Quantum Blockchain Technologies
Annual Report 2022

Plain-text annual report

Company Registration No. 03926192 Quantum Blockchain Technologies PLC Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2022 Contents Company Information Chairman’s statement Director profiles Strategic report Directors’ report Independent auditor’s report to the members of Quantum Blockchain Technologies Plc Group statement of comprehensive income Group and Company statements of financial position Group statement of changes in equity Company statement of changes in equity Group and Company statements of cash flows Notes to the financial statements - 1 5 7 13 24 36 37 39 40 41 42 COMPANY INFORMATION Directors Company Secretary Company number Registered office Auditor Italian Solicitors UK Solicitors Nominated Adviser & Broker Registrar Francesco Gardin Peter Fuhrman (appointed 12 September 2022) Mark Trafeli (appointed 25 November 2022) Reginald Eccles (deceased 13 August 2022) James Gordon 03926192 (England and Wales) 22 Great James Street London WC1N 3ES MHA Statutory Auditor Chartered Accountants 2 London Wall Place Barbican London EC2Y 5AU Ferrari Pedeferri Boni Studio Legale Associato Via Fatebenefratelli, 22 20121 Milan Italy Gordons Partnership LLP 22 Great James Street London WC1N 3ES SP Angel Corporate Finance LLP Prince Frederick House 35-39 Maddox Street London W1S 2PP Share Registrars Ltd The Courtyard 17 West Street Farnham GU9 7DR CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT I am pleased to present the Group’s Final Results for the year ended 31 December 2022. The Group consists of Quantum Blockchain Technologies PLC (“the Company” or “QBT”), running the Research and Development (“R&D”) programme and holding the Legacy Assets, and its wholly owned subsidiary Clear Leisure 2017 Ltd (“CL17”), which is focused on litigation. During 2022, the Company continued working on its R&D programme focused on developing advanced disruptive proprietary mining technology, mainly for bitcoin (“BTC”) mining, but also applicable to other crypto currencies, based on SHA-256 proof of work based blockchain. During the year under review, the Company continued its R&D programme focused on the following technologies: • SHA-256 algorithm and gate level optimisation; • quantum programming of SHA-256; • FPGA and ASIC SHA-256 implementation; and • Machine Learning (“ML”) driven use of SHA-256. QBT believes that the strategy of diversifying its R&D approach increases not only the Company’s chance of achieving potentially disruptive results for the BTC mining, but also developing products and services potentially available quicker to market during the R&D process. This can minimise “time to market” risk. Please see below for further details on the R&D activities. While the main focus of the Company is the development of BTC mining technology, the Board also continues to maintain its portfolio of Legacy Assets remaining from Clear Leisure Plc, as the Company was called (before 7 May 2021). The litigation against Sipiem in Liquidazione SpA (“Sipiem”) and Sosushi Srl (“Sosushi”) former management teams has been supervised with care and prudence, while monitoring the formal closing of the Mediapolis bankruptcy procedure as a final payment (c. €130k) will finally be due to the Company. In late 2022 CL17 was awarded €6,274,473 in damages plus interest and provision for inflation (“Award Payment”) in the claim against Sipiem. Finally, the Company holds a small portfolio of investments, comprising three companies: PBV Monitor Srl (“PBV"), an Italian start-up which developed an online international legal directory, Forcrowd Srl (“Forcrowd”), an Italian crowdfunding licensed entity in the process of applying for a European crowdfunding license and a crowdlending extension of its licence, and Geosim Systems Ltd (“Geosim”), an Israeli company which has developed a proprietary high resolution 3D mapping technology used to develop city and airport realistic 3D models. The Company has continued supporting its investees in pursuing the goal of a stable growth within their respective markets. R&D Programme Each technology area has a dedicated team in charge of the R&D work, reporting to the entire R&D effort coordinators. Please see below for a description of each technology area’s approach: The Machine Learning (“ML”) research group is split into three teams, all focusing on the SHA-256 algorithm: - ML#1 group focused on trying to bypass all three SHA-256 rounds involved in each winning hash search. - ML#2 group working on “Method A” (as announced on 15 November 2022), aimed at reducing the SHA-256 search space, compared to the brute force method used mainly by miners today. Current results of our optimisations compared to brute force have shown potentially promising results. Further testing is ongoing. - ML#3 group applying ML and statistical optimisation to the analysis of the SHA-256 algorithm, through the development of Method B (as per the 15 November 2022 announcement) basically another oracle, developed for reducing the SHA-256 search space, but radically different from Method A. Current results are very encouraging; ML#3 group has shown that the proprietary system potentially increases the rate of successful bitcoin mining by 2.6 times compared to standard bitcoin mining industry practices, while also reducing the electricity consumption by 4.3%. Assuming continued successful progress with testing, the 1 | P a g e CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT (continued) Company believes that this approach has the potential to be a significant improvement within the bitcoin mining industry. The findings of the Machine Learning groups #2 and #3 may represent the Company’s more expedient commercial route to market. Once the Company applies the optimisations to currently commercially available ASIC chips it is hoped that hardware for BTC (and other altcoin) mining performance can be improved with QBT’s developments. QBT anticipates filing for patents in connection with the work product of each of the Machine Leaning groups. The Quantum Computing team, as announced by the Company on 11 March 2022, has developed a quantum version of a BTC mining algorithm. This algorithm is centered on qubit-based quantum computation, using quantum logic gates and simulated on a reduced-sized SHA-256 algorithm (called “Quantum Mining”). However, as there are currently no commercially available quantum computers with sufficient qubits to sustain full SHA- 256 computations, the Company has continued working to refine its Quantum Mining algorithm. To achieve this, the Company has retained the world-renowned pioneer in quantum computing, Dr. Lov Kumar Grover. If the Company’s theoretical approach is confirmed empirically, when powerful enough quantum computers become available, QBT believes this method will potentially revolutionise the BTC industry. With regard to the Cryptography team, the current focus is on the core of the optimisation of the SHA-256 algorithm and gate level implementation. This team has already delivered the Asic UltraBoost in September 2021 (and currently under final review by the relevant patent office), the Company’s first patent application. This has increased mining performance by circa 7%. Further expected findings by the Cryptography team are anticipated to lead to additional patent application filings which in some instances are already in the drafting stage. The main goal of the FPGA/ASIC Design team is to turn findings from the ML and the Cryptography teams into efficient architectures, to be tested on FPGA chips first, then moved into ASIC version, prior to prototyping before production. A basic architecture for the final ASIC chips is available, while a large number of variants are being tested, before choosing the final configuration for the first prototype. The Company’s objective is that the culmination of its R&D programme should enable it to produce its own more efficient mining chips embedding most, if not all, of the findings of the entire programme. The full cost of the R&D programme and related infrastructural investments for the year under review was approximately €948,000. Litigations and Legacy Assets During 2022, the Company continued to deal with its Legacy Assets, which consist of pending court actions in Italy and investments in PBV, Forcrowd and Geosim. As previously announced on 1 November 2022 in relation to CL17’s claim against the previous management and internal audit committee of Sipiem, the Venice Court ruled in favour of CL17 and ordered the Sipiem defendants to pay CL17 the Award Payment amounting to €6,188,974 in damages (exclusive of interest and adjustments for inflation), and €85,499 in legal fees. The Company, through CL17, has commenced the process to collect the Award Payment from the main defendant, which remains, as at the date of the Annual Report, unpaid. CL17 also holds the c. €1 million claim against Sosushi’s previous management in Italy, which is currently continuing via an arbitration process. The process has, unfortunately, been subject to severe procedural delays outside of CL17’s control and it is not expected to be concluded in the short term. Regarding the parallel claim by Sosushi’s previous management and shareholders in the English Courts, the Company’s defence has been successful. The Sosushi claimants discontinued their €1.7 million legal claim against the Company and were ordered to pay the Company approximately €77,000 towards legal costs. Further legal costs and damages may still be awarded to the Company at the conclusion of the case. 2 | P a g e CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT (continued) During the year under review, the Company raised a total of £1.05 million pursuant to the exercise of 52,500,000 warrants, in January and March 2022, issued as part of the placing announced on 22 February 2021. As announced on 20 December 2022, the Company granted 37,500,000 options to certain consultants, members of the R&D team and in-house staff, over its new ordinary shares of 0.25 pence each (“Ordinary Shares”), of which 25,000,000 carry an exercise price at 5p and 12,500,000 at 10p. With regards to the Company’s bonds, on 6 April 2022, the Company announced it had renegotiated the date of maturity of the €3.5 million Zero-Coupon Bond issued in 2020 with the sole bondholder to 15 December 2024. Additionally, at the Bondholder Meeting held on 21 April 2022, the Company extended the maturity of the Zero- Coupon Bond to 15 December 2024 and amended the conversion price from 15 pence to 5 pence. The extension of the maturity date for both bonds improved the Net Current Asset position of the Group (see Financial Review below). Finally, during 2022 the Company unfortunately lost its Non-Executive Director Reg Eccles, who passed away in August. Following this sad event, the Company appointed two new Non-Executive Directors, Peter Fuhrman (in September 2022) and Mark Trafeli (in November 2022). In conclusion, the Company continues to focus on its novel and innovative R&D activities, which have so far provided promising results. The Company is now starting to assess the commercialisation of some of these improvements as they could potentially have an immediate impact on the BTC mining market. Financial Review The Group reported a total comprehensive loss of €5,026,000 for the year ended 31 December 2022 (2021: €5,396,000) and a loss before tax of €5,252,000 (2021: €5,449,000). Operating losses for the period were €4,547,000 (2021: €4,970,000). Included within administrative expenses are charges relating to the recognition of share options totalling €1,854,000 (2021: €2,622,000) and within finance costs are charges for the revaluation of derivatives totalling €324,000 (2021: €143,000). The movement in these items is dependent on the volatility of the Company’s share price used for the calculation according to the relevant accounting standards. The undiluted Net Asset Value (“NAV”) of the Group decreased by €398,000 in 2022, compared to a decrease of €601,000 in 2021. The Group had Net Current Assets of €4.4m as at 31 December 2022 (2021: negative €3.9m), thanks to the rescheduling of the Company’s bonds’ maturity to December 2024. Post-Balance Sheet Events On 15 March 2023, the Company reported that, with regards to the Sipiem legal claim, the Italian Appeals Court ruled in favour of CL17 thereby allowing it to seek enforcement of the judgment without having to wait for the outcome of the appellate proceedings against the main Sipiem defendant who is individually liable for the full damages payable to CL17. The Appeals Court did, however, grant the remaining Sipiem defendants’ request to temporarily enjoin enforcement of the judgment against the members of the internal audit committee and the main defendant’s family members that are also themselves defendants in the case. On 26 May 2023, the Company announced the appointment of Mr Vladimir (Vlad) Kusznirczuk as Marketing and Business Development Manager, to address business opportunities with large US and Canadian bitcoin miners and mining rigs manufacturers. Mr Kusznirczuk’s main focus is on developing strategic partnerships and joint ventures with large bitcoin mining businesses in the US and Canada and with bitcoin mining rig manufacturers in the US and China. As announced the Company issued him 2,000,000 Options as follows: - - 1,000,000 Options exercisable at 5 pence between 1 November 2023 and 25 May 2025; and 1,000,000 Options exercisable at 10 pence between 1 November 2023 and 25 May 2025. Furthermore, on 31 May 2023, the Company issued additional 5,000,000 Options to existing members of the R&D team, with an exercise price of 10 pence and exercisable at any time before 25 May 2025. 3 | P a g e CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT (continued) Additionally, the Company amended the maturity of 12,500,000 Options exercisable at 5p and 5,000,000 Options exercisable at 10p (most of which had already expired) to 25 May 2025. On 1 June 2023, the Company raised £1,000,000 (before expenses) through the placing of 71,428,571 new Ordinary Shares at a price of 1.4 pence per Placing Share, Outlook The Board remains committed to return value to its stakeholders by: Continuing to focus on its R&D programme, which is providing promising and consistent results; investing in the technology sector (both in a direct and an indirect manner); i. ii. iii. managing the legacy portfolio assets, where positive outcomes are expected from the Company’s claims; and further reduction of the debt position (if and when the conditions are deemed appropriate). iv. The Board remains positive as the technology investments are deemed sound and promising, while the legal claims have strong merit and against defendants that are expected to remain solvent, thereby enhancing the prospect of collection of the judgment debts. Francesco Gardin Chairman 29 June 2023 4 | P a g e DIRECTORS’ PROFILES Francesco Gardin Chief Executive Officer & Chairman Francesco Gardin (aged 68), born in Rovigo, Italy, graduated in Theoretical Physics at Padova University in 1979, before undertaking a UK Government research project at University of Exeter, UK from 1980 to 1982. In 1983, Francesco founded AISoftw@re SpA to develop and distribute Artificial Intelligence systems within Italy, which he took public on NASDAQ Europe in 1999 and the Milan Stock Exchange in 2000. He sold the company in 2005 but agreed to remain Non-Executive Chairman until March 2008. When he left, the company employed more than 1,400 people and had revenues in excess of £70m. In December 2008, he was appointed Executive Director of London Asia Capital plc, a UK company investing in Asia, he resigned in July 2013. In October 2013 he was appointed to the board of Pan European Terminals PLC, listed on AIM of the London Stock Exchange. He resigned in July 2014 following the sale of the company. In December 2014, he co-founded First IPO Capital Ltd, a UK company aiming at financing IPO costs to companies listing on the London AIM market. During the last twenty years, he has been a director of almost fifty companies in Italy, UK, USA, Israel, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Mauritius and Jersey. From 1984 to 2014, he was a Research Associate Professor at Udine, Milano and Siena University lecturing in Artificial Intelligence, Theory and Application of Computation, and Virtual Reality. His academic papers include more than 50 individual and joint publications and three books on the subject of Artificial Intelligence as editor. Peter Fuhrman Non-Executive Director Peter Fuhrman (aged 64) has extensive experience in High-Technology, Semiconductors, Finance and Investment industries. He graduated summa cum laude from Tufts University in 1980 and also holds an M.Phil degree in International Relations from Cambridge University. He did additional postgraduate studies at Nanjing University, and as a Yale- in-China Fellow at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Peter is currently: - Chairman and CEO at China First Capital, among China’s older specialist international investment banks in the technology sector, with deep experience and expertise in China's semiconductor industry, advanced manufacturing, robotics, precision automation, nano-positioning, photonics and breakthrough energy technologies, and Strategic Advisor on advanced technologies and market expansion for CEOs of one of China's largest listed high-technology manufacturing companies as well as one of Germany's and Europe's largest market-leading semiconductor technology companies - He previously was the CEO of Awareness Technologies, a Los Angeles based Cloud-based enterprise security software company (which was successfully sold in 2008) and, in London, Peter was Head of Europe at Forbes Inc., publisher of Forbes Magazine, one of the world’s largest and most successful business publications. Peter is an “Industry Thought Leader” who has been published in The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Economist, The Financial Times, Bloomberg, CNBC, The Washington Post, China Daily, The South China Morning Post. He speaks English, Mandarin Chinese and Italian. Peter has also given guest lectures and has been a speaker on China- and technology-related topics and innovation at the University of Chicago’s Business School, the University of Michigan Ross School of Business and Harvard Business School’s global alumni. 5 | P a g e DIRECTORS’ PROFILES (continued) Mark Michael Trafeli Non-Executive Director Mark Trafeli (aged 56) is a lawyer qualified in England and Wales, California and New York. Based in London, he has extensive expertise in regulation, compliance and corporate governance. He is currently General Counsel for an enterprise in the online gaming sector with operations in multiple countries and licences from the Gambling Commission of Great Britain. He also maintains a private law practice that he established in 2008 advising on UK and USA-related financial services, stock exchange regulation, commercial contracts, M&A, corporate governance, compliance, and litigation. Previously, Mark served as General Counsel and Interim Head of Compliance at RJ O’Brien Europe Limited, a London based FCA regulated clearing firm with multiple exchange memberships and General Counsel to First World Trader (Pty) Limited, a leading South African global fintech company best known for its Easy Equities platform. Mark holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and Political Science and a Juris Doctor (JD) in law, both from the University of Michigan. 6 | P a g e STRATEGIC REPORT The Directors present their Strategic Report on Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc and its subsidiary undertakings (“the Group") for the year ended 31 December 2022. Review of the business and developments during the year During the year under review the Company provided regular updates to its stakeholders regarding the business. With regard to the R&D programme: • • • • In March 2022, the Company reported that the Quantum Computing R&D team had developed a quantum version of the BTC mining algorithm, based on Quantum Bit (“qubit”) based quantum computation, using quantum logic gates. In March 2022, the Company announced it was working with two independent partners to conduct verification tests on the final performance of QBT’s prototype ASIC, and that its proprietary IT infrastructure to support the R&D activities was fully operational. Further in March 2022, the Company announced that it was working on several patent applications that were expected to be filed. In May 2022, the Company announced the Company commenced live experimental BTC mining testing in real time using two knowledge-based algorithms (called Method A and Method B) developed by the Machine Learning team. • Also, in May 2022 the Company reported a significant milestone when it achieved positive results using a scaled-down quantum version of the SHA256 algorithm. • Additionally, the Company announced it was working on a second patent for the SHA-256 optimisation • whilst exploring extreme silicon energy optimisation techniques. In November 2022, the Company announced that its Machine Learning and AI teams had obtained interesting preliminary laboratory results which suggested a statistical improvement of up to 30% over commercially available ASIC chip-based BTC miners. This was achieved using a machine learning method, known as Method B. If successful, the goal is to run the algorithms on existing commercial miners with the aim of improving their performance by replacing the native control software with QBT's own control software. • QBT appointed Dr. Rita Pizzi as its Chief Research Officer on 15 November 2022. Regarding the new Ordinary Shares issued by the Company during the financial year under review: • • In January 2022, QBT issued 35,000,000 new Ordinary Shares at a price of 2 pence per share, following the exercise of 35,000,000 warrants of the 100,000,000 warrants granted to Mr John Story, raising £700,000 (before expenses). In March 2022, QBT issued 17,500,000 new Ordinary Shares at a price of 2 pence per share, following the exercise of the last remaining 17,500,000 warrants of the 100,000,000 warrants granted to Mr John Story, raising £350,000 (before expenses). Furthermore, in December, the Company had awarded staff and consultants of the R&D Team the following share Options: • Options over 25,000,000 Ordinary Shares exercisable at 5 pence per new Ordinary Share, and • Options over 12,500,000 Ordinary Shares exercisable at 10 pence per new Ordinary Share of which, 5,000,000 Options were issued to the Company’s Non-Executive Director Mr Peter Fuhrman, as follows: - - - Options over 2,500,000 Ordinary Shares exercisable at 5 pence at any time up to 15 December 2024 issued to the Company’s Non-Executive Director Mr Mark Trafeli. 