loss analysis, management applies additional qualitative adjustments so that the allowance for loan losses is reflective of the inherent losses that exist in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Qualitative adjust- ments are made based upon size, trend, composition, and nature of loans; changes in lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and collection, charge-offs and recoveries; trends experienced in nonperforming and delin- quent loans; current economic conditions in the Company’s market; portfolio concentrations that may affect loss experience across one of more components of the portfolio; the effect of external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements; and the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff. The evaluation of the various compo- nents of the allowance for loan losses requires considerable judgment in order to estimate inherent loss exposures. In addi- tion, various regulatory agencies, as an integral component of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Com- pany to make loan grade changes as well as recognize additions to the allowance based on their examinations. Management believes that the allowance for loan losses is adequate. While management uses available information to recognize loan losses, future additions to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions or changes in the values of properties securing loans in the process of foreclosure. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, peri- odically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additions to the allowance for loan losses based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination which may not be currently available to management. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumu- lated depreciation. Depreciation of premises and equipment is determined using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Expenditures for mainte- nance, repairs, and minor replacements are charged to expense as incurred. Other Real Estate Owned Other real estate owned (“OREO”) consists of properties acquired through foreclosure or by acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure. These assets are recorded at the lower of fair value of the asset acquired less estimated costs to sell or “cost” (defined as the fair value at initial foreclosure). At the time of foreclosure, or when foreclosure occurs in-substance, the excess, if any, of the loan over the fair market value of the assets received, less estimated selling costs, is charged to the allowance for loan losses and any subsequent valuation write- downs are charged to other expense. In connection with the determination of the allowance for loan losses and the valu- ation of OREO, management obtains appraisals for properties. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 57 Operating costs associated with the properties are charged to expense as incurred. Gains on the sale of OREO are included in income when title has passed and the sale has met the min- imum down payment requirements prescribed by GAAP. The balance of OREO is recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the cost of acquired business in excess of the fair value of the related net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but tested at the reporting unit level for impair- ment on an annual basis and on an interim basis or when events or circumstances dictate. The Company has elected June 30 as the annual impairment testing date for the insurance and retirement services reporting units and December 31 for the Bank reporting unit. The Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors, by performing a step zero qualitative analysis, to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the events or circumstances, the Company determines it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, the two-step impairment test is not required. If the Company concludes otherwise, the Company is required to perform the first step of the two-step impairment test. In the first step of the goodwill impairment test, the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is compared to the carrying amount in order to determine if impairment is indicated. If the estimated fair value exceeds the carrying amount, the reporting unit is not deemed to be impaired. If the estimated fair value is below the carrying value of the reporting unit, the second step of the goodwill impairment test is required to determine the amount of impairment. The second step of the goodwill impairment test determines the implied fair value of the goodwill that is compared to the car- rying value of goodwill for the reporting unit to determine the amount of the impairment. Intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested at least annually for impairment. Intangible assets that have finite useful lives are amortized over their useful lives. Core deposit intangibles and trust intangibles at the Company are amortized using the sum-of-the-years’- digits method. Covenants not to compete are amortized on a straight-line basis. Customer lists are amortized using an accel- erated method. When facts and circumstances indicate potential impairment of amortizable intangible assets, the Company evaluates the recoverability of the asset carrying value, using estimates of undiscounted future cash flows over the remaining asset life. Any impairment loss is measured by the excess of carrying value over fair value. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit under the first step of the goodwill impairment testing and determining the fair value of individual assets and liabilities of a reporting unit under the second step of the goodwill impairment test and in determining the fair value of other intangible assets are judg- mental and often involve the use of significant estimates and assumptions. Estimates of fair value are primarily determined using the discounted cash flows method, which uses significant estimates and assumptions including projected future cash flows, discount rates reflecting the market rate of return and projected growth rates. Future events may impact such estimates and assumptions and could cause the Company to conclude that our goodwill or intangible assets have become impaired, which would result in recording an impairment loss. Bank-Owned Life Insurance The Bank has purchased life insurance policies on certain employees, key executives and directors. Bank-owned life insur- ance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement. Treasury Stock Treasury stock acquisitions are recorded at cost. Subsequent sales of treasury stock are recorded on an average cost basis. Gains on the sale of treasury stock are credited to additional paid-in-capital. Losses on the sale of treasury stock are charged to additional paid-in-capital to the extent of previous gains, otherwise charged to retained earnings. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the finan- cial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to tax- able income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company rec- ognizes interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. 58 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Tax positions are recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax ben- efit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. Pension Costs The Company maintains a noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all employees, as well as supplemental employee retirement plans covering certain exec- utives and a defined benefit postretirement healthcare plan that covers certain employees. Costs associated with these plans, based on actuarial computations of current and future benefits for employees, are charged to current operating expenses. Stock-Based Compensation We maintain various long-term incentive stock benefit plans under which we grant stock options, restricted stock awards, and restricted stock units to certain directors and key employ- ees. We recognize compensation expense in our consolidated statements of income over the requisite service period, based on the grant-date fair value of the award. For restricted stock awards and units, we recognize compensation expense ratably over the vesting period for the fair value of the award, measured at the grant date. The fair values of options are estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company’s stock-based employee compensation plan is described in Note 14. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstand- ing for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earn- ings of the entity (such as the Company’s dilutive stock options and restricted stock). Comprehensive Income At the Company, comprehensive income represents net income plus other comprehensive income (loss), which consists primarily of the net change in unrealized gains or losses on securities available for sale for the period and changes in the funded status of employee benefit plans. Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income represents the net unrealized gains or losses on securities available for sale and the previously unrecognized portion of the funded status of employee benefit plans, net of income taxes, as of the consolidated balance sheet dates. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transac- tions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may enter into deriv- ative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risk, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting. For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative and the hedged item related to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings. Any hedge ineffec- tiveness would be recognized in the income statement line item pertaining to the hedged item. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, changes in fair value of the effective portion of the cash flow hedges are reported in other comprehensive income. When the cash flows associated with the hedged item are realized, the gain or loss included in other comprehensive income is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. When the Company purchases a portion of a commercial loan that has an existing interest rate swap, it enters a risk par- ticipation agreement with the counterparty and assumes the credit risk of the loan customer related to the swap. Any fee paid to the Company under a risk participation agreement is in con- sideration of the credit risk of the counterparties and is recognized in the income statement. Credit risk on the risk participation agreements is determined after considering the risk rating, prob- ability of default and loss given default of the counterparties. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 59 Fair Value Measurements Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest pri- ority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: Level 1—Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities; Level 2—Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; Level 3—Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity). A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The types of instruments valued based on quoted market prices in active markets include most U.S. government and agency securities, many other sovereign government obli- gations, liquid mortgage products, active listed equities and most money market securities. Such instruments are generally classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for such instruments. The types of instruments valued based on quoted prices in markets that are not active, broker or dealer quotations, or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency include most investment-grade and high-yield corporate bonds, less liquid mortgage products, less liquid agency securities, less liquid listed equities, state, municipal and provincial obligations, and certain physical commodities. Such instruments are generally classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Level 3 is for positions that are not traded in active markets or are subject to transfer restrictions, valuations are adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability, and such adjust- ments are generally based on available market evidence. In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate will be used. Management’s best estimate consists of both internal and external support on certain Level 3 investments. Subsequent to inception, management only changes Level 3 inputs and assumptions when corroborated by evidence such as transactions in similar instruments, completed or pending third-party transactions in the underlying investment or com- parable entities, subsequent rounds of financing, recapitaliza- tions and other transactions across the capital structure, offerings in the equity or debt markets, and changes in financial ratios or cash flows. Other Financial Instruments The Company is a party to certain other financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk such as commitments to extend credit, unused lines of credit, as well as certain mortgage loans sold to investors with recourse. The Company’s policy is to record such instruments when funded. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to cus- tomers. Under the standby letters of credit, the Company is required to make payments to the beneficiary of the letters of credit upon request by the beneficiary contingent upon the customer’s failure to perform under the terms of the underlying contract with the beneficiary. Standby letters of credit typically have one year expirations with an option to renew upon annual review. The Company typically receives a fee for these trans- actions. The fair value of standby letters of credit is recorded upon inception. Loan Sales and Loan Servicing Loan sales are recorded when the sales are funded. Mort- gage servicing rights are recorded at fair value upon sale of the loan. Loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or market. Repurchase Agreements Repurchase agreements are accounted for as secured financ- ing transactions since the Company maintains effective control over the transferred securities and the transfer meets the other criteria for such accounting. Obligations to repurchase securities sold are reflected as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets. The securities underlying the agreements are delivered to a custodial account for the benefit of the dealer or bank with whom each transaction is executed. The dealers or banks, who may sell, loan or otherwise dispose of such securities to other parties in the normal course of their operations, agree to resell to the Company the same securities at the maturities of the agreements. 60 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Trust Operations Reclassifications Assets held by the Company in a fiduciary or agency capac- ity for its customers are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, since such assets are not assets of the Company. Trust income is recognized on the accrual method based on contractual rates applied to the balances of trust accounts. Amounts in prior period consolidated financial statements are reclassified whenever necessary to confirm with current period presentation. Subsequent Events The Company has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure and there were none identified. (2) Acquisitions In 2016, the Company acquired Actuarial Designs & Solutions, Inc. for total consideration of $3.0 million and Columbia Ridge Capital Management, Inc., for total consideration of $1.3 million. As part of the acquisitions, the Company recorded goodwill of $1.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively. In 2015, the Company acquired Third Party Administrators, Inc., a retirement plan administration company for total con- sideration of $4.1 million. As part of the acquisition, the Com- pany recorded goodwill of $2.3 million. (3) Securities The amortized cost, estimated fair value, and unrealized gains and losses of AFS securities are as follows: Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated (In thousands) Cost Gains Losses Fair Value December 31, 2016 Federal agency $ 175,135 $ 78 $ 805 $ 174,408 State & municipal 47,053 153 480 46,726 Mortgage-backed: Government-sponsored enterprises 513,814 3,345 2,492 514,667 U.S. government agency securities 14,955 411 189 15,177 Collateralized mortgage obligations: Government-sponsored enterprises 513,431 532 7,688 506,275 U.S. government agency securities 60,822 184 708 60,298 Other securities 15,849 6,394 1,504 20,739 Total securities AFS $1,341,059 $11,097 $13,866 $1,338,290 December 31, 2015 Federal agency $ 312,580 $ 203 $1,511 $ 311,272 State & municipal 31,208 446 17 31,637 Mortgage-backed: Government-sponsored enterprises 398,086 4,141 1,068 401,159 U.S. government securities 8,191 560 14 8,737 Collateralized mortgage obligations: Government-sponsored enterprises 364,936 931 1,828 364,039 U.S. government securities 40,699 348 115 40,932 Other securities 13,637 3,249 118 16,768 Total securities AFS $1,169,337 $9,878 $4,671 $1,174,544 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 61 The components of net realized gains and losses on the sale of AFS securities are as follows. These amounts were reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and into earnings: Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 683 $3,099 $49 Gross realized gains $ Gross realized (losses) (1,327) (12) — Net AFS realized (losses) gains $ (644) $3,087 $49 In addition to (losses) gains from sales transactions, the Company also recorded gains from calls on AFS securities of approximately $0.1 million for each of the years ended Decem- ber 31, 2016, December 31, 2015, December 31, 2014. other purposes required or permitted by law. Additionally, at December 31, 2016, AFS and HTM securities with an amortized cost of $235.6 million were pledged as collateral for securities sold under the repurchase agreements. