Realty Income
Annual Report 2022

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R E A LT Y I N C O M E The Monthly Dividend Company® R E L I A B LY R E S I L I E N T 2 0 2 2 A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 2 2 P E R F O R M A N C E H I G H L I G H T S 1, 2 9.2% AFFO Per Share Growth 63.2% Income Per Share Growth 4.7% Dividend Per Share Growth $3.30 Billion Rental Revenue C O M P O U N D AV E R A G E A N N U A L TOTA L S H A R E H O L D E R R E T U R N S I N C E 1 9 9 4 N Y S E L I S T I N G 3 As of 12/31/2022 14.6% 10.4% 9.8% 9.7% 9.6% 2 0 2 2 P E R F O R M A N C E H I G H L I G H T S S I N C E 1 9 9 4 N Y S E L I S T I N G $10.3 Billion of Dividends Paid 5.3% 3.1% 4.3% Annual AFFO Per Share Growth 4 Annual Net Income Per Share Growth 4 Annual Dividend Per Share Growth 4 All data included in the 2022 Annual Report is as of December 31, 2022, unless specified otherwise. D E A R F EL L O W S TO C K H O L D E R S , I would like to express how grateful I am for our One Team’s hard work and dedication over the past year. 2022 was a year of growth and transformation for the company, and our collective efforts have reinforced its strong foundations, enabling our business to continue to be reliably resilient for you, our stockholders. Since the start of 2022, we established entry into several distinct verticals for future growth, including our inaugural acquisitions in Italy and the gaming sector, expanding our foothold in the consumer- centric medical industry, and the curation of a development partnership with an emerging leader Sumit Roy, President & Chief Executive Officer in the vertical farming industry. These new growth investments continued, as evidenced by the avenues are indicative of the addressable market approximately $900 million portfolio acquisition of opportunities available to us and further widens we expect to close at a 7.1% cash cap rate during the aperture for future value creation. the first half of 2023. At the end of 2022, our opportunity set is In a year punctuated by macroeconomic and supporting significant momentum across four geopolitical uncertainty, we grew AFFO1 per countries. During the year, we sourced volume of share2 by 9.2% to $3.92, and generated net $95 billion to close on approximately $9.0 billion income per share growth of 63.2% to $1.42. Our investment volume for the year. As interest rates AFFO per share growth rate was the highest since increased throughout 2022, we were encouraged 2013. We achieved this growth while maintaining to experience cap rate expansion at the end of prudent leverage ratios with credit ratings of the year and into 2023. At the start of 2023, A3 / A- by Moody’s and S&P. the directional trend of rising yields on our 1 The definition of AFFO, AFFO per share, and a reconciliation of net income available to stockholders can be found in our 2022 Form 10-K. 2 All per share amounts presented in this letter are on a diluted per common share basis unless stated otherwise. 3 Total shareholder return includes price appreciation and the reinvestment of dividends. Dividends are assumed to be reinvested at the closing price of the security on the ex-date of the dividend. Reference the inside of the back cover for additional information on total shareholder return. 4 Compound average annual growth through December 31, 2022. From a total shareholder return3 standpoint, Our enduring partnerships with industry while we delivered returns of -7.4% in 2022, we meaningfully outperformed both the MSCI REIT leading operators are integral to our growth trajectory. Index and the S&P 500, which returned -24.5% and -18.1%, respectively. During periods of market volatility, our stable, consistent, cash flow-driven business model continues to perform well on a relative basis, which we believe is a testament to our track record and resilient balance sheet, client roster, and portfolio diversification. Through judicious capital allocation, we seek to generate attractive risk adjusted returns over the long run. Our robust global pipeline provides us high-quality real estate at yields enabling accretive cash flow per share growth. We seek to acquire freestanding single-client commercial properties under long-term, net lease agreements, typically in excess of 10 years. Generating consistent performance is made Of the approximate $9.0 billion of high-quality possible by our accomplished One Team, which acquisitions in 2022, 90% were sourced from continued to add talented professionals across existing relationships. all levels of the organization in 2022. In October, we were honored to announce Gregory J. Whyte as our new Chief Operating Officer. Greg was most recently a Senior Advisor in the Real Estate Leisure and Lodging Investment Banking group at UBS and is the former Global Head of Real Estate Equity Research at Morgan Stanley. He brings extensive leadership experience, deep industry knowledge, and a keen business perspective honed over decades. We strive to build sustainable relationships with our clients, collaborating to identify mutually beneficial outcomes and chances to further environmentally-focused initiatives. We remain dedicated to becoming a sustainability leader in the REIT industry, from implementing sustainable projects at our properties to cultivating Diversity, Equality & Inclusion within our team. Our 2022 Sustainability Report published contemporaneously with this report documents We ended 2022 in a position of strength. As we progress on these fronts, and I encourage all look to the future, I believe our ability to provide stakeholders to review the report. My hope is that stable and growing dividends to our stockholders the report illuminates the significant emphasis relies on three pillars: maintaining a healthy and we place on such topics at Realty Income. well-capitalized balance sheet, building enduring partnerships with clients who are leaders in their respective industries, and cultivating continued Our well-capitalized balance sheet affords the business optimum financial flexibility. opportunities to consolidate the fragmented Our business is predicated on maintaining a commercial real estate industry on a global scale. healthy balance sheet. Our low leverage, ample 5 Net Debt/Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre is a non-GAAP financial measure. The definition of Net Debt/Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITAre to the net income available to stockholders can be found in our 2022 Form 10-K. liquidity and staggered debt maturity schedule represented in 84 industries. Moreover, our are designed to maximize our financial agility. We top industry concentrations center around ended the year with Net Debt/Annualized Adjusted business segments with proven track records EBITDAre5 of 5.5x and we are proud to be one during economic downturns, such as grocery of only a handful of REITs that maintain A3/A- stores, which represent 10.0% of our annualized corporate credit ratings from Moody’s and S&P. contractual rent and is our top industry, We ended 2022 with significant access to capital, having upsized our revolving credit facility to $4.25 billion, established a $1.5 billion European commercial paper program, increased the capacity on our U.S. commercial paper program to $1.5 billion, and accessed public and private bond markets in the U.S. and U.K. to raise another convenience stores, dollar stores, and quick-service restaurants. Our top clients are leaders in their respective industries, often with national and global reach, including Dollar General, which represents 4.0% of our annualized contractual rent, followed by Walgreens, 7-Eleven, Dollar Tree, Wynn Resorts and FedEx. $2.2 billion. Additionally, we raised approximately Our Asset Management team’s proactive $4.6 billion of equity capital throughout the approach to resolving lease expirations is an year to fund our investments while seeking to important competitive advantage that has maintain prudent leverage ratios. As an active consistently resulted in favorable rent recapture issuer in the capital markets, sourcing attractively rates. These efforts, together with the quality priced capital from numerous sources is a key of our underlying real estate, resulted in a rent competitive advantage that enables our business recapture rate of 105.9% in 2022, well north of to grow profitably as we consolidate the highly our historical average, and an occupancy rate fragmented commercial real estate industry. of 99.0%, our highest occupancy rate at the The durability of our portfolio continues to support predictable cash flows, fueling a growing dividend. end of a reporting period in over 20 years. Looking Ahead We expect 2023 to be an interesting year. Over the past 54 years, we have meticulously Uncertainties surrounding inflation, interest curated our portfolio to weather economic rates, and the cyclical path of our economy are uncertainty. We seek to partner with best-in-class top of mind for many investors. By design, our operators while maintaining diversity across business is built to thrive in a variety of economic client, industry, property type, and geography. environments, equipped with financial flexibility, At the end of 2022, 41% of our portfolio’s a healthy and diversified portfolio, a robust annualized contractual rent was generated from global pipeline for future growth, and of course, a investment grade rated clients. Our portfolio “One Team” mindset amongst our team members is highly diversified, with 1,240 different clients to relentlessly create value for our stakeholders. Since our public listing in 1994, our unwavering We remain committed to building on our 54-year goal has been to build, maintain and grow our track record of success by evolving our business, business to generate earnings and cash flow guided by our One Team values to do the right that carries minimal downside volatility while thing, take ownership, empower each other, sharing the majority of our cash earnings with celebrate differences and give more than we investors through the monthly dividend. This has take as we thoughtfully continue driving financial resulted in a compound average total return to and operational excellence for years to come. shareholders of 14.6%, of which approximately 84% is attributable to payment of dividends6. Through 2022, Realty Income had declared 630 consecutive dividends, and since our listing in 1994, the dividend has been raised 118 times. In 2022, our AFFO payout ratio on a per share basis was 75.7%, which provides us with significant headroom to continue covering and increasing our dividend payment with cash earnings In closing, I want to express my deepest appreciation for our dedicated One Team and the steadfast support and counsel of our Board. Guided by our purpose, mission, vision and values, we continue to invest in people and places to deliver dependable monthly dividends that increase over time, building a business that remains reliably resilient. generated through our operations. As The Thank you for your continued support. Monthly Dividend Company®, a dependable and recurring income stream is sacrosanct to our mission. Sumit Roy President & Chief Executive Officer TOP LEFT PHOTO: Metro AG wholesale club locations in Italy. BOTTOM LEFT PHOTO: Neighborhood Medical assets, a dentistry in Florida. RIGHT PHOTO: the Encore Boston Harbor Resort and Casino, our first gaming asset acquired in December 2022. 6 As of December 31, 2022, assuming re-investment of dividends. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, DC 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, or ☐ Transition report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Commission File Number 1-13374 REALTY INCOME CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) (IRS Employer Identification Number) Maryland 33-0580106 11995 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (858) 284-5000 Title of Each Class Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value 1.125% Notes due 2027 1.875% Notes due 2027 1.625% Notes due 2030 1.750% Notes due 2033 2.500% Notes due 2042 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Trading Symbol(s) O O27A O27B O30 O33A O42 Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," “accelerated filer,” "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ At June 30, 2022, the aggregate market value of the Registrant’s shares of common stock, $0.01 par value, held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $42.1 billion based upon the last reported sale price of $68.26 per share on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2022, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. The determination of affiliate status for purposes of this calculation is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. There were 660,520,906 shares of common stock outstanding as of February 15, 2023. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 incorporate by reference certain specific portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for Realty Income Corporation’s Annual Meeting expected to be held on May 23, 2023, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A. Only those portions of the proxy statement which are specifically incorporated by reference herein shall constitute a part of this annual report. REALTY INCOME CORPORATION Index to Form 10-K December 31, 2022 PART I Item 1: Business The Company Recent Developments Dividend Policy Business Philosophy and Strategy Property Portfolio Information Forward-Looking Statements Item 1A: Risk Factors Item 1B: Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2: Properties Item 3: Legal Proceedings Item 4: Mine Safety Disclosures PART II Item 5: Item 6: Item 7: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Reserved Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations General Liquidity and Capital Resources Results of Operations Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders ("FFO") and Normalized Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders ("Normalized FFO") Adjusted Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders ("AFFO") Impact of Inflation Impact of Newly Adopted Accounting Standards Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Item 9: Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9A: Controls and Procedures Item 9B: Other Information Item 9C: Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections PART III 1 Page 3 3 4 8 9 16 21 21 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 43 54 56 58 58 58 60 106 106 107 107 Item 10: Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11: Executive Compensation Item 12: Item 13: Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence Item 14: Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV Item 15: Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Item 16: Form 10-K Summary SIGNATURES 107 107 107 107 108 108 113 114 2 PART I Item 1: Business In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context otherwise requires, references to “Realty Income,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” refer to Realty Income Corporation and our subsidiaries. Our financial results for the periods presented reflect our merger with VEREIT, Inc. ("VEREIT") from the merger date of November 1, 2021; therefore, periods prior to that date do not reflect the impact of the VEREIT merger. THE COMPANY Realty Income, The Monthly Dividend Company®, is an S&P 500 company and member of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats® index for having increased its dividend every year for over 25 consecutive years. We invest in people and places to deliver dependable monthly dividends that increase over time. We are structured as a real estate investment trust ("REIT"), requiring us to annually distribute at least 90% of our taxable income (excluding net capital gains) in the form of dividends to our stockholders. The monthly dividends are supported by the cash flow generated from real estate in which we own or hold interests in under long-term net lease agreements with our commercial clients. Realty Income was founded in 1969, and listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE": O) in 1994. Over the past 54 years, Realty Income has been acquiring and managing freestanding commercial properties that generate rental revenue under long-term net lease agreements with our commercial clients. At December 31, 2022, our diversified portfolio consisted of: • Owned or held interests in 12,237 properties; • • • • • An occupancy rate of 99.0%, or 12,111 properties leased and 126 properties available for lease or sale; Clients doing business in 84 separate industries; Locations in all 50 United States ("U.S."), Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom ("U.K."), Spain, and Italy; Approximately 236.8 million square feet of leasable space; A weighted average remaining lease term (excluding rights to extend a lease at the option of our client) of approximately 9.5 years; and An average leasable space per property of approximately 19,350 square feet, approximately 13,000 square feet per retail property and approximately 234,100 square feet per industrial property. • Of the 12,237 properties in the portfolio at December 31, 2022, 12,018, or 98.2%, are single-client properties, of which 11,894 were leased, and the remaining are multi-client properties. Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “O” with a CUSIP number of 756109-104. Our central index key number is 726728. Our notes are listed on the NYSE as follows: Notes 1.125% Notes due July 2027 1.875% Notes due January 2027 1.625% Notes due December 2030 1.750% Notes due July 2033 2.500% Notes due January 2042 Ticker Symbol O27A O27B O30 O33A O42 CUISP 756109-BB9 756109-BM5 756109-AY0 756109-BC7 756109-BN3 In January 2023, we had 395 employees, inclusive of four part-time employees, as compared to 371 employees, inclusive of four part-time employees, in January 2022. We maintain a corporate website at www.realtyincome.com. On our website we make available, free of charge, copies of our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, Form 3s, Form 4s, Form 5s, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file these reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). None of the information on our website is deemed to be part of this report. 3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Increases in Monthly Dividends to Common Stockholders We have continued our 54-year policy of paying monthly dividends. In addition, we increased the dividend four times during 2022 and twice during 2023. As of February 2023, we have paid 101 consecutive quarterly dividend increases and increased the dividend 119 times since our listing on the NYSE in 1994. 2022 Dividend increases 1st increase 2nd increase 3rd increase 4th increase 2023 Dividend increases 1st increase 2nd increase Month Declared Dec 2021 Mar 2022 Jun 2022 Sep 2022 Dec 2022 Feb 2023 Month Paid Jan 2022 Apr 2022 Jul 2022 Oct 2022 Jan 2023 Mar 2023 $ $ $ $ $ $ Monthly Dividend per share 0.2465 $ 0.2470 $ 0.2475 $ 0.2480 $ Increase per share 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.2485 $ 0.2545 $ 0.0005 0.0060 The dividends paid per share during 2022 totaled $2.967, as compared to $2.833 during 2021, an increase of $0.134, or 4.7%. The monthly dividend of $0.2545 per share represents a current annualized dividend of $3.0540 per share, and an annualized dividend yield of 4.8% based on the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE of $63.43 on December 31, 2022. Although we expect to continue our policy of paying monthly dividends, we cannot guarantee that we will maintain our current level of dividends, that we will continue our pattern of increasing dividends per share, or what our actual dividend yield will be in any future period. Acquisitions During 2022 Below is a listing of our acquisitions in the U.S. and Europe for the year ended December 31, 2022: Number of Properties Leasable Square Feet (in thousands, unaudited) Investment ($ in millions) Weighted Average Lease Term (Years) Initial Weighted Average Cash Lease Yield (1) Year ended December 31, 2022 (2) Acquisitions - U.S. Acquisitions - Europe 990 94 15,774 $ 11,179 5,746.4 2,441.3 19.3 8.9 6.0 % 6.0 % Total acquisitions Properties under development (3) Total (4) (1) The initial weighted average cash lease yield for a property is generally computed as estimated contractual first year cash net operating 32,453 $ 26,953 $ 8,995.3 8,187.7 807.6 1,084 5,500 1,301 217 16.3 16.2 15.0 6.0 % 5.3 % 5.9 % income, which, in the case of a net leased property, is equal to the aggregate cash base rent for the first full year of each lease, divided by the total cost of the property. Since it is possible that a client could default on the payment of contractual rent, we cannot provide assurance that the actual return on the funds invested will remain at the percentages listed above. Contractual net operating income used in the calculation of initial weighted average cash yield includes approximately $10.5 million received as settlement credits as reimbursement of free rent periods for the year ended December 31, 2022. In the case of a property under development or expansion, the contractual lease rate is generally fixed such that rent varies based on the actual total investment in order to provide a fixed rate of return. When the lease does not provide for a fixed rate of return on a property under development or expansion, the initial weighted average cash lease yield is computed as follows: estimated cash net operating income (determined by the lease) for the first full year of each lease, divided by our projected total investment in the property, including land, construction and capitalized interest costs. (2) None of our investments during the year ended December 31, 2022, caused any one client to be 10% or more of our total assets at December 31, 2022. (3) Includes five U.K. development properties that represent an investment of £40.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, converted at the applicable exchange rate on the funding date. (4) Our clients occupying the new properties are 71.4% retail, 19.1% gaming, 6.5% industrial and 3.0% other property types (including 2.7% agricultural and 0.3% office) based on rental revenue. Approximately 23% of the rental revenue generated from acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022 is from our investment grade rated clients, their subsidiaries or affiliated companies. 4 Appointment of New Chief Operating Officer ("COO") Effective January 2023, Gregory J. Whyte assumed his new role as our Executive Vice President and COO. Mr. Whyte has a background in investment banking and he has served in both advisory roles and as director for several publicly traded companies. Portfolio Discussion Leasing Results At December 31, 2022, we had 126 properties available for lease or sale out of 12,237 properties in our portfolio, which represents a 99.0% occupancy rate based on the number of properties in our portfolio. Our property-level occupancy rates exclude properties with ancillary leases only, such as cell towers and billboards. Below is a summary of our portfolio activity for the periods indicated below: Three months ended December 31, 2022 Properties available for lease at September 30, 2022 Lease expirations (1) Re-leases to same client Re-leases to new client Vacant dispositions Properties available for lease at December 31, 2022 Year ended December 31, 2022 Properties available for lease at December 31, 2021 Lease expirations (1) Re-leases to same client Re-leases to new client Vacant dispositions 131 185 (151) (9) (30) 126 164 719 (571) (34) (152) Properties available for lease at December 31, 2022 126 (1) Includes scheduled and unscheduled expirations (including leases rejected in bankruptcy), as well as future expirations resolved in the periods indicated above. During the three months ended December 31, 2022, the new annualized contractual rent on re-leases was $39.16 million, as compared to the previous annual contractual rent of $37.71 million on the same units, representing a rent recapture rate of 103.8% on the units re-leased. We re-leased six units to new clients without a period of vacancy, and seven units to new clients after a period of vacancy. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the new annualized contractual rent on re-leases was $139.72 million, as compared to the previous annualized contractual rent of $131.93 million on the same units, representing a rent recapture rate of 105.9% on the units re-leased. We re-leased 18 units to new clients without a period of vacancy, and 32 units to new clients after a period of vacancy. As part of our re-leasing costs, we pay leasing commissions to unrelated, third-party real estate brokers consistent with the commercial real estate industry standard, and sometimes provide rent concessions to our clients. We do not consider the collective impact of the leasing commissions or rent concessions to our clients to be material to our financial position or results of operations. At December 31, 2022, our average annualized contractual rent was approximately $14.55 per square foot on the 12,111 leased properties in our portfolio. At December 31, 2022, we classified 22 properties, with a carrying amount of $29.5 million, as real estate and lease intangibles held for sale, net on our consolidated balance sheet. The expected sale of these properties does not represent a strategic shift that will have a major effect on our operations and financial results and is consistent with our existing disposition strategy to further enhance our real estate portfolio and maximize portfolio returns. 5 Investments in Existing Properties During 2022, we capitalized costs of $96.7 million on existing properties in our portfolio, consisting of $88.3 million for non-recurring building improvements, $5.2 million for re-leasing costs, and $3.2 million for recurring capital expenditures. The majority of our building improvements relate to roof repairs, HVAC improvements, and parking lot resurfacing and replacements. The amount of our capital expenditures can vary significantly, depending on the rental market, credit worthiness of our clients, the lease term and the willingness of our clients to pay higher rental revenue over the terms of the leases. We define non-recurring capital expenditures as property improvements in which we invest additional capital that extend the useful life of the properties. We define recurring capital expenditures as mandatory and recurring landlord capital expenditure obligations that have a limited useful life. Sale of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures During 2022, all seven of the properties owned by our industrial partnerships acquired in connection with the VEREIT merger were sold. The gross purchase price for the properties was $905.0 million and we collected $114.0 million of net proceeds (after mortgage defeasance and closing costs) to date, representing our proportionate share of partnership distributions. Equity Capital Raising We have an At-The-Market ("ATM") program, pursuant to which we may offer and sell up to 120,000,000 shares of common stock (1) by us to, or through, a consortium of banks acting as our sales agents or (2) by a consortium of banks acting as forward sellers on behalf of any forward purchasers contemplated thereunder, in each case by means of ordinary brokers' transactions on the NYSE at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices or by any other methods permitted by applicable law. During 2022, we raised $4.6 billion of net proceeds from the sale of common stock, at a weighted average price of $67.04 per share, primarily through proceeds from the sale of common stock through our ATM programs. The ATM program issuances during 2022 included 58,534,967 shares issued pursuant to forward sale confirmations. As of December 31, 2022, 6,744,884 shares of common stock subject to forward sale confirmations have been executed but not settled. Note Issuances In January 2023, we issued $500 million of 5.05% senior unsecured notes due January 13, 2026 (the "2026 notes"), which are callable at par on January 13, 2024, and $600 million of 4.85% senior unsecured notes due March 15, 2030, which are callable at par on January 15, 2030 (the "2030 Notes"). The public offering price for the 2026 Notes was 99.618% of the principal amount for an effective semi-annual yield to maturity of 5.189%. and the public offering price for the 2030 Notes was 98.813% of the principal amount for an effective semi-annual yield to maturity of 5.047%. In conjunction with the pricing of the 2026 notes, we executed a three-year, $500 million fixed-to-variable interest rate swap, which is subject to the counterparties' right to terminate the swap at any time following the 2026 notes par call date and results in an effective variable borrowing rate of SOFR minus 0.0347% thereunder for the duration of the swap. We intend to use these variable rate borrowings in lieu of borrowing under our revolving credit facility, which, as of December 31, 2022, permits U.S. borrowings at an interest rate of SOFR plus 0.725% with a SOFR adjustment charge of 0.10% and a revolving credit facility commitment fee. In October 2022, we issued $750 million of 5.625% senior unsecured notes October 2032 (the "October 2032 Notes"). The public offering price for the notes was 99.879% of the principal amount for an effective semi-annual yield to maturity of 5.641%. In conjunction with the pricing of this offering, we executed a $600 million U.S. Dollar-to- Euro 10-year cross currency swap, resulting in the receipt of approximately €612 million in proceeds and an effective fixed-rate, Euro-denominated semi-annual yield to maturity of approximately 4.7%. Additionally, we terminated forward interest rate swaps totaling $500 million in notional value previously entered into, recognizing a cash settlement gain of approximately $72 million. Giving effect to these contemporaneous transactions, we expect to recognize an effective semi-annual yield to maturity of 3.93% on the overall transaction, including the recognition of the cash settlement gain. In June 2022, we closed on the previously announced private placement of £600.0 million of senior unsecured notes, which included £140.0 million of notes due June 2030, £345.0 million of notes due June 2032, and £115.0 million of notes due June 2037. The combined notes have a weighted average tenor of approximately 10.5 years, and a weighted average fixed interest rate of 3.22%. 6 In January 2022, we issued £250.0 million of 1.875% senior unsecured notes due January 2027 (the "January 2027 Notes") and £250.0 million of 2.500% senior unsecured notes due January 2042 (the "January 2042 Notes"). The public offering price for the January 2027 Notes was 99.487% of the principal amount, for an effective semi-annual yield to maturity of 1.974%, and the public offering price for the January 2042 Notes was 98.445% of the principal amount, for an effective semi-annual yield to maturity of 2.584%. Combined, the new issues of the January 2027 Notes and the January 2042 Notes have a weighted average term of approximately 12.5 years and a weighted average effective semi-annual yield to maturity of approximately 2.28%. Expanded Revolving Credit Facility In April 2022, we entered into a $4.25 billion unsecured credit facility to amend and restate our previous $3.0 billion unsecured credit facility, which was due to expire in March 2023. Our current revolving credit facility matures in June 2026 and includes two six-month extensions that can be exercised at our option. Similar to our previous revolving credit facility, our current revolving credit facility also has a $1.0 billion expansion feature, which is subject to obtaining lender commitments. As of December 31, 2022, the balance of borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility was $2.0 billion, and we had a cash balance of $171.1 million. Expansion of Commercial Paper Programs During July 2022, our unsecured commercial paper program was amended to increase the maximum aggregate amount of outstanding notes from $1.0 billion to $1.5 billion. In addition, during July 2022, we established a new Euro-denominated unsecured commercial paper program, which permits us to issue additional unsecured commercial notes up to a maximum aggregate amount of $1.5 billion (or foreign currency equivalent), in U.S. Dollar ("USD") or various other foreign currencies, including but not limited to, Euros, Sterling, Swiss Francs, Yen, Canadian Dollars, and Australian Dollars, in each case, pursuant to customary terms in the European commercial paper note market. The notes offered under our European commercial paper program rank pari passu with all of our other unsecured senior indebtedness, including borrowings under our revolving credit facility and our term loan facilities, and our outstanding senior notes, including under our USD-denominated commercial paper programs. We use our $4.25 billion unsecured revolving credit facility as a liquidity backstop for the repayment of the notes issued under these two commercial paper programs. As of December 31, 2022, the balance of borrowings outstanding under our commercial paper programs was $701.8 million, including €361.0 million of Euro-denominated borrowings. New Term Loan During January 2023 we entered into a term loan agreement (the “Term Loan Agreement”), pursuant to which we borrowed an aggregate of approximately $1.0 billion in multicurrency borrowings, including $90.0 million, £705.0 million and €85.0 million (collectively, the “Term Loans”). The Term Loan Agreement also permits us to incur additional term loans, up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion in total borrowings. The Term Loans initially mature in January 2024 and include two 12-month maturity extensions that can be exercised at the company's option. Our A3/ A- credit ratings provide for a borrowing rate of 80 basis points over the applicable benchmark rate, which includes adjusted SOFR for USD-denominated loans, adjusted SONIA for Sterling-denominated loans, and EURIBOR for Euro-denominated loans. Impact of COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have widespread, rapidly evolving, and unpredictable impacts on businesses globally, including those in which some of our clients operate. Certain of our clients have been slower to recover economically (including those in the theater industry). However, even in light of this, during 2022 we have continued to collect contractual rent across our total portfolio at levels that are consistent with pre-pandemic rent collection. We cannot assure that our historical rent collections will be indicative of our future rental collections as the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic (or future pandemics) will impact our operations and those of our clients in the future is not known and will depend on future developments. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, or future pandemics, on us, our business, our clients, and the economy generally is discussed further in Item 1A: Risk Factors. Theater Industry Update For the period from October 2022 through February 2023, we collected all of the contractual rent(1) across our theater portfolio. As of December 31, 2022, we had cumulative reserves of $35.6 million, including $13.7 million in additional reserves recognized in the three months ended December 31, 2022, on properties leased to Cineworld Group plc ("Cineworld"), the parent entity of the entities that lease certain of our theater portfolios, including Regal Cinemas, which commenced Chapter 11 reorganization proceedings during September 2022. These reserves for Cineworld and its affiliates, representing a reduction of rental revenue, primarily relate to contractual rent and expense recoveries recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and during the fourth quarter of 2022, and exclude straight-line rent reserves. Total receivables from Cineworld and its affiliates were $15.6 million at 7 December 31, 2022, net of reserves and excluding straight line rent receivables, and include both deferred contractual rent and deferred expense recoveries. (1) We define contractual rent as the monthly aggregate cash amount charged to clients, inclusive of monthly base rent receivables. Charged amounts have not been adjusted for any COVID-19 related rent relief granted and include contractual rent from any clients in bankruptcy. Select Financial Results The following summarizes our select financial results (dollars in millions, except per share data): Years ended December 31, Total revenue Net income available to common stockholders (1) Net income per share (2) Funds from operations ("FFO") available to common stockholders FFO per share (2) Normalized funds from operations ("Normalized FFO") available to common stockholders Normalized FFO per share (2) Adjusted funds from operations ("AFFO") available to common stockholders $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2022 3,343.7 $ 869.4 $ 1.42 $ 2,471.9 $ 4.04 $ 2,485.8 $ 4.06 $ 2021 2,080.5 359.5 0.87 1,240.6 2.99 1,408.0 3.39 2,401.4 $ 1,488.8 % Increase 60.7 % 141.8 % 63.2 % 99.3 % 35.1 % 76.5 % 19.8 % 61.3 % AFFO per share (2) (1) The calculation to determine net income available to common stockholders includes provisions for impairment, gain from the sale of real estate, and foreign currency gain and loss. These items can vary from year to year and can significantly impact net income available to common stockholders and period to period comparisons. 3.92 $ 3.59 $ 9.2 % (2) All per share amounts are presented on a diluted per common share basis. Our financial results during the year ended December 31, 2022 were impacted by the following transactions: (i) merger and integration-related costs related to our merger with VEREIT of $13.9 million, (ii) other income, net increased $20.6 million, which includes gains on insurance proceeds from recoveries on property losses exceeding our carrying value, and (iii) net reserves to rental revenue of $4.0 million (of which $1.7 million was related to straight-line rent receivables). Our financial results during the year ended December 31, 2021 were impacted by the following transactions: (i) a $97.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt, which primarily includes $46.5 million related to the January 2021 early redemption of the 3.250% notes due October 2022 recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2021 and $46.4 million related to the December 2021 early redemption of the 4.650% notes due August 2023 recorded in the three months ended December 31, 2021, (ii) $167.4 million of merger and integration- related costs related to our merger with VEREIT, and (iii) $14.7 million of reserves to rental revenue (of which $4.5 million was related to straight-line rent receivables). See our discussion of FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO (which are not financial measures under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or "U.S. GAAP"), later in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in this annual report, which includes a reconciliation of net income available to common stockholders to FFO and Normalized FFO, and AFFO. Distributions are paid monthly to holders of shares of our common stock. DIVIDEND POLICY Distributions are paid monthly to the limited partners holding common units of Realty Income, L.P., each on a per unit basis that is generally equal to the amount paid per share to our common stockholders. In order to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we generally are required to distribute dividends to our stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our taxable income (excluding net capital gains), and we are subject to income tax to the extent we distribute less than 100% of our taxable income (including net capital gains). In 2022, our cash distributions to common stockholders totaled $1.81 billion, or approximately 95.3% of our estimated taxable income of $1.90 billion. Certain measures are available to us to reduce or eliminate our tax exposure as a REIT, and accordingly, no provision for federal income taxes, other than our taxable REIT subsidiaries (each, a "TRS"), has been made. Our estimated taxable income reflects non-cash deductions for 8 depreciation and amortization. Our estimated taxable income is presented to show our compliance with REIT dividend requirements and is not a measure of our liquidity or operating performance. We intend to continue to make distributions to our stockholders that are sufficient to meet this dividend requirement and that will reduce or eliminate our exposure to income taxes. Furthermore, we believe our cash on hand and funds from operations are sufficient to support our current level of cash distributions to our stockholders. We distributed $2.967 per share to stockholders during 2022, representing 75.7% of our diluted AFFO per share of $3.92. Future distributions will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, FFO, Normalized FFO, AFFO, cash flow from operations, financial condition, capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, our debt service requirements, and any other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant. In addition, our credit facility contains financial covenants that could limit the amount of distributions payable by us in the event of a default, and which prohibit the payment of distributions on our common stock in the event that we fail to pay when due (subject to any applicable grace period) any principal or interest on borrowings under our credit facility. Distributions of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes generally will be taxable to stockholders as ordinary income, except to the extent that we recognize capital gains and declare a capital gains dividend, or that such amounts constitute “qualified dividend income” subject to a reduced rate of tax. The maximum tax rate of non-corporate taxpayers for “qualified dividend income” is generally 20%. In general, dividends payable by REITs are not eligible for the reduced tax rate on qualified dividend income, except to the extent that certain holding requirements have been met with respect to the REIT’s stock and the REIT’s dividends are attributable to dividends received from certain taxable corporations (such as our TRSs) or to income that was subject to tax at the corporate or REIT level (for example, if we distribute taxable income that we retained and paid tax on in the prior taxable year). However, non-corporate stockholders, including individuals, generally may deduct up to 20% of dividends from a REIT, other than capital gain dividends and dividends treated as qualified dividend income, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. Distributions in excess of earnings and profits generally will first be treated as a non-taxable reduction in the stockholders’ basis in their stock, but not below zero. Distributions in excess of that basis generally will be taxable as a capital gain to stockholders who hold their shares as a capital asset. None of the distributions to our common stockholders, made or deemed to have been made in 2022, were classified as a return of capital for federal income tax purposes. BUSINESS PHILOSOPHY AND STRATEGY We believe that actively managing a diversified portfolio of commercial properties under long-term, net lease agreements produces consistent and predictable income. A net lease typically requires the client to be responsible for monthly rent and certain property operating expenses including property taxes, insurance, and maintenance. In addition, clients of our properties typically pay rent increases based on: (1) fixed increases, (2) increases tied to inflation (typically subject to ceilings), or (3) additional rent calculated as a percentage of the clients’ gross sales above a specified level. We believe that a portfolio of properties under long-term net lease agreements with our commercial clients generally produces a more predictable income stream than many other types of real estate portfolios, while continuing to offer the potential for growth in rental income. Diversification is also a key component of our investment philosophy. We believe that diversification of the portfolio by client, industry, geography, and property type leads to more consistent and predictable income for our stockholders by reducing vulnerability that can come with any single concentration. Our investment activities have led to a diversified property portfolio that, as of December 31, 2022, we owned or held interests in 12,237 properties located in all 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, the U.K., Spain, and Italy, and doing business in 84 industries. None of the 84 industries represented in our property portfolio accounted for more than 8.6% of our annualized contractual rent as of December 31, 2022. As we look to continue to expand geographically across Europe, we focus upon building relationships with new multinational clients that seek a real estate partner with an expanding geographic footprint. Investment Strategy We seek to invest in high-quality real estate that our clients consider important to the successful operation of their businesses. We generally seek to own or hold interests in commercial real estate that has some or all of the following characteristics: 9 • • • • • • • Properties in markets or locations important to our clients; Properties with strong demographic attributes or that we deem to be profitable for our clients; Properties with real estate valuations that approximate replacement costs; Properties with rental or lease payments that approximate market rents for similar properties; Properties that can be purchased with the simultaneous execution or assumption of long-term net lease agreements, offering both current income and the potential for future rent increases; Properties that leverage relationships with clients, sellers, investors, or developers as part of a long-term strategy; and Properties that leverage our proprietary insights, including those in locations and geographic markets we expect to remain strong or strengthen in the future. We typically seek to invest in properties or portfolios of properties owned or leased by clients that are already or could become leaders in their respective businesses supported by mechanisms including (but not limited to) occupancy of prime real estate locations, pricing, merchandise assortment, service, quality, economies of scale, consumer branding, e-commerce, and advertising. We have an internal team dedicated to sourcing such opportunities, often using our relationships with various clients, owners/developers, brokers and advisers to uncover and secure transactions. We also undertake thorough research and analysis to identify what we consider to be appropriate property locations, clients, and industries for investment. This research expertise is instrumental to uncovering net lease opportunities in markets where we believe we can add value. In selecting potential investments, we generally look for clients with the following attributes: • • • • Reliable and sustainable cash flow, including demonstrated economic resiliency; Revenue and cash flow from multiple sources; Are willing to sign a long-term lease (10 or more years); and Are large owners and users of real estate. From a retail perspective, our investment strategy is to target clients that have a service, non-discretionary, and/or low-price-point component to their business. We target investments with clients who have demonstrated resiliency to e-commerce or have a strong omni channel retail strategy, uniting brick-and-mortar and mobile browsing, both of which reflect the continued importance of last mile retail, the movement of goods to their final destination, real estate as part of a customer experience and supply chain strategy. Our overall investments (including last mile retail) are driven by an optimal portfolio strategy that, among other considerations, targets allocation ranges by asset class and industry. We review our strategy periodically and stress test our portfolio in a variety of positive and negative economic scenarios to ensure we deliver consistent earnings growth and value creation across economic cycles. As a result of the execution of this strategy, approximately 93% of our annualized retail contractual rent on December 31, 2022, is derived from our clients with a service, non-discretionary, and/or low price point component to their business. From a non-retail perspective, we target industrial properties leased to industry leaders, the majority of which are investment grade rated companies. We believe these characteristics enhance the stability of the rental revenue generated from these properties. After applying this investment strategy, we pursue those transactions where we believe we can achieve an attractive investment spread over our cost of capital and favorable risk-adjusted returns. We will continue to evaluate all investments for consistency with our objective of owning net lease assets. Underwriting Strategy In order to be considered for acquisition, properties must meet stringent underwriting requirements. We have established a four-part analysis that examines each potential investment based on: • • • • The aforementioned overall real estate characteristics, including demographics, replacement cost, and comparative rental rates; Industry, client (including credit profile), and market conditions; Store profitability for retail locations if profitability data is available; and The importance of the real estate location to the operations of the clients’ business. We believe the principal financial obligations for most of our clients typically include their bank and other debt, payment obligations to employees, suppliers, and real estate lease obligations. Because we typically own the land and building in which a client conducts its business or which are critical to the client’s ability to generate revenue, we believe the risk of default on a client’s lease obligation is less than the client’s unsecured general obligations. It has been our experience that clients must retain their profitable and critical locations to survive. Therefore, in the 10 event of reorganization, we believe they are less likely to reject a lease of a profitable or critical location because this would terminate their right to use the property. Thus, as the property owner, we believe that we will fare better than unsecured creditors of the same client in the event of reorganization. If a property is rejected by our client during reorganization, we own the property and can either lease it to a new client or sell the property. In addition, we believe that the risk of default on real estate leases can be further mitigated by monitoring the performance of our clients’ individual locations and considering whether to proactively sell locations that meet our criteria for disposition. We conduct comprehensive reviews of the business segments and industries in which our clients operate. In addition, prior to entering any transaction, our research department conducts a review of a client’s credit quality. The information reviewed may include reports and filings, including any public credit ratings, financial statements, debt and equity analyst reports, and reviews of corporate credit spreads, stock prices, market capitalization, and other financial metrics. We conduct due diligence, including financial reviews of the client, and monitor our clients’ credit quality on an ongoing basis and provide summaries of these findings to management. At December 31, 2022, 40.9% of our total portfolio annualized contractual rent comes from properties leased to our investment grade clients, their subsidiaries or affiliated companies. At December 31, 2022, our top 20 clients (based on percentage of total portfolio annualized contractual rent) represented 40.9% of our annualized rent and 12 of these clients have investment grade credit ratings or are subsidiaries or affiliates of investment grade companies. Asset Management Strategy In addition to pursuing new properties for investment, we seek to increase earnings and dividends through active asset management. Generally, our asset management efforts seek to achieve: Rent increases at the expiration of existing leases, when market conditions permit; • • Optimum exposure to certain clients, industries, and markets through re-leasing vacant properties and selectively selling properties; • Maximum asset-level returns on properties that are re-leased or sold; and • Additional value creation opportunities from the existing portfolio by leveraging internal capabilities to enhance individual properties, pursue alternative uses, and derive ancillary revenue. As part of our ongoing credit research, we continually monitor our portfolio for any changes that could affect the performance of our clients, our clients’ industries, and the real estate locations in which we have invested. We also regularly analyze our portfolio with a view towards optimizing its returns and enhancing its overall credit quality. Our active asset management strategy pursues asset sales when we believe the reinvestment of the sale proceeds will: • Generate higher returns; • • • Enhance the credit quality of our real estate portfolio; Extend our average remaining lease term; and/or Strategically decrease client, industry, or geographic concentration. The active management of the portfolio is an essential component of our long-term strategy of maintaining high occupancy. Impact of Real Estate and Credit Markets In the commercial real estate market, property prices generally continue to fluctuate. Likewise, during certain periods, including the current market, the global credit markets have experienced significant price volatility, dislocations, and liquidity disruptions, which may impact our access to and cost of capital. We continually monitor the commercial real estate and global credit markets carefully and, if required, will make decisions to adjust our business strategy accordingly. Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG") In recent years, our environmental, social, and governance efforts have quickly evolved from commitment to action. We continue to focus on how best to institutionalize efforts for a lasting and positive impact. As a result, we strive to be a sustainability leader in the net lease REIT sector. 