2,500,000 exercisable at 5 pence at any time up to 15 December 2024; 2,500,000 exercisable at 10 pence at any time up to 15 December 2024; and 7 | P a g e STRATEGIC REPORT (continued) About the Company’s Bond: • • In March 2022, QBT announced the call of a Bondholders Meeting with regards to the 2015 Zero Coupon Bond (previously 2013 Zero Coupon Bond) to be held on 21 April, to seek bondholders’ approval to extend the maturity date of the bond from December 2022 to December 2024 and change the conversion price into the Company’s new Ordinary Shares from 15p to 5p. On 21 April, at the Bondholder’s meeting all resolutions were passed. In April 2022, QBT also announced it had agreed with MC Strategy S.A. (an Eufingest S.A. demerged Company), the sole bondholder of the €3.5m 2020 Zero Coupon Bond to extend the maturity date of from December 2022 to December 2024. Regarding the Company’s Board of Directors: • On 16 August 2022, the Company notified with great sadness the death of Mr Reginald Eccles, • independent non-executive director of the Company. Consequently, QBT announced that trading in the Company's Ordinary Shares had been temporarily suspended from trading on AIM, which was a result of the Company having only one remaining director. • On 12 September 2022, the Company announced it had appointed a new independent non-executive director, Mr Peter Fuhrman. Following this appointment, trading in the Company’s AIM securities resumed on 13 September. • On 25 November 2022, the Company announced the appointment of an additional independent non- executive director, Mr Mark Trafeli. About the legacy assets: • Regarding Sipiem in Liquidazione S.p.a., the Company maintained the stakeholders informed in regard to the two procedural hearings that took place during the year under review in the Venice Court (on 12 January 2022 and on 4 May 2022). • On 1 November 2022, the Company announced that the Venice Court had ruled in favour of CL17 and ordered the defendants to pay CL17 an aggregate amount of €6,188,974 (plus interest and adjustments for inflation to accrue from different dates until the date of payment) in damages, plus €85,499 in legal expenses. • On 1 December 2022, the Company communicated to shareholders that the defendants had appealed • the ruling of the Venice Court. The Company announced that the legal case for a €1.03m claim against the former management of Sosushi, also held via CL17, was to continue through an arbitration process. The arbitration process commenced in 2021 and it is being managed by Monza Guild of Accountants. Regrettably, the arbitration has been subject to severe procedural delays which are out of the Company’s control, and it is not expected to be concluded in the short term. • With regards to the Sosushi defence and parallel claim in the English courts, as announced on 2 August 2022, the defence of the claim has been successful and the claimants in the English proceedings have abandoned the €1.7m claim against the Company and have paid €77,000 towards legal costs sustained in defence of the claim. Further legal costs and damages may still be awarded to the Company following a final hearing to assess the Company’s counterclaim for, amongst other things, loss of profit in the English Courts (which remains ongoing). Sale of investments The Company did not dispose of any assets during 2022 (2021: nil). 8 | P a g e STRATEGIC REPORT (continued) Section 172(1) Statement – Promotion of the Company for the benefit of members as a whole: The Directors believe they have acted in the way they considered in good faith, that would most likely to promote the success of the Company for the benefit of its members as a whole, as required by s172 of the Companies Act 2006, and in doing so have had regard to: • • • • • • the likely consequences of any decision in the long term; the need to act fairly between the members of the Company; the desirability of maintaining the Company’s reputation for high standards of business conduct; consider the interests of the Company’s employees; the need to foster the Company’s relationships with suppliers, customers and others; and the impact of the Company’s operations on the community and the environment. In order to fulfil their duties under section 172 and promote the success of the Group for the benefit of all its stakeholders, the directors need to ensure that they not only act in accordance with the legal duties but also engage with, and have regard for, all its stakeholders when taking decisions. The Group has a number of key stakeholders that it is committed to maintaining a strong relationship with. Understanding the Group’s stakeholders and how they and their interests will impact on the strategy and success of the Group over the long term is a key factor in the decisions that the Board may make. Shareholders The promotion of the success of the Group is ultimately for the benefit of the Company’s shareholders who provide the Company’s permanent capital. As a company listed on the AIM Market of the London Stock Exchange, the Company is responsible for ensuring that it is aware of shareholder needs and expectations. The Directors attach great importance to maintaining good relationships with all of its shareholders and interested parties and seeks to ensure that they have access to correct and adequate information in a timely fashion. The Directors are aware that as stakeholders, its shareholders play a vital role in the fabric of the Company and therefore regularly engages in dialogue with the Company’s shareholders and is available for meetings with institutional and major shareholders following the release of the Group’s Annual and Interim Results. The Directors welcome all shareholders to make contact with the Company and provide any feedback or comments that they may have, and contact details are available on the Company’s website. The Company’s Annual General Meeting is also an important opportunity for shareholders to meet and engage with Directors and put questions to the Company regarding its business, operations and performance. Employees Our employees are key to the success of the Group and recruiting, retaining and developing our team is one of the Group’s most important priorities. The Directors expect a high standard of integrity and accountability from the Group’s employees. In return, they reward and incentivise the staff on the basis of merit, ability and performance. Employee engagement is a key factor of this performance, and the Directors encourage an open communication forum amongst all members of staff, aided by the Group’s small size and relatively flat hierarchical structure. The Directors are committed to promoting diversity and equal opportunities and consider the Group to be a supportive employer, providing training and development where required. Investee Companies Engagement with the Group’s portfolio of investee companies is critical to delivering the Company’s long-term strategy of delivering shareholder return. Whilst the Group does not involve itself in the day-to-day operations of its investee companies, it does retain formal oversight by being part of the board of each investee. Regulatory Bodies Although the Company is not itself directly regulated, it operates within a regulated markets environment (e.g., AIM rules) and therefore actively engages with various regulatory bodies and advisory firms to ensure that compliance standards are maintained and that the Company continues to act with the high standards of business conduct that have established its reputation thus far. TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures) We recognize the importance of climate change as a material financial risk and opportunity. As part of our commitment to transparency and accountability, we have aligned our disclosure practices with the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). Our disclosures aim to provide investors and stakeholders with relevant information on our climate-related risks, opportunities, and performance. By doing so, we seek to support the transition to a low- carbon and resilient economy while enhancing long-term value for our shareholders. 9 | P a g e STRATEGIC REPORT (continued) Suppliers and Advisors The Company’s suppliers and advisors are integral to the day to day operation of the Group. Relationships with suppliers are carefully managed to ensure that the Group is always obtaining value for money. The Group seeks to ensure that good relationships are maintained with its suppliers and advisors through regular contact and the prompt payment of invoices. Other stakeholders and the wider community The Directors are committed to ensuring that none of its activities have a detrimental impact on the wider community and the environment. The Group actively encourages its employees to participate in charitable work and community projects. Decision making and section 172 of the Companies Act 2006 The Group’s primary strategy is to deliver shareholder value. The key driver of this growth is the investment of the Group’s resources into businesses with experienced management teams that have excellent growth potential and where the Group can offer its expertise and add value to. During the year, the Group continued to fund its existing portfolio of investee companies as well as provide investment into a new investee company. Historically the Group has used funds from past realisations and external fundraising to fund future opportunities both within its current portfolio and to new investments. Board changes On 22 July 2022, Mr Francesco Gardin was re-elected as Director of the Company. On 13 August 2022 Reginald Eccles has passed away. On 12 September 2022, Peter Fuhrman was appointed as Non-Executive Director. On 25 November 2022, Mark Trafeli was appointed as Non-Executive Director. Events after the reporting date During the first months of 2023 the Company has been involved in the following: With respect to the Company’s R&D programme: • On 6 January 2023, the Company announced that it had appointed Mr Lov Kumar Grover, an international expert in the field of Machine Learning to its Machine Learning Research Team, following the initial studies of the Company on the use of AI techniques (mainly Machine Learning) to speed up the successful mining of BTC. • On 18 January 2023, QBT informed its stakeholders that the SHA-256 based optimisations can be applied not only to bitcoin but to other cryptocurrencies within the Bitcoin “family” deriving from the two bitcoin’s ‘hard forks’, namely, Bitcoin Cash (“BCH”) and Bitcoin SV (“BSV”). • On 10 May 2023 the Company announced that QBT’s algorithm, known as Method B, has theoretically increased the rate of successful bitcoin mining by 2.6 times while reducing the electricity consumption by 4.3% when compared to standard bitcoin mining industry practices widely used over the same time period. With regard to the Sipiem legal claim: • On 15 March 2023, the Company announced that the Appeals Court in Venice ruled in favour of CL17 thereby allowing it to seek enforcement of the Award Payment against the main Sipiem defendant, who is individually liable for the full amount of the Award Payment. The Appeals Court did, however, grant the remaining Sipiem defendants’ request to temporarily enjoin enforcement of the judgment against the members of the internal audit committee and the main defendant’s family members. • • As announced CL17 has commenced efforts to collect the Award Payment from the main defendant immediately. CL17 cannot confirm, at this stage, the exact amount of the Award Payment that will eventually be collected. 10 | P a g e STRATEGIC REPORT (continued) Regarding the Shares and Options on Company’s Shares: • On 1 June 2023, the Company raised £1,000,000 (before expenses) through the placing of 71,428,571 new ordinary shares of 0.25 pence each in the Company at a price of 1.4 pence per Placing Share. • On 26 May, the Company announced the appointment of Mr Vladimir (Vlad) Kusznirczuk as Marketing and Business Development Manager, to address business opportunities with large US and Canadian bitcoin miners and mining rigs manufacturers. Mr Kusznirczuk’s main focus is on developing strategic partnerships and joint ventures with large bitcoin mining businesses in the US and Canada and with bitcoin mining rig manufacturers in the US and China. As announced the Company issued him 2,000,000 Options as follows: - - 1,000,000 Options exercisable at 5 pence between 1 November 2023 and 25 May 2025; and 1,000,000 Options exercisable at 10 pence between 1 November 2023 and 25 May 2025. • On 31 May, the Company announced it issued additional 5,000,000 Options to existing members of the R&D team, with an exercise price of 10 pence and exercisable at any time before 25 May 2025. • Additionally, the Company amended the maturity of 12,500,000 Options exercisable at 5p and 5,000,000 Options exercisable at 10p (most of which had already expired) to 25 May 2025. Principal Risks and Uncertainties The Group's investments as at 31 December 2022 were all in unlisted entities. As a result, there is no readily available market for sale in order to arrive at a fair value. The valuation of each investment is appraised on a regular basis and requires a significant amount of judgment together with reviewing the cash flows and budgets of the investee company in order to arrive at a fair value. The Company received a liquidity injection during the year under analysis and during the first 6 months of 2023, but the Directors consider that the amount will be sufficient to meet operating expenditure over the next 12 months. This is covered further in the Going concern section of this report and Note 2 to the financial statements. As the Company focuses more on improving existing practices to accelerate bitcoin mining, risks arise in relation to the development of new solutions and products. These risks arise in regard to developing products to a marketable stage and eventually bringing to market. The risks are mitigated through the Board’s strong knowledge of the market and the finished product being a new, innovative addition to the industry. Key performance indicators (“KPIs”) The key performance indicators are set out below: Net asset value Closing share price Market capitalisation Assessment of business risk 31 December 2022 31 December 2021 Change % (€3,222,000) (€2,824,000) 14.09 1.125p 3.100p (63.71) €12,658,933 €34,840,404 (63.67) The Board regularly reviews operating and strategic risks. The Group's operating procedures include a system for reporting financial and non-financial information to the Board including: • • • • • reports from management with a review of the business at each Board meeting, focusing on any new decisions/risks arising; reports on the performance of investments; reports on selection criteria of new investments; discussion with senior personnel; and consideration of reports prepared by third parties. 11 | P a g e STRATEGIC REPORT (continued) Financial risk management Details of the Group's financial instruments and its policies with regard to financial risk management are contained in Note 20 to the financial statements. Results for the year and dividends The loss for the year was €5,026,000 (2021: loss of €5,396,000). Since the Group does not have any distributable reserves, the Directors are not recommending the payment of a dividend. Going concern The Group’s activities generated a loss of €5,026,000 (2021: €5,396,000) and had net current assets as at 31 December 2022 of €4,414,000 (2021: net current liabilities of €3,863,000). The Group’s operational existence is dependent on its ability to raise further funding either through an equity placing on AIM, or through other external sources, to support the on-going working capital requirements. After making due enquiries, the Directors have formed a judgement that there is a reasonable expectation that the Group can secure further adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future and that adequate arrangements will be in place to enable the settlement of their financial commitments, as and when they fall due. For this reason, the Directors continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the financial statements. Whilst there are inherent uncertainties in relation to future events, and therefore no certainty over the outcome of the matters described, the Directors consider that, based upon financial projections and dependant on the success of their efforts to complete these activities, the Group will be a going concern for the next twelve months. If it is not possible for the Directors to realise their plans, over which there is significant uncertainty, the carrying value of the assets of the Group is likely to be impaired. Notwithstanding the above, the Directors note the material uncertainty in relation to the Group being unable to realise its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business. By order of the Board. Francesco Gardin Director 29 June 2023 12 | P a g e DIRECTORS’ REPORT The Directors present their report together with the audited financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2022. Principal Activity The principal activities of the Group are the R&D programme and operating as investing company with a portfolio of in technology sectors. The main focus of management is to successfully run the R&D programme and release new products to the market. The management is also pursuing the monetisation of all of the Company’s Legacy Assets, through selected realisations, court-led recoveries of misappropriated assets and substantial debt- recovery processes. Activities in the field of research and development In the current year, the Company continued an intense in-house Research and Development programme in respect of advanced proprietary techniques for bitcoin mining, with the primary goal to encounter and exploit new important efficiencies of the mining process. Directors The present members of the Board of Directors together with brief biographies are shown on page 5. The Board comprised the following directors who served throughout the year and up to the date of this report save where disclosed otherwise beside their name: Francesco Gardin Reginald Eccles (deceased on 13 August 2022) Peter Fuhrman (appointed on 12 September 2022) Mark Trafeli (appointed on 25 November 2022) Qualifying third party indemnity provisions The Company has made qualifying third-party indemnity provisions for the benefit of its directors during the year. These provisions remain in force at the reporting date. Directors’ interests During the period, some Directors had a material interest in certain contracts of significance to the Company or any of its subsidiaries. No Director of the Company have any beneficial interests in the shares of its subsidiary companies. The interests of the directors who served at the end of the year in the share capital of the Company at 31 December 2022 and 31 December 2021 were as follows: Directors (0.25p ordinary shares) % (0.25p ordinary shares) 31 December 2022 Holding 31 December 2021 Francesco Gardin 29,284,149 2.94% 29,284,149 The above 29,284,149 Ordinary Shares do not include the 5,000,000 Ordinary Shares that are the subject of the Sale and Repurchase Agreement between Francesco Gardin and MC Strategies AG, as originally announced on 15 December 2021. The closing market price of the Quantum Blockchain Technologies Ordinary Shares at 31 December 2022 was 1.13p and the highest and lowest closing prices during the year were 2.95p and 0.02p respectively. 13 | P a g e DIRECTORS’ REPORT (continued) Remuneration Remuneration receivable by each Director during the year was as follows: Executive Directors Reginald Eccles Francesco Gardin Peter Fuhrman Mark Michael Trafeli Total 2022 Board fees 2022 Remuneration €’000 €’000 32 57 10 17 116 - - - - - 2022 Total €’000 32 57 10 17 116 2021 Total €’000 71 454 - - 525 None of the Directors had any pension entitlement. During the year, Metals Analysis Limited, a company in which R Eccles was a Director, charged Quantum Blockchain Technologies Plc €32,000 (2021: €66,000) for consultancy fees. The amount owed to Metals Analysis Limited at year end is €21,000 (2021: €3,000). Directors’ interests in share options and warrants Details of directors’ share options are as follows: At 1 January 2022 Granted Exercised At 31 December 2022 Exercise date Date from which exercisable Expiry date 100,000,000 100,000,000 5,000,000 Nil Nil Nil 205,000,000 Nil Nil Nil 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 7,500,000 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 100,000,000 100,000,000 5,000,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 212,500,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 06/05/2022 06/05/2023 01/12/2021 12/09/2022 12/09/2022 01/09/2022 06/05/2026 05/05/2026 01/12/2026 15/12/2024 15/12/2024 15/12/2024 Executive Directors Francesco Gardin Francesco Gardin Reginald Eccles* Peter Fuhrman Peter Fuhrman Mark Trafeli Total *Reginald Eccles’ share options are in the process of being transferred to his estate. 