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, AFS and HTM securities with amortized costs totaling $1.5 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits and for The amortized cost, estimated fair value, and unrealized gains and losses of HTM securities are as follows: Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated (In thousands) Cost Gains Losses Fair Value December 31, 2016 Mortgage-backed: Government-sponsored enterprises $ 96,668 $ — $1,176 $ 95,492 U.S. government agency securities 533 87 — 620 Collateralized mortgage obligations: Government-sponsored enterprises 225,213 1,060 1,508 224,765 State & municipal 205,534 434 1,795 204,173 Total HTM securities $527,948 $1,581 $4,479 $525,050 December 31, 2015 Mortgage-backed: Government-sponsored enterprises $ 9,432 $ — $ 107 $ 9,325 U.S. government agency securities 611 95 — 706 Collateralized mortgage obligations: Government-sponsored enterprises 272,550 1,411 1,560 272,401 State & municipal 188,438 2,288 18 190,708 Total HTM securities $471,031 $3,794 $1,685 $473,140 At December 31, 2016 and 2015, all of the mortgaged-backed HTM securities were comprised of U.S. government agency securities. 62 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K The following table sets forth information with regard to investment securities with unrealized losses at December 31, 2016 and 2015, segregated according to the length of time the securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Fair Unrealized Number of Fair Unrealized Number of Fair Unrealized Number of Value Losses Positions Value Losses Positions Value Losses Positions December 31, 2016 AFS securities: Federal agency $119,363 $ (805) 10 $ — $ — — $119,363 $ (805) 10 State & municipal 31,873 (478) 55 483 (2) 1 32,356 (480) 56 Mortgage-backed 277,524 (2,668) 49 985 (13) 4 278,509 (2,681) 53 Collateralized mortgage obligations 473,746 (8,396) 57 — — — 473,746 (8,396) 57 Other securities — — — 4,363 (1,504) 2 4,363 (1,504) 2 Total securities with unrealized losses $902,506 $(12,347) 171 $ 5,831 $(1,519) 7 $908,337 $(13,866) 178 HTM securities: Mortgage-backed $ 95,492 $ (1,176) 5 $ Collateralized mortgage — $ — — $ 95,492 $ (1,176) 5 obligations 108,587 (319) 12 35,209 (1,189) 4 143,796 (1,508) 16 State & municipal 81,984 (1,795) 155 — — — 81,984 (1,795) 155 Total securities with unrealized losses $286,063 $ (3,290) 172 $35,209 $(1,189) 4 $321,272 $ (4,479) 176 December 31, 2015 AFS securities: Federal agency $186,685 $(1,312) 15 $19,801 $ (199) 2 $206,486 $(1,511) 17 State & municipal 4,599 (14) 7 502 (3) 1 5,101 (17) 8 Mortgage-backed 177,270 (1,068) 33 1,066 (14) 5 178,336 (1,082) 38 Collateralized mortgage obligations 256,265 (1,889) 24 5,218 (54) 2 261,483 (1,943) 26 Other securities — — — 3,235 (118) 2 3,235 (118) 2 Total securities with unrealized losses $624,819 $(4,283) 79 $29,822 $ (388) 12 $654,641 $(4,671) 91 HTM securities: Mortgage-backed $ 9,325 $ (107) 1 $ — $ — — $ 9,325 $ (107) 1 Collateralized mortgage obligations 105,604 (281) 12 41,523 (1,279) 4 147,127 (1,560) 16 State & municipal 2,200 (18) 3 — — — 2,200 (18) 3 Total securities with unrealized losses $117,129 $ (406) 16 $41,523 $(1,279) 4 $158,652 $(1,685) 20 Declines in the fair value of HTM and AFS securities below their cost that are deemed to be other-than-temporary are reflected in earnings as realized losses or in other comprehensive income, depending on whether the Company intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the OTTI shall be recognized in earn- ings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the OTTI shall be separated into (a) the amount representing the credit loss and (b) the amount related to all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI related to the credit loss shall be recognized in earnings. The amount of the total OTTI related to other factors shall be recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 63 In estimating OTTI losses, management considers, among other things, (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and (iii) the historical and implied volatility of the fair value of the security. Management has the intent to hold the securities classified as HTM until they mature, at which time it is believed the Com- pany will receive full value for the securities. The unrealized losses on HTM debt securities are due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. When necessary, the Company has performed a discounted cash flow analysis to determine whether or not it will receive the contractual principal and interest on certain securities. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Management also has the intent to hold and will not be required to sell, the securities classified as AFS for a period of time sufficient for a recovery of cost, which may be until maturity. The unrealized losses on AFS debt securities are due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. When necessary, the Company has performed a discounted cash flow analysis to determine whether or not it will receive the contractual principal and interest on certain securities. The unrealized losses on equity securities are due to declines in the fair value below the cost basis of the securities. For AFS debt and equity securities, the Company considers a decline in fair value to be other-than-tem- porary if it is probable that the Company will not recover its cost basis. For equity securities, OTTI losses are recognized in earnings if the Company intends to sell the security. In other cases the Company considers the relevant factors noted above, as well as the Company’s intent and ability to retain its investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value, and whether evidence exists to support a real- izable value equal to or greater than the cost basis. Any impair- ment loss on an equity security is equal to the full difference between the cost basis and the fair value of the security. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, management believes the impairments detailed in the table above are temporary and no OTTI losses have been realized in the Company’s con- solidated statements of income. The following tables set forth information with regard to contractual maturities of debt securities at December 31, 2016: Amortized Estimated (In thousands) Cost Fair Value AFS debt securities Within one year $ 67,803 $ 67,877 From one to five years 162,913 162,754 From five to ten years 144,957 146,014 After ten years 949,537 940,906 $1,325,210 $1,317,551 HTM debt securities Within one year $ 37,187 $ 37,199 From one to five years 27,956 28,019 From five to ten years 122,228 121,697 After ten years 340,577 338,135 $ 527,948 $ 525,050 Maturities of mortgage-backed, collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities are stated based on their estimated average lives. Actual maturities may differ from estimated average lives or contractual maturities because, in certain cases, borrowers have the right to call or prepay obli- gations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Except for U.S. Government securities, there were no holdings, when taken in the aggregate, of any single issuer that exceeded 10% of consolidated stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. 64 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K (4) Loans A summary of loans, net of deferred fees and origination costs, by category is as follows: At December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 Residential real estate mortgages $1,262,614 $1,196,780 Commercial 1,242,701 1,159,089 Commercial real estate 1,543,301 1,430,618 Consumer 1,641,657 1,568,204 Home equity 507,784 528,442 Total loans $6,198,057 $5,883,133 Included in the above loans are net deferred loan origination costs totaling $40.3 million and $38.7 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company had $0.6 million res- idential loans held for sale as of December 31, 2016. The Company had no residential loans held for sale as of December 31, 2015. The total amount of loans serviced by the Company for unrelated third parties was $604.0 million and $616.1 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had $0.9 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of mortgage servicing rights. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company serviced $28.5 million and $25.1 million, respectively, of agricultural loans sold with recourse. Due to sufficient collateral on these loans, no reserve is considered necessary at December 31, 2016 and 2015. FHLB advances are collateralized by a blanket lien on the Company’s residential real estate mortgages. In the ordinary course of business, the Company has made loans at prevailing rates and terms to directors, officers, and other related parties. Such loans, in management’s opinion, do not present more than the normal risk of collectability or incor- porate other unfavorable features. The aggregate amount of loans outstanding to qualifying related parties and changes during the years are summarized as follows: (In thousands) 2016 2015 Balance at January 1 $2,346 $ 3,576 New loans 936 390 Adjustment due to change in composition of related parties (406) (265) Repayments (826) (1,355) Balance at December 31 $2,050 $ 2,346 (5) Allowance for Loan Losses and Credit Quality of Loans Allowance for Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level esti- mated by management to provide adequately for risk of prob- able losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. The adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is continuously monitored. It is assessed for adequacy using a methodology designed to ensure the level of the allowance reasonably reflects the loan portfolio’s risk profile. It is evaluated to ensure that it is sufficient to absorb all reasonably estimable credit losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. To develop and document a systematic methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses, the Company has divided the loan portfolio into three segments, each with different risk characteristics and methodologies for assessing risk. Those segments are further segregated between our loans accounted for under the amortized cost method (referred to as “originated” loans) and loans acquired in a business combination (referred to as “acquired” loans). Each portfolio segment is broken down into class segments where appropriate. Class segments contain unique measurement attributes, risk characteristics and methods NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 65 for monitoring and assessing risk that are necessary to develop the allowance for loan losses. Unique characteristics such as borrower type, loan type, collateral type, and risk characteristics define each class segment. The following table illustrates the portfolio and class segments for the Company’s loan portfolio: Portfolio Class Commercial Loans Commercial Commercial Real Estate Agricultural Agricultural Real Estate Business Banking Consumer Loans Indirect Home Equity Direct Residential Real Estate Mortgages Commercial Loans Commercial—The Company offers a variety of loan options to meet the specific needs of our commercial customers includ- ing term loans, time notes and lines of credit. Such loans are made available to businesses for working capital such as inven- tory and receivables, business expansion and equipment pur- chases. Generally, a collateral lien is placed on equipment or other assets owned by the borrower. These loans carry a higher risk than commercial real estate loans by the nature of the underlying collateral, which can be business assets such as equipment and accounts receivable and is generally less liquid than real estate. To reduce the risk, management also attempts to secure real estate as collateral and obtain personal guarantees of the borrowers. Commercial Real Estate—The Company offers commercial real estate loans to finance real estate purchases, refinancings, expansions and improvements to commercial properties. Com- mercial real estate loans are made to finance the purchases of real property which generally consists of real estate with com- pleted structures. These commercial real estate loans are secured by first liens on the real estate, which may include apartments, commercial structures, housing businesses, healthcare facilities, and other non owner-occupied facilities. These loans are typ- ically less risky than commercial loans, since they are secured by real estate and buildings. The Company’s underwriting analy- sis includes credit verification, independent appraisals, a review of the borrower’s financial condition, and a detailed analysis of the borrower’s underlying cash flows. These loans are typically originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the appraised value of the property. Agricultural—The Company offers a variety of agricultural loans to meet the needs of our agricultural customers including term loans, time notes, and lines of credit. These loans are made to purchase livestock, purchase and modernize equipment, and finance seasonal crop expenses. Generally, a collateral lien is placed on the livestock, equipment, produce inventories, and/or receivables owned by the borrower. These loans may carry a higher risk than commercial and agricultural real estate loans due to the industry price volatility and the perishable nature of the underlying collateral. To reduce these risks, man- agement may attempt to secure these loans with additional real estate collateral, obtain personal guarantees of the bor- rowers, or obtain government loan guarantees to provide further support. Agricultural Real Estate—The Company offers real estate loans to our agricultural customers to finance farm related real estate purchases, refinancings, expansions, and improvements to agricultural properties. Agricultural real estate loans are made to finance the purchases and improvements of farm properties that generally consist of barns, production facilities, and land. The agricultural real estate loans are secured by first liens on the farm real estate. Because they are secured by land and buildings, these loans may be less risky than agricultural loans. The Company’s underwriting analysis includes credit ver- ification, independent appraisals, a review of the borrower’s financial condition, and a detailed analysis of the borrower’s underlying cash flows. These loans are typically originated in amounts of no more than 75% of the appraised value of the property. Government loan guarantees may be obtained to provide further support. Business Banking—The Company offers a variety of loan options to meet the specific needs of our business banking customers including term loans, business banking mortgages and lines of credit. Such loans are generally less than $0.8 million and are made available to businesses for working capital such as inventory and receivables, business expansion, equip- ment purchases, and agricultural needs. Generally, a collateral lien is placed on equipment or other assets owned by the bor- rower such as inventory and/or receivables. These loans carry a higher risk than commercial loans due to the smaller size of the borrower and lower levels of capital. To reduce the risk, the Company obtains personal guarantees of the owners for a majority of the loans. 66 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Consumer Loans Indirect—The Company maintains relationships with many dealers primarily in the communities that we serve. Through these relationships, the company finances the purchases of automobiles and recreational vehicles (such as campers, boats, etc.) indirectly through dealer relationships. Approximately 70% of the indirect relationships represent automobile financing. Most of these loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from three to six years, based upon the nature of the collateral and the size of the loan. The majority of indirect consumer loans are underwritten on a secured basis using the underlying collateral being financed. Home Equity—The Company offers fixed home equity loans as well as home equity lines of credit to consumers to finance home improvements, debt consolidation, education and other uses. Consumers are able to borrower up to 85% of the equity in their homes. The Company originates home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans (loans secured by a second lien position on one-to-four-family residential real estate). These loans carry a higher risk than first mortgage residential loans as they are in a second position with respect to collateral. Risk is reduced through underwriting criteria, which include credit verification, appraisals, a review of the borrower’s financial con- dition, and personal cash flows. A security interest, with title insurance when necessary, is taken in the underlying real estate. Direct—The Company offers a variety of consumer install- ment loans to finance vehicle purchases, mobile home purchases and personal expenditures. Most of these loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from one to ten years, based upon the nature of the collateral and the size of the loan. The majority of consumer loans are underwritten on a secured basis using the underlying collateral being financed or a customer’s deposit account. In addition to installment loans, the Company also offers personal lines of credit and overdraft protection. A minimal amount of loans are unsecured, which carry a higher risk of loss. Residential Real Estate Loans Residential real estate loans consist primarily of loans secured by first or second deeds of trust on primary residences. We originate adjustable-rate and fixed-rate, one-to-four-family residential real estate loans for the construction, purchase or refinancing of a mortgage. These loans are collateralized by owner-occupied properties located in the Company’s market area. When market conditions are favorable, for longer term, fixed-rate residential mortgages without escrow, the Company retains the servicing, but sells the right to receive principal and interest to Freddie Mac when market conditions are favor- able. This practice allows the Company to manage interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and credit risk. Loans on one-to-four- family residential real estate are generally originated in amounts of no more than 85% of the purchase price or appraised value (whichever is lower), or have private mortgage insurance. Mort- gage title insurance and hazard insurance are normally required. Construction loans have a unique risk, because they are secured by an incomplete dwelling. This risk is reduced through periodic site inspections, including one at each loan draw period. Allowance for Loan Loss Calculation Management considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for loan losses to be a critical accounting policy given the inherent uncertainty in evaluating the levels of the allowance required to cover credit losses in the portfolio and the material effect that such judgments can have on the con- solidated results of operations. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral com- ponent of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Company to make loan grade changes as well as recognize additions to the allowance based on their examinations. After a thorough consideration of the factors discussed above, any required additions to the allowance for loan losses are made periodically by charges to the provision for loan losses. These charges are necessary to maintain the allowance at a level which management believes is reasonably reflective of overall inherent risk of probable loss in the portfolio. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, additions to the allowance may fluctuate from one reporting period to another. These fluctuations are reflective of changes in risk associated with portfolio content and/or changes in management’s assessment of any or all of the deter- mining factors discussed above. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 67 The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014: Residential Commercial Consumer Real Estate (In thousands) Loans Loans Mortgages Unallocated Total Balance as of December 31, 2015 $25,545 $ 29,253 $ 7,960 $ 260 $ 63,018 Charge-offs (4,592) (23,364) (1,343) — (29,299) Recoveries 1,887 3,870 293 — 6,050 Provision 2,604 23,616 (529) (260) 25,431 Ending Balance as of December 31, 2016 $25,444 $ 33,375 $ 6,381 $ — $ 65,200 Balance as of December 31, 2014 $ 32,433 $ 26,720 $ 7,130 $ 76 $ 66,359 Charge-offs (5,718) (18,140) (2,229) — (26,087) Recoveries 1,014 3,127 320 — 4,461 Provision (2,184) 17,546 2,739 184 18,285 Ending Balance as of December 31, 2015 $ 25,545 $ 29,253 $ 7,960 $ 260 $ 63,018 Balance as of December 31, 2013 $ 35,090 $ 27,694 $ 6,520 $ 130 $ 69,434 Charge-offs (9,414) (16,642) (1,417) — (27,473) Recoveries 1,774 2,800 285 — 4,859 Provision 4,983 12,868 1,742 (54) 19,539 Ending Balance as of December 31, 2014 $ 32,433 $ 26,720 $ 7,130 $ 76 $ 66,359 For acquired loans, to the extent that we experience dete- rioration in borrower credit quality resulting in a decrease in our expected cash flows subsequent to acquisition of the loans, an allowance for loan losses would be established based on our estimate of future credit losses over the remaining life of the loans. The allowance for loan losses for the acquired loan portfolio totaled $0.7 million as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Net charge-offs related to acquired loans totaled approximately $0.5 million, $2.7 million, and $4.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2016, December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively, and are included in the table above. 68 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K The following table illustrates the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment by portfolio segment as of December 31, 2016 and 2015: Residential Commercial Consumer Real Estate (In thousands) Loans Loans Mortgages Unallocated Total As of December 31, 2016 Allowance for loan losses $ 25,444 $ 33,375 $ 6,381 $ — $ 65,200 Allowance for loans individually evaluated for impairment 1,517 — — — 1,517 Allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment $ 23,927 $ 33,375 $ 6,381 $ — $ 63,683 Ending balance of loans $2,786,002 $2,149,441 $1,262,614 $6,198,057 Ending balance of originated loans individually evaluated for impairment 13,070 8,488 6,111 27,669 Ending balance of acquired loans individually evaluated for impairment 1,205 — — 1,205 Ending balance of acquired loans collectively evaluated for impairment 236,413 63,005 199,471 498,889 Ending balance of originated loans collectively evaluated for impairment $2,535,314 $2,077,948 $1,057,032 $5,670,294 As of December 31, 2015 Allowance for loan losses $ Allowance for loans individually evaluated 25,545 $ 29,253 $ 7,960 $ 260 $ 63,018 for impairment 2,005 — — — 2,005 Allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment $ 23,540 $ 29,253 $ 7,960 $ 260 $ 61,013 Ending balance of loans $ 2,589,707 $ 2,096,646 $ 1,196,780 $ 5,883,133 Ending balance of originated loans individually evaluated for impairment 12,253 7,693 6,017 25,963 Ending balance of acquired loans individually evaluated for impairment 1,205 — — 1,205 Ending balance of acquired loans collectively evaluated for impairment 284,524 95,427 230,358 610,309 Ending balance of originated loans collectively evaluated for impairment $ 2,291,725 $ 1,993,526 $ 960,405 $ 5,245,656 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 69 The following table sets forth information with regard to past due and nonperforming loans by loan class as of December 31, 2016 and 2015: As of December 31, 2016 Greater Than 31-60 Days 61-90 Days 90 Days Total Recorded Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Total (In thousands) Accruing Accruing Accruing Accruing Non-Accrual Current Loans ORIGINATED Commercial Loans Commercial $ 33 $ 5 $ — $ 38 $ 2,964 $ 650,568 $ 653,570 Commercial Real Estate — — — — 7,935 1,343,854 1,351,789 Agricultural — — — — 730 37,186 37,916 Agricultural Real Estate — — — — 1,803 30,619 32,422 Business Banking 1,609 318 — 1,927 4,860 465,900 472,687 Total Commercial Loans 1,642 323 — 1,965 18,292 2,528,127 2,548,384 Consumer Loans Indirect 19,253 4,185 2,499 25,937 2,145 1,538,593 1,566,675 Home Equity 3,416 1,065 528 5,009 2,851 448,797 456,657 Direct 452 125 20 597 107 62,400 63,104 Total Consumer Loans 23,121 5,375 3,047 31,543 5,103 2,049,790 2,086,436 Residential Real Estate Mortgages 2,725 172 1,406 4,303 6,682 1,052,158 1,063,143 Total Originated Loans $27,488 $5,870 $4,453 $37,811 $30,077 $5,630,075 $5,697,963 ACQUIRED Commercial Loans Commercial $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 49,447 $ 49,447 Commercial Real Estate — — — — 1,891 135,398 137,289 Business Banking 236 — — 236 804 49,842 50,882 Total Commercial Loans 236 — — 236 2,695 234,687 237,618 Consumer Loans Indirect 100 5 — 105 47 8,541 8,693 Home Equity 254 53 30 337 237 50,553 51,127 Direct 30 2 — 32 20 3,133 3,185 Total Consumer Loans 384 60 30 474 304 62,227 63,005 Residential Real Estate Mortgages 609 28 327 964 2,636 195,871 199,471 Total Acquired Loans 1,229 88 357 1,674 5,635 492,785 500,094 Total Loans $28,717 $5,958 $4,810 $39,485 $35,712 $6,122,860 $6,198,057 70 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K  As of December 31, 2015 Greater Than 31-60 Days 61-90 Days 90 Days Total Recorded Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Total (In thousands) Accruing Accruing Accruing Accruing Non-Accrual Current Loans ORIGINATED Commercial Loans Commercial $ 782 $ 23 $ — $ 805 $ 2,817 $ 640,696 $ 644,318 Commercial Real Estate 39 32 — 71 5,546 1,189,280 1,194,897 Agricultural 94 — — 94 897 33,633 34,624 Agricultural Real Estate — — — — 1,046 28,172 29,218 Business Banking 912 394 — 1,306 4,247 395,368 400,921 Total Commercial Loans 1,827 449 — 2,276 14,553 2,287,149 2,303,978 Consumer Loans Indirect 15,731 2,963 2,271 20,965 1,786 1,454,499 1,477,250 Home Equity 3,396 1,671 340 5,407 4,835 454,473 464,715 Direct 425 201 28 654 49 58,551 59,254 Total Consumer Loans 19,552 4,835 2,639 27,026 6,670 1,967,523 2,001,219 Residential Real Estate Mortgages 3,301 365 696 4,362 7,713 954,347 966,422 Total Originated Loans $24,680 $5,649 $3,335 $33,664 $28,936 $5,209,019 $5,271,619 ACQUIRED Commercial Loans Commercial $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 68,991 $ 68,991 Commercial Real Estate — — — — 1,313 165,630 166,943 Business Banking 288 — — 288 307 49,200 49,795 Total Commercial Loans 288 — — 288 1,620 283,821 285,729 Consumer Loans Indirect 143 11 1 155 104 27,516 27,775 Home Equity 327 132 — 459 457 62,811 63,727 Direct 76 20 — 96 43 3,786 3,925 Total Consumer Loans 546 163 1 710 604 94,113 95,427 Residential Real Estate Mortgages 1,443 293 326 2,062 2,584 225,712 230,358 Total Acquired Loans 2,277 456 327 3,060 4,808 603,646 611,514 Total Loans $26,957 $6,105 $3,662 $36,724 $33,744 $5,812,665 $5,883,133 There were no material commitments to extend further credit to borrowers with nonperforming loans as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. The methodology used to establish the allowance for loan losses on impaired loans incorporates specific allocations on loans analyzed individually. Classified loans, including all TDRs and nonaccrual commercial loans that are graded Substandard or below, with outstanding balances of $0.8 million or more are evaluated for impairment through the Company’s quarterly status review process. In determining that we will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreements, we consider factors such as payment history and changes in the financial condition of individual borrowers, local economic conditions, historical loss experience and the conditions of the various markets in which the collateral may be liquidated. For loans that are evaluated for impairment, impairment is measured by one of three methods: 1) the fair value of collateral less NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 71 cost to sell, 2) present value of expected future cash flows or 3) the loan’s observable market price. These impaired loans are reviewed on a quarterly basis for changes in the measure- ment of impairment. For impaired loans measured using the present value of expected cash flow method, any change to the previously recognized impairment loss is recognized as a change to the allowance account and recorded in the consol- idated statement of income as a component of the provision for credit losses. The following provides additional information on loans specifically evaluated for impairment for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Recorded Unpaid Recorded Unpaid Investment Principal Investment Principal Balance Balance Related Balance Balance Related (In thousands) (Book) (Legal) Allowance (Book) (Legal) Allowance ORIGINATED With no related allowance recorded: Commercial Loans Commercial $ 1,278 $ 1,697 $ 2,244 $ 2,490 Commercial Real Estate 3,816 3,841 3,165 3,175 Agricultural 130 137 576 1,164 Agricultural Real Estate 1,434 1,567 618 744 Business Banking 655 728 983 1,033 Total Commercial Loans 7,313 7,970 7,586 8,606 Consumer Loans Indirect 5 16 12 21 Home Equity 8,483 9,429 7,681 8,574 Total Consumer Loans 8,488 9,445 7,693 8,595 Residential Real Estate Mortgages 6,111 6,906 6,017 6,627 Total 21,912 24,321 21,296 23,828 With an allowance recorded: Commercial Loans Commercial — — — 457 457 300 Commercial Real Estate 5,553 5,736 735 4,210 6,059 970 Agricultural 49 49 37 — — — Agricultural Real Estate 155 155 54 — — — Total Commercial Loans 5,757 5,940 826 4,667 6,516 1,270 ACQUIRED With an allowance recorded: Commercial Loans Commercial Real Estate 1,205 1,321 691 1,205 1,321 735 Total Commercial Loans 1,205 1,321 691 1,205 1,321 735 Total $28,874 $31,582 $1,517 $27,168 $31,665 $2,005 72 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K The following table summarizes the average recorded investments on loans specifically evaluated for impairment and the interest income recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Interest Interest Interest Average Income Average Income Average Income Recorded Recognized Recorded Recognized Recorded Recognized (In thousands) Investment Accrual Investment Accrual Investment Accrual ORIGINATED Commercial Loans Commercial $ 6,217 $ — $ 2,219 $ 71 $ 1,954 $115 Commercial Real Estate 5,828 167 8,538 164 9,679 169 Agricultural 715 1 148 1 91 1 Agricultural Real Estate 908 44 628 45 1,346 46 Business Banking 830 9 960 21 610 55 Consumer Loans Indirect 8 — — — — — Home Equity 8,278 480 7,070 374 5,198 267 Residential Real Estate Mortgages 6,143 269 5,128 219 3,039 119 ACQUIRED Commercial Loans Commercial — — 2,045 — 5,756 — Commercial Real Estate 1,205 — 5,734 — 3,386 — Total $30,132 $970 $32,470 $895 $31,059 $772 While we continue to adhere to prudent underwriting stan- dards, as a lender we may be adversely impacted by general economic weaknesses and, in particular, a sharp downturn in the housing market nationally. Decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral for our loans. Adverse changes in the economy may have a negative effect on the ability of our borrowers to make timely loan payments, which would have an adverse impact on our earnings. A further increase in loan delinquencies would decrease our net interest income and adversely impact our loan loss experience, causing increases in our provision and allowance for loan losses. The Company has developed an internal loan grading system to evaluate and quantify the Bank’s loan portfolio with respect to quality and risk. The system focuses on, among other things, financial strength of borrowers, experience and depth of man- agement, primary and secondary sources of repayment, pay- ment history, nature of the business, outlook on particular industries. The internal grading system enables the Company to monitor the quality of the entire loan portfolio on a contin- uous basis and provide management with an early warning system, enabling recognition and response to problem loans and potential problem loans. Commercial Grading System For commercial and agricultural loans, the Company uses a grading system that relies on quantifiable and measurable characteristics when available. This would include comparison of financial strength to available industry averages, comparison of transaction factors (loan terms and conditions) to loan policy, and comparison of credit history to stated repayment terms and industry averages. Some grading factors are necessarily more subjective such as economic and industry factors, regu- latory environment, and management. Commercial loans are graded as Doubtful, Substandard, Special Mention and Pass. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 73 • Doubtful A Doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the asset, its classification as loss is deferred. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital, and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. Pending events can include mergers, acquisitions, liquidations, capital injections, the perfection of liens on additional collateral, the valuation of collateral, and refinancing. Generally, pending events should be resolved within a relatively short period and the ratings will be adjusted based on the new information. Because of high probability of loss, nonaccrual treatment is required for Doubtful assets. • Substandard Substandard loans have a high probability of payment default, or they have other well-defined weaknesses. They require more intensive supervision by bank management. Substandard loans are generally characterized by current or expected unprofitable operations, inadequate debt service coverage, inadequate liquidity, or marginal capi- talization. Repayment may depend on collateral or other credit risk mitigants. For some Substandard loans, the likelihood of full collection of interest and principal may be in doubt and should be placed on nonaccrual. Although Substandard assets in the aggregate will have a distinct potential for loss, an individual asset’s loss potential does not have to be distinct for the asset to be rated Substandard. in compliance with loan covenants, and payments are generally made as agreed. Pass loans range from superior quality to fair quality. Business Banking Grading System Business Banking loans are graded as either Classified or Non-classified. • Classified Classified loans are inadequately protected by the current worth and paying capacity of the obligor or, if applicable, the collateral pledged. These loans have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt, or in some cases make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Classified loans have a high probability of payment default, or a high probability of total or substantial loss. These loans require more intensive supervision by management and are generally characterized by current or expected unprofitable operations, inadequate debt service coverage, inadequate liquidity, or marginal capitalization. Repayment may depend on collateral or other credit risk mitigants. When the likelihood of full collection of interest and prin- cipal may be in doubt; classified loans are considered to have a nonaccrual status. In some cases, Classified loans are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted. • Special Mention • Non-classified Special Mention loans have potential weaknesses that may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Company’s position at some future date. These loans pose elevated risk, but their weak- ness does not yet justify a Substandard classification. Bor- rowers may be experiencing adverse operating trends (declining revenues or margins) or may be struggling with an ill-proportioned balance sheet (e.g., increasing inventory without an increase in sales, high leverage, tight liquidity). Adverse economic or market conditions, such as interest rate increases or the entry of a new competitor, may also support a special mention rating. Although a Special Men- tion loan has a higher probability of default than a pass asset, its default is not imminent. • Pass Loans graded as Pass encompass all loans not graded as Doubtful, Substandard, or Special Mention. Pass loans are Loans graded as Non-classified encompass all loans not graded as Classified. Non-classified loans are in compliance with loan covenants, and payments are generally made as agreed. Consumer and Residential Mortgage Grading System Consumer and Residential Mortgage loans are graded as either Nonperforming or Performing. • Nonperforming Nonperforming loans are loans that are 1) over 90 days past due and interest is still accruing or 2) on nonaccrual status. • Performing All loans not meeting any of these criteria are considered Performing. 