WesBanco
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

2015 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) FOR THE YEAR Earnings per common share—diluted Dividends declared per common share Net income available to common shareholders Average common shares outstanding—diluted Period end common shares outstanding December 31, 2015 2014 % Change $ $ $ 2.15 $ 0.92 $ 80,762 $ 37,547,127 38,459,635 2.39 0.88 69,974 29,333,876 29,298,188 (10.0) 4.5 15.4 28.0 31.3 60.3 24.3 34.5 20.1 269.7 0.0 42.4 AT YEAR END Securities Net portfolio loans Total assets Deposits Total FHLB and other borrowings Junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts Shareholders’ equity $ 2,422,450 $ 1,511,094 4,042,112 6,296,565 5,048,983 303,816 106,176 788,190 5,024,132 8,470,298 6,066,299 1,123,106 106,196 1,122,132 TRUST ASSETS AT MARKET VALUE (1) $ 3,625,411 $ 3,840,540 (5.6) KEY RATIOS Return on average assets Return on average tangible assets (3) Return on average equity Return on average tangible equity (3) Average loans to average deposits Allowance for loan losses to total loans Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing loans Non-performing assets to total assets Net loan charge-offs to average loans Dividend payout ratio Non-interest income as a percentage of total revenues Efficiency ratio (2)(3) Net interest margin (2) CAPITAL RATIOS AT YEAR END Shareholders’ equity to total assets Tangible equity to tangible assets (3) Tier 1 leverage ratio Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets Total capital to risk-weighted assets Common equity tier 1 capital ratio PER COMMON SHARE Closing common stock price Book value at year end Tangible book value at year-end (3) 0.99% 1.08 7.62 13.41 78.53 0.82 92.84 0.60 0.23 42.79 23.91 57.05 3.41 13.25% 7.95 9.38 13.35 14.11 11.66 1.12% (11.6) (10.0) 1.20 (15.1) 8.97 (12.9) 15.39 2.1 76.89 (24.8) 1.09 5.8 87.76 (32.6) 0.89 — 0.23 16.2 36.82 (8.6) 26.17 (4.3) 59.59 (5.5) 3.61 12.52% 7.88 9.88 13.76 14.81 N/A 5.8 0.9 (5.1) (3.0) (4.7) N/A $ 30.02 $ 29.18 16.51 34.80 26.90 16.09 (13.7) 8.5 2.6 (1) These assets are held by WesBanco in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. (2) Taxable-equivalent basis. (3) See non-GAAP financial measures for additional information relating to the calculation of this ratio. N/A - not applicable TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS: We are pleased to present our 2015 Annual Report. The significant accomplishments achieved during another successful year for WesBanco are detailed in our review of 2015. We grew to $8.5 billion in assets with the completion of our largest acquisition to-date and delivered positive operating leverage on record net income of $81 million with earnings per diluted share of $2.15. Excluding merger-related expenses [non-GAAP measure], net income would have increased 24% to $88 million with earnings per diluted share of $2.34. In addition, we generated returns on average assets and average tangible equity [non-GAAP measure] of 0.99% and 13.41%, respectively, or when excluding merger-related expenses, our returns on average assets and average tangible equity [non-GAAP measure] would have been 1.08% and 14.58%, respectively. Moreover, we realized total loan growth of 24%, including organic loan growth of 7%, while continuing to improve our already strong credit quality ratios and manage our cost structure as reflected in further improvement in our efficiency ratio, which remains better than peer group averages. WesBanco continues to maintain strong regulatory capital ratios after both the ESB acquisition and implementation of the new BASEL III capital standards. At December 31, 2015, Tier I leverage was 9.38%, Tier I risk-based capital was 13.35% and total risk-based capital was 14.11%. Both consolidated and bank-level regulatory capital ratios are well above the applicable, revised “well-capitalized” standards promulgated by bank regulators, as well as the recently finalized BASEL III capital standards. As required by BASEL III, a new ratio for 2015, the common equity Tier 1 capital ratio (CET1), was 11.66% for the fourth quarter of 2015, significantly above the requirement of 4.5%. We remain focused on returning value to our shareholders as demonstrated by the fourth quarter authorization of a new stock repurchase plan and the recently announced increase in the quarterly dividend rate. Strong earnings and improved total capital have enabled WesBanco to declare on February 18, 2016 an increase in the quarterly dividend rate to $0.24 per share. The dividend increase represents a 4.3% increase in the quarterly dividend compared to the fourth quarter of 2015, an annualized cash dividend of $0.96 and the ninth increase in the last six years for a cumulative increase of 71%. WesBanco offers a current dividend yield of approximately 3.4% based upon the market price of WesBanco common stock on February 19, 2016. Please review the financial statements and non-GAAP financial measures included in this Annual Report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 10-K for complete details of WesBanco’s financial performance during 2015. 2015 was a year of accomplishments that significantly contributed to our financial performance, and positions us for long-term success. They include the following: • • • On February 10, 2015 the merger with ESB Financial Corporation, our largest to date at approximately 30% of our previous total asset size, was consummated in less than four months from the date of its announcement. ESB, a Pennsylvania thrift holding company, headquartered in Ellwood City, Lawrence County, expanded the WesBanco franchise by 23 offices located in the Pittsburgh MSA and Lawrence County, and resulted in WesBanco becoming the 10th largest full-service financial institution in the Pittsburgh MSA. The long-term benefits of the merger are already being realized, and our top market position in Western Pennsylvania will provide a more geographically diversified earnings stream in future years. Expense management is one of the keys to our growth and success. Through this company-wide focus on costs, we generated positive operating leverage and greater efficiencies, as evidenced by the improvement in our efficiency ratio. During 2015, we delivered an efficiency ratio [non-GAAP measure] of 57.05% (exclusive of restructuring and merger-related expenses), an improvement of over 250 basis points when compared to 2014. During 2015, the financial press again recognized WesBanco. Recently, we were named one of the best banks in America by a leading financial magazine, marking WesBanco’s inclusion in the list since its inception in 2010; Keefe, Bruyette & Woods (KBW), an investment bank that specializes in the financial sector, named WesBanco as one of only 25 U.S. banking institutions to be named to their Honor Roll; Bank Director magazine ranked WesBanco in the top 100 in their Bank Performance Scorecard for the third quarter 2015; and Bauer Financial, Inc., a financial analysis and reporting company, awarded WesBanco their highest rating as a “five-star” bank. • We expanded our presence within and our commitment to our Ohio markets in 2015. During July, we relocated our Central Ohio market headquarters to an expanded downtown Columbus office, and in September made certain strategic lending office opening and staffing decisions. In Cincinnati, we opened a downtown loan production office to support our existing market lending activities. We entered the Canton and Akron markets with the hiring of a senior commercial banker and an anticipated opening of a loan production office in the near future. Finally, during October, WesBanco opened our newest banking office to serve the communities of Powell, Dublin and northwest Columbus. • Our product and process improvement strategies emphasize technology in all forms of communication and in the delivery of products and services through more efficient delivery channels. In 2015, we completed an Information Technology organizational structure change to support organic and acquisition growth by aligning technology with the goals of our business units, and rolled out a new video conferencing platform to more efficiently and safely serve our expanding geography. We continue to outperform peer technology benchmarks in staffing, application support and network management while working with industry experts in our efforts to protect our customers’ information. During 2015, we formed an Innovation Group of employees from a variety of disciplines to address how the adoption of technology can be used to better serve WesBanco’s shareholders, customers and employees. • WesBanco stayed at the forefront of the rapidly changing payment card environment during 2015. We are pleased that we can now provide our customers with the convenience of a new or replacement debit card within minutes at every WesBanco location. Not only an improved customer service, the instant issuance of debit cards also functions as a method of reducing operational costs and increasing revenue. Additionally, in preparation for the migration to chip cards, WesBanco developed a newly-designed chip enabled debit card that includes a transition to Visa as our card issuer. Starting February 2016 we began a phased approach to reissue all existing cards with new chip cards including instant issue capability at all WesBanco branches. To complement our integration with Apple Pay, we are pleased to announce that we are now also integrated with Samsung Pay and Android Pay in an effort to continue providing value to our customers related to our card offering. By the end of 2015 all WesBanco ATMs were upgraded to accept chip cards to leverage this new technology and mitigate card fraud events. • Our community development efforts were again recognized in 2015. Community Development staff recognition was received in the form of 2015 Council’s Award from FHLBank Pittsburgh. Named in recognition of FHLBank Pittsburgh’s Affordable Housing Advisory Council, FHLBank’s annual Council’s Award provides special recognition to outstanding financial services professionals who have demonstrated superior professional commitment and community spirit. In February, WesBanco participated in America Saves Week 2015 and in May partnered with 69 schools and career centers in 48 different communities throughout Ohio, West Virginia and Pennsylvania in the Teach Children to Save Campaign. WesBanco has been an active participant in America Saves Week since its inception in 2007. During 2015, bank stocks, WesBanco included, were under pressure due to several economic factors. The long awaited Federal Reserve interest rate increases were again delayed with only one rate increase occurring late in the year. This rate increase delay was related to global growth concerns due to tumbling oil prices and an economic slowdown in many parts of the world. As we enter 2016, these same factors still exist, and the timing and pace of future rate increases continue to remain uncertain. In