14 | P a g e DIRECTORS’ REPORT (continued) Significant shareholders As at 8th June, the parties who are directly or indirectly interested in 3 percent or more of the nominal value of the Company’s share capital are as follows: SHAREHOLDER Number of Ordinary Shares HARGREAVES LANSDOWN (NOMINEES) LIMITED INTERACTIVE INVESTOR SERVICES NOMINEES LIMITED HSDL NOMINEES LIMITED EUFINGEST SA BARCLAYS DIRECT INVESTING NOMINEES LIMITED LAWSHARE NOMINEES LIMITED LYNCHWOOD NOMINEES LIMITED AURORA NOMINEES LIMITED 300,225,768 138,618,491 133,958,215 86,279,102 59,120,173 48,398,509 44,346,640 34,296,677 % 28.1 13.0 12.5 8.1 5.5 4.5 4.1 3.2 Corporate Governance The Board of Directors is accountable to the Company’s Shareholders for ensuring good corporate governance and the Directors have agreed (on 27 September 2017) to report under the UK Quoted Companies Alliance ("QCA") Governance Code. QCA Code Recommendation Principle 1 Application by the Company Establish a strategy and business model which promote long-term value for shareholders • • • The board must be able to express a shared view of the company’s purpose, business model and strategy. It should go beyond the simple description of products and corporate structures and set out how the company intends to deliver shareholder value in the medium to long- term. It should demonstrate that the delivery of long-term growth is underpinned by a clear set of values aimed at protecting the company from unnecessary risk and securing its long-term future. Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc is an AIM listed investing company which has recently realigned its strategic focus to technology related investments, with special regard to Quantum computing, Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies and AI sectors. The Company has commenced an aggressive R&D and investment programme in the dynamic world of Blockchain Technology, which includes cryptocurrency mining and other advanced blockchain applications. A more detailed explanation of the Company’s strategy is set out in the preface of the Company’s Annual Reports and business updates released to the market which are available on the Company’s website in the Regulatory News Section. 15 | P a g e DIRECTORS’ REPORT (continued) Principle 2 Seek to understand and meet shareholder needs and expectations • Directors must develop a good understanding of the needs and expectations of all elements of the company’s shareholder base. • The board must manage shareholders’ expectations and should seek to understand the motivations behind shareholder voting decisions. The Company endeavours to maintain a dialogue and institutional shareholders keep both private and informed through its public announcements and its corporate website. Shareholders are sent Annual Reports and all shareholders receive a Notice of the Meeting and are encouraged to attend the Annual General Meeting. Members of the Board are in attendance at the Annual General Meeting and are available to meet shareholders formally after the meeting to discuss information that is available in the public domain. The Company will advise shareholders attending the AGM of the number of proxy votes lodged for and against each resolution after each resolution has been dealt with by a show of hands. In addition, shareholder communication may also be answered, where possible or appropriate, by the Company’s Financial PR advisor, Leander PR or the Company’s Nominated Advisor and Broker, SP Angel Corporate Finance LLP. Leander PR is responsible for the public relations of the Company, which includes assistance in the preparation of public announcements and liaison with the press. The Board is responsible for the Company’s public announcements to the market and where appropriate takes advice from the Company’s advisors in respect of their preparation and the Company’s regulatory requirements. The Board is responsible for the Company’s public announcements to the market and where appropriate takes advice from the Company’s advisors in respect of their preparation and the Company’s regulatory requirements. 16 | P a g e The Directors are aware of the impact the business activities have on the communities in which the Group's businesses operate and are very cognisant of the importance of stakeholders, including but not limited to shareholders, employees, advisors, business partners, regulators and the wider society. The Company holds formal and informal meetings, to identify both internal and external stakeholders’ needs, interests, and expectations. The Board, on a case-by-case basis, will take the decision to act on feedback from stakeholders. The Company does not have a policy on charity giving, given the current size of the Company, but the Board may from time to time decide to make charitable donations. The Company works closely with its advisors to ensure it meets its listing obligations as well as the social, legal, religious, and cultural requirements of the countries in which it operates. The Company is exposed to a variety of risks that result from its investing activities. A detailed explanation of the Board’s management of each risk is outlined in the Annual Reports. Internal controls are designed to manage rather than eliminate risk and therefore even the most effective system cannot provide assurance that each and every risk, present and future, has been addressed. is responsible The Board identification, assessment and management of such risks. In assessing the risks, the Board is assisted by the Company’s advisors. the for DIRECTORS’ REPORT (continued) Principle 3 Take into account wider stakeholder and social responsibilities and their implications for long- term success • Long-term success relies upon good relations with a range of different stakeholder groups both internal (workforce) and external (suppliers, customers, regulators and others). The board needs to identify the company’s stakeholders and understand their needs, interests and expectations. • Where matters that relate to the company’s impact on society, the communities within which it operates or the environment have the potential to affect the company’s ability to deliver shareholder value over the medium to long-term, then those matters must be integrated into the company’s strategy and business model. Feedback is an essential part of all control mechanisms. Systems need to be in place to solicit, consider and act on feedback from all stakeholder groups. • Principle 4 Embed effective risk management, considering both opportunities and threats, throughout the organisation • • The board needs to ensure that the company’s risk management framework identifies and addresses all relevant risks in order to execute and deliver strategy; companies need to consider their extended business, including the company’s supply chain, from key suppliers to end-customer. Setting strategy includes determining the extent of exposure to the identified risks that the company is able to bear and willing to take (risk tolerance and risk appetite). 17 | P a g e DIRECTORS’ REPORT (continued) Principle 5 Maintain the board as a well-functioning, balanced team led by the chair • • • • The board members have a collective responsibility and legal obligation to promote the interests of the company, and are collectively responsible for defining corporate governance arrangements. Ultimate responsibility for the quality of, and approach to, corporate governance lies with the chair of the board. The board (and any committees) should be provided with high quality information in a timely manner to facilitate proper assessment of the matters requiring a decision or insight. The board should have an appropriate balance between executive and non- executive directors and should have at least two independent non-executive directors. Independence is a board judgement. The board should be supported by committees (e.g. audit, remuneration, nomination) that have the necessary skills and knowledge to discharge their duties and responsibilities effectively. • Directors must commit the time necessary to fulfil their roles. 18 | P a g e Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc’s Board of Directors is comprised of Prof Francesco Gardin as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). Mr Peter Fuhrman and Mr Mark Trafeli are the independent Non- executive Directors of the Company, while Mr James Douglas Gordon acts as Company Secretary. Directors allocate sufficient time to the Company to discharge their duties. Ultimate responsibility for the quality of, and approach to, corporate governance lies with the Chair of the Board. The Board is aware that the QCA Corporate Governance Code advises that, save in exceptional circumstances, the Chairman should not also fulfil the role of Executive Director. Given the current size and stage of the Company, alongside Prof Gardin’s knowledge of past and present complex legal matters impacting on the Company, the Board believes that this combined role is currently appropriate. This, however, will be kept under review as the Company develops. The shareholders are aware of these circumstances and have not opposed the re-election of the Board at the Annual General Meetings. In addition, there is a regular dialogue between the Directors and the Company Secretary to ensure every decision is correctly assessed and properly balanced. The Board is also supported by a number of committees including the Audit Committee and the Remuneration Committee. The Audit Committee is composed of Mr Paul Howarth (external independent Chairman of the Committee) and Mr Peter Fuhrman (independent non-executive director). The Remuneration Committee is composed of Mr Paul independent Chairman of the Howarth Committee) and Mr Peter Fuhrman (independent non- executive director). (external company, Quantum Additionally, as a holding Blockchain Technologies is supported by the Boards and independent Directors operating of companies. individual DIRECTORS’ REPORT (continued) Principle 6 Ensure that between them the directors have the necessary up-to-date experience, skills and capabilities Biographies and expertise of the Directors are available on the Company’s website (in the Board of Directors section) and within the Annual Report. • • The board must have an appropriate balance of sector, financial and public markets skills and experience, as well as an appropriate balance of personal qualities and capabilities. The board should understand and challenge its own diversity, including gender balance, as part of its composition. The board should not be dominated by one person or a group of people. Strong personal bonds can be important but can also divide a board. • As companies evolve, the mix of skills and experience required on the board will change, and board composition will need to evolve to reflect this change. For matters relating to the Company Law, the Company depends upon the legal expertise of its legal advisers. Where there are issues that exceed the expertise of the Directors, the Company utilises external advisors. The Company has engaged several law firms, in Italy and in the UK, to advise in respect of the legal matters related to the claims the Company has pursued since the appointment of the current Chairman in July 2015. The Directors’ background and experience guarantee they can maintain their skillset up-to-date. Prof Francesco Gardin has maintained close connections with his former colleagues at Udine, Milan and Siena Universities, where he lectured for 30 years, regularly attends global technology and technology-related conferences and is part of a network of advisors, CEOs and CFOs, of quoted and unquoted companies around the world, he meets regularly. Prior to his passing in August 2022, Mr Reginald Eccles was a long-standing member of the Institute of Directors, through which he maintained access to outstanding advice and information. He was also a Freeman of a City Livery Company and a Freeman of the City of London, in which roles he continuously met with entrepreneurs and businessmen. Mr Fuhrman has over twenty years of experience and expertise working as an investor and strategic partner in the global semiconductor industry, in Europe, the USA and for the last +10 years in China. He has a large and diverse set of senior-level contacts in the high-technology industry. Mr Trafeli remains a practising solicitor and not only draws upon his decades of experience working in highly regulated markets, but also his work as a litigator. He maintains worldwide global network of current and former colleagues. 19 | P a g e The Board considers the evaluation process is best carried out internally given the Company’s current size, However, the Board will keep this under review and may consider independent external evaluation reviews in due course as the Company grows. The Independent Non-Executive Director Mr Fuhrman is a member of the Remuneration Committee, which is responsible for assessing and for evaluating the effectiveness of the Executive Director (including determination of any annual bonus) by reference to the performance of the Company. This review takes place every six months. The Company does not consider it necessary at the current time to have a Nominations Committee and the Board as a whole is responsible for Board and senior management nominations. The merits of constituting a separate Nominations Committee will be kept under review. The Board continues to monitor and evolves the Company’s corporate governance structures and processes, and maintains that these will evolve over time, in line with the Company’s growth and development. The Board meets periodically and is regularly updated by the Executive Director. The Board approved a succession plan, with the appointment of new key figures in the Company. The Board recognises that a corporate culture based on sound ethical values and behaviours is an asset and provides competitive advantages. The Company operates in different sectors and markets and is mindful that respect of individual cultures is critical to corporate success. The Company endeavours to conduct its business in an ethical, professional and responsible manner, treating its employees, business partners and wider stakeholders with equal courtesy and respect at all times. DIRECTORS’ REPORT (continued) Principle 7 Evaluate board performance based on clear and relevant continuous improvement objectives, seeking • • The board should regularly review the effectiveness of its performance as a unit, as well as that of its committees and the individual directors. The board performance review may be carried out internally or, ideally, externally facilitated from time to time. The review should identify development or mentoring needs of individual directors or the wider senior management team. It is healthy for membership of the board to be periodically refreshed. Succession planning is a vital task for boards. No member of the board should become indispensable. Principle 8 Promote a corporate culture that is based on ethical values and behaviours • • • The board should embody and promote a corporate culture that is based on sound ethical values and behaviours and use it as an asset and a source of competitive advantage. The policy set by the board should be visible in the actions and decisions of the chief executive and the rest of the management team. Corporate values should guide the objectives and strategy of the company. The culture should be visible in every aspect of the business, including recruitment, nominations, training and engagement. The performance and reward system should endorse the desired ethical behaviours across all levels of the company. 20 | P a g e DIRECTORS’ REPORT (continued) Principle 8 (continued) • The corporate culture should be recognisable throughout the disclosures in the annual report, website and any other statements issued by the company. Principle 9 Maintain governance structures and processes that are fit for purpose and support good decision-making by the board • The company should maintain governance structures and processes in line with its corporate culture and appropriate to its: size and complexity; and capacity, appetite and tolerance for risk. o o The governance structures should evolve over time in parallel with its objectives, strategy and business model to reflect the development of the company. 21 | P a g e The Board is responsible for maintaining the corporate governance structure that is appropriate to its corporate culture and business growth. In maintaining the governance structure, the Board works closely with its Nominated Advisor. The Executive Director is responsible for running the business and implementing the decisions and policies of the Board. The Board is also responsible for ensuring the Company’s communication with shareholders is timely, informative and accurate with due regard to regulatory requirements. The Non-Executive Directors were appointed not only to provide independent oversight and constructive challenge to the Executive Director but also chosen to provide strategic advice and guidance that draws upon their diverse professional backgrounds. The Board is supported by the Audit Committee, and the Remuneration Committee. is The Audit Committee meets twice a year and responsible for dealing with accounting matters, ensuring the independence of the external auditors, financial reporting and internal controls. The committee comprises Mr Paul Howarth (external independent Chairman of the Committee) and the Non-executive Director Mr Fuhrman. The Remuneration Committee, chaired by Mr Paul Howarth and comprising the Non- executive Director Mr Furhman, is responsible for the approval of the remuneration for the executive Director. The Committee meets twice a year. In determining the total remuneration (including bonuses, if any) of the Committee’s chairman and, Mr Fuhrman may consult advisors. The Executive Director also consults the Non- Executive Directors with respect to overall staff remuneration. DIRECTORS’ REPORT (continued) Principle 10 Communicate how the company is governed and is performing by maintaining a dialogue with shareholders and other relevant stakeholders • A healthy dialogue should exist between the board and all of its stakeholders, including shareholders, to enable all interested parties to come to informed decisions about the company. In particular, appropriate communication and reporting structures should exist between the board and all constituent parts of its shareholder base. This will assist: • o o the communication of shareholders’ views to the board; and the shareholders’ understanding of the unique circumstances and constraints faced by the company. It should be clear where these communication practices are described (annual report or website). The Chairman is responsible for maintaining a dialogue with shareholders and the financial markets, including the financial press. The Company communicates with shareholders through the Annual Report and half-year accounts, announcements to the stock market, and at its Annual General Meeting. The AIM Rule 26 section of the Company’s website provides all required regulatory information as well as additional information shareholders may find helpful. Historical Company announcements, annual reports and circulars of Annual General Meeting are available on the Company’s website in the Annual Report and Circulars and Regulatory News section. Results of shareholder meetings will be publicly announced through the regulatory notifications system and displayed on the Company’s website with suitable explanations of any actions undertaken as a result of any significant votes against resolutions. Information on the work of the various Board Committees and other relevant information are included in the Company’s Annual Report. 22 | P a g e DIRECTORS’ REPORT (continued) Statement of Directors' Responsibilities The Directors are responsible for preparing the Annual Report and Financial Statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations. Company law requires the Directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the Directors have elected to prepare the Group and Parent Company’s financial statements in accordance with International Accounting Standards as adopted in the United Kingdom ("UK adopted IFRS"). Under Company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Group and the Company and of the profit or loss of the Group for that period. The Directors are also required to prepare financial statements in accordance with the AIM rules of the London Stock Exchange. In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to: select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently; • • make judgments and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent; • state whether applicable UK adopted IFRS has been followed, subject to any material departures disclosed and explained in the financial statements; and prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Group will continue in business. • The Directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the Group’s transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Group and Company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the Group and Company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities. The Directors are responsible for the maintenance and integrity of the corporate and financial information included on the Group's website. Legislation in the United Kingdom governing the preparation and dissemination of financial statements may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions. The Group is compliant with AIM Rule 26 regarding the Group’s website. Disclosure of information to auditor In the case of each person who was a director at the time this report was approved: • • so far as that director is aware there is no relevant audit information of which the Group’s auditor is unaware; and that director has taken all steps that the director ought to have taken as a director to make himself aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the Group’s auditor is aware of that information. Independent auditor MHA, having expressed their willingness to continue in office, will be deemed reappointed for the next financial year in accordance with section 487(2) of the Companies Act 2006 unless the Company receives notice under section 488(1) of the Companies Act 2006. By order of the Board Francesco Gardin Chairman 29 June 2023 23 | P a g e Independent auditor’s report to the members of Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc For the purpose of this report, the terms “we” and “our” denote MHA in relation to UK legal, professional and regulatory responsibilities and reporting obligations to the members of Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc. For the purposes of the table on page 27 that sets out the key audit matter and how our audit addressed the key audit matter, the terms “we” and “our” refer to MHA. The Group financial statements, as defined below, consolidate the accounts of Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc and its subsidiaries (the “Group”). The “Parent Company” is defined as Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc, as an individual entity. The relevant legislation governing the Company is the United Kingdom Companies Act 2006 (“Companies Act 2006”). Qualified Opinion We have audited the financial statements of Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc for the year ended 31 December 2022. The financial statements that we have audited comprise: • • • • • • • the Group income statement and statement of comprehensive income; the Group statement of financial position; the Parent Company statement of financial position; the Group statement of changes in equity; the Parent Company statement of changes in equity; the Group and Parent Company statement of cash flows; and the related Group and Parent Company Notes 1 to 28. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in the preparation of the Group and Company financial statements is applicable law and UK adopted international accounting standards. In our opinion, except for the effects of the matter described in the Basis of qualified opinion section, the financial statements: • give a true and fair view of the state of the Group’s and of the Parent Company’s affairs as at 31 December 2022 and of the Group’s loss for the year then ended; • have been properly prepared in accordance with UK adopted international accounting standards; and • have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006. Basis for qualified opinion Investment in GeoSim Systems Ltd The investment disclosed in note 15 in relation to GeoSim Systems Ltd for an amount of €622,000 has been accounted for at fair value by the Directors. The measurement of fair value by the directors is based on the share price of another share placement of the investee that took place 42 months before the year end. In our opinion the valuation technique used by the directors does not provide a reliable measurement of the fair value of the investment in GeoSim Systems Ltd at the reporting date. As the investee is a company that is still in the course of establishing itself, an income approach, in isolation or combined with a cost approach, could have been used to estimate the fair value of the investment in accordance with IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement. We were unable, via our audit procedures, to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence about the carrying amount of the investment in GeoSim Systems Ltd and, consequently we were unable to determine whether any adjustment to that amount was necessary. 24 | P a g e We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements section of our report. We are independent of the Group in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard as applied to listed entities, and we have fulfilled our ethical responsibilities in accordance with those requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our qualified opinion. Material uncertainty related to going concern We draw your attention to note 2 in the financial statements which states that the Group and Parent Company incurred substantial losses during the year and that the Group and Parent Company’s operational existence is still dependent on the ability to raise further funding either through an equity placing, or through other external sources of finance. The impact of this together with other matters set out in the note, indicate that a material uncertainty exists that may cast significant doubt on the group’s ability to continue as a going concern. Our opinion is not modified in respect of this matter. In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the Directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate. Our evaluation of the Directors’ assessment of the Group and Parent Company’s ability to continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting included: • The consideration of inherent risks to the Company’s operations and specifically its business model. • The evaluation of how those risks might impact on the Company’s available financial resources. • Where additional resources may be required the reasonableness and practicality of the assumptions made by the Directors when assessing the probability and likelihood of those resources becoming available. Liquidity considerations including examination of cash flow projections. • • Solvency considerations including examination of budgets and forecasts and their basis of preparation, including review and assessment of the model’s mechanical accuracy and the reasonableness of assumptions included within. • Consideration of availability of funds required to settle funding facilities due for repayment during the going concern review period. Assessing the reasonableness and practicality of the mitigation measures identified by management in their conservative case scenario and considered by them in arriving at their conclusions about the existence of any uncertainties in respect of going concern. Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report. 25 | P a g e Overview of our audit approach Scope Our audit was scoped by obtaining an understanding of the Group, including the Parent Company, and its environment, including the Group’s system of internal control, and assessing the risks of material misstatement in the financial statements. We also addressed the risk of management override of internal controls, including assessing whether there was evidence of bias by the directors that may have represented a risk of material misstatement. Materiality 2022 2021 Group €96,000 €96,500 Parent Company €86,400 €87,000 1.04% of total liabilities (2021: 0.98% of total liabilities). 1% of total liabilities, but capped at 90% of Group materiality total liabilities). (2021: 1% of Key audit matters Recurring • Classification and valuation of bonds • Contingencies and existence of litigation and claims • Accuracy of accounting for Group entities • Employment tax liabilities Key Audit Matters In addition to the matters described in the Basis for qualified opinion section, we have determined the matters described below to be Key Audit Matters to be communicated in our report. Key Audit Matters are those matters that, in our professional judgement, were of most significance in our audit of the financial statements of the current year and include the most significant assessed risks of material misstatement (whether or not due to fraud) that we identified. These matters included those matters which had the greatest effect on: the overall audit strategy; the allocation of resources in the audit; and directing the efforts of the engagement team. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. 26 | P a g e Classification and valuation of Bonds Key audit matter description The Group has historic external financing arrangements, including bonds and loans, that have share conversion options. These arrangements are regarded as hybrid financial instruments, that comprise a financial liability host contract and conversion option that is an embedded derivative. The accounting classification and valuation of these external financial arrangements is a significant judgement area, which also includes whether the conversion option should have been separated from the financial liability host instruments and accounted for at fair value through profit or loss as a derivative. How the scope of our audit responded to the key audit matter Our work over the classification and valuation of bonds included, but was not limited to: • We obtained a detailed understanding and background regarding the bonds and loans in place at the start of the year; during the year; and held as at the year-end via the review of the contracts that underpin the instruments. Subsequently, we verified the appropriateness of the respective accounting treatment adopted. • We engaged a valuation expert to undertake audit procedures over issued the accounting valuation of the instructions regarding the scope of the work to be completed. instruments and • We tested and formed an opinion on the appropriateness of management inputs into the valuation calculations. • We reviewed the market interest rate for the new bond in 2021 and 2022 and the Black Scholes model inputs for the conversion option of one of the convertible bonds that is separately accounted as a derivative. • We also verified the accuracy of the retrospective restatement relating to the treatment of the historic external financing arrangements. Based on our audit work detailed above, we confirm that we have nothing material to report, and or draw attention to in respect of these matters. Key communicated Group’s Audit Committee observations the to 27 | P a g e Contingencies and existence of litigation and claims Key audit matter description The Group is actively engaged in ongoing litigation and claims to recover receivables advanced and investments made, as well as contingent damages for breach of contract, where the Group expects significant future economic benefits. The Group is required to assess the initial and subsequent measurement of the recoverability of receivables and investments and the other proceeds of its claims in view of the requirements of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Some of the claims are yet to be concluded in the courts and require significant judgement from management as to the total amount receivable. The risk exists that the outcome of these claims are not assessed appropriately and that rights and obligations do not exist to the extent that the corresponding assets are recognised. How the scope of our audit responded to the key audit matter Our work over contingencies and existence of litigation and claims included, but was not limited to: • We reviewed the significant judgements adopted by management in respect of assets subject to litigation and claims and assessed its consistency with the requirements of IFRS 9 and IAS 37. • We reviewed and discussed each claim with management and understood their basis for the treatment of each claim. • We tested managements calculations as to the value of any claim amount and tested the key inputs to confirmations from external legal advisers and versus similar historical claims where the Group has been successful. • We considered the presentation and measurement of the assets under litigation. • We assessed whether the appropriate disclosures regarding the nature of the claims have been adequately disclosed in the financial statements. We concluded that the assets arising from litigation claims were only recognised when their recovery was virtually certain and the assets could be reliably measured. Key communicated Group’s Audit Committee observations the to 28 | P a g e Accuracy of accounting for Group entities Key audit matter description Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc is required to prepare consolidated financial statements that include the entities that it controls in accordance with the requirements of IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements. There is a risk that entities have been omitted from the Groups consolidated accounts and therefore have been accounted for incorrectly. If 'control' exists over an entity, in accordance with the definition in IFRS 10, and this has not been consolidated, the Group accounts may be materially misstated. The Group has shareholdings in several dormant, inactive, liquidated and in-liquidation entities that might need to be consolidated into the Group financial statements. In particular, the Group has not consolidated the subsidiary Alnitak S.A and Mediapolis Investment S.A. as the directors consider their inclusion to be immaterial to the consolidated financial statements. How the scope of our audit responded to the key audit matter Our work over the accuracy of accounting for Group entities included, but was not limited to: • Assessment of each investment held by the Group in other entities against the definition of control set out in IFRS 10. • We sought to establish whether the investment resulted in control of the entity by reviewing relevant internal and third-party documentation about the various entities and by enquiries of the Group’s management and advisers. • We also obtained the latest available financial information for all the investments and assessed the conclusions of the Directors about the inclusion of the various entities set out in Note 15. • We obtained from management their updated assessment of the non-consolidation of the Alnitak S.A. • We challenged management as to any further information obtained during 2022 or post year end that supported their conclusions. • Management provided legal representation that Alnitak S.A has no outstanding liabilities, which would not be settled by its assets, and confirmed that post year end formal liquidation procedures have begun. • Management provided legal representation that Mediapolis Investment S.A had no material outstanding liabilities, which would not be settled by its assets, and confirmed that post year end formal liquidation procedures have begun. 29 | P a g e Key communicated Group’s Audit Committee observations the to We concluded that the entities meeting the definition of control by the Group were consolidated in accordance with IFRS 10, with the exception of: • Alnitak S.A; • Mediapolis Investment S.A. In terms of these two entities, the evidence provided on the post year end liquidation was consistent with management’s assessment that the non- consolidation of the subsidiary on the grounds of it being immaterial was appropriate. Employment tax liabilities Key audit matter description The business assesses and categorises all tax risks between remote, possible and probable, with possible risks being disclosed as contingent liabilities and probable risks being provided for in the financial statements. During the period under review, the most material tax risk relates to employment taxes not being deducted between 2015 and 2022 on consultancy payments to Directors. We note that the Group has made a provision for the potential underpayment of employer’s pay as you earn and national insurance which totals €210,000. • We engaged our internal employment tax specialist to review the calculations prepared by management to ensure that these had taken into consideration all available and relevant information. • We ensured that the calculations prepared by management were materially accurate mathematically. • We obtained a confirmation from the director’s tax adviser to confirm key assumptions used in management’s calculation. We are comfortable that the provision included in the Group financial statements is materially accurate based on the information available to management. How the scope of our audit responded to the key audit matter Key communicated Group’s Audit Committee observations the to 30 | P a g e Our application of materiality Our definition of materiality considers the value of error or omission on the financial statements that, individually or in aggregate, would change or influence the economic decision of a reasonably knowledgeable user of those financial statements. Misstatements below these levels will not necessarily be evaluated as immaterial as we also take account of the nature of identified misstatements, and the particular circumstances of their occurrence, when evaluating their effect on the financial statements as a whole. Materiality is used in planning the scope of our work, executing that work and evaluating the results. Overall materiality How we determined it Rationale for the benchmark applied Group financial statements Parent Company financial statements €96,000 (2021: €96,500) €86,400 (2021: €87,000) 1.04% of total liabilities (2021: 0.98%) 1% of total liabilities, capped at 90% of Group materiality (2021: 1%) We consider total liabilities to be the for most appropriate benchmark materiality given that the company is largely associated with raising finance and for operating investment then creates a purposes which corresponding liability, both in terms of bonds and loans raised. The Parent Company constitutes the majority of the Group’s operations and holds the external debt. Therefore, in line with Group materiality, the most appropriate benchmark is total liabilities as this is the most important area to the users of the financial statements. Performance materiality is the application of materiality at the individual account or balance level, set at an amount to reduce, to an appropriately low level, the probability that the aggregate of uncorrected and undetected misstatements exceeds materiality for the financial statements as a whole. Performance materiality for the Group was set at €57,600 (2021: €57,900) and at €51,800 (2021: €52,200) for the Parent Company which represents 60% (2021: 60%) of the above materiality levels. The determination of performance materiality reflects our assessment of the risk of undetected errors existing, the nature of the systems and controls and the level of misstatements arising in previous audits. We agreed to report any corrected or uncorrected adjustments exceeding €4,800 (2021: €4,825) and €4,320 (€4,350) in respect of the Group and Parent Company respectively to the Audit Committee as well as differences below this threshold that in our view warranted reporting on qualitative grounds. 31 | P a g e Overview of the scope of the Group and Parent Company audits Our assessment of audit risk, evaluation of materiality and our determination of performance materiality sets our audit scope for each company within the Group. Taken together, this enables us to form an opinion on the consolidated financial statements. This assessment takes into account the size, risk profile, organisation / distribution and effectiveness of group-wide controls, changes in the business environment and other factors such as recent internal audit results when assessing the level of work to be performed at each component. In assessing the risk of material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements, and to ensure we had adequate quantitative and qualitative coverage of significant accounts in the consolidated financial statements we identified all 4 UK and Italian components as representing the principal business units within the Group. Full scope audits - Of the 4 components selected, audits of the complete financial information of Quantum Blockchain Technologies Plc, Clear Leisure 2017 Limited and Brainspark Associates were undertaken, these entities were selected based upon their size or risk characteristics. Specified procedures - The final reporting component, QBT R&D Srl, was not considered to be a significant component of the group and thus specified procedures on all balances in excess of component materiality were undertaken. The control environment We evaluated the design and implementation of those internal controls of the Group, including the Parent Company, which are relevant to our audit, such as those relating to the financial reporting cycle. We also tested operating effectiveness, but did not place reliance on this work. Reporting on other information The other information comprises the information included in the annual report other than the financial statements and our auditor’s report thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information contained within the annual report. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. As described in the Basis for qualified opinion section of our report, our audit opinion is qualified for insufficient audit evidence in respect of the fair value of the investment in GeoSim Systems Ltd. Strategic report and directors report Except for the matter described in the Basis for qualified opinion section of our report, in our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of the audit: • • the information given in the strategic report and the directors’ report for the financial period for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and the strategic report and the directors’ report have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements. In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the Group and the Parent Company and their environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the strategic report or the directors’ report. 32 | P a g e Matters on which we are required to report by exception Except for the matter described in the Basis for qualified opinion section of our report, we have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion: • adequate accounting records have not been kept by the parent company, or returns adequate for • our audit have not been received by branches not visited by us; or the parent company financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or • certain disclosures of directors’ remuneration specified by law are not made; or • we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.; Responsibilities of directors As explained more fully in the directors’ responsibilities statement, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the Group’s and the Parent Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the Group or Parent Company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so. Auditor responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements. A further description of our responsibilities for the financial statements is located on the FRC’s website at: www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities . This description forms part of our auditor’s report. Extent to which the audit was considered capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. These audit procedures were designed to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements were free from fraud or error. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement due to fraud is higher than the risk of not detecting one resulting from error and detecting irregularities that result from fraud is inherently more difficult than detecting those that result from error, as fraud may involve collusion, deliberate concealment, forgery or intentional misrepresentations. Also, the further removed non- compliance with laws and regulations is from events and transactions reflected in the financial statements, the less likely we would become aware of it. 33 | P a g e Identifying and assessing potential risks arising from irregularities, including fraud The extent of the procedures undertaken to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement in respect of irregularities, including fraud, included the following: • We considered the nature of the industry and sector the control environment, business performance including remuneration policies and the Group’s, including the Parent Company’s, own risk assessment that irregularities might occur as a result of fraud or error. From our sector experience and through discussion with the directors, we obtained an understanding of the legal and regulatory frameworks applicable to the Group focusing on laws and regulations that could reasonably be expected to have a direct material effect on the financial statements, such as provisions of the Companies Act 2006, listing rules and tax legislation. • We enquired of the directors and management concerning the Group’s and the Parent Company’s policies and procedures relating to: - - - identifying, evaluating and complying with the laws and regulations and whether they were aware of any instances of non-compliance; detecting and responding to the risks of fraud and whether they had any knowledge of actual or suspected fraud; and the internal controls established to mitigate risks related to fraud or non-compliance with laws and regulations. • We assessed the susceptibility of the financial statements to material misstatement, including how fraud might occur by evaluating management’s incentives and opportunities for manipulation of the financial statements. This included utilising the spectrum of inherent risk and an evaluation of the risk of management override of controls. We determined that the principal risks were related to posting inappropriate journal entries to increase revenue or reduce costs, creating fictitious transactions to improve financial performance, and management bias in accounting estimates particularly in determining the valuation of investments in unquoted companies. Audit response to risks identified In respect of the above procedures: • we corroborated the results of our enquiries through our review of the minutes of the Group’s and the Parent Company’s audit committee meetings; • audit procedures performed by the engagement team in connection with the risks identified included: - reviewing financial statement disclosures and testing to supporting documentation to assess compliance with applicable laws and regulations expected to have a direct impact on the financial statements. testing journal entries, including those processed late for financial statements preparation, those posted by infrequent or unexpected users, those posted to unusual account combinations; evaluating the business rationale of significant transactions outside the normal course of business, and reviewing accounting estimates for bias; enquiry of management around actual and potential litigation and claims. challenging the assumptions and judgements made by management in its significant accounting estimates, in particular those relating to the valuation of investments in unquoted companies as reported in the key audit matter section of our report; and obtaining confirmations from third parties to confirm existence of a sample of transactions and balances. - - - - - • the Senior Statutory Auditor considered the experience and expertise of the engagement team to ensure that the team had the appropriate competence and capabilities; and • we communicated relevant laws and regulations and potential fraud risks to all engagement team members, including experts, and remained alert to any indications of fraud or non- compliance with laws and regulations throughout the audit. 34 | P a g e Use of our report This report is made solely to the Parent Company’s members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the Parent Company’s members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor’s report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Parent Company and the Parent Company’s members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed. Andrew Moyser FCA FCCA (Senior Statutory Auditor) for and on behalf of MHA, Statutory Auditor London, United Kingdom 29 June 2023 MHA is the trading name of MacIntyre Hudson LLP, a limited liability partnership in England and Wales (registered number OC312313) 35 | P a g e GROUP STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 Revenue Administrative expenses Other income Operating loss Share of loss from equity-accounted associates Finance costs Loss before tax Tax Loss for the year TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE LOSS FOR THE YEAR Earnings per share: Basic loss per share (cents) Diluted loss per share (cents) Note 7 8 9 12 13 13 There was no other comprehensive income during the year. The accounting policies and notes form an integral part of these financial statements. 2022 €’000 2021 €’000 - - 9 9 (4,547) - (4,985) 6 (4,547) (4,970) (69) (636) (33) (446) (5,252) (5,449) 226 53 (5,026) (5,396) (5,026) (5,396) €0.508 €0.621 €0.312 €0.354 36 | P a g e GROUP AND COMPANY STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2022 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss Investments held at cost Investments in equity-accounted associates Total non-current assets Current assets Trade and other receivables Cash and cash equivalents Total current assets Total assets Current liabilities Trade and other payables Borrowings Derivative financial instruments Provisions Total current liabilities Notes Group 2022 Group 2021 Company 2022 Company 2021 €’000 €’000 €’000 €’000 14 15 8 16 17 18 19 20 21 226 677 - 60 963 4,626 463 5,089 164 664 - 211 1,039 4,905 1,039 5,944 - 115 10 - 125 - 288 10 - 298 1,056 449 1,505 665 1,035 1700 6,052 6,983 1,630 1,998 (465) - - (210) (675) (329) (8,365) (1,113) - (9,807) (577) - - (210) (787) (354) (8,365) (1,113) - (9,832) Net current (liabilities)/assets 4,414 (3,863) 718 (8,132) Total assets less current liabilities 5,377 (2,824) 843 (7,834) Non-current liabilities Borrowings Derivative financial instruments Total non-current liabilities Total liabilities Net liabilities Equity Share capital Share premium account Other reserves Retained losses 19 20 22 22 24 (8,131) (468) (8,599) - - - (8,131) (468) (8,599) - - - (9,274) (9,807) (9,386) (9,832) (3,222) (2,824) (7,756) (7,834) 8,378 50,541 13,812 (75,953) 8,221 49,442 11,409 (71,896) 8,378 50,541 5,487 (72,162) 8,221 49,442 3,084 (68,581) Total equity (3,222) (2,824) (7,756) (7,834) 37 | P a g e GROUP AND COMPANY STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) An income statement for the parent company is not presented in accordance with the exemption allowed by S408 of the Companies Act 2006. The parent company’s comprehensive loss for the financial year amounted to €4,550,000 (2021: loss of €5,517,000). The financial statements were approved by the board of directors and authorised for issue on 29 June 2023, on its behalf by: Francesco Gardin Director Company Number 03926192 The accounting policies and notes form part of these financial statements. 38 | P a g e GROUP STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 Group At 1 January 2021 Total present loss and comprehensive loss for the year Grants of warrants Exercise of warrants Issue of shares Grant of share options At 31 December 2021 Total comprehensive loss for the year Exercise of warrants Grant of share options Modification of bond At 31 December 2022 Share capital €’000 7,397 Share premium account €’000 47,124 Other reserves Retained losses Total equity €’000 8,787 €’000 €’000 (65,531) (2,223) - - 119 705 - - - 831 1,487 - 8,221 49,442 - - 157 1,099 - - - - - - - - 2,622 11,409 - - 1,854 549 (5,396) (5,396) 1,447 1,447 (2,416) (1,466) - - 2,192 2,622 (71,896) (2,824) (5,026) (5,026) 969 2,225 - - 1,854 549 8,378 50,541 13,812 (75,953) (3,222) The following describes the nature and purpose of each reserve: Share capital Share premium Retained losses Other reserves Merger reserve Loan note equity reserve Share option reserve represents the nominal value of equity shares. amount subscribed for share capital in excess of the nominal value. cumulative net gains and losses less distributions made and items of other comprehensive income not accumulated in another separate reserve. Included within retained losses are movements relating to the grant, exercise, and fair value movement of the warrants issued during the year. consist of three reserves, as detailed in Note 24, see below: relates to the difference in consideration and nominal value of shares issued during a merger and the fair value of assets transferred in an acquisition of 90% or more of the share capital of another entity. relates to the equity portion of the convertible loan notes. fair value of the employee and key personnel equity settled share option scheme as accrued at the reporting date. The accounting policies and notes form part of these financial statements. 39 | P a g e COMPANY STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 Company At 1 January 2021 Total present loss and comprehensive loss for the year Grant of warrants Exercise of warrants Issue of shares Grant of share options At 31 December 2021 Total comprehensive loss for the year Share capital €’000 7,397 Share premium account €’000 47,124 - - 119 705 - - - 831 1,487 - 8,221 49,442 - - Exercise of warrants 157 1,099 Grant of share options Modification of bond - - - - Other reserves Retained losses Total €’000 462 €’000 (62,095) €’000 (7,112) - - - - 2,622 3,084 - - 1,854 549 (5,517) (5,517) 1,447 1,447 (2,416) (1,466) - - (68,581) (4,550) 969 - - 2,192 2,622 (7,834) (4,550) 2,225 1,854 549 At 31 December 2022 8,378 50,541 5,487 (72,162) (7,756) The following describes the nature and purpose of each reserve: Share capital Share premium Retained losses represents the nominal value of equity shares. amount subscribed for share capital in excess of the nominal value. cumulative net gains and losses less distributions made and items of other comprehensive income not accumulated in another separate reserve. Included within retained losses are movements relating to the grant, exercise, and fair value movement of the warrants issued during the year. Other reserves Loan note equity reserve Share option reserve consist of two reserves, as detailed in Note 24, see below: relates to the equity portion of the convertible loan notes. fair value of the employee and key personnel equity settled share option scheme as accrued at the reporting date. The accounting policies and notes form part of these financial statements. 40 | P a g e GROUP AND COMPANY STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 Note Group 2022 €’000 Group 2021 €’000 Company 2022 €’000 Company 2021 €’000 15 8 15 9 14 16 18 15 14 Cash used in operations Loss before tax Impairment of investments Share of post-tax losses of equity accounted associates Non cash foreign exchange movements Finance charges Depreciation expense Decrease /(increase) in receivables (Decrease) /increase in payables Impairment of intercompany receivables Loss /(gain) on derivatives Share based payments Net cash outflow from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of investments Purchase of property, plant and equipment Net cash outflow from investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from capital issue Proceeds from exercise of warrants Net cash (outflow)/inflow from financing activities Net (decrease) /increase in cash for the year Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year (5,252) (5,449) (4,753) (5,570) 154 69 (35) 637 49 474 346 33 - 167 33 (41) 305 - 340 (5) - 143 154 69 - 635 - (196) 433 12 - 200 - - 305 - 230 27 - 143 1,854 (1,671) 2,694 (1,813) 1,854 (1,792) 2,694 (1,971) (50) (111) (161) - 1,256 1,256 (54) (164) (218) 1,951 1,119 3,070 (50) - (50) (64) - (64) - 1,256 1,256 1,951 1,119 3,070 (576) 1,039 (586) 1,035 1,039 - 1,035 - Cash and cash equivalents at end of year 17 463 1,039 449 1,035 The accounting policies and notes form part of these financial statements. 41 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 1. General Information Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc is a company incorporated in the United Kingdom under the Companies Act 2006. The Company’s ordinary shares are traded on AIM of the London Stock Exchange. The address of the registered office is given on the Company Information page. The nature of the Group’s operations and its principal activities are set out in the Directors’ report on page 13. 2. Accounting policies The principal accounting policies are summarised below. They have all been applied consistently throughout the period covered by these consolidated financial statements. Basis of preparation The consolidated Financial Statements of Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc have been prepared in accordance with United Kingdom adopted International Financial Reporting Standards ("UK adopted IFRS") and the parts of Companies Act 2006 applicable to companies reporting under IFRS. The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention as modified by the revaluation of assets and liabilities held at fair value. The preparation of Financial Statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated Financial Statements are disclosed in Note 3. The Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in Euros (€), the functional and presentation of the entity rounded to the nearest €’000. The Group has adopted the amendments to IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment (issued in May 2020) in the current year. This has not had a material impact on the Group financial statements. The Group has adopted the amendments to IAS 16 IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (issued in May 2020) in the current year. This has not had a material impact on the Group financial statements. Going Concern The Group’s activities generated a loss of €5,026,000 (2021: loss of €5,396,000) and had net current assets of €4,414,000 as at 31 December 2022 (2021: net current liabilities of €3,863,000). The Group’s operational existence is still dependent on the ability to raise further funding either through an equity placing on AIM, or through other external sources, to support the on-going working capital requirements. After making due enquiries, the Directors have formed a judgement that there is a reasonable expectation that the Group can secure further adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future and that adequate arrangements will be in place to enable the settlement of their financial commitments, as and when they fall due. For this reason, the Directors continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the financial statements. Whilst there are inherent uncertainties in relation to future events, and therefore no certainty over the outcome of the matters described, the Directors consider that, based upon financial projections and dependant on the success of their efforts to complete these activities, the Group will be a going concern for the next twelve months. If it is not possible for the Directors to realise their plans, over which there is significant uncertainty, the carrying value of the assets of the Group is likely to be impaired. Notwithstanding the above, the Directors note the material uncertainty in relation to the Group being unable to realise its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business. 42 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 2. Accounting policies (continued) New standards, interpretations and amendments not yet adopted The Group decided not to early adopt the following amendments to standards which are not yet mandatory. Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non- current (issued January 2020) The amendments clarify that the classification of a liability as current or non-current is based only on rights existing at the end of the reporting period and the classification is not affected by expectations about whether rights to settle or defer a liability will be exercised. Further, the amendments clarify that the settlement of a liability refers to the transfer of cash, equity instruments, other assets, or services to the counterparty. This amendment only affects presentation. The amendment is effective for financial years beginning on or after 1 January 2024 and is not yet adopted in the United Kingdom. The Group does not expect a material impact on its consolidated financial statements from these amendments. Amendments to IFRS 9, IAS 39, IFRS 7, IFRS 4 and IFRS 16 Interest Rate Benchmark Reform – Phase 2 (issued in August 2020) The amendments are aimed at helping companies to provide investors with useful information about the effects of the reform of interest rate benchmarks on those companies’ financial statements. The amendments complement those issued in 2019 and focus on the effects on financial statements when a company replaces the old interest rate benchmark with an alternative benchmark rate as a result of the reform. The Phase 2 amendments relate to: • changes to contractual cash flows—a company will not have to derecognise or adjust the carrying amount of financial instruments for changes required by the reform, but will instead update the effective interest rate to reflect the change to the alternative benchmark rate; • hedge accounting—a company will not have to discontinue its hedge accounting solely because it makes changes required by the reform, if the hedge meets other hedge accounting criteria; and • disclosures—a company is required to disclose information about new risks arising from the reform and how it manages the transition to alternative benchmark rates. The Group does not expect a material impact on its consolidated financial statements from these amendments. Amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2 Disclosure of Accounting Policies (issued in February 2021) The amendments enhance the disclosure requirements relating to an entity’s accounting policies and clarify that the notes to a complete set of financial statements are required to include material accounting policy information. Material accounting policy information, when considered with other information included in the financial statements, can reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of financial statements make on the basis of the financial statements. The amendments help preparers determine what constitutes material accounting policy information and notes that accounting policy information which focuses on how IFRS has been applied to its own circumstances is more useful for users of financial statements than standardised information or information duplicating the requirements of IFRS. The amendment also states that immaterial accounting policy information need not be disclosed but when it is disclosed it shall not obscure material accounting policy information. Further, if accounting policy information is not deemed material this does not affect the materiality of related disclosure requirements of IFRS. The disclosure of judgements made in applying accounting policies should reflect those that have had the most significant effect on items recognised in the financial statements. The amendment is effective for financial years beginning on or after 1 January 2023 and is not yet adopted in the United Kingdom. 43 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 2. Accounting policies (continued) Amendments to IAS 8 Definition of Accounting Estimates (issued in February 2021) The amendments define accounting estimates as monetary amounts in financial statements that are subject to measurement uncertainty. An accounting policy may require an item in financial statements to be measured at a monetary amount that cannot be observed directly so that in order to achieve the objective of an accounting policy, an estimation is required. The amendments state that the development of an accounting estimate requires the use of judgement or assumptions based on the latest available reliable information and involve the use of measurement techniques and inputs. Accounting estimates might then need to change as a result of new information, new developments or more experience. A change in input or measurement technique is a change in accounting estimate which is applied prospectively unless the change results from the correction of prior period errors. The amendment is effective for financial years beginning on or after 1 January 2023 and is not yet adopted in the United Kingdom. Amendments to IAS 12 Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction (issued in May 2021) The amendments specify how companies should account for deferred tax on transactions such as leases and decommissioning obligations. In specified circumstances, companies are exempt from recognising deferred tax when they recognise assets or liabilities for the first time. Previously, there had been some uncertainty about whether the exemption applied to transactions such as leases and decommissioning obligations—transactions for which companies recognise both an asset and a liability. The amendments clarify that the exemption does not apply and that companies are required to recognise deferred tax on such transactions. The aim of the amendments is to reduce diversity in the reporting of deferred tax on leases and decommissioning obligations. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023, with early application permitted and is not yet adopted in the United Kingdom. Basis of consolidation Where the company has control over an investee, it is classified as a subsidiary. The company controls an investee if all three of the following elements are present: power over the investee, exposure to variable returns from the investee, and the ability of the investor to use its power to affect those variable returns. Control is reassessed whenever facts and circumstances indicate that there may be a change in any of these elements of control. The consolidated financial statements present the results of the company and its subsidiaries as if they formed a single entity. Intercompany transactions and balances between group companies are therefore eliminated in full. All subsidiaries have a reporting date of December. The consolidated financial statements incorporate the results of business combinations using the acquisition method. In the statement of financial position, the acquiree's identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities are initially recognised at their fair values at the acquisition date. The results of acquired operations are included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income from the date on which control is obtained. They are deconsolidated from the date on which control ceases. There is alignment of accounting polices across all Group entities by using uniform accounting policies for like transactions and other events in similar circumstances. 