74 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K The following tables illustrate the Company’s credit quality by loan class for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015: Credit Quality Indicators As of December 31, 2016 Commercial Agricultural (In thousands) Commercial Real Estate Agricultural Real Estate Total ORIGINATED Commercial Credit Exposure By Internally Assigned Grade Pass $616,829 $1,288,409 $36,762 $28,912 $1,970,912 Special Mention 7,750 31,053 25 1,896 40,724 Substandard 28,991 32,327 1,124 1,614 64,056 Doubtful — — 5 — 5 Total $653,570 $1,351,789 $37,916 $32,422 $2,075,697 Business Banking Total Business Banking Credit Exposure By Internally Assigned Grade Non-classified $458,864 $458,864 Classified 13,823 13,823 Total $472,687 $472,687 Indirect Home Equity Direct Total Consumer Credit Exposure By Payment Activity Performing $1,562,031 $453,278 $62,977 $2,078,286 Nonperforming 4,644 3,379 127 8,150 Total $1,566,675 $456,657 $63,104 $2,086,436 Residential Mortgage Total Residential Mortgage Credit Exposure By Payment Activity Performing $1,055,055 $1,055,055 Nonperforming 8,088 8,088 Total $1,063,143 $1,063,143 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 75 Credit Quality Indicators As of December 31, 2016 Commercial (In thousands) Commercial Real Estate Total ACQUIRED Commercial Credit Exposure By Internally Assigned Grade Pass $48,194 $127,660 $175,854 Special Mention 76 1,231 1,307 Substandard 1,177 7,193 8,370 Doubtful — 1,205 1,205 Total $49,447 $137,289 $186,736 Business Banking Total Business Banking Credit Exposure By Internally Assigned Grade Non-classified $47,347 $47,347 Classified 3,535 3,535 Total $50,882 $50,882 Indirect Home Equity Direct Total Consumer Credit Exposure By Payment Activity Performing $8,646 $50,860 $3,165 $62,671 Nonperforming 47 267 20 334 Total $8,693 $51,127 $3,185 $63,005 Residential Mortgage Total Residential Mortgage Credit Exposure By Payment Activity Performing $196,508 $196,508 Nonperforming 2,963 2,963 Total $199,471 $199,471 76 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Credit Quality Indicators As of December 31, 2015 Commercial Agricultural (In thousands) Commercial Real Estate Agricultural Real Estate Total ORIGINATED Commercial Credit Exposure By Internally Assigned Grade Pass $604,405 $1,144,832 $33,565 $27,320 $1,810,122 Special Mention 9,726 21,587 311 429 32,053 Substandard 30,187 28,478 740 1,469 60,874 Doubtful — — 8 — 8 Total $644,318 $1,194,897 $34,624 $29,218 $1,903,057 Business Banking Total Business Banking Credit Exposure By Internally Assigned Grade Non-classified $386,397 $386,397 Classified 14,524 14,524 Total $400,921 $400,921 Indirect Home Equity Direct Total Consumer Credit Exposure By Payment Activity Performing $1,473,193 $459,540 $59,177 $1,991,910 Nonperforming 4,057 5,175 77 9,309 Total $1,477,250 $464,715 $59,254 $2,001,219 Residential Mortgage Total Residential Mortgage Credit Exposure By Payment Activity Performing $958,013 $958,013 Nonperforming 8,409 8,409 Total $966,422 $966,422 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 77 Credit Quality Indicators As of December 31, 2015 Commercial (In thousands) Commercial Real Estate Total ACQUIRED Commercial Credit Exposure By Internally Assigned Grade Pass $67,241 $154,871 $222,112 Special Mention 802 2,174 2,976 Substandard 948 9,898 10,846 Doubtful — — — Total $68,991 $166,943 $235,934 Business Banking Total Business Banking Credit Exposure By Internally Assigned Grade Non-classified $46,032 $46,032 Classified 3,763 3,763 Total $49,795 $49,795 Indirect Home Equity Direct Total Consumer Credit Exposure By Payment Activity Performing $27,670 $63,270 $3,882 $94,822 Nonperforming 105 457 43 605 Total $27,775 $63,727 $3,925 $95,427 Residential Mortgage Total Residential Mortgage Credit Exposure By Payment Activity Performing $227,448 $227,448 Nonperforming 2,910 2,910 Total $230,358 $230,358 78 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Troubled Debt Restructuring Substantially all modifications include one or a combination of the following: an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; temporary reduction in the interest rate; or change in scheduled payment amount. Residential and home equity TDRs occurring during 2016 and 2015 were due to the reduction in the interest rate or extension of the term. In 2015, commercial and business banking TDRs were both a reduction of the interest rate and change in terms. The following tables illustrate the recorded investment and number of modifications for modified loans, including the recorded investment in the loans prior to a modification and the recorded investment in the loans after restructuring that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015: Year ended December 31, 2016 Pre-Modification Post-Modification Number of Outstanding Outstanding (In thousands) Contracts Recorded Investment Recorded Investment Consumer Home Equity 28 $ 1,886 $ 1,743 Total Consumer 28 1,886 1,743 Residential Real Estate 13 1,084 843 Total Troubled Debt Restructurings 41 $2,970 $2,586 Year ended December 31, 2015 Pre-Modification Post-Modification Number of Outstanding Outstanding (In thousands) Contracts Recorded Investment Recorded Investment Commercial Commercial 1 $ 186 $ 186 Business Banking 1 220 171 Total Commercial 2 406 357 Consumer Home Equity 50 3,664 3,261 Total Consumer 50 3,664 3,261 Residential Real Estate 37 3,085 3,085 Total Troubled Debt Restructurings 89 $7,155 $6,703 The following table illustrates the recorded investment and number of modifications for TDRs within the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 where a concession has been made and subsequently defaulted during the period: Year ended December 31, 2016 Year ended December 31, 2015 Number of Recorded Number of Recorded (In thousands) Contracts Investment Contracts Investment Consumer Home Equity 2 $121 4 $344 Total Consumer 2 121 4 344 Residential Real Estate 2 296 3 208 Total Troubled Debt Restructurings 4 $417 7 $552 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 79 (6) Premises and Equipment, Net A summary of premises and equipment follows as of December 31, 2016 and 2015: December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 Land, buildings, and improvements $121,037 $125,428 Equipment 56,243 59,574 Premises and equipment before accumulated depreciation 177,280 185,002 Accumulated depreciation 93,093 96,176 Total premises and equipment $ 84,187 $ 88,826 Buildings and improvements are depreciated based on useful lives of 15 to 40 years. Equipment is depreciated based on useful lives of three to ten years. Rental expense included in occupancy expense amounted to $7.8 million in 2016, $7.9 million in 2015, and $8.0 million in 2014. The future minimum rental payments related to non- cancelable operating leases with original terms of one year or more are as follows at December 31, 2016: (In thousands) 2017 $ 7,757 2018 7,375 2019 6,858 2020 6,132 2021 4,954 Thereafter 19,890 Total $52,966 (7) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets A summary of goodwill is as follows as of December 31, 2016 and 2015: (In thousands) January 1, 2016 $265,957 Goodwill Acquired 2,047 Goodwill Adjustments (2,565) December 31, 2016 $265,439 January 1, 2015 $263,634 Goodwill Acquired 2,323 December 31, 2015 $265,957 The Company has intangible assets with definite useful lives capitalized on its consolidated balance sheet in the form of core deposit and other identified intangible assets. These intan- gible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which range primarily from one to twenty years. During the twelve month period ended December 31, 2016, as a result of the disposition of a line of business in the Com- pany’s insurance agency subsidiary, the Company performed a goodwill impairment test that resulted in an impairment charge of $2.6 million. 80 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K A summary of core deposit and other intangible assets follows as of December 31, 2016 and 2015: December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 Core deposit intangibles Gross carrying amount $ 8,975 $19,401 Less: accumulated amortization 5,626 14,800 Net carrying amount 3,349 4,601 Identified intangible assets Gross carrying amount 32,338 29,525 Less: accumulated amortization 19,872 16,861 Net carrying amount 12,466 12,664 Total intangibles Gross carrying amount 41,312 48,926 Less: accumulated amortization 25,497 31,661 Net carrying amount $15,815 $17,265 Amortization expense on intangible assets with definite useful lives totaled $3.9 million for 2016, $4.9 million for 2015 and $5.0 million for 2014. Amortization expense on intangible assets with definite useful lives is expected to total $3.3 million for 2017, $2.6 million for 2018, $1.9 million for 2019, $1.5 million for 2020, $1.1 million for 2021 and $3.9 million thereafter. Other identified intangible assets include customer lists, non-competes, and trademark intangibles. (8) Deposits The following table sets forth the maturity distribution of time deposits at December 31, 2016: (In thousands) Within one year $405,327 After one but within two years 143,401 After two but within three years 231,417 After three but within four years 37,030 After four but within five years 35,028 After five years 20,208 Total $872,411 Time deposits of $250,000 or more aggregated $84.3 million and $84.9 million December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. (9) Short-Term Borrowings In addition to the liquidity provided by balance sheet cash flows, liquidity must also be supplemented with additional sources such as credit lines from correspondent banks as well as borrowings from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank. Other funding alternatives may also be appropriate from time to time, including wholesale and retail repurchase agreements and brokered certificate of deposit (“CD”) accounts. Short-term borrowings totaled $681.7 million and $442.5 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and consist of Federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements, which generally represent overnight borrowing transactions, and other short-term borrowings, primarily FHLB advances, with original maturities of one year or less. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 81 The Company has unused lines of credit with the FHLB and access to brokered deposits available for short-term financing of approximately $1.9 billion and $2.1 billion at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Borrowings on the FHLB lines are secured by FHLB stock, certain securities and one-to-four family first lien mortgage loans. Securities collateralizing repurchase agreements are held in safekeeping by nonaffiliated financial institutions and are under the Company’s control. Information related to short-term borrowings is summarized as follows as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014: (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Federal funds purchased Balance at year-end $ 50,000 $ 99,500 $ 68,000 Average during the year 65,257 97,424 110,154 Maximum month end balance 85,000 159,000 183,000 Weighted average rate during the year 0.98% 0.36% 0.29% Weighted average rate at December 31 1.19% 0.51% 0.34% Securities sold under repurchase agreements Balance at year-end $173,703 $167,981 $148,802 Average during the year 168,821 162,201 165,858 Maximum month end balance 189,875 178,326 182,861 Weighted average rate during the year 0.06% 0.06% 0.06% Weighted average rate at December 31 0.07% 0.06% 0.06% Other short-term borrowings Balance at year-end $458,000 $175,000 $100,000 Average during the year 263,575 80,260 106,438 Maximum month end balance 424,000 175,000 320,000 Weighted average rate during the year 0.59% 0.42% 0.40% Weighted average rate at December 31 0.70% 0.56% 0.36% See Note 3 for additional information regarding securities pledged as collateral for securities sold under the repurchase agreements. (10) Long-Term Debt Long-term debt consists of obligations having an original maturity at issuance of more than one year. A majority of the Company’s long-term debt is comprised of FHLB advances col- lateralized by the FHLB stock owned by the Company, certain of its mortgage-backed securities and a blanket lien on its res- idential real estate mortgage loans. A summary as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 is as follows (dollars in thousands): As of December 31, 2016 As of December 31, 2015 Weighted Weighted Weighted Weighted Average Callable Average Average Callable Average Maturity Amount Rate Amount Rate Amount Rate Amount Rate — — $ 2016 $ — — $ 50,360 2.92% $30,000 4.15% 2017 40,150 2.67% 25,000 3.48% 40,000 2.68% 25,000 3.48% 2018 40,000 2.57% 25,000 3.15% 40,000 2.57% 25,000 3.15% 2019 20,000 1.96% — — — — — — 2021 72 4.00% — — 87 4.00% — — 2031 3,865 2.45% — — — — — — $104,087 $50,000 $130,447 $80,000 82 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K (11) Junior Subordinated Debt The Company sponsors five business trusts, CNBF Capital Trust I, NBT Statutory Trust I, NBT Statutory Trust II, Alliance Financial Capital Trust I and Alliance Financial Capital Trust II (collectively, the “Trusts”). The Company’s junior subordinated debentures include amounts related to the Company’s NBT Statutory Trust I and II as well as junior subordinated debentures associated with one statutory trust affiliate that was acquired from our merger with CNB Financial Corp. and two statutory trusts that were acquired from our acquisition of Alliance Finan- cial Corporation (“Alliance”). The Trusts were formed for the pur- pose of issuing company-obligated mandatorily redeemable trust preferred securities to third-party investors and investing in the proceeds from the sale of such preferred securities solely in junior subordinated debt securities of the Company for gen- eral corporate purposes. The Company guarantees, on a limited basis, payments of distributions on the trust preferred securities and payments on redemption of the trust preferred securities. The Trusts are VIEs for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary, as defined by GAAP. In accordance with GAAP, the accounts of the Trusts are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. See Note 1 for additional information about the Company’s consolidation policy. The debentures held by each trust are the sole assets of that trust. The Trusts hold, as their sole assets, junior subordinated debentures of the Company with face amounts totaling $98.0 million at December 31, 2016. The Company owns all of the common securities of the Trusts and has accordingly recorded $3.2 million in equity method investments classified as other assets in our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2016. The Company owns all of the common stock of the Trusts, which have issued trust preferred securities in conjunction with the Company issuing trust preferred debentures to the Trusts. The terms of the trust preferred debentures are substantially the same as the terms of the trust preferred securities. As of December 31, 2016, the Trusts had the following trust preferred securities outstanding and held the following junior subordinated debentures of the Company (dollars in thousands): Trust Trust Preferred Preferred Securities Debt Owed Final Description Issuance Date Outstanding Interest Rate to Trust Maturity Date CNBF Capital Trust I August 1999 $18,000 3-month LIBOR plus 2.75% $18,720 August 2029 NBT Statutory Trust I November 2005 5,000 3-month LIBOR plus 1.40% 5,155 December 2035 NBT Statutory Trust II February 2006 50,000 3-month LIBOR plus 1.40% 51,547 March 2036 Alliance Financial Capital Trust I December 2003 10,000 3-month LIBOR plus 2.85% 10,310 January 2034 Alliance Financial Capital Trust II September 2006 15,000 3-month LIBOR plus 1.65% 15,464 September 2036 The Company’s junior subordinated debentures are redeemable prior to the maturity date at our option upon each trust’s stated option repurchase dates, and from time to time thereafter. These debentures are also redeemable in whole at any time upon the occurrence of specific events defined within the trust indenture. Our obligations under the debentures and related documents, taken together, constitute a full and uncon- ditional guarantee by the Company of the issuers’ obligations under the trust preferred securities. The Company owns all of the common stock of the Trusts, which have issued trust pre- ferred securities in conjunction with the Company issuing trust preferred debentures to the Trusts. The terms of the trust pre- ferred debentures are substantially the same as the terms of the trust preferred securities. With respect to the Trusts, the Company has the right to defer payments of interest on the debentures issued to the Trusts at any time or from time to time for a period of up to ten consecutive semi-annual periods with respect to each deferral period. Under the terms of the debentures, if in certain circumstances there is an event of default under the debentures or the Company elects to defer interest on the debentures, the Company may not, with certain exceptions, declare or pay any dividends or distributions on its capital stock or purchase or acquire any of its capital stock. Despite the fact that the Trusts are not included in the Com- pany’s consolidated financial statements, $97 million of the $101 million in trust preferred securities issued by these sub- sidiary trusts is included in the Tier 1 capital of the Company for regulatory capital purposes as allowed by the Federal Reserve Board (NBT Bank owns $1.0 million of CNBF Trust I securities). The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 requires bank holding companies with assets greater than $500 million to be subject to the same capital requirements as insured depository institutions, meaning, for instance, that such bank holding companies will not be able to count trust preferred securities issued after May 19, 2010 as Tier 1 capital. The aforementioned Trusts are grandfathered with respect to this enactment based on their date of issuance. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 83 (12) Income Taxes The significant components of income tax expense attributable to operations are as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014: Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Current Federal $30,492 $32,871 $26,059 State 5,628 4,329 2,823 36,120 37,200 28,882 Deferred Federal 3,994 2,521 6,648 State 278 482 1,699 4,272 3,003 8,347 Total income tax expense $40,392 $40,203 $37,229 Not included in the above table are items that were recorded to stockholders’ equity of approximately $0.4 million, $3.4 million, and $(1.1) million for 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively, relating to deferred taxes on the unrealized (gain) loss on available for sale securities, tax benefits recognized with respect to stock options exercised, pension plans and cash flow hedges. The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows as of December 31, 2016 and 2015: As of December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 Deferred tax assets Allowance for loan losses $24,925 $24,090 Deferred compensation 11,578 10,023 Postretirement benefit obligation 2,929 2,988 Fair value adjustments from acquisitions 1,883 2,543 Unrealized losses on securities 3,259 589 Accrued liabilities 1,775 2,889 Stock-based compensation expense 4,817 5,394 Equipment leasing 256 476 Other 892 1,477 Total deferred tax assets 52,314 50,469 Deferred tax liabilities Pension benefits 17,303 11,908 Amortization of intangible assets 17,557 19,082 Premises and equipment, primarily due to accelerated depreciation 4,375 2,444 Deferred loan costs 1,759 1,591 Cash flow hedges 1,129 — Other 501 504 Total deferred tax liabilities 42,624 35,529 Net deferred tax asset at year-end 9,690 14,940 Net deferred tax asset at beginning of year 14,940 14,517 (Decrease) increase in net deferred tax asset $ (5,250) $ 423 84 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income or the existence of sufficient taxable income within the available carryback period. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Based on available evidence, gross deferred tax assets will ultimately be realized and a valuation allowance was not deemed necessary at December 31, 2016 and 2015. The following is a reconciliation of the provision for income taxes to the amount computed by applying the applicable Federal statutory rate of 35% to income before taxes: Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Federal income tax at statutory rate $41,581 $40,820 $39,306 Tax exempt income (2,205) (2,037) (2,250) Net increase in CSV of life insurance (1,712) (1,373) (1,734) Federal tax credit (1,323) (939) (880) State taxes, net of federal tax benefit 3,838 3,127 2,939 Other, net 213 605 (152) Income tax expense $40,392 $40,203 $37,229 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of Federal and State gross unrecognized tax benefits (“UTBs”) is as follows: (In thousands) 2016 Balance at January 1 $ — Additions for tax positions of prior years 425 Current period tax positions 134 Balance at December 31 559 Amount that would affect the effective tax rate if recognized $363 At December 31, 2015 and 2014 the Company had no UTBs. We recognize interest and penalties on the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. We monitor changes in tax statutes and regulations to deter- mine if significant changes will occur over the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2016, no significant changes to UTBs are projected; however, tax audit examinations are possible. The Company recognized an insignificant amount of interest expense related to UTBs in the consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. Federal tax exami- nation by tax authorities for years prior to 2013 and New York State for years prior to 2011. The Company is currently under audit in the state of New York for tax years 2011, 2012 and 2013. (13) Employee Benefit Plans Defined Benefit Post-retirement Plans The Company has a qualified, noncontributory, defined ben- efit pension plan (“the Plan”) covering substantially all of its employees at December 31, 2016. Benefits paid from the plan are based on age, years of service, compensation, social security benefits, and are determined in accordance with defined for- mulas. The Company’s policy is to fund the Plan in accordance with Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 stan- dards. Assets of the Plan are invested in bonds and publicly traded stocks and mutual funds. Prior to January 1, 2000, the Plan was a traditional defined benefit plan based on final average compensation. On January 1, 2000, the Plan was con- verted to a cash balance plan with grandfathering provisions for existing participants. Effective March 1, 2013, the Plan was amended. Benefit accruals for participants who, as of January 1, 2000, elected to continue participating in the traditional defined benefit plan design were frozen as of March 1, 2013. In May 2013, the noncontributory, frozen, defined benefit pension plan assumed from Alliance in the acquisition was merged into the Plan. In addition to the Plan, the Company provides supplemental employee retirement plans to certain current and former exec- utives. The Company also assumed supplemental retirement plans for certain current and former executives in the Alliance acquisition. The supplemental employee retirement plans and the defined benefit pension plan are collectively referred to herein as “Pension Benefits.” NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 85 Also, the Company provides certain health care benefits for retired employees. Benefits are accrued over the employees’ active service period. Only employees that were employed by NBT Bank on or before January 1, 2000 are eligible to receive post-retirement health care benefits. The Plan is contributory for participating retirees, requiring participants to absorb certain deductibles and coinsurance amounts with contribu- tions adjusted annually to reflect cost sharing provisions and benefit limitations called for in the Plan. Employees become eligible for these benefits if they reach normal retirement age while working for the Company. For eligible employees described above, the Company funds the cost of post-retire- ment health care as benefits are paid. The Company elected to recognize the transition obligation on a delayed basis over twenty years. In addition, the Company assumed post-retirement medical life insurance benefits for certain Alliance employees, retirees and their spouses, if applicable, in the Alliance acqui- sition. These post-retirement benefits are referred to herein as “Other Benefits.” Accounting standards require an employer to: (1) recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of defined benefit post- retirement plans, which is measured as the difference between plan assets at fair value and the benefit obligation, as an asset or liability in its balance sheet; (2) recognize changes in that funded status in the year in which the changes occur through comprehensive income; and (3) measure the defined benefit plan assets and obligations as of the date of its year-end balance sheet. The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, which have not yet been recognized as components of net peri- odic benefit cost, related to pensions and other post-retirement benefits at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are summarized below: Pension Benefits Other Benefits (In thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Net actuarial loss $28,328 $33,070 $1,430 $2,333 Prior service cost (credit) 140 76 (38) (95) Total amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (pre-tax) $28,468 $33,146 $1,392 $2,238 A December 31 measurement date is used for the pension, supplemental pension and post-retirement benefit plans. The following table sets forth changes in benefit obligations, changes in plan assets, and the funded status of the pension plans and other post-retirement benefits: Pension Benefits Other Benefits (In thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Change in benefit obligation Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 92,445 $ 98,556 $ 8,322 $ 8,710 Service cost 2,162 2,677 14 17 Interest cost 4,223 3,977 353 374 Plan participants’ contributions — — 234 263 Actuarial (gain) (1,635) (5,225) (786) (333) Curtailment/ settlement (715) (200) — — Benefits paid (6,003) (7,340) (659) (709) Projected benefit obligation at end of year 90,477 92,445 7,478 8,322 Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year 107,529 117,232 — — Actual return (loss) on plan assets 8,259 (3,159) — — Employer contributions 6,431 796 425 446 Plan participants’ contributions — — 234 263 Benefits paid (6,003) (7,340) (659) (709) Fair value of plan assets at end of year 116,216 107,529 — — Funded status at year end $ 25,739 $ 15,084 $(7,478) $(8,322) 86 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K An asset is recognized for an overfunded plan and a liability is recognized for an underfunded plan. The accumulated benefit obligation for pension benefits was $90.5 million and $92.4 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation for other post-retirement benefits was $7.5 million and $8.3 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The funded status of the pension and other post-retirement benefit plans has been recognized as follows in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2016 and 2015. Pension Benefits Other Benefits (In thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Other assets $ 45,344 $ 34,965 $ — $ — Other liabilities (19,605) (19,881) (7,478) (8,322) Funded status $ 25,739 $ 15,084 $(7,478) $(8,322) The following assumptions were used to determine the benefit obligation and the net periodic pension cost for the years indicated: Years ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Weighted average assumptions: The following assumptions were used to determine benefit obligations: Discount rate 4.76%–4.84% 4.69%–4.71% 4.19%–4.30% Expected long-term return on plan assets 7.00% 7.00% 7.50% Rate of compensation increase 3.00% 3.00% 3.00%–3.75% The following assumptions were used to determine net periodic pension cost: Discount rate 4.69%–4.71% 4.19%–4.30% 4.90%–5.05% Expected long-term return on plan assets 7.00% 7.50% 7.50% Rate of compensation increase 3.00% 3.00%–3.75% 3.00%–3.75% Net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31 included the following components: Pension Benefits Other Benefits (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 2016 2015 2014 Components of net periodic benefit cost Service cost $ 2,162 $ 2,677 $ 2,290 $ 14 $ 17 $ 16 Interest cost 4,223 3,977 4,142 353 374 347 Expected return on plan assets (7,430) (8,589) (8,681) — — — Amortization of gain due to curtailment (768) (154) — — — — Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 32 21 23 (57) (219) (206) Amortization of unrecognized net loss 2,235 2,174 79 117 263 151 Net periodic pension cost $ 454 $ 106 $ (2,147) $ 427 $ 435 $ 308 Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax) Net (gain) loss $(2,464) $ 6,523 $17,233 $(786) $(333) $1,452 Prior service cost 96 — — — — — Amortization of gain due to settlement (43) (46) — — — — Amortization of prior service (cost) credit (32) (21) (23) 57 219 206 Amortization of unrecognized net (loss) (2,235) (2,174) (79) (117) (263) (151) Total recognized in other comprehensive income (4,678) 4,282 17,131 (846) (377) 1,507 Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income, pre-tax $(4,224) $ 4,388 $14,984 $(419) $ 58 $1,815 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 87 The Company expects that $1.7 million in net actuarial loss and nominal prior service costs will be recognized as compo- nents of net periodic benefit cost in 2017. The following table sets forth estimated future benefit pay- ments for the pension plans and other post-retirement benefit plans as of December 31, 2016: Pension Other (In thousands) Benefits Benefits 2017 $ 7,876 $ 551 2018 7,169 572 2019 7,042 559 2020 6,884 572 2021 6,725 546 2022–2026 $36,011 $2,724 The Company made contributions to the plan totaling $5.6 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016. The Company did not make any contributions to the plan during the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. For measurement purposes, the annual rates of increase in the per capita cost of covered medical and prescription drug benefits for fiscal year 2016 were assumed to be 6.5% to 10.5% percent. The rates were assumed to decrease grad- ually to 3.9% for fiscal year 2075 and remain at that level thereafter. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a sig- nificant effect on amounts reported for health care plans. A one-percentage point change in the health care trend rates would have the following effects as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016: One Percentage One Percentage (In thousands) Point Increase Point Decrease Increase (decrease) on total service and interest cost components $ 34 $ (29) Increase (decrease) on postretirement accumulated benefit obligation 667 (576) Plan Investment Policy The Company’s key investment objectives in managing its defined benefit plan assets are to ensure that present and future benefit obligations to all participants and beneficiaries are met as they become due; to provide a total return that, over the long-term, maximizes the ratio of the plan assets to liabilities, while minimizing the present value of required Com- pany contributions, at the appropriate levels of risk; to meet statutory requirements and regulatory agencies’ requirements; and to satisfy applicable accounting standards. The Company periodically evaluates the asset allocations, funded status, rate of return assumption and contribution strategy for satisfaction of our investment objectives. The target and actual allocations expressed as a percentage of the defined benefit pension plan’s assets are as follows: Target 2016 2016 2015 Cash and cash equivalents 0–20% 2% 2% Fixed income securities 25–55% 46% 42% Equities 40–65% 52% 56% Total 100% 100% Only high-quality bonds are to be included in the portfolio. All issues that are rated lower than A by Standard and Poor’s are to be excluded. Equity securities at December 31, 2016 and 2015 do not include any Company common stock. The following table presents the financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis by the Plan as of December 31, 2016 and 2015: (In thousands) Level 1 Level 2 December 31, 2016 Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,500 $ — $ 3,500 Foreign equity mutual funds 33,687 — 33,687 Equity mutual funds 28,256 — 28,256 U.S. government bonds — 1,283 1,283 Corporate bonds — 49,490 49,490 Totals $65,443 $50,773 $116,216 88 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K (In thousands) Level 1 Level 2 December 31, 2015 Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,513 $ — $ 2,513 Foreign equity mutual funds 33,342 — 33,342 Equity mutual funds 26,993 — 26,993 U.S. government bonds — 3,410 3,410 Corporate bonds — 41,271 41,271 Totals $62,848 $44,681 $107,529 The plan had no financial instruments recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. Determination of Assumed Rate of Return The expected long-term rate-of-return on assets was 7.0% at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. This assumption represents the rate of return on plan assets reflecting the average rate of earnings expected on the funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. The assumption has been determined by reflecting expectations regarding future rates of return for the portfolio considering the asset distribution and related historical rates of return. The appropriateness of the assumption is reviewed annually. Employee 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plans The Company maintains a 401(k) and employee stock own- ership plan (the “401(k) Plan”). The Company contributes to the (14) Stock-Based Compensation 401(k) Plan based on employees’ contributions out of their annual salaries. In addition, the Company may also make dis- cretionary contributions to the 401(k) Plan based on profitability. Participation in the 401(k) Plan is contingent upon certain age and service requirements. The employer contributions associated with the 401(k) Plan were $2.7 million in 2016, $2.5 million in 2015, and $2.8 million in 2014. Other Retirement Benefits Included in other liabilities is $2.6 million and $2.8 million at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, for supplemental retirement benefits for retired executives from legacy plans assumed in acquisitions. The Company rec- ognized $0.2, $0.3 and $0.1 million in expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, December 31, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively, related to these plans. In April 2008, the Company adopted the NBT Bancorp Inc. 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Stock Plan”). Under the terms of the Stock Plan, options and other equity-based awards are granted to directors and employees to increase their direct pro- prietary interest in the operations and success of the Company. The Stock Plan assumed all prior equity-based incentive plans and any new equity-based awards are granted under the terms of the Stock Plan. Under terms of the Stock Plan, stock options are granted to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a price equal to the fair market value of the common stock on the date of the grant. Options granted have a vesting period of four years and terminate ten years from the date of the grant. Shares issued as a result of stock option exercises and vesting of restricted shares and stock unit awards are funded from the Company’s treasury stock. Restricted shares granted under the Plan vest after five years for employees and three years for non- employee directors. Restricted stock units granted under the Stock Plan may have different terms and conditions. Performance shares and units granted under the Stock Plan for executives may have different terms and conditions. Since 2011, the Com- pany primarily grants restricted stock unit awards. Stock option grants since that time were reloads of existing grants. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 89 The following table summarizes information concerning stock options outstanding at December 31, 2016: Weighted Weighted Average Average Remaining Aggregate Number Exercise Contractual Intrinsic of Shares Price Term (in yrs) Value Outstanding at January 1, 2016 541,564 $23.23 Granted 50,508 28.95 Exercised (360,147) 23.32 Forfeited — — Expired (1,750) 22.93 Outstanding at December 31, 2016 230,175 $24.35 4.43 $4,035,063 Exercisable at December 31, 2016 163,925 $22.70 2.47 $3,144,022 Expected to Vest 66,249 $28.43 9.28 $ 891,041 Total stock-based compensation expense for stock option awards totaled $0.2 million, $0.2 million, and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Cash proceeds, tax benefits and intrinsic value related to total stock options exercised is as follows: Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Proceeds from stock options exercised $8,398 $12,044 $6,554 Tax benefits related to stock options exercised 1,223 952 307 Intrinsic value of stock options exercised 3,143 2,446 789 Fair value of shares vested during the year 105 63 393 The Company has outstanding restricted and deferred stock awards granted from various plans at December 31, 2016. The Company recognized $4.2 million, $3.9 million, and $3.4 million in stock-based compensation expense related to these stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Tax benefits recognized with respect to restricted stock awards and stock units were $2.9 million, $1.5 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock awards and stock units totaled $4.5 million at December 31, 2016 and will be recognized over 2.8 years on a weighted average basis. Shares issued are funded from the Company’s treasury stock. The following table summarizes information for unvested restricted stock awards outstanding as of December 31, 2016: Weighted-Average Number of Shares Grant Date Fair Value Unvested at January 1, 2016 23,000 $24.17 Forfeited — — Vested (23,000) 24.17 Unvested at December 31, 2016 — $ — 90 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K The following table summarizes information for unvested restricted stock units outstanding as of December 31, 2016: Weighted-Average Number of Shares Grant Date Fair Value Unvested at January 1, 2016 665,008 $ 21.45 Forfeited (20,969) 20.92 Vested (254,445) 21.32 Granted 223,569 24.47 Unvested at December 31, 2016 613,163 $22.62 The Company has 2,994,517 securities remaining available to be granted as part of the Plan at December 31, 2016. (15) Stockholders’ Equity In accordance with GAAP, unrealized gains on available for sale securities and unrecognized actuarial gains or losses and prior service costs associated with the Company’s pension and postretirement benefit plans are included in accumulated other com- prehensive loss, net of tax. For the years ended December 31, components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are: (In thousands) 2016 2015 Unrecognized prior service cost and net actuarial loss on pension plans $ (18,227) $(21,557) Unrealized losses on derivatives (cash flow hedges) 1,772 — Unrealized net holding (losses) gains on AFS securities (5,065) (861) Accumulated other comprehensive loss $ (21,520) $(22,418) Certain restrictions exist regarding the ability of the subsidiary bank to transfer funds to the Company in the form of cash div- idends. The approval of the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”) is required to pay dividends when a bank fails to meet certain minimum regulatory capital standards or when such dividends are in excess of a subsidiary bank’s earnings retained in the current year plus retained net profits for the preceding two years as specified in applicable OCC regulations. At December 31, 2016, approximately $102.5 million of the total stockholders’ equity of the Bank was available for payment of dividends to the Company without approval by the OCC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends also is subject to the Bank (16) Regulatory Capital Requirements being in compliance with regulatory capital requirements. The Bank is currently in compliance with these requirements. Under the State of Delaware General Corporation Law, the Company may declare and pay dividends either out of accumulated net retained earnings or capital surplus. Under a previously disclosed stock repurchase plan, the Company purchased 675,535 shares of its common stock during the twelve month period ended December 31, 2016, for a total of $17.2 million at an average price of $25.45 per share. There are 1,000,000 shares available for repurchase under this plan, which expires on December 31, 2017. The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agen- cies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of NBT Bank’s assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors. Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total and Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets and of Tier 1 capital to average assets. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company and the Bank meet all capital adequacy require- ments to which they were subject. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 91 Under their prompt corrective action regulations, regulatory authorities are required to take certain supervisory actions (and may take additional discretionary actions) with respect to an undercapitalized institution. Such actions could have a direct material effect on an institution’s financial statements. The regulations establish a framework for the classification of banks into five categories: well-capitalized, adequately capi- talized, under capitalized, significantly under capitalized, and critically under capitalized. As of December 31, 2016, the most recent notification from the Bank’s regulators categorized the Bank as well-capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well-capitalized the Bank must maintain minimum total risk-based, Tier 1 risk- based, and Tier 1 Capital to Average Asset ratios as set forth in the table below. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category. Beginning in 2016, in addition to maintaining minimum capital ratios, the Company is subject to a capital conservation buffer (“Buffer”) above the minimum to avoid restriction on capital distributions and discretionary bonus paychecks to officers. At December 31, 2016 the Buffer was 0.625%. The Buffer regulatory minimum ratio will be phased in over four years starting in 2016 with minimum requirement of 0.625% until fully phased in for fiscal year 2019 at 2.5%. The Company and NBT Bank’s actual capital amounts and ratios are presented as follows as of December 31, 2016 and 2015: Actual Regulatory Ratio Requirements Minimum For Classification Capital as Well (Dollars in thousands) Amount Ratio Adequacy Capitalized AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2016 Total Capital (to risk weighted assets) Company $839,152 12.39% 8.00% 10.00% NBT Bank 790,034 11.75% 8.00% 10.00% Tier I Capital (to risk weighted assets) Company 773,111 11.42% 4.00% 6.00% NBT Bank 723,992 10.76% 4.00% 6.00% Tier I Capital (to average assets) Company 773,111 9.11% 4.00% 5.00% NBT Bank 723,992 8.59% 4.00% 5.00% Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Company 676,111 9.98% 4.50% 6.50% NBT Bank 723,992 10.76% 4.50% 6.50% AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2015 Total Capital (to risk weighted assets) Company $809,685 12.74% 8.00% 10.00% NBT Bank 724,238 11.47% 8.00% 10.00% Tier I Capital (to risk weighted assets) Company 745,341 11.73% 4.00% 6.00% NBT Bank 659,894 10.45% 4.00% 6.00% Tier I Capital (to average assets) Company 745,341 9.44% 4.00% 5.00% NBT Bank 659,894 8.41% 4.00% 5.00% Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Company 648,341 10.20% 4.50% 6.50% NBT Bank 659,894 10.45% 4.50% 6.50% 92 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K (17) Earnings Per Share The following is a reconciliation of basic and diluted EPS for the years presented in the consolidated statements of income: Years ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Weighted Per Weighted Per Weighted Per (In thousands, except share Net Average Share Net Average Share Net Average Share and per share data) Income Shares Amount Income Shares Amount Income Shares Amount Basic EPS $78,409 43,244 $1.81 $76,425 43,836 $1.74 $75,074 43,877 $1.71 Effect of dilutive securities: Stock-based compensation 378 553 518 Diluted EPS $78,409 43,622 $1.80 $76,425 44,389 $1.72 $75,074 44,395 $1.69 There was a nominal number of weighted average stock options outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively, that were not considered in the calculation of diluted EPS since the stock options’ exercise prices were greater than the average market price during these periods. (18) Reclassification Adjustments Out of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) The following table summarizes the reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (in thousands): Amount Reclassified Affected Line Item in the Detail About Accumulated Other From Accumulated Other Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive Income (Loss) Years ended December 31, 2016 2015 AFS securities Losses (gains) on AFS securities $ 644 $(3,087) Net securities losses (gains) Amortization of unrealized gains and losses related to securities transfer 1,094 1,311 Interest income Tax benefit (expense) (677) 691 Income tax expense Net of tax $1,061 $(1,085) Pension and other benefits Amortization of net losses $2,395 $ 2,437 Salaries and employee benefits Amortization of prior service costs (25) (198) Salaries and employee benefits Tax expense 949 868 Income tax expense Net of tax $1,421 $ 1,371 Total reclassifications during the period, net of tax $2,482 $ 286 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 93 (19) Commitments and Contingent Liabilities The Company’s concentrations of credit risk are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets. The concentrations of credit risk with standby letters of credit, unused lines of credit, com- mitments to originate new loans and loans sold with recourse generally follow the loan classifications. At December 31, 2016, approximately 59% of the Company’s loans were secured by real estate located in central and upstate New York, northeastern Pennsylvania, western Massachusetts, southern New Hampshire, and Vermont. Accordingly, the ulti- mate collectability of a substantial portion of the Company’s portfolio is susceptible to changes in market conditions of those areas. Management is not aware of any material concen- trations of credit to any industry or individual borrowers. The Company is a party to certain financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, unused lines of credit, standby letters of credit, and certain mortgage loans sold to investors with recourse. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the com- mitments to extend credit, unused lines of credit, standby letters of credit, and loans sold with recourse is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The credit risk associated with commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved with extending loans to customers and is subject to normal credit policies. Collateral may be obtained based on management’s assessment of the customer’s creditworthiness. At December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 Unused lines of credit $ 292,140 $ 252,953 Commitments to extend credits, primarily variable rate 1,177,842 1,062,425 Standby letters of credit 36,815 31,503 Commercial letters of credit — 11,332 Loans sold with recourse 28,463 25,122 Since many loan commitments, standby letters of credit, and guarantees and indemnification contracts expire without being funded in whole or in part, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash flows. The Company does not issue any guarantees that would require liability- recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit. The Company guarantees the obligations or performance of customers by issuing standby letters of credit to third parties. These standby letters of credit are frequently issued in support of third party debt, such as corporate debt issuances, industrial revenue bonds, and municipal securities. The risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as the credit risk involved in extending loan facilities to customers, and letters of credit are subject to the same credit origination, portfolio maintenance and management procedures in effect to monitor other credit and off-balance sheet products. Typically, these instruments have terms of five years or less and expire unused; therefore, the total amounts do not necessarily repre- sent future cash requirements. The fair value of the Company’s standby letters of credit at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was not significant. In the normal course of business there are various outstand- ing legal proceedings. If legal costs are deemed material by management, the Company accrues for the estimated loss from a loss contingency if the information available indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements, and the amount of loss can be rea- sonably estimated. The Company is required to maintain reserve balances with the FRB. The required average total reserve for NBT Bank for the 14-day maintenance period ending December 21, 2016 was $56.2 million. 94 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K (20) Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities, and through the use of derivative instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash pay- ments principally related to certain fixed rate borrowings. The Company also has interest rate derivatives that result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities. The Company manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments The Company enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. These swaps are considered derivatives, but are not designated in hedging relationships. These instruments have interest rate and credit risk associated with them. To mitigate the interest rate risk, the Company enters into offsetting interest rate swaps with counterparties. The counterparty swaps are also considered derivatives and are also not designated in hedging relationships. Interest rate swaps are recorded within other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at their estimated fair value. Changes to the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other oper- ating income in the consolidated statement of income. The Company has two risk participation agreements with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans in which we are a participant. The risk participation agreement provides credit protection to the financial institution should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with the financial institution. Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments In 2016, the Company entered into interest rate swaps to modify the interest rate characteristics of certain short-term FHLB advances from variable rate to fixed rate in order to reduce the impact of changes in future cash flows due to market interest rate changes. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges. Fair values included in other assets and other lia- bilities on the consolidated balance sheet applicable to these agreements amounted to $2.9 million and $0.2 million respec- tively at December 31, 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2016 the amount included in other comprehensive income totaled $1.8 million net of tax. The following table depicts the fair value adjustment recorded related to the notional amount of derivatives out- standing as well as the notional amount of risk participation agreements as December 31: (In thousands) 2016 2015 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments Fair value adjustment $ 309 $ 6,224 Notional amount Interest rate derivatives 371,101 192,625 Risk participation agreements 11,421 — Derivatives designated as hedging instruments Fair value adjustment—interest rate derivatives 2,704 — Notional amount—interest rate derivatives 250,000 — NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 95 The following table indicates the gain or loss recognized in income on derivatives for the years ended December 31: (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Non-hedging interest rate derivatives Increase in interest income $ 95 $ 33 $88 Increase in other income 3,480 684 59 Hedging interest rate derivatives (Decrease) in interest expense (70) — — (21) Fair Values of Financial Instruments GAAP states that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. A fair value hierarchy exists within GAAP that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: Level 1—Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities; Level 2—Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; Level 3—Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement an unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity). A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The types of instruments valued based on quoted market prices in active markets includes most U.S. government and agency securities, many other sovereign government obligations, liquid mortgage products, active listed equities and most money market securities. Such instruments are generally classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company does not adjust the quoted prices for such instruments. The types of instruments valued based on quoted prices in markets that are not active, broker or dealer quotations, or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency include most investment-grade and high-yield corporate bonds, less liquid mortgage products, less liquid agency securities, less liquid listed equities, state, municipal and provincial obligations and certain physical commodities. Such instruments are generally classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Level 3 is for positions that are not traded in active markets or are subject to transfer restrictions, valuations are adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability and such adjust- ments are generally based on available market evidence. In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate will be used. Management’s best estimate consists of both internal and external support on certain Level 3 investments. Subsequent to inception, management only changes Level 3 inputs and assumptions when corroborated by evidence such as transactions in similar instruments, completed or pending third-party transactions in the underlying investment or com- parable entities, subsequent rounds of financing, recapitaliza- tions and other transactions across the capital structure, offerings in the equity or debt markets and changes in financial ratios or cash flows. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Com- pany has made no transfers of assets between Level 1 and Level 2 or Level 3. 96 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis that were accounted for at fair value as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement: (In thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 December 31, 2016 Assets AFS securities: Federal agency $ — $ 174,408 $ — $ 174,408 State & municipal — 46,726 — 46,726 Mortgage-backed — 529,844 — 529,844 Collateralized mortgage obligations — 566,573 — 566,573 Other securities 11,493 9,246 — 20,739 Total AFS securities $11,493 $1,326,797 $ — $1,338,290 Trading securities 9,259 — — 9,259 Interest rate swaps — 3,210 — 3,210 Total $20,752 $1,330,007 $ — $1,350,759 Liabilities Interest rate swaps $ — $ 506 $ — $ 506 Total $ — $ 506 $ — $ 506 (In thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 December 31, 2015 Assets AFS securities: Federal agency $ — $ 311,272 $ — $ 311,272 State & municipal — 31,637 — 31,637 Mortgage-backed — 409,896 — 409,896 Collateralized mortgage obligations — 404,971 — 404,971 Other securities 7,526 9,242 — 16,768 Total AFS securities $ 7,526 $1,167,018 $ — $1,174,544 Trading securities 8,377 — — 8,377 Interest rate swaps — 6,224 — 6,224 Total $15,903 $1,173,242 $ — $1,189,145 Liabilities Interest rate swaps $ — $ 6,224 $ — $ 6,224 Total $ — $ 6,224 $ — $ 6,224 Certain common equity securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs (exchange quoted prices). The majority of the other investment securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The prices for these instruments are obtained through an independent pricing service or dealer market participants with whom the Company has historically transacted both purchases and sales of investment securities. Prices obtained from these sources include prices derived from market quotations and matrix pricing. The fair value meas- urements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things. Management reviews the methodologies used in pricing the securities by its third party providers. GAAP requires disclosure of assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis such as goodwill, loans held for sale, OREO, collateral-dependent impaired loans, mortgage servicing rights and held to maturity securities. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 97 The Company had collateral dependent impaired loans with a carrying value of $7.0 million, which had specific reserves included in the allowance for loan losses of $1.5 million at December 31, 2016. The Company uses the fair value of under- lying collateral to estimate the specific reserves for collateral dependent impaired loans. The fair value of underlying collateral is generally determined through independent appraisals, which generally include various Level 3 inputs which are not identifi- able. The appraisals may be adjusted by management for qual- itative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses ranging from 10% to 35%. Based on the valuation techniques used, the fair value measurements for collateral dependent impaired loans are classified as Level 3. The following table sets forth information with regard to estimated fair values of financial instruments at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. Financial instruments for which the fair value approximates carrying value include cash and cash equivalents, securities available for sale, trading securities, accrued interest receivable, non-maturity deposits, short-term borrowings, accrued interest payable, and interest rate swaps. December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Fair Value Carrying Estimated Carrying Estimated (In thousands) Hierarchy Amount Fair Value Amount Fair Value Financial assets HTM securities 2 $ 527,948 $ 525,050 $ 471,031 $ 473,140 Net loans 3 6,132,857 6,273,233 5,820,115 5,958,427 Financial liabilities Time deposits 2 $ 872,411 $ 868,153 $ 908,827 $ 903,501 Long-term debt 2 104,087 104,113 130,447 131,268 Junior subordinated debt 2 101,196 102,262 101,196 97,346 Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss expe- rience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates. Fair value estimates are based on existing on and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For example, the Company has a substantial trust and invest- ment management operation that contributes net fee income annually. The trust and investment management operation is not considered a financial instrument, and its value has not been incorporated into the fair value estimates. Other significant assets and liabilities include the benefits resulting from the low-cost funding of deposit liabilities as compared to the cost of borrowing funds in the market, and premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimate of fair value. Fair values for securities are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes, where available. Where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments. When necessary, the Com- pany utilizes matrix pricing from a third party pricing vendor to determine fair value pricing. Matrix prices are based on quoted prices for securities with similar coupons, ratings, and maturities, rather than on specific bids and offers for the des- ignated security. GAAP gives entities the option to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities and Company commitments at fair value (i.e., the fair value option), on an instrument-by-instrument basis, that are otherwise not permitted to be accounted for at fair value under other accounting standards. The election to use the fair value option is available when an entity first rec- ognizes a financial asset or financial liability or upon entering into a Company commitment. Subsequent changes in fair value must be recorded in earnings. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company did not elect the fair value option for any eligible items. 98 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Securities Held to Maturity Long-Term Debt The fair value of the Company’s investment securities held to maturity is primarily measured using information from a third party pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things. Net Loans The fair value of the Company’s loans was estimated by dis- counting the expected future cash flows using the current interest rates at which similar loans would be made for the same remaining maturities. Loans were first segregated by type, and then further segmented into fixed and variable rate and loan quality categories. Expected future cash flows were projected based on contractual cash flows, adjusted for esti- mated prepayments. Time Deposits The fair value of time deposits was estimated using a dis- counted cash flow approach that applies prevailing market interest rates for similar maturity instruments. The fair values of the Company’s time deposit liabilities do not take into con- sideration the value of the Company’s long-term relationships with depositors, which may have significant value. The fair value of long-term debt was estimated using a dis- counted cash flow approach that applies prevailing market interest rates for similar maturity instruments. Junior Subordinated Debt The fair value of trust preferred debentures has been esti- mated using a discounted cash flow analysis. Interest Rate Swaps The Company enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. These swaps are considered derivatives, but are not designated in hedging relationships. These instruments have interest rate and credit risk associated with them. To mitigate the interest rate risk, the Company enters into offsetting interest rate swaps with counterparties. The counterparty swaps are also considered derivatives and are also not designated in hedging relationships. Interest rate swaps are recorded within other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at their estimated fair value. Changes to the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other oper- ating income in the consolidated statement of income. In 2016, the Company entered into interest rate swaps to modify the interest rate characteristics of certain short-term FHLB advances from variable rate to fixed rate in order to reduce the impact of changes in future cash flows due to market interest rate changes. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges. (22) Sale of Equity Investment On April 17, 2014, NBT Capital Corp., a wholly-owned sub- sidiary of NBT, sold to LendingClub Corporation (“LendingClub”), its 20% ownership interest in Springstone Financial, LLC (“Springstone”), which NBT originally acquired in exchange for a $3.0 million investment, as part of LendingClub’s acqui- sition of all of the outstanding equity in Springstone. In total, LendingClub paid the group of selling equity holders a purchase price equal to $140.0 million in cash and preferred stock. As a result of this sale, the Company recognized a gain of $19.4 million in 2014 and a gain of $4.2 million in 2015. There is $0.9 million in proceeds being held in escrow for indemnification provisions of the sale contract which will be recognized into income when the conditions of the contract have been deemed to be satisfied. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 99 (23) Parent Company Financial Information Condensed Balance Sheets As of December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 4,152 $ 28,682 Securities available for sale, at estimated fair value 15,273 12,711 Trading securities 8,968 8,042 Investment in subsidiaries, on equity basis 1,006,444 941,731 Other assets 44,178 65,133 Total assets $1,079,015 $1,056,299 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Total liabilities $ 165,699 $ 174,295 Stockholders’ equity 913,316 882,004 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $1,079,015 $1,056,299 Condensed Income Statements Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Dividends from subsidiaries $ 10,200 $ 78,200 $ 35,400 Management fee from subsidiaries 95,244 92,629 87,116 Securities gains 652 3,034 49 Interest, dividend and other income 976 693 800 Total revenue 107,072 174,556 123,365 Operating expense 97,977 94,332 89,834 Income before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries 9,095 80,224 33,531 Income tax benefit (expense) 321 (515) 631 Dividends in excess of income (equity in undistributed income) of subsidiaries 68,993 (3,284) 40,912 Net income $ 78,409 $ 76,425 $ 75,074 100 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Condensed Statements of Cash Flow Years ended December 31, (In thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Operating activities Net income $ 78,409 $ 76,425 $ 75,074 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Stock-based compensation 4,378 4,086 3,521 (Losses) gains on sales of available-for-sale securities (652) (3,034) 49 Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries (79,193) (74,916) (75,824) Cash dividend from subsidiaries 10,200 78,200 35,400 Net change in other liabilities (8,596) 6,770 18,594 Net change in other assets 22,372 (6,944) (25,151) Net cash provided by operating activities 26,918 80,587 31,663 Investing activities Purchases of available-for-sale securities (580) (3,083) (597) Sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities 1,783 5,297 140 Purchases of premises and equipment (278) (408) (640) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 925 1,806 (1,097) Financing activities Proceeds from the issuance of shares to employee benefit plans and other stock plans 2,645 7,692 5,943 Purchases of treasury shares (17,193) (26,797) (72) Cash dividends and payments for fractional shares (38,880) (38,149) (36,905) Net tax benefit (expense) from stock-based compensation 1,055 (43) 313 Net cash used in financing activities (52,373) (57,297) (30,721) Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (24,530) 25,096 (155) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 28,682 3,586 3,741 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 4,152 $ 28,682 $ 3,586 A statement of changes in stockholders’ equity has not been presented since it is the same as the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity previously presented. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 101 (24) Recent Accounting Pronouncements In February 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-05, Other Income—Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610- 20). ASU 2017-05 will clarify the scope of Subtopic 610-20 and add guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The amendments define the term in substance nonfinancial assets, and clarify that a nonfinancial asset within the scope may include nonfinancial assets transferred within a legal entity to a counterparty, in part, as a financial asset promised to a counterparty in a contract. Additionally, the amendments in ASU clarify that an entity should identify each distinct nonfi- nancial asset or in substance nonfinancial assets and allocate consideration to each distinct asset. The amendments should be applied either retrospectively to each period presented or with a modified retrospective approach. ASU 2017-05 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018 and the Company is required to apply the amendment at the same time that it applies the amendments in 2014-09. Early adoption is per- mitted but only as of annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2016. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial state- ments and related disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangi- bles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. ASU 2017-04 will amend and simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill, the amendments elim- inate Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The amend- ments also eliminate the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to deter- mine if the qualitative impairment test is necessary. The amend- ments should be applied on a prospective basis. The nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle should be disclosed upon transition. ASU 2017-04 is effective for the Com- pany on January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted on testing dates after January 1, 2017. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. ASU 2017-01 provides a more robust framework to use in deter- mining when a set of assets and activities (“set”) is a business and to address stakeholder feedback that the definition of a business in current GAAP is applied too broadly. The primary amendments in the ASU provide a screen to exclude transactions where substantially all of the fair value of the transferred set is concentrated in a single asset, or group of similar assets, from being evaluated as a business. ASU 2017-01 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018 using the prospective method. Early adoption is permitted. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, State- ment of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. ASU 2016-18 address diversity in practice from entities classifying and pre- senting transfers between cash and restricted cash as operating, investing, or financing activities, or as a combination of those activities in the Statement of Cash Flows. The ASU requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equiva- lents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents in the Statement of Cash Flows. As a result, transfers between such categories will no longer be presented in the Statement of Cash Flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for the Company on Jan- uary 1, 2018 using the retrospective method. Early adoption is permitted provided that all amendments are adopted in the same period. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. ASU 2016-15 addresses diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. This standard addresses the following eight specific cash flow issues: Debt prepayment or debt extin- guishment costs; settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the bor- rowing; contingent consideration payments made after a busi- ness combination; proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies; distributions received from equity method investees; beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the pre- dominance principle. ASU 2016-15 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, including adop- tion in an interim period. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial state- ments and related disclosures. 102 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016- 13 requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. In addition, ASU 2016-16 amends the accounting for credit losses on available for sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for all organizations for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after Decem- ber 15, 2019. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compen- sation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. ASU 2016-09 sim- plifies the accounting for stock-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Effective January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09. As a result of the adoption of this new guidance, the Company made an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures when they occur. The guidance was required to be applied with a modified retrospective approach, and, accordingly, the Company made a cumulative effect adjust- ment recorded to opening retained earnings as of January 1, 2017 which was not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-07, Invest- ments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting. ASU 2016-07 eliminates the requirement for an investor to adjust an equity method investment, results of operations and retained earn- ings retroactively on a step-by-step basis as if the equity method had been in effect during all previous periods that the investment had been held as a result of an increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence. Addi- tionally, an entity that has an available for sale equity security that becomes qualified for the equity method of accounting must recognize through earnings the unrealized holding gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income at the date the investment becomes qualified for use of the equity method. ASU 2016-07 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. Management does not believe the guidance will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-06, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments. ASU 2016-06 clarifies the requirements for assessing whether contingent call (put) options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts. An entity performing the assessment under the amendments in this Update is required to assess the embedded call (put) options solely in accordance with the four- step decision sequence. The amendments in this ASU clarify what steps are required when assessing whether the economic characteristics and risks of call (put) options are clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of their debt hosts, which is one of the criteria for bifurcating an embed- ded derivative. Consequently, when a call (put) option is con- tingently exercisable, an entity does not have to assess whether the event that triggers the ability to exercise a call (put) option is related to interest rates or credit risks. The amendments are an improvement to GAAP because they eliminate diversity in practice in assessing embedded contingent call (put) options in debt instruments. ASU 2016-07 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. Management does not believe this guidance will have a material impact on the consolidated financial state- ments and related disclosures. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-05, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships. ASU 2016-05 clarifies that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as a hedging instrument does not in and of itself, require de-designation of that hedging rela- tionship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria con- tinue to be met. ASU 2016-05 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. Management does not believe this guidance will have a material impact on the consolidated financial state- ments and related disclosures. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 103 In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize right of use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize a right of use asset and lease liability. Additionally, when measuring assets and liabilities arising from a lease, optional payments should be included only if the lessee is reasonable certain to exercise an option to extend the lease, exercise a purchase option or not exercise an option to terminate the lease. ASU 2016-07 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. Manage- ment is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10)—Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. ASU 2016-01 addresses certain aspects of recognition, measure- ment, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments and requires entities to measure equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method at fair value. Any changes in fair value will be recognized in net income unless the investments qualify for a new practicability exception. This ASU also requires entities to recognize changes in instrument-specific credit risk related to financial liabilities measured under the fair value option in other comprehensive income. No changes were made to the guidance for classifying and measuring investments in debt securities and loans. ASU 2016-01 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09—Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). ASU 2014-09 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition standard that will supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP and is based on the principle that revenue is rec- ognized to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. For financial reporting purposes, the standard allows for either full retrospective adop- tion, meaning the standard is applied to all of the periods pre- sented, or modified retrospective adoption, meaning the standard is applied only to the most current period presented in the financial statements with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial appli- cation. ASU 2014-09 was initially effective for the Company on January 1, 2017; however, in August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14—Revenue from Contracts with Customers—Deferral of the Effective Date, which deferred the effective date to January 1, 2018. Early adoption is not permitted. In addition, the FASB has begun to issue targeted updates to clarify specific imple- mentation issues of ASU 2014-09. These updates include ASU No. 2016-08—Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net), ASU No. 2016-10—Identifying Per- formance Obligations and Licensing, ASU No. 2016-12—Narrow- Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, and ASU No. 2016-20—Technical Corrections and Improvements to Top 606— Revenue from Contract with Customers. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. 104 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, an evaluation was carried out by the Company’s management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. No changes were made to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Secu- rities Exchange Act of 1934) during the last fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Management Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting The management of NBT Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the super- vision of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Finan- cial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Com- pany’s consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. As of December 31, 2016, management assessed the effec- tiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial report- ing based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in “Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013),” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission. Based on the assessment, management determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 was effective at the reasonable assurance level based on those criteria. KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued a report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effec- tiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial report- ing as of December 31, 2016, is included in this Item under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” on the following page. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 105 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders NBT Bancorp Inc.: We have audited NBT Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of NBT Bancorp Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and our report dated March 1, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. /s/ KPMG LLP Albany, New York March 1, 2017 106 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of shareholders to be held on May 23, 2017 (the “Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the Company’s 2016 fiscal year end. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the Company’s 2016 fiscal year end. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The following table provides information with respect to shares of common stock that may be issued under the Company’s existing equity compensation plans: Number of Securities A. Number of Remaining Available for Securities to be Issued B. Weighted-Average Future Issuance Under Upon Exercise of Exercise Price of Equity Compensation Plans Outstanding Options, Outstanding Options, (Excluding Securities Plan Category Warrants and Rights Warrants and Rights Reflected in Column A) Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders 230,174 $24.35 2,994,517 Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders None None None The other information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company’s 2016 fiscal year end. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS, RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company’s 2016 fiscal year end. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company’s 2016 fiscal year end. NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 107 PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a)(1) The following Consolidated Financial Statements are included in Part II, Item 8 hereof: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. Consolidated Statements of Income for each of the three years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for each of the three years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the three years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (a)(2) There are no financial statement schedules that are required to be filed as part of this form since they are not applicable or the information is included in the consolidated financial statements. (a)(3) See below for all exhibits filed herewith and the Exhibit Index. 3.1 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of NBT Bancorp Inc. as amended through July 1, 2015 (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Form 10-Q, filed on August 10, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of NBT Bancorp Inc. effective January 23, 2017 (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on January 25, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference). 3.3 Certificate of Designation of the Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock (filed as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on November 18, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference). 4.1 Specimen common stock certificate for NBT’s Bancorp Inc. common stock (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed on December 27, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.1 NBT Bancorp Inc. 1993 Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Registrant’s Form S-8 Registration Statement, file number 333-71830, filed on October 18, 2001, and incorporated by reference herein).* 10.2 NBT Bancorp Inc. Non-Employee Director, Divisional Director and Subsidiary Director Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Registrant’s Form S-8 Registration Statement, file number 333-73038, filed on November 9, 2001, and incorporated by reference herein).* 10.3 NBT Bancorp Inc. Non-employee Directors Restricted and Deferred Stock Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, filed on March 2, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.4 NBT Bancorp Inc. Performance Share Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, filed on March 2, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.5 NBT Bancorp Inc. 2017 Executive Incentive Compensation Plan.* 10.6 Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement between NBT Bancorp Inc. and Martin A. Dietrich as amended and restated January 20, 2010 (filed as Exhibit 10.14 to Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, filed on March 1, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.7 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated December 19, 2016, by and between NBT Bancorp Inc. and Michael J. Chewens (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on December 20, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference).* 108 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 10.8 Form of Amended and Restated NBT Bancorp Inc. Supplemental Retirement Agreement, dated as of November 5, 2009, between NBT Bancorp Inc. and Messrs. Chewens and Levy (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2009, filed on November 9, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.9 Amendment to the Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement, dated March 10, 2015, by and between NBT Bancorp Inc. and Michael J. Chewens (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on March 16, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.10 Amendment to the Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement, dated March 10, 2015, by and between NBT Bancorp Inc. and Jeffrey M. Levy (filed as Exhibit 10.8 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on March 16, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.11 Employment Agreement, dated March 10, 2015, by and between NBT Bancorp Inc. and Jeffrey M. Levy (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on March 16, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.12 Split-Dollar Agreement between NBT Bancorp Inc., NBT Bank, National Association and Martin A. Dietrich made November 10, 2008 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2008, filed on November 10, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.13 First Amendment dated November 5, 2009 to Split-Dollar Agreement between NBT Bancorp Inc., NBT Bank, National Association and Martin A. Dietrich made November 10, 2008 (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2009, filed on November 9, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.14 Second Amendment dated July 28, 2014 to Split-Dollar Agreement between NBT Bancorp, Inc., NBT Bank, National Association, and Martin A. Dietrich made November 10, 2008 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on August 1, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.15 NBT Bancorp Inc. 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan (filed as Appendix A of Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14A, filed on March 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.16 Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plan for Named Executive Officers (filed as Exhibit 10.24 to Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, filed on February 29, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.17 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated December 19, 2016, by and between NBT Bancorp Inc. and Timothy L. Brenner (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on December 20, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.18 Amended and Restated Supplemental Retirement Agreement and First Amendment to the Supplemental Retirement Agreement between Alliance Financial Corporation, Alliance Bank, N.A. and Jack H. Webb (filed as Exhibit 10.29 to Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, filed on March 3, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.19 Employment Agreement, dated December 19, 2016, by and between NBT Bancorp Inc. and John H. Watt, Jr. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on December 20, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.20 Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement, dated December 19, 2016 by and between NBT Bancorp Inc. and John H. Watt, Jr. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on December 20, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference).* 10.21 Employment Agreement, dated December 19, 2016, by and between NBT Bancorp Inc. and F. Sheldon Prentice.* 21 A list of the subsidiaries of the Registrant. 23 Consent of KPMG LLP. *Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 109 31.1 Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13(a)-14(a)/15(d)-14(e) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. 31.2 Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13(a)-14(a)/15(d)-14(e) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. 32.1 Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.2 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. (b) Exhibits to this Form 10-K are attached or incorporated herein by reference as noted above. (c) Not applicable. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 110 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, NBT Bancorp Inc. has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES NBT BANCORP INC. (Registrant) March 1, 2017 /s/ John H. Watt Jr. John H. Watt Jr. Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. /s/ Martin A. Dietrich Martin A. Dietrich Chairman and Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ John H. Watt Jr. John H. Watt Jr. NBT Bancorp Inc. President, CEO, and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ Michael J. Chewens Michael J. Chewens Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ Patricia T. Civil Patricia T. Civil, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ Timothy E. Delaney Timothy E. Delaney, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ James H. Douglas James H. Douglas, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ Andrew S. Kowalczyk III Andrew S. Kowalczyk III, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ John C. Mitchell John C. Mitchell, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ Michael M. Murphy Michael M. Murphy, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ V. Daniel Robinson II V. Daniel Robinson II, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ Matthew J. Salanger Matthew J. Salanger, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ Joseph A. Santangelo Joseph A. Santangelo, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ Lowell A. Seifter Lowell A. Seifter, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ Robert A. Wadsworth Robert A. Wadsworth, Director Date: March 1, 2017 /s/ Jack H. Webb Jack H. Webb, Director Date: March 1, 2017 NBT BANCORP 2016 FORM 10-K 111 www.nbtbancorp.com 52 South Broad Street | Norwich, N.Y. 13815 | www.nbtbancorp.com | 800.NBT.BANK www.nbtbank.com www.nbtmang.com www.epic1st.com 

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