response, we continue to position ourselves for long-term growth while planning for a wide variety of possible interest rate scenarios during the coming years. While WesBanco’s growth during 2015 benefited from the ESB Financial merger, we realized positive organic loan growth and continued to see significant deposit inflows in our legacy markets. At December 31, 2015, our total loan portfolio grew year-over-year to $5.1 billion, underpinned by organic growth of 7%. This growth was achieved through $1.8 billion of loan originations, an increase of nearly 25% over the prior year, and was driven by increased business activity, additional commercial and residential lending personnel in our key markets, focused marketing efforts and continued improvement in loan origination processes. Furthermore, the organic loan growth occurred in all loan categories, with approximately 15% of the growth in commercial and industrial loans and 22% in home equity loans. Our loan pipelines going into 2016 remain robust, and we anticipate another solid year of loan growth, tempered by quarterly fluctuations of our construction loan portfolio. Our deposits increased to $6.1 billion at December 31, 2015 due to the ESB merger. Encouragingly, when excluding the impact of the acquisition, non-interest bearing deposits rose 11.5% year-over-year, while organic deposits excluding certificates of deposit, increased 4.5% reflecting the benefits of marketing campaigns, customer incentives and preferences, and shale oil- and gas-related deposits. Certificate of deposit levels continue to decline as a result of our retail sales strategy of cultivating and growing multi-relationship customers and reducing single-service certificate of deposit customers, as well as customer preferences for other deposit products or investment products sold by our securities brokerage unit. Our 2016 business plan focuses on the long-term success of WesBanco, its shareholders, employees, and customers. Key elements of the plan include: improving financial performance without taking significant additional risk, maintaining asset and liability pricing discipline, providing superior service across all customer channels, and effectively and efficiently delivering our entire product suite across our footprint. We anticipate a continued low interest rate environment which will continue to impact our net interest margin. We will also continue to control discretionary expenses to help offset our necessary investment in people, processes and technology in anticipation of reaching the $10 billion asset threshold. As we approach this level, an associated increase in regulatory requirements will impact our investment in our infrastructure and compliance capabilities. Many of these expenses, such as an increase in BSA/AML staffing and capital stress-testing capabilities, have already been incurred during the past two years. However, we will continue to monitor and control discretionary expenses to help offset this critical investment. The long-term success and growth of WesBanco is focused on five key strategies: (1) growing our loan portfolio with an increased focus on commercial and industrial lending, while maintaining our strong credit culture; (2) increasing fee income, over time, through enhancing our established strengths in wealth management, insurance, private banking and other fee-based businesses; (3) traditional retail banking services focused on customer convenience, technology delivery channels and increased cross-selling across multiple markets; (4) a strong culture of expense management with an emphasis on technology to streamline and improve processes, to help deliver positive operating leverage while making investments for the future; and (5) franchise expansion via targeted acquisitions in contiguous markets within a reasonable geographic hub of our headquarters. We acknowledge the challenges ahead and pledge our best efforts to our shareholders, customers, employees and communities. We wish to acknowledge for his years of counsel, WesBanco Director Henry L. Schulhoff, who will retire from the board as his term expires at the 2016 Annual Stockholders Meeting. Mr. Schulhoff has served on the WesBanco Board since 2005. We thank Mr. Schulhoff for his dedication and service to WesBanco. It is with great sadness that we report the death of Director Vaughn L. Kiger who died on February 26, 2016. He served as a director for approximately 20 years with WesBanco and its affiliates and he will be greatly missed for his counsel, advice and gentlemanly nature. WesBanco’s positive performance during 2015 could not have been accomplished without the continued support of our customers, our shareholders, our board of directors and each of our dedicated officers and employees whom we thank for a job well done. We believe that we have prepared ourselves for 2016 and that we have the talent and the dedication necessary to complete another successful year. We would like to invite you to the Annual Meeting of the Shareholders that will be held on Wednesday, April 20, 2016 at 12:00 noon at Oglebay Park, Wheeling, West Virginia. A reservation card is included with the proxy material. Please respond promptly to your invitation to assist us in our planning for the meeting. James C. Gardill Chairman of the Board Todd F. Clossin President and Chief Executive Officer WesBanco, Inc. February 26, 2016 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 000-08467 WESBANCO, INC. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) WEST VIRGINIA (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV (Address of principal executive offices) 55-0571723 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 26003 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 304-234-9000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of each Exchange on which registered Common Stock $2.0833 Par Value NASDAQ Global Select Market Indicate by check mark if Act. Yes Í No ‘ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Act. Yes ‘ No Í Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes Í No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes Í No ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (section 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act: Large accelerated filer Í Non-accelerated filer ‘ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Accelerated filer ‘ Smaller reporting company ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act.) Yes ‘ No Í The aggregate market value of the registrant’s outstanding voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2015, determined using a per share closing price on that date of $34.02, was $1,225,414,314. As of February 18, 2016, there were 38,342,535 shares of WesBanco, Inc. common stock $2.0833 par value per share, outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Certain specifically designated portions of WesBanco, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement which will be filed by April 30, 2016 for its Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) to be held in 2016 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. WESBANCO, INC. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM # ITEM 1 1A 1B 2 3 4 5 6 7 7A 8 9 9A 9B 10 11 12 13 14 15 Part I Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part II Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part III Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Accounting Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page No. 3 - 11 12 - 20 20 20 - 21 21 - 22 22 23 - 25 26 - 28 29 - 74 75 - 78 81 - 138 139 139 139 140 140 140 140 141 Part IV Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 - 146 Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 2 ITEM 1. BUSINESS GENERAL PART I Wesbanco, Inc. (“WesBanco”), a bank holding company incorporated in 1968 and headquartered in Wheeling, West Virginia, offers a full range of financial services including retail banking, corporate banking, personal and corporate trust services, brokerage services, mortgage banking and insurance. WesBanco offers these services through two reportable segments, community banking and trust and investment services. For additional information regarding WesBanco’s business segments please refer to Note 22, “Business Segments” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2015, WesBanco operated one commercial bank, Wesbanco Bank, Inc. (“WesBanco Bank” or the “Bank”), through 141 offices, one loan production office and 129 ATM machines located in West Virginia, Ohio, and western Pennsylvania. Total assets of WesBanco Bank as of December 31, 2015 approximated $8.5 billion. WesBanco Bank also offers trust and investment services and various alternative investment products including mutual funds and annuities. The market value of assets under management of the trust and investment services segment was approximately $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2015. These assets are held by WesBanco Bank in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. On February 10, 2015, WesBanco completed the acquisition of ESB Financial Corporation (“ESB”), a Pennsylvania thrift holding company based in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania with $1.9 billion in assets and 23 branches. The transaction has expanded WesBanco’s franchise in the Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania region. WesBanco offers additional services through its non-banking subsidiaries, WesBanco Insurance Services, Inc. (“WesBanco Insurance”), a multi-line insurance agency specializing in property, casualty, life and title insurance, with benefit plan sales and administration for personal and commercial clients; and WesBanco Securities, Inc. (“WesBanco Securities”), a full service broker-dealer, which also offers discount brokerage services. WesBanco Asset Management, Inc., which was incorporated in 2002, holds certain investment securities and loans in a Delaware-based subsidiary. WesBanco Properties, Inc. holds certain commercial real estate properties. The commercial property is leased to WesBanco Bank and to certain non-related third parties. WesBanco has eight capital trusts which are all wholly-owned trust subsidiaries formed for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities (“Trust Preferred Securities”) and lending the proceeds to WesBanco. For more information regarding WesBanco’s issuance of trust preferred securities please refer to Note 11, “Junior Subordinated Debt Owed to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. In connection with WesBanco’s acquisition of ESB on February 10, 2015, WesBanco acquired ESB’s wholly owned subsidiary AMSCO, Inc., (“AMSCO”). AMSCO engages in the management of certain real estate development and construction of 1-4 family residential units through seven joint venture partnerships. For more information please refer to Note 8, “Investments in Limited Partnerships” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. WesBanco Bank’s Investment Department also serves as investment adviser to a family of mutual funds, namely the “WesMark Funds”. The fund family is comprised of the WesMark Growth Fund, the WesMark Balanced Fund, the WesMark Small Company Growth Fund, the WesMark Government Bond Fund, and the WesMark West Virginia Municipal Bond Fund. As of December 31, 2015, none of WesBanco’s subsidiaries were engaged in any operations in foreign countries, and none had transactions with customers in foreign countries. 