11 As The Monthly Dividend Company®, our mission is to conduct business with integrity, transparency, respect and humility to create long-term value across economic cycles for all stakeholders. We are committed to conducting our business according to the highest moral and ethical standards. Our dedication to providing dependable monthly dividends that increase over time is only enhanced by our elevated purpose, mission, vision and values. We believe that our commitment to corporate responsibility, which encompasses ESG principles, is critical to our performance and long-term success and that we all have a shared responsibility to our people, communities that we operate in and the planet. In support of this commitment, we are dedicated to providing an engaging, inclusive, and a safe work environment for our employees, operating our business in an environmentally conscious manner, and upholding our corporate responsibilities as a public company for the benefit of our stakeholders - our stockholders, clients, employees and community members. The Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee of our Board of Directors has direct oversight of ESG matters. Environmental - Sustainability We hold the protection of our assets, communities, and the environment in high regard. Based on our business model, the properties in our portfolio are primarily net leased to our clients, and each client is generally responsible for maintaining the buildings, including utilities management and the implementation of environmentally sustainable practices at each location. Therefore, we generally cannot control the implementation of environmentally sustainable practices without collaborating with our clients whose environmental initiatives may or may not be aligned with ours. However, we hope that with continued engagement, we can encourage clients to adopt environmentally sustainable practices. In that light, we have expanded and intend to continue to expand our client engagement efforts to achieve shared sustainability objectives on an ongoing basis. As a member of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("Nareit") Real Estate Sustainability Council, we are focused on leveraging best practices and advancing our efforts in this area. Response to Climate Change We seek to promote effective energy efficiency and other sustainability strategies and compliance with federal, state and international laws and regulations related to climate change, both internally and with our clients. We remain committed to sustainable business practices in our day-to-day activities by encouraging a culture of environmental responsibility at our offices and within our communities. We work with our clients to promote environmental responsibility at the properties we own, however, as noted above, as our properties are primarily net leased to our clients we generally cannot control the implementation of environmentally sustainable practices without the assistance of our clients. As we have grown our sustainability efforts, we have leveraged our size and expanded our client engagement efforts to achieve shared sustainability objectives. We are: • Operating from green-certified buildings: our San Diego headquarters is Energy Star Certified and our • • • • • Phoenix Office is LEED Platinum certified. Continuing to upgrade our San Diego headquarters by completing a building-wide LED retrofit, subsidizing employee use of electric vehicle charging stations, and installing a carport photovoltaic panel system. These improvements are in addition to our automatic lighting control system with light-harvesting technology, a building management system that monitors and controls energy use, an adaptive and intelligent irrigation system, and energy efficient PVC roofing and heating and cooling systems. Reporting according to our Green Financing Framework and our Green Bond Report, disclosing our allocation of proceeds from our inaugural green bond offering in 2021 to green certified building acquisitions and other eligible green projects. Identifying transition risks across our European portfolio by assessing, identifying, and underwriting necessary property retrofits and upgrades during acquisition due diligence in order to ensure our investments will meet the England and Wales minimum energy efficiency standards (“MEES”) and the 2002 Scottish energy regulations. This due diligence will also help preparedness for future similar regulations that may be adopted in countries or regions where we have properties. Enhancing our ESG and Green Lease schedule for our European operations to establish landlord/client cooperation, data sharing requirements, energy use, site alteration guidelines, and energy performance certificate requirements, among other items. We are also continuing the expansion and incorporation of “Green Lease Clauses” across our leases for access to utility and performance data through lease rollovers, sale-leaseback transactions, and initiatives which allow us to benchmark our properties and work with clients to identify and implement energy efficiency projects. Holding a management led ESG Task Force to facilitate compliance with certain regulatory disclosure requirements to which we are subject (such as the anticipated changes to the SEC’s climate-related 12 • disclosure rules) or to comply with established ESG frameworks and standards, such as the Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmarks and the Task Force for Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (“TCFD”). Continuing our client engagement initiative to learn about client sustainability goals, initiatives, and collaboration opportunities focused on utility data sharing, renewable energy options, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, as well as LED lighting and HVAC retrofits and other energy efficiency projects. • Working with strategic real estate partners to survey existing site-level environmental characteristics to help • • • • develop a more comprehensive inventory of our portfolio’s low-footprint carbon initiatives. Providing our asset management and real estate operations teams with additional resources to identify and evaluate client partnership opportunities. Surveying asset-level property characteristics via client survey requests to increase environmental data coverage. Continuing to strengthen our governance structure and legal instruments to expedite opportunities across our portfolio. Considering climate-related risks within our strategic enterprise-level risk assessment process while following TCFD recommendations to better understand how climate change may impact future business decisions. We prepare and issue an annual sustainability report. Social - Company Culture and Employees Human Capital We put great effort into cultivating an inclusive company culture. We are one team, and together we are committed to providing an engaging work environment centered on our One Team values of Do the right thing, Take ownership, Empower each other, Celebrate differences, and Give more than we take. As such, we hire talented employees with diverse backgrounds and perspectives and work to provide an environment with regular, open communication where capable team members have fulfilling careers and are encouraged to engage with and make a positive impact on business partners and the communities in which we operate. We continue to take the following actions to offer an engaging environment: • Maintaining a hybrid onsite/remote work environment with flexible scheduling; • Implementing an improved internal communication and document management platform that provides employees enhanced video conferencing, document management, and virtual collaboration workspace which improved employee communications and collaboration supporting in-office and our remote work footprint; Increasing dialogue with our team leaders, including our CEO, who conducts regular check-in meetings with all leadership levels and employees across the company; Providing resources to employees who were directly impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; Updating our business continuity plan that includes emergency planning, disaster recovery, alternative communication outlets, and real-time testing simulations; Establishing in-person and virtual engagement activities, bringing colleagues together through the Team Building Committee and Green Team; and Hosting in-person and virtual wellbeing program classes and events addressing mental health, stress reduction, physical fitness, financial wellbeing, and other wellness topics. • • • • • Recruitment, Development and Retention We believe our employees form the foundation of our corporate culture and are one of our most valuable assets. As of January 2023, we employed 395 professionals (including four part-time employees), with the majority of talent recruited and hired from the local communities in which we operate. In order to broaden our reach for talent, we offer college and high school internship programs and attract candidates utilizing diverse resources such as affinity associations, targeted job advertisements, sourcing software focusing on diversity criteria, and employee referrals. Additionally, as part of our ongoing efforts to strengthen our internal leadership development capabilities, we operate an annual mentorship program, will launch two leadership development programs in 2023, and train on topics such as anti-discrimination and harassment, cybersecurity, Diversity, Equality and Inclusion (DE&I) awareness, safety, and important company policies that are required for every employee. We also offer competency-based training that includes professional development, executive and officer-level coaching, and other leadership development training for our colleagues. 13 Assistance and support are provided to employees who are working towards obtaining job-related licenses and relevant certifications as well as continuing education. Opportunities to enroll in professional and technical education is also extended to all employees who are looking for ways to continue learning and growing with the Company. Employee retention is vital to maintaining a robust and cohesive workforce. To that end, we provide compensation that we believe is competitive with our peers and competitors, including a generous benefits package. Benefits include medical, dental, and vision healthcare benefits for all employees and their families; participation in a 401(k) or equivalent plan with a matching contribution from us; paid time-off or equivalent; disability and life insurance; and, in years that the Company's performance meets certain goals, the ability to earn equity in the Company that vests over four years. Our employees have an average tenure of approximately 4.8 years and our leadership, including Senior Vice President and above, have an average tenure of approximately 8.3 years. Diversity, Equality and Inclusion We believe that much of our success is rooted in the diversity of our teams and our commitment to inclusion. This commitment starts at the top with our highly skilled and diverse Board, comprised of individuals with a variety of backgrounds and experience. We strive to emulate this diversity throughout the Company as part of our ongoing commitment to diversity, equality and inclusion with our DE&I Policy. We continue to expand our DE&I efforts around building employee awareness and understanding through various training requirements and learning opportunities. In 2022, we accomplished a 100% participation in our required DE&I training and in 2023 hosted a variety of voluntary learning sessions around an array of DE&I topics (e.g., Generational Differences, and Allyship, Gender Equity, and Race Diversity), which supported employee self-reflection, engagement, and action throughout the year. In addition, we offer the option for employees to select a floating holiday that recognizes DE&I that is personally meaningful to them. These learning opportunities aim to continue building knowledge and facilitate open and safe conversations regarding critical DE&I topics, drive inclusive conversations with others, and promote belonging in our hybrid environment. We perform a pay equity analysis each year to ensure that regardless of gender, race, or ethnicity, employees who perform similar work under similar circumstances are paid similar wages. Workforce Demographics The following data is as of December 31, 2022 and was gathered voluntarily from employees and reflects the information provided by the participating respondents. No employees identify as non-binary. We define Manager Level as employees that either supervise at least one team member or hold a title of Associate Director or above. We define Senior Officer Level as employees with a title of Senior Vice President or above. In addition to maintaining a diverse workforce, 36% of our Board of Directors self-identify as women and 55% self-identify as racially or ethnically diverse. Total Workforce Manager Level Senior Officer Level* 1% 56% 43% 1% 41% 58% 38% 62% Not Specified Identify as Women Identify as Men Not Specified Identify as Women Identify as Men Not Specified Identify as Women Identify as Men * 8 of 21 senior officers identify as women 14 Employee Engagement We believe our focus on culture, employee engagement and inclusion has helped us mitigate the risk of losing key team members. To assess, analyze, and respond to employee sentiment and to ensure that we are doing all we can to foster engagement from a strategic perspective, we launched our first employee engagement survey in 2019. Every eighteen months, we conduct a comprehensive employee engagement survey. Our 2022 survey garnered over 96% employee participation. We continuously strive in our culture and work environment to create opportunities for engagement and improvement. As such, our leaders develop focused action plans which address areas for enhanced engagement based on survey results in concert with feedback from their department team members. We intend to continue conducting employee engagement surveys every eighteen months. We sponsor an active Team Building Committee comprised of volunteer-employees across numerous departments and seniority levels that organizes employee-driven, team-building events and activities to promote employee involvement, communication, and organizational continuity to foster strong interconnected relationships. We complement the Team Building Committee in support of our ESG efforts with another volunteer-based, employee- driven Green Team that works on sustainability related matters at our office and in the community. Employee Health, Safety and Wellbeing We believe the health and wellbeing of our team members are cornerstones for our successful operations. Our wellbeing program provides opportunities for our people to participate in various activities and educational programs to enhance their personal and professional lives. Our wellbeing model is to engage employees covering five pillars of wellness: Purpose, Social, Financial, Community, and Physical. We support a healthy work-life balance, by offering flexible work schedules, access to discounted fitness programs, on-site dry-cleaning pickup, car wash services, paid family leave, generous parental leave, lactation rooms, and an infant at work program for new parents. Employees also have access to a robust employee assistance program. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted additional support needed to our One Team. Upon our return to the office in March 2022, we took the following actions to seek to assist our employees: we (i) implemented a hybrid remote and in-person working arrangements which was determined by each department leader based on an individual's role; (ii) implemented and improved internal communications; (iii) provided resources to employees who were directly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., financial support, scheduling flexibility, and time off to employees to receive and recover from the COVID-19 vaccine and booster); and (iv) updated our business continuity plan. Governance - Fiduciary Duties and Ethics We believe in the importance of a company’s reputation for integrity and are committed to managing the Company for the benefit of our stockholders. We are focused on maintaining good corporate governance and have implemented the below practices that illustrate this commitment including, but are not limited to: • Our Board of Directors is currently comprised of 11 directors, 10 of whom are independent, non-employee directors; • Our Board of Directors is elected on an annual basis with a majority vote standard; • Our directors conduct annual self-evaluations and participate in director orientation and continuing education programs; An enterprise risk management evaluation is conducted annually to identify and assess our risk; • • Each standing committee of our Board of Directors is comprised entirely of independent directors; and • We adhere to all other corporate governance principles outlined in our Corporate Governance Guidelines. These guidelines, as well as our bylaws, committee charters and other governance documents may be found on our website. We are committed to conducting our business according to the highest ethical standards and upholding our corporate responsibilities as a public company operating for the benefit of our stockholders. Our Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Business Ethics that applies to our directors, officers, and other employees. The Code of Business Ethics includes our commitment to dealing fairly with all of our clients, service providers, suppliers, and competitors. We require all employees to acknowledge the terms of, and abide by, our Code of Business Ethics, which is also available on our website. Our employees have access to members of our Board of Directors to report anonymously, if desired, any suspicion of misconduct by any member of our senior management or executive team. Anonymous reporting is always available through our whistleblower hotline and reported to our Audit Committee quarterly. 15 At December 31, 2022, our diversified portfolio consisted of: PROPERTY PORTFOLIO INFORMATION • Owned or held interests in 12,237 properties; • • • • • An occupancy rate of 99.0%, or 12,111 properties leased and 126 properties available for lease or sale; Clients doing business in 84 separate industries; Locations in all 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, the U.K., Spain, and Italy; Approximately 236.8 million square feet of leasable space; A weighted average remaining lease term (excluding rights to extend a lease at the option of the client) of approximately 9.5 years; and An average leasable space per property of approximately 19,350 square feet; approximately 13,000 square feet per retail property and approximately 234,100 square feet per industrial property. • At December 31, 2022, 12,111 properties were leased under net lease agreements. A net lease typically requires the client to be responsible for monthly rent and certain property operating expenses including property taxes, insurance, and maintenance. In addition, clients of our properties typically pay rent increases based on: (1) fixed increases, (2) increases tied to inflation (typically subject to ceilings), or (3) additional rent calculated as a percentage of the clients' gross sales above a specified level. We define total portfolio annualized contractual rent as the monthly aggregate cash amount charged to clients, inclusive of monthly base rent receivables, but excluding percentage rent and reimbursements from clients, as of the balance sheet date, multiplied by 12, excluding percentage rent. We believe total portfolio annualized contractual revenue is a useful supplemental operating measure, as it excludes properties that were no longer owned at the balance sheet date and includes the annualized rent from properties acquired during the quarter. Total portfolio annualized contractual rent has not been reduced to reflect reserves and reserve reversals recorded as adjustments to U.S. GAAP rental revenue in the periods presented and excludes unconsolidated entities. Top 10 Industry Concentrations We are engaged in a single business activity, which is the leasing of property to clients, generally on a net basis. That business activity spans various geographic boundaries and includes property types and clients engaged in various industries. Even though we have a single segment, we believe our investors continue to view diversification as a key component of our investment philosophy and so we believe it remains important to present certain information regarding our property portfolio classified according to the business of the respective clients, expressed as a percentage of our total portfolio annualized contractual rent: 16 Percentage of Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent by Industry (1) As of Dec 31, 2022 10.0% Dec 31, 2021 10.2% 8.6 7.4 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.1 4.4 4.0 3.7 9.1 7.5 6.6 6.6 5.1 5.9 4.7 3.2 3.7 Dec 31, 2020 9.8% 11.9 Dec 31, 2019 7.9% 12.3 Dec 31, 2018 5.0% 12.6 7.6 5.3 8.2 4.3 2.8 6.7 2.7 3.4 7.9 5.8 8.8 2.9 3.2 7.0 2.6 2.5 7.3 6.3 9.4 2.8 3.3 7.1 2.2 2.1 Grocery stores Convenience stores Dollar stores Restaurants - quick service Drug stores Home improvement Restaurants - casual dining Health and fitness Automotive service General merchandise (1) The presentation of Top 10 Industry Concentrations combines total portfolio contractual rent from the U.S. and Europe. Europe consists of properties in the U.K., starting in May 2019, in Spain, starting in September 2021, and in Italy, starting in October 2022. Property Type Composition The following table sets forth certain property type information regarding our property portfolio as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands): Property Type Retail Industrial Gaming Other (2) Totals Approximate Leasable Square Feet (1) Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent Percentage of Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent Number of Properties 11,872 327 1 37 154,779,800 $ 2,794,814 76,546,800 3,096,700 2,422,100 453,571 100,000 64,673 12,237 236,845,400 $ 3,413,058 81.9 % 13.3 2.9 1.9 100.0 % (1) Includes leasable building square footage. Excludes 2,962 acres of leased land categorized as agriculture at December 31, 2022. (2) "Other" includes 27 properties classified as agriculture, consisting of approximately 272,400 leasable square feet and $37.4 million in annualized contractual rent and ten properties classified as office, consisting of approximately 2.1 million leasable square feet and $27.3 million in annualized contractual rent. 17 Client Diversification The following table sets forth the 20 largest clients in our property portfolio, expressed as a percentage of total portfolio annualized contractual rent, which does not give effect to deferred rent, at December 31, 2022: Client Dollar General Walgreens 7-Eleven Dollar Tree / Family Dollar Wynn Resorts FedEx LA Fitness Sainsbury's BJ's Wholesale Clubs B&Q (Kingfisher) CVS Pharmacy Lifetime Fitness Wal-Mart / Sam's Club AMC Theaters Tractor Supply Red Lobster Regal Cinemas (Cineworld) Tesco Home Depot Kroger Total Number of Leases 1,518 342 632 1,092 1 80 76 28 33 37 183 21 66 35 171 200 41 17 29 32 Percentage of Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent (1) 4.0 % 3.6 3.5 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 4,634 40.9 % (1) Amounts for each client are calculated independently; therefore, the individual percentages may not sum to the total. 18 Lease Expirations The following table sets forth certain information regarding the timing of the lease term expirations in our portfolio (excluding rights to extend a lease at the option of the client) and their contribution to total portfolio annualized contractual rent as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands): Total Portfolio (1) Expiring Leases Retail Non-Retail Approximate Leasable Square Feet Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent Percentage of Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent 557 696 884 812 1,384 1,271 906 554 493 934 587 546 419 413 468 1,483 12,407 17 34 36 32 35 46 20 20 35 23 15 7 3 8 8 51 390 6,091,100 $ 13,537,600 14,190,300 16,381,600 21,660,500 24,838,000 19,119,100 15,237,800 20,798,900 14,581,900 14,296,200 10,288,200 4,806,400 7,174,800 8,320,400 23,270,900 92,628 156,461 201,949 190,641 276,431 289,822 233,775 174,428 238,610 233,886 174,091 209,296 106,739 131,904 128,608 573,789 234,593,700 $ 3,413,058 2.7 % 4.6 5.9 5.6 8.1 8.5 6.8 5.1 7.0 6.9 5.1 6.1 3.1 3.9 3.8 16.8 100.0 % Year 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038-2143 Totals (1) Leases on our multi-client properties are counted separately in the table above. This table excludes 181 vacant units. 19 Geographic Diversification The following table sets forth certain geographic information regarding our property portfolio as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands): Location Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Puerto Rico United Kingdom Spain Italy Totals/average Approximate Leasable Square Feet 4,294,800 299,700 3,701,300 2,567,000 11,421,200 2,651,100 1,237,300 189,900 10,018,900 8,473,900 47,800 189,100 12,489,600 7,584,500 2,995,700 4,565,000 5,823,500 5,053,500 1,004,900 2,857,200 6,201,200 5,734,500 3,630,600 4,251,500 5,018,000 210,500 1,021,100 2,665,700 568,200 2,225,900 1,290,700 4,334,700 8,106,000 347,500 14,602,000 4,035,300 650,400 5,925,200 99,800 4,195,700 453,000 7,209,400 25,415,800 1,529,500 134,900 7,197,700 1,783,500 736,600 5,483,100 157,700 59,400 19,069,200 3,960,100 1,075,100 236,845,400 Percentage of Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent 1.9 % 0.1 2.0 1.0 5.8 1.4 0.4 0.1 5.1 3.5 0.2 0.1 5.2 2.6 0.9 1.1 1.7 2.0 0.5 1.2 4.2 2.7 1.8 1.3 1.9 0.1 0.4 1.0 0.3 1.6 0.6 2.9 3.0 0.2 4.2 1.6 0.4 2.5 0.1 1.9 0.2 2.5 10.4 0.5 0.1 2.5 0.9 0.4 1.9 0.1 0.1 9.5 1.0 0.4 100.0 % Percent Leased 98 % 100 100 100 99 99 96 96 99 99 100 100 99 99 100 100 99 100 100 96 100 99 99 100 98 100 97 100 100 97 100 98 98 91 99 99 100 99 100 99 100 98 99 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 % Number of Properties 397 6 245 234 333 166 25 25 782 547 22 27 528 406 102 183 357 336 54 78 91 467 243 281 376 22 77 74 31 142 101 244 393 22 683 301 41 339 6 307 31 446 1,534 36 7 356 79 76 278 23 6 212 52 7 12,237 20 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the documents incorporated by reference, contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. When used in this annual report, the words “estimated,” “anticipated,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “continue,” “should,” “may,” “likely,” “plans,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include discussions of our business and portfolio (including our growth strategies and our intention to acquire or dispose of additional properties and the timing of these acquisitions and dispositions), re-lease, re-development and speculative development of properties and expenditures related thereto; future operations and results; the announcement of operating results, strategy, plans, and the intentions of management; and trends in our business, including trends in the market for long-term net leases of freestanding, single-client properties. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions about Realty Income Corporation which may cause our actual future results to differ materially from expected results. Some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are, among others our continued qualification as a real estate investment trust; general domestic and foreign business, economic, or financial conditions; competition; fluctuating interest and currency rates; inflation and its impact on our clients and us; access to debt and equity capital markets and other sources of funding; continued volatility and uncertainty in the credit markets and broader financial markets; other risks inherent in the real estate business including our clients' defaults under leases, increased client bankruptcies, potential liability relating to environmental matters, illiquidity of real estate investments, and potential damages from natural disasters; impairments in the value of our real estate assets; changes in domestic and foreign income tax laws and rates; our clients' solvency; property ownership through joint ventures and partnerships which may limit control of the underlying investments; the continued evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic or future epidemics or pandemics, measures taken to limit their spread, the impacts on us, our business, our clients (including those in the theater and fitness industries), and the economy generally; the loss of key personnel; the outcome of any legal proceedings to which we are a party or which may occur in the future; acts of terrorism and war; and any effects of uncertainties regarding whether the anticipated benefits or results of our merger with VEREIT, Inc. will be achieved. Additional factors that may cause risks and uncertainties include those discussed in the sections entitled “Business”, “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future plans and performance and speak only as of the date of this annual report was filed with the SEC. Actual plans and operating results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in this annual report and forecasts made in the forward-looking statements discussed in this annual report might not materialize. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly release the results of any revisions to these forward- looking statements that may be made to reflect events or circumstances after the date these statements were made. Item 1A: Risk Factors This “Risk Factors” section contains references to our “capital stock” and to our “stockholders.” Unless expressly stated otherwise, the references to our “capital stock” represent our common stock and any class or series of preferred stock which may be outstanding from time to time, while the references to our “stockholders” represent holders of our common stock. Risks Related to Our Business and Industry In order to grow we need to continue to acquire investment properties. The acquisition of investment properties may be subject to competitive pressures. We face competition in the acquisition and operation of our properties. We expect competition from businesses, individuals, fiduciary accounts and plans, and other entities engaged in real estate investment and financing. This competition may result in a higher cost for properties we wish to purchase. Negative market conditions or adverse events affecting our existing or potential clients, or the industries in which they operate, could have an adverse impact on our ability to attract new clients, re-lease space, collect rent or renew leases, which could adversely affect our cash flow from operations and inhibit growth. Cash flow from operations depends in part on our ability to lease space to our clients on economically favorable terms and to collect rent from our clients on a timely basis. We could be adversely affected by various facts and events over which we have limited or no control, such as: 21 • Lack of demand in areas where our properties are located; • Inability to retain existing clients and attract new clients; • Oversupply of space and changes in market rental rates; • Declines in our clients’ creditworthiness and ability to pay rent, which may be affected by their operations (including as a result from changes in consumer behaviors or preferences impacting our clients operations), economic downturns and competition within their industries from other operators; • Defaults by and bankruptcies of clients, failure of clients to pay rent on a timely basis, or failure of our clients to comply with their contractual obligations; • Changes in laws, rules or regulations that negatively impact clients or our properties; • The COVID-19 pandemic or other epidemics or pandemics or outbreaks of illness, disease or virus that affect countries or regions in which our clients and their parent companies operate or in which our properties or corporate headquarters are located; • Changes in consumer behaviors (e.g., decrease in discretionary consumer spending), preferences or demographics impacting our clients' operations; Supply chain disruptions; Economic or physical decline of the areas where the properties are located; and • • • Deterioration of physical condition of our properties. If our clients do not renew their leases as they expire, we may not be able to rent or sell the properties. Leases that are renewed, and some new leases for properties that are re-leased, may have terms that are less economically favorable than expiring lease terms, or may require us to incur significant costs, such as renovations, improvements on behalf of the client or lease transaction costs. Negative market conditions may cause us to sell vacant properties for less than their carrying value, which could result in impairments. Any of these events could adversely affect our cash flow from operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and service our indebtedness. A significant portion of the costs of owning property, such as real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance, are not necessarily reduced when circumstances cause a decrease in rental revenue from the properties. In a weakened financial condition, our clients may not be able to pay these costs of ownership and we may be unable to recover these operating expenses from them. At any time, any of our clients may experience a downturn in its business that may weaken its operating results or overall financial condition. As a result, a client may delay lease commencement, fail to make rental payments when due, decline to extend a lease upon its expiration, become insolvent or declare bankruptcy. Any client bankruptcy or insolvency, leasing delay or failure to make rental payments when due could result in the termination of our client’s lease and material losses to us. Further, the occurrence of a client bankruptcy or insolvency could diminish or eliminate the income we receive from our client’s lease or leases. A bankruptcy court might authorize a client to terminate one or more of its leases with us. If that happens, our claim against the bankrupt client for unpaid future rent would be subject to statutory limitations that most likely would result in rent payments that would be substantially less than the remaining rent we are owed under the leases (it is also possible that we may not receive any unpaid future rent under terminated leases) or we may elect not to pursue claims against a client for terminated leases. Claims we have for unpaid past rent, if any, may not be paid in full, or at all. Client bankruptcies within a given property may also adversely impact our ability to re-release that property at favorable terms, or at all. Moreover, in the case of a client’s leases that are not terminated as the result of its bankruptcy, we may be required or elect to reduce the rent payable under those leases or provide other concessions, reducing amounts we receive under those leases. As a result, client bankruptcies may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Any of these events could adversely affect our cash flow from operations and our ability to make distributions to stockholders and service our indebtedness. Downturns in any of our industries could adversely affect our clients (including, for example, the recent challenges faced by our clients in the theater industry), which in turn could also have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and our ability to pay the principal of and interest on our debt securities and other indebtedness and to make distributions on our common stock and any outstanding preferred stock. In addition, some of our properties are leased to clients that may have limited financial and other resources and, therefore, they are more likely to be adversely affected by a downturn in their respective businesses, including any downturns that have resulted or may result from the COVID-19 pandemic or other epidemics or pandemics, or in the regional, national or international economy. Furthermore, we have made and may continue to make selected acquisitions of 22 properties that fall outside our historical focus on freestanding, single-client, net-lease retail locations in the U.S. As a result, we may be exposed to a variety of new risks by expanding into new property types and/or new jurisdictions outside the U.S. and properties leased to clients engaged in non-retail businesses. These risks may include limited experience in managing certain types of new properties, new types of real estate locations and lease structures, and the laws and culture of non-U.S. jurisdictions. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted our operations and the effects of the pandemic are expected to continue to have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. The COVID-19 pandemic, including the continued spread of new variants and the measures taken to limit its spread, has had, and other pandemics in the future could have, adverse repercussions across global economies and financial markets, as well as on us and our clients. Factors that have contributed or may contribute in the future to the adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken to limit its spread on the business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity of us and our clients include, without limitation, the following: • Operational limitations or issues at properties operated by our clients resulting from government action (including travel bans, border closings, business closures, quarantine, vaccine and testing requirements, shelter-in-place or similar orders requiring that people remain in their homes); • Reduced economic activity, customer traffic, consumer confidence or discretionary spending, the deterioration in our or our clients’ ability to operate in affected areas, and any delays in the supply of products or services to our clients may impact certain of our clients’ businesses, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity and may cause certain of our clients to be unable to meet their obligations to us in full, or at all, and to seek, whether through negotiation, restructuring or bankruptcy, reductions or deferrals in their rent payments and other obligations to us or early termination of their leases; • Difficulties with supply chain disruptions and in leasing, selling or redeveloping properties or renewing expiring or terminated leases on terms we consider acceptable, or at all; • • Difficulties accessing bank lending, capital markets and other financial markets on attractive terms, or at all, may adversely affect our cost of capital, our access to capital to grow our business (including through acquisitions, development opportunities and other strategic transactions) and to fund our business operations, our ability to pay dividends on our common stock, our ability to pay the principal of and interest on our indebtedness, and our other liabilities on a timely basis, and may adversely affect our clients’ ability to fund their business operations and meet their obligations to us and others; Potential negative impacts on our credit ratings, the interest rates on our borrowings, and our future compliance with financial covenants under our credit facility and other debt instruments, which could result in a default and potentially an acceleration of indebtedness, any of which could negatively impact our ability to make additional borrowings under our revolving credit facility, sell commercial paper notes under our commercial paper programs, incur other indebtedness, pay dividends on our common stock and pay the principal of and interest on our indebtedness and our other obligations when due; The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the market value of certain of our properties has led to impairment charges and may require that we incur further impairment charges, asset write-downs or similar charges; The impact on the ability of our employees, including members of our management team or board of directors, to fulfill their duties to us; and A general decline in business activity and demand for real estate transactions could adversely affect our ability to grow our portfolio of properties. • • • Most of our clients operate retail businesses, many of which have been disproportionately impacted by certain of the issues described above, and may continue to be disproportionately impacted in the future. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our operations and those of our clients will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, the actions taken to contain the pandemic or limit its impact, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures. Likewise, the deterioration of global economic conditions as a result of the pandemic may ultimately lead to a further decrease in occupancy levels and rental rates across our portfolio as our clients (including those in the theater 23 industry) reduce or defer their spending, institute restructuring plans or file for bankruptcy. Some of our clients have experienced temporary closures of some or all of their properties or have substantially altered or reduced their operations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and additional clients may do so in the future. To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic or other epidemics or pandemics in the future adversely affect economic conditions and financial markets, as well as the business, results of operations, financial conditions and liquidity of us and our clients, they may also have the effect of heightening many of the risks described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section and our historical information regarding our business, properties, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity may not be representative of the future results of operations, financial condition, liquidity or other financial or operating results of us, our properties or our business. As a property owner, we may be subject to unknown environmental liabilities. Investments in real property can create a potential for environmental liability. An owner of property can face liability for environmental contamination created by the presence or discharge of hazardous substances on the property. We can face such liability regardless of our knowledge of the contamination; the timing of the contamination; the cause of the contamination; or the party responsible for the contamination of the property. There may be environmental conditions associated with our properties of which we are unaware. A number of our properties are leased to operators of convenience stores that sell petroleum-based fuels, to operators of oil change and tune-up facilities, and operators that use chemicals and other waste products. These facilities and some other of our properties, use, or may have used in the past, underground lifts or storage tanks for the storage of petroleum- based or waste products, which could create a potential for the release of hazardous substances. Certain of our other properties, particularly those leased for industrial-type purposes, may also involve operations or activities that could give rise to environmental liabilities. The presence of hazardous substances on a property may adversely affect our client's ability to continue to operate that property or our ability to lease or sell that property and we may incur substantial remediation costs or third-party liability claims. Although our leases generally require our clients to operate in compliance with all applicable federal, state, and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, and to indemnify us against any environmental liabilities arising from the clients’ activities on the properties, we could nevertheless be subject to liability, including strict liability, by virtue of our ownership interest. There also can be no assurance that our clients could or would satisfy their indemnification obligations under their leases. The discovery of environmental liabilities attached to our properties could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, our financial condition, or our ability to make distributions to stockholders and to pay the principal of and interest on our debt securities and other indebtedness. In addition, several of our properties were built during the period when asbestos was commonly used in building construction and we may acquire other buildings that contain asbestos in the future. Environmental laws govern the presence, maintenance, and removal of asbestos-containing materials, or ACMs, and require that owners or operators of buildings containing asbestos properly manage and maintain the asbestos, that they adequately inform or train those who may come into contact with asbestos and that they undertake special precautions, including removal or other abatement in the event that asbestos is disturbed during renovation or demolition of a building. These laws may impose fines and penalties on building owners or operators for failure to comply with these requirements and may allow third parties to seek recovery from owners or operators for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos fibers. While we have not been notified by any governmental authority, and are not otherwise aware, of any material noncompliance, liability or claim relating to environmental contamination, if environmental contamination should exist on any of our properties, we could be subject to liability, including strict liability, by virtue of our ownership interest. In addition, while we maintain environmental insurance policies, it is possible that our insurance could be insufficient to address any particular environmental situation and/or that, in the future, we could be unable to obtain insurance for environmental matters at a reasonable cost, or at all. Our clients are generally responsible for, and indemnify us against, liabilities for environmental matters that arise during the lease terms as a result of clients’ activities on the properties. However, it is possible that one or more of our clients could fail to have sufficient funds to cover any such indemnification or to meet applicable state financial assurance obligations or such environmental contamination may predate our client's lease term, and thus we may still be obligated to pay for any such environmental liabilities. 24 If we fail to qualify as a REIT, it could adversely impact us, and the amount of dividends we are able to pay would decrease, which could adversely affect the market price of our capital stock and could adversely affect the value of our debt securities. We believe that, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 1994, we have been organized and have operated, and we intend to continue to operate, so as to qualify as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code. However, we cannot make any assurances that we have been organized or have operated in a manner that has satisfied the requirements for qualification as a REIT, or that we will continue to be organized or operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT. Qualification as a REIT involves the satisfaction of numerous requirements under highly technical and complex Code provisions, for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations, as well as the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. As we have recently expanded into new geographies and transactional structures, and may continue to do so in the future, the analyses of our REIT qualification, and our ability to ensure such qualification, have become, and may become in the future, more complex. For example, in order to qualify as a REIT, at least 95% of our gross income in each year must be derived from qualifying sources, and we must pay distributions to stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our taxable income (excluding net capital gains). If we fail to satisfy any of the requirements for qualification as a REIT, we may be subject to certain penalty taxes or, in some circumstances, we may fail to qualify as a REIT. If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year: • We would be required to pay regular U.S. federal corporate income tax on our taxable income; • We would not be allowed a deduction for amounts distributed to our stockholders in computing our taxable income; • We could be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost; • We would no longer be required to make distributions to stockholders; and • This treatment would substantially reduce amounts available for investment or distribution to stockholders because of the additional tax liability for the years involved, which could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our capital stock and the value of our debt securities. Even if we qualify for and maintain our REIT status, we may be subject to certain federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and property. For example, if we have net income from a prohibited transaction, that income will be subject to a 100% tax. In addition, our taxable REIT subsidiaries are subject to federal, state and, in some cases, foreign taxes at the applicable tax rates on their income and property. Any failure to comply with legal and regulatory tax obligations could adversely affect our ability to conduct business and could adversely affect the market price of our capital stock and the value of our debt securities. Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on us or our investors. The rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Services, or the IRS, and the U.S. Department of the Treasury, or the Treasury. Changes to the tax laws, with or without retroactive application, could adversely affect us or our investors, including holders of our common stock or debt securities. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect us or our investors. New legislation, Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as a REIT, the federal income tax consequences of such qualification, or the federal income tax consequences of an investment in us. Also, the law relating to the tax treatment of other entities, or an investment in other entities, could change, making an investment in such other entities more attractive relative to an investment in a REIT. Distribution requirements imposed by law limit our flexibility. To maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we generally are required to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our taxable income, excluding net capital gains, each year. We also are subject to tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our taxable income (including net capital gains) each year. In addition, we are subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax to the extent that we fail to distribute during any calendar year at least the sum of 85% of our ordinary income for that calendar year, 95% of our capital gain net income for the calendar year, and any amount of that income that was not distributed in prior years. We intend to continue to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the distribution requirements of the Code as well as to reduce our exposure to federal income taxes and the nondeductible excise tax. Differences in timing between the receipt of income and the payment of expenses to arrive at taxable income, along with the effect of 25 required debt amortization payments, could require us to borrow funds to meet the distribution requirements that are necessary to achieve the tax benefits associated with qualifying as a REIT. Future issuances of equity securities could dilute the interest of holders of our common stock. Our future growth will depend, in large part, upon our ability to raise additional capital. Raising additional capital through the issuance of equity securities can dilute the interests of holders of our common stock. The interests of our common stockholders could also be diluted by the issuance of shares of common stock pursuant to stock incentive plans. Likewise, our Board of Directors is authorized to cause us to issue preferred stock of any class or series with dividend, voting and other rights as determined by our Board of Directors, which could dilute, or otherwise adversely affect, the interest of holders of our common stock. We may acquire properties or portfolios of properties through tax deferred contribution transactions, which could result in stockholder dilution and limit our ability to sell or refinance such assets. We have in the past and may in the future acquire properties or portfolios of properties through tax deferred contribution transactions in exchange for partnership units in an operating partnership, which could result in stockholder dilution through the issuance of operating partnership units that, under certain circumstances, may be exchanged for shares of our common stock. This acquisition structure may have the effect of, among other things, reducing the amount of tax depreciation we could deduct over the tax life of the acquired properties, and may require that we agree to restrictions on our ability to dispose of, or refinance the debt on, the acquired properties in order to protect the contributors’ ability to defer recognition of taxable gain. Similarly, we may be required to incur or maintain debt we would otherwise not incur so we can allocate the debt to the contributors to maintain their tax bases. In the event we take any action that incurs taxable gain allocated to these contributors, we may be required to make them whole under tax protection agreements. These restrictions could limit our ability to sell or refinance an asset at a time, or on terms, that would be favorable absent such restrictions. We are subject to risks associated with debt and preferred stock financing. We intend to incur additional indebtedness in the future, including borrowings under our $4.25 billion unsecured revolving credit facility and our $3.0 billion commercial paper programs. Our revolving credit facility grants us the option, subject to obtaining lender commitments and other customary conditions, to expand the borrowing limits thereunder to up to $5.25 billion. The credit agreement governing our revolving credit facility also governs our $250.0 million unsecured term loan facility due March 2024 and, on January 6, 2023 we entered into the Term Loan Agreement governing our term loan, pursuant to which we borrowed an aggregate of approximately $1.0 billion in multicurrency borrowings. The Term Loan Agreement also permits us to incur additional term loans, up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion in total borrowings. The Term Loans initially mature in January 2024 and include two 12- month maturity extensions that can be exercised at the company's option. Our A3/A- credit ratings provide for a borrowing rate of 80 basis points over the applicable benchmark rate, which includes adjusted SOFR for US Dollar- denominated loans, adjusted SONIA for Sterling-denominated loans, and EURIBOR for Euro-denominated loans. In conjunction with closing, we executed one-year variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps which fix our per annum interest rate at 5.0% over the initial term. Pursuant to our unsecured commercial paper programs we may offer and sell up to $3.0 billion of commercial paper at any time. We use our revolving credit facility as a liquidity backstop for the repayment of notes issued under the commercial paper programs. Specifically, we maintain unused borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility equal to the aggregate principal amount of borrowings outstanding under our commercial paper programs from time to time. We may in the future enter into amendments and restatements of our revolving credit facility and term loan facilities, or enter into new revolving credit facilities or term loan facilities, and any such amended, restated or replacement revolving credit facilities or term loan facilities may increase the amounts we are entitled to borrow, subject to customary conditions, compared to our current revolving credit facility and term loan facilities, or we may incur other indebtedness. We may also in the future increase the size of our commercial paper programs or establish new commercial paper programs. We expect that we will continue to use our current and any new revolving credit facilities we may enter into (in each case as the same may be expanded, amended or restated, if applicable, from time to time), as a liquidity backstop for the repayment of notes issued under our current or any new commercial paper programs that we may maintain from time to time. As a result of the merger, all outstanding secured indebtedness and all outstanding liabilities and other indebtedness of VEREIT and its subsidiaries (including $4.65 billion of additional senior unsecured notes that were originally issued by VEREIT OP, substantially all of which were exchanged for senior unsecured notes issued by us) became indebtedness and liabilities of ours or our subsidiaries, as the case may be, which substantially increased the total secured indebtedness and the total liabilities and other indebtedness of us and our subsidiaries. 26 To the extent that new indebtedness is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face would increase. As a result, we are and will be subject to risks associated with debt financing, including the risk that our cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments on our debt or to pay dividends on our common stock. We also face variable interest rate risk as the interest rates on our revolving credit facility, term loan facilities, and commercial paper programs are variable (subject to our interest rate swaps on our term loan facilities, in effect from time to time), and the interest rates on any credit facilities and term loan facilities we may enter into in the future may be variable, and could therefore increase over time. In addition, commercial paper borrowings are short-term obligations and the interest rate on newly issued commercial paper varies according to market conditions at the time of issuance. In addition, while we may enter into hedging and other derivatives instruments to mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in borrowing and currency rates, we may not realize the anticipated benefits from these arrangements or they may be insufficient to mitigate our exposure. We also face the risk that we may be unable to refinance or repay our debt as it comes due. Given past disruptions in the financial markets and ongoing global financial uncertainties, including the impact of COVID-19, the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union (referred to as Brexit), and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, we also face the risk that one or more of the participants in our revolving credit facility may be unwilling or unable to lend us money. We have incurred and may continue to incur indebtedness that is denominated in local currencies to fund our international investments and operations. However, it is possible that such indebtedness may be insufficient or may be on unacceptable terms requiring us to use non-local currency indebtedness. In such event, we may be subject to foreign exchange rate volatility. While we may enter into hedging and other derivatives instruments to mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, we may not realize the anticipated benefits from these arrangements or these arrangements may be insufficient to mitigate our exposure. Our revolving credit facility, our term loan facilities, and our mortgage loan documents contain provisions that could limit or, in certain cases, prohibit the payment of dividends and other distributions to holders of our common stock and any outstanding preferred stock. The credit agreements governing our revolving credit facility and term loan facilities provide that, if an event of default (as defined in the credit agreements, as applicable) exists, we may not pay any dividends or make other distributions on (except distributions payable in shares of a given class of our stock to the stockholders of that class), or repurchase or redeem, among other things, any shares of our common stock or any outstanding preferred stock, during any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters in an aggregate amount in excess of the greater of (i) the sum of 95% of our adjusted funds from operations (as defined in the credit agreements, as applicable) for that period plus the aggregate amount of cash distributions made to holders of our outstanding preferred stock for that period, and (ii) the minimum amount of cash distributions required to be made to our stockholders in order to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and to avoid the payment of income or excise taxes that would otherwise be imposed under specified sections of the Code on income we do not distribute to our stockholders, except we may repurchase or redeem shares of our outstanding preferred stock, if any, with net proceeds from the issuance of shares of our common stock or preferred stock. The credit agreements each provide that, in the event of a failure to pay principal, interest, or any other amount payable thereunder when due or upon the occurrence of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization with respect to us or with respect to one or more of our subsidiaries that in the aggregate meet a significance test set forth in the credit agreements, we and our subsidiaries (other than our wholly-owned subsidiaries) may not pay dividends or make other distributions on (except for (a) distributions payable in shares of a given class of our stock to the stockholders of that class and (b) dividends and distributions described in (ii) above), or repurchase or redeem, among other things, any shares of our common stock or preferred stock. If any such event of default under the applicable credit agreements (or under any other credit agreement or debt instrument with similar terms that we may in the future enter into or be subject to) were to occur, it would likely have a material adverse effect on the market price of our outstanding common stock and any outstanding preferred stock and on the market value of our debt securities which could limit the amount of dividends or other distributions payable to holders of our common stock and any outstanding preferred stock or the amount of interest and principal we are able to pay on our indebtedness, or prevent us from paying those dividends, other distributions, interest or principal altogether, and may adversely affect our ability to qualify, or prevent us from qualifying, as a REIT. Our indebtedness could also have other important consequences to holders of our common stock, any outstanding preferred stock, and our debt securities, including: • Increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; 27 • Limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures and other general corporate requirements; • Requiring the use of a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations for the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing our ability to use our cash flow to fund working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures, and general corporate requirements; Limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry; and Putting us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors with less indebtedness. • • If we default under a credit facility, loan agreement, or other debt instrument, the lenders will generally have the right to demand immediate repayment of the principal and interest on all of their loans and, in the case of secured indebtedness, to exercise their rights to seize and sell the collateral. Moreover, a default under a single loan or debt instrument may trigger cross-default or cross-acceleration provisions in other indebtedness and debt instruments, giving the holders of such other indebtedness and debt instruments similar rights to demand immediate repayment and to seize and sell any collateral. Adverse changes in general or local economic conditions; Real estate ownership is subject to particular conditions that may have a negative impact on our revenue. We are subject to all of the inherent risks associated with the ownership of real estate. In particular, we face the risk that rental revenue from our properties may be insufficient to cover all corporate operating expenses, debt service payments on indebtedness we incur, and distributions on our capital stock. Additional real estate ownership risks include: • • Changes in supply of, or demand for, similar or competing properties; • Changes in interest rates and operating expenses (including energy costs, shortages and rationing); • Competition within an industry and for our clients; • Changes in market rents; • • Renewal of leases at lower rental rates; • • Changes in tax, real estate, zoning and environmental laws that may have an adverse impact upon the value of Inability to collect rental revenue from our clients due to financial hardship, including bankruptcy; Inability to lease properties upon termination of existing leases; real estate; • Uninsured property liability; • • Unexpected expenditures for capital improvements, including requirements to bring properties into compliance Property damage or casualty losses; with applicable federal, state and local laws; The need to periodically renovate and repair our properties; Physical or weather-related damage to properties; The potential risk of functional obsolescence of properties over time; Acts of terrorism and war; • • Risks assumed as manager for development or redevelopment projects; • • • • Changes in consumer behaviors, preferences or demographics; • • The impacts of climate change; and Acts of God and other factors beyond the control of our management. Real estate property investments are illiquid. We may not be able to acquire or dispose of properties when desired or on favorable terms. Real estate investments are relatively illiquid. Our ability to quickly buy, sell or exchange any of our properties in response to changes in economic and other conditions will be limited and U.S. and foreign tax and regulatory regimes and authorities may impose or have the effect of restricting or limiting our ability to sell properties. No assurances can be given that we will recognize full value, at a price and at terms that are acceptable to us, for any property that we are required to sell for liquidity reasons. Our inability to respond rapidly to changes in the performance of our investments could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. 28 Our acquisition of additional properties may have a significant effect on our business, liquidity, financial position and/or results of operations. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to manage our acquisitions and expansion opportunities under prevailing market conditions. We are regularly engaged in the process of identifying, analyzing, underwriting, and negotiating possible acquisition transactions. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be successful in consummating future acquisitions on favorable terms or that we will realize expected cash lease yields, operating efficiencies, cost savings, revenue enhancements, synergies, or other benefits. Our inability to consummate one or more acquisitions on such terms, our failure to adequately underwrite and identify risks and obligations when acquiring properties, or our failure to realize the intended benefits from one or more acquisitions, could have a significant adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial position and/or results of operations, including as a result of our incurrence of additional indebtedness and related interest expense and our assumption of unforeseen contingent liabilities in connection with completed acquisitions. We have made and may continue to make selected acquisitions of properties that fall outside our historical focus on freestanding, single-client, net lease retail locations in the U.S. We may be exposed to a variety of new risks by expanding into new property types and/or new jurisdictions outside the U.S. and from properties leased to our clients who engage in non-retail businesses. These risks may include limited experience in managing certain types of new properties, new types of real estate locations and lease structures, and the laws and culture of non-U.S. jurisdictions. We may face extensive regulations from gaming and other regulatory authorities regarding current and future gaming properties. As a landlord of a gaming facility or future gaming facilities, we may be impacted by the risks associated with the gaming industry. The ownership, operation, and management of gaming facilities are subject to pervasive regulation. Gaming authorities also retain great discretion such that gaming regulations can impact our gaming clients, individuals associated with the operation of gaming properties, and us as the owner of the real estate and landlord related to such facilities. Gaming laws and regulations can impact all facets of a gaming property, including but not limited to alcoholic beverages, environmental matters, employees, health care, currency transactions, zoning and building codes, and marketing and advertising. Such laws and regulations could change or could be interpreted differently in the future, or new laws and regulations could be enacted, which could adversely affect our operating results, and may also result in additional taxes or licensing fees imposed on us and our gaming clients. In addition, subject to certain administrative due process requirements, gaming regulators generally have broad authority to conduct investigations into the conduct or associations of our officers or certain investors to ensure compliance with applicable standards and suitability to hold a gaming license, and to deny any application or limit, condition, restrict, revoke, or suspend any gaming license, registration, or finding of suitability or approval, or fine any person licensed, registered, or found suitable or qualified as a licensee. As a result, our ability to obtain or maintain our required licenses and approvals, or avoid penalties related thereto, may be subject to risks, including risks outside of our control, and cannot be predicted. Were a tenant unable to continue to perform under a lease, because of the highly regulated nature of the industry, it may be difficult to re-lease gaming properties. This difficulty may be exacerbated to the extent the gaming property is located in a geography that does not have an expansive gaming footprint, such as the property in which we are invested. A transfer of interest, including a new lease, will likely require approval of regulators and the licensing of a new gaming operator tenant. We are subject to additional risks from our international investments and debt. We have acquired and may continue to acquire properties outside of the U.S. These investments may expose us to a variety of risks that are different from and in addition to those commonly found in the U.S. Our international investments are subject to additional risks, including: • The laws, rules and regulations applicable in such jurisdictions outside of the U.S., including those related to property ownership and control by foreign entities; • Complying with a wide variety of foreign laws, including corruption, employment, data protection, energy usage, health and safety and environmental regulations which may require capital expenditures to maintain or bring our foreign properties into compliance with applicable regulations; 29 • • Fluctuations in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar (including risks related to their impact on our results of operations, hedging and other derivative arrangements used to mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency rates, translational reporting risks, and exchange controls); As we may not have or have only a limited number of properties within a jurisdiction, our experience in that market and with local business may be limited; • Cultural factors and business practices that differ from our U.S. standards and practices including as they relate to rent adjustments, ground leases and property ownership requirements and limitations; • Challenges in establishing effective controls and procedures to manage and regulate operations in different regions and to monitor and ensure compliance with applicable regulations, such as applicable laws related to corrupt practices, employment, licensing, construction, energy usage, climate change or environmental compliance; • Unexpected or other changes in regulatory requirements, tax, tariffs, trade barriers and other laws within • • • • jurisdictions outside the U.S. or between the U.S. and such jurisdictions; Potentially adverse tax consequences with respect to our properties and/or investment vehicles; Initial limited investments within certain regions or countries resulting in industry or client concentration risks; The impact of regional or country-specific business cycles, inflation and economic instability, including deterioration in political relations with the U.S., instability in, or further withdrawals from, the European Union or other international trade alliances or agreements; and Political instability, uncertainty over property rights, civil unrest, acts of war, drug trafficking, political activism or the continuation or escalation of terrorist or gang activities. We also engage external property managers who assist with managing our international properties. If a property manager fails to meet its obligations or terminates its services, we may need to find a replacement but these services may be on less favorable terms and conditions or we may not be able to find a suitable replacement in a timely manner or at all. We have incurred and may continue to incur indebtedness that is denominated in local currencies to fund our international investments and operations. However, it is possible that such indebtedness may be insufficient or may be on unacceptable terms requiring us to use non-local currency indebtedness. In such event, we may be subject to foreign exchange rate volatility which may be impacted by various factors, including those described above. While we may enter into hedging and other derivatives instruments to mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, we may not realize the anticipated benefits from these arrangements or these arrangements may be insufficient to mitigate our exposure. For more information, see “—We are subject to risks associated with debt and preferred stock financing.” If we are unable to adequately address these risks, they could have a significant adverse effect on our operations. We may engage in development, speculative development, or expansion projects or invest in new assets, which would subject us to additional risks that could negatively impact our operations. We may engage in development, speculative development, or other expansion projects, which could require us to raise additional capital and obtain additional state and local permits. A decision by any governmental agency not to issue a required permit or substantial delays in the permitting process could cause us to incur penalties, delay us from receiving rental payments or result in us receiving reduced rental payments, or prevent us from pursuing the development, speculative development, or expansion project altogether. Additionally, any such new development, speculative development, or expansion project may not operate at designed capacity or may cost more to operate than we expect. The inability to successfully complete development, speculative development, or expansion projects or to complete them on a timely basis could adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, in the future, we may invest in new or different assets or enter into new transaction structures that may or may not be closely related to our current business. These new assets and transaction structures may have new, different or increased risks than what we are currently exposed to in our business and we may not be able to manage these risks successfully. Additionally, when investing in such new assets or transaction structures, we will be exposed to the risk that those assets or structures, or the income generated thereby, will affect our ability to meet the requirements to maintain our REIT status, or will subject us to additional regulatory requirements or limitations. If 30 we are not able to successfully manage the risks associated with such new assets, it could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. An uninsured loss or a loss that exceeds the policy limits on our properties could subject us to lost capital or revenue on those properties. Our leases generally require our clients to indemnify and hold us harmless from liabilities resulting from injury to persons, air, water, land or property, due to activities conducted on the properties, except for claims arising from the negligence or intentional misconduct of us or our agents. Additionally, clients are generally required, at the client’s expense, to obtain and keep in full force during the term of the lease, liability and property damage insurance policies. The insurance policies our clients are required to maintain for property damage are generally in amounts not less than the full replacement cost of the improvements less slab, foundations, supports and other customarily excluded improvements. Our clients are generally required to maintain general liability coverage depending on the client and the industry in which the client operates. Many of our properties are also covered by flood and earthquake insurance policies (subject to substantial deductibles) obtained and paid for by our clients as part of their risk management programs. Additionally, we have obtained blanket liability, flood and earthquake (subject to substantial deductibles) and property damage insurance policies to protect us and our properties against loss should the indemnities and insurance policies provided by the clients fail to restore the properties to their condition prior to a loss. We do not carry insurance for certain losses and certain types of losses may be either uninsurable or not economically insurable. However, should a loss occur that is uninsured or in an amount exceeding the combined aggregate limits for the policies noted above, or in the event of a loss that is subject to a substantial deductible under an insurance policy, we could lose all or part of our capital invested in, and anticipated revenue from, one or more of the properties, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition and on our ability to pay the principal of and interest on our debt securities and other indebtedness and to make distributions to our stockholders. We also face the risk that our insurance carriers may not be able to provide payment under any potential claims that might arise under the terms of our insurance policies, and we may not have the ability to purchase insurance policies we desire. In addition, although we obtain title insurance policies on our properties to help protect us and our properties against title defects (such as adverse claims of ownership, liens or other encumbrances), there may be certain title defects that our title insurance will not cover. If a material title defect related to any of our properties is not adequately covered by a title insurance policy, we could lose some or all of our capital invested in and our anticipated profits from such property, cause a financial misstatement or damage our reputation. Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and fire, safety, and other regulations may require us to make unintended expenditures that could adversely impact our results of operations. Our properties are generally required to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, or the ADA. The ADA has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial facilities,” but generally requires that buildings be made accessible to people with disabilities. Compliance with the ADA requirements could require removal of access barriers and non-compliance could result in imposition of fines by the U.S. government or an award of damages to private litigants. The retailers to whom we lease properties are obligated by law to comply with the ADA provisions and, in many cases, the retailers are generally obligated to cover costs associated with compliance pursuant to the terms of their applicable leases. If required changes involve greater expenditures than anticipated, or if the changes must be made on a more accelerated basis than anticipated, the ability of these retailers to cover costs could be adversely affected and we could be required to expend our own funds to comply with the provisions of the ADA, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition and our ability to pay the principal of and interest on our debt securities and other indebtedness and to make distributions to our stockholders. In addition, our properties must be in compliance with fire and safety regulations, building codes and other land use regulations, as they may be adopted by governmental agencies and bodies and become applicable to our properties. We may be required to make substantial capital expenditures to comply with those requirements and these expenditures could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition and our ability to pay the principal of and interest on our debt securities and other indebtedness and to make distributions to our stockholders. Property taxes may increase without notice. The real property taxes on our properties and any other properties that we develop or acquire in the future may increase as property tax rates change and as those properties are assessed or reassessed by tax authorities. While 31 the majority of our leases are under a net lease structure, some or all of such property taxes may not be collectible from our clients. Our business is subject to risks associated with climate change and our sustainability strategies. Our business is subject to risks associated with the effects of climate change, and a resulting shift to a lower carbon economy, and may be subject to further risks in the future. Climate change could adversely affect our business through both chronic and acute perils including, but not limited to, extreme weather, changes in precipitation and temperature, and rising sea levels, all of which may result in physical damage to, or a decrease in demand for, our properties located in the areas affected by these conditions, and may adversely impact consumer behaviors, preferences and spending for our clients, which may impact their ability to fulfill their obligations under our leases, or our ability to re-lease the properties in the future. In addition, should the impact of climate change be severe or occur for lengthy periods of time, connectivity, labor and supply chains could impact business continuity for ourselves and our clients. Chronic climate change may lead to increased costs for us and our clients to adapt to the demands and expectations of climate change or lower carbon usage, including with respect to heating, cooling or electricity costs, retrofitting properties to be more energy efficient or comply with new rules or regulations, or other unforeseen costs. These risks could adversely affect our reputation, financial condition or results of operations. We seek to promote effective energy efficiency and other sustainability strategies and compliance with federal, state and international laws and regulations related to climate change, both internally and with our clients. Our sustainability strategies and efforts to comply with changes in federal, state and international laws and regulations on climate change could result in significant capital expenditures to improve our existing properties or properties we may acquire. Any changes to such laws and regulations could also result in increased operating costs or capital expenditures at our properties. If we are unable to comply with laws and regulations on climate change or implement effective sustainability strategies, our reputation among our clients and investors may be damaged and we may incur fines and/or penalties. Moreover, there can be no assurance that any of our sustainability strategies will result in reduced operating costs, higher occupancy or higher rental rates or deter our existing clients from relocating to properties owned by our competitors. In addition, tenants of net-leased properties are responsible for maintenance and other day-to-day management of the properties. This lack of control over our net-leased properties makes it difficult for us to collect property-level environmental metrics and to enforce sustainability initiatives, which may impact our ability to comply with certain regulatory disclosure requirements to which we are subject (such as the anticipated changes to the SEC’s climate- related disclosure rules) or comply effectively with established ESG frameworks and standards, such as the Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmarks, the TCFD and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board. If we are unable to successfully collect the data necessary to comply with these disclosure requirements, we may be subject to increased regulatory risk and if such data is incomplete or unfavorable, our relationship with our investors, our stock price, and our access to capital may be negatively impacted. Our charter contains restrictions upon ownership of our common stock. Our charter contains restrictions on ownership and transfer of our common stock intended to, among other purposes, assist us in maintaining our status as a REIT for U.S. federal and/or state income tax purposes. For example, our charter restricts any person from acquiring beneficial or constructive ownership of more than 9.8% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our outstanding shares of common stock. These restrictions could have anti-takeover effects and could reduce the possibility that a third party will attempt to acquire control of us, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. The value of certain of our investment in real property may be reduced as the result of the expiration or loss of local tax abatements, tax credit programs, or other governmental incentives. Certain of our investments have the benefit of governmental tax incentives aimed at inducing property users to relocate to incentivize development in areas and neighborhoods which have not historically seen robust commercial development. These incentives typically have specific sunset provisions and may be subject to governmental discretion in the eligibility or award of the applicable incentives. The expiration of these incentive programs or the inability of potential clients or users to be eligible for or to obtain governmental approval of the incentives, or the inability to remain compliant with such programs, may have an adverse effect on the value of our investment, cash flow and net income, and may result in impairment charges. 32 We may not be able to realize the anticipated synergies and related benefits of the merger with VEREIT and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. The merger involved the combination of two companies which operated as independent public companies. While we devoted significant management attention and resources to integrating the business practices and operations of VEREIT, it is possible that we may be unable to realize expected operating efficiencies, cost savings, revenue enhancements, synergies or other benefits. General Risk Factors The market value of our capital stock and debt securities could be substantially affected by various factors. The market value of our capital stock and debt securities will depend on many factors, which may change from time to time and may be outside of our control, including: • Prevailing interest rates, increases in which may have an adverse effect on the market value of our capital stock and debt securities; • The market for similar securities issued by other REITs; • General economic, political and financial market conditions; • • Changes in legal and regulatory taxation obligations; • • Changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts with respect to us, our competitors or The financial condition, performance and prospects of us, our clients and our competitors; Litigation and regulatory proceedings; our industry; • Changes in our credit ratings; • • Actual or anticipated variations in quarterly operating results of us and our competitors; and Failure to achieve the perceived benefits of the merger and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement or if the effect of the merger and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement on our results of operations or financial condition is not consistent with the expectations of financial or industry analysts. In addition, over the last several years, prices of common stock and debt securities in the U.S., trading markets have experienced extreme price fluctuations, and the market values of our common stock and debt securities have also fluctuated significantly during this period. As a result of these and other factors, investors who purchase our capital stock and debt securities may experience a decrease, which could be substantial and rapid, in the market value of our capital stock and debt securities, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. Litigation risks could affect our business. From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings, lawsuits, and other claims including those that may arise out of acquisitions, development opportunities and other strategic transactions. An unfavorable resolution of litigation may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Regardless of its outcome, litigation may result in substantial costs and expenses and significantly divert the attention of management. We depend on key personnel. We depend on the efforts of our executive officers and key employees The loss of the services of our executive officers and key employees could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition and on our ability to pay the principal and interest on our debt securities and other indebtedness and to make distributions to our stockholders. It is possible that we will not be able to recruit additional personnel with equivalent experience in the net lease industry or retain employees to the same extent as in the past. Natural disasters, terrorist attacks, other acts of violence or war, or other unexpected events may affect the value of our debt and equity securities, the markets in which we operate and our results of operations. Natural disasters, terrorist attacks, other acts of violence or war, or other unexpected events (e.g., pandemics or epidemics) may negatively affect our operations, the market price of our capital stock and the value of our debt securities. There can be no assurance that events like these will not occur or have a direct impact on our clients, our business or the U.S. or world generally. If events like these were to occur, they could materially interrupt our business operations, cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease or result in increased volatility in the U.S. and worldwide financial markets and economy. They also could result in or prolong an economic recession in 33 the U.S. or abroad. Any of these occurrences could have a significant adverse impact on our operating results and revenues and on the market price of our capital stock and on the value of our debt securities. It could also have an adverse effect on our ability to pay principal and interest on our debt securities or other indebtedness and to make distributions to our stockholders. We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption or security failure of that technology could harm our business. We, like all businesses, are subject to cyber-attacks and security incidents, which threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our systems and information resources. Cyber-attacks are malicious cyber activity and a security incident is a successful cyber-attack that has the potential to expose sensitive data, internal systems, or otherwise disrupt business operations. Those attacks and incidents may be due to intentional or unintentional acts by employees, contractors or third-parties, who seek to gain unauthorized access to our or our service providers’ systems to disrupt operations, corrupt data, or steal confidential information through malware, computer viruses, ransomware, social engineering (e.g., phishing attachments to e-mails) or other vectors. The risk of a cybersecurity breach or operational disruption, particularly through a cyber incident, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased, particularly as remote working has become more common. Our information technology (“IT”) networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our clients. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption (such as the implementation of systems and/or vendors that provide constant monitoring of our IT networks and related systems for cyber-attacks and incidents); however, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. While we maintain some of our own critical IT networks and related systems, we also depend on third-parties to provide important software, technologies, tools and a broad array of services and functions, such as payroll, human resources, electronic communications, data storage, and certain finance and treasury functions, among others. In addition, in the ordinary course of our business, we collect, process, transmit and store sensitive data, within our own systems and utilizing those of third-party providers, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, as well as personally identifiable information. Our measures to prevent, detect and mitigate these threats may not be successful in preventing a security incident or data breach or limiting the effects of such a breach. This is particularly so because attack methodologies change frequently or are not recognized until launched, and we also may be unable to investigate or remediate incidents because attackers are increasingly using techniques and tools designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection, and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence. The primary risks that could directly result from the occurrence of a cyberattack or security incident include operational interruption, damage to our relationship with our clients, reputational damage, and private data exposure. We could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to address an attack or incident, which may not be covered or fully covered by our insurance and which may involve payments for investigations, forensic analyses, legal advice, public relations advice, system repair or replacement, or other services, in addition to any remedies or relief that may result from legal proceedings. Our financial results may be negatively impacted by such attacks and incidents or any resulting negative media attention. Further, while we carry cyber liability insurance, such insurance may not be adequate to cover all losses related to such events. Volatility in market and economic conditions may impact the accuracy of the various estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements and footnotes to the financial statements. Various estimates are used in the preparation of our financial statements, including estimates related to asset and liability valuations (or potential impairments), and various receivables. Often these estimates require the use of market data values that are currently difficult to assess, as well as estimates of future performance or receivables collectability that can also be difficult to accurately predict. Although management believes it has been prudent and 34 used reasonable judgment in making these estimates, it is possible that actual results may differ from these estimates. Inherent limitations of internal controls over financial statements, disclosure controls and safeguarding of assets may adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Our internal controls over financial reporting, disclosure controls and procedures and our operating internal controls may not prevent or detect financial misstatements or loss of assets because of inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement and disclosure accuracy and safeguarding of assets. Failures in our internal controls could result in adverse consequences in our financial reporting and operations, including delays, additional costs, impairment in our ability to access capital, adverse impacts to investor confidence, regulatory review, or litigation. Our business operations may not generate the cash needed to make distributions on our capital stock or to service our indebtedness. Our ability to make distributions on our common stock and any outstanding preferred stock and payments on our indebtedness, and to fund planned acquisitions and capital expenditures will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. We cannot make any assurances that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to make distributions on our common stock and any outstanding preferred stock, to pay our indebtedness, or to fund our other liquidity needs. Disruptions in the financial markets could affect our ability to obtain financing on reasonable terms and have other adverse effects on us, the market price of our common stock, and may make it more difficult or costly for us to raise capital. Historically, there have been periods where the global equity and credit markets have experienced significant price volatility, dislocations and liquidity disruptions, which have caused market prices of equity and debt securities to fluctuate substantially and the spreads on prospective debt financings to widen considerably. These circumstances have materially impacted liquidity in the financial markets, making terms for certain financings less attractive, and in certain cases have resulted in the unavailability of certain types of financing. Uncertainty in the equity and credit markets may negatively impact our ability to access additional financing at reasonable terms, which may adversely affect our ability to make acquisitions. A prolonged downturn in the equity or credit markets may cause us to refinance at higher rates, seek alternative sources of potentially less attractive financing, and may require us to adjust our business plan accordingly. In addition, these factors may make it more difficult for us to buy or sell properties, may adversely affect the price we purchase or receive for properties, as we and prospective buyers may experience increased costs of financing or difficulties in obtaining financing. These events in the equity and credit markets may make it more difficult or costly for us to raise capital through the issuance of common stock, preferred stock or debt securities. These disruptions in the financial markets also may have a material adverse effect on the market value of our common stock and debt securities, the income we receive from our properties and the lease rates we can charge for our properties, as well as other unknown adverse effects on us or the economy in general. Inflation (including prolonged inflationary periods) may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Increased inflation or anticipated inflationary periods could have a more pronounced negative impact on any variable rate debt we incur in the future and on our results of operations. During times when inflation is greater than increases in rent, as provided for in our leases, rent increases may not keep up with the rate of inflation and other costs (including increases in employment and other fees and expenses). Government regulations may limit the indices we can utilize in lease adjustments and, in turn, limit our ability to increase rent in our leases. Even though net leases reduce our exposure to rising property expenses due to inflation, substantial inflationary pressures and increased costs may have an adverse impact on our clients if increases in their operating expenses exceed increases in revenue, which may adversely affect our clients’ ability to pay rent. The U.K. government plans to migrate away from the Retail Price Index (RPI), which has been widely used in lease adjustments, to alternatives such as the Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), that may result in a lower measure of inflation and, in turn, have a negative impact on our lease revenue currently tied to RPI in the U.K. Inflationary periods may cause us to experience increased costs of financing, make it difficult to refinance debt at attractive rates or at all, and may adversely affect the properties we can acquire if the cost of financing an acquisition is in excess of our anticipated earnings from such property thereby limiting the properties that can be acquired. All of these may have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. To the extent periods of high inflation are prolonged, these results may be exacerbated. 35 Item 1B: Unresolved Staff Comments There are no unresolved staff comments. Item 2: Properties Information pertaining to our properties can be found under Item 1. Item 3: Legal Proceedings We are subject to certain claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of business, the outcome of which cannot be determined at this time. In the opinion of management, any liability we might incur upon the resolution of these claims and lawsuits will not, in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. Item 4: Mine Safety Disclosures None. PART II Item 5: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities A. Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “O.” The following table shows the high and low sales prices per share for our common stock as reported by the NYSE, and distributions declared per share of common stock for the periods indicated. Price Per Share of Common Stock High Low Distributions Declared (1) 2022 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Total 2021 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter $ 72.55 $ 63.90 $ 75.40 75.11 66.44 62.29 57.61 55.50 $ $ 64.60 $ 57.00 $ 71.84 72.75 63.64 64.86 Fourth Quarter Total (1) Common stock cash distributions are declared monthly by us based on financial results for the prior months. At December 31, 2022, a 64.98 74.60 $ 0.7400 0.7415 0.7430 0.7445 2.9690 0.7040 0.7055 0.7070 0.7285 2.8450 distribution of $0.2485 per common share had been declared and was paid in January 2023. B. There were approximately 12,300 registered holders of record of our common stock as of December 31, 2022. We estimate that our total number of stockholders is approximately 1.5 million when we include both registered and beneficial holders of our common stock. 36 C. During the three months ended December 31, 2022, the following shares of stock were withheld for state and federal payroll taxes on the vesting of employee stock awards, as permitted under the 2021 Incentive Award Plans of Realty Income Corporation: Period Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid per Share October 1, 2022 — October 31, 2022 November 1, 2022 — November 31, 2022 December 1, 2022 — December 31, 2022 Total 9,514 $ 1,464 $ 1,547 $ 12,525 $ 55.58 64.52 63.39 57.59 (1) All 12,525 shares of common stock purchased during the three months ended December 31, 2022 were withheld for state and federal payroll taxes on the vesting of employee stock awards, as permitted under the 2021 Incentive Award Plan of Realty Income Corporation. The withholding of common stock by us could be deemed a purchase of such common stock. Item 6: Reserved Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations GENERAL Realty Income, The Monthly Dividend Company®, is an S&P 500 company and member of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats® index for having increased its dividend every year for over 25 consecutive years. We invest in people and places to deliver dependable monthly dividends that increase over time. We are structured as a REIT requiring us annually to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income (excluding net capital gains) in the form of dividends to our stockholders. The monthly dividends are supported by the cash flow generated from real estate owned under long-term net lease agreements with our commercial clients. Realty Income was founded in 1969, and listed on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "O" in 1994. Over the past 54 years, Realty Income has been acquiring and managing freestanding commercial properties that generate rental revenue under long-term net lease agreements with our commercial clients. At December 31, 2022, our diversified portfolio consisted of: • Owned or held interests in 12,237 properties; • • • • • An occupancy rate of 99.0%, or 12,111 properties leased and 126 properties available for lease or sale; Clients doing business in 84 separate industries; Locations in all 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, the U.K., Spain, and Italy; Approximately 236.8 million square feet of leasable space; A weighted average remaining lease term (excluding rights to extend a lease at the option of our client) of approximately 9.5 years; and An average leasable space per property of approximately 19,350 square feet, approximately 13,000 square feet per retail property and approximately 234,100 square feet per industrial property. • Of the 12,237 properties in the portfolio at December 31, 2022, 12,018, or 98.2%, are single-client properties, of which 11,894 were leased, and the remaining are multi-client properties. Unless otherwise specified, references to rental revenue in the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations are exclusive of reimbursements from clients for recoverable real estate taxes and operating expenses totaling $184.7 million, $104.9 million and $79.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In addition, references to reserves recorded as a reduction of rental revenue include amounts reserved for in the current period, as well as unrecognized contractual revenue and unrecognized straight-line rental revenue for leases accounted for on a cash basis. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Capital Philosophy Our goal is to deliver dependable monthly dividends to our shareholders that increase over time. Historically, we have met our principal short-term and long-term capital needs, including the funding of high-quality real estate 37 acquisitions, property development, and capital expenditures, by issuing common stock, preferred stock, long-term unsecured notes and term loan borrowings. Over the long term, we believe that common stock should be the majority of our capital structure. We may issue common stock when we believe our share price is at a level that allows for the proceeds of an offering to be accretively invested into additional properties or to permanently finance properties that were initially financed by our revolving credit facility, commercial paper programs, or shorter-term debt securities. However, we cannot assure you that we will have access to the capital markets at all times and at terms that are acceptable to us. Our primary cash obligations, for the current year and subsequent years, are included in the “Table of Obligations,” which is presented later in this section. We expect to fund our operating expenses and other short-term liquidity requirements, including property acquisitions and development costs, payment of principal and interest on our outstanding indebtedness, property improvements, re-leasing costs, and cash distributions to common stockholders, primarily through cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under our revolving credit facility, short-term term loans, and under our commercial paper programs, and through public securities offerings. As of December 31, 2022, there are approximately $2.0 billion of obligations becoming due during 2023, which we expect to fund through a combination of the following: • • • • Cash and cash equivalents; Future cash flows from operations; Issuances of common stock or debt; and Additional borrowings under our revolving credit facility (after deducting outstanding borrowings under our commercial paper programs). We may choose to mitigate our financial exposure to exchange rate risk for properties acquired outside the U.S. through the issuance of debt securities denominated in the same local currency and through currency derivatives. We may leave a portion of our foreign cash flow unhedged to reinvest in additional properties in the same local currency. Conservative Capital Structure We believe that our stockholders are best served by a conservative capital structure. Therefore, we seek to maintain a conservative debt level on our balance sheet and solid interest and fixed charge coverage ratios. At December 31, 2022, our total outstanding borrowings of senior unsecured notes and bonds, $250.0 million term loan, mortgages payable, revolving credit facility and commercial paper were $17.9 billion, or approximately 29.9% of our total market capitalization of $59.9 billion. We define our total market capitalization at December 31, 2022, as the sum of: • Shares of our common stock outstanding of 660,300,195, plus total common units outstanding of 1,795,167, multiplied by the last reported sales price of our common stock on the NYSE of $63.43 per share on December 31, 2022, or $42.0 billion; • Outstanding borrowings of $2.0 billion on our revolving credit facility, comprised of €1.8 billion Euro and £70.0 million Sterling borrowings; • Outstanding borrowings of $701.8 million on our commercial paper programs, including €361.0 million of Euro- denominated borrowings; • Outstanding mortgages payable of $842.3 million, excluding net mortgage premiums of $12.4 million and deferred financing costs of $0.8 million; • Outstanding borrowings on our $250.0 million term loan, excluding deferred financing costs of $0.2 million; and • Outstanding senior unsecured notes and bonds of $14.1 billion, including Sterling-denominated notes of £2.57 billion, and excluding unamortized net premiums of $224.6 million and deferred financing costs of $60.7 million. Universal Shelf Registration In June 2021, we filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC, which is effective for a term of three years and will expire in June 2024. In accordance with SEC rules, the amount of securities to be issued pursuant to this shelf registration statement was not specified when it was filed and there is no specific dollar limit. The securities covered by this registration statement include (1) common stock, (2) preferred stock, (3) debt securities, (4) depositary shares representing fractional interests in shares of preferred stock, (5) warrants to purchase debt securities, common stock, preferred stock, or depositary shares, and (6) any combination of these securities. We may periodically offer one or more of these securities in amounts, prices and on terms to be announced when and if 38 these securities are offered. The specifics of any future offerings, along with the use of proceeds of any securities offered, will be described in detail in a prospectus supplement, or other offering materials, at the time of any offering. Equity Capital Raising Under our ATM program, up to 120,000,000 shares of common stock may be offered and sold (1) by us to, or through, a consortium of banks acting as our sales agents or (2) by a consortium of banks acting as forward sellers on behalf of any forward purchasers contemplated thereunder, in each case by means of ordinary brokers’ transactions on the NYSE at prevailing market prices, at prices related to prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices or by any other methods permitted by applicable law. We currently expect to fully physically cash settle any forward sale agreement with the respective forward purchaser on one or more dates specified by us on or prior to the maturity date of such forward sale agreement, in which case we expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares specified in such forward sale agreement multiplied by the relevant forward price per share. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we issued 68,608,176 shares and raised approximately $4.6 billion of net proceeds under the ATM programs. With respect to forward sales pursuant to our ATM program, we do not initially receive any proceeds from any sale of shares of our common stock borrowed by a forward purchaser and sold through a forward seller. As of December 31, 2022, there were 6,744,884 shares of common stock subject to forward sale agreements through our ATM program, with a weighted average initial price of $63.31 per share, representing approximately $0.4 billion in estimated net proceeds (assuming full physical settlement of all outstanding shares of common stock subject to such forward sale agreements and certain assumptions made with respect to settlement dates), which have been executed but not settled. The weighted average forward price at December 31, 2022 was $62.59 per share, after price deduction and adjustments. After deducting the 6,744,884 shares sold pursuant to forward sale confirmations that remained outstanding as of December 31, 2022, we had 70,620,121 shares remaining for future issuance under our ATM program. We anticipate maintaining the availability of our ATM program in the future, including the replenishment of authorized shares issuable thereunder. Our Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan, (our "DRSPP"), provides our common stockholders, as well as new investors, with a convenient and economical method of purchasing our common stock and reinvesting their distributions. Our DRSPP also allows our current stockholders to buy additional shares of common stock by reinvesting all or a portion of their distributions. Our DRSPP authorizes up to 26,000,000 common shares to be issued. Our DRSPP includes a waiver approval process, allowing larger investors or institutions, per a formal approval process, to purchase shares at a small discount, if approved by us. We did not issue shares under the waiver approval process during the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we issued 175,554 shares and raised approximately $11.7 million under our DRSPP. At December 31, 2022, we had 11,159,825 shares remaining for future issuance under our DRSPP program. There were no issuances of common stock in underwritten public offerings during the year ended December 31, 2022. Revolving Credit Facility We have a $4.25 billion unsecured revolving multicurrency credit facility that matures in June 2026, includes two six-month extensions that can be exercised at our option and allows us to borrow in up to 14 currencies, including U.S. dollars. Our revolving credit facility also has a $1.0 billion expansion feature, which is subject to obtaining lender commitments. Under our revolving credit facility, our current investment grade credit ratings provide for financing on USD borrowings at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), plus 0.725% with a SOFR adjustment charge of 0.10% and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.95% over SOFR, British Pound Sterling at the Sterling Overnight Indexed Average (“SONIA”), plus 0.725% with a SONIA adjustment charge of 0.0326% and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.8826% over SONIA, and Euro Borrowings at one-month Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”), plus 0.725%, and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.85% over one-month EURIBOR. The borrowing rate is subject to an interest rate floor and may change if our investment grade credit ratings change. We also have other interest rate options available to us in different currencies. Our credit facility is unsecured and accordingly, we have not pledged any assets as collateral for this obligation. At December 31, 2022, we had a borrowing capacity of $2.2 billion available on our revolving credit facility (subject to customary conditions to borrowings) and an outstanding balance of $2.0 billion, comprised of €1.8 billion Euro and £70.0 million Sterling borrowings. The weighted average interest rate on borrowings under our revolving credit facility during the year ended December 31, 2022, was 1.8% per annum. Our revolving credit facility is subject to various leverage and interest coverage ration limitations, as at December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with 39 these covenants. We expect to use our credit facility to acquire additional properties and for other general corporate purposes. Any additional borrowings will increase our exposure to interest rate risk. Commercial Paper Programs During July 2022, our USD-denominated unsecured commercial paper program was amended to increase the maximum aggregate amount of outstanding notes from $1.0 billion to $1.5 billion. We also established a Euro- denominated unsecured commercial paper program, which permits us to issue additional unsecured commercial notes up to a maximum aggregate amount of $1.5 billion (or foreign currency equivalent), which may be issued in U.S. Dollars or various other foreign currencies, including but not limited to, Euros, Sterling, Swiss Francs, Yen, Canadian Dollars, and Australian Dollars, in each case, pursuant to customary terms in the European commercial paper note market. At December 31, 2022, we had an outstanding balance of $701.8 million, including €361.0 million of Euro-denominated borrowings. The weighted average interest rate on borrowings under our commercial paper programs was 1.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The commercial paper borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2022 have matured and will mature between January 2023 and February 2023. We use our $4.25 billion revolving credit facility as a liquidity backstop for the repayment of the notes issued under the commercial paper programs. We generally use our credit facility and commercial paper borrowings for the short-term financing of new property acquisitions. Thereafter, we generally seek to refinance those borrowings with the net proceeds of long-term or more permanent financing, including the issuance of equity or debt securities. We cannot assure you, however, that we will be able to obtain any such refinancing, or that market conditions prevailing at the time of the refinancing will enable us to issue equity or debt securities at acceptable terms. We regularly review our credit facility and commercial paper programs and may seek to extend, renew or replace our credit facility and commercial paper programs, to the extent we deem appropriate. Term Loans On January 6, 2023 we entered into the Term Loan Agreement governing our term loan, pursuant to which we borrowed an aggregate of approximately $1.0 billion in multicurrency borrowings, including $90.0 million, £705.0 million and €85.0 million in outstanding borrowings. The Term Loan Agreement also permits us to incur additional term loans, up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion in total borrowings. The Term Loans initially mature in January 2024 and include two 12-month maturity extensions that can be exercised at the company's option. Our A3/ A- credit ratings provide for a borrowing rate of 80 basis points over the applicable benchmark rate, which includes adjusted SOFR for USD-denominated loans, adjusted SONIA for Sterling-denominated loans, and EURIBOR for Euro-denominated loans. In October 2018, in conjunction with entering into our current revolving credit facility, we entered into a $250.0 million senior unsecured term loan, which matures in March 2024. Prior to April 2022, borrowing under this term loan bore interest at the current one-month London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), plus 0.85%. In connection with entering into our new unsecured credit facility in April 2022, the previous LIBOR benchmark rate was replaced with daily SOFR, based on a five-day lookback period, and, due to our current credit ratings, is not subject to a credit spread adjustment. In conjunction with this term loan, we also entered into an interest rate swap, which was based off the daily SOFR through June 30, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the effective interest rate on this term loan, after giving effect to the interest rate swap, was 3.83%. Mortgage Debt As of December 31, 2022, we had $842.3 million of mortgages payable, of which £30.7 million related to a Sterling- denominated mortgage. The majority of our mortgages payable were assumed in connection with our merger with VEREIT or with our property acquisitions, including the assumption of eight mortgages on 17 properties totaling $45.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, we had net premiums totaling $12.4 million on these mortgages and deferred financing costs of $0.8 million. We expect to pay off the mortgages payable as soon as prepayment penalties have declined to a level that would make it economically feasible to do so. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we made $312.2 million in principal payments, including the repayment of 12 mortgages in full for $308.0 million. Our mortgages contain customary covenants, such as limiting our ability to further mortgage each applicable property or to discontinue insurance coverage without the prior consent of the lender. At December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with these covenants. 40 Notes Outstanding As of December 31, 2022, our senior unsecured note and bond obligations had a total principal amount of $14.1 billion, including Sterling- denominated notes of £2.57 billion, and excluding net unamortized premiums of $224.6 million and deferred financing costs of $60.7 million. See note 9. Notes Payable to our consolidated financial statements for the full list of senior unsecured notes and bonds, by maturity date. The following table summarizes the maturity of our notes and bonds payable as of December 31, 2022, excluding net unamortized premiums of $224.6 million and deferred financing costs of $60.7 million (dollars in millions): Year of Maturity 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Totals $ Principal 850 1,050 1,575 1,983 8,656 $ 14,114 During the year ended December 31, 2022, we issued the following notes and bonds (in millions): 2022 Issuances 1.875% Notes 2.500% Notes 3.160% Notes 3.180% Notes 3.390% Notes 5.625% Notes Date of Issuance Maturity Date January 2022 January 2027 January 2022 January 2042 June 2022 June 2022 June 2022 June 2030 June 2032 June 2037 October 2022 October 2032 Principal amount used Price of par value Effective yield to maturity £ £ £ £ £ $ 250 250 140 345 115 750 99.487 % 98.445 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 99.879 % 1.974 % 2.584 % 3.160 % 3.180 % 3.390 % 5.641 % In January 2023, we issued $500 million of 5.05% senior unsecured notes due January 2026 and $600 million of 4.85% senior unsecured notes due March 2030. See Note 19, Subsequent Events to our consolidated financial statements. All of our outstanding notes and bonds have fixed interest rates and contain various covenants, with which we remained in compliance as of December 31, 2022. Interest on our £400 million of 1.625% senior unsecured notes issued in October 2020, our £400 million of 1.125% senior unsecured notes issued in July 2021, our £350 million of 1.750% senior unsecured notes also issued in July 2021, our £250 million of 1.875% senior unsecured notes issued in January 2022, and £250 million of 2.500% senior unsecured notes also issued in January 2022 is paid annually. Interest on our remaining senior unsecured note and bond obligations is paid semiannually. The following is a summary of the key financial covenants for our senior unsecured notes, as defined and calculated per the terms of our senior notes and bonds. These calculations, which are not based on U.S. GAAP, are presented to investors to show our ability to incur additional debt under the terms of our senior notes and bonds as well as to disclose our current compliance with such covenants and are not measures of our liquidity or performance. The actual amounts as of December 31, 2022, are: Note Covenants Limitation on incurrence of total debt Limitation on incurrence of secured debt Debt service coverage (trailing 12 months) (1) Maintenance of total unencumbered assets Required < 60% of adjusted assets < 40% of adjusted assets > 1.5x > 150% of unsecured debt Actual 40.3% 2.0% 5.2x 255.4% (1) Our debt service coverage ratio is calculated on a pro forma basis for the preceding four-quarter period on the assumptions that: (i) the incurrence of any debt (as defined in the covenants) incurred by us since the first day of such four-quarter period and the application of the proceeds therefrom (including to refinance other debt since the first day of such four-quarter period), (ii) the repayment or retirement of any of our debt since the first day of such four-quarter period, and (iii) any acquisition or disposition by us of any asset or group since the first day of such four quarters had in each case occurred on January 1, 2022 and subject to certain additional adjustments. Such pro forma ratio has been prepared on the basis required by that debt service covenant, reflects various estimates and assumptions and is subject to other uncertainties, and therefore does not purport to reflect what our actual debt service coverage ratio would have been had transactions referred to in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of the preceding sentence occurred as of January 1, 2022, nor does it purport to reflect our debt service coverage ratio for any 41 future period. The following is our calculation of debt service and fixed charge coverage at December 31, 2022 (in thousands, for trailing twelve months): Net income available to common stockholders Plus: interest expense, excluding the amortization of deferred financing costs Less: gain on extinguishment of debt Plus: provision for taxes Plus: depreciation and amortization Plus: provisions for impairment Plus: pro forma adjustments Less: gain on sales of real estate Income available for debt service, as defined Total pro forma debt service charge Debt service and fixed charge coverage ratio $ $ $ 869,408 451,629 (367) 45,183 1,670,389 25,860 318,394 (102,957) 3,277,539 624,301 5.2 Cash Reserves We are organized to operate as an equity REIT that acquires and leases properties and distributes to stockholders, in the form of monthly cash distributions, a substantial portion of our net cash flow generated from leases on our properties. We intend to retain an appropriate amount of cash as working capital. At December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling $171.1 million, inclusive of £74.3 million denominated in Sterling and €17.8 million denominated in Euro. We believe that our cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash provided from operating activities, and borrowing capacity is sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for the next twelve months. We intend, however, to use permanent or long-term capital to fund property acquisitions and to repay future borrowings under our credit facility and commercial paper programs. Credit Agency Ratings The borrowing interest rates under our revolving credit facility are based upon our ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. As of December 31, 2022, we were assigned the following investment grade corporate credit ratings on our senior unsecured notes and bonds: Moody’s Investors Service has assigned a rating of A3 with a “stable” outlook and Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group has assigned a rating of A- with a “stable” outlook. In addition, we were assigned the following ratings on our commercial paper at December 31, 2022: Moody's Investors Service has assigned a rating of P-2 and Standard & Poor's Ratings Group has assigned a rating of A-2. Based on our credit agency ratings as of December 31, 2022, interest rates under our new credit facility for U.S. borrowings would have been at the SOFR, plus 0.725% with a SOFR adjustment charge of 0.10% and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.95% over SOFR, for British Pound Sterling borrowings, at the SONIA, plus 0.725% with a SONIA adjustment charge of 0.0326% and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.8826% over SONIA, and for Euro Borrowings at one-month Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”), plus 0.725%, and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.85% over one-month EURIBOR. In addition, our new credit facility provides that the interest rates can range between: (i) SOFR/SONIA/ EURIBOR, plus 1.40% if our credit rating is lower than BBB-/Baa3 or our senior unsecured debt is unrated and (ii) SOFR/SONIA/EURIBOR, plus 0.70% if our credit rating is A/A2 or higher. In addition, our credit facility provides for a facility commitment fee based on our credit ratings, which range from: (i) 0.30% for a rating lower than BBB-/Baa3 or unrated, and (ii) 0.10% for a credit rating of A/A2 or higher. We also issue senior debt securities from time to time and our credit ratings can impact the interest rates charged in those transactions. If our credit ratings or ratings outlook change, our cost to obtain debt financing could increase or decrease. The credit ratings assigned to us could change based upon, among other things, our results of operations and financial condition. These ratings are subject to ongoing evaluation by credit rating agencies, and we cannot assure you that our ratings will not be changed or withdrawn by a rating agency in the future if, in its judgment, circumstances warrant. Moreover, a rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold our debt securities, preferred stock or common stock. 42 Table of Obligations The following table summarizes the maturity of each of our obligations as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions): Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Programs (1) Senior Unsecured Notes and Bonds (2) $250.0 million Term Loan (3) Year due Mortgages Payable (4) Interest (5) Ground Leases Paid by Realty Income (6) Ground Leases Paid by Our Clients (7) Other (8) Totals 2023 $ 701.8 $ — $ — $ 22.0 $ 591.5 $ 10.6 $ 31.2 $ 607.4 $ 1,964.5 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter — 850.0 250.0 740.5 571.1 — 1,050.0 2,027.2 1,575.0 — 1,983.1 — 8,656.1 — — — — 42.0 505.9 12.0 416.6 22.3 327.7 3.5 1,520.3 Totals $ 2,729.0 $ 14,114.2 $ 250.0 $ 842.3 $ 3,933.1 $ 13.3 11.5 17.2 8.9 287.6 349.1 $ 30.7 19.8 2,475.4 30.0 — 1,639.4 29.2 0.8 4,078.0 26.3 — 2,368.3 264.5 — 10,732.0 411.9 $ 628.0 $ 23,257.6 (1) The initial term of the credit facility expires in June 2026 and includes, at our option, two six-month extensions. At December 31, 2022, there were $2.0 billion borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Commercial paper programs outstanding at December 31, 2022 were $701.8 million, which have matured and will mature between January 2023 and February 2023. (2) Excludes non-cash net premiums recorded on notes payable of $224.6 million and deferred financing costs of $60.7 million. The table of obligations also excludes the January 2023 issuances of $500.0 million of senior unsecured notes due January 2026, which are callable at par on January 13, 2024, and $600.0 million of senior unsecured notes due March 2030, which are callable at par on January 15, 2030. (3) Excludes deferred financing costs of $0.2 million as well as the approximately $1.0 billion multicurrency unsecured term loan entered into in January 2023. (4) Excludes both non-cash net premiums recorded on the mortgages payable of $12.4 million and deferred financing costs of $0.8 million. (5) Interest on the term loan, notes, bonds, mortgages payable, credit facility and commercial paper programs has been calculated based on outstanding balances at period end through their respective maturity dates. Excludes interest on the multicurrency term loan entered into January 2023 for approximately$1.0 billion, which matures January 2024, as well as on our January 2023 issuances of $500 million of senior unsecured notes, which are callable at par on January 13, 2024, and $600 million of senior unsecured notes due March 2030. (6) We currently pay the ground lessors directly for the rent under the ground leases. (7) Our clients, who are generally sub-clients under ground leases, are responsible for paying the rent under these ground leases. In the event our client fails to pay the ground lease rent, we are primarily responsible. (8) “Other” consists of $606.3 million of commitments under construction contracts, and $21.7 million for re-leasing costs, recurring capital expenditures, and non-recurring building improvements. Our credit facility, commercial paper programs, term loans, and notes payable obligations are unsecured. Accordingly, we have not pledged any assets as collateral for these obligations. Unconsolidated Investments As a result of our VEREIT merger, we assumed an equity method investment in three unconsolidated entities. In 2022, all seven assets owned by our industrial partnerships acquired in connection with the VEREIT merger were sold. The gross purchase price for the properties was $905.0 million and we collected $114.0 million of net proceeds (after mortgage defeasance and closing costs) to date, representing our proportionate share of partnership distributions. Up until the point of sale of these properties, we were responsible for funding our proportionate share of any operating cash deficits pursuant to the governance documents of the applicable entities. There are no further material commitments related to those investments. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Critical Accounting Policies Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and are the basis for our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations. Preparing our consolidated financial statements requires us to make a number of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. We believe that we have made these estimates and assumptions in an appropriate manner and in a way that accurately reflects our financial condition. We continually test and evaluate these estimates and assumptions using our historical knowledge of the business, as well as other factors, to ensure that they are reasonable for reporting purposes. However, actual results may differ from these estimates and assumptions. This summary should be read in conjunction with the more complete discussion of our accounting policies and procedures included in note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Procedures and New Accounting Standards, to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. 43 In order to prepare our consolidated financial statements according to the rules and guidelines set forth by U.S. GAAP, many subjective judgments must be made with regard to critical accounting policies. Management must make significant assumptions in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. When acquiring a property for investment purposes, we typically allocate the cost of real estate acquired, inclusive of transaction costs, to: (1) land, (2) building and improvements, and (3) identified intangible assets and liabilities, based in each case on their relative estimated fair values. Intangible assets and liabilities consist of above-market or below-market lease value and the value of in-place leases, as applicable. Additionally, above-market rents on certain leases under which we are a lessor are accounted for as financing receivables amortizing over the lease term, while below-market rents on certain leases under which we are a lessor are accounted for as prepaid rent. In an acquisition of multiple properties, we must also allocate the purchase price among the properties. The allocation of the purchase price is based on our assessment of estimated fair value of the land, building and improvements, and identified intangible assets and liabilities and is often based upon the various characteristics of the market where the property is located. In addition, any assumed mortgages are recorded at their estimated fair values. The estimated fair values of our mortgages payable have been calculated by discounting the future cash flows using applicable interest rates that have been adjusted for factors, such as industry type, client investment grade, maturity date, and comparable borrowings for similar assets. The use of different assumptions in the allocation of the purchase price of the acquired properties and liabilities assumed could affect the timing of recognition of the related revenue and expenses. Another significant judgment must be made as to if, and when, impairment losses should be taken on our properties when events or a change in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If estimated future operating cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) plus estimated disposition proceeds (undiscounted) are less than the current book value of the property, a fair value analysis is performed and, to the extent the estimated fair value is less than the current book value, a provision for impairment is recorded to reduce the book value to estimated fair value. Key inputs that we utilize in this analysis include projected rental rates, estimated holding periods, capital expenditures, and property sales capitalization rates. If a property is held for sale, it is carried at the lower of carrying cost or estimated fair value, less estimated cost to sell. The carrying value of our real estate is the largest component of our consolidated balance sheets. Our strategy of primarily holding properties, long-term, directly decreases the likelihood of their carrying values not being recoverable, thus requiring the recognition of an impairment. However, if our strategy, or one or more of the above assumptions were to change in the future, an impairment may need to be recognized. If events should occur that require us to reduce the carrying value of our real estate by recording provisions for impairment, they could have a material impact on our results of operations. The following is a comparison of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Total Revenue The following summarizes our total revenue (dollars in thousands): Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 2022 versus 2021 Increase 2021 versus 2020 REVENUE Rental (excluding reimbursable) $ 3,114,975 $ 1,960,107 $ 1,560,171 $ 1,154,868 $ 399,936 Rental (reimbursable) Other Total revenue 184,682 44,024 104,851 15,505 79,362 $ 79,831 $ 7,554 $ 28,519 $ 25,489 7,951 $ 3,343,681 $ 2,080,463 $ 1,647,087 $ 1,263,218 $ 433,376 The increase in total revenue primarily relates to the merger with VEREIT and acquisitions for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. 44 Rental Revenue (excluding reimbursable) The table below summarizes our rental revenue (excluding reimbursable, dollars in thousands): Number of Properties Square Footage (1) Years ended December 31, Increase/ (Decrease) 2022 2021 $ Change Properties acquired during 2022 & 2021 Same store rental revenue(2) Orion Divestiture(3) Constant currency adjustment(4) Properties sold during and prior to 2022 Straight-line rent and other non- cash adjustments Vacant rents, development and other (5) 2,314 53,632,497 $ 550,676 $ 134,652 $ 416,024 9,615 167,391,055 2,453,030 92 10,093,123 N/A N/A 426 9,771,221 N/A N/A 308 7,257,983 430 4,483 18,465 20,778 55,903 2,410,302 154,444 18,020 42,728 (154,014) (13,537) 57,659 (39,194) 20,711 67 52,341 3,562 Other excluded revenue (6) Less: VEREIT rental revenue (7) Totals (1) Excludes 5,909,738 square feet from properties ground leased to clients and 2,654,136 square feet from properties with no land or building 3,114,975 $ 1,960,107 $ (898,573) 10,551 11,210 N/A N/A N/A N/A — $ 1,154,868 898,573 659 ownership. (2) The same store rental revenue percentage increase for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared with the same period in the prior year is 1.8%. (3) Following of the closing of our merger with VEREIT, we contributed 92 office real estate assets, a consolidated real estate venture holding one office asset, and an unconsolidated real estate venture holding five office assets to a wholly owned subsidiary named Orion Office REIT Inc. ("Orion"). On November 12, 2021, we distributed the outstanding shares of Orion common stock to our shareholders (including legacy VEREIT stockholders who received shares of our common stock in our merger with VEREIT) on a pro rata basis at a rate of one share of Orion common stock for every ten shares of Realty Income common stock held on November 12, 2021, the applicable record date, which we refer to as the Orion Divestiture. (4) For purposes of comparability, same store rental revenue is presented on a constant currency basis using the exchange rate as of December 31, 2022, of 1.20 British Pound Sterling ("GBP")/USD. None of the properties in Spain or Italy met our same store pool definition for the periods presented. (5) Relates to the aggregate of (i) rental revenue from properties (292 properties comprising 6,552,442 square feet) that were available for lease during part of 2022 or 2021, and (ii) rental revenue for properties (16 properties comprising 705,541 square feet) under development or completed developments that do not meet our same store pool definition for the periods presented. (6) Primarily consists of reimbursements for tenant improvements and rental revenue that is not contractual base rent such as lease termination settlements. (7) Amounts for the year ended December 31, 2021 represent rental revenue from VEREIT properties, which were not included in our financial statements prior to the close of the merger on November 1, 2021. The table below summarizes the increase in rental revenue (excluding reimbursable) in 2021 compared to 2020 (dollars in thousands): Properties acquired during 2021 & 2020 Same store rental revenue (2) Orion Divestiture Constant currency adjustment (3) Properties sold during and prior to 2021 Straight-line rent and other non-cash adjustments Vacant rents, development and other (4) Other excluded revenue (5) Totals Years Ended December 31, Increase/ (Decrease) Number of Properties Square Footage (1) 2021 2020 $ Change 4,953 105,839,422 $ 413,546 $ 51,951 $ 361,595 6,046 93,607,451 1,457,648 1,418,502 92 10,074,923 45,047 N/A N/A 283 5,930,654 N/A N/A 137 2,650,240 N/A N/A 2,025 6,668 11,646 11,296 12,231 50,401 (2,861) 21,919 (3,587) 14,422 9,424 39,146 (5,354) 4,886 (15,251) 15,233 (3,126) 2,807 $ 1,960,107 $ 1,560,171 $ 399,936 45 (1) Excludes 5,869,364 square feet from properties ground leased to clients and 2,100,990 square feet from properties with no land or building ownership. (2) The same store rental revenue percentage increase for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared with the same period in the prior year is 2.8%. (3) For purposes of comparability, same store rental revenue is presented on a constant currency basis using the exchange rate as of December 31, 2021 of 1.35 GBP/USD. None of the properties in Spain met our same store pool definition for the periods presented. In addition, the same store pool excludes properties assumed on November 1, 2021 as a result of our merger with VEREIT. (4) Relates to the aggregate of (i) rental revenue from properties (128 properties comprising 2,292,635 square feet) that were available for lease during part of 2021 or 2020, (ii) rental revenue for properties (nine properties comprising 357,605 square feet) under development or completed developments that do not meet our same store pool definition for the periods presented. (5) Primarily consists of reimbursements for tenant improvements and rental revenue that is not contractual base rent such as lease termination settlements. For purposes of determining the same store rent property pool, we include all properties that were owned for the entire year-to-date period, for both the current and prior year, except for properties during the current or prior year that; (i) were vacant at any time, (ii) were under development or redevelopment, or (iii) were involved in eminent domain and rent was reduced. Beginning with the first quarter of 2022, properties acquired through the merger with VEREIT were considered under each element of our same store pool criterion, except for the requirement that the property be owned for the full comparative period. If the property was owned by VEREIT for the full comparative period and each of the other criteria were met, the property was included in our same store property pool. Each of the exclusions from the same store pool are separately addressed within the applicable sentences above, explaining the changes in rental revenue for the period. Our calculation of same store rental revenue includes rent deferred for future payment as a result of lease concessions we granted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and recognized under the practical expedient provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB"). Our calculation of same store rental revenue also includes uncollected rent for which we have not granted a lease concession. If these applicable amounts of rent deferrals and uncollected rent were excluded from our calculation of same store rental revenue, the increases for 2022 relative to 2021 and 2021 relative to 2020 would have been 2.3% and 7.7%, respectively. Of the 12,237 properties in the portfolio at December 31, 2022, 12,018, or 98.2%, are single-client properties and the remaining are multi-client properties. Of the 12,018 single-client properties, 11,894, or 99.0%, were net leased at December 31, 2022. Of the 12,797 in-place leases in the portfolio, which excludes 181 vacant units, 10,835, or 84.7%, were under leases that provide for increases in rents through: • • • • Base rent increases tied to inflation (typically subject to ceilings); Percentage rent based on a percentage of the clients’ gross sales; Fixed increases; or A combination of two or more of the above rent provisions. Rent based on a percentage of our client's gross sales, or percentage rent, was $14.9 million, $6.5 million and $5.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Percentage rent represents less than 1% of rental revenue. At December 31, 2022, our portfolio of 12,237 properties was 99.0% leased with 126 properties available for lease, as compared to 98.5% leased with 164 properties available for lease at December 31, 2021. It has been our experience that approximately 1% to 4% of our property portfolio will be available for lease at any given time; however, it is possible that the number of properties available for lease or sale could increase in the future, given the nature of economic cycles and other unforeseen global events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Rental Revenue (reimbursable) A number of our leases provide for contractually obligated reimbursements from clients for recoverable real estate taxes and operating expenses. The increase in contractually obligated reimbursements by our clients in the periods presented is primarily due to the growth of our portfolio due to acquisitions. Other Revenue Other revenue primarily relates to interest income recognized on financing receivables for certain leases with above-market terms. The increases in the periods presented are due to additional leases with above-market terms, which is proportional to overall portfolio growth. 46 Total Expenses The following summarizes our total expenses (dollars in thousands): EXPENSES Depreciation and amortization $ 1,670,389 $ 897,835 $ 677,038 $ 772,554 $ 220,797 Years ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) 2022 2021 2020 2022 versus 2021 2021 versus 2020 Interest Property (excluding reimbursable) Property (reimbursable) General and administrative (2) Provisions for impairment Merger and integration-related costs Total expenses Total revenue (1) General and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue (1) Property expenses (excluding reimbursable) as a percentage of total revenue (1) 465,223 41,648 184,682 138,459 25,860 13,897 323,644 309,336 141,579 28,754 104,851 96,980 25,241 79,362 73,215 12,894 79,831 41,479 14,308 3,513 25,489 23,765 38,967 147,232 (13,107) (108,265) 167,413 — (153,516) 167,413 $ 2,540,158 $ 1,658,444 $ 1,311,424 $ 881,714 $ 347,020 $ 3,158,999 $ 1,975,612 1,567,725 4.4 % 4.9 % 4.4 % 1.3 % 1.5 % 1.6 % (1) Excludes rental revenue (reimbursable). (2) General and administrative expenses for 2020 included an executive severance charge related to the departure of our former Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") in March 2020. The total value of cash, stock compensation and professional fees incurred as a result of this severance was $3.5 million and was recorded to general and administrative expense. In order to present a normalized calculation of our general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue for 2020, we have excluded this executive severance charge to arrive at a normalized general and administrative amount of $69.8 million which was used for our calculation. Depreciation and Amortization The increase in depreciation and amortization is primarily due to the acquisition of properties in 2022 and 2021, which was partially offset by property sales in those same periods. The 2021 acquisition volume was primarily driven by the merger with VEREIT. As discussed in the sections entitled “Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders (FFO) and Normalized Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders (Normalized FFO)" and “Adjusted Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders (AFFO),” depreciation and amortization is a non-cash item that is added back to net income available to common stockholders for our calculation of FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO. 47 Interest Expense The following is a summary of the components of our interest expense (dollars in thousands): Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Interest on our credit facility, commercial paper, $250.0 million term loan, notes, mortgages and interest rate swaps $ 523,384 $ 320,370 $ 293,879 Credit facility commitment fees Amortization of debt origination and deferred financing costs Loss on interest rate swaps Amortization of net mortgage premiums Amortization of net note premiums Interest capitalized Capital lease obligation Interest expense 4,908 14,149 718 (13,622) (62,989) (2,789) 1,464 3,801 11,695 2,905 (3,498) (10,349) (1,926) 646 3,812 10,694 4,132 (1,258) (1,754) (480) 311 $ 465,223 $ 323,644 $ 309,336 Credit facility, commercial paper, $250.0 million term loan, mortgages and notes Average outstanding balances (dollars in thousands) $ 16,460,928 $ 10,024,343 $ 8,240,829 Average interest rates 3.15 % 3.11 % 3.48 % The increase in interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 is primarily due to the following: (i) the October 2022 issuance of $750.0 million in principal of notes, (ii) the June 2022 issuance of £600 million in principal of Sterling-denominated notes, (iii) the January 2022 issuance of £500 million in principal of Sterling-denominated notes, (iv) the issuance of $4.65 billion in principal of notes associated with the exchange offer and assumption of $839.1 million in principal of mortgage debt, both associated with our merger with VEREIT in November 2021, and (v) the July 2021 issuance of £750 million in principal of Sterling-denominated notes, as well as higher average balances and interest rates on the credit facility and commercial paper borrowings, partially offset by the December 2021 early redemption on all $750.0 million in principal of the 4.650% notes due August 2023, and the January 2021 early redemption on all $950.0 million in principal of the 3.250% notes due October 2022. The increase in interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 is primarily due to the issuance of $4.65 billion in principal of notes associated with our merger with VEREIT as discussed above, the issuance of senior unsecured notes during 2020 and 2021 outside of our merger with VEREIT, which included aggregate totals of $1.68 billion in principal of USD-denominated notes and £1.15 billion in principal of Sterling-denominated notes, partially offset by the early redemptions during 2021 and 2020 of $1.2 billion of notes, increases in amortization of net note and mortgage premiums, and lower average balances on our credit facility and commercial paper borrowings. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the weighted average interest rate on our: • • • Revolving credit facility outstanding borrowings of $2.0 billion was 1.8%; Commercial paper outstanding borrowings of $701.8 million was 1.6%; Term loan outstanding of $250.0 million (excluding deferred financing costs of $0.2 million) was swapped to fixed at 3.8%; • Mortgages payable of $842.3 million (excluding net premiums totaling $12.4 million and deferred financing • • costs of $0.8 million on these mortgages) was 4.8%; Notes and bonds payable of $14.1 billion (excluding net unamortized original issue premiums of $224.6 million and deferred financing costs of $60.7 million) was 3.3%; and Notes, bonds, mortgages, $250.0 million term loan, and credit facility and commercial paper borrowings of $17.9 billion (excluding all net premiums and deferred financing costs) was 3.15%. 48 Property Expenses (excluding reimbursable) Property expenses (excluding reimbursable) consist of costs associated with properties available for lease, non-net- leased properties and general portfolio expenses. Expenses related to properties available for lease and non-net- leased properties include, but are not limited to, property taxes, maintenance, insurance, utilities, property inspections and legal fees. General portfolio costs include, but are not limited to, insurance, legal, property inspections, and title search fees. At December 31, 2022, 126 properties were available for lease or sale, as compared to 164 at December 31, 2021, and 140 at December 31, 2020. The increase in property expenses (excluding reimbursable) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 is primarily due to the increase in portfolio size, resulting in higher utilities, repairs and maintenance, property-related legal expenses, property taxes, insurance expenses and reserves for contractually obligated reimbursements by our clients. Property Expenses (reimbursable) The increase in property expenses (reimbursable) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, is primarily attributable to our increased portfolio size, which contributed to higher operating expenses as a result of our acquisitions during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and an increase in ground lease rent, insurance, and property taxes paid on behalf of our clients. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses are expenditures related to the operations of our company, including employee-related costs, professional fees, and other general overhead costs associated with running our business. The increase in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 is primarily due to higher payroll-related costs, corporate-level professional fees, corporate occupancy costs, and information technology costs associated with the growth of the company, including the merger with VEREIT. The increase in general and administrative expenses for 2021 is primarily due to higher payroll-related costs and corporate-level professional fees. Provisions for Impairment The following table summarizes provisions for impairment during the periods indicated below (dollars in millions): Carrying value prior to impairment Less: total provisions for impairment Carrying value after impairment $ $ 2022 140.9 $ (25.9) 115.0 $ Years ended December 31, 2021 169.2 $ (39.0) 130.2 $ 2020 260.8 (147.2) 113.6 The impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 primarily relate to properties sold, in the process of being sold, or vacant. We identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as an impairment triggering event for properties occupied by certain of our clients experiencing difficulties meeting their lease obligations to us. After considering the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the key assumptions, we determined that the carrying values of 38 properties classified as held for investment for the year ended December 31, 2020 were not recoverable. As a result, we recorded provisions for impairment of $105.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 on the applicable properties impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Merger and Integration-Related Costs In conjunction with our merger with VEREIT, we incurred approximately $13.9 million and $167.4 million of merger and integration-related transaction costs during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no such costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2020. Merger and integration-related costs consist of advisory fees, attorney fees, accountant fees, SEC filing fees and additional incremental and non- recurring costs necessary to convert data and systems, retain employees and otherwise enable us to operate the acquired business or assets efficiently. Gain on Sales of Real Estate The following summarizes our property dispositions, excluding our proportionate share of net proceeds from the disposition of properties by our consolidated industrial partnerships in 2022 (dollars in millions): 49 Number of properties sold Net sales proceeds Gain on sales of real estate 2022 168 434.9 $ 102.7 $ $ $ Years ended December 31, 2021 154 250.3 $ 55.8 $ 2020 126 262.5 76.2 Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net We borrow in the functional currencies of the countries in which we invest. Net foreign currency gain and loss are primarily related to the remeasurement of intercompany debt from foreign subsidiaries. Gain and loss on foreign currency are largely offset by derivative gain and loss. Derivative gain and loss relates to mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting. Net derivative gain and loss are primarily related to realized and unrealized short term currency exchange swaps. Gain and loss on derivatives are largely offset by foreign currency gain and loss. In June 2022, following the early prepayment of our Sterling-denominated intercompany loan receivable from our consolidated foreign subsidiaries, we terminated the four cross-currency swaps used to hedge the foreign currency exposure of the intercompany loan. As the hedge relationship was terminated and the future principal and interest associated with the prepaid intercompany loan will not occur, $20.0 million gain was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"), to 'Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net' during the year ended December 31, 2022. The reclassification from AOCI was offset by $7.9 million in losses from the intercompany loan remeasurement on the final exchange. Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt We redeemed the following principal amounts (in millions) of certain outstanding notes and mortgages, prior to their maturity. As a result of these early redemptions, we recognized the following losses on extinguishment of debt (in millions) in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. There were no comparable repayments for the year ended December 31, 2022. 2021 Repayments Principal Amount (1) Amount of Loss Period Recognized Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt 4.650% notes due August 2023 redeemed in December 2021 Mortgage due June 2022 redeemed in October 2021 Mortgage due June 2032 redeemed in September 2021 3.250% notes due October 2022 redeemed in January 2021 $ $ $ $ Total 2021 repayments 2020 Repayments 750.0 $ 9.6 $ 12.5 $ 950.0 $ $ 5.750% notes due January 2021 redeemed in January 2020 (1) The redeemed principal amounts presented exclude the amounts we paid in accrued and unpaid interest. 250.0 $ $ 46.4 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2021 September 30, 2021 March 31, 2021 0.3 4.0 46.5 97.2 9.8 March 31, 2020 Equity in Income and Impairment of Investment in Unconsolidated Entities Equity in income and impairment of investment in unconsolidated entities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 relate to three equity method investments that were acquired in our merger with VEREIT. The loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 is primarily driven by an other than temporary impairment. There were no comparative investments for the year ended December 31, 2020. During 2022 all seven of the properties owned by our industrial partnerships acquired in connection with the VEREIT merger were sold. Other Income, Net Certain miscellaneous non-recurring revenue is included in other income, net. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, is primarily related to an increase in gain on insurance proceeds from recoveries on property losses exceeding our carrying value, an increase in gain from the involuntary conversions of real estate, gains on land sales and higher interest income due to higher average cash balances. 50 The increase for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, is primarily related to an increase in gain on insurance proceeds from recoveries on property losses exceeding our carrying value and an increase in gain from the involuntary conversions of real estate, which was partially offset by a decrease in interest income from lower average cash balances. Income Taxes Income taxes are for city and state income and franchise taxes, and for international income taxes accrued or paid by us and our subsidiaries. The increase in income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 is primarily attributable to our increased volume of U.K. investments, which contributed to higher U.K. income taxes for both years. Net Income Available to Common Stockholders The following summarizes our net income available to common stockholders (dollars in millions, except per share data): Years ended December 31, % Increase/(Decrease) 2022 2021 2020 2022 versus 2021 2021 versus 2020 Net income available to common stockholders Net income per share (1) $ $ 869.4 $ 359.5 $ 395.5 141.8 % (9.1) % 1.42 $ 0.87 $ 1.14 63.2 % (23.7) % (1) All per share amounts are presented on a diluted per common share basis. The calculation to determine net income available to common stockholders includes provisions for impairment, gain from the sale of properties, and foreign currency gain and loss, which can vary from period to period based on timing and significantly impact net income available to common stockholders. The increase in net income available to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily related to the increase in the size of our portfolio due to the merger with VEREIT, which closed on November 1, 2021, gain on insurance proceeds from recoveries on property losses exceeding our carrying value, and $13.9 million of merger and integration-related costs related to our merger with VEREIT. The increases were partially offset by reserves to rental revenue of $4.0 million (of which $1.7 million was related to straight-line rent receivables) for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net income available to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2021, was impacted by the following transactions: (i) a $97.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt, which primarily includes $46.5 million related to the January 2021 early redemption of the 3.250% notes due October 2022 recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2021 and $46.4 million related to the December 2021 early redemption of the 4.650% notes due August 2023 recorded in the three months ended December 31, 2021, (ii) $167.4 million of merger and integration-related costs related to our merger with VEREIT, and (iii) $14.7 million of reserves to rental revenue (of which $4.5 million was related to straight-line rent receivables). Net income available to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily impacted by the following transactions: (i) $147.2 million of provisions for impairment, (ii) $52.5 million in net reserves recorded as a reduction of rental revenue, (iii) a $9.8 million loss on extinguishment of debt due to the January 2020 early redemption of the 5.750% notes due January 2021, and (iv) a $3.5 million executive severance charge for our former CFO. 51 Adjusted Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization for Real Estate ("Adjusted EBITDAre") Nareit established an EBITDA metric for real estate companies (i.e., EBITDA for real estate, or EBITDAre) it believed would provide investors with a consistent measure to help make investment decisions among REITs. Our definition of “Adjusted EBITDAre” is generally consistent with the Nareit definition, other than our adjustments to remove foreign currency and derivative gain and loss, excluding gain and loss from the settlement of foreign currency forwards not designated as hedges (which is consistent with our previous calculations of "Adjusted EBITDA"). We define Adjusted EBITDAre, a non–GAAP financial measure, for the most recent quarter as earnings (net income) before (i) interest expense, including non-cash loss (gain) on swaps, (ii) income and franchise taxes, (iii) gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt, (iv) real estate depreciation and amortization, (v) provisions for impairment, (vi) merger and integration-related costs, (vii) gain on sales of real estate, (viii) foreign currency and derivative gain, net (as described in the Adjusted Funds from Operations section), (ix) gain on settlement of foreign currency forwards, and (x) equity in income of investment in unconsolidated entities. Our Adjusted EBITDAre may not be comparable to Adjusted EBITDAre reported by other companies or as defined by Nareit, and other companies may interpret or define Adjusted EBITDAre differently than we do. Management believes Adjusted EBITDAre to be a meaningful measure of a REIT’s performance because it provides a view of our operating performance, analyzes our ability to meet interest payment obligations before the effects of income tax, depreciation and amortization expense, provisions for impairment, gain on sales of real estate and other items, as defined above, that affect comparability, including the removal of non-recurring and non-cash items that industry observers believe are less relevant to evaluating the operating performance of a company. In addition, EBITDAre is widely followed by industry analysts, lenders, investors, rating agencies, and others as a means of evaluating the operational cash generating capacity of a company prior to servicing debt obligations. Management also believes the use of an annualized quarterly Adjusted EBITDAre metric, which we refer to as Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre, is meaningful because it represents our current earnings run rate for the period presented. Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre and Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDAre, as defined below, are also used to determine the vesting of performance share awards granted to executive officers. Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre should be considered along with, but not as an alternative to net income as a measure of our operating performance. We define Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDAre as Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre, subject to certain adjustments to incorporate Adjusted EBITDAre from properties we acquired or stabilized during the applicable quarter and to remove Adjusted EBITDAre from properties we disposed of during the applicable quarter, and includes transaction accounting adjustments in accordance with U.S. GAAP, giving pro forma effect to all transactions as if they occurred at the beginning of the applicable period. Our calculation includes all adjustments consistent with the requirements to present Adjusted EBITDAre on a pro forma basis in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X. The Annualized Pro Forma Adjustments are consistent with the debt service coverage ratio calculated under financial covenants for our senior unsecured notes. We believe Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDAre is a useful non-GAAP supplemental measure, as it excludes properties that were no longer owned at the balance sheet date and includes the annualized rent from properties acquired during the quarter. Management also uses our ratios of net debt-to- Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre and net debt-to Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDAre as measures of leverage in assessing our financial performance, which is calculated as net debt (which we define as total debt per the consolidated balance sheets, excluding deferred financing costs and net premiums and discounts, but including our proportionate share on debt from unconsolidated entities, less cash and cash equivalents), divided by annualized quarterly Adjusted EBITDAre and annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDAre, respectively. 52 The following is a reconciliation of net income (which we believe is the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure) to Adjusted EBITDAre and Annualized Pro Forma EBITDAre calculations for the periods indicated below (dollars in thousands): Three months ended December 31, Net income Interest Loss on extinguishment of debt Income taxes Depreciation and amortization Provisions for impairment Merger and integration-related costs Gain on sales of real estate Foreign currency and derivative gains, net Gain on settlement of foreign currency forwards Proportionate share of adjustments for unconsolidated entities Quarterly Adjusted EBITDAre Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre (1) Annualized Pro Forma Adjustments Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDAre Total debt per the consolidated balance sheets, excluding deferred financing costs and net premiums and discounts Proportionate share for unconsolidated entities debt, excluding deferred financing costs Less: Cash and cash equivalents Net Debt (2) Net Debt/Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre Net Debt/Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDAre $ $ $ $ $ 2022 $ 228,336 $ 2021 4,467 $ 131,290 — 9,381 438,174 9,481 903 (9,346) (2,692) 2,139 100,739 46,722 10,128 333,229 7,990 137,332 (20,402) (1,880) — 113 807,779 3,231,116 119,876 3,350,992 $ $ $ $ 1,581 619,906 2,479,624 358,560 2,838,184 $ $ $ $ 2020 118,150 78,764 — 4,500 175,041 23,790 — (22,667) (3,311) — — 374,267 1,497,068 25,910 1,522,978 17,935,539 $ 15,172,849 $ 8,852,036 — (171,102) 86,006 (258,579) — (824,476) $ 17,764,437 $ 15,000,276 $ 8,027,560 5.5x 5.3x 6.0x 5.3x 5.4x 5.3x (1) We calculate Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre by multiplying the Quarterly Adjusted EBITDAre by four. (2) Net Debt is total debt per our consolidated balance sheets, excluding deferred financing costs and net premiums and discounts, but including our proportionate share on debt from unconsolidated entities, less cash and cash equivalents. As described above, the Annualized Pro Forma Adjustments, which includes transaction accounting adjustments in accordance with GAAP, consists of adjustments to incorporate the Adjusted EBITDAre from properties we acquired or stabilized during the applicable quarter and removes Adjusted EBITDAre from properties we disposed of during the applicable quarter, giving pro forma effect to all transactions as if they occurred at the beginning of the period, consistent with the requirements of Article 11 of Regulation S-X. The following table summarizes our Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDAre calculation for the periods indicated below: Dollars in thousands Annualized pro forma adjustments from properties acquired or stabilized Annualized pro forma adjustments from properties disposed Annualized Pro forma Adjustments $ $ Three months ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 120,408 $ 400,575 $ 27,431 (532) 119,876 $ (42,015) 358,560 $ (1,521) 25,910 53 FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS AVAILABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS AND NORMALIZED FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS AVAILABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS We define FFO, a non-GAAP measure, consistent with the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts' definition, as net income available to common stockholders, plus depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, plus provisions for impairments of depreciable real estate assets, and reduced by gain on property sales. We define Normalized FFO, a non-GAAP financial measure, as FFO excluding merger and integration-related costs related to our merger with VEREIT. We define diluted FFO and diluted normalized FFO as FFO and normalized FFO adjusted for dilutive noncontrolling interests. The following summarizes our FFO and Normalized FFO (dollars in millions, except per share data): Years ended December 31, % Increase/(Decrease) FFO available to common stockholders FFO per share (1) Normalized FFO available to common stockholders Normalized FFO per share (1) 2022 2021 2020 2,471.9 $ 1,240.6 $ 1,142.1 4.04 $ 2.99 $ 3.31 2,485.8 $ 1,408.0 $ 1,142.1 4.06 $ 3.39 $ 3.31 $ $ $ $ (1) All per share amounts are presented on a diluted per common share basis. 2022 versus 2021 99.3 % 35.1 % 76.5 % 19.8 % 2021 versus 2020 8.6 % (9.7) % 23.3 % 2.4 % FFO and Normalized FFO for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were impacted by the same transactions listed under "Net Income Available to Common Stockholders" on page 51, with the exception of provisions for impairment, which do not impact FFO and Normalized FFO. The following is a reconciliation of net income available to common stockholders (which we believe is the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure) to FFO and Normalized FFO. Also presented is information regarding distributions paid to common stockholders and the weighted average number of common shares used for the basic and diluted computation per share (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts): 54 2022 2021 Net income available to common stockholders $ 869,408 $ 359,456 $ Depreciation and amortization Depreciation of furniture, fixtures and equipment Provisions for impairment Gain on sales of real estate Proportionate share of adjustments for unconsolidated entities (1) FFO adjustments allocable to noncontrolling interests 1,670,389 (2,014) 25,860 (102,957) 12,812 (1,605) 897,835 (1,026) 38,967 (55,798) 1,931 (785) 2020 395,486 677,038 (588) 147,232 (76,232) — (817) Years ended December 31, FFO available to common stockholders FFO allocable to dilutive noncontrolling interests Diluted FFO FFO available to common stockholders Merger and integration-related costs Normalized FFO available to common stockholders Normalized FFO allocable to dilutive noncontrolling interests Diluted Normalized FFO FFO per common share, basic and diluted Normalized FFO per common share: Basic Diluted Distributions paid to common stockholders FFO available to common stockholders in excess of distributions paid to common stockholders Normalized FFO available to common stockholders in excess of distributions paid to common stockholders Weighted average number of common shares used for FFO: Basic Diluted Weighted average number of common shares used for Normalized FFO: Basic Diluted $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,471,893 $ 1,240,580 $ 1,142,119 3,979 — 1,418 2,475,872 $ 1,240,580 $ 1,143,537 2,471,893 $ 1,240,580 $ 1,142,119 13,897 167,413 — 2,485,790 $ 1,407,993 $ 1,142,119 3,979 1,642 1,418 2,489,769 $ 1,409,635 $ 1,143,537 4.04 $ 2.99 $ 3.31 4.06 $ 4.06 $ 3.40 $ 3.39 $ 3.31 3.31 1,813,432 $ 1,169,026 $ 964,167 658,461 $ 71,554 $ 177,952 672,358 $ 238,967 $ 177,952 611,765,815 613,472,663 414,535,283 414,769,846 345,280,126 345,878,377 611,765,815 613,472,663 414,535,283 415,270,063 345,280,126 345,878,377 (1) Includes an other than temporary impairment of $8.5 million recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022 on our investment in unconsolidated entities, all of which were sold as of December 31, 2022. We consider FFO and Normalized FFO to be appropriate supplemental measures of a REIT’s operating performance as they are based on a net income analysis of property portfolio performance that adds back items such as depreciation and impairments for FFO, and adds back merger and integration-related costs, for Normalized FFO. The historical accounting convention used for real estate assets requires straight-line depreciation of buildings and improvements, which implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values historically rise and fall with market conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT, using historical accounting for depreciation, could be less informative. 55 ADJUSTED FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS AVAILABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS We define AFFO, a non-GAAP measure, as FFO adjusted for unique revenue and expense items, which we believe are not as pertinent to the measurement of our ongoing operating performance. We define diluted AFFO as AFFO adjusted for dilutive noncontrolling interests. The following summarizes our AFFO (dollars in millions, except per share data): Years ended December 31, % Increase AFFO available to common stockholders AFFO per share (1) $ $ 2,401.4 $ 1,488.8 $ 1,172.6 3.92 $ 3.59 $ 3.39 2022 2021 2020 (1) All per share amounts are presented on a diluted per common share basis. 2022 versus 2021 61.3 % 9.2 % 2021 versus 2020 27.0 % 5.9 % The increases in AFFO for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were primarily attributable to the increase in the size of our portfolio, especially as it relates to the impact from our merger with VEREIT, which closed on November 1, 2021. These increases were partially offset by reserves recorded as a reduction of rental revenue of $4.0 million, $14.7 million and $52.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We consider AFFO to be an appropriate supplemental measure of our performance. Most companies in our industry use a similar measurement, but they may use the term “CAD” (for Cash Available for Distribution), “FAD” (for Funds Available for Distribution) or other terms. Our AFFO calculations may not be comparable to AFFO, CAD or FAD reported by other companies, and other companies may interpret or define such terms differently than we do. The following is a reconciliation of net income available to common stockholders (which we believe is the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure) to Normalized FFO and AFFO. Also presented is information regarding distributions paid to common stockholders and the weighted average number of common shares used for the basic and diluted computation per share (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts): 56 Net income available to common stockholders Cumulative adjustments to calculate Normalized FFO (1) Normalized FFO available to common stockholders Executive severance charge (2) (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt Amortization of share-based compensation Amortization of net debt premiums and deferred financing costs (3) Non-cash loss on interest rate swaps Straight-line impact of cash settlement on interest rate swaps (4) Leasing costs and commissions Recurring capital expenditures Straight-line rent and expenses, net Amortization of above and below-market leases, net Proportionate share of adjustments for unconsolidated entities Other adjustments (5) AFFO available to common stockholders AFFO allocable to dilutive noncontrolling interests Diluted AFFO AFFO per common share: Basic Diluted Distributions paid to common stockholders AFFO available to common stockholders in excess of distributions paid to common stockholders Weighted average number of common shares used for computation per share: Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ 869,408 $ 359,456 $ 1,616,382 2,485,790 1,048,537 1,407,993 2020 395,486 746,633 1,142,119 — (367) 21,617 (67,150) 718 1,558 (5,236) (587) (120,252) 63,243 (4,239) 26,264 — 97,178 16,234 (6,182) 2,905 — (6,201) (1,202) (61,350) 37,970 (1,948) 3,356 3,463 9,819 14,727 3,710 4,353 — (1,859) (198) (26,502) 22,940 — 54 2,401,359 $ 1,488,753 $ 1,172,626 4,033 1,619 1,438 2,405,392 $ 1,490,372 $ 1,174,064 3.93 $ 3.92 $ 3.59 $ 3.59 $ 3.40 3.39 1,813,432 $ 1,169,026 $ 964,167 587,927 $ 319,727 $ 208,459 $ $ $ $ $ $ Basic Diluted 611,765,815 414,535,283 345,280,126 613,472,663 415,270,063 345,878,377 (1) See reconciling items for Normalized FFO presented under “Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders (FFO) and Normalized Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders (Normalized FFO)." (2) The executive severance charge represents the incremental costs incurred upon our former CFO's departure in March 2020, consisting of $1.6 million of cash, $1.8 million of share-based compensation expense and $58,000 of professional fees. (3) Includes the amortization of premiums and discounts on notes payable and assumption of our mortgages payable, which are being amortized over the life of the applicable debt, and costs incurred and capitalized upon issuance and exchange of our notes payable, assumption of our mortgages payable and issuance of our term loans, which are also being amortized over the lives of the applicable debt. No costs associated with our credit facility agreements or annual fees paid to credit rating agencies have been included. (4) Represents the straight-line amortization of $72.0 million gain realized upon the termination of $500.0 million in notional interest rate swaps, over the term of the $750.0 million of 5.625% senior unsecured notes due October 13, 2032. (5) Includes adjustments allocable to noncontrolling interests, obligations related to financing lease liabilities, mark-to-market adjustments on investments and derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting, foreign currency gain and loss as a result of intercompany debt and remeasurement transactions and straight-line payments from cross-currency swaps. 57 We believe the non-GAAP financial measure AFFO provides useful information to investors because it is a widely accepted industry measure of the operating performance of real estate companies that is used by industry analysts and investors who look at and compare those companies. In particular, AFFO provides an additional measure to compare the operating performance of different REITs without having to account for differing depreciation assumptions and other unique revenue and expense items which are not pertinent to measuring a particular company’s on-going operating performance. Therefore, we believe that AFFO is an appropriate supplemental performance metric, and that the most appropriate U.S. GAAP performance metric to which AFFO should be reconciled is net income available to common stockholders. Presentation of the information regarding FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO is intended to assist the reader in comparing the operating performance of different REITs, although it should be noted that not all REITs calculate FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO in the same way, so comparisons with other REITs may not be meaningful. Furthermore, FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO are not necessarily indicative of cash flow available to fund cash needs and should not be considered as alternatives to net income as an indication of our performance. FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO should not be considered as alternatives to reviewing our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities. In addition, FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO should not be considered as measures of liquidity, our ability to make cash distributions, or our ability to pay interest payments. IMPACT OF INFLATION Leases generally provide for limited increases in rent as a result of fixed increases, increases in the consumer price index, or retail price index in the case of certain leases in the U.K. (typically subject to ceilings), or increases in the clients’ sales volumes. We expect that inflation will cause these lease provisions to result in rent increases over time. During times when inflation is greater than increases in rent, as provided for in the leases, rent increases may not keep up with the rate of inflation and other costs (including increases in employment and other fees and expenses). Moreover, our use of net lease agreements tends to reduce our exposure to rising property expenses due to inflation because the client is responsible for property expenses. Even though net leases reduce our exposure to rising property expenses due to inflation, substantial inflationary pressures and increased costs may have an adverse impact on our clients if increases in their operating expenses exceed increases in revenue, which may adversely affect our clients' ability to pay rent. Additionally, inflationary periods may cause us to experience increased costs of financing, make it difficult to refinance debt at attractive rates or at all, and may adversely affect the properties we can acquire if the cost of financing an acquisition is in excess of our anticipated earnings from such property, thereby limiting the properties that can be acquired. IMPACT OF RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS For information on the impact of new accounting standards on our business, see note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Procedures and New Accounting Standards, to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk We are exposed to economic risks from interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. A portion of these risks is hedged, but the risks may affect our financial statements. Interest Rates We are exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of our credit facility and commercial paper programs, term loans, mortgages payable, and long-term notes and bonds used to maintain liquidity and expand our real estate investment portfolio and operations. Our interest rate risk management objective is to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flow and to lower our overall borrowing costs. To achieve these objectives, we issue long-term notes and bonds, primarily at fixed rates. In order to mitigate and manage the effects of interest rate risks on our operations, we may utilize a variety of financial instruments, including interest rate swaps, interest rate locks and caps. The use of these types of instruments to hedge our exposure to changes in interest rates carries additional risks, including counterparty credit risk, the enforceability of hedging contracts and the risk that unanticipated and significant changes in interest rates will cause a significant loss of basis in the contract. To limit counterparty credit risk, we will seek to enter into such agreements with major financial institutions with favorable credit ratings. There can be no assurance that we will be 58 able to adequately protect against the foregoing risks or realize an economic benefit that exceeds the related amounts incurred in connection with engaging in such hedging activities. We do not enter into any derivative transactions for speculative or trading purposes. The following table presents, by year of expected maturity, the principal amounts, average interest rates and estimated fair values of our fixed and variable rate debt as of December 31, 2022. This information is presented to evaluate the expected cash flows and sensitivity to interest rate changes (dollars in millions): Expected Maturity Data Year of Principal Due Fixed rate debt Weighted average rate on fixed rate debt Variable rate debt Weighted average rate on variable rate debt 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Totals (1) Fair Value (2) $ 22.0 1,840.5 1,092.0 1,587.0 2,005.4 8,659.6 4.44 % $ 701.8 4.48 4.23 3.72 2.68 3.27 — — 2,027.2 — — $ $ 15,206.5 13,583.2 3.46 % $ $ 2,729.0 2,729.0 3.41 % — — 3.65 — — 3.59 % (1) Excludes net premiums recorded on mortgages payable, net premiums recorded on notes payable and deferred financing costs on mortgages payable, notes payable, and our $250.0 million term loan. At December 31, 2022, the unamortized balance of net premiums on mortgages payable is $12.4 million, the unamortized balance of net premiums on notes payable is $224.6 million, and the balance of deferred financing costs on mortgages payable is $0.8 million, on notes payable is $60.7 million, and on the $250.0 million term loan is $0.2 million. (2) We base the estimated fair value of the publicly-traded fixed rate senior notes and bonds at December 31, 2022, on the indicative market prices and recent trading activity of our senior notes and bonds payable. We base the estimated fair value of our fixed rate mortgages and private senior notes payable at December 31, 2022, on the relevant forward interest rate curve, plus an applicable credit-adjusted spread. We believe that the carrying values of the line of credit and commercial paper borrowings and $250.0 million term loan balance reasonably approximate their estimated fair values at December 31, 2022. The table above incorporates only those exposures that exist as of December 31, 2022. It does not consider those exposures or positions that could arise after that date. As a result, our ultimate realized gain or loss, with respect to interest rate fluctuations, would depend on the exposures that arise during the period, our hedging strategies at the time, and interest rates. At December 31, 2022, our outstanding notes, bonds and mortgages payable had fixed interest rates. Interest on our credit facility and commercial paper borrowings and $250.0 million term loan balance is variable. However, the variable interest rate feature on our $250.0 million term loan has been mitigated by an interest rate swap agreement. Based on our revolving credit facility balance of $2.0 billion at December 31, 2022, a 1% change in interest rates would change our interest rate costs by $20.3 million per year. Foreign Currency Exchange Rates We are exposed to foreign currency exchange variability related to investments in and earnings from our foreign investments. Foreign currency market risk is the possibility that our results of operations or financial position could be better or worse than planned because of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We primarily hedge our foreign currency risk by borrowing in the currencies in which we invest thereby providing a natural hedge. We continuously evaluate and manage our foreign currency risk through the use of derivative financial instruments, including currency exchange swaps, foreign currency collars, and foreign currency forward contracts with financial counterparties where practicable. Such derivative instruments are viewed as risk management tools and are not used for speculative or trading purposes. Additionally, our inability to redeploy rent receipts from our international operations on a timely basis subjects us to foreign exchange risk. 59 Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Table of Contents A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets, December 31, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Equity, Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Schedule III Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation Schedules not filed: All schedules, other than that indicated in the Table of Contents, have been omitted as the required information is either not material, inapplicable or the information is presented in the financial statements or related notes. 60 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Realty Income Corporation: Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Realty Income Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 22, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Evaluation of the Fair Value of Land in Real Estate Acquisitions As discussed in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements, during 2022, the Company acquired $9.0 billion of real estate properties. As discussed in Note 2, the purchase price of a real estate acquisition is typically allocated among the individual components of both tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired based on their estimated relative fair values. We identified the evaluation of the fair value of land in real estate acquisitions as a critical audit matter. Specifically, the measurement of the fair values of land is dependent upon significant assumptions of market land values for which relevant external market data is not always readily available. There was a high degree of subjective and complex auditor judgment required in evaluating the fair value measurements given the sensitivity of the fair value measurements to changes in these assumptions. 61 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s process to allocate the purchase price of real estate acquisitions. This included controls over the measurement of the fair value of land. For a selection of real estate acquisitions, we involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in evaluating a selection of the Company’s acquired land values by comparing them to independently developed ranges using market data from industry transaction databases and published industry reports. (signed) KPMG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1993. San Diego, California February 22, 2023 62 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Realty Income Corporation: Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Realty Income Corporation and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 22, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. (signed) KPMG LLP San Diego, California February 22, 2023 63 REALTY INCOME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (dollars in thousands, except per share and share count data) ASSETS Real estate held for investment, at cost: Land Buildings and improvements Total real estate held for investment, at cost Less accumulated depreciation and amortization Real estate held for investment, net Real estate and lease intangibles held for sale, net Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Lease intangible assets, net Goodwill Investment in unconsolidated entities Other assets, net Total assets LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Distributions payable Accounts payable and accrued expenses Lease intangible liabilities, net Other liabilities Line of credit payable and commercial paper Term loan, net Mortgages payable, net Notes payable, net Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity: Common stock and paid in capital, par value $0.01 per share, 1,300,000,000 and 740,200,000 shares authorized, 660,300,195 and 591,261,991 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively Distributions in excess of net income Accumulated other comprehensive income Total stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 $ 12,948,835 $ 29,707,751 42,656,586 (4,904,165) 37,752,421 29,535 171,102 567,963 5,168,366 3,731,478 — 2,252,227 10,753,750 25,155,178 35,908,928 (3,949,798) 31,959,130 30,470 258,579 426,768 5,275,304 3,676,705 140,967 1,369,579 49,673,092 $ 43,137,502 $ $ 165,710 $ 399,137 1,379,436 774,787 2,729,040 249,755 853,925 14,278,013 20,829,803 34,159,509 (5,493,193) 46,833 28,713,149 130,140 28,843,289 146,919 351,128 1,308,221 759,197 1,551,376 249,557 1,141,995 12,499,709 18,008,102 29,578,212 (4,530,571) 4,933 25,052,574 76,826 25,129,400 43,137,502 $ 49,673,092 $ The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements. 64 REALTY INCOME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (dollars in thousands, except per share and share count data) REVENUE Rental (including reimbursable) Other Total revenue EXPENSES Depreciation and amortization Interest Property (including reimbursable) General and administrative Provisions for impairment Merger and integration-related costs Total expenses Gain on sales of real estate Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt Equity in income and impairment of investment in unconsolidated entities Other income, net Income before income taxes Income taxes Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 $ 3,299,657 $ 2,064,958 $ 1,639,533 44,024 15,505 7,554 3,343,681 2,080,463 1,647,087 1,670,389 465,223 226,330 138,459 25,860 13,897 897,835 323,644 133,605 96,980 38,967 167,413 677,038 309,336 104,603 73,215 147,232 — 2,540,158 1,658,444 1,311,424 102,957 (13,311) 55,798 710 367 (97,178) (6,448) 30,511 917,599 1,106 9,949 392,404 411,199 (45,183) (31,657) (14,693) 872,416 360,747 396,506 (3,008) (1,291) (1,020) 76,232 4,585 (9,819) — 4,538 Net income available to common stockholders $ 869,408 $ 359,456 $ 395,486 Amounts available to common stockholders per common share: Net Income Basic Diluted $ $ 1.42 $ 1.42 $ 0.87 $ 0.87 $ 1.15 1.14 Weighted average common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted Net income available to common stockholders Total other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation adjustment Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives, net Total other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income available to common stockholders 611,765,815 414,535,283 345,280,126 612,180,519 414,769,846 345,415,258 $ 869,408 $ 359,456 $ 395,486 (55,154) 97,054 9,119 50,448 (2,606) (34,926) 41,900 $ 59,567 $ (37,532) 911,308 $ 419,023 $ 357,954 $ $ The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements. 65 REALTY INCOME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (dollars in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Shares of common stock Common stock and paid in capital Distributions in excess of net income Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity Balance, December 31, 2019 333,619,106 $ 12,873,849 $ (3,082,291) $ (17,102) $ 9,774,456 $ 29,702 $ 9,804,158 Net income Other comprehensive loss Distributions paid and payable Share issuances, net of costs Contributions by noncontrolling interests Reallocation of equity — — — — — — 27,564,163 1,817,978 — — — 47 Share-based compensation, net 120,176 8,176 395,486 — — (37,532) (973,128) — — — — — — — — — 395,486 (37,532) (973,128) 1,817,978 — 47 8,176 1,020 396,506 — (37,532) (1,596) (974,724) — 1,817,978 3,168 (47) — 3,168 — 8,176 Balance, December 31, 2020 361,303,445 $ 14,700,050 $ (3,659,933) $ (54,634) $ 10,985,483 $ 32,247 $ 11,017,730 Net income Other comprehensive income Shares issued in merger Orion Divestiture Distributions paid and payable Share issuances, net of costs Contributions by noncontrolling interests Reallocation of equity — — — — 162,043,548 11,556,715 67,777,279 4,453,953 — — — 42 Share-based compensation, net 137,719 8,221 359,456 — — — — — — — (1,140,769) — — — (1,230,094) — 59,567 359,456 59,567 1,291 360,747 — 59,567 — — — — — — — 11,556,715 3,160 11,559,875 (1,140,769) (1,230,094) 4,453,953 — 42 8,221 (1,352) (1,142,121) (1,868) (1,231,962) — 4,453,953 43,390 43,390 (42) — — 8,221 Balance, December 31, 2021 591,261,991 $ 29,578,212 $ (4,530,571) $ 4,933 $ 25,052,574 $ 76,826 $ 25,129,400 Net income Other comprehensive income Distributions paid and payable Contributions by noncontrolling interests — — — — — — — — Share issuance, net of costs 68,875,984 4,570,766 Reallocation of equity Share-based compensation, net — 162,220 (3,210) 13,741 869,408 — (1,832,030) — — — — — 41,900 869,408 41,900 3,008 872,416 — 41,900 — — — — — (1,832,030) (4,125) (1,836,155) — 51,221 51,221 4,570,766 — 4,570,766 (3,210) 13,741 3,210 — — 13,741 Balance, December 31, 2022 660,300,195 $ 34,159,509 $ (5,493,193) $ 46,833 $ 28,713,149 $ 130,140 $ 28,843,289 The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements. 66 REALTY INCOME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (dollars in thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income Adjustments to net income: Depreciation and amortization Amortization of share-based compensation Non-cash revenue adjustments (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt Amortization of net premiums on mortgages payable Amortization of net premiums on notes payable Amortization of deferred financing costs Loss on interest rate swaps Foreign currency and unrealized derivative loss (gain), net Gain on sales of real estate Equity in income and impairment of investment in unconsolidated entities Distributions from unconsolidated entities Provisions for impairment on real estate Change in assets and liabilities Accounts receivable and other assets Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Investment in real estate Improvements to real estate, including leasing costs Proceeds from sales of real estate Return of investment from unconsolidated entities Net proceeds from sale of unconsolidated entities Proceeds from note receivable Insurance proceeds received Non-refundable escrow deposits Net cash paid in merger Net cash used in investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Cash distributions to common stockholders Borrowings on line of credit and commercial paper programs Payments on line of credit and commercial paper programs Principal payment on term loan Proceeds from notes payable issued Principal payment on notes payable Principal payments on mortgages payable Payments upon extinguishment of debt Proceeds from common stock offerings, net Proceeds from dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan Distributions to noncontrolling interests Net receipts on derivative settlements Debt issuance costs Net cash received from Orion Divestiture Other items, including shares withheld upon vesting Net cash provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period 2022 Years ended December 31, 2020 2021 $ 872,416 $ 360,747 $ 396,506 1,670,389 21,617 (57,009) (367) (13,622) (62,989) 15,613 718 220,948 (102,957) 6,448 1,605 25,860 (29,524) (5,290) 897,835 41,773 (23,380) 97,178 (3,498) (10,349) 12,333 2,905 27,223 (55,798) (1,106) 365 38,967 (38,292) (24,714) 677,038 16,503 (3,562) 9,819 (1,258) (1,754) 11,003 4,353 (14,510) (76,232) — — 147,232 (79,240) 29,645 2,563,856 1,322,189 1,115,543 (8,886,436) (6,313,076) (2,283,130) (95,514) (19,080) 436,115 1,401 108,088 5,867 49,070 (5,667) — 250,536 38,345 — — — (28,390) (366,030) (8,708) 259,459 — — — — — — (8,387,076) (6,437,695) (2,032,379) (1,813,431) (1,169,026) 28,539,299 9,082,206 (27,434,617) (7,508,332) — 2,154,662 — 1,033,387 — (1,700,000) (312,234) — (66,575) (96,583) 4,556,028 4,442,725 11,654 (3,935) 79,763 (34,156) — (4,790) 5,738,243 (20,511) (105,488) 332,369 11,232 (1,707) 3,266 (13,405) 593,484 (33,552) 4,577,120 20,076 (518,310) 850,679 (964,167) 3,528,042 (4,246,755) (250,000) 2,200,488 (250,000) (108,789) (9,445) 1,823,821 9,109 (1,596) 4,106 (19,456) — (23,279) 1,692,079 4,431 779,674 71,005 850,679 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period $ 226,881 $ 332,369 $ For supplemental disclosures, see note 16, Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information. The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements. 67 REALTY INCOME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2022 1. Organization and Operation Realty Income Corporation (“Realty Income,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”) was founded in 1969 and is organized as a Maryland corporation. We invest in commercial real estate and have elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT"). We are listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol “O”. Over the past 54 years, we have been acquiring and managing freestanding commercial properties that generate rental revenue under long-term net lease agreements with our commercial clients. At December 31, 2022, we owned or held interests in 12,237 properties, with approximately 236.8 million leasable square feet. Information with respect to number of properties, leasable square feet, average initial lease term and initial weighted average cash lease yield is unaudited. Our financial results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 reflect our merger with VEREIT, Inc. ("VEREIT"), following the consummation of the merger on November 1, 2021. Our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2020 do not reflect the merger. For more details, please see note 3, Merger with VEREIT, Inc. and Orion Office REIT Inc. Divestiture. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Procedures and New Accounting Standards Basis of Presentation. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. The U.S. Dollar ("USD") is our reporting currency. Unless otherwise indicated, all dollar amounts are expressed in USD. For our consolidated subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the USD, we translate their financial statements into USD at the time we consolidate those subsidiaries’ financial statements. Generally, assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. The resulting translation adjustments are included in 'Accumulated other comprehensive income', ("AOCI"), in the consolidated balance sheets. Certain balance sheet items, primarily equity and capital-related accounts, are reflected at the historical exchange rate. Income statement accounts are translated using the average exchange rate for the period. We and certain of our consolidated subsidiaries have intercompany and third-party debt that is not denominated in our functional currency. When the debt is remeasured to the functional currency of the entity, a gain or loss can result. The resulting adjustment is reflected in 'Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net' in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Principles of Consolidation. These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Realty Income and all other entities in which we have a controlling financial interest. We evaluate whether we have a controlling financial interest in an entity in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810, Consolidation. Voting interest entities are entities considered to have sufficient equity at risk and which the equity holders have the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make decisions about the entity’s activities. We consolidate voting interest entities in which we have a controlling financial interest, which we typically have through holding of a majority of the entity’s voting equity interests. Variable interest entities ("VIEs") are entities that lack sufficient equity at risk or where the equity holders either do not have the obligation to absorb losses, do not have the right to receive residual returns, do not have the right to make decisions about the entity’s activities, or some combination of the above. A controlling financial interest in a VIE is present when an entity has a variable interest, or a combination of variable interests, that provides the entity with (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. An entity that meets both conditions above is deemed the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE. We reassess our initial evaluation of whether an entity is a VIE when certain reconsideration events occur. We reassess our determination of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis based on current facts and circumstances. 68 The portion of a consolidated entity not owned by us is recorded as a noncontrolling interest. Noncontrolling interests are reflected on our consolidated balance sheets as a component of equity. Noncontrolling interests that were created or assumed as part of a business combination or asset acquisition were recognized at fair value as of the date of the transaction (see note 11, Noncontrolling Interests). At December 31, 2022, Realty Income, L.P. and certain of our investments, including investments in joint ventures, are considered VIEs in which we were deemed the primary beneficiary based on our controlling financial interests. Below is a summary of selected financial data of consolidated VIEs included on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Net real estate Total assets Total liabilities December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 $ $ $ 920,032 $ 1,082,346 $ 60,127 $ 688,229 795,670 57,057 Reclassification. Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior years’ consolidated statements of cash flows to conform to current year presentation. Use of Estimates. The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Net Income per Common Share. Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders, plus income attributable to dilutive shares and convertible common units for the period, by the weighted average number of common shares that would have been outstanding assuming the issuance of common shares for all potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the reporting period. For more detail, see note 15, Net Income per Common Share. Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash. We consider all short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash and have an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash includes cash proceeds from the sale of assets held by qualified intermediaries in anticipation of the acquisition of replacement properties in tax-free exchanges under Section 1031 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, impounds related to mortgages payable and cash that is not immediately available to Realty Income (i.e. escrow deposits for future acquisitions). Cash accounts maintained on behalf of Realty Income in demand deposits at commercial banks and money market funds may exceed federally insured levels or may be held in accounts without any federal insurance or any other insurance or guarantee. However, Realty Income has not experienced any losses in such accounts. Income Taxes. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. We believe we have qualified and continue to qualify as a REIT. Under the REIT operating structure, we are permitted to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in determining our taxable income. Assuming our dividends equal or exceed our taxable net income in the U.S., we generally will not be required to pay U.S. income taxes on such income. Accordingly, no provision has been made for federal income taxes in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, except for federal income taxes of our taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRS"). A TRS is a subsidiary of a REIT that is subject to federal, state and local income taxes, as applicable. Our use of a TRS enables us to engage in certain business activities while complying with the REIT qualification requirements and to retain any income generated by these businesses for reinvestment without the requirement to distribute those earnings. For our international territories, we are liable for taxes in the United Kingdom and Spain. Accordingly, provisions have been made for U.K. and Spain income taxes. Therefore, the income taxes recorded on our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income represent amounts accrued or paid by Realty Income and its subsidiaries for U.S. income taxes on our TRS entities, city and state income and franchise taxes, and income taxes for the U.K. and Spain. Earnings and profits that determine the taxability of distributions to stockholders differ from net income reported for financial reporting purposes primarily due to differences in the estimated useful lives and methods used to compute depreciation and the carrying value (basis) of the investments in properties for tax purposes, among other things. 69 We regularly analyze our various international, federal and state filing positions and only recognize the income tax effect in our financial statements when certain criteria regarding uncertain income tax positions have been met. We believe that our income tax positions would more likely than not be sustained upon examination by all relevant taxing authorities. Therefore, no provisions for uncertain tax positions have been recorded on our consolidated financial statements. Lease Revenue Recognition and Accounts Receivable. The majority of our leases are accounted for as operating leases. Under this method, leases that have fixed and determinable rent increases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Any rental revenue contingent upon our client’s sales is recognized only after our client exceeds their sales breakpoint. Rental increases based upon changes in the consumer price indexes are recognized only after the changes in the indexes have occurred and are then applied according to the lease agreements. Contractually obligated rental revenue from our clients for recoverable real estate taxes and operating expenses are included in contractually obligated reimbursements by our clients, a component of rental revenue, in the period when such costs are incurred. Taxes and operating expenses paid directly by our clients are recorded on a net basis. Other revenue includes certain property-related revenue not included in rental revenue and interest income recognized on financing receivables for certain leases with above-market terms. The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken to limit its spread have negatively impacted the economy across many industries, including the industries in which some of our clients operate. We continue to assess the probability of collecting substantially all of the lease payments to which we are entitled under the original lease contract as required under Topic 842, Leases. We assess the collectability of our future lease payments based on an analysis of creditworthiness, economic trends (including trends arising from the COVID-19 pandemic) and other facts and circumstances related to the applicable clients. If we conclude the collection of substantially all lease payments under a lease is less than probable, rental revenue recognized for that lease is limited to cash received going forward, existing operating lease receivables, including those related to straight-line rental revenue, must be written off as an adjustment to rental revenue, and no further operating lease receivables are recorded for that lease until such future determination is made that substantially all lease payments under that lease are now considered probable. If we subsequently conclude that the collection of substantially all lease payments under a lease is probable, a reversal of lease receivables previously written off is recognized. As of December 31, 2022, the majority of concessions granted to our clients as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic have been rent deferrals with the original lease term unchanged. In accordance with the guidance provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") staff, we have elected to account for these leases as if the right of deferral existed in the lease contract and therefore continue to recognize lease revenue in accordance with the lease contract in effect. In limited circumstances, the undiscounted cash flows resulting from deferrals granted increased significantly from original lease terms, which required us to account for these as lease modifications and resulted in an insignificant impact to consolidated rental revenue. Similarly, rent abatements granted, which are also accounted for as lease modifications, have impacted our rental revenue by an insignificant amount. Unless otherwise specified, references to reserves recorded as a reduction of rental revenue include amounts reserved for in the current period, as well as unrecognized contractual rental revenue and unrecognized straight-line rental revenue for leases accounted for on a cash basis. The following table summarizes net reserves to rental revenue (in millions): Rental revenue reserves Straight-line rent reserves Total rental revenue reserves Years ended December 31, 2022 2.3 $ 1.7 4.0 $ 2021 10.2 $ 4.5 14.7 $ 2020 44.1 8.4 52.5 $ $ As of December 31, 2022, other than the information related to the reserves recorded to date, we do not have any further client specific information that would change our assessment that collection of substantially all of the future lease payments under our existing leases is probable. However, since the conversations regarding rent collections for our clients affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are ongoing and we do not currently know the types of future concessions, if any, that will ultimately be granted, there may be impacts in future periods that could change this assessment as the situation continues to evolve and as more information becomes available. 70 Gain on Sales of Real Estate. When real estate is sold, the carrying amount of the applicable assets is derecognized with a corresponding gain from the sale recognized in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. We record a gain on sale of real estate pursuant to provisions under ASC 610-20, Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets. We determine whether we would have a controlling financial interest in the property after the sale. We record a gain from the sale of real estate provided that various criteria, relating to the terms of the sale and any subsequent involvement by us with the real estate, have been met. Allocation of the Purchase Price of Real Estate Acquisitions. A majority of our acquisitions qualify as asset acquisitions and the transaction costs associated with those acquisitions are capitalized. However, our merger with VEREIT was comprised of both inputs and substantive processes that together significantly contributed to the ability to create outputs and, therefore, was considered a business. As a result, the merger with VEREIT qualified as a business combination and, accordingly, the transaction costs were expensed and categorized as merger and integration-related costs on our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. In accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, adjustments to the allocated purchase price were made within one year of the closing date of our merger with VEREIT as acquisition date uncertainties were resolved (for more details on our merger with VEREIT, please see note 3, Merger with VEREIT, Inc. and Orion Office REIT Inc. Divestiture). Apart from our merger with VEREIT, a majority of our acquisitions qualify as asset acquisitions. Therefore when acquiring a property for investment purposes, we typically allocate the cost of real estate acquired, inclusive of transaction costs, to: (1) land, (2) building and improvements, and (3) identified intangible assets and liabilities, based in each case on their relative estimated fair values. Intangible assets and liabilities consist of above-market or below-market lease value of in-place leases and the value of in-place leases, as applicable. Additionally, above- market rents on certain leases under which we are a lessor are accounted for as financing receivables amortizing over the lease term, while below-market rents on certain leases under which we are a lessor are accounted for as prepaid rent. In an acquisition of multiple properties, we must also allocate the purchase price among the properties. The allocation of the purchase price is based on our assessment of estimated fair values of the land, building and improvements, and identified intangible assets and liabilities, utilizing market-based evidence and commonly applied valuation approaches. In addition, any assumed notes payable or mortgages are recorded at their estimated fair values. The estimated fair values of our mortgages payable have been calculated by discounting the future cash flows using applicable interest rates that have been adjusted for factors, such as industry type, client investment grade, maturity date, and comparable borrowings for similar assets. The use of different assumptions in the allocation of the purchase price of the acquired properties and liabilities assumed could affect the timing of recognition of the related revenue and expenses. Our estimated fair value determinations are based on management’s judgment, utilizing various factors, including: market land and building values, market rental rates, discount rates and capitalization rates. Our methodology for measuring and allocating the fair value of real estate acquisitions includes both observable market data (categorized as level 2 on the three-level valuation hierarchy of ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement), and unobservable inputs that reflect our own internal assumptions (categorized as level 3 under ASC Topic 820). Given the significance of the unobservable inputs we believe the allocations of fair value of real estate acquisitions should be categorized as level 3 under ASC Topic 820. From time to time, we have used, and may continue to use, the assistance of independent third parties specializing in real estate valuations to prepare our purchase price allocations. The allocation of tangible assets (which includes land and buildings/improvements) of an acquired property with an in-place lease is based upon relative fair value. Land is typically valued utilizing the sales comparison (or market) approach. Buildings and improvements are typically valued under the replacement cost approach. In allocating the fair value to identified intangibles for above-market or below-market leases, an amount is recorded based on the present value of the difference between (i) the contractual amount to be paid pursuant to the in-place lease and (ii) our estimate of fair market lease rate for the corresponding in-place lease, measured over the remaining assumed contract term of the lease. The value of in-place leases is determined by our estimated costs related to acquiring a client and the carrying costs that would be incurred over the vacancy period to locate a client if the property were vacant, considering market conditions and costs to execute similar leases at the time of acquisition. The values of the above-market and below-market leases are amortized over the term of the respective leases, including any bargain renewal options, as an adjustment to rental revenue on our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. The value of in-place leases, exclusive of the value of above-market and below-market in-place leases, is amortized to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining periods of 71 the respective leases. If a lease is terminated prior to its stated expiration, all unamortized amounts relating to that lease are recorded to revenue or expense as appropriate. Real Estate and Lease Intangibles Held for Sale. We generally reclassify assets to held for sale when the disposition has been approved, there are no known contingencies relating to the sale and the consummation of the disposition is considered probable within one year. Upon classifying a real estate investment as held for sale, we will no longer recognize depreciation expense related to the depreciable assets of the property. Assets held for sale are recorded at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value, less the estimated cost to dispose of the assets. Twenty-two properties were classified as held for sale at December 31, 2022. If circumstances arise that we previously considered unlikely and, as a result, we decide not to sell a property previously classified as held for sale, we will reclassify the property as held for investment. We measure and record a property that is reclassified as held for investment at the lower of (i) its carrying value before the property was classified as held for sale, adjusted for any depreciation expense that would have been recognized had the property been continuously classified as held for investment or (ii) the estimated fair value at the date of the subsequent decision not to sell. Investment in Unconsolidated Entities. During the year ended December 31, 2022, all seven properties owned by our industrial partnerships and accounted for under the equity method were sold. For further details, see note 5, Investments in Real Estate. We accounted for our investment in unconsolidated entity arrangements using the equity method of accounting as we had the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over operating and financing policies of these investments. We had determined that none of the unconsolidated entities would be considered VIEs under the applicable accounting guidance. Our equity method investments were acquired in our merger with VEREIT. As a result, the investments were recorded at fair value and subsequently would be adjusted for our share of equity in the entities' earnings and distributions received. The step-up in fair value was allocated to the individual investment assets and liabilities and were amortized over the estimated useful life of the respective underlying tangible real estate assets, the lease term of the intangible real estate assets, and the remaining term of the assumed debt. The carrying value of our investment was included in 'Investment in unconsolidated entities' in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021. We recorded our proportionate share of net income from the unconsolidated entities in 'Equity in income and impairment of investment in unconsolidated entities' in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Goodwill. Upon the closing of a business combination, after identifying all tangible and intangible assets and liabilities, the excess consideration paid over the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired and assumed, respectively, represents goodwill. In connection with our merger with VEREIT, we recorded goodwill as a result of consideration exceeding the net assets acquired. For further details, see note 3, Merger with VEREIT, Inc. and Orion Office REIT Inc. Divestiture. Deferred Financing Costs. Deferred financing costs represent commitment fees, legal fees and other costs associated with obtaining or originating financing. Deferred financing costs, other than those associated with the line of credit, are presented on the consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability. Deferred financing costs related to the line of credit are included in other assets, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. These costs are amortized to interest expense over the terms of the respective financing agreements that approximates the effective interest method. Depreciation and Amortization. Land, buildings and improvements are recorded and stated at cost. Major replacements and betterments, which improve or extend the life of the asset, are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives, while ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Buildings and improvements that are under redevelopment, or are being developed, are carried at cost and no depreciation is recorded on these assets. Additionally, amounts essential to the development of the property, such as pre- construction, development, construction, interest and other costs incurred during the period of development are capitalized. We cease capitalization when the property is available for occupancy upon substantial completion of property improvements to accommodate the client's use, but in any event no later than one year from the completion of major construction activity. Properties are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives are as follows: 72 Buildings Building improvements Equipment Lease commissions and property improvements to accommodate the client's use 25 years or 35 years 4 to 35 years 5 to 25 years The shorter of the term of the related lease or useful life Acquired in-place leases Remaining terms of the respective leases Provisions for Impairment - Real Estate Assets. We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If estimated future operating cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) plus estimated disposition proceeds (undiscounted) are less than the current book value of the property, a fair value analysis is performed and, to the extent the estimated fair value is less than the current book value, a provision for impairment is recorded to reduce the book value to estimated fair value. Key assumptions that we utilize in this analysis include projected rental rates, estimated holding periods, capital expenditures and property sales capitalization rates. For further details, see note 12, Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements. Provisions for Impairment - Goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to impairment reviews annually, or more frequently if necessary. Goodwill is qualitatively assessed to determine whether a quantitative impairment assessment is necessary. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment loss is recognized, and the asset is written down to its estimated fair value. We perform our annual goodwill impairment assessment as of June 30. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there were no impairments of goodwill. Provisions for Impairment - Investment in Unconsolidated Entities. As part of our merger with VEREIT in November 2021, we acquired seven properties owned by industrial partnerships. These properties, which were subsequently sold during the year ended December 31, 2022, were accounted for under the equity method and considered unconsolidated entities. During our ownership of those properties and when circumstances indicated that a decrease in the value of an equity method investment had occurred that was other than temporary, we recognized an impairment loss, which required significant judgment. To determine whether the impairment loss was other-than-temporary, we considered whether it had the ability and intent to hold the investment until the carrying value was fully recovered. We evaluated the impairment of our investment in unconsolidated entities in accordance with accounting standards for equity investments by first reviewing each investment for indicators of impairment. If indicators were present, we estimated the fair value of the investments. If the carrying value of the investment was greater than the estimated fair value, we made an assessment of whether the impairment was temporary or other- than-temporary. In making this assessment, we considered the length of time and the extent to which fair value had been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the entity, and our intent and ability to retain the interest long enough for a recovery in market value. The investment was reduced to its estimated fair value if conclusions indicated the impairment was other than temporary. For further details, see note 5, Investments in Real Estate. Equity Offering Costs. Underwriting commissions and offering costs have been reflected as a reduction of additional paid-in-capital on our consolidated balance sheets. Derivative and Hedging Activities. Derivatives are financial arrangements among two or more parties with returns linked to or “derived” from an underlying equity, debt, commodity, other asset, liability, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or another index, or the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a specified event. The settlement of a derivative is determined by its underlying notional amount specified in the contract. Derivative contracts may be entered into outright or embedded within a non-derivative host contract, and may be listed, traded on exchanges or privately negotiated directly between two parties. We actively manage our risk exposures which arise from our liquidity and funding activities using derivative instruments which hedge for interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, or both. We record all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The recognition of changes in the fair value of derivatives is recorded in net income unless the derivative is designated in a cash flow or net investment hedge accounting relationship in which case the change in fair value is recorded in other comprehensive income until such time as the designated hedged item impacts net income. 73 Segment Reporting. During the second quarter of 2022, a re-evaluation of our business and management structure led to a change in identification of operating and reportable segments. As we have grown in size and scale over recent years, including through the acquisition of VEREIT in November 2021, management has shifted its focus to operating performance, seeking investments with attractive yields and risk adjusted returns regardless of client industry or geography. Our chief operating decision maker relies primarily on cash flow analysis at the consolidated level to make decisions about allocating resources. As a result, we reorganized our business activities into one operating and reportable segment. ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, establishes standards for the manner in which enterprises report information about operating segments. We are engaged in a single business activity, which is the leasing of property to clients, generally on a net basis (whereby clients are responsible for property taxes, insurance and maintenance costs). That business activity spans various geographic boundaries and includes property types and clients engaged in various industries, but ultimately all business activity involves similar economic characteristics of owning and leasing commercial properties under long-term, net lease agreements. Therefore, we operate and manage the business in one operating and reportable segment. This segmental presentation is consistent with the information provided to our chief operating decision maker to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing our performance. ASC 280 requires certain entity-wide annual disclosures for entities with a single reportable segment. The following table disaggregates domestic and international revenue by major asset types and geographic regions (in millions): Retail Industrial Other (2) Years ended December 31, 2022 U.S. U.K. Other (1) Total $ 2,455.9 $ 243.3 $ 30.9 $ 2,730.1 465.2 74.2 30.2 — — — 495.4 74.2 Rental (including reimbursable) $ 2,995.3 $ 273.5 $ 30.9 $ 3,299.7 Other revenue Total revenue Retail Industrial Other (2) 44.0 $ 3,343.7 2021 U.S. U.K. Other (1) Total $ 1,566.7 $ 138.9 $ 4.2 $ 1,709.8 261.5 84.1 9.6 — — $ — $ 271.1 84.1 Rental (including reimbursable) $ 1,912.3 $ 148.5 $ 4.2 $ 2,065.0 Other revenue Total revenue Retail Industrial Other (2) 15.5 $ 2,080.5 2020 U.S. U.K. Other (1) Total $ 1,312.5 $ 55.9 $ — $ 1,368.4 184.6 85.2 1.3 — — — 185.9 85.2 Rental (including reimbursable) $ 1,582.3 $ 57.2 $ — $ 1,639.5 Other revenue Total revenue 7.6 $ 1,647.1 (1) Other includes properties in Spain, starting in September 2021 and in Italy, starting in October 2022. (2) Other includes the office, agriculture and gaming asset types, with gaming starting in December 2022. Long-lived assets include items such as property, plant, equipment and right-of-use assets subject to operating and finance leases. As of December 31, 2022, no individual country or asset-type representing more than 10% of total revenue, other than as presented in the tables above. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, no individual country or asset-type representing more than 10% of the total assets, other than as presented in the tables below. The 74 following table disaggregates domestic and international total long-lived assets (in millions): 2022 2021 U.S. U.K. Other (1) Total U.S. U.K. Other (1) Total As of December 31, Long-lived assets $ 33,685.6 $ 4,596.1 $ 582.7 $ 38,864.4 $ 29,323.8 $ 3,206.6 $ 314.3 $ 32,844.7 Remaining assets Total assets 10,808.7 $ 49,673.1 10,292.8 $ 43,137.5 (1) Other includes properties in Spain, starting in September 2021 and in Italy, starting in October 2022. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 establishing Topic 848, Reference Rate Reform. ASU 2020-04 contains practical expedients for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance is optional and is effective between March 12, 2020, and December 31, 2022. The guidance may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur. During 2022, all of our debt and derivative instruments were converted from LIBOR to SOFR. The interest rate swap on our term loan, which was converted to a Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") benchmark from the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) during June 2022, continues to be accounted for as a cash flow hedge. The adoption of this guidance had no impact on our consolidated financial statements. 3. Merger with VEREIT, Inc. and Orion Office REIT Inc. Divestiture Merger with VEREIT On April 29, 2021, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, as amended, (the "Merger Agreement"), with VEREIT, its operating partnership, VEREIT Operating Partnership, L.P., ("VEREIT OP"), and two newly formed subsidiaries. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, (i) one of the newly formed subsidiaries of us agreed to merge with and into VEREIT OP, with VEREIT OP as the surviving entity, which we refer to as the Partnership Merger, and (ii) immediately thereafter, VEREIT agreed to merge with and into the other newly formed subsidiary of us, with our subsidiary as the surviving corporation, which we refer to collectively as the merger. The primary reason for the Merger was to expand our size, scale and diversification, in order to further enhance our competitive advantages and accelerate our investment activities. On November 1, 2021, we completed our acquisition of VEREIT, and the merger was consummated. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement and subject to the terms thereof, upon the consummation of the merger, (i) each outstanding share of VEREIT common stock, and each outstanding common partnership unit of VEREIT OP owned by any of its partners other than VEREIT, Realty Income or their respective affiliates, was automatically converted into 0.705 of newly issued shares of our common stock, or in certain instances, Realty Income L.P. units, and (ii) each VEREIT OP outstanding common unit owned by VEREIT, Realty Income or their respective affiliates remained outstanding as partnership interests in the surviving entity. Each outstanding VEREIT stock option and restricted stock unit that were unvested as of November 1, 2021 were converted into equivalent options and restricted stock units, in each case with respect to the share of the Company's common stock, using the equity award exchange ratio in accordance with the Merger Agreement. For more details, see note 17, Common Stock Incentive Plan. 75 Our merger with VEREIT has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC, 805, Business Combinations, with Realty Income as the accounting acquirer, which requires, among other things, that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their acquisition date fair value. The fair value of the consideration transferred on the date of the acquisition is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share data): Shares of VEREIT common stock and VEREIT OP common units exchanged (1) Exchange Ratio Less: Fractional shares settled in cash Shares of Realty Income common stock and Realty Income L.P. units issued Adjusted opening price of Realty common stock on November 1, 2021 (2) Fair value of Realty common stock issued to former holders of VEREIT common stock and VEREIT OP common units Fair value of VEREIT's equity-based compensation awards attributable to pre-combination services (3) Total non-cash consideration Cash paid for fractional shares VEREIT indebtedness paid off in connection with the merger (4) Consideration transferred 229,304,035 0.705 161,659,345 (1,545) 161,657,800 71.236 11,515,855 44,020 11,559,875 110 500,414 $ $ $ $ 12,060,399 (1) Includes 229,152,001 shares of VEREIT common stock and 152,034 VEREIT OP common units outstanding as of November 1, 2021. Under the Merger Agreement, these shares and units were converted to Realty Income common stock, or in certain instances, Realty Income L.P. units, at an Exchange Ratio of 0.705 per share of VEREIT common stock or VEREIT OP common unit, as applicable. (2) The fair value of Realty Income common stock issued to former holders of VEREIT common stock and VEREIT OP common units is based on the per share opening price of Realty Income common stock of $71.00 on November 1, 2021, adjusted for the monthly dividend of $0.236 per share that former holders of VEREIT common stock and VEREIT OP common units were eligible to receive when such dividend was paid on November 15, 2021. (3) Represents the fair value of fully vested deferred stock unit awards of VEREIT common stock (“VEREIT DSU Awards”) which were converted into Realty Income common stock upon our merger with VEREIT, as well as the estimated fair value of the Realty Income replacement employee and executive stock options and restricted stock units that were granted at the closing date of our merger with VEREIT and which were attributable to pre-combination services. (4) Represents the outstanding balance of the VEREIT revolving credit facility repaid by Realty Income in connection with the closing of the merger. The amount shown in the table above was based upon the balance outstanding immediately prior to November 1, 2021. 76 Purchase Price Allocation A. The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition (in thousands): As of November 1, 2021 ASSETS Land Buildings Total real estate held for investment Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable Lease intangible assets (1) Goodwill Investment in unconsolidated entities Other assets Total assets acquired LIABILITIES Accounts payable and accrued expenses Lease intangible liabilities (2) Other liabilities Mortgages payable Notes payable Total liabilities assumed Net assets acquired, at fair value Noncontrolling interests Total purchase price (1) The weighted average amortization period for acquired lease intangible assets is 9.3 years. (2) The weighted average amortization period for acquired lease intangible liabilities is 25.5 years. $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3,021,906 8,677,467 11,699,373 128,411 53,355 3,204,773 3,717,620 175,379 308,910 19,287,821 139,836 949,349 320,893 869,027 4,946,965 7,226,070 12,061,751 1,352 12,060,399 The initial assessment of fair value provided in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 was preliminary and was based on information that was available to management at the time the consolidated financial statements were prepared. Measurement period adjustments were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 in the period in which they were determined, as if they had been completed at the acquisition date. Before the first anniversary of the merger date, final measurement period adjustments, as reflected in the table above, resulted in a net increase of $54.8 million to goodwill from the initial valuation, reflecting a decrease of $15.8 million in land, $7.6 million in building, $22.6 million in lease intangible assets, $19.5 million in investment in unconsolidated entities, $9.9 million in other assets, offset by decrease of $4.4 million in lease intangible liabilities, $16.1 million in other liabilities and $0.1 million in mortgages payable. Approximately $3.72 billion was allocated to goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The recognized goodwill was attributable to expected synergies and benefits arising from the merger transaction, including anticipated financing and overhead cost savings, potential economies of scale benefits in both customer and vendor relationships and the 77 employee workforce onboarded from VEREIT following the closing of the merger. None of the goodwill recognized is deductible for tax purposes. Merger and Integration-Related Costs B. In conjunction with our merger with VEREIT, we incurred merger-related transaction costs of $13.9 million and $167.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Merger and integration-related costs consist of advisory fees, attorney fees, accountant fees, SEC filing fees and additional incremental and non- recurring costs necessary to convert data and systems, retain employees and otherwise enable us to operate the acquired business or assets efficiently. Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information C. Our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, include $1.02 billion and $176.3 million of revenues, respectively, and $62.4 million and $36.7 million of net income associated with the results of operations of VEREIT OP, respectively. The following unaudited pro forma information presents a summary of our combined results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, as if our merger with VEREIT had occurred on January 1, 2020 (in millions, except per share data). There are no pro forma adjustments for the year ended December 31, 2022, as the merger was completed November 1, 2021. The following pro forma financial information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations had the acquisition been effected on the assumed date, nor is it necessarily an indication of trends in future results for a number of reasons, including, but not limited to, differences between the assumptions used to prepare the pro forma information, basic shares outstanding and dilutive equivalents, cost savings from operating efficiencies, potential synergies, and the impact of incremental costs incurred in integrating the businesses. In accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, the following information excludes the impact of the spin-off of office assets to Orion Office REIT Inc. ("Orion"). Total revenues Net income Basic and diluted earnings per share $ $ $ Years ended December 31, 2021 3,084.3 $ 734.6 $ 1.27 $ 2020 2,835.5 325.9 0.64 The unaudited pro forma financial information above includes the following nonrecurring significant adjustment made to account for certain costs incurred as if our merger with VEREIT had been completed on January 1, 2020: merger and integration-related costs of $167.4 million were excluded within the pro forma financial information for 2021, but included for 2020. Orion Divestiture Following of the closing of our merger with VEREIT, we contributed 92 office real estate assets, a consolidated real estate venture holding one office asset, and an unconsolidated real estate venture holding five office assets to a wholly owned subsidiary named Orion. On November 12, 2021, we distributed the outstanding shares of Orion common stock to our shareholders (including legacy VEREIT stockholders who received shares of our common stock in our merger with VEREIT) on a pro rata basis at a rate of one share of Orion common stock for every ten shares of Realty Income common stock held on November 12, 2021, the applicable record date, which we refer to as the Orion Divestiture. The fair market value of these shares for tax distribution was determined to be $20.6272 per share, which was calculated using the five-day volume weighted average share price after issuance. For more detail, see note 14, Distributions Paid and Payable. Following the Orion Divestiture, Orion began operating as a separate, independent public company. In conjunction with the Orion Divestiture, we incurred approximately $6.0 million of transaction costs during the year ended December 31, 2021, which were included in the $167.4 million of merger and integration-related costs within our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. We incurred $1.9 million of transaction costs relating to the Orion Divestiture during the year ended December 31, 2022. As part of the Orion Divestiture, Orion paid us a dividend of $425.0 million and reimbursed $170.2 million to us for the early redemption of mortgage loans underlying the contributed assets prior to the effectuation of the Orion Divestiture. The distribution of Orion resulted in the derecognition of net assets of $1.74 billion, which net of the aforementioned cash payments of $595.2 million, resulted in a reduction to additional paid in capital of $1.14 billion. 78 In connection with the divestiture, we entered into certain agreements with Orion to effect our legal and structural separation, including a transition services agreement ("TSA") and reverse TSA to provide certain administrative and other services for a limited time, and tax matters. 4. Supplemental Detail for Certain Components of Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands): A. Accounts receivable, net, consist of the following at: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Straight-line rent receivables, net Client receivables, net B. Lease intangible assets, net, consist of the following at: In-place leases Accumulated amortization of in-place leases Above-market leases Accumulated amortization of above-market leases C. Other assets, net, consist of the following at: Financing receivables Right of use asset - operating leases, net Right of use asset - financing leases Derivative assets and receivables – at fair value Restricted escrow deposits Prepaid expenses Impounds related to mortgages payable Credit facility origination costs, net Corporate assets, net Investment in sales type lease Non-refundable escrow deposits Note receivable Other items D. Accounts payable and accrued expenses consist of the following at: Notes payable - interest payable Derivative liabilities and payables – at fair value Property taxes payable Accrued costs on properties under development Accrued property expenses Value-added tax payable Accrued income taxes Mortgages, term loans, and credit line - interest payable Merger and integration-related costs Other items E. Lease intangible liabilities, net, consist of the following at: Below-market leases Accumulated amortization of below-market leases 79 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 363,993 $ 203,970 567,963 $ 231,943 194,825 426,768 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 5,324,565 $ (1,409,878) 1,697,367 (443,688) 5,168,366 $ 4,791,846 (804,050) 1,591,382 (303,874) 5,275,304 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 933,116 $ 603,097 467,920 83,100 37,627 28,128 18,152 17,196 12,334 5,951 5,667 — 39,939 323,921 631,515 218,332 29,593 68,541 18,062 5,249 4,352 10,915 7,492 28,560 4,455 18,592 2,252,227 $ 1,369,579 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 129,202 $ 108,227 64,724 45,572 26,559 25,290 23,375 22,626 4,404 1,464 55,921 70,617 36,173 19,665 27,344 11,297 19,152 3,874 10,699 44,080 399,137 $ 351,128 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 1,617,870 $ (238,434) 1,379,436 $ 1,460,701 (152,480) 1,308,221 F. Other liabilities consist of the following at: Lease liability - operating leases, net Rent received in advance and other deferred revenue Lease liability - financing leases Security deposits 5. Investments in Real Estate December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 $ $ 440,096 $ 269,645 49,469 15,577 774,787 $ 461,748 242,122 43,987 11,340 759,197 We acquire land, buildings and improvements necessary for the successful operations of commercial clients. Acquisitions During the Years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 A. Below is a summary of our acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2022 (unaudited): Number of Properties Leasable Square Feet (in thousands, unaudited) Investment ($ in millions) Weighted Average Lease Term (Years) Initial Weighted Average Cash Lease Yield (1) Year ended December 31, 2022 (2) Acquisitions - U.S. Acquisitions - Europe Total acquisitions Properties under development (3) Total (4) 990 94 1,084 217 1,301 15,774 $ 11,179 26,953 $ 5,500 32,453 $ 5,746.4 2,441.3 8,187.7 807.6 8,995.3 19.3 8.9 16.3 15.0 16.2 6.0 % 6.0 % 6.0 % 5.3 % 5.9 % (1) The initial weighted average cash lease yield for a property is generally computed as estimated contractual first year cash net operating income, which, in the case of a net leased property, is equal to the aggregate cash base rent for the first full year of each lease, divided by the total cost of the property. Since it is possible that a client could default on the payment of contractual rent, we cannot provide assurance that the actual return on the funds invested will remain at the percentages listed above. Contractual net operating income used in the calculation of initial weighted average cash yield includes approximately $10.5 million received as settlement credits as reimbursement of free rent periods for the year ended December 31, 2022. In the case of a property under development or expansion, the contractual lease rate is generally fixed such that rent varies based on the actual total investment in order to provide a fixed rate of return. When the lease does not provide for a fixed rate of return on a property under development or expansion, the initial weighted average cash lease yield is computed as follows: estimated cash net operating income (determined by the lease) for the first full year of each lease, divided by our projected total investment in the property, including land, construction and capitalized interest costs. (2) None of our investments during the year ended December 31, 2022 caused any one client to be 10% or more of our total assets at December 31, 2022. (3) Includes five U.K. development properties that represent an investment of £40.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, converted at the applicable exchange rate on the funding date. (4) Our clients occupying the new properties are 71.4% retail, 19.1% gaming, 6.5% industrial and 3.0% other property types (including 2.7% agricultural and 0.3% office) based on rental revenue. Approximately 23% of the rental revenue generated from acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022 is from our investment grade rated clients, their subsidiaries or affiliated companies. The acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022, which had no associated contingent consideration, were allocated as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2022 Land (2) Buildings and improvements Lease intangible assets (3) Other assets (4) Lease intangible liabilities (5) Other liabilities (6) Acquisitions - USD (1) Acquisitions - Sterling Acquisitions - Euro $ 1,568.6 £ 3,853.6 458.6 634.1 (94.9) (46.0) 640.5 € 663.0 247.8 203.0 (60.1) (4.9) 118.0 156.8 51.1 5.4 — — 331.3 (1) Included in USD-denominated acquisitions was an investment of $1.7 billion into a single property in the gaming industry. The acquisition was allocated as (i) $419.5 million to land, (ii) $1.28 billion to buildings and improvements, (iii) $13.2 million of right-of-use assets accounted for as operating leases included in 'Other assets' and (iv) $9.3 million of lease liabilities under operating leases included in 'Other liabilities'. 6,374.0 £ 1,689.3 € $ (2) Sterling-denominated land includes £42.5 million of right of use assets under long-term ground leases. (3) The weighted average amortization period for acquired lease intangible assets is 11.6 years. 80 (4) USD-denominated other assets consists of $585.7 million of financing receivables with above-market terms and $32.8 million of right-of-use assets accounted for as finance leases, and $15.6 million of right of use assets under ground leases. Sterling-denominated other assets consists of £12.2 million of financing receivables with above-market terms, £188.4 million of right-of-use assets accounted for as finance leases and £2.4 million of right-of-use assets accounted for as operating leases. Euro-denominated other assets consists entirely of financing receivables with above-market terms. (5) The weighted average amortization period for acquired lease intangible liabilities is 14.2 years. (6) USD-denominated other liabilities consists of $28.0 million of deferred rent on certain below-market leases, $11.5 million of lease liabilities under ground leases, and $8.6 million of lease liabilities under financing leases. Sterling-denominated other liabilities consists of £2.4 million of lease liabilities under operating leases and £2.5 million of deferred rent on certain below-market leases. The properties acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022 generated total revenues of $211.3 million and net income of $79.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Below is a summary of our acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2021 (information is unaudited and excludes properties assumed on November 1, 2021 in conjunction with our merger with VEREIT): Year ended December 31, 2021 (2) Acquisitions - U.S. Acquisitions - Europe Total acquisitions Properties under development (3) Total (4) Number of Properties Leasable Square Feet (in thousands, unaudited) Investment ($ in millions) Weighted Average Lease Term (Years) Initial Weighted Average Cash Lease Yield (1) 714 129 843 68 911 14,727 $ 9,196 23,923 $ 2,682 3,608.6 2,558.9 6,167.5 243.3 26,605 $ 6,410.8 14.1 11.6 13.1 15.7 13.2 5.5 % 5.5 % 5.5 % 6.0 % 5.5 % (1) Contractual net operating income used in the calculation of initial weighted average cash yield includes approximately $8.5 million received as settlement credits as reimbursement of free rent periods for the year ended December 31, 2021. (2) None of our investments during the year ended December 31, 2021 caused any one client to be 10% or more of our total assets at December 31, 2021. (3) Includes one U.K. development property that represents an investment of £7.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, converted at the applicable exchange rate on the funding date. (4) Our clients occupying the new properties are 83.6% retail and 16.4% industrial, based on rental revenue. Approximately 40% of the rental revenue generated from acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2021, was from investment grade rated clients, their subsidiaries or affiliated companies. The acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2021, which had no associated contingent consideration, were allocated as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2021 Land (1) Buildings and improvements Lease intangible assets (2) Other assets (3) Lease intangible liabilities (4) Other liabilities (5) Acquisitions - USD Acquisitions - Sterling Acquisitions - Euro $ 1,054.4 £ 438.9 € 1,802.6 547.8 530.2 (91.6) (127.6) 3,715.8 £ 888.0 248.9 40.4 (7.1) (0.3) 1,608.9 € $ 106.2 173.4 34.9 21.9 — (16.0) 320.4 (1) Sterling-denominated land includes £8.2 million of right of use assets under long-term ground leases. (2) The weighted average amortization period for acquired lease intangible assets is 12.7 years. (3) USD-denominated other assets consists of $179.7 million of financing receivables with above-market terms, $85.0 million of right-of-use assets accounted for as finance leases, $5.8 million in investments in sales-type leases, and $259.7 million of right of use assets under ground leases. Sterling-denominated other assets consists of £7.2 million of financing receivables with above-market terms and £33.2 million of right- of-use assets accounted for as finance leases. Euro-denominated other assets consists entirely of financing receivables with above-market terms. (4) The weighted average amortization period for acquired lease intangible liabilities is 15.9 years. (5) USD-denominated other liabilities consists of $26.9 million of deferred rent on certain below-market leases, $67.4 million of lease liabilities under ground leases and $33.3 million of lease liabilities under financing leases. Sterling-denominated other liabilities consists entirely of a mortgage premium. Euro-denominated other liabilities consists entirely of deferred rent on certain below-market leases. 81 The properties acquired during the year ended December 31, 2021, which were all accounted for as asset acquisitions, generated total revenues of $136.6 million and net income of $25.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. Investments in Existing Properties B. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we capitalized costs of $96.7 million on existing properties in our portfolio, consisting of $88.3 million for non-recurring building improvements, $5.2 million for re-leasing costs, and $3.2 million for recurring capital expenditures. In comparison, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we capitalized costs of $21.9 million on existing properties in our portfolio, consisting of $14.6 million for non-recurring building improvements, $6.3 million for re-leasing costs, and $1.0 million for recurring capital expenditures. Properties with Existing Leases C. The value of the in-place and above-market leases is recorded to 'Lease intangible assets, net' on our consolidated balance sheets, and the value of the below-market leases is recorded to 'Lease intangible assets, net' on our consolidated balance sheets. The values of the in-place leases are amortized as depreciation and amortization expense. The amounts amortized to expense for all of our in-place leases, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $634.9 million, $247.5 million, and $134.6 million, respectively. The values of the above-market and below-market leases are amortized over the term of the respective leases, including any bargain renewal options, as an adjustment to rental revenue in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. The amounts amortized as a net decrease to rental revenue for capitalized above- market and below-market leases for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $111.7 million, $54.6 million, and $30.9 million, respectively. If a lease was to be terminated prior to its stated expiration, all unamortized amounts relating to that lease would be recorded to revenue or expense, as appropriate. The following table presents the estimated impact during the next five years and thereafter related to the amortization of the above-market and below-market lease intangibles and the amortization of the in-place lease intangibles at December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands): 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Totals Net increase (decrease) to rental revenue $ (56,782) $ (50,525) (43,963) (36,100) (27,926) 341,053 125,757 $ $ Increase to amortization expense 589,541 522,895 451,177 402,028 348,289 1,600,757 3,914,687 D. Gain on Sales of Real Estate The following table summarizes our properties sold during the periods indicated below, excluding our proportionate share of net proceeds from the disposition of properties by our unconsolidated industrial partnerships for 2022 and 2021 and the properties disposed from the spin-off of office properties to Orion in November 2021 (dollars in millions): Number of properties Net sales proceeds Gain on sales of real estate 2022 168 434.9 $ 102.7 $ $ $ Years ended December 31, 2021 154 250.3 $ 55.8 $ 2020 126 262.5 76.2 These property sales do not represent a strategic shift that will have a major effect on our operations and financial results, and therefore do not require presentation as discontinued operations. 82 E. The following is a summary of our investments in unconsolidated entities as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands): Investment in Unconsolidated Entities Ownership % (1) Number of Properties Carrying Amount of Investment as of Equity in income and impairment of investment in unconsolidated entities for the year ended(2) As of December 31, 2022 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Investment(2) Industrial 20 % — $ — $ Partnerships — (1) Our ownership interest reflects legal ownership interest. Legal ownership may, at times, not equal our economic interest in the listed properties because of various provisions in certain entity agreements regarding capital contributions, distributions of cash flow based on capital account balances, allocations of profits and losses and payments of preferred returns. As a result, our actual economic interest (as distinct from its legal ownership interest) in certain of the properties could fluctuate from time to time and may not wholly align with legal ownership interests. (2) All seven assets held by our industrial partnerships were sold during the year ended December 31, 2022. As the portion of the net proceeds applied to our investment basis that we expected to receive at closing was less than our $121.4 million carrying amount of investment in unconsolidated entities, we recognized an other than temporary impairment of $8.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The other than temporary impairments are included in 'Equity in income and impairment of investment in unconsolidated entities' in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for the periods presented. 140,967 $ (6,448) $ 1,106 $ As a result of the merger with VEREIT, we assumed a preferred equity interest in the development of one distribution center for which we were entitled to receive a cumulative preferred return of 9% per year on the initial contribution of $22.8 million along with a share in the profit earned in the event of the sale of the property to a third party. Under the acquisition method of accounting, this preferred equity interest was adjusted to its fair value of $38.1 million at the time of the merger. During December 2021, the distribution center was sold to a third party and we received proceeds of $38.3 million and recorded a $0.2 million gain on disposition. The aggregate debt outstanding for unconsolidated entities was $431.8 million as of December 31, 2021, all of which was non-recourse to us with limited customary exceptions that varied from loan to loan. There was no aggregate debt outstanding as of December 31, 2022, as all seven properties owned by our industrial partnerships were sold during the year ended December 31, 2022, and the debt underlying each of the seven properties was either defeased or prepaid in connection with the sales. Each of us and our unconsolidated entity partners were subject to the provisions of the applicable entity agreements for our unconsolidated partnerships, which included provisions for when additional contributions might be required to fund certain cash shortfalls. 6. Revolving Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Programs Credit Facility A. We have a $4.25 billion unsecured revolving multicurrency credit facility that matures in June 2026, includes two six-month extensions that can be exercised at our option, and allows us to borrow in up to 14 currencies, including U.S dollars. Our revolving credit facility also has a $1.0 billion expansion option, which is subject to obtaining lender commitments. Under our revolving credit facility, our current investment grade credit ratings provide for financing on USD borrowings at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), plus 0.725% with a SOFR adjustment charge of 0.10% and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.95% over SOFR, British Pound Sterling at the Sterling Overnight Indexed Average (“SONIA”), plus 0.725% with a SONIA adjustment charge of 0.0326% and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.8826% over SONIA, and Euro Borrowings at one- month Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”), plus 0.725%, and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all- in pricing of 0.85% over one-month EURIBOR. As of December 31, 2022, credit facility origination costs of $17.2 million are included in other assets, net, as compared to $4.4 million at December 31, 2021, on our consolidated balance sheets. These costs are being amortized over the remaining term of our revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2022, we had a borrowing capacity of $2.2 billion available on our revolving credit facility (subject to customary conditions to borrowing) and an outstanding balance of $2.0 billion, comprised of €1.8 billion Euro and £70.0 million Sterling borrowings, as compared to an outstanding balance at December 31, 2021 of $650.0 million, consisting entirely of USD borrowings. The weighted average interest rate on outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility was 1.8% during the year ended December 31, 2022, and 0.9% during the year ended December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022, our weighted average interest rate on borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility was 2.6%. Our 83 revolving credit facility is subject to various leverage and interest coverage ratio limitations, and at December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with the covenants under our revolving credit facility. Commercial Paper Programs B. During July 2022, our USD-denominated unsecured commercial paper program was amended to increase the maximum aggregate amount of outstanding notes from $1.0 billion to $1.5 billion. Also during July 2022, we established a new Euro-denominated unsecured commercial paper program, which permits us to issue additional unsecured commercial notes up to a maximum aggregate amount of $1.5 billion (or foreign currency equivalent), which may be issued in USD or various foreign currencies, including but not limited to, Euros, Sterling, Swiss Francs, Yen, Canadian Dollars, and Australian Dollars, in each case, pursuant to customary terms in the European commercial paper market. The commercial paper ranks on a parity in right of payment with all of our other unsecured senior indebtedness outstanding from time to time, including borrowings under our revolving credit facility, our term loans and our outstanding senior unsecured notes. Proceeds from commercial paper borrowings are used for general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2022, the balance of borrowings outstanding under our commercial paper programs was $701.8 million, including €361.0 million of Euro-denominated borrowings, as compared to $901.4 million outstanding commercial paper borrowings, consisting entirely of USD-denominated borrowings at December 31, 2021. The weighted average interest rate on outstanding borrowings under our commercial paper programs was 1.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 0.2% for the year ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, our weighted average interest rate on outstanding borrowings under our commercial paper programs was 3.4%. We use our $4.25 billion revolving credit facility as a liquidity backstop for the repayment of the notes issued under the commercial paper programs. The commercial paper borrowings generally carry a term of less than a year. 7. Term Loans In October 2018, in conjunction with entering into our current revolving credit facility, we entered into a $250.0 million senior unsecured term loan, which matures in March 2024. Prior to April 2022, borrowing under this term loan bore interest at the current one-month London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), plus 0.85%. In connection with entering into our new unsecured credit facility in April 2022, the previous LIBOR benchmark rate was replaced with daily SOFR, based on a five-day lookback period, and, due to our current credit ratings, is not subject to a credit spread adjustment. In conjunction with this term loan, we also entered into an interest rate swap, which was based off the daily SOFR through June 30, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the effective interest rate on this term loan, after giving effect to the interest rate swap, was 3.83%. At December 31, 2022, deferred financing costs of $0.2 million are included net of the term loan principal balance, as compared to $0.4 million at December 31, 2021, on our consolidated balance sheets. These costs are being amortized over the remaining term of the term loan. During January 2023, we borrowed an aggregate of approximately $1.0 billion in multicurrency borrowings under an unsecured term loan initially maturing January 2024. See note 19, Subsequent Events for further details. 8. Mortgages Payable During the year ended December 31, 2022, we made $312.2 million in principal payments, including the full repayment of 12 mortgages for $308.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we made $66.6 million in principal payments, including the full repayment of seven mortgages for $63.0 million. We assumed eight mortgages on 17 properties totaling $45.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the assumption of 11 mortgages totaling $881.1 million in principal, including ten mortgages from our merger with VEREIT totaling $839.1 million and one Sterling-denominated mortgage on one property totaling £31.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Assumed mortgages are secured by the properties on which the debt was placed and are considered non-recourse debt with limited customary exceptions which vary from loan to loan. 84 In September 2021, we completed the early redemption on $12.5 million in principal of a mortgage due June 2032, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In October 2021, we completed the early redemption on $9.6 million in principal of a mortgage due June 2022, plus accrued and unpaid interest. As a result of the early redemptions in September and October of 2021, we recognized total losses of $4.3 million on extinguishment of debt during the year ended December 31, 2021. There were no comparable mortgage redemptions during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2020. Our mortgages contain customary covenants, such as limiting our ability to further mortgage each applicable property or to discontinue insurance coverage without the prior consent of the lender. At December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with these covenants. The balance of our deferred financing costs, which are classified as part of 'Mortgages payable, net', on our consolidated balance sheets, was $0.8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These costs are being amortized over the remaining term of each mortgage. The following table summarizes our mortgages payable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands): Weighted Average Stated Interest Rate (2) 4.8 % Weighted Average Effective Interest Rate (3) 3.3 % Number of Properties (1) 136 267 4.8 % 3.5 % Weighted Average Remaining Years Until Maturity Remaining Principal Balance Unamortized Premium and Deferred Financing Costs Balance, net Mortgage Payable Balance 1.4 1.8 $ 842,343 $ $ 1,114,129 $ 11,582 $ 853,925 27,866 $ 1,141,995 As Of December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (1) At December 31, 2022, there were 18 mortgages on 136 properties. At December 31, 2021, there were 22 mortgages on 267 properties. With the exception of one Sterling-denominated mortgage which is paid quarterly, the mortgages require monthly payments with principal payments due at maturity. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, all mortgages were at fixed interest rates. (2) Stated interest rates ranged from 3.0% to 6.9% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. (3) Effective interest rates ranged from 2.7% to 6.6% and 2.6% to 6.0% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table summarizes the maturity of mortgages payable, excluding net premiums of $12.4 million and deferred financing costs of $0.8 million as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions): Year of Maturity 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Totals $ $ Principal 22.0 740.5 42.0 12.0 22.3 3.5 842.3 85 9. Notes Payable General A. Our senior unsecured notes and bonds are USD-denominated and Sterling-denominated. Foreign denominated notes are converted at the applicable exchange rate on the balance sheet date. The following are sorted by maturity date (in millions): Principal Amount (Currency Denomination) Carrying Value (USD) as of December 31, 2022 2021 500 $ 500 $ 4.600% notes, $500 issued February 2014, of which $485 was exchanged in November 2021, both due in February 2024 (1) 3.875% notes, issued in June 2014 and due in July 2024 3.875% notes, issued in April 2018 and due in April 2025 4.625% notes, $550 issued October 2018, of which $544 was exchanged in November 2021, both due in November 2025 (1) 0.750% notes, issued December 2020 and due in March 2026 4.875% notes, $600 issued June 2016, of which $596 was exchanged in November 2021, both due in June 2026 (1) 4.125% notes, $250 issued in September 2014 and $400 issued in March 2017, both due in October 2026 1.875% notes, issued in January 2022 and due in January 2027 3.000% notes, issued in October 2016 and due in January 2027 1.125% notes, issued in July 2021 and due in July 2027 3.950% notes, $600 issued August 2017, of which $594 was exchanged in November 2021, both due in August 2027 (1) 3.650% notes, issued in December 2017 and due in January 2028 3.400% notes, $600 issued June 2020, of which $598 was exchanged in November 2021, both due in January 2028 (1) 2.200% notes, $500 issued November 2020, of which $497 was exchanged in November 2021, both due in June 2028 (1) 3.250% notes, issued in June 2019 and due in June 2029 3.100% notes, $600 issued December 2019, of which $596 was exchanged in November 2021, both due in December 2029 (1)(2) 3.160% notes, issued in June 2022 and due in June 2030 1.625% notes, issued in October 2020 and due December 2030 3.250% notes, $600 issued in May 2020 and $350 issued in July 2020, both due in January 2031 3.180% notes, issued in June 2022 and due in June 2032 5.625% notes, issued in October 2022 and due in October 2032 2.850% notes, $700 issued November 2020, of which $699 was exchanged in November 2021, both due in December 2032 (1) 1.800% notes, issued in December 2020 and due in March 2033 1.750% notes, issued in July 2021 and due in July 2033 2.730% notes, issued in May 2019 and due in May 2034 5.875% bonds, $100 issued in March 2005 and $150 issued in June 2011, both due in March 2035 3.390% notes, issued in June 2022 and due in June 2037 2.500% notes, issued in January 2022 and due in January 2042 4.650% notes, $300 issued in March 2017 and $250 issued in December 2017, both due in March 2047 Total principal amount Unamortized net premiums and deferred financing costs $ $ $ $ $ $ $ £ $ £ $ $ $ $ $ $ £ £ $ £ $ $ $ £ £ $ £ £ $ 350 500 550 325 600 650 250 600 400 600 550 600 500 500 599 140 400 950 345 750 700 400 350 315 250 115 250 550 350 500 550 325 600 650 301 600 482 600 550 600 500 500 599 169 482 950 416 750 700 400 422 379 250 138 301 550 14,114 $ 164 14,278 $ $ $ 500 350 500 550 325 600 650 — 600 541 600 550 600 500 500 599 — 541 950 — — 700 400 474 427 250 — — 550 12,257 243 12,500 (1) Carrying Value (USD) includes the portion of the VEREIT OP notes that remained outstanding, totaling $39.1 million in the aggregate at December 31, 2022 and 2021, that were not exchanged in the exchange offers commenced by us with respect to the outstanding bonds of VEREIT OP in connection with the consummation of the merger with VEREIT (the "Exchange Offers"). (2) These notes were originally issued by VEREIT OP in December of 2019 for the principal amount of $600 million. The amount of Realty Income debt issued through the Exchange Offers was $599 million, resulting from cancellations due to late tenders that forfeited the early participation premium of $30 per $1,000 principal amount and cash paid in lieu of fractional shares. 