44 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 2. Accounting policies (continued) The Group attributes total comprehensive income or loss of subsidiaries between the owners of the parent and the non-controlling interests based on their respective ownership interests. On consolidation, the results of overseas operations are translated into euros at rates approximating to those ruling when the transactions took place. All assets and liabilities of overseas operations, including goodwill arising on the acquisition of those operations, are translated at the rate ruling at the reporting date. Exchange differences arising on translating the opening net assets at opening rate and the results of overseas operations at actual rate are recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the foreign exchange reserve. On disposal of a foreign operation, the cumulative exchange differences recognised in the foreign exchange reserve relating to that operation up to the date of disposal are transferred to the consolidated statement of comprehensive income as part of the profit or loss on disposal. Investments in subsidiaries Investments in subsidiaries are stated at cost less any impairment loss. Investments in associates Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method less any impairment loss. The carrying amount of the investment in associates is increased or decreased to recognise the Group’s share of the profit or loss and other comprehensive income of the associate, adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the accounting policies of the Group. Unrealised gains and losses on transactions between the Group and its associates are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s interest in those entities. Where unrealised losses are eliminated, the underlying asset is also tested for impairment. Foreign currency The functional currency is Euro. Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions or valuation where items are re-measured. This is applicable to non-monetary items. Exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at year-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in profit or loss. Exchange gains and losses that relate to borrowings and cash and cash equivalents are presented in the income statement within ‘finance income or costs’. All other exchange gains and losses are presented in the income statement within ‘other (losses)/gains – net’. Changes in the fair value of monetary securities denominated in foreign currency are analysed between translation differences resulting from changes in the amortised cost of the security and other changes in the carrying amount of the security. Translation differences related to changes in amortised cost are recognised in profit or loss, and other changes in carrying amount are recognised in other comprehensive income. Taxation The tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and any deferred tax. Current taxes are based on the results of the Group companies and are calculated according to local tax rules, using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the reporting date. 45 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 2. Accounting policies (continued) Deferred tax is provided in full using the financial position liability method for all taxable temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying values for financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax is measured using currently enacted or substantially enacted tax rates and laws. Deferred tax is the tax expected to be payable or recoverable on differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit and is accounted for using the statement of financial position liability method. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences and deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilised. Such assets and liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from goodwill or from the initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the asset can be utilised. Deferred tax is recognised for all deductible temporary differences arising from investments in subsidiaries and associates, to the extent that it is probable that the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilised. Revenue The Group provides consultancy services. To determine whether to recognise revenue, the Group follows a 5-step process: Identifying the contract with a customer Identifying the performance obligations 1. 2. 3. Determining the transaction price 4. Allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations, and then 5. Recognising revenue when/as performance obligation(s) are satisfied. Revenue is recognised at the point of the provision of the service. Revenue is recognised as earned at a point in time on the unconditional supply of these services, which are received and consumed simultaneously by the customer. The Group measures revenues at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the provision of consultancy services net of Value Added Tax. Interest income Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset’s net carrying amount on initial recognition. Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost or valuation, net of depreciation and any impairment losses. Depreciation is recognised on a straight-line basis to write down the cost less estimated residual value. The following useful lives are applied: Computers 5 years The gain or loss arising on the disposal of an asset is determined as the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying value of the asset and is recognised in the profit or loss. 46 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 2. Accounting policies (continued) Impairment of property, plant and equipment At each reporting end date, the company reviews the carrying amounts of its property, plant and equipment to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. Financial instruments Classification and measurement The Company classifies its financial assets into the following categories: those to be measured subsequently at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL) and those to be held at amortised cost. Classification depends on the business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows. Management determines the classification of financial assets at initial recognition. The Company’s policy with regard to financial risk management is set out in Note 20. Generally, the Company does not acquire financial assets for the purpose of selling in the short term. The Company’s business model is primarily that of “hold to collect” (where assets are held in order to collect contractual cash flows). When the Company enters into derivative contracts, these transactions are designed to reduce exposures relating to assets and liabilities, firm commitments or anticipated transactions. Financial Assets held at amortised cost The classification applies to debt instruments which are held under a hold to collect business model, and which have cash flows that meet the “solely payments of principal and interest” (SPPI) criteria. At initial recognition, trade receivables that do not have a significant financing component, are recognised at their transaction price. Other financial assets are initially recognised at fair value plus related transaction costs, they are subsequently measured at amortised costs using the effective interest method. Any gain or loss on derecognition or modification of a financial asset held at amortised cost is recognised in the income statement. Financial Assets held at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL) The classification applies to the following financial assets. In all cases, transaction costs are immediately expensed to the income statement. • Debt instruments that do not meet the criteria of amortised costs or fair value through other comprehensive income. These receivables are generally held to collect but do not meet the SPPI criteria and as a result must be held at FVPL. Subsequent fair value gains or losses are taken to the income statement. • Equity investments which are held for trading or where the FVOCI election has not been applied. All fair value gains or losses and related dividend income are recognised in the income statement. • Derivatives which are not designated as a hedging instrument. All subsequent fair value gains or losses are recognised in the income statement. Trade and other receivables Trade and other receivables are measured at initial recognition at fair value and are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method. For trade receivables, where there is no significant financing component, fair value is normally the transaction price. 47 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 2. Accounting policies (continued) Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and demand deposits and other short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value with maturities of three months or less from inception. Impairment of financial assets A forward-looking expected credit loss (ECL) review is required for: debt instruments measured at amortised costs are held at fair value through other comprehensive income: loan commitments and financial guarantees not measured at fair value through profit or loss; lease receivables and trade receivables that give rise to an unconditional right to consideration. As permitted by IFRS9, the Company applies the “simplified approach” to trade receivable balances and the “general approach” to all other financial assets. The general approach incorporates a review for any significant increase in counter party credit risk since inception. The ECL reviews including assumptions about the risk of default and expected loss rates. For trade receivables, the assessment takes into account the use of credit enhancements, for example, letters of credit. Impairments for undrawn loan commitments are reflected as a provision. Financial liabilities Borrowings and other financial liabilities (including trade payables but excluding derivative liabilities) are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred, and are subsequently measured at amortised costs. Convertible bonds Convertible bonds are regarded as compound instruments, consisting of a liability component and an equity component. At the date of issue, the fair value of the liability component is estimated using the prevailing market interest rate for similar non-convertible debt. The difference between the proceeds of issue of the convertible loan notes and the fair value assigned to the liability component, representing the embedded option to convert the liability into equity of the Group, is included in equity. Issue costs are apportioned between the liability and equity components of the convertible loan notes based on their relative carrying amounts at the date of issue. The portion relating to the equity component is charged directly against equity. The interest expense on the liability component is calculated by applying the prevailing market interest rate for similar non-convertible debt to the liability component of the instrument. The difference between this amount and the interest paid is added to the carrying amount of the convertible loan note. Borrowings costs Interest-bearing borrowings are initially recorded at fair value net of attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, interest-bearing borrowings are stated at amortised cost with any difference between proceeds and redemption value being recognised in the profit or loss over the period of the borrowings on an effective interest basis. Trade payables Trade payables are initially measured at fair value, and are subsequently measured at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method. Provisions, contingent assets and contingent liabilities Provisions are recognised when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Group will be required to settle that obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. 48 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 2. Accounting policies (continued) The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the year-end date, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. No liability is recognised if an outflow of economic resources as a result of present obligations is not probable. Such situations are disclosed as contingent liabilities unless the outflow of resources is remote. Contingent assets are possible assets whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain future events that are not wholly within the control of the Group. Contingent assets are not recognised, but they are disclosed when it is more likely than not that an inflow of benefits will occur. When the inflow of benefits is virtually certain an asset is recognised. Equity instruments An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the Group after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Group are recorded at the proceeds received net of direct issue costs. Share capital account represents the nominal value of the shares issued. The share premium account represents premiums received on the initial issuing of the share capital. Any transaction costs associated with the issuing of shares are deducted from share premium, net of any related income tax benefits. Retained losses include all current and prior period results as disclosed in the statement of comprehensive income. Other reserves consist of the merger reserve, share option reserve and loan equity reserve. • • • the merger reserve represents the premium on the shares issued less the nominal value of the shares, being the difference between the fair value of the consideration and the nominal value of the shares. the share option reserve represents the cumulative amounts charged to the profit or loss in respect of employee share option arrangements where the scheme has not yet been settled by means of an award of shares to an individual. the loan equity reserve represents the value of the equity component of the nominal value of the loan notes issued. Government Grants Grants from the government are recognised at their fair value where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and the group will comply with all attached conditions. Government grants which are revenue in nature are recognised in profit or loss over the period in which the group recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. Research and development costs Development costs are recognised as an asset only when all of the following criteria are met: (a) the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale. (b) its intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it. (c) its ability to use or sell the intangible asset. (d) how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits. Among other things, the entity can demonstrate the existence of a market for the output of the intangible asset or the intangible asset itself or, if it is to be used internally, the usefulness of the intangible asset. (e) the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset. 49 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 2. Accounting policies (continued) (f) its ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. The research and development expenditure that does not meet the recognition criteria are not capitalised and are recognised as an expense as incurred, as shown in Note 7. 3. Critical accounting judgements and key sources of estimation uncertainty The preparation of Financial Statements in conformity with IFRSs requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets and liabilities, income and expenses. Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Group makes estimates and assumptions concerning the future. The resulting accounting estimates will, by definition, seldom equal the related actual results. The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below and in other relevant notes in the financial statements. Fair value measurement Management uses valuation techniques to determine the fair value of financial instruments (where active market quotes are not available) and non-financial assets. This involves developing estimates and assumptions consistent with how market participants would price the instrument. Management bases its assumptions on observable data as far as possible, but this is not always available. In that case management uses the best information available. Estimated fair values may vary from the actual prices that would be achieved in an arm’s length transaction at the reporting date. In order to arrive at the fair value of investments a significant amount of judgement and estimation has been adopted by the Directors as detailed in the investments accounting policy. Where these investments are un- listed and there is no readily available market for sale the carrying value is based upon future cash flows and current earnings multiples for which similar entities have been sold. The nature of these assumptions and the estimation uncertainty as a result is outlined in Note 15, along with sensitivities in Note 20. 4. Segment information In identifying its operating segments, management generally follows the Group's service lines, which represent the main products and services provided by the Group. The measurement policies the Group uses for segment reporting under IFRS 8 are the same as those used in its financial statements. The disclosure is based on the information that is presented to the chief operating decision maker, which is considered to be the board of Quantum Blockchain Technologies plc. The Directors are of the opinion that under IFRS 8 - "Operating Segments" there are no identifiable business segments that are subject to risks and returns different to the core business of developing cheaper and faster bitcoin mining. The information reported to the Directors, for the purposes of resource allocation and assessment of performance is based wholly on the overall activities of the Group. Therefore, the Directors have determined that there is only one reportable segment under IFRS 8. The Group has not generated a material level of income and has no major customers. 50 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 5. Staff costs Group 2022 €’000 2021 €’000 Company 2022 €’000 2021 €’000 Staff costs during the period including directors comprise: Wages and salaries Social security costs and pension contributions Share options expense 188 228 1,854 2,270 555 3 2,622 3,180 188 228 1,854 2,270 6. Directors’ emoluments Aggregate emoluments Share options expense 2022 €’000 116 1,728 1,844 555 3 2,622 3,180 2021 €’000 525 2,444 2,969 Remuneration of the highest paid Director was €57,000 (2021: €327,000). There are no retirement benefits accruing to the Directors. Details of directors’ remuneration are included in the Directors’ Report. 2022 €’000 1,844 378 509 86 216 618 75 821 2021 €’000 2,969 210 441 50 156 769 192 198 4,547 4,985 7. Expenses by nature Directors’ emoluments Employee emoluments Professional and legal fees Audit fees Administrative expenditure Impairment of assets Fundraising fees Research and development costs 51 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 8. Investments in associates The Group has a 41.17% equity interest in ForCrowd Srl. Summarised financial information of the Group’ share in this associate is as follows: Loss from continuing operations Impairment Total comprehensive loss Aggregate carrying amount of the Group’s interests in this associate 9. Finance (costs)/income (Loss)/gain on derivatives Interest on convertible bonds Interest credit on modification of convertible bonds Other gains or losses Interest received Bank fees 10. Auditor’s remuneration Group Auditor’s remuneration: Fees payable to the Group’s auditor for the audit of the Company and consolidated financial statements: Non audit services: Other services (tax) Subsidiary Auditor’s remuneration Other services pursuant to legislation 11. Employee numbers 2022 2021 €’000 (69) (82) (151) 60 2022 €’000 (324) (325) 9 - 6 (2) (636) €’000 (33) - (33) 211 2021 €’000 (143) (305) - (4) 6 - (446) 2022 €’000 2021 €’000 56 - - 56 50 - - 50 Group 2022 Number 2021 Number Company 2022 Number 2021 Number The average number of Company’s employees, including directors during the period was as follows: Management and administration 4 3 4 3 52 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 12. Taxation Corporation tax - current period Corporation tax - prior period underprovision Foreign tax Deferred taxation Tax charge for the year 2022 €’000 2021 €’000 (117) (53) (86) (23) - - - - (226) (53) The Group has a potential deferred tax asset arising from unutilised trading losses and management expenses available for carry forward and relief against future taxable profits. The deferred tax asset has not been recognised in the financial statements in accordance with the Group's accounting policy for deferred tax. The Group's unutilised losses are as follows: Trading losses Management expenses Non trade loan relationship deficits Capital losses 2022 €’million 2021 €’million 2 19 2 8 2 19 2 8 The standard rate of tax for the current year, based on the UK effective rate of corporation tax is 19% (2020: 19%). The standard rate of Research and Development Tax credit is 14.5% of the enhanced R&D expenditure. The actual rate for the current and previous year varies from the standard rate for reasons set out in the following reconciliation: 53 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 12. Taxation (continued) Continuing operations Loss for the year before tax Tax on ordinary activities at standard rate Effects of: Expenses not deductible for tax purposes R&D enhancement R&D losses surrendered R&D Foreign Tax losses surrendered Losses brought forward claimed Tax losses available for carry forward against future profits Total tax payable Enhanced R&D expenditure Total tax repayable – current year Corporation tax - prior period underprovision Foreign tax Total tax repayable 2022 €’000 2021 €’000 (5,252) (5,449) (998) (1,035) 595 (153) 270 11 - 275 - 751 (39) 70 - (10) 263 - 804 368 117 53 86 23 - - 226 53 The UK government has announced that the corporation tax rate will increase from 19% to 25% with effect from 1 April 2023. 