3 EMPLOYEES There were 1,633 full-time equivalent employees employed by WesBanco and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2015. None of the employees were represented by collective bargaining agreements. WesBanco believes its employee relations to be satisfactory. WEB SITE ACCESS TO WESBANCO’S FILINGS WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION All of WesBanco’s electronic filings for 2015 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including this Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, are made available at no cost on WesBanco’s website, www.wesbanco.com, in the “About Us” section through the “Investor Relations” link as soon as reasonably practicable after WesBanco files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. WesBanco’s SEC filings are also available through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Upon written request of any shareholder of record on December 31, 2015, WesBanco will provide, without charge, a printed copy of this 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K, including financial statements and schedules, as required to be filed with the SEC. To obtain a copy of this report, contact: Linda Woodfin, WesBanco, Inc., 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV 26003 (304) 234-9201. COMPETITION Competition in the form of price and service from other banks, including local, regional and national banks and financial companies such as savings and loans, internet banks, payday lenders, money services businesses, credit unions, finance companies, brokerage firms and other non-banking companies providing various regulated and non-regulated financial services and products, is intense in most of the markets served by WesBanco and its subsidiaries. WesBanco’s trust and investment services segment receives competition from commercial banks, trust companies, mutual fund companies, investment advisory firms, law firms, brokerage firms and other financial services companies. As a result of consolidation within the financial services industry, mergers between, and the expansion of, financial institutions both within and outside of WesBanco’s major markets have provided significant competitive pressure in those markets. Many of WesBanco’s competitors have greater resources and, as such, may have higher lending limits and may offer other products and services that are not provided by WesBanco. WesBanco generally competes on the basis of superior customer service and responsiveness to customer needs, available loan and deposit products, rates of interest charged on loans, rates of interest paid for deposits, and the availability and pricing of trust, brokerage and insurance services. As a result of WesBanco’s expansion into certain larger Ohio and Pennsylvania metropolitan markets, it has faced entrenched larger bank competitors with an already existing customer base that may far exceed WesBanco’s initial entry position into those markets. As a result, WesBanco may be forced to compete more aggressively for loans, deposits, trust and insurance products in order to grow its market share, potentially reducing its current and future profit potential from such markets. SUPERVISION AND REGULATION As a bank holding company and a financial holding company under federal law, WesBanco is subject to supervision and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve Board”) under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”), and is required to file with the Federal Reserve Board reports and other information regarding its business operations and the business operations of its subsidiaries. WesBanco also is required to obtain Federal Reserve Board approval prior to acquiring, directly or indirectly, ownership or control of certain voting shares of other banks, as described below. Since WesBanco is both a bank holding company and a financial holding company, WesBanco can offer customers virtually any type of service that is financial in nature or incidental thereto, including banking and activities closely related to banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both underwriting and agency) and merchant banking. 4 As indicated above, WesBanco presently operates one bank subsidiary, WesBanco Bank. The Bank is a West Virginia banking corporation and is not a member bank of the Federal Reserve System. It is subject to examination and supervision by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and the West Virginia Division of Financial Institutions. The deposits of WesBanco Bank are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC. WesBanco’s non-bank subsidiaries are subject to examination and supervision by the Federal Reserve Board and examination by other federal and state agencies, including, in the case of certain securities activities, regulation by the SEC, the Financial Institution Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board and the Securities Investors Protection Corporation. WesBanco Bank maintains one designated financial subsidiary, WesBanco Insurance, which, as indicated above, is a multi-line insurance agency specializing in property, casualty, life and title insurance, with benefit plan sales and administration for personal and commercial clients. WesBanco is also under the jurisdiction of the SEC and certain state securities commissions for matters relating to the offering and sale of its securities. WesBanco is subject to the disclosure and regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as administered by the SEC. WesBanco is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (the “NASDAQ”) under the trading symbol “WSBC” and is subject to the rules of the NASDAQ for listed companies. Under the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994, as amended (the “Riegle- Neal Act”), a bank holding company may acquire banks in states other than its home state, subject to certain limitations. The Riegle-Neal Act also authorizes banks to merge across state lines, thereby creating interstate banking. Under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), banks are also permitted to establish de novo branches across state lines to the same extent that a state-chartered bank in each host state would be permitted to open branches. Under the BHCA, prior Federal Reserve Board approval is required for WesBanco to acquire more than 5% of the voting stock of any bank. In determining whether to approve a proposed bank acquisition, federal banking regulators will consider, among other factors, the effect of the acquisition on competition, the public benefits expected to be received from the acquisition, the projected capital ratios and levels on a post-acquisition basis, and the acquiring institution’s record of addressing the credit needs of the communities it serves, including the needs of low and moderate income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operation of the bank, under the Community Reinvestment Act, as amended (the “CRA”). HOLDING COMPANY REGULATIONS As indicated above, WesBanco has one state bank subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, as well as non-bank subsidiaries, which are described further in “Item 1. Business—General” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The subsidiary bank is subject to affiliate transaction restrictions under federal law, which limit “covered transactions” by the subsidiary bank with the parent and any non-bank subsidiaries of the parent, which are referred to in the aggregate in this paragraph as “affiliates” of the subsidiary bank. “Covered transactions” include loans or extensions of credit to an affiliate (including repurchase agreements), purchases of or investments in securities issued by an affiliate, purchases of assets from an affiliate, the acceptance of securities issued by an affiliate as collateral for a loan or extension of credit, the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate, certain transactions that involve borrowing or lending securities, and certain derivative transactions with an affiliate. Such covered transactions between the subsidiary bank and any single affiliate are limited in amount to 10% of the subsidiary bank’s capital and surplus, and, with respect to covered transactions with all affiliates in the aggregate, are limited in amount to 20% of the subsidiary bank’s capital and surplus. Furthermore, such loans or extensions of credit, guarantees, acceptances and letters of credit, and any credit exposure resulting from securities borrowing or lending transactions or derivatives transactions, are required to be secured by collateral at all times in amounts specified by law. In addition, all covered transactions must be conducted on terms and conditions that are consistent with safe and sound banking practices. 5 The Dodd-Frank Act requires a bank holding company to act as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary bank. Under this source of strength requirement, the Federal Reserve Board may require a bank holding company to make capital infusions into a troubled subsidiary bank, and may charge the bank holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to such a subsidiary bank. A capital infusion conceivably could be required at a time when WesBanco may not have the resources to provide it. PAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS Dividends from the subsidiary bank are a significant source of funds for payment of dividends to WesBanco’s shareholders. For the year ended December 31, 2015, WesBanco declared cash dividends to its common shareholders of approximately $35.4 million. As of December 31, 2015, WesBanco Bank was “well capitalized” under the definition in Section 325.103 of the FDIC Regulations. Therefore, as long as the Bank remains “well capitalized” or even becomes “adequately capitalized,” there would be no basis under Section 325.105 to limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends because it had not become undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized. Beginning January 1, 2016, WesBanco Bank and WesBanco will be subject to “capital buffer” rules, which will require WesBanco and WesBanco Bank to have capital levels above the regulatory minimums in order to pay dividends (discussed below in connection with the Basel III initiative under “Item 1. Business—Capital Requirements”). All financial institutions are subject to the prompt corrective action provisions set forth in Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (the “FDI Act”) and the provisions set forth in Section 325.105 of the FDIC Regulations. Immediately upon a state non-member bank receiving notice, or being deemed to have notice, that the bank is undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, or critically undercapitalized, as defined in Section 325.103 of the FDIC Regulations, the bank is precluded from being able to pay dividends to its shareholders based upon the requirements in Section 38(d) of the FDI Act, 12. U.S.C. § 1831o(d). In addition, with respect to possible dividends by the Bank, under Section 31A-4-25 of the West Virginia Code, the prior approval of the West Virginia Commissioner of Banking would be required if the total of all dividends declared by the Bank in any calendar year would exceed the total of the Bank’s net profits for that year combined with its retained net profits of the preceding two years. Further, Section 31A-4-25 limits the ability of a West Virginia banking institution to pay dividends until the surplus fund of the banking institution equals the common stock of the banking institution and if certain specified amounts of recent profits of the banking institution have not been carried to the surplus fund. If, in the opinion of the applicable regulatory authority, a bank under its jurisdiction is engaged in or is about to engage in an unsafe or unsound practice which, depending on the financial condition of the bank, could include the payment of dividends, such authority may require, after notice and hearing, that such bank cease and desist from such practice. The Federal Reserve Board has issued policy statements which provide that insured banks and bank holding companies should generally only pay dividends out of current operating earnings. Under applicable law, bank regulatory agency approval is required if the total of all dividends declared by a bank in any calendar year exceeds the available retained earnings or exceeds the aggregate of the bank’s net profits (as defined by regulatory agencies) for that year and its retained net profits for the preceding two years. As of December 31, 2015, under FDIC regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, a dividend of up to $51.3 million from WesBanco Bank. Additional information regarding dividend restrictions is set forth in Note 20, “Regulatory Matters,” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. On February 24, 2009, the Federal Reserve Division of Banking Supervision and Regulation issued a letter providing direction to bank holding companies on the payment of dividends, capital repurchases and capital redemptions. Although the letter largely reiterates longstanding Federal Reserve supervisory policies, it emphasizes the need for a bank holding company to review various factors when considering the declaration of a dividend or taking action that would reduce regulatory capital provided by outstanding financial instruments. These factors include the potential need to increase loan loss reserves, write down assets and reflect declines in asset values in 6 equity. In addition, the bank holding company should consider its past and anticipated future earnings, the dividend payout ratio in relation to earnings, and adequacy of regulatory capital before any action is taken. The consideration of capital adequacy should include a review of all known factors that may affect capital in the future. In certain circumstances, defined by regulation relating to levels of earnings and capital, advance notification to, and in some circumstances, approval by the regulator could be required to declare a dividend or repurchase or redeem capital instruments. FDIC INSURANCE FDIC insurance premiums are assessed by the FDIC using a risk-based approach that places insured institutions into categories based on capital and risk profiles. In 2015, WesBanco Bank paid deposit insurance premiums of $4.1 million, compared to $3.0 million and $3.4 million in 2014 and 2013, respectively. The increase from prior years was due to a larger assessment base from the ESB acquisition. WesBanco Bank’s capital, net income and loan quality financial ratios used to calculate the assessment rate have continually improved, leading to a decrease in the assessment rate. CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS The Federal Reserve Board has issued risk-based capital ratio and leverage ratio guidelines for bank holding companies. The risk-based capital ratio guidelines establish a systematic analytical framework that makes regulatory capital requirements more sensitive to differences in risk profiles among banking organizations, takes off-balance sheet exposures into explicit account in assessing capital adequacy, and minimizes disincentives to holding liquid, low-risk assets. Under the guidelines and related policies, bank holding companies must maintain capital sufficient to meet both a risk-based asset ratio test and a leverage ratio test on a consolidated basis. The risk-based ratio is determined by allocating assets and specified off-balance sheet commitments into four weighted categories, with higher weightings being assigned to categories perceived as representing greater risk. A bank holding company’s capital is then divided by total risk-weighted assets to yield the risk-based ratio. The leverage ratio is determined by relating core capital to total assets adjusted as specified in the guidelines. The Bank is subject to substantially similar capital requirements. The federal regulatory authorities’ risk-based capital guidelines are based upon agreements reached by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the “Basel Committee”). The Basel Committee is a committee of central banks and bank supervisors and regulators from the major industrialized countries that develops broad policy guidelines for use by each country’s supervisors in determining the supervisory policies they apply. In December 2010, the Basel Committee issued a strengthened set of international capital and liquidity standards for banks and bank holding companies, known as “Basel III.” In July 2013, the U.S. federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule that implements the Basel III capital standards and establishes the minimum capital levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act. The rule was effective January 1, 2015 subject to a transition period providing for full implementation on January 1, 2019. Generally, under the applicable guidelines, a financial institution’s capital is divided into common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”), total Tier 1 and Tier 2. CET1 includes common shares and retained earnings less goodwill, intangible assets subject to limitation and certain deferred tax assets subject to limitation. In addition under the final capital rule, an institution may make a one-time, permanent election to continue to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income from capital. If an institution does not make this election, unrealized gains and losses will be included in the calculation of its CET1. Total Tier 1 is comprised of CET1 and certain restricted capital instruments, including qualifying cumulative perpetual preferred stock and qualifying trust preferred securities, in their Tier 1 capital, up to a limit of 25% of Tier 1 capital. (See below within this section for more information regarding the capital treatment of trust preferred securities.) Tier 2, or supplementary capital, includes, among other things, portions of trust preferred securities and cumulative perpetual preferred stock not otherwise counted in Tier 1 capital, as well as perpetual preferred stock, 7 instruments, perpetual debt, mandatory convertible debt intermediate-term preferred stock, hybrid capital securities, term subordinated debt, unrealized holding gains on equity securities, and the allowance for loan and lease losses, all subject to certain limitations. “Total capital” is the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. The amount of Tier 2 capital that exceeds the amount of Tier 1 capital must be excluded from the total capital calculation. The Federal Reserve Board has established the following minimum capital levels banks and bank holding companies are required to maintain: (i) CET1 of at least 4.5%, (ii) Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 6%, (iii) total capital ratio (Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital) of at least 8%; and (iv) a non-risk-based leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets) of 4%. Additionally, when the final capital rule is fully implemented, it will require an institution to maintain a 2.5% common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer over the minimum risk-based capital requirements to avoid restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, discretionary bonuses to executive officers, and engage in share repurchases. Failure to meet applicable capital guidelines could subject a financial institution to a variety of enforcement remedies available to the federal regulatory authorities, including limitations on the ability to pay dividends, the issuance by the regulatory authority of a capital directive to increase capital, and the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, as well as to the measures described below under “Prompt Corrective Action” as applicable to undercapitalized institutions. As of December 31, 2015, WesBanco’s CET1, Tier 1 and total capital to risk-adjusted assets ratios were 11.66%, 13.35% and 14.11%, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, WesBanco Bank also had capital in excess of the minimum requirements. Neither WesBanco nor the Bank had been advised by the appropriate federal banking regulator of any specific leverage ratio applicable to it. As of December 31, 2015, WesBanco’s leverage ratio was 9.38%. As of December 31, 2015, WesBanco had $106.2 million in junior subordinated debt on its Consolidated Balance Sheets presented as a separate category of long-term debt. For regulatory purposes, Trust Preferred Securities totaling $103.0 million underlying such junior subordinated debt were included in Tier 1 capital as of December 31, 2015, in accordance with regulatory reporting requirements. In 2013, the federal banking agencies amended capital requirements to generally exclude trust preferred securities from Tier 1 capital. A grandfather provision, however, permits bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. The final Basel III capital rule permanently grandfathers trust preferred securities issued before May 19, 2010 for institutions of less than $15 billion in size, subject to a 25% limit of Tier 1 capital. The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the limit could be included in Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions. For more information regarding trust preferred securities, please refer to Note 11, “Junior Subordinated Debt Owed to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The