86 The following table summarizes the maturity of our notes and bonds payable as of December 31, 2022, excluding net unamortized premiums of $224.6 million and deferred financing costs of $60.7 million (dollars in millions): Year of Maturity 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Totals $ Principal 850 1,050 1,575 1,983 8,656 $ 14,114 As of December 31, 2022, the weighted average interest rate on our notes and bonds payable was 3.4% and the weighted average remaining years until maturity was 7.2 years. Interest incurred on all of the notes and bonds was $431.3 million, $286.4 million, and $252.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our outstanding notes and bonds are unsecured; accordingly, we have not pledged any assets as collateral for these or any other obligations. Interest on our £400 million of 1.625% senior unsecured notes issued in October 2020, our £400 million of 1.125% senior unsecured notes issued in July 2021, our £350 million of 1.750% senior unsecured notes also issued in July 2021, our £250 million of 1.875% senior unsecured notes issued in January 2022, and £250 million of 2.500% senior unsecured notes also issued in January 2022 is paid annually. Interest on our remaining senior unsecured note and bond obligations is paid semiannually. All of these notes and bonds contain various covenants, including: (i) a limitation on incurrence of any debt which would cause our debt to total adjusted assets ratio to exceed 60%; (ii) a limitation on incurrence of any secured debt which would cause our secured debt to total adjusted assets ratio to exceed 40%; (iii) a limitation on incurrence of any debt which would cause our debt service coverage ratio to be less than 1.5 times; and (iv) the maintenance at all times of total unencumbered assets not less than 150% of our outstanding unsecured debt. At December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with these covenants. Note Repayments B. We redeemed the following principal amounts (in millions) of certain outstanding notes, prior to their maturity. As a result of these early redemptions, we recognized the following losses on extinguishment of debt (in millions) in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. There were no comparable repayments for the year ended December 31, 2022. 2021 Repayments Principal Amount (1) Amount of Loss Period Recognized 4.650% notes due August 2023 redeemed in December 2021 3.250% notes due October 2022 redeemed in January 2021 $ $ 750.0 $ 950.0 $ 46.4 46.5 December 31, 2021 March 31, 2021 Loss on Extinguishment of Debt 2020 Repayments 5.750% notes due January 2021 redeemed in January 2020 (1) The redeemed principal amounts presented exclude the amounts we paid in accrued and unpaid interest. 250.0 $ $ 9.8 March 31, 2020 C. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 we issued the following notes and bonds (in millions): Note Issuances 2022 Issuances 1.875% Notes 2.500% Notes 3.160% Notes 3.180% Notes 3.390% Notes 5.625% Notes Date of Issuance Maturity Date January 2022 January 2027 January 2022 January 2042 June 2022 June 2022 June 2022 June 2030 June 2032 June 2037 October 2022 October 2032 Principal amount used Price of par value Effective yield to maturity £ £ £ £ £ $ 250 250 140 345 115 750 99.487 % 98.445 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 99.879 % 1.974 % 2.584 % 3.160 % 3.180 % 3.390 % 5.641 % 87 2021 Issuances 1.125% Notes 1.750% Notes 4.600% Notes(1) 4.625% Notes(1) 4.875% Notes(1) 3.950% Notes(1) 3.400% Notes(1) 2.200% Notes(1) 3.100% Notes(1) 2.850% Notes(1) 2020 Issuances 3.250% Notes (2) 3.250% Notes (2) 1.625% Notes 0.750% Notes 1.800% Notes Date of Issuance July 2021 July 2021 Maturity Date July 2027 July 2033 November 2021 February 2024 November 2021 November 2025 November 2021 June 2026 November 2021 August 2027 November 2021 January 2028 November 2021 June 2028 November 2021 December 2029 November 2021 December 2032 Date of Issuance May 2020 July 2020 Maturity Date January 2031 January 2031 October 2020 December 2030 December 2020 March 2026 December 2020 March 2033 Principal amount used Price of par value Effective yield to maturity £ £ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 400 350 485 544 596 594 598 497 596 699 99.305 % 99.842 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 % 1.242 % 1.757 % 4.600 % 4.625 % 4.875 % 3.950 % 3.400 % 2.200 % 3.100 % 2.850 % Principal amount used Price of par value Effective yield to maturity $ $ £ $ $ 600 350 400 325 400 98.99 % 108.24 % 99.19 % 99.19 % 98.47 % 3.364 % 2.341 % 1.712 % 0.908 % 1.941 % (1) In connection with our merger with VEREIT, we completed our debt exchange offer to exchange all outstanding notes issued by VEREIT OP on November 9, 2021 for notes of identical terms issued by Realty Income, pursuant to which approximately 99.2% of the outstanding notes issued by VEREIT OP were exchanged. We issued $1,000 principal amount of Realty Notes for each validly tendered VEREIT Notes with $1,000 principal amount. For this reason, we denote our “Price of par value” as 100%. Prior to the completion of our merger with VEREIT on November 1, 2021, these notes were not the obligation of Realty Income. With respect to the notes originally issued by VEREIT OP that remained outstanding, we amended the indenture governing such notes to, among other things, eliminate substantially all of the restrictive covenants in such indenture. To induce holders of the VEREIT OP notes to participate in the exchange, Realty Income offered noteholders electing to exchange their notes a cash payment equal to 10 basis points of the note principal amount held. This resulted in a cash payment of $4.6 million to participating noteholders. The exchange was accounted for as a modification of the existing VEREIT OP notes assumed in our merger with VEREIT. With respect to the notes originally issued by VEREIT OP that remained outstanding, we amended the indenture governing such notes to, among other things, eliminate substantially all of the restrictive covenants in such indenture. (2) In July 2020, we issued $350.0 million of 3.250% senior unsecured notes due January 2031 (the "2031 Notes"), which constituted a further issuance of, and formed a single series with, the $600.0 million of 2031 Notes issued in May 2020. The proceeds from each of these offerings were used to repay borrowings outstanding under our credit facility, to fund investment opportunities, and for other general corporate purposes. In January 2023, we issued $500 million of 5.05% senior unsecured notes due January 2026 and $600 million of 4.85% senior unsecured notes due March 2030. See note 19, Subsequent Events for further details. 88 10. Issuances of Common Stock Issuance of Common Stock in Connection with VEREIT Acquisition A. On November 1, 2021, we completed our acquisition of VEREIT. As a result of the merger, former VEREIT common stockholders, VEREIT OP common unitholders and awardees of vested share awards separated from Realty Income and received approximately 162 million shares of Realty Income common stock, based on the shares of VEREIT common stock and common units of VEREIT OP outstanding as of October 29, 2021. For further details, please refer to note 3, Merger with VEREIT, Inc. and Orion Office REIT Inc. Divestiture. Issuances of Common Stock in Underwritten Public Offerings B. In July 2021, we issued 9,200,000 shares of common stock, including 1,200,000 shares purchased by the underwriters upon the exercise of their option to purchase additional shares. After deducting underwriting discounts of $2.9 million, the net proceeds of $594.1 million were primarily used to repay borrowings under our commercial paper programs, to fund potential investment opportunities and for other general corporate purposes. In January 2021, we issued 12,075,000 shares of common stock, including 1,575,000 shares purchased by the underwriters upon the exercise of their option to purchase additional shares. After deducting underwriting discounts of $19.3 million, the net proceeds of $669.6 million were used to fund property acquisitions, for general corporate purposes and working capital. In March 2020, we issued 9,690,500 shares of common stock, including 690,500 shares purchased by the underwriters upon the exercise of their option to purchase additional shares. The net proceeds of $728.9 million were used to repay borrowings under our credit facility, to fund investment opportunities, and for other general corporate purposes. There were no comparative offerings during the year ended December 31, 2022. At-the-Market ("ATM") Program C. In June 2022, we replaced our prior ATM program, which authorized us to offer and sell up to 69,088,433 shares of common stock, with a new "at-the-market" equity distribution program, or our ATM program, pursuant to which we may offer and sell up to 120,000,000 shares of common stock (1) by us to, or through, a consortium of banks acting as our sales agents or (2) by a consortium of banks acting as forward sellers on behalf of any forward purchasers contemplated thereunder, in each case by means of ordinary brokers' transactions on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "O" at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. After deducting 6,744,884 shares sold pursuant to forward sale confirmations that remained open at December 31, 2022, we had 70,620,121 additional shares remaining for future issuance under our ATM program. We anticipate maintaining the availability of our ATM program in the future, including the replenishment of authorized shares issuable thereunder. 89 The following table outlines common stock issuances pursuant to our ATM programs (dollars in millions): Shares of common stock issued under the ATM program(1) 68,608,176 46,290,540 17,724,374 Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Gross proceeds Sales agents' commissions Other offering expenses Net proceeds $ $ 4,599.4 $ 3,207.9 $ 1,094.9 (34.3) (9.1) (27.3) (1.1) (14.6) (0.4) 4,556.0 $ 3,179.5 $ 1,079.9 (1) During the year ended December 31, 2022, 65,279,851 shares were sold and 58,534,967 settled pursuant to forward sale confirmations. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, 6,744,884 shares of common stock subject to forward sale confirmations have been executed at a weighted average initial price of $63.31 per share but not settled. Upon settlement, subject to certain exceptions, we may elect, in our sole discretion, to cash settle or net share settle all or any portion of our obligations under any forward sale agreement, in which cases we may not receive any proceeds (in the case of cash settlement) or will not receive any proceeds (in the case of net share settlement), and we may owe cash (in the case of cash settlement) or shares of our common stock (in the case of net share settlement) to the relevant forward purchaser. We currently expect to fully physically settle any forward sale agreement with the respective forward purchaser on one or more dates specified by us on or prior to the maturity date of such forward sale agreement, in which case we expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares specified in such forward sale agreement multiplied by the relevant forward price per share. We currently expect to fully settle the outstanding forward sale agreements during the three months ended March 31, 2023, representing $0.4 billion in net proceeds, for which the weighted average forward price at December 31, 2022 was $62.59 per share. Our forward sale confirmations are accounted for as equity instruments, as we have determined the agreements meet the derivatives and hedging guidance scope exception. No shares were sold pursuant to forward sale confirmations during years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan ("DRSPP") D. Our DRSPP, provides our common stockholders, as well as new investors, with a convenient and economical method of purchasing our common stock and reinvesting their distributions. Our DRSPP also allows our current stockholders to buy additional shares of common stock by reinvesting all or a portion of their distributions. Our DRSPP authorizes up to 26,000,000 common shares to be issued. At December 31, 2022, we had 11,159,825 shares remaining for future issuance under our DRSPP program. The following table outlines common stock issuances pursuant to our DRSPP program (dollars in millions): Shares of common stock issued under the DRSPP program 2022 175,554 2021 168,000 Gross proceeds $ 11.7 $ 11.2 $ 2020 149,289 9.1 Years ended December 31, Our DRSPP includes a waiver approval process, allowing larger investors or institutions, per a formal approval process, to purchase shares at a small discount, if approved by us. We did not issue shares under the waiver approval process during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020. 11. Noncontrolling Interests There are four entities with noncontrolling interests that we consolidate, including an operating partnership, Realty Income, L.P., a joint venture acquired in December 2019, and two development joint ventures, one acquired in December 2020 and one acquired in May 2021. In November 2021, we issued 300,604 common partnership units in Realty Income, L.P. in connection with the acquisition of seven properties and recorded $20.4 million of noncontrolling interests. In December 2021, we issued 240,586 common partnership units in Realty Income, L.P. in connection with the acquisition of one property and recorded $16.6 million of noncontrolling interests. In November 2021 we issued 56,400 of common partnership units in Realty Income, L.P. in exchange for VEREIT OP units in connection with our merger with VEREIT and recorded noncontrolling interests of $1.8 million. In addition, during September 2022, we issued 734,458 common partnership units in Realty Income, L.P. in connection with the acquisition of nine properties and recorded $51.2 million of contributions to noncontrolling interests. At December 31, 2022, outstanding common partnership units in Realty Income, L.P. represented 6.9% ownership interest in Realty Income L.P. We hold the remaining 93.1% interest and consolidate the entity. 90 None of our common partnership units have voting rights. Common partnership units are entitled to monthly distributions equal to the amount paid to common stockholders of Realty Income, and are redeemable in cash or Realty Income common stock, at our option, and at a conversion ratio of 1.02934 due to the Orion Divestiture, subject to certain exceptions. Prior to the Orion Divestiture, the conversion ratio was one to one. These issuances with redemption provisions that permit the issuer to settle in either cash or common stock, at the option of the issuer, were evaluated to determine whether temporary or permanent equity classification on the balance sheet was appropriate. We determined that the units meet the requirements to qualify for presentation as permanent equity. In May 2021 and December 2020, we completed the respective acquisition of a development property by acquiring a controlling interest in a joint venture. We are the managing member of these two joint ventures, and possess the ability to control the business and manage the affairs of these entities. At December 31, 2022, we and our subsidiaries held an 89.6% interest in the joint venture established in May 2021 and an 94.5% interest in the joint venture established in December 2020. In December 2019, we completed the acquisition of nine properties by acquiring a controlling interest in a joint venture. We are the managing member of this joint venture and possess the ability to control the business and manage the affairs of this entity. At December 31, 2022, we and our subsidiaries held an 89.9% interest, and consolidated this entity in our consolidated financial statements. The following table represents the change in the carrying value of all noncontrolling interests through December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands): Carrying value at December 31, 2020 Contributions Issued in merger Orion divestiture Reallocation of equity Distributions Allocation of net income Carrying value at December 31, 2021 $ Contributions Distributions Allocation of net income Reallocation of equity Realty Income, L.P. units (1) 24,100 $ $ Other Noncontrolling Interests 8,147 $ 6,415 — — — (294) 142 14,410 $ — (307) 236 — Total 32,247 43,390 3,160 (1,352) (42) (1,868) 1,291 76,826 51,221 (4,125) 3,008 3,210 36,975 3,160 (1,352) (42) (1,574) 1,149 62,416 $ 51,221 (3,818) 2,772 3,210 Carrying value at December 31, 2022 $ 115,801 $ 14,339 $ 130,140 (1) In September 2022, we issued 734,458 common partnership units in Realty Income, L.P. in connection with the acquisition of nine properties and recorded $51.2 million of contributions to noncontrolling interests. 1,795,167 and 1,060,709 units were outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2022, Realty Income, L.P. and certain of our investments, including investments in joint ventures, are considered VIEs in which we were deemed the primary beneficiary based on our controlling financial interests. For further information, see note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Procedures and New Accounting Standards. 12. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (the exit price). ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, sets forth a fair value hierarchy that categorizes inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and lowest priority to unobservable inputs. Categorization within this hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. • Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets 91 Financial instruments are classified as Level 1 if their value is observable in an active market. Such instruments are valued by reference to unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets where the quoted price is readily available, and the price represents actual and regularly occurring market transactions. An active market is one in which transactions occur with sufficient volume and frequency to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. • • Level 2 – Valuation Technique Using Observable Inputs Financial instruments classified as Level 2 are valued using quoted prices for identical instruments in markets that are not considered to be active, or quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, or valuation techniques in which all significant inputs are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the entire contractual term of the financial asset or liability. Level 3 – Valuation Technique Using Significant Unobservable Inputs Financial instruments are classified as Level 3 if their valuation incorporates significant inputs that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs). Such inputs are generally determined based on observable inputs of a similar nature, historical observations on the level of the inputs, or other analytical techniques. We evaluate our hierarchy disclosures each quarter and depending on various factors, it is possible that an asset or liability may be classified differently from period to period. Changes in the type of inputs may result in a reclassification for certain assets. We have not historically had changes in classifications and do not expect that changes in classifications between levels will be frequent. Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets A. The fair value of short-term financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, escrow deposits, loans receivable, accounts payable, distributions payable, line of credit payable and commercial paper borrowings, and other liabilities approximate their carrying value in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, due to their short-term nature. The fair value of our $250 million term loan approximates carrying value due to the frequent repricing of the variable interest rate charged on the borrowing, which is based on the daily SOFR. The fair value of our financial instruments not carried at fair value are disclosed as follows (in millions): December 31, 2022 Mortgages payable assumed in connection with acquisitions (1) Notes and bonds payable (2) December 31, 2021 Mortgages payable assumed in connection with acquisitions (1) Notes and bonds payable (2) Carrying value 842.3 $ 14,114.2 $ Carrying value 1,114.1 $ 12,257.3 $ $ $ $ $ Estimated fair value 810.4 12,522.8 Estimated fair value 1,154.7 13,114.5 (1) Excludes non-cash net premiums recorded on the mortgages payable. The unamortized balance of these net premiums was $12.4 million at December 31, 2022, and $28.7 million at December 31, 2021. Also excludes deferred financing costs of $0.8 million at December 31, 2022, and $0.8 million at December 31, 2021. (2) Excludes non-cash premiums and discounts recorded on notes payable. The unamortized balance of the net premiums was $224.6 million at December 31, 2022, and $295.5 million at December 31, 2021. Also excludes deferred financing costs of $60.7 million at December 31, 2022, and $53.1 million at December 31, 2021. The estimated fair values of our mortgages payable assumed in connection with acquisitions and private senior notes payable have been calculated by discounting the future cash flows using an interest rate based upon the relevant forward interest rate curve, plus an applicable credit-adjusted spread. Because this methodology includes unobservable inputs that reflect our own internal assumptions and calculations, the measurement of estimated fair values related to our mortgages payable is categorized as level three on the three-level valuation hierarchy. The estimated fair values of our publicly-traded senior notes and bonds payable are based upon indicative market prices and recent trading activity of our senior notes and bonds payable. Because this methodology includes inputs that are less observable by the public and are not necessarily reflected in active markets, the measurement of the estimated fair values related to our notes and bonds payable is categorized as level two on the three-level valuation hierarchy. 92 Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis B. For derivative assets and liabilities, we may utilize interest rate swaps and forward-starting swaps to manage interest rate risk, and cross-currency swaps, currency exchange swaps, foreign currency forwards and foreign currency collars to manage foreign currency risk. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves, spot and forward rates, as well as option volatility. Derivative fair values also include credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, we have considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees. Although we have determined that the majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within level two on the three-level valuation hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize level three inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by ourselves and our counterparties. However, at December 31, 2022, and 2021, we assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of our derivative positions and determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of our derivatives. As a result, we determined that our derivative valuations in their entirety are classified as level two. C. Items Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis Impairment of Real Estate Investments Certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and are subject to fair value adjustments only under certain circumstances, such as when an impairment write-down occurs. The impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 primarily relate to properties sold, in the process of being sold, or vacant. We identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as an impairment triggering event for properties occupied by certain clients experiencing difficulties meeting their lease obligations to us. After considering the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the key assumptions noted above, we determined that the carrying values of 38 properties classified as held for investment for the year ended December 31, 2020 were not recoverable. As a result, we recorded provisions for impairment of $105.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 on the applicable properties impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The following table summarizes our provisions for impairment on real estate investments during the periods indicated below (dollars in millions): Carrying value prior to impairment Less: total provisions for impairment Carrying value after impairment $ $ 2022 140.9 $ (25.9) 115.0 $ Years ended December 31, 2021 169.2 $ (39.0) 130.2 $ 2020 260.8 (147.2) 113.6 Derivative Designated as Hedging Instruments In order to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with interest payments on intercompany loans denominated in British Pound Sterling ("GBP") and Euros, we have a hedging strategy to enter into foreign currency forward contracts to sell GBP, USD, and Euro and buy Euro, USD, and GBP. These foreign currency forwards are designated as cash flow hedges. Forward points on the forward contracts are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Amounts reported in other comprehensive income (loss) related to foreign currency derivative contracts will be reclassified to other gain and (loss) in the same period during which the hedged forecasted transactions affect earnings. 93 In May 2019, we entered into four cross-currency swaps to exchange £130 million for $166 million maturing in May 2034, in order to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with our Sterling-denominated intercompany loan receivable from our consolidated foreign subsidiaries. These cross-currency swaps were designated as cash flow hedges on their trade date. In June 2022, following the early prepayment of our Sterling-denominated intercompany loan receivable from our consolidated foreign subsidiaries, we terminated the four cross-currency swaps used to hedge the foreign currency exposure of the intercompany loan. As the hedge relationship was terminated and the future principal and interest associated with the prepaid intercompany loan did not occur, a $20.0 million gain was reclassified from AOCI to 'Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net' during the three months ended June 30, 2022. In October 2022, we entered into six cross-currency swaps to exchange €612 million for $600 million maturing in October 2032, in order to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with our Euro-denominated intercompany loans receivable from our consolidated foreign subsidiaries. We designated three of the six cross-currency swaps, exchanging €326 million for $320 million, as fair value hedges of foreign denominated intercompany loans receivable (the "hedged assets"). The hedged assets are eliminated in consolidation, but remeasurement gains and losses pertaining to the hedged assets impact earnings as part of 'Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net'. For these hedges, we have elected to exclude the change in fair value of the cross-currency swaps related to both time value and cross currency basis spread from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (the "excluded component"). Changes in the fair value of the cross-currency swaps attributable to changes in the spot rates on the final notional exchanges and changes in the value of the hedged assets due to changes in the spot rates are recorded in 'Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net'. Changes in the fair value of the cross-currency swaps attributable to the excluded components are recorded to Other comprehensive income and will be recognized in Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net on a systematic and rational basis, as net cash settlements and interest accruals on the respective cross currency swaps occur, over the remaining life of the hedging instruments. In February 2020, we entered into five forward starting treasury rate locks with notional amounts totaling $500.0 million. The treasury rate locks were entered into to hedge our exposure to the changes in the 10-year US treasury rates in anticipation of potential future debt offerings during the first half of 2020. The treasury rate locks were designated as cash flow hedges, with any changes in fair value recorded in AOCI. Upon the initial issuance of the 2031 Notes in May 2020, we amortized the AOCI balance over the term of the 2031 Notes. In June 2020, all five treasury rate locks were terminated and we entered into six forward starting interest rate swaps with notional amounts totaling $500.0 million in a cashless settlement of the terminated treasury rate locks. The forward starting swaps were entered into to hedge our exposure to the changes in the 3-month USD-LIBOR swap rate in anticipation of potential future debt offerings through a current estimated range ending in 2023. The forward starting swaps are designated as cash flow hedges, with any changes in fair value recorded in AOCI. Upon issuance of the 2031 Notes during July 2020, the AOCI balance associated with four of the forward starting swaps with a notional amount of $350.0 million we amortized over the term of the notes. However, we elected not to terminate the four forward starting interest rate swaps, and redesignated the swaps in a new hedging relationship for a future debt issuance to hedge our exposure to the changes in the 10-year US treasury rates in anticipation of potential future debt offerings between May 2020 and December 2023. Upon the December 2020 issuance of $325.0 million of 0.750% notes due March 2026 and $400.0 million of 1.800% notes due March 2033, the AOCI balance associated with six of the forward starting swaps with a notional amount of $500.0 million began amortizing over the term. The AOCI balance being amortized represents the change in fair value on four swaps with a notional amount of $350.0 million from the July issuance of the 2031 notes through the December note issuances and the change in fair value from the two remaining forward starting swaps with a notional amount of $150.0 million from their June 2020 inception through the December note issuances. The notional amounts of the six swaps were first applied to the $400.0 million of 1.800% notes due March 2033, with the remaining $100.0 million of notional applied to the $325.0 million of 0.750% notes due March 2026. In connection with our October 2022 offering of $750 million of 5.625% unsecured notes, due October 13, 2032, we terminated the six forward starting interest rate swaps. Upon the issuance of the October 2022 offering, the change in fair value on the six forward starting interest rate swaps with notional amounts totaling $500.0 million is being amortized through the AOCI balance through the term of the notes. As of December 31, 2022, we had one interest rate swap in place on our $250.0 million unsecured term loan. Our objective in using derivatives is to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements. We designated this interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge in accordance with Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. This interest rate swap is recorded on the consolidated balances sheets at fair value. Changes to fair value are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), or AOCI, and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. This interest 94 rate swap, which was converted to a SOFR benchmark from LIBOR during June 2022, continues to be accounted for as a cash flow hedge. The following table summarizes the amount of unrecognized gain (loss) on derivatives in other comprehensive income during the periods indicated below (in thousands): Years ended December 31, Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships 2022 2021 Currency swaps Interest rate swaps Foreign currency forwards Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships Derivatives in Fair Value Hedging Relationships $ $ (5,091) $ 8,232 $ 98,310 8,540 34,659 7,557 2020 (2,169) (32,757) — 101,759 $ 50,448 $ (34,926) Currency swaps (4,705) — — Total unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives $ 97,054 $ 50,448 $ (34,926) The following table summarizes the amount of gain (loss) on derivatives reclassified from AOCI (in thousands): Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income 2022 2021 2020 Currency swaps Interest rate swaps Foreign currency and derivative gain (loss), net Interest expense Foreign currency and derivative $ 30,814 $ (4,487) 3,541 $ (10,343) (3,617) (11,434) Foreign Currency Forwards gain, net 2,139 — — Years ended December 31, Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships Derivatives in Fair Value Hedging Relationships $ 28,466 $ (6,802) $ (15,051) Currency swaps loss, net (29,708) — — Foreign currency and derivative Net decrease to net income $ (1,242) $ (6,802) $ (15,051) We expect to reclassify $11.9 million from AOCI as a decrease to interest expense relating to interest rate swaps and $9.8 million from AOCI to foreign currency gain relating to foreign currency forwards within the next twelve months. Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments We enter into foreign currency exchange swap agreements to reduce the effects of currency exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. dollar, our reporting currency, and British Pound Sterling and Euro. These derivative contracts generally mature within one year and are not designated as hedge instruments for accounting purposes. As the currency exchange swap is not accounted for as a hedging instrument, the change in fair value is recorded in earnings through the caption entitled 'Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net' in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. 95 The following table details our foreign currency and derivative gains (losses), net included in income (in thousands): Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Realized foreign currency and derivative gain (loss), net: Gain (loss) on the settlement of undesignated derivatives $ 204,392 $ 24,392 $ (6,344) Gain (loss) on the settlement of designated derivatives reclassified from AOCI Loss on the settlement of transactions with third parties 3,245 (553) 3,541 (134) Total realized foreign currency and derivative gain (loss), net $ 207,084 $ 27,799 $ Unrealized foreign currency and derivative gain (loss), net: Gain (loss) on the change in fair value of undesignated derivatives Gain (loss) on remeasurement of certain assets and liabilities Total unrealized foreign currency and derivative gain (loss), net Total foreign currency and derivative gains (losses), net $ $ $ 29,316 $ (14,714) $ (249,711) (12,375) (220,395) $ (27,089) $ (13,311) $ 710 $ (3,617) (36) (9,997) (8,205) 22,787 14,582 4,585 The following table summarizes the terms and fair values of our derivative financial instruments at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions): Derivative Type Number of Instruments (1) Accounting Classification Notional Amount as of Weighted Average Strike Rate (2) Maturity Date (3) Fair Value - asset (liability) as of Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Interest rate swap Cross-currency swaps (4) Foreign currency forwards Forward-starting swaps (7) Forward-starting swaps (7) 1 3 30 – – Derivative $ 250.0 $ 250.0 2.88% March 2024 $ 5.6 $ Derivative 320.0 166.3 Derivative 185.5 176.1 (5) (6) Derivative Hybrid Debt – – 300.0 –% 200.0 –% October 2032 (33.3) Jan 2023 - Aug 2024 16.1 – – (11.9) (13.8) 7.6 (3.2) (5.1) Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments Currency exchange swaps (8) Cross-Currency Swaps (4) Total of all Derivatives 4 3 Derivative Derivative $ $ $ 755.5 $ 1,092.4 $ (11.6) $ (26.4) 2,427.7 $ 1,639.5 280.0 – (9) (5) January 2023 $ 58.8 $ (14.7) October 2032 (29.5) — 3,463.2 $ 2,731.9 $ 17.7 $ (41.1) (1) This column represents the number of instruments outstanding as of December 31, 2022. (2) Weighted average strike rate is calculated using the notional value as of December 31, 2022. (3) This column represents maturity dates for instruments outstanding as of December 31, 2022. (4) In June 2022, we terminated four British Pound Sterling, or GBP, cross-currency swaps with a notional amount of $166.3 million. In October 2022, we entered into six cross-currency swaps to exchange €612 million for $600 million maturing in October 2032. (5) USD fixed rate of 5.625% and EUR weighted average fixed rate of 4.697%. (6) Weighted average forward GBP-USD exchange rate of 1.34. (7) There were five treasury rate locks entered into during February 2020 that were terminated in June 2020 and converted into six forward starting interest rate swaps through a cashless settlement. These forward starting interest rate swaps were terminated in connection with a senior unsecured note issuance in October 2022. (8) Represents one GBP currency exchange swap with a notional amount of $836.4 million and three Euro ("EUR"), currency exchange swaps with an associated notional amount of $1.6 billion. (9) Weighted Average Forward EUR-GBP exchange rate of 0.86 and Weighted Average Forward EUR-USD exchange rate of 1.05. We measure our derivatives at fair value and include the balances within other assets and accounts payable as well as accrued expenses on our consolidated balance sheets. 96 We have agreements with each of our derivative counterparties containing provisions under which we could be declared in default on our derivative obligations if repayment of our indebtedness is accelerated by the lender due to our default. 13. Lessor Operating and Finance Leases At December 31, 2022, we owned or held interests in 12,237 properties. Of the 12,237 properties, 12,018, or 98.2%, are single-client properties, and the remaining are multi-client properties. At December 31, 2022, 126 properties were available for lease or sale. The majority of our leases are accounted for as operating leases. Substantially all of our leases are net leases where our client pays or reimburses us for property taxes and assessments, maintains the interior and exterior of the building and leased premises, and carries insurance coverage for public liability, property damage, fire and extended coverage. Rent based on a percentage of our client's gross sales, or percentage rent, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $14.9 million, $6.5 million, and $5.1 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022, minimum future annual rental revenue to be received on the operating leases for the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands): $ 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Future Minimum Operating Lease Payments Future Minimum Direct Financing and Sale-Type Lease Payments (1) 2,024 3,417,312 $ 3,314,029 3,162,006 2,987,790 2,769,839 20,149,647 1,118 893 894 771 25,848 Totals 31,548 (1) Related to 17 properties which are subject to direct financing leases and, therefore, revenue is recognized as rental income on the discounted cash flows of the lease payments. Amounts reflected are the cash rent on these respective properties. Two properties are subject to sales-type leases and, therefore, revenue is recognized as sales-type lease income on the discounted cash flows of the lease payments. Amounts reflected are the cash rent on these respective properties. 35,800,623 $ $ No individual client’s rental revenue, including percentage rents, represented more than 10% of our total revenue for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. 14. Distributions Paid and Payable We pay monthly distributions to our common stockholders. The following is a summary of monthly distributions paid per common share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020: Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Total $ 2022 0.2465 $ 0.2465 0.2465 0.2470 0.2470 0.2470 0.2475 0.2475 0.2475 0.2480 0.2480 0.2480 2021 0.2345 $ 0.2345 0.2345 0.2350 0.2350 0.2350 0.2355 0.2355 0.2355 0.2360 0.2360 0.2460 $ 2.9670 $ 2.8330 $ 2020 0.2275 0.2325 0.2325 0.2330 0.2330 0.2330 0.2335 0.2335 0.2335 0.2340 0.2340 0.2340 2.7940 97 At December 31, 2022, a distribution of $0.2485 per common share was payable and was paid in January 2023. At December 31, 2021, a distribution of $0.2465 per common share was payable and was paid in January 2022. The following presents the federal income tax characterization of distributions paid or deemed to be paid per common share for the years: Ordinary income Nontaxable distributions Total capital gain distribution (1) Totals (2) (1) Unrecaptured Section 1250 Gain of $0.0784152, or 2.643% of the total common dividends paid in the year ended December 31, 2022, and Section 897 Gain of $0.1802346, or 6.075% of the total common dividends paid in the year ended December 31, 2022, both represent additional characterization of, and are part of, total capital gain distribution. 2020 $ 2.7867654 $ 1.5146899 $ 2.2798764 0.4902835 0.0238401 $ 2.9670000 $ 4.8927123 $ 2.7940000 3.2925615 0.0854609 — 0.1802346 2022 2021 (2) The amount distributed in 2021 includes the $2.060 tax distribution of Orion shares, that occurred in conjunction with the Orion Divestiture on November 12, 2021, after our merger with VEREIT on November 1, 2021. The fair market value of these shares for tax distribution was determined to be $20.6272 per share, which was calculated using the five-day volume weighted average share price after issuance. 15. Net Income per Common Share The following is a reconciliation of the denominator of the basic net income per common share computation to the denominator of the diluted net income per common share computation: Weighted average shares used for the basic net income per share computation Incremental shares from share-based compensation Dilutive effect of forward ATM offerings Weighted average shares used for diluted net income per share computation Unvested shares from share-based compensation that were anti- dilutive Weighted average partnership common units convertible to common shares that were anti-dilutive Weighted average forward ATM offerings that were anti-dilutive Years ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 611,765,815 414,535,283 345,280,126 394,579 20,125 234,563 — 135,132 — 612,180,519 414,769,846 345,415,258 32,165 45,404 70,581 1,292,114 644,458 500,217 — 463,119 — 98 16. Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information The following table summarizes our supplemental cash flow information during the periods indicated below (dollars in thousands): Supplemental disclosures: Cash paid for interest Cash paid for income taxes Cash paid for merger and integration-related costs Non-cash activities: Net increase (decrease) in fair value of derivatives Mortgages assumed at fair value (1) Notes payable assumed at fair value Issuance of common partnership units of Realty Income, L.P. (2) Non-cash assets and liabilities assumed in merger $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2022 2021 2020 Years ended December 31, 501,716 $ 45,031 $ 22,783 $ 58,753 $ 45,079 $ 355,483 $ 19,676 $ 157,115 $ 40,489 $ 911,525 $ — $ 4,946,965 $ 51,221 $ 38,783 $ — $ 11,559,875 $ 285,617 13,128 — (55,205) — — — — Non-cash assets and liabilities distributed in Orion Divestiture (1) For the year ended December 31, 2021, includes £31.0 million sterling, converted at the applicable exchange rate on the date of transaction, 1,142,121 $ — $ $ — for one mortgage and $869.1 million, estimated at fair value, for ten mortgages from our merger with VEREIT. (2) For the year ended December 31, 2022, includes 734,458 common partnership units of Realty Income L.P. that were issued in connection with the acquisition of nine properties. For the year ended December 31, 2021, includes $1.8 million for the issuance of 56,400 units on November 1, 2021 that were a result of our merger with VEREIT, $20.4 million for the issuance of 300,604 units on November 30, 2021 that were a partial consideration for an acquisition of properties, and $16.6 million for the issuance of 240,586 units on December 30, 2021 that were issued to a new partner in connection with an industrial property contribution. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the total of the cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated statements of cash flows (dollars in thousands): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Cash and cash equivalents shown in the consolidated balance sheets Restricted escrow deposits (1) Impounds related to mortgages payable (1) Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows $ $ 171,102 $ 37,627 18,152 258,579 68,541 5,249 226,881 $ 332,369 (1) Included within other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets (see note 4, Supplemental Detail for Certain Components of Consolidated Balance Sheets). These amounts consist of cash that we are legally entitled to, but that is not immediately available to us. As a result, these amounts were considered restricted as of the dates presented. 17. Common Stock Incentive Plan In March 2021, our Board of Directors adopted, and in May 2021, stockholders approved, the Realty Income 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the "2021 Plan"). The 2021 Plan offers our directors, employees and consultants an opportunity to own our stock and/or rights that will reflect our growth, development and financial success. Except as noted below, the aggregate number of shares of our common stock subject to options, stock purchase rights ("SPR"), stock appreciation rights ("SAR"), and other awards, will be no more 8,924,231 shares. The maximum number of shares that may be subject to options, SPR, SAR and other awards granted under the plan to any individual in any calendar year may not exceed 3,200,000, and the maximum aggregate amount of cash that may be paid in cash during any calendar year with respect to one or more shares payable in cash shall be $10.0 million. The 2021 Plan replaced the Realty Income Corporation 2012 Incentive Award Plan (the"2012 Plan"), which was set to expire in March 2022 and from which no further awards have been granted. The disclosures below incorporate activity for both the 2012 Plan and the 2021 Plan. 99 In connection with our merger with VEREIT, shares which remained available for issuance under the VEREIT, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan immediately prior to the closing of the merger (as adjusted by the Exchange Ratio) may be used for awards under the 2021 Plan and will not reduce the shares authorized for grant under the 2021 Plan, to the extent that awards using such shares (i) are permitted without stockholder approval under applicable stock exchange rules, (ii) are made only to VEREIT service providers or individuals who become Realty Income service providers following the date of the consummation of the merger, and (iii) are only granted under the 2021 Plan during the period commencing on the date of the consummation of the merger and ending on June 2, 2031. As a result, 6,186,101 additional shares were available for issuance under the 2021 Plan. The amount of share-based compensation costs recognized in 'General and administrative' in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income was $21.6 million, $16.2 million, and $16.5 million (including $1.8 million of accelerated share-based compensation costs for our former Chief Financial Officer) during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Also, in connection with the merger, each outstanding VEREIT, Inc. stock option and restricted stock unit that were unvested as of November 1, 2021 were converted into equivalent options and restricted stock units, in each case with respect to shares of the Company's common stock, using the equity award exchange ratio in accordance with the merger agreement. The converted awards issued by Realty Income have identical terms to the original VEREIT, Inc. award grant. On November 1, 2021, we issued 442,418 shares of Realty Income common stock in settlement of equity awards that vested upon the separation of certain former-VEREIT employees and directors in connection with the merger. This issuance is excluded from the Restricted Stock Units and Stock Options sections below, as the awards were not granted under the 2021 Plan. The aggregate fair value of the converted awards was $71.6 million, of which i.) $44.0 million related to pre-combination services and is included in the consideration transferred in the merger (please refer to note 3, Merger with VEREIT, Inc. and Orion Office REIT Inc. Divestiture), ii.) $25.6 million of expense was recognized during November in merger and integration-related costs related to the acceleration of vesting upon the separation of certain employees in connection with the merger, and iii.) $2.0 million will be amortized through general and administrative expenses over the remaining vesting term for former VEREIT, Inc. employees who were retained by Realty Income. The following disclosures are inclusive of converted awards for former VEREIT employees continuing as employees of Realty Income, which are reflected as grants, as the replacement awards represent newly issued awards settled in Realty Income common shares. In connection with the Orion Divestiture, each stock option, restricted stock unit and performance award outstanding at November 12, 2021 was entitled to an equitable adjustment equal to the ratio of the five-day volume weighted average per-share price of Realty Income common stock prior to the Orion Divestiture divided by the five-day volume weighted average per-share of Realty Income common stock following the Orion Divestiture, resulting in an adjustment factor of approximately 1.002342. The equitable adjustment was considered a modification in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. As a result, we compared the fair value of each award immediately prior to the equitable adjustment to the fair value immediately after the equitable adjustment to measure incremental compensation cost, if any. The equitable adjustment did not result in any incremental fair value. Therefore, no stock-based compensation expense was recorded as of result of the modification. The following disclosures are inclusive of these adjustments, which has been labeled 'Equitable adjustment - Orion Divestiture' throughout. 100 A. Restricted Stock The following table summarizes our common stock grant activity: 2022 2021 2020 Number of shares Weighted average price(1) Number of shares Weighted average price(1) Number of shares Weighted average price(1) 212,630 $ 156,274 $ (118,160) $ (8,084) $ 65.20 67.37 63.95 67.78 219,482 $ 133,052 $ (124,505) $ (15,399) $ 63.69 64.27 61.57 65.09 259,698 $ 103,473 $ (141,486) $ (2,203) $ 58.39 67.84 56.94 66.48 Outstanding nonvested shares, beginning of year Shares granted(2) Shares vested Shares forfeited Outstanding nonvested shares, end of each period (1) Grant date fair value. (2) Our restricted stock awards granted to employees vest over a service periods not exceeding four-years. Effective November 1, 2022, and 219,482 $ 242,660 $ 212,630 $ 65.20 67.12 63.69 applied retroactively for all outstanding awards, restricted stock awards granted to employees with 10 years of continued service and 60 years of age will vest over the shorter of the original vesting term or the period through the date in which the awardee reaches age 60. The vesting schedule for shares granted to non-employee directors is as follows: • • • • For directors with less than six years of service at the date of grant, shares vest in 33.33% annual increments upon re-election to the Board at each of the three Annual Meetings of Stockholders following the grant date; For directors with six years of service at the date of grant, shares vest in 50% annual increments upon re- election to the Board at each of the two Annual Meetings of Stockholders following the grant date; For directors with seven years of service at the date of grant, shares are 100% vested upon re-election to the Board in the following year; and For directors with eight or more years of service at the date of grant, there is immediate vesting as of the date the shares of stock are granted. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, we granted 40,000, 36,000, and 36,000 total shares of restricted stock granted to the independent members of our Board of Directors in connection with our annual awards in May 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In addition, in November 2021, we granted 8,000 shares of restricted stock to the new members of our Board of Directors, which vest in equal parts over a three-year service period. In connection with our annual awards, 20,000, 24,000, and 24,000 shares vested immediately and 20,000, 12,000, and 12,000 shares vest in equal parts over a three-year service period for the years ending December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the remaining unamortized share-based compensation expense related to restricted stock totaled $11.4 million, which is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the service period of each applicable award. The amount of share-based compensation is based on the fair value of the stock at the grant date. We define the grant date as the date the recipient and Realty Income have a mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions of the award, and the recipient of the grant begins to benefit from, or be adversely affected by, subsequent changes in the price of the shares. 101 B. Performance Shares During 2022, 2021 and 2020, we granted annual performance share awards, as well as dividend equivalent rights, to our executive officers. The number of performance shares that vest for each of the three years is based on the achievement of the following performance goals: Annual Performance Awards Metrics Total shareholder return (“TSR”) ranking relative to MSCI US REIT Index Dividend per share growth rate Net Debt-to-Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio Net Debt-to-Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio Weighting for year granted 2022 55 % 20 % 25 % N/A 2021 70 % 15 % N/A 15 % 2020 70 % 15 % N/A 15 % The annual performance shares are earned based on our performance related to our metrics above, and vest 50% on the first and second January 1 after the end of the three-year performance period, subject to continued service. The performance period for the 2020 performance awards began on January 1, 2020 and ended on December 31, 2022. The performance period for the 2021 performance awards began on January 1, 2021 and will end on December 31, 2023. The performance period for the 2022 performance awards began on January 1, 2022 and will end on December 31, 2024. On November 15, 2021, the Compensation Committee approved a one-time grant of performance share awards and a one-time cash bonus to certain of our named executives in connection with the completion of our merger with VEREIT and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Orion Divestiture (the "VEREIT Transaction"). The awards were made to reward the executives for the successful consummation of the VEREIT Transaction and were intended to retain and motivate the executives to achieve optimal synergies and incentivize further growth from the merger. The performance shares are earned based on our performance related to Adjusted Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders ("AFFO") accretion (50% weighting) and general and administrative expense synergies (50% weighting), and vest 50% upon the completion of the performance period. The remaining 50% will vest on the one-year anniversary of the completion of the applicable performance period. All vesting is subject to continued service. The performance period was one year for the AFFO accretion targets from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022, and is two years for the general and administrative expense synergies from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023. The fair value of the annual performance shares was estimated on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo Simulation model. The fair value of the one-time performance shares was based on the fair value of our common stock at the grant date and is dependent on the probability of satisfying the performance conditions stipulated in the award grant. The following table summarizes our performance share grant activity, inclusive of annual performance shares and the one-time performance shares related to the merger with VEREIT: 2022 Number of performance shares Weighted average price(1) 2021 Number of performance shares Weighted average price(1) 2020 Number of performance shares Weighted average price(1) 388,139 $ 68.09 291,759 $ 69.73 304,663 $ 62.25 — 174,940 $ (74,247) $ (17,952) $ 77.73 59.62 58.59 752 257,149 $ (109,113) $ (52,408) $ 64.18 62.52 65.83 — 136,729 $ (139,012) $ (10,621) $ 79.98 63.66 66.64 Outstanding nonvested shares, beginning of year Equitable adjustment - Orion Divestiture (2) Shares granted Shares vested Shares forfeited Outstanding nonvested shares, end of each period (1) Grant date fair value. (2) Effective with the Orion Divestiture on November 12, 2021, outstanding equity awards were adjusted by a conversion ratio of 1.002342 per one 291,759 $ 470,880 $ 388,139 $ 69.73 73.37 68.09 Realty Income share then held. As of December 31, 2022, the remaining share-based compensation expense related to the performance shares totaled $15.9 million and is being recognized on a tranche-by-tranche basis over the service period. 102 C. Restricted Stock Units During 2022, 2021 and 2020, and in connection with our merger with VEREIT Inc., we also granted restricted stock units that primarily vest over service periods of three or four-years and have the same economic rights as shares of restricted stock: 2022 Number of restricted stock units Weighted average price(1) 2021 Number of restricted stock units Weighted average price(1) 2020 Number of restricted stock units Weighted average price(1) 67,367 $ 69.69 18,670 $ 70.38 15,511 $ 59.82 — 24,820 $ (26,917) $ (6,757) $ 66.82 70.55 71.14 109 71,956 $ (23,368) $ — 68.96 66.96 — 9,966 $ (6,807) $ — 78.79 58.63 Outstanding nonvested shares, beginning of year Equitable adjustment - Orion Divestiture (2) Shares granted Shares vested Shares forfeited Outstanding nonvested shares, end of each period (1) Grant date fair value. (2) Effective with the Orion Divestiture on November 12, 2021, outstanding equity awards were adjusted by a conversion ratio of 1.002342 per one 18,670 $ 58,513 $ 67,367 $ 70.38 67.91 69.69 Realty Income share then held. As of December 31, 2022, the remaining share-based compensation expense related to the restricted stock units totaled $1.4 million and is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period. The amount of share- based compensation for the restricted stock units is based on the fair value of our common stock at the grant date. The expense amortization period for restricted stock units is the lesser of the four-year service period or the period over which the awardee reaches the qualifying retirement age. For employees who have already met the qualifying retirement age, restricted stock units are fully expensed at the grant date. D. Stock Options The following stock options were converted in connection with our merger with VEREIT, Inc. in 2021 and there are no additional granted or outstanding stock options. The fair value of the stock options as of their grant date is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the input of assumptions including expected terms, expected volatility, dividend yield and risk-free rate. The following table summarizes our stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2022: Number of stock options Weighted average exercise price (1) Weighted average remaining contractual term (Years) Aggregate intrinsic value Outstanding nonvested options, beginning of year Options exercised Options forfeited Outstanding nonvested options, end of each period (1) Grant date fair value. 315,070 $ (262,267) $ (7,424) $ 45,379 $ 52.89 52.41 58.46 54.75 5.8 $ 393,710 103 The following table summarizes our stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2021: Number of stock options Weighted average exercise price(1) Weighted average remaining contractual term (Years) Aggregate intrinsic value Outstanding nonvested options, beginning of year Options granted (2) Equitable adjustment - Orion Divestiture (3) Options exercised Options forfeited Outstanding nonvested options, end of each period — 709,426 $ 53.80 1,547 (395,903) $ 54.54 — 315,070 $ 52.89 2.4 $ 5,891,639 (1) Grant date fair value. (2) During the year ended December 31, 2021, stock options were granted in connection with the VEREIT merger. (3) Effective with the Orion Divestiture on November 12, 2021, outstanding equity awards were adjusted by a conversion ratio of 1.002342 per one Realty Income share then held. Compensation expense for stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period described above. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $47,000 and $68,000 of expense related to stock options, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there was no unamortized expense relating to our outstanding stock options. 18. Commitments and Contingencies In the ordinary course of business, we are party to various legal actions which we believe are routine in nature and incidental to the operation of our business. We believe that the outcome of the proceedings will not have a material adverse effect upon our consolidated financial position or results of operations. At December 31, 2022, we had commitments of $21.7 million, which primarily relate to re-leasing costs, recurring capital expenditures, and non-recurring building improvements. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, we had committed $606.3 million under construction contracts related to development projects, which have estimated rental revenue commencement dates between January 2023 and August 2024. We have certain properties that are subject to ground leases, which are accounted for as operating leases. At December 31, 2022, minimum future rental payments for the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in millions): Operating Leases Finance Leases 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Total Present value adjustment for remaining lease payments (1) Total lease liability $ $ 39.6 38.9 38.1 37.3 33.9 508.1 695.9 $ (255.8) 440.1 $ 2.2 5.1 3.4 9.0 1.3 44.1 65.1 $ (15.6) 49.5 Total 41.8 44.0 41.5 46.3 35.2 552.2 761.0 (1) The discount rates are specific for individual leases primarily based on the lease term. The range of discount rates used to calculate the present value of the operating lease payments is 0.41% to 6.30% and for finance lease payments is 1.14% to 5.50%. The weighted average discount rate was derived from estimated incremental borrowing rates based on our credit quality, as we did not have any borrowings at the balance sheet date with comparable terms to our lease agreements. At December 31, 2022, the weighted average discount rate for operating leases is 3.54% and the weighted average remaining lease term is 23.0 years. At December 31, 2022, the weighted average discount rate for finance leases is 3.40% and the weighted average remaining lease term is 19.9 years. 104 19. Subsequent Events A. Dividends In January 2023, we declared a dividend of $0.2485 per share to our common stockholders, which was paid in February 2023. In addition, in February 2023, we declared a dividend of $0.2545, which will be paid in March 2023. B. Note Issuances In January 2023, we issued $500 million of 5.05% senior unsecured notes due January 2026, which are callable at par on January 13, 2024, and $600 million of 4.85% senior unsecured notes due March 2030, which are callable at par on January 15, 2030. The public offering price for the January 2026 Notes was 99.618% of the principal amount for an effective semi-annual yield to maturity of 5.189% and the public offering price for the March 2030 Notes was 98.813% of the principal amount for an effective semi-annual yield to maturity of 5.047%. C. Term Loans On January 6, 2023 we entered into a term loan agreement (the “Term Loan Agreement”) governing our term loan, pursuant to which we borrowed an aggregate of approximately $1.0 billion in multicurrency borrowings, including $90.0 million, £705.0 million and €85.0 million (collectively, the “Term Loans”). The Term Loan Agreement also permits us to incur additional term loans, up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion in total borrowings. The Term Loans initially mature in January 2024 and include two 12-month maturity extensions that can be exercised at the company's option. Our A3/A- credit ratings provide for a borrowing rate of 80 basis points over the applicable benchmark rate, which includes adjusted SOFR for USD-denominated loans, adjusted SONIA for Sterling- denominated loans, and EURIBOR for Euro-denominated loans. D. ATM Forward Offerings ATM forward agreements for a total of 13.4 million shares remain unsettled with total expected net proceeds of approximately $850 million, of which 6.7 million shares were executed in 2023. 105 Item 9: Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure We have had no disagreements with our independent registered public accounting firm on accounting matters or financial disclosure, nor have we changed accountants in the two most recent fiscal years. Item 9A: Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. As of and for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of December 31, 2022 our disclosure controls and procedures were effective and were operating at a reasonable assurance level. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Internal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Management has used the framework set forth in the report entitled “Internal Control--Integrated Framework (2013)” published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission to evaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the most recent fiscal year. KPMG LLP has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Submitted on February 22, 2023 by, Sumit Roy, President, Chief Executive Officer Christie B. Kelly, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer 106 Changes in Internal Controls As a result of our merger with VEREIT in November 2021, we were operating two separate enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to generate our financial statements. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we integrated these two ERP platforms into one primary system. We have updated our internal controls over financial reporting, as necessary, to accommodate modifications to our business processes for the integration of these parallel ERP systems into a central platform. Except as described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk. Item 9B: Other Information None Item 9C: Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections None PART III Item 10: Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this item is set forth under the captions “Board of Directors” and “Executive Officers of the Company” and “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11: Executive Compensation The information required by this item is set forth under the caption “Executive Compensation” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12: Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item is set forth under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13: Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence The information required by this item is set forth under the caption “Related Party Transactions” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, and is incorporated herein by reference. 107 Item 14: Principal Accounting Fees and Services Our independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, San Diego, CA, Auditor Firm ID: 185. The information required by this item is set forth under the caption “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees and Services” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, and is incorporated herein by reference. PART IV Item 15: Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules A. The following documents are filed as part of this report. 1. Financial Statements (see Item 8) a. Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm b. Consolidated Balance Sheets, December 31, 2022 and 2021 c. Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 d. Consolidated Statements of Equity, Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 e. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 f. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. Financial Statement Schedule. Reference is made to page F-1 of this report for Schedule III Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission). Schedules not Filed: All schedules, other than those indicated in the Table of Contents, have been omitted as the required information is either not material, inapplicable or the information is presented in the financial statements or related notes. 3. Exhibits Exhibit No. Description Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws 2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 29, 2021, by and among Realty Income Corporation, Rams MD Acquisition Sub I, Inc., Rams Acquisition Sub II, LLC, VEREIT, Inc. and VEREIT Operating Partnership, L.P (filed as exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on April 30, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 2.2 First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 25, 2021, by and among Realty Income Corporation, Rams MD Acquisition Sub I, Inc., Rams Acquisition Sub II, LLC, VEREIT, Inc. and VEREIT Operating Partnership, L.P (filed as exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on June 25, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 3.1 Articles of Incorporation of the Company, as amended by amendment No. 1 dated May 10, 2005 and amendment No. 2 dated May 10, 2005 (filed as exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2005, filed on August 3, 2005 (File No. 033-69410) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.2 Articles of Amendment dated July 29, 2011 (filed as exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on August 2, 2011 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.3 Articles of Amendment dated June 21, 2012 (filed as exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on June 21, 2012 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.4 Articles of Amendment dated May 14, 2019 (filed as exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on May 16, 2019 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 108 3.5 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company dated February 19, 2020 (filed as exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on February 20, 2020 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.6 Articles of Amendment dated May 17, 2022 (filed as exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on May 19, 2022 (File No. 001-13374) and herein by reference. 3.7 Articles Supplementary dated June 30, 1998 establishing the terms of the Company's Class A Junior Participating Preferred Stock (filed as exhibit A to exhibit 1 to the Company's Form 8-A12B, filed on June 26, 1998 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.8 Articles Supplementary dated May 24, 1999 establishing the terms of the Company's 93/8% Class B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (filed as exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on May 25, 1999 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.9 Articles Supplementary dated July 28, 1999 establishing the terms of the Company's 91/2% Class C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (filed as exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on July 30, 1999 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.10 Articles Supplementary dated May 24, 2004 and the Articles Supplementary dated October 18, 2004 establishing the terms of the Company's 7.375% Monthly Income Class D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (filed as exhibit 3.8 to the Company's Form 8-A12B, filed on May 25, 2004 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.11 Articles Supplementary dated November 30, 2006 establishing the terms of the Company's 6.75% Monthly Income Class E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (filed as exhibit 3.5 to the Company's Form 8-A12B, filed on December 5, 2006 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.12 Articles Supplementary to the Articles of Incorporation of the Company classifying and designating the 6.625% Monthly Income Class F Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, dated February 3, 2012 (the “First Class F Articles Supplementary”) (filed as exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on February 3, 2012 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.13 Certificate of Correction to the First Class F Articles Supplementary, dated April 11, 2012 (filed as exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on April 17, 2012 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 3.14 Articles Supplementary to the Articles of Incorporation of the Company classifying and designating additional shares of the 6.625% Monthly Income Class F Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, dated April 17, 2012 (filed as exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on April 17, 2012 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). Instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indentures 4.1 Indenture dated as of October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York (filed as exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on October 28, 1998 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 4.2 Form of 5.875% Senior Notes due 2035 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on March 11, 2005 (File No. 033-69410) and incorporated herein by reference). 4.3 Officer’s Certificate pursuant to sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee, establishing a series of securities entitled 5.875% Senior Debentures due 2035 (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on March 11, 2005 (File No. 033-69410) and incorporated herein by reference). 4.4 Form of Common Stock Certificate (filed as exhibit 4.16 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011, filed on October 28, 2011 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 4.5 Form of 3.875% Note due 2024 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on June 25, 2014 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.6 Officer’s Certificate pursuant to sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing a series of securities entitled “3.875% Notes due 2024” (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on June 25, 2014 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.7 Form of 4.125% Note due 2026 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on September 23, 2014 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.8 Officer’s Certificate pursuant to sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing a series of securities entitled “4.125% Notes due 2026” (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on September 23, 2014 (File No. 001-11374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.9 Form of 3.000% Note due 2027 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on October 12, 2016 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.10 Officer’s Certificate pursuant to sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing a series of securities entitled “3.000% Notes due 2027” (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on October 12, 2016 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.11 Form of 4.650% Note due 2047 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on March 15, 2017 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.12 Form of 4.125% Note due 2026 (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on March 15, 2017 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.13 Officers’ Certificate pursuant to Sections 201, 301, and 303 of the Indenture dated October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as successor trustee, establishing a series of securities entitled “4.650% Notes due 2047” and re-opening a series of securities entitled “4.125% Notes due 2026” (filed as exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on March 15, 2017 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.14 Form of 3.650% Note due 2028 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on December 6, 2017 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.15 Form of 4.650% Note due 2047 (filed as exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on December 6, 2017 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.16 Form of 3.875% Note due 2025 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on April 4, 2018 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 109 4.17 Officers’ Certificate pursuant to Sections 201, 301, and 303 of the Indenture dated October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as successor trustee, establishing a series of securities entitled “3.875% Notes due 2025” and re-opening a series of securities entitled “4.125% Notes due 2026” (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on April 4, 2018 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.18 Form of 3.250% Note due 2029 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on June 16, 2019 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.19 Officers’ Certificate pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing a series of securities entitled “3.250% Notes due 2029." (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on June 16, 2019 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.20 Form of 3.250% Note due 2031 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on May 8, 2020 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.21 Form of 3.250% Note due 2031 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on July 16, 2020 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.22 Officers' Certificate, dated May 8, 2020, pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing a series of securities entitled "3.250% Notes due 2031." (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on May 8, 2020, (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.23 Officers' Certificate, dated July 16, 2020, pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, re-opening a series of securities entitled "3.250% Notes due 2031." (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on July 16, 2020, (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.24 Form of 1.625% Note due 2030 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on October 1, 2020 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.25 Officers’ Certificate dated October 1, 2020 pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated as of October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing a series of securities entitled “1.625% Notes due 2030” (filed as an Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on October 1, 2020 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.26 Form of 0.750% Note due 2026 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on December 14, 2020 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.27 Form of 1.800% Note due 2033 (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on December 14, 2020 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.28 Officers’ Certificate dated December 14, 2020 pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated as of October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing a series of debt securities entitled “0.750% Notes due 2026” and a series of debt securities entitled “1.800% Notes due 2033” (filed as an Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on December 14, 2020 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.29 Officers’ Certificate dated July 13, 2021 pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture establishing the terms of a new series of debt securities entitled “1.125% Notes due 2027” and a new series of debt securities entitled “1.750% Notes due 2033.” (filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on July 13, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.30 Form of 1.125% Notes due 2027 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on July 13, 2021 (File No. 001-13374),and incorporated herein by reference) 4.31 Form of 1.750% Notes due 2033 (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on July 13, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference) 4.32 Form of 1.875% Notes due 2027 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on January 14, 2022 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.33 Form of 2.500% Notes due 2042 (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on January 14, 2022 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.34 Officers’ Certificate dated January 14, 2022, pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture establishing the terms of a new series of debt securities entitled “1.875% Notes due 2027” and a new series of debt securities entitled “2.500% Notes due 2042” (filed as exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on January 14, 2022 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.35 Indenture, dated as of February 6, 2014, among ARC Properties Operating Partnership, L.P., Clark Acquisition, LLC, the guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (filed as exhibit 4.1 to VEREIT, Inc.'s Form 8-K, filed on February 7, 2014 (File No. 001-35263), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.36 Officers’ Certificate, dated as of February 6, 2014 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to VEREIT, Inc.'s Form 8-K, filed on February 7, 2014 (File No. 001-35263), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.37 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 9, 2015, by and among ARC Properties Operating Partnership, L.P., American Realty Capital Properties, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association (filed as exhibit 4.1 to VEREIT, Inc.'s Form 8-K, filed on February 13, 2015 (File No. 001-35263), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.38 Officers’ Certificate, dated as of June 2, 2016 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to VEREIT, Inc.'s Form 8-K, filed on June 3, 2016 (File No. 001-35263), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.39 Officers’ Certificate, dated as of August 11, 2017 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to VEREIT, Inc.'s Form 8-K, filed on August 11, 2017 (File No. 001-35263), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.40 Officers’ Certificate, dated as of October 16, 2018 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to VEREIT, Inc.'s Form 8-K, filed on October 16, 2018 (File No. 001-35263), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.41 Officers’ Certificate, dated as of December 4, 2019 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to VEREIT, Inc.'s Form 8-K, filed on December 4, 2019 (File No. 001-35263), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.42 Officers’ Certificate, dated as of June 29, 2020 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to VEREIT, Inc.'s Form 8-K, filed on June 29, 2020 (File No. 001-35263), and incorporated herein by reference). 110 4.43 Officers’ Certificate, dated as of November 17, 2020 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to VEREIT, Inc.'s Form 8-K, filed on November 17, 2020 (File No. 001-35263), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.44 Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 1, 2021, by an among Rams MD Subsidiary I, Inc., VEREIT Operating Partnership, L.P., VEREIT, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (filed as exhibit 4.10 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 1, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.45 Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 9, 2021, by and among VEREIT Operating Partnership, L.P., Rams MD Subsidiary I, Inc. (f/k/a VEREIT, Inc.) and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (filed as exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 15, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.46 Form of 4.600% Notes due February 6, 2024. (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 15, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.47 Form of 4.625% Notes due November 1, 2025. (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 15, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.48 Form of 4.875% Notes due June 1, 2026. (filed as exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 15, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.49 Form of 3.950% Notes due August 15, 2027. (filed as exhibit 4.5 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 15, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.50 Form of 3.400% Notes due January 15, 2028. (filed as exhibit 4.6 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 15, 2021(File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.51 Form of 2.200% Notes due June 15, 2028. (filed as exhibit 4.7 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 15, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.52 Form of 3.100% Notes due December 15, 2029. (filed as exhibit 4.8 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 15, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.53 Form of 2.850% Notes due December 15, 2032. (filed as exhibit 4.9 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 15, 2021 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.54 Form of 5.625% Notes due October 13, 2032. (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on October 13, 2022 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference). 4.55 Officers’ Certificate dated October 13, 2022 pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated as of October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing the terms of a new series of debt securities entitled “5.625% Notes due 2032” and including the form of debt securities of such series (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on October 13, 2022 (File No. 001-13374), and incorporated herein by reference) 4.56 Form of 5.050% Note due 2026 issued on January 13, 2023 (filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on January 13, 2023 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 4.57 Form of 4.850% Note due 2030 issued on January 13, 2023 (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on January 13, 2023 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 4.58 Officers’ Certificate dated January 13, 2023 pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated as of October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing the terms of a new series of debt securities entitled “5.050% Notes due 2026” and a new series of debt securities entitled “4.850% Notes due 2030” and including the forms of debt securities of each such series (filed as exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on January 13, 2023 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 4.59* Description of Securities. Material Contracts 10.1+ Realty Income Corporation 2012 Incentive Award Plan (filed as Appendix B to the Company’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 30, 2012 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.2+ Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for Employees under the Realty Income Corporation 2012 Incentive Award Plan (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on January 8, 2013 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.3+ Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Realty Income Corporation 2012 Incentive Award Plan (filed as exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on January 8, 2013 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.4+ Form of Addendum to Restricted Stock Agreement (filed as exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on June 19, 2013 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.5+ Amended and Restated Form Indemnification Agreement, between the Company and each executive officer and each director of the Board of Directors of the Company (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on October 30, 2014 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.6+ Form of Performance Share Award Agreement (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q, filed on April 30, 2015 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.7+ Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan (filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, on February 23, 2015, as a prospectus supplement to the Company’s prospectus dated February 22, 2013 (File No. 333-186788) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.8+ Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan (filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, on July 30, 2015, as a prospectus supplement to the Company’s prospectus dated February 22, 2013 (File No. 333-186788) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.9+ Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (filed as exhibit 10.30 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed on February 11, 2016 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.10+ Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (filed as exhibit 10.31 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed on February 11, 2016 (file No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 111 10.11+ First Amendment to Realty Income Corporation 2012 Incentive Award Plan. (filed as exhibit 10.33 to the Company’s Form 10-K, filed on February 23, 2017 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.12+ Second Amendment to Realty Income Corporation 2012 Incentive Award Plan (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on February 17, 2017 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.13+ Form of Performance Share Award Agreement (filed as exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed on April 30, 2017 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.14+ Realty Income Executive Severance Plan dated January 15, 2019 (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on January 18, 2019 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.15+ Form of Participation Agreement to Realty Income Executive Severance Plan dated January 15, 2019 (filed as exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on January 18, 2019 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.16+ Severance Agreement and General Release dated January 29, 2020 (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on January 30, 2020 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.17+ Participation Agreement to Realty Income Executive Severance Plan, dated as of October 12, 2020, by and between Realty Income Corporation and Christie B. Kelly. (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on October 13, 2020 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.18+ Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan (filed as Appendix B to the Company's Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 01, 2021 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.19+ First Amendment to the Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on November 1, 2021 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.20+ Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on May 18, 2021 (File No. 333-256254) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.21+ Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for Executives under the Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan (filed as exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed on February 23, 2022 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.22+ Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Senior Vice Presidents and Executives under the Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan (filed as exhibit 10.22 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed on February 23, 2022 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.23+ Form of November 15, 2021 Performance Share Award Agreement under the Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan (filed as exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed on February 23, 2022 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.24+ Form of Performance Share Award Agreement under the Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan (filed as exhibit 10.24 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed on February 23, 2022 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.25+* Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for Executive Officers under the Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan. 10.26+* Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for Executive Officers (Christie Kelly) under the Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan. 10.27+* Form of Performance Share Award Agreement for Executive Officers under the Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan. 10.28+* Form of Performance Share Award Agreement for Executive Officers (Christie Kelly) under the Realty Income Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan. 10.29+* Realty Income Corporation Retirement Policy, effective as of November 7, 2022. 10.30 Consent Letter, dated July 20, 2021, among the Company, as Borrower, the lenders party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the other parties named therein (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on July 22, 2021 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.31 Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated August 7, 2019 (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on August 12, 2019 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.32 First Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated December 22, 2021 (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on December 28, 2021 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.33 Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement among the Company, as Borrower, the lenders party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the other parties named therein (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 28, 2022 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.34 Term Loan Agreement, dated January 6, 2023, by and among Realty Income Corporation, as borrower, the lender parties thereto, as lenders, and Toronto Dominion (Texas) LLC, as administrative agent (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on January 6, 2023 (File NO. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). Subsidiaries of the Registrant 21.1* Subsidiaries of the Company. Consents of Experts and Counsel 23.1* Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Certifications 31.1* Rule 13a-14(a) Certifications as filed by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to SEC release No. 33-8212 and 34-47551. 112 31.2* Rule 13a-14(a) Certifications as filed by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to SEC release No. 33-8212 and 34-47551. 32* Section 1350 Certifications as furnished by the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Interactive Data Files 101* The following materials from Realty Income Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022 formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and (vi) Schedule III Real Estate And Accumulated Depreciation . 104* The cover page from the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language. * Filed herewith. + Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Item 16: Form 10-K Summary None. 113 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES REALTY INCOME CORPORATION By: /s/SUMIT ROY Date: February 22, 2023 Sumit Roy President, Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. By: By: By: By: By: By: By: By: By: By: /s/MICHAEL D. MCKEE Michael D. McKee Non-Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors Date: February 22, 2023 /s/PRISCILLA ALMODOVAR Priscilla Almodovar Director /s/JACQUELINE BRADY Jacqueline Brady Director /s/A. LARRY CHAPMAN A. Larry Chapman Director /s/REGINALD H. GILYARD Reginald H. Gilyard Director /s/MARY HOGAN PREUSSE Mary Hogan Preusse Director /s/PRIYA CHERIAN HUSKINS Priya Cherian Huskins Director /s/GERARDO I. LOPEZ Gerardo I. Lopez Director /s/GREGORY T. MCLAUGHLIN Gregory T. McLaughlin Director /s/RONALD L. MERRIMAN Ronald L. Merriman Director Date: February 22, 2023 Date: February 22, 2023 Date: February 22, 2023 Date: February 22, 2023 Date: February 22, 2023 Date: February 22, 2023 Date: February 22, 2023 Date: February 22, 2023 Date: February 22, 2023 114 By: By: By: /s/SUMIT ROY Sumit Roy Director, President, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: February 22, 2023 /s/CHRISTIE B. KELLY Christie B. Kelly Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) Date: February 22, 2023 /s/SEAN P. NUGENT Sean P. Nugent Senior Vice President, Controller, Principal Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) Date: February 22, 2023 115 d e r i u q c A e t a D n o i t c u r t s n o C ) 5 e t o N ( l a t o T f o e t a D d e t a l u m u c c A n o i t a i c e r p e D d n a s e e F n o i t i s u q c A i s t n e m e v o r p m I d n a L s t s o C i g n y r r a C s t n e m e v o r p m I s e e F d n a L d n a n o i t i s u q c A i s t n e m e v o r p m I ) 2 e t o N ( s e c n a r b m u c n E ) 1 e t o N ( f o r e b m u N s e i t r e p o r P f o e s o C l t a d e i r r a C h c h W i t a t n u o m A s s o r G o t t n e u q e s b u S d e z i l a t i p a C t s o C ) 6 d n a 4 , 3 s e t o N ( d o i r e P n o i t i s u q c A i y n a p m o C o t t s o C S E I R A I D I S B U S D N A N O I T A R O P R O C E M O C N I Y T L A E R N O I T A I C E R P E D D E T A L U M U C C A D N A E T A T S E L A E R I I I E L U D E H C S 2 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D f o s A ) s d n a s u o h t n i s r a l l o d ( l a i t i n I , s g n d i l i u B , s g n d i l i u B 1 2 0 2 / 1 / 1 1 1 2 0 2 / 1 / 1 1 2 2 0 2 / 9 2 / 9 2 2 0 2 / 8 2 / 2 1 2 2 0 2 / 0 1 / 1 1 2 2 0 2 / 5 1 / 2 1 2 2 0 2 / 3 / 0 1 2 2 0 2 / 8 2 / 6 2 2 0 2 / 0 1 / 1 1 1 2 0 2 / 1 / 1 1 1 2 0 2 / 1 / 1 1 2 2 0 2 / 2 2 / 2 1 1 2 0 2 / 1 / 1 1 2 2 0 2 / 1 / 7 2 2 0 2 / 2 2 / 2 1 1 2 0 2 / 2 2 / 2 1 2 2 0 2 / 2 2 / 1 1 2 2 0 2 / 1 3 / 3 2 2 0 2 / 9 / 1 1 2 2 0 2 / 7 1 / 0 1 2 2 0 2 / 2 1 / 0 1 2 2 0 2 / 0 2 / 2 1 2 2 0 2 / 7 / 2 1 1 2 0 2 / 1 / 1 1 2 2 0 2 / 9 / 9 2 2 0 2 / 6 1 / 2 1 2 2 0 2 / 4 1 / 9 2 2 0 2 / 8 1 / 1 1 2 2 0 2 / 7 1 / 0 1 1 2 0 2 / 1 / 1 1 2 2 0 2 / 5 2 / 5 2 2 0 2 / 8 / 9 1 2 0 2 / 1 / 1 1 2 2 0 2 / 5 1 / 2 1 - 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S U i e c v r e S n o s i i l l o C e v i t o m o t u A i s e c v r e S e r i T e v i t o m o t u A i e c v r e S e v i t o m o t u A s t r a P e v i t o m o t u A i s c n o r t c e E l e g a r e v e B e r a C d l i h C r e m u s n o C t s e r o S e c n e n e v n o C i s e i t l e v o N d n a s t f a r C s d o o G r e m u s n o C F-1 l a i r t s u d n I d e i f i s r e v D i i s e c v r e S t n e m p u q E i i s e c v r e S l i a c n a n F i i e s d n a h c r e M l a r e n e G i g n s s e c o r P d o o F i g n m a G y r e c o r G s e r o S t r a l l o D t s e r o S g u r D n o i t a c u d E y g r e n E t i n e m n a t r e t n E y t u a e B d n a h t l a e H i l s p h s r e a e D e c h e V i l r o t o M e c n a r u s n I y r l e w e J i y r e n h c a M g n i r u t c a u n a M f r e h t O s e i l p p u S e c i f f O i i s g n h s n r u F e m o H e r a C h t l a e H t n e m e v o r p m I e m o H s s e n t i F d n a h t l a e H d e r i u q c A e t a D n o i t c u r t s n o C ) 5 e t o N ( l a t o T f o e t a D d e t a l u m u c c A n o i t a i c e r p e D d n a s e e F n o i t i s u q c A i s t n e m e v o r p m I d n a L s t s o C g n y r r a C i s t n e m e v o r p m I s e e F d n a L d n a n o i t i s u q c A i s t n e m e v o r p m I ) 2 e t o N ( s e c n a r b m u c n E ) 1 e t o N ( f o r e b m u N s e i t r e p o r P , s g n d i l i u B , s g n d i l i u B S E I R A I D I S B U S D N A N O I T A R O P R O C E M O C N I Y T L A E R ) d e u n i t n o c ( N O I T A I C E R P E D D E T A L U M U C C A D N A E T A T S E L A E R I I I E L U D E H C S 2 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D f o s A ) s d n a s u o h t n i s r a l l o d ( f o e s o C l t a d e i r r a C h c h W i t a t n u o m A s s o r G o t t n e u q e s b u S d e z i l a t i p a C t s o C ) 6 d n a 4 , 3 s e t o N ( d o i r e P n o i t i s u q c A i y n a p m o C o t t s o C l a i t i n I 2 2 0 2 / 9 2 / 8 2 1 0 2 / 1 2 / 2 1 2 2 0 2 / 4 1 / 2 1 1 2 0 2 / 2 2 / 2 1 2 2 0 2 / 0 1 / 1 1 1 2 0 2 / 2 2 / 2 1 2 2 0 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9 6 , 9 6 3 2 , 0 6 4 2 1 , 0 0 1 0 1 , 7 4 9 3 3 , 8 0 1 9 6 , 6 6 9 1 6 , 5 0 7 , 1 5 1 6 , 1 5 4 8 , 4 3 3 9 , 2 2 5 1 , 1 2 5 4 0 , 9 6 3 5 , 1 2 9 4 5 , 9 2 4 5 1 , 9 7 — 9 0 5 , 2 3 2 8 , 2 1 — — 5 5 2 , 2 1 — — — — 7 8 7 , 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 3 5 0 7 1 , 3 2 5 9 4 , 8 0 2 4 0 1 , 3 7 3 7 0 6 , 4 2 6 6 2 , 7 5 4 2 1 , 7 9 7 1 , 6 5 6 6 0 1 , — 2 7 9 8 1 , 3 7 2 6 4 , 8 5 1 1 8 , 4 1 2 , 1 2 4 9 6 , 5 2 5 3 4 , 8 7 4 1 0 , 2 6 5 5 7 6 0 9 4 , 5 1 6 0 0 , 8 3 6 3 0 , 8 4 6 7 3 , 1 7 1 6 , 2 1 3 7 8 , 9 4 4 5 5 , 5 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — , 7 2 2 6 0 5 1 , 9 9 2 , 3 5 0 , 1 9 3 9 , 6 3 2 8 2 1 0 4 8 2 3 8 , 1 6 6 5 5 9 7 7 8 3 4 5 5 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 5 2 1 5 2 1 1 6 1 1 0 7 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 7 i s e c v r e S d n a s e i l p p u S t e P l a u s a C - s t n a r u a t s e R n o i t p i r c s e D i g n g a k c a P r e p a P i i e c v r e S k c u Q - s t n a r u a t s e R s d o o G g n i t r o p S t s e r o S e o h S s n o i t i a c n u m m o c e e T l i s e c v r e S n o i t a t r o p s n a r T t s r e a e h T t e g a r o S d n a g n s u o h e r a W i l l b u C e a s e o h W l i s c n o r t c e E l r e m u s n o C t s e r o S e c n e n e v n o C i i s e c v r e S e r i T e v i t o m o t u A s t r a P e v i t o m o t u A e p o r u E l e r a p p A r e h t O F-2 l a i r t s u d n I d e i f i s r e v D i y g r e n E i e s d n a h c r e M l a r e n e G i g n s s e c o r P d o o F y r e c o r G t i n e m n a t r e t n E l i s p h s r e a e D e c h e V l i t n e m e v o r p m I e m o H r o t o M i i e c v r e S k c u Q - s t n a r u a t s e R i s e c v r e S n o i t a t r o p s n a r T s d o o G g n i t r o p S t s r e a e h T t e g a r o S d n a g n s u o h e r a W i g n i r u t c a u n a M f r e h t O l l b u C e a s e o h W l i i s g n h s n r u F e m o H e r a C h t l a e H s s e n t i F d n a h t l a e H 8 5 6 , 8 0 9 , 4 $ 9 9 6 , 9 8 6 , 2 4 $ , 5 4 9 8 2 7 9 2 , $ , 4 5 7 0 6 9 2 1 , $ 6 0 8 7 , $ 1 9 9 5 7 2 , $ , 8 4 1 5 4 4 9 2 , $ 4 5 7 , 0 6 9 , 2 1 $ 3 4 3 , 2 4 8 $ 8 3 2 , 2 1 S E I R A I D I S B U S D N A N O I T A R O P R O C E M O C N I Y T L A E R ) d e u n i t n o c ( N O I T A I C E R P E D D E T A L U M U C C A D N A E T A T S E L A E R I I I E L U D E H C S 2 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D f o s A ) s d n a s u o h t n i s r a l l o d ( e h t n i d e t a c o l s e i t r e p o r p t n e i l c - i t l u m 1 7 , s e t a t S d e t i n U e h t n i d e t a c o l s e i t r e p o r p t n e i l c - i t l u m 7 4 1 n i s t s e r e t n i s d l o h r o s n w o o s l a n o i t a r o p r o C e m o c n I y t l a e R . n i a p S n i d e t a c o l y t r e p o r p t n e i l c - i t l u m e n o d n a m o d g n i K d e t i n U y t r e p o r p s r e t r a u q d a e h e t a r o p r o c r u o , o c i R o t r e u P d n a s e t a t S d e t i n U e h t n i s e i t r e p o r p t n e i l c - e l g n i s 3 1 8 1 1 n i , s t s e r e t n i s d l o h r o s n w o n o i t a r o p r o C e m o c n I y t l a e R t e N t s e r C . y l a t I n i s e i t r e p o r p n e v e s d n a n i a p S n i s e i t r e p o r p t n e i l c - e l g n i s 1 5 , m o d g n i K d e t i n U e h t n i s e i t r e p o r p t n e i l c - e l g n i s 1 4 1 , a i n r o f i l a C , o g e i D n a S n i . 1 e t o N . s e t a t S d e t i n U e h t n i s e i t r e p o r p t n e i l c - e l g n i s x i s s n w o . c n I , e s a e L . n o i l l i m 6 . 1 1 $ f o s t s o c g n i c n a n i f d e r r e f e d d n a m u i m e r p d e z i t r o m a n u s e d u l c x e d n a s e i t r e p o r p 6 3 1 y b d e r u c e s e l b a y a p s e g a g t r o m s e d u l c n I . 2 e t o N 0 2 0 2 7 2 6 , 7 3 6 , 9 1 — 7 0 7 , 3 6 1 , 2 ) 0 5 8 , 2 8 3 ( 4 9 1 , 6 1 9 4 , 2 2 2 4 5 , 9 0 8 , 1 6 0 5 , 3 5 2 5 2 — 9 5 2 3 0 0 , 5 9 1 3 9 7 , 8 4 4 8 5 9 , 9 4 4 3 3 , 8 4 0 , 1 2 $ 4 3 3 , 8 4 0 , 1 2 $ 9 5 6 , 2 5 9 , 5 3 $ d o i r e P f o g n i n n i g e B t a e c n a l a B 5 4 9 , 1 5 8 , 5 1 0 8 , 2 2 7 , 1 1 ) 4 6 0 , 6 2 8 ( 7 6 5 , 6 5 7 0 8 , 4 6 6 5 0 , 0 7 8 , 6 1 7 3 8 , 6 0 2 , 1 8 0 4 6 7 1 , 1 9 4 5 2 , 4 3 6 5 1 3 , 2 3 9 , 1 — 9 5 1 , 1 2 0 , 8 4 8 4 , 9 9 2 8 4 , 7 9 ) 0 3 7 , 5 2 6 ( 5 9 3 , 2 9 5 , 7 — — 3 5 6 8 3 , 2 0 4 3 6 4 , 9 3 2 0 9 , 1 4 4 s t e s s a e l b i g n a t n i e s a e l d e r i u q c a o t d e t a c o l l a s t n u o m a s s e L s t e e h S e c n a l a B d e t a d i l o s n o C r u o n o s e i t i l i b a i l d n a ) 2 ( ) s t n e m t s u j d A g n i d l i u B d n a s t s o C g n i s a e L ( r e h t O . c t E , s t n e m e v o r p m I t n e m p o l e v e d d n a s n o i t i s i u q c A ) 1 ( s n o i t i d d A r e g r e M : d o i r e P g n i r u D s n o i t i d d A d l o s e t a t s E l a e R f o t s o C d l o s t n e m p i u q E f o t s o C ) 1 ( e r u t i t s e v i D n o i r O s n o i t c u d e D l a t o T s t s o c g n i s a e l e R ) 3 ( r e h t O s n o i t i d d A l a t o T : d o i r e P g n i r u D s n o i t c u d e D ) 6 1 4 , 3 3 ( $ 9 5 6 , 2 5 9 , 5 3 ) 3 5 4 , 3 1 4 ( $ 9 9 6 , 9 8 6 , 2 4 $ n o i t a l s n a r T y c n e r r u C n g i e r o F d o i r e P f o e s o l C t a e c n a l a B 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 g n i y r r a c e t a t s e l a e r l a t o t f o n o i t a i l i c n o c e r a s i g n i w o l l o f e h T : ) s d n a s u o h t n i ( 1 3 r e b m e c e D d e d n e s r a e y e h t r o f e u l a v . n o i l l i m 0 . 3 2 $ s i . c n I , e s a e L t e N t s e r C r o f d n a n o i l l i b . 6 7 4 $ s i n o i t a r o p r o C e m o c n I y t l a e R r o f s e s o p r u p x a t e m o c n i l a r e d e f r o f t s o c e t a g e r g g a e h T . 3 e t o N . 4 e t o N F-3 h t i w r e g r e M , s t n e m e t a t S l a i c n a n i F d e t a d i l o s n o C e h t o t 3 e t o N e e s , n o i t a m r o f n i r e h t r u f r o F . e r u t i t s e v i D n o i r O e h t m o r f s t e s s a f o n o i t i n g o c e r e d s t n e s e r p e R . e r u t i t s e v i D . c n I T I E R e c i f f O n o i r O d n a . c n I , T I E R E V S E I R A I D I S B U S D N A N O I T A R O P R O C E M O C N I Y T L A E R ) d e u n i t n o c ( N O I T A I C E R P E D D E T A L U M U C C A D N A E T A T S E L A E R I I I E L U D E H C S 2 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D f o s A ) s d n a s u o h t n i s r a l l o d ( P L s p O I R n o i l l i m 2 . 1 5 $ d n a , n o i t p m u s s a e g a g t r o m n o i l l i m 0 . 3 4 $ , s e s a e l e c n a n i f r e d n u s t e s s a e s u f o t h g i r n o i l l i m 3 . 3 $ f o n o i t a c i f i s s a l c e r s e d u l c n i 2 2 0 2 . n o i t p m u s s a e g a g t r o m n o i l l i . m 7 3 4 $ d n a s e s a e l e c n a n i f r e d n u s t e s s a e s u f o t h g i r n o i l l i m 1 . 0 2 $ s e d u l c n i 1 2 0 2 . s t i n U g n i d l i u b r o f n o i l l i m 0 . 3 4 $ s e d u l c n i 1 2 0 2 d e d n e r a e y e h T . t n e m r i a p m i f o n o i l l i . m 9 5 2 $ d n a d e z a r g n i d l i u b r o f n o i l l i m 6 . 3 1 $ s e d u l c n i 2 2 0 2 d e d n e . t n e m r i a p m i f o n o i l l i m 2 . 7 4 1 $ s e d u l c n i 0 2 0 2 d e d n e r a e y e h T . t n e m r i a p m i f o n o i l l i m 0 . 9 3 $ r a e y e h T d n a d e z a r ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( 0 2 0 2 5 5 8 , 0 4 1 , 3 9 0 9 , 1 3 5 9 2 3 , 1 5 1 9 , 0 1 1 8 7 1 , 3 6 5 , 3 1 2 0 2 $ 8 7 1 , 3 6 5 , 3 6 4 2 , 8 2 6 ) 4 7 7 ( 7 9 8 , 6 2 2 2 2 0 2 $ 3 5 7 , 3 6 9 , 3 2 8 1 , 8 2 0 , 1 3 1 9 , 3 7 ) 4 6 3 , 9 ( $ 3 5 7 , 3 6 9 , 3 $ 8 5 6 , 8 0 9 , 4 $ $ n o i t a i c e r p e d d e t a l u m u c c a f o n o i t a i l i c n o c e r a s i g n i w o l l o f e h T : ) s d n a s u o h t n i ( d e d n e s r a e y e h t r o f . 5 e t o N t n e m p i u q e d n a e t a t s e l a e r f o n o i t a i c e r p e d d e t a l u m u c c A f o d e s o p s i d r o d l o s : d o i r e P g n i r u D s n o i t c u d e D n o i t a i c e r p e D r o f n o i s i v o r P - d o i r e P g n i r u D s n o i t i d d A d o i r e P f o g n i n n i g e B t a e c n a l a B n o i t a l s n a r T y c n e r r u C n g i e r o F d o i r e P f o e s o l C t a e c n a l a B F-4 l a i c n a n i f d e t a d i l o s n o c r u o o t , s d r a d n a t S g n i t n u o c c A w e N d n a s e r u d e c o r P d n a s e c i i l o P g n i t n u o c c A t n a c i f i n g S i f o y r a m m u S , 2 e t o n e e s e s a e l P . n o i t a z i t r o m a d n a n o i t a i c e r p e d r o f d e s u s e v i l g n i d r a g e r n o i t a m r o f n i r o f s t n e m e t a t s . s e i t r e p o r p e m o c n I y t l a e R 3 0 1 n o d e d r o c e r e r e w t n e m r i a p m i r o f s n o i s i v o r p , 1 2 0 2 n I . s e i t r e p o r p e m o c n I y t l a e R 9 9 n o d e d r o c e r e r e w t n e m r i a p m i r o f s n o i s i v o r p , 0 2 0 2 n I . s e i t r e p o r p e m o c n I y t l a e R 4 9 n o d e d r o c e r e r e w t n e m r i a p m i r o f s n o i s i v o r p , 2 2 0 2 n I . 6 e t o N . m r i f g n i t n u o c c a c i l b u p d e r e t s i g e r t n e d n e p e d n i f o t r o p e r e e S TOTA L R E T U R N P E R F O R M A N C E 180 160 140 120 100 80 12/31/17 12/31/18 12/31/19 12/31/20 12/31/21 12/31/22 REALTY INCOME CORPORATION RUSSELL 2000 S&P 500 MSCI US REIT INDEX Period Ending Index 12/31/17 12/31/18 12/31/19 12/31/20 12/31/21 12/31/22 Realty Income Corporation 100.00 115.93 Russell 2000 S&P 500 MSCI US REIT Index 100.00 100.00 100.00 88.99 95.62 95.43 140.57 111.70 125.73 120.09 124.32 134.00 148.87 111.00 154.20 142.86 153.83 121.46 191.71 156.41 158.79 119.87 R E A LT Y I N C O M E 1 1 9 9 5 E L C A M I N O R E A L , S A N D I E G O , C A 9 2 1 3 0 W W W. R E A LT Y I N C O M E . C O M

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