54 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 13. Earnings per share The basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the loss attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares during the period adjusted for the dilutive effect of share options, warrants and convertible loans outstanding during the period. The loss and weighted average number of shares used in the calculation are set out below: Profit/ (Loss) €’000 2022 Weighted average no. of shares 000’s Per share amount Profit/ (Loss) Euro Cent €’000 2021 Weighted average no. of shares 000’s Per share amount Euro Cent Basic earnings per share Continuing operations Total operations (5,026) (5,026) 989,497 989,497 (0.508) (0.508) (5,396) (5,396) 869,339 869,339 (0.621) (0.621) Fully diluted earnings per share Continuing operations Total operations (5,091) (5,091) 1,632,694 1,632,694 (0.312) (0.312) (5,328) (5,328) 1,503,440 1,503,440 (0.354) (0.354) See note 28 for details of share option transactions and share issues that have occurred since the end of the reporting period. 14. Property, plant and equipment Group Cost At 1 January 2022 Additions At 31 December 2022 Depreciation and impairment At 1 January 2022 Depreciation charged in the year At 31 December 2022 Carrying amount At 31 December 2022 At 31 December 2021 Computers €’000 Total €’000 164 111 275 - 49 49 226 164 164 111 275 - 49 49 226 164 The tangible fixed assets relate in full to the Group’s IT infrastructure dedicated to the R&D programme. The Parent Company held no tangible fixed assets during the years ended 31 December 2021 and 2022. 55 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 15. Investments The significant entities for which the Group owns shares, held at 31 December 2022, were as follows: Group Companies Ownership Country 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Brainspark Associates Ltd Clear Leisure 2017 Ltd QBT R&D Srl Milan Digital Twin Ltd London Digital Twin Ltd Miner One Ltd Clear Holiday Srl Mediapolis Investment S.A 71.72% 99.30% Sosushi Company Srl 84.04% Fallimento Mediapolis Srl 50.17% Sipiem S.P.A 41.17% ForCrowd Srl ClassFinance in Liquidazione Srl PBV Monitor Geosim Systems Beni Immobili Srl TLT S.P.A 20.00% 10.00% 4.53% 15.05% 0.25% Company Status Trading Trading Trading Dormant Dormant Dormant Dormant Inactive In liquidation Liquidated In liquidation Investment Net Assets/ (Liabilities) €,000 (36,204) (96) (26) Nil Nil Nil 10 (6,648) 654 1,204 645 (43) Date of latest accounts 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2014 2010 2013 2016 2014 2021 UK UK Italy UK UK UK Italy Luxembourg Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Israel Italy Italy Investment Investment Investment Investment Investment (104) 471 (330) 14 (2,476) 2018 2021 2018 2014 2016 Treatment Consolidated Consolidated Consolidated Consolidated Consolidated Consolidated Not Consolidated Not Consolidated Not Consolidated Not Consolidated Not Consolidated Equity-accounting Held at fair value Held at fair value Held at fair value Held at fair value Held at fair value The registered office of all UK companies is: 22 Great James Street, London, WC1N 3ES, England. The registered office for QBT R&D Srl is Via Mazzini 38, Rovigo (RO), 45100. The registered office for Clear Holiday Srl is Viale Francesco Restelli 1/3, Milano (MI), 20124. The registered office for Mediapolis Investment S.A is Rue Val des Bons Malades 231, 2121, Luxembourg- Kirchberg. The registered office for Sosushi Company Srl is Via Parravicini 40, Monza (MB), 20900. The registered office for Fallimento Mediapolis Srl is Via Friuli 10, Burtolo (TO), 10010. The registered office for Sipiem SPA is Via Mazzini 38, Rovigo (RO), 45100. The registered office for Forcrowd Srl is Via Vincenzo Monti 52, Milano (MI), 20123. The registered office for Class Finance Srl is Via Conservaorio 30, 20122, Milan. The registered office for PBV Monitor Srl is Via Matteotti 13, Brebbia (VA), 21020. The registered office for Geosim Systems Limited is Granit St. Petach-Tikva 4951446, Israel. The registered office for Beni Immobili Srl is Via Torino 58, Biella (BI), 13900. The registered office for TLT SPA is Via Trento 5, Biella (BI), 13900. 56 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 15. Investments (continued) The directors have assessed the group’s interests in other entities on an individual basis and come to the overall conclusions as detailed in the table below. Please see the note narrative for additional information on an entity by entity basis. Quantum Blockchain Technologies PLC This entity is the UK based group parent. Brainspark Associates Limited This entity is a 100% owned UK incorporated subsidiary of Quantum Blockchain Technologies PLC and has been included in the consolidation. Clear Leisure 2017 Limited This entity is a 100% owned UK incorporated subsidiary of Quantum Blockchain Technologies PLC and has been included in the consolidation. QBT R&D Srl This entity is a 100% owned subsidiary of the group incorporated in Italy and has been included in the consolidation. Milan Digital Twin Limited This entity is a 100% owned UK incorporated subsidiary of Quantum Blockchain Technologies PLC. This entity only includes unpaid share capital and has not begun operating. It has been included in the consolidation with an overall impact of nil. London Digital Twin Limited This entity is a 100% owned UK incorporated subsidiary of Quantum Blockchain Technologies PLC. This entity only includes unpaid share capital and has not begun operating. It has been included in the consolidation with an overall impact of nil. Clear Holiday Srl Clear Holiday Srl is a 100% owned subsidiary of the group incorporated in Italy. Although QBT hold all of the shares, they do not have control of the company. Therefore, this entity has not been consolidated on the basis that QBT do not have control. The balances held within the company are not with external third parties and therefore the overall impact on the accounts would be trivial. Miner One Limited Miner One Limited is a 100% owned UK based entity. The entity itself was initially set up with the hope of transferring certain assets, notably a data centre located in Serbia into its possession. However, due to disputes with the previous joint venture partner this did not materialise. In 2021 this entity remained dormant and did not trade during the year. This entity only includes unpaid share capital and has not begun operating, it has been included in the consolidation with an overall impact of nil. Mediapolis Investment S.A. Mediapolis Investment S.A. is a 71.72% owned subsidiary incorporated in Luxembourg. The company itself is inactive and is not trading. Previous management failed to pay accountants and local directors for the previous six years and no financial statements have been filed for over seven years. Although this entity is inactive and 71.72% of the shares are held by the group, there is no active management in Luxembourg, and this has led to a difficulty in finalizing a liquidation. The most recent accounts available were produced in 2010 and the main asset held by the entity is the investment of 13% of the capital in another former group company, Fallimento Mediapolis Srl, which has been liquidated. This investment is carried at approximately EUR6.6m and has been impaired to nil in previous years. Therefore, the non-consolidation of this entity is deemed to be immaterial to the group. 57 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 15. Investments (continued) On 6 May 2021 Mediapolis Investment S.A. had entered a liquidation process and the Group does not expect any further assets or liabilities to arise from these proceedings. Sosushi Company Srl Sosushi Company Srl was a 99.3% owned entity incorporated in Italy. On 24 June 2021, the Company received notification that Sosushi had been declared bankrupt. Sosushi has not been consolidated as the fair value has been determined as nil and all receivables from the company have been fully impaired. The litigation is held via Clear Leisure 2017. Fallimento Mediapolis Srl Fallimento Mediapolis Srl was an 84.04% equivalent owned entity incorporated in Italy. Quantum Blockchain Technologies Plc held directly 74.67% of the capital of the company whilst a 13% stake was held via Mediapolis Investment S.A as noted above. The company was liquidated in 2017 and therefore this is the date from which control is deemed to have been lost. There is ongoing bankruptcy litigation however, the investment has been fully impaired. Therefore, the financial information for Fallimento Mediapolis Srl has not been consolidated into the group financial statements. Sipiem S.P.A Sipiem S.P.A was a 50.17% owned entity incorporated in Italy. The entity had not been trading for a number of years and was maintained due to ongoing legal matters with the former directors. The company entered into liquidation in 2015. Therefore, this is the date from which control is deemed to have been lost. Therefore, the financial information for Sipiem S.P.A has not been consolidated into the group financial statements. The investment in Sipiem S.P.A is accounted at fair value through profit or loss. Furthermore, in August 2022 the company was declared bankrupt by the Court of Rovigo, following a petition filed by Sipiem’s liquidator with the support of its main shareholder (Quantum Blockchain Technologies). Sipiem’s bankruptcy does not impact the Company’s balance sheet, as the litigation is held via Clear Leisure 2017. In November 2022, the Venice Court issued its final judgement in respect of the Company’s legal claim against the previous management in which it ruled in favour of QBT and ordered the defendants to pay an aggregate amount of €6,188,974 (plus interest and adjustments for inflation to accrue from different dates until the date of payment) in damages, plus €85,499 in legal expenses (together the “Award Payment”). The Award Payment is subject to tax duties in Italy. It is worth noting that the exact amount of the Award Payment that will be collected by the Company and the timing of receipt of any such funds have not yet been finalised. Eight of the ten defendants have appealed against the Venice Court’s judgment. The appealing defendants have requested the Venice Court of Appeal to set aside the Venice’s Court’s judgment, and enjoin the enforceability of the Award Payment, until the ruling of the appeals. The hearings for the defendants’ appeals are tentatively set to commence in March 2023. The Court of Appeal will set a final date for the first hearing in the coming weeks. ForCrowd Srl ForCrowd Srl is a 41.17% owned investment of the group incorporated in Italy. The group has determined that it holds significant influence over this associate given the voting rights arising from its shareholding. Consequently, this investment has been categorised in the accounts within "Investments in equity-accounted associates" and is carried in the accounts at the Group's share of the associate's net assets, with the Group’s share of the profit or loss and other comprehensive income of the associate being brought into the Group's results for the year. Previously, this investment was categorised in the financial statements within "Investments" and hence was re- categorised in the year ended 31 December 2021. ClassFinance in Liquidazione Srl ClassFinance in Liquidazione Srl is a 20% owned investment of the group incorporated in Italy. The company was placed into liquidation in 2015. The investment in ClassFinance in Liquidazione Srl is accounted at fair value through profit or loss. The fair value is assessed to be nil and fair value loss has been fully recognised. 58 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 15. Investments (continued) PBV Monitor Srl PBV Monitor Srl is a 10% owned investment in an entity incorporated in Italy. The investment has been recognised in the accounts at fair value through profit or loss. The Fair Value of PBV Monitor (€55,000, 2021: €77,000) has decreased during the year due to an impairment. There were additional rounds of equity funding in January and February 2022, in which the entire post money valuation of the company was €1,429,000, with Quantum Blockchain Technologies directly holding 10% of such amount. The post money valuation at which the Company invested in 2018 was €340,000, which also represented the Company’s valuation of PBV in Pre Covid-19 conditions. The difference between this original value and the current Fair Value is not attributable to a change of fundamentals to the business. Similarly, the progress made since 2020 has not highlighted any significant divergence from the original business plan. The difference in the valuation is therefore attributable to lower value attributed to the company during the 2022 equity round. The key assumptions underpinning the equity round at the start of 2022 remain applicable. The Fair Value assessment of PBV Monitor, is directly related to the company’s valuation in future rounds. Geosim Systems Limited Geosim Systems Limited is a 4.53% owned investment in an entity incorporated in Israel. The investment has been recognised in the accounts through its fair value and is held via Brainspark Associates Limited. The Fair Value of Geosim (€622,000, 2021: €587,000) has been assessed in relation to the last equity round of the company in 2018, in which Quantum Blockchain Technologies’ 533,990 Geosim shares have been valued at $1.25 each. The difference in the valuation between 2022 and 2021, attributable to the variance in the EUR/USD exchange rate. The Fair Value assessment of Geosim is directly related to the company’s valuation in future rounds and to the EUR/USD exchange rate. Beni Immobili Srl Beni Immobili Srl is a 15.05% equivalent owned investment in an entity incorporated in Italy. The shares in this company are held via Sipiem S.P.A. No fair value is recognised for this investment as the entity has minimal net assets and the valuation would be trivial to the consolidated financial statements. Moreover, as the investment is held via Sipiem S.P.A, which is in liquidation, the investment has not been recognised as an asset. TLT S.P.A TLT S.P.A is a 0.25% owned investment based in Italy. No fair value is recognised for this investment as the entity has a large net liability position and due to the small shareholding, any potential valuation would be trivial to the consolidated financial statements. Moreover, as the investment is held via Sipiem S.P.A, there has been a complete fair value loss and the investment amount has been derecognised. Carrying value of investments At as 1 January Additions Fair value decrease Foreign exchange Carrying value at 31 December 59 | P a g e Group Company 2022 2021 2022 2021 €’000 664 50 (72) 35 677 €’000 848 - (225) 41 664 €’000 298 €’000 434 50 (223) - 125 64 (200) - 298 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 15. Investments (continued) An amount of €622,000 (2021: €587,000) included within Group investments held for trading is a level 3 investment and represents the fair value of 533,990 shares in GeoSim Systems Ltd. GeoSim Systems Ltd is an Israeli company seeking to establish itself as the world leader in building complete and photorealistic 3D virtual cities and in delivering them through the Internet for use in local searches, real estate and city planning, homeland security, tourism and entertainment. Quantum Blockchain Technologies owns 4.53% of GeoSim Systems Ltd. An amount of €55,000 (2021: €77,000) included within Company investments held for trading is a level 3 investment and represents the fair value of a 10% interest in PBV Monitor Srl (“PBV”). PBV is an Italian company specialising in the acquisition and dissemination of data for the legal services industry, utilising proprietary market intelligence tools and dedicated search software. Quantum Blockchain Technologies acquired 10% of PBV in December 2018 and has purchased more shares in January and February 2022 to maintain their 10% shareholding. As part of the initial investment agreement, Quantum Blockchain Technologies was granted a seat on the board of PBV and was appointed as exclusive advisor to PBV regarding the possible sale of PBV from 1 January 2020 for a period of four years and will be entitled to a 4% commission fee on the proceeds of any sale. 16. Trade and other receivables Trade receivables Other receivables Amounts owed by related parties Group Company 2022 €’000 14 4,537 75 2021 €’000 58 4,769 78 4,626 4,905 2022 €’000 - 280 776 1,056 2021 €’000 - 144 521 665 Group other receivables includes an amount of €132,000 (2021: €132,000) due in relation to the Fallimento Mediapolis Srl bankruptcy procedure; and an amount of €4,037,000 (2021: €4,445,000) due in relation to the ongoing Sipiem legal claim, which is unsecured, interest free and does not have fixed terms of repayment. The Directors consider that the carrying value of trade and other receivables approximates to their fair value. 17. Cash and cash equivalents Bank current accounts Group 2022 €’000 463 463 2021 €’000 1,039 1,039 Company 2022 €’000 449 449 2021 €’000 1,035 1,035 The Directors consider the carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents approximates to their fair value. 60 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 18. Trade and other payables Trade payables Other payables Accruals Trade and other payables Group 2022 €’000 147 183 135 465 2021 €’000 128 91 110 329 Company 2022 €’000 122 320 2021 €’000 126 91 135 137 577 354 The Directors consider that the carrying value of trade and other payables approximates to their fair value. Included within other payables are intercompany balances that are not eliminated on consolidation, PAYE, national insurance and pension liabilities outstanding as at the year end, and unpaid salary balances. Accruals relate to R&D, consulting and accountancy costs incurred by the Group that had not been invoiced by the year end. 19. Borrowings Zero rate convertible bond 2015 Zero rate convertible bond 2020 Disclosed as: Current borrowings Non-current borrowings Group 2022 €’000 5,148 2,983 8,131 - 8,131 8,131 2021 €’000 5,100 3,265 8,365 8,365 - 8,365 Company 2022 €’000 5,148 2,983 8,131 - 8,131 8,131 2021 €’000 5,100 3,265 8,365 8,365 - 8,365 Interest on the bonds is payable annually on 31 March each year. The bonds at 31 December 2022 include all unpaid interest and interest accrued to that date. On 25 March 2013 the Company issued €3,000,000 nominal value of zero rate convertible bonds at a discount of 22%. The bonds are convertible at 15p per share and have a redemption date of 15 December 2015. During 2014 the Company issued €1,885,400 zero bonds in settlement of £1,563,000 7% bonds (see above). Also €600,000 zero bonds were issued in settlement of a debt of €518,000 and €450,000 bonds were issued for cash realising €412,000 before expenses. On 15 December 2015 the bondholders meeting approved the amendments on the Zero Rate Convertible Bond 2015, originally due on 15 December 2015; Under new terms the final maturity date of the Bond is 15 December 2017 and the interest has been reduced from 9.5% to 7%. On 15 December 2016 the bondholders meeting approved the amendments on the Zero Rate Convertible Bond 2015, originally due on 15 December 2017; Under new terms the final maturity date of the Bond is 15 December 2018 and the interest has been reduced from 7% to 1%. On 19 June 2018, the holders of its €9.9m Bonds agreed to extend the final maturity date of the Bonds from 15 December 2018 to 15 December 2022. The Company is now able to convert the Bonds into new ordinary shares of 0.25p each. 61 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 19. Borrowings (continued) On 28 December 2018, bonds with a face value of €2,100,000 plus cumulative interest were converted into 50,992,826 new ordinary shares of 0.25 pence at a price of 3.76 pence per share. On 5 October 2020, Eufingest SA agreed to extend the repayment date of all loans advanced to the company amounting to €3,375,000 and £30,000 to 31 October 2020. On 9 November 2020 Eufingest SA agreed to convert all outstanding loans and accrued interest amounting to €3,423,707 into Zero rate convertible bond 2020. The Zero Coupon Bonds 2020 accrue interest at a rate of 2% per annum. Bondholders can convert at any time up to 15 December 2022 at a conversion price of £0.01 per share. In April 2022, QBT agreed with the sole bondholder of the €3.5m 2020 Zero Coupon Bond to extend the maturity date from December 2022 to December 2024. Also, with regard to the 2015 Zero Coupon Bond, via a Bondholders’ meeting held on 21 April 2022, the Company extended the maturity date from 15 December 2022 to 15 December 2024 and amended the conversion price into Company’s new ordinary shares from 15p to 5p. Key Assumptions The derivative element of the Zero Coupon Bonds 2015 were valued at each year end using the Black Scholes option pricing model. The following assumptions were used at each period end. Zero Coupon Bonds 2015 Share price Expected life Volatility Dividend yield Risk free interest rate Fair value 20. Financial instruments 2022 1.125p 2 years 136% 0% 3.58% 0.5p 2021 3.100p 1 year 130% 0% 0.76% 0.4p The Group’s financial instruments comprise cash, investments at fair value through profit or loss, investments in equity-accounted associates, trade receivables, trade payables that arise from its operations and borrowings. The main purpose of these financial instruments is to provide finance for the Group’s future investments and day to day operational needs. The Group does not enter into any derivative transactions such as interest rate swaps or forward foreign exchange contracts, as the Group’s exposure to movements in foreign exchange rates is not considered significant (see foreign currency risk management). The main risks faced by the Group are limited to interest rate risk on surplus cash deposits and liquidity risk associated with raising sufficient funding to meet the operational needs of the business. The Board reviews and agrees policies for managing these risks and they are summarised below. 