risk-based capital standards of the Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC specify that evaluations by the banking agencies of a bank’s capital adequacy will include an assessment of the exposure to declines in the economic value of the bank’s capital due to changes in interest rates. These banking agencies issued a joint policy statement on interest rate risk describing prudent methods for monitoring such risk that rely principally on internal measures of exposure and active oversight of risk management activities by senior management. PROMPT CORRECTIVE ACTION The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”) requires federal banking regulatory authorities to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, FDICIA establishes five capital tiers: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. An institution is deemed to be “well-capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5% or greater, and a new common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or greater, and is not subject to a regulatory order, agreement, or directive to meet and 8 maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure. An institution is deemed to be “adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6% or greater, generally a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% or greater, and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 4.5% or greater, and the institution does not meet the definition of a “well-capitalized” institution. An institution that does not meet one or more of the “adequately capitalized” tests is deemed to be “undercapitalized.” If the institution has a total risk- based capital ratio that is less than 6%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio that is less than 4%, or a Tier 1 leverage ratio that is less than 3%, it is deemed to be “significantly undercapitalized.” Finally, an institution is deemed to be “critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2%. At December 31, 2015, WesBanco Bank had capital levels that met the “well- capitalized” standards under FDICIA and its implementing regulations. FDICIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution, including payment of a cash dividend, or paying any management fee to its holding company, if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. Undercapitalized institutions are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit a capital restoration plan. If any depository institution subsidiary of a holding company is required to submit a capital restoration plan, the holding company would be required to provide a limited guarantee regarding compliance with the plan as a condition of approval of such plan by the appropriate federal banking agency. If an undercapitalized institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is significantly undercapitalized. Significantly undercapitalized institutions may be subject to a number of requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets, and cessation of receipt of deposits from correspondent banks. Critically undercapitalized institutions may not, beginning 60 days after becoming critically undercapitalized, make any payment of principal or interest on their subordinated debt and/or trust preferred securities. In addition, critically undercapitalized institutions are subject to appointment of a receiver or conservator within 90 days of becoming critically undercapitalized. GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY ACT Under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the “GLB Act”), banks are no longer prohibited from associating with, or having management interlocks with, a business organization engaged principally in securities activities. By qualifying as a “financial holding company,” as authorized under the GLB Act, which WesBanco has done, a bank holding company acquires new powers not otherwise available to it. As indicated above, WesBanco has elected to become a financial holding company under the GLB Act. It also has qualified a subsidiary of the Bank as a financial subsidiary under the GLB Act. Financial holding company powers relate to “financial activities” that are determined by the Federal Reserve Board, in coordination with the Secretary of the Treasury, to be financial in nature, incidental to an activity that is financial in nature, or complementary to a financial activity, provided that the complementary activity does not pose a safety and soundness risk. The GLB Act itself defines certain activities as financial in nature, including but not limited to: underwriting insurance or annuities; providing financial or investment advice; underwriting, dealing in, or making markets in securities; merchant banking, subject to significant limitations; insurance company portfolio investing, subject to significant limitations; and any activities previously found by the Federal Reserve Board to be closely related to banking. National and state banks are permitted under the GLB Act, subject to capital, management, size, debt rating, and CRA qualification factors, to have “financial subsidiaries” that are permitted to engage in financial activities not otherwise permissible. However, unlike financial holding companies, financial subsidiaries may not engage in insurance or annuity underwriting; developing or investing in real estate; merchant banking (for at least five years); or insurance company portfolio investing. DODD-FRANK ACT The Dodd-Frank Act contains numerous and wide-ranging reforms to the structure of the U.S. financial system. Portions of the Dodd-Frank Act are effective at different times, and many of the provisions are general 9 statements directing regulators to draft more detailed rules. Although the full scope of the Dodd-Frank Act’s impact remains somewhat unclear, management expects that it will, over time, reduce revenue and increase expenses. Bank holding companies will be subjected to increased capital requirements (discussed above under “Item 1. Business—Capital Requirements”). A provision known as the Volcker Rule limits WesBanco’s ability to engage in proprietary trading, as well as its ability to sponsor or invest in hedge funds or private equity funds. In December 2013, U.S. federal banking agencies issued joint final rules implementing this provision. The rules were effective April 1, 2014, and WesBanco is expected to bring its activities and investments into full compliance by July 21, 2017. Additionally, an interim final rule was issued in January 2014 that exempts investments in certain collateralized debt obligations backed primarily by trust preferred securities from the provisions of the Volcker Rule. This interim final rule issued in January 2014 did not have a material impact on WesBanco for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Dodd-Frank Act makes several changes affecting the securitization markets, which may affect a bank’s ability or desire to use those markets to meet funding or liquidity needs. One of these changes calls for federal regulators to adopt regulations requiring the sponsor of a securitization to retain at least 5% of the credit risk, with exceptions for “qualified residential mortgages.” Publicly traded companies are required by the Dodd-Frank Act to give shareholders an advisory vote on executive compensation, and, in some cases, golden parachute arrangements. Further, SEC and NASDAQ rulemaking under the Dodd-Frank Act requires NASDAQ-listed companies to have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. WesBanco’s compensation committee members currently satisfy the independence criteria. The Dodd-Frank Act also calls for regulators to issue new rules relating to incentive-based compensation arrangements deemed excessive, and proxy access by shareholders. All banks and other insured depository institutions will have increased authority to open new branches across state lines (discussed above under “Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation”). A provision authorizing insured depository institutions to pay interest on checking accounts will likely increase WesBanco’s interest expenses. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”), created by the Dodd-Frank Act, has the authority to write rules implementing numerous consumer protection laws applicable to all banks (discussed below under “Item 1. Business—Consumer Protection Laws”). CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS In connection with its lending and leasing activities, all banks are subject to a number of federal and state laws designed to protect consumers and promote lending and other financial services to various sectors of the economy and population. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act (“TILA”), the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, and, in some cases, their respective state law counterparts. The new CFPB created by the Dodd-Frank Act now has consolidated authority to write regulations implementing these and other laws. WesBanco’s other subsidiaries that provide services relating to consumer financial products and services will also be subject to the CFPB’s regulations. As an institution with assets of less than $10 billion, WesBanco Bank will continue to be examined by the FDIC for compliance with these rules. Relating to mortgage lending, the Dodd-Frank Act authorized the CFPB to issue new regulations governing the ability to repay (“ATR”), qualified mortgages (“QM”), mortgage servicing, appraisals and compensation of mortgage lenders, all of which have been issued and have taken effect. They limit the mortgage products offered by the Bank and have an impact on timely enforcement of delinquent mortgage loans. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act required the Federal Reserve Board to write rules to limit debit card interchange fees to those “reasonable and proportional” to the cost of transactions, which were effective on October 1, 2011. Even though the limits on debit card interchange fees apply only to institutions with more than $10 billion in assets, market forces may over time limit debit card interchange fees as a source of revenue for all banks, including smaller banks like WesBanco Bank. 10 Federal law currently contains extensive customer privacy protection provisions. Under these provisions, a financial institution must provide to its customers, at the inception of the customer relationship and annually thereafter, the institution’s policies and procedures regarding the handling of customers’ nonpublic personal financial information. These provisions also provide that, except for certain limited exceptions, an institution may not provide such personal information to unaffiliated third parties unless the institution discloses to the customer that such information may be so provided and the customer is given the opportunity to opt out of such disclosure. Federal law makes it a criminal offense, except in limited circumstances, to obtain or attempt to obtain customer information of a financial nature by fraudulent or deceptive means. The CRA requires WesBanco Bank’s primary federal bank regulatory agency, to assess WesBanco Bank’s record in meeting the credit needs of the communities served by the bank, including low and moderate-income neighborhoods and persons. Institutions are assigned one of four ratings: “Outstanding,” “Satisfactory,” “Needs to Improve” or “Substantial Noncompliance.” This assessment is reviewed when a bank applies to merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets or assume the liabilities of an insured depository institution, or to open or relocate a branch office. WesBanco Bank’s current CRA rating is “Outstanding” as a result of an FDIC exam in 2013. the FDIC, SECURITIES REGULATION WesBanco’s full service broker-dealer subsidiary, WesBanco Securities, is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and in the states in which it does business. WesBanco Securities also is a member of FINRA. WesBanco Securities is subject to regulation by the SEC, FINRA and the securities administrators of the states in which it is registered. WesBanco Securities is a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation, which in the event of the liquidation of a broker-dealer, provides protection for customers’ securities accounts held by WesBanco Securities of up to $500,000 for each eligible customer, subject to a limitation of $250,000 for claims for cash balances. In addition, WesBanco Bank’s Investment Department serves as an investment adviser to a family of mutual funds and is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC and in some states. The Dodd-Frank Act also directed the CFPB to integrate the mortgage loan disclosures under TILA and RESPA. The CFPB issued new integrated disclosures rules (“TRID”) which became effective October 3, 2015, and which have combined the prior good faith estimate and truth in lending disclosure form into a new form, the loan estimate. They have also combined the HUD-1 and final truth in lending disclosure forms into a new form, the closing disclosure. The new rule is extremely complex (approximately 1900 pages), contains significant uncertainties as to penalties, some of which can be quite material, contains prohibitions against correcting even technical mistakes, creates uncertainty regarding last minute changes in the transaction and has triggered significant ambiguity in compliance. Thus for covered transactions and most closed-end consumer credit transactions secured by real property, the TRID rules have presented significant and ongoing challenges to real estate lenders. ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING INITIATIVES AND THE USA PATRIOT ACT A major focus of governmental policy on financial institutions in recent years has been aimed at combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “USA Patriot Act”) substantially broadened the scope of United States anti-money laundering laws and regulations by imposing significant new compliance and due diligence obligations, creating new crimes and penalties and expanding the extra-territorial jurisdiction of the United States. The United States Treasury Department has issued various implementing regulations which apply certain requirements of the USA Patriot Act to financial institutions, such as WesBanco Bank and WesBanco’s broker-dealer subsidiary. These regulations impose obligations on financial institutions to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity of their customers. Failure of WesBanco and its subsidiaries to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal and reputational consequences for WesBanco and its subsidiaries. 11 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS The risks described below are not the only ones we face in our business. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition or operating results could be materially harmed. DUE TO INCREASED COMPETITION, WESBANCO MAY NOT BE ABLE TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN BANKING CUSTOMERS AT CURRENT LEVELS. WesBanco operates in a highly competitive banking and financial industry that could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes. WesBanco faces banking competition in all the markets it serves from the following: • • • • • • • local, regional and national banks; savings and loans; internet banks; credit unions; payday lenders and money services businesses; finance companies; and brokerage firms serving WesBanco’s market areas. In particular, the Bank’s competitors include several major national financial companies whose greater resources may afford them a marketplace advantage by enabling them to maintain numerous banking locations and mount extensive promotional and advertising campaigns. Additionally, banks and other financial institutions may have products and services not offered by WesBanco, which may cause current and potential customers to choose those institutions. Areas of competition include interest rates for loans and deposits, efforts to obtain deposits and range and quality of services provided. If WesBanco is unable to attract new and retain current customers, loan and deposit growth could decrease, causing WesBanco’s results of operations and financial condition to be negatively impacted. WESBANCO MAY NOT BE ABLE TO EXPAND ITS TRUST AND INVESTMENT SERVICES SEGMENT AND RETAIN ITS CURRENT CUSTOMERS. WesBanco may not be able to attract new and retain current investment management clients due to competition from the following: • commercial banks and trust companies; • mutual fund companies; • • • • investment advisory firms; law firms; brokerage firms; and other financial services companies. Its ability to successfully attract and retain investment management clients is dependent upon its ability to compete with competitors’ investment products, level of investment performance, client services and marketing and distribution capabilities. Due to changes in economic conditions, the performance of the trust and investment services segment may be negatively impacted by the financial markets in which investment clients’ assets are invested, causing clients to seek other alternative investment options. If WesBanco is not successful, its results from operations and financial position may be negatively impacted. 12 CUSTOMERS MAY DEFAULT ON THE REPAYMENT OF LOANS WHICH COULD SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS THROUGH INCREASES IN THE PROVISION AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES. The Bank’s customers may default on the repayment of loans, which may negatively impact WesBanco’s earnings due to loss of principal and interest income. Increased operating expenses may result from the allocation of management time and resources to the collection and work-out of the loan. Collection efforts may or may not be successful causing WesBanco to write off the loan or repossess the collateral securing the loan, which may or may not exceed the balance of the loan. WesBanco maintains an allowance for loan losses, which is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, to provide for probable incurred losses in our loan portfolio. Management evaluates the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses at least quarterly, which includes testing certain individual loans as well as collective pools of loans for impairment. This evaluation includes an assessment of actual loss experience within each category of the portfolio, individual commercial and commercial real estate loans that exhibit credit weakness; current economic events, trends in bankruptcy filings, and other pertinent factors; industry or geographic concentrations; and regulatory guidance. including employment statistics, WesBanco’s regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan losses. Based on their assessment the regulatory agencies may require WesBanco to adjust the allowance for loan losses. These adjustments could negatively impact WesBanco’s results of operations or financial position. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN WESBANCO’S MARKET AREAS COULD NEGATIVELY IMPACT EARNINGS. WesBanco Bank serves both individuals and business customers throughout West Virginia, Ohio and western Pennsylvania. The substantial majority of WesBanco’s loan portfolio is to individuals and businesses in these markets. As a result, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of WesBanco are affected by local and regional economic conditions. A downturn in these economies could have a negative impact on WesBanco and the ability of the Bank’s customers to repay their loans. The value of the collateral securing loans to borrowers may also decline as the economy declines. As a result, deteriorating economic conditions in these markets could cause a decline in the overall quality of WesBanco’s loan portfolio requiring WesBanco to charge- off a higher percentage of loans and/or increase its allowance for loan losses. A decline in economic conditions in these markets may also force customers to utilize deposits held by WesBanco Bank in order to pay current expenses causing the Bank’s deposit base to shrink. As a result the Bank may have to borrow funds at higher rates in order to meet liquidity needs. Lower oil and gas prices have reduced shale gas activity in the region which may negatively impact local and regional economic conditions and affect both commercial and retail customers, resulting in lower deposits and credit deterioration in the loan portfolio. These events may have a negative impact on WesBanco’s earnings and financial condition. CURRENT MARKET INTEREST RATES AND COST OF FUNDS MAY NEGATIVELY IMPACT WESBANCO’S BANKING BUSINESS. Fluctuations in interest rates may negatively impact the business of the Bank. The Bank’s main source of income from operations is net interest income, which is equal to the difference between the interest income received on interest-bearing assets (usually loans and investment securities) and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities (usually deposits and borrowings). These rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond WesBanco’s control, including general economic conditions, both domestic and foreign, and the monetary and fiscal policies of various governmental and regulatory authorities. WesBanco Bank’s net interest income can be affected significantly by changes in market interest rates. Changes in relative interest rates may reduce the Bank’s net interest income as the difference between interest income and interest expense decreases. As a result, the Bank has adopted asset and liability management policies to minimize the potential adverse effects of changes in interest rates on net interest income, primarily by altering the mix and maturity of 13 loans, investments and funding sources. However, even with these policies in place, WesBanco cannot be certain that changes in interest rates or the shape of the interest rate yield curve will not negatively impact its results of operations or financial position. WesBanco’s cost of funds for banking operations may not decrease at the same pace as asset yields, particularly in the current interest rate environment, where certain rates are subject to artificial floors or are close to 0%. Cost of funds also may increase as a result of future general economic conditions, interest rates and competitive pressures. The Bank has traditionally obtained funds principally through deposits and wholesale borrowings. As a general matter, deposits are a cheaper source of funds than borrowings because interest rates paid for deposits are typically less than interest rates charged for borrowings. If, as a result of general economic conditions, market interest rates, competitive pressures or otherwise, the value of deposits at the Bank decreases relative to its overall banking operations, the Bank may have to rely more heavily on borrowings as a source of funds in the future. SIGNIFICANT DECLINES IN U.S. AND GLOBAL MARKETS COULD HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON WESBANCO’S EARNINGS. The capital and credit markets could experience extreme disruption. These conditions result in less liquidity, greater volatility, widening of credit spreads and a lack of price transparency in certain asset types. In many cases, markets could exert downward pressure on stock prices, security prices and credit capacity for certain issuers without regard to those issuers’ underlying financial strength. Sustained weakness in business and economic conditions in any or all of the domestic or foreign financial markets could result in credit deterioration in investment securities held by us, rating agency downgrades for such securities or other market factors that (such as lack of liquidity for re-sales, absence of reliable pricing information or unanticipated changes in the competitive market) could result in us having to recognize other-than-temporary impairment in the value of such investment securities, with a corresponding charge against earnings. Furthermore, our pension assets are primarily invested in equity and debt securities, and weakness in capital and credit markets could result in deterioration of these assets, and changes in certain key pension assumptions based on current interest rates, long-term rates of return and other economic or actuarial assumptions may increase minimum funding contributions and future pension expense. If the markets deteriorate further, these conditions may be material to WesBanco’s ability to access capital and may adversely impact results of operations. Further, WesBanco’s trust and investment services income could be impacted by fluctuations in the securities market. A portion of this revenue is based on the value of the underlying investment portfolios. If the values of those investment portfolios decline, the Bank’s revenue could be negatively impacted. RISKS INHERENT IN MUNICIPAL BONDS COULD HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON WESBANCO’S EARNINGS. As of December 31, 2015, approximately 35% of WesBanco’s total securities portfolio was invested in municipal bonds. Although WesBanco’s municipal portfolio is broadly spread across the U.S., any downturn in the economy of a state or municipality in which WesBanco holds municipal obligations could increase the default risk of the respective debt. In addition, a portion of WesBanco’s municipal portfolio is comprised of Build America bonds. Due to the current government sequester reducing the interest subsidy that the government provides to the issuing municipalities, extraordinary redemption provisions (ERP) may be executed by the municipality if it is in their favor to do so. There is a risk that when an ERP is executed, WesBanco may not recover its amortized cost in the bond if it was purchased at a premium. Credit risks are also prevalent when downgrades of credit ratings are issued by major credit rating agencies, which are caused by creditworthiness issues of both bond insurers and the municipality itself. Credit rating downgrades to a non-investment grade level may force WesBanco to sell a municipal bond at a price where amortized cost may not be recovered. Any of the above default risks, early redemption risks and credit risks could cause WesBanco to take impairment charges, which could be significant, that would negatively impact earnings. 14 WESBANCO MAY BE REQUIRED TO WRITE DOWN GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, CAUSING ITS FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS TO BE NEGATIVELY AFFECTED. When WesBanco acquires a business, a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. The amount of the purchase price which is allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets is determined by the excess of the purchase price over the net identifiable assets acquired. Under current accounting standards, if WesBanco determines that goodwill or intangible assets are impaired, it is required to write down the carrying value of these assets. WesBanco conducts an annual review to determine whether goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets are impaired. WesBanco completed such an impairment analysis in 2015 and concluded that no impairment charge was necessary for the year ended December 31, 2015. WesBanco cannot provide assurance that it will not be required to take an impairment charge in the future. Any impairment charge would have a negative effect on its shareholders’ equity and financial results and may cause a decline in our stock price. SUITABLE ACQUISITION OPPORTUNITIES MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE TO WESBANCO IN THE FUTURE. WesBanco continually evaluates opportunities to acquire other businesses. However, WesBanco may not have the opportunity to make suitable acquisitions on favorable terms in the future, which could negatively impact the growth of its business. WesBanco expects that other banking and financial companies, many of which have significantly greater resources, will compete to acquire compatible businesses. This competition could increase prices for acquisitions that WesBanco would likely pursue, and its competitors may have greater resources than it does. Also, acquisitions of regulated businesses such as banks are subject to various regulatory approvals. If WesBanco fails to receive the appropriate regulatory approvals, it will not be able to consummate an acquisition that it believes is in its best interests. WESBANCO IS SUBJECT TO EXTENSIVE GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND SUPERVISION. WesBanco is subject to extensive federal and state regulation, supervision and examination. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors’ funds, federal deposit insurance funds and the banking system as a whole, rather than corporate shareholders. These regulations affect WesBanco’s lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy, operations and growth, among other things. These regulations also impose obligations to maintain appropriate policies, procedure and controls. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. Changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, could affect WesBanco in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject WesBanco to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products that could be offered, and/or increase the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on WesBanco’s business, financial condition and result of operations. As of December 31, 2015, WesBanco had $106.2 million in junior subordinated debt presented as a separate category of long-term debt on its Consolidated Balance Sheets. For regulatory purposes, Trust Preferred Securities totaling $103.0 million underlying such junior subordinated debt are included in Tier 1 capital in accordance with regulatory reporting requirements. On March 1, 2005, the Federal Reserve Board adopted a rule that retains trust preferred securities in Tier 1 capital, but with stricter quantitative limits and clearer qualitative standards. Under the rule, the aggregate amount of trust preferred securities and certain other capital elements is limited to 25% of Tier 1 capital elements, net of goodwill. The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the limit can be included in Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions. The Dodd-Frank Act required the federal banking agencies to develop new consolidated capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and banks. Rules issued in 2013 generally exclude trust preferred securities from Tier 1 15 capital beginning in 2015, however, a grandfather provision will permit bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. In addition, new international capital standards known as Basel III, which were implemented by a U.S. federal banking agencies’ joint final rule issued in July 2013, and effective January 1, 2015, further increases the minimum capital requirements applicable to WesBanco and the Bank, which may negatively impact both entities. Additional information about these changes in capital requirements are described above in “Item 1. Business— Capital Requirements.” Regulation of WesBanco and its subsidiaries is expected to continue to expand in scope and complexity in the future. These laws are expected to have the effect of increasing WesBanco’s costs of doing business and reducing its revenues, and may limit its ability to pursue business opportunities or otherwise adversely affect its business and financial condition. The Dodd-Frank Act and other laws, as well as rules implementing or related to them, may adversely affect WesBanco. Specifically, any governmental or regulatory action having the effect of requiring WesBanco to obtain additional capital could reduce earnings and have a material dilutive effect on current shareholders, including the Dodd-Frank Act source of strength requirement that bank holding companies make capital infusions into a troubled subsidiary bank. Legislation and regulation of debit card fees, credit cards and other bank services, as well as changes in WesBanco’s practices relating to those and other bank services, may affect WesBanco’s revenue and other financial results. Additional information about increased regulation is provided in “Item 1. Business” under the headings “Supervision and Regulation,” “Holding Company Regulations,” “Capital Requirements,” “Dodd-Frank Act,” and “Consumer Protection Laws.” WesBanco is also subject to tax laws and regulations promulgated by the United States government and the states in which it operates. Changes to these laws and regulations or the interpretations of such laws and regulations by taxing authorities could impact future tax expense and the value of deferred tax assets. ADDITIONAL GROWTH WILL SUBJECT WESBANCO TO ADDITIONAL REGULATION AND INCREASED SUPERVISION. The Dodd-Frank Act imposes additional regulatory requirements on institutions with $10 billion or more in assets. WesBanco had $8.5 billion in assets as of December 31, 2015. Additional growth that results in WesBanco having assets of $10 billion or more would subject WesBanco to the following: • Supervision, examination and enforcement by the CFPB with respect to consumer financial protection laws; • Regulatory stress testing requirements, whereby WesBanco would be required to conduct an annual stress test (using assumptions for baseline, adverse and severely adverse scenarios); • A modified methodology for calculating FDIC insurance assessments and potentially higher assessment rates as a result of institutions with $10 billion or more in assets being required to bear a greater portion of the cost of raising the reserve ratio; • Heightened compliance standards under the Volcker Rule; • Reduced debit card interchange revenue from applicability of the Durbin Amendment; and • Enhanced supervision as a larger financial institution. The imposition of these regulatory requirements and increased supervision may require additional commitment of resources to regulatory compliance and may increase WesBanco’s cost of operations. Further, the results of the stress testing process may lead WesBanco to retain additional capital or alter the mix of its capital components. financial 16 LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF BORROWINGS AND LIQUIDITY FROM THE FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK SYSTEM AND OTHER SOURCES COULD NEGATIVELY IMPACT EARNINGS. WesBanco Bank is currently a member bank of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Pittsburgh, and while it retains certain short-term borrowings from the FHLB of Cincinnati from prior bank acquisitions, it is no longer considered a member bank of such FHLB. Membership in this system of quasi-governmental, regional home-loan oriented agency banks allows us to participate in various programs offered by the FHLB. We borrow funds from the FHLB, which are secured by a blanket lien on certain residential and commercial mortgage loans, and if applicable, investment securities with collateral values in excess of the outstanding balances. Future earnings shortfalls and minimum capital requirements of the FHLB may impact the collateral necessary to secure borrowings and limit the borrowings extended to their member banks, as well as require additional capital contributions by member banks. The FHLB’s rating assigned to WesBanco Bank may also negatively impact the amount of term collateral and other conditions imposed by the FHLB upon WesBanco Bank. Should these situations occur, WesBanco’s short-term liquidity needs could be negatively impacted. If WesBanco was restricted from using FHLB advances due to weakness in the system or with the FHLB of Pittsburgh, WesBanco may be forced to find alternative funding sources. If WesBanco is required to rely more heavily on higher cost funding sources, revenues may not increase proportionately to cover these costs, which would adversely affect WesBanco’s results of operations and financial position. WESBANCO’S FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS DEPEND ON THE SUCCESSFUL GROWTH OF ITS SUBSIDIARIES. WesBanco’s primary business activity for the foreseeable future will be to act as the holding company of its banking and other subsidiaries. Therefore, WesBanco’s future profitability will depend on the success and growth of these subsidiaries. In the future, part of WesBanco’s growth may come from buying other banks and buying or establishing other companies. Such entities may not be profitable after they are purchased or established, and they may lose money or be dilutive to earnings per share, particularly for the first few years. A new bank or company may bring with it unexpected liabilities, bad loans, or poor employee relations, or the new bank or company may lose customers and the associated revenue. Dilution of book and tangible book value may occur as a result of an acquisition that may not be earned back for several years, if at all. WESBANCO’S ABILITY TO PAY DIVIDENDS IS LIMITED, AND COMMON STOCK DIVIDENDS MAY HAVE TO BE REDUCED OR ELIMINATED. Holders of shares of WesBanco’s common stock are entitled to dividends if, when, and as declared by WesBanco’s Board of Directors out of funds legally available for that purpose. Although the Board of Directors has declared cash dividends in the past, the current ability to pay dividends is largely dependent upon the receipt of dividends from the Bank. Federal and state laws impose restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends, which restrictions are more fully described in “Item 1. Business—Payment of Dividends.” In general, future dividend policy is subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend upon a number of factors, including WesBanco’s and the Bank’s future earnings, liquidity and capital requirements, regulatory constraints and financial condition. FUTURE EXPANSION BY WESBANCO MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AS WELL AS DILUTE THE INTERESTS OF OUR SHAREHOLDERS AND NEGATIVELY AFFECT THE PRICE OF OUR COMMON STOCK. WesBanco may acquire other financial institutions, or branches or assets of other financial institutions, in the future. WesBanco may also open new branches and enter into new lines of business or offer new products or services. Any such expansion of our business will involve a number of expenses and risks, which may include: • • the time and expense associated with identifying and evaluating potential expansions; the potential inaccuracy of estimates and judgments used to evaluate credit, operations, management and market risk with respect to target institutions; 17 • • • • • • • • • the time and costs of evaluating new markets, hiring local management and opening new offices, and the delay between commencing these activities and the generation of profits from the expansion; the risk we could discover undisclosed liabilities resulting from any acquisitions for which we may become responsible; our financing of the expansion; the diversion of management’s attention to the negotiation of a transaction and the integration of the operations and personnel of the combining businesses; entry into unfamiliar markets; the introduction of new products and services into our existing business; the incurrence and possible impairment of goodwill associated with an acquisition and possible adverse short-term effects on our results of operations; the risk that benefits such as enhanced earnings that we anticipate from any new acquisitions may not develop and future results of the combined companies may be materially lower from those estimated; and the risk of loss of key employees and customers. We can give no assurance that integration efforts for any future acquisitions will be successful. We may issue equity securities in connection with acquisitions, which could dilute the economic and voting interests of our existing shareholders. WesBanco completed the acquisition of ESB on February 10, 2015 and integration issues such as those described above could be experienced in the future as a result. HIGHER FDIC DEPOSIT INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND ASSESSMENTS COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT WESBANCO’S FINANCIAL CONDITION. Since 2008, the economic environment caused higher levels of bank failures, which dramatically increased FDIC resolution costs and led to a significant reduction in the deposit insurance fund. In order to restore reserve ratios of the deposit insurance fund, the FDIC has in the past few years significantly increased the assessment rates paid by financial institutions for deposit insurance. In addition, in May 2009, the FDIC imposed a special assessment on all insured institutions, and in November 2009, it adopted a rule requiring banks to prepay their FDIC assessments for years through 2012, which accompanied a rate increase beginning in 2011. While the Deposit Insurance Fund balance has significantly improved since then, and a new assessment base that reduced rates for community banks was adopted in 2011, the FDIC has indicated that future special assessments are possible, although it has not determined the magnitude or timing of any future assessments. Additionally, as WesBanco’s total assets approach $10 billion, under the Dodd Frank Act, to the extent the FDIC increases reserves against future losses, the increased assessments are to be borne primarily by institutions with assets of greater than $10 billion. Additional increases in FDIC insurance premiums and future special assessments may adversely affect WesBanco’s results of operations and financial condition. INTERRUPTION TO OUR INFORMATION SYSTEMS OR BREACHES IN SECURITY COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT WESBANCO’S OPERATIONS. WesBanco relies on information systems and communications for operating and monitoring all major aspects of business, as well as internal management functions. Any failure, interruption, intrusion or breach in security of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in the WesBanco customer relationship, management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems. While WesBanco has policies, procedures and technical safeguards designed to prevent or limit the effect of any failure, interruption, intrusion or security breach of its information systems, there can be no assurance that the above-noted issues will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. 18 There have been several cyber-attacks on websites of large financial services companies. Even if not directed at WesBanco specifically, attacks on other entities with whom we do business or on whom we otherwise rely or attacks on financial or other institutions important to the overall functioning of the financial system could adversely affect, directly or indirectly, aspects of WesBanco’s business. Cyber-attacks on third party retailers or other business establishments that widely accept debit card or check payments could compromise sensitive bank customer information, such as debit card and account numbers. Such an attack could result in significant costs to the bank, such as costs to reimburse customers, reissue debit cards and open new customer accounts. In addition, there have been efforts on the part of third parties to breach data security at financial institutions, including through the use of social engineering schemes such as “phishing.” The ability of our customers to bank remotely, including online and through mobile devices, requires secure transmission of confidential information and increases the risk of data security breaches. Because the techniques used to attack financial services company communications and information systems change frequently (and generally increase in sophistication), often attacks are not recognized until launched against a target, may be supported by foreign governments or other well-financed entities, and may originate from less regulated and remote areas around the world, we may be unable to