62 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 20. Financial instruments (continued) FINANCIAL ASSETS BY CATEGORY The categories of financial assets included in the statement of financial position and the headings in which they are included are as follows: Financial assets: Financial assets held at fair value through profit and loss Investments in equity-accounted associates Trade and other receivables Cash and cash equivalents 2022 €’000 677 60 4,284 463 5,484 2021 €'000 664 211 4,862 1,039 6,776 FINANCIAL LIABILITIES BY CATEGORY The categories of financial liabilities included in the statement of financial position and the headings in which they are included are as follows: Financial liabilities at amortised cost: Trade and other payables Provisions Borrowings Derivative Financial instruments measured at fair value: As at 31 December 2022 Investments at fair value through profit or loss As at 31 December 2021 Investments at fair value through profit or loss 2022 €'000 465 210 8,131 468 9,274 2021 €'000 329 - 8,365 1,113 9,807 Level 1 €’000 Level 2 €’000 Level 3 €’000 - - - - - - - - 677 677 664 664 The valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in determining the fair value measurement of level 2 and level 3 financial instruments, as well as the inter-relationship between key unobservable inputs and fair value, are set out in the table below. Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 only) Assessment recoverability of loan. of technique Valuation used Based on issue of shares in the investments held by and the Group directors assessment on recoverability of the loans. relationship – Inter between key unobservable inputs and fair value (level 3 only) If loan was considered not to be recoverable this would result in the reduction fair in value of the investment. the Financial Instruments Investments 63 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 20. Financial instruments (continued) The Group has adopted fair value measurements using the IFRS 7 fair value hierarchy. Categorisation within the hierarchy has been determined on the basis of the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the relevant asset as follows: Level 1: Level 2: Level 3: valued using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets; valued by reference to valuation techniques using observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1; valued by reference to valuation techniques using inputs that are not based on observable markets criteria. The Level 3 investment refers to an investment in GeoSim Systems Ltd and PBV Monitor Srl. Capital risk management The Group manages its capital to ensure that entities in the Group will be able to continue as going concerns while maximising the return to stakeholders through optimisation of the debt and equity balance. The capital structure of the Group consists of debt attributable to convertible bondholders, borrowings, cash and cash equivalents, and equity attributable to equity holders of the Group, comprising issued capital, reserves and retained earnings, all as disclosed in the Statement of Financial Position. Significant accounting policies Details of the significant accounting policies and methods adopted, including the criteria for recognition, the basis of measurement and the basis on which income and expenses are recognised, in respect of each class of financial asset, financial liability and equity instrument disclosed in Note 2 to the financial statements. Financial risk management objectives The Company is exposed to a variety of financial risks which result from both its operating and investing activities. The Group’s risk management is coordinated by the board of directors and focuses on actively securing the Company’s short and medium-term cash flows by raising liquid capital to meet current liability obligations. Market price risk The Company’s exposure to market price risk mainly arises from movements in the fair value of its investments held for trading. The Group manages the investment price risk within its long-term investment strategy to manage a diversified exposure to the market. If the investments were to experience a rise or fall of 15% in their fair value, this would result in the Group’s net asset value and statement of comprehensive income increasing or decreasing by €102,000 (2021: €97,000). Liquidity risk management Ultimate responsibility for liquidity risk management rests with the Board of Directors, which monitors the Group’s short, medium and long-term funding and liquidity management requirements on an appropriate basis. The Group has minimal cash balances at the reporting date (refer to Note 2 – Basis of preparation and going concern). The Group continues to secure future funding and cash resources from disposals as and when required in order to meet its cash requirements. This is an on-going process and the directors are confident with their cash flow models. 64 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 20. Financial instruments (continued) The following are the undiscounted contractual maturities of financial liabilities: As at 31 December 2022 Trade and other payables Provisions Borrowings Derivative financial instruments As at 31 December 2021 Trade and other payables Borrowings Derivative financial instruments Carrying Amount €’000 Less than 1 year €’000 Between 1 and 5 years €’000 465 210 8,131 468 9,274 329 8,365 1,113 9,807 465 210 - - 675 329 8,365 1,113 9,807 - - 8,131 468 8,599 - - - - Total €’000 465 210 8,131 468 9,274 329 8,365 1,113 9,807 Management believes that based on the information provided in Note 2 – in the ‘Basis of preparation’ and ‘Going concern’, that future cash flows from operations will be adequate to support these financial liabilities. Interest rate risk The Group and Company manage the interest rate risk associated with the Group cash assets by ensuring that interest rates are as favourable as possible, whilst managing the access the Group requires to the funds for working capital purposes. The Group’s cash and cash equivalents are subject to interest rate exposure due to changes in interest rates. Short-term receivables and payables are not exposed to interest rate risk. The borrowings are at fixed interest rates. Fixed rate instruments Financial assets Financial liabilities Group 2022 5,021 8,528 2021 €’000 4,845 8,718 Company 2022 222 8,503 2021 €’000 605 8,743 Change in interest rates will affect the Group’s income statement as follows: Group Euribor +0.5% / -0.5% Gain / (loss) 2022 €’000 2021 €’000 +2 / -2 +5 / -5 The analysis was applied to cash and cash equivalents based on the assumption that the amount of asset as at the reporting date was available for the whole year. 65 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 20. Financial instruments (continued) Foreign currency risk management The Group undertakes certain transactions denominated in currencies other than Euro, hence exposures to exchange rate fluctuations arise. Amounts due to fulfil contractual obligations of £435,000 (2021: £208,000) are denominated in sterling. An adverse movement in the exchange rate will impact the ultimate amount payable, a 10% increase or decrease in the rate would result in a profit or loss of £44,000 (2021: £21,000). The Group’s functional and presentational currency is the Euro as it is the currency of its main trading environment, and most of the Group’s assets and liabilities are denominated in Euro. The parent company is located in the sterling area. Credit risk management The Group’s financial instruments, which are subject to credit risk, are considered to be trade and other receivables. There is a risk that the amount to be received becomes impaired. The Group’s maximum exposure to credit risk is €4,626,000 (2021: €4,905,000) comprising receivables during the period. About 87% (2021: 91%) of total receivables are due from a single company. The ageing profile of trade receivables was: 2022 2021 Total book value €’000 4,626 4,626 Allowance for impairment €’000 - - Total book value €’000 4,905 4,905 Allowance for impairment €’000 - - 1,056 1,056 - 665 - 665 - - Group Current Company Current 21. Provisions Provision for potential payroll tax liability Provisions Group 2022 €’000 210 210 2021 €’000 - - Company 2022 €’000 210 210 2021 €’000 - - The above provision estimates a potential employment tax liability deriving from consultancy payments to directors between 2015 and 2022. 66 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 22. Share capital and share premium ISSUED AND FULLY PAID: Number of ordinary shares Number of deferred shares At 1 January 2021 662,371,447 199,409,377 Ordinary share capital €’000 1,930 Deferred share capital €’000 5,467 Share premium Total €’000 47,124 €’000 54,521 Issue of shares 282,680,404 - At 31 December 2021 945,051,851 199,409,377 Issue of shares 52,500,000 - At 31 December 2022 997,551,851 199,409,377 824 2,754 157 2,911 - 2,318 3,142 5,467 49,442 57,663 - 1,099 1,256 5,467 50,541 58,919 All ordinary shares carry equal rights. The deferred shares have restricted rights such that they have no economic value. 23. Share based payments On 20 December 2022, Peter Fuhrman, a director, was granted options to subscribe for 2,500,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 12 September 2022 and 15 December 2024. Peter Fuhrman was also granted options to subscribe for 2,500,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 10 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 12 September 2022 and 15 December 2024. On 20 December 2022, Mark Trafeli, a director, was granted options to subscribe for 2,500,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 1 September 2022 and 15 December 2024. On 20 December 2022, a consultant was granted options to subscribe for 2,500,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 20 December 2022 and 31 March 2023. Another consultant was granted options to subscribe for 2,500,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 20 December 2022 and 31 March 2023. A third consultant was granted options to subscribe for 5,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 20 December 2022 and 31 March 2023. The third consultant was also granted options to subscribe for 5,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 10 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 1 January 2023 and 30 June 2023. A fourth consultant was granted options to subscribe for 5,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 20 December 2022 and 22 May 2025. The fourth consultant was also granted options to subscribe for 5,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 10 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 23 May 2023 and 22 May 2025. On 20 December 2022, a fifth consultant was granted options to subscribe for 5,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 20 December 2022 and 31 October 2023. The total share-based payment expense recognised in the income statement for the year ended 31 December 2022 in respect of the share options granted was €1,854,000 (2021: €2,622,000). 67 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 23. Share based payments (continued) The significant inputs to the model in respect of the options granted during the year were as follows: Share price Expected life Volatility Dividend yield Risk free interest rate Fair value 5p 1.175p - 3.100p 2 months - 3 years 130% - 136% 0% 0.76% – 3.58% 0.0p – 2.1p 10p 1.175p - 3.050p 6 months - 3 years 130% - 136% 0% 0.76% - 3.58% 0.0p – 1.7p The table below discloses the movements in share options during the year. Number of options at 1 Jan 2022 105,000,000 105,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 − − − − − − − − − − Granted in the year − − − − − − − 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 Exercised in the year − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Lapsed in the year − − 10,000,000 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Number of options at 31 Dec 2022 105,000,000 105,000,000 − 5,000,000 5,000,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 Exercise Price, pence 5.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 Expiry date 06.05.2026 06.05.2026 15.08.2022 06.05.2025 06.05.2025 06.05.2024 01.12.2026 15.12.2024 15.12.2024 15.12.2024 31.03.2023 31.03.2023 31.03.2023 30.06.2023 22.05.2025 22.05.2025 31.10.2023 237,500,000 37,500,000 − 10,000,000 265,000,000 On 14 April 2021, Francesco Gardin, a director, was granted options to subscribe for 100,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 6 May 2022 and 6 May 2026. Francesco Gardin was also granted options to subscribe for 100,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 10 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 6 May 2023 and 6 May 2026. On 2 June 2021, a consultant was granted options to subscribe for 10,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 15 May 2022 and 15 August 2022. During the year, these options lapsed. 68 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 23. Share based payments (continued) On 27 September 2021, an employee was granted options to subscribe for 5,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 6 May 2022 and 6 May 2025. The same employee was also granted options to subscribe for 5,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 10 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 6 May 2023 and 6 May 2025. Another employee was granted options to subscribe for 5,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 6 May 2022 and 6 May 2026. The second employee was also granted options to subscribe for 5,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 10 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 6 May 2023 and 6 May 2026. A third employee was granted options to subscribe for 2,500,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 5 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 6 May 2022 and 6 May 2024. On 15 December 2021, Reginald Eccles, a director, was granted options to subscribe for 5,000,000 new ordinary shares in the Company at an exercise price of 10 pence per share. The options are exercisable for the period between 1 December 2021 and 1 December 2026. The total share-based payment expense recognised in the income statement for the year ended 31 December 2021 in respect of the share options granted was €2,622,000 (2020: €Nil). The significant inputs to the model in respect of the options granted during the year were as follows: Share price Expected life Volatility Dividend yield Risk free interest rate Fair value 5p 1.175p - 3.100p 1 - 3 years 130% 0% 0.76% 0.4p – 2.1p 10p 1.175p - 3.050p 3 years 130% 0% 0.76% 0.5p – 1.7p The table below discloses the movements in share options during 2021. Number of options at 1 Jan 2021 − − − − − − − Granted in the year 105,000,000 105,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 Exercised in the year − − − − − − − Lapsed in the year − − − − − − − Number of options at 31 Dec 2021 105,000,000 105,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 Exercise Price, pence 5.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 Expiry date 06.05.2026 06.05.2026 15.08.2022 06.05.2025 06.05.2025 06.05.2024 01.12.2026 − 237,500,000 − − 237,500,000 24. Other reserves The Group considers its capital to comprise ordinary share capital, share premium, retained losses and its convertible bonds. In managing its capital, the Group’s primary objective is to maintain a sufficient funding base to enable the Group to meet its working capital and strategic investment needs. In making decisions to adjust its capital structure to achieve these aims, through new share issues, the Group considers not only their short-term position but also their long-term operational and strategic objectives. 69 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 24. Other reserves (continued) Group Merger reserve Loan note equity reserve Share option reserve At 1 January 2021 Grant of share options €’000 8,325 - At 31 December 2021 8,325 Grant of share options Modification of bond - - At 31 December 2022 8,325 €’000 462 - 462 - - 462 €’000 - 2,622 2,622 1,854 - 4,476 Company At 1 January 2021 Grant of share options At 31 December 2021 Grant of share options Modification of bond At 31 December 2022 25. Warrants Loan note equity reserve Share option reserve €’000 462 - 462 - - 462 €’000 - 2,622 2,622 1,854 - 4,476 Capital redemption reserve €’000 - - - - 549 549 Capital redemption reserve €’000 - - - - 549 549 Total other reserves €’000 8,787 2,622 11,409 1,854 549 13,812 Total other reserves €’000 462 2,622 3,084 1,854 549 5,487 On 22 February 2021, the Company raised £1,000,000 (before expenses) through the placing of 100,000,000 Ordinary Shares at a price of 1 pence per share to an individual investor, Mr John Story. Mr Story was also granted 100,000,000 warrants over 100,000,000 new Ordinary Shares exercisable at a price of 2 pence per Ordinary Shares until 26/02/2023. In October 2021, QBT issued 17,500,000 new Ordinary Shares at a price of 2 pence per share, following the exercise of 17,500,000 warrants of the 100,000,000 warrants granted to Mr John Story, raising £350,000 (before expenses). In December 2021, the Company issued 30,000,000 new Ordinary Shares at a price of 2 pence per share, following the exercise of 30,000,000 warrants of the 100,000,000 warrants granted to Mr John Story, raising £600,000 (before expenses). In January 2022, QBT issued 35,000,000 new Ordinary Shares at a price of 2 pence per share, following the exercise of 35,000,000 warrants of the 100,000,000 warrants granted to Mr John Story, raising £700,000 (before expenses). In March 2022, the Company issued 17,500,000 new Ordinary Shares at a price of 2 pence per share, following the exercise of 17,500,000 warrants of the 100,000,000 warrants granted to Mr John Story, raising £350,000 (before expenses). At the year-end date, there were no outstanding warrants held by Mr Story. 70 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 26. Ultimate controlling party The Group considers that there is no ultimate controlling party. 27. Related party transactions Transactions between the company and its subsidiaries, which are related parties have been eliminated on consolidation, but are disclosed where they relate to the parent company. These transactions along with transactions between the company and its investment holdings are disclosed in the table below, with all amounts being presented in Euros and being owed to the Group: Related party Clear Leisure 2017 Limited QBT R&D Srl PBV Monitor Srl Geosim Systems Limited ForCrowd Srl 2022 Group 2021 Group 2022 Company 2021 Company - - - 49,605 25,000 74,605 - - 22,609 55,156 - 77,765 255,575 448,655 - 49,605 22,500 776,335 132,067 311,389 22,609 55,156 - 521,221 During the year, Quantum Blockchain Technologies Limited made sales totalling €10,000 (2021: €4,000) to QBT R&D Srl. During the year, QBT R&D Srl made sales totalling €109,000 (2021: €28,000) to Quantum Blockchain Technologies Plc. During the year, Metals Analysis Limited, a company in which R Eccles was a Director, charged Quantum Blockchain Technologies Plc €32,000 (2021: €66,000) for consultancy fees. The amount owed to Metals Analysis Limited at year end is €21,000 (2021: €3,000). During the year, Infusion 2009 Limited, a company in which F Gardin is a Director, charged Quantum Blockchain Technologies Plc €200,000 (2021: €nil) for consultancy fees as Chief Research Officer. The amount owed to Infusion 2009 Limited at year end is €34,000 (2021: €nil). Remuneration of key management personnel The remuneration of the directors, who are the key personnel of the group, is included in the Directors Report and within note 6. Under “IAS 24: Related party disclosures”, all their remuneration is in relation to short-term employee benefits. 28. Events after the reporting date During the first months of 2023, the Company has been involved in the following: On 15 March the Company reported that, with regard to the Sipiem legal claim, the Venice Court of Appeals ruled in favour of CL17 thereby allowing it to seek enforcement of an aggregate amount of €6,188,974 (plus interest and adjustments for inflation) in damages, plus €85,499 in legal expenses the “Award Payment” against the main Sipiem defendant, who is an individual and is liable for the full amount of the Award Payment. The Court of Appeal did, however, grant the remaining Sipiem defendants’ request to temporarily enjoin enforcement of the judgment against the members of the internal audit committee and the main defendant’s family member pending outcome of the appeal presently before that court. 71 | P a g e NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 (CONTINUED) 28. Events after the reporting date (continued) On 26 May, the Company announced the appointment of Mr Vladimir (Vlad) Kusznirczuk as Marketing and Business Development Manager, to address business opportunities with large US and Canadian bitcoin miners and mining rigs manufacturers. Mr Kusznirczuk’s main focus is on developing strategic partnerships and joint ventures with large bitcoin mining businesses in the US and Canada and with bitcoin mining rig manufacturers in the US and China. As announced the Company issued him 2,000,000 Options as follows: - - 1,000,000 Options exercisable at 5 pence between 1 November 2023 and 25 May 2025; and 1,000,000 Options exercisable at 10 pence between 1 November 2023 and 25 May 2025. On 31 May, the Company announced it issued additional 5,000,000 Options to existing members of the R&D team, with an exercise price of 10 pence and exercisable at any time before 25 May 2025. Additionally, the Company amended the maturity of 12,500,000 Options exercisable at 5p and 5,000,000 Options exercisable at 10p (most of which had already expired) to 25 May 2025. On 1 June, the Company raised £1,000,000 (before expenses) through the placing of 71,428,571 new ordinary shares of 0.25 pence each in the Company at a price of 1.4 pence per Placing Share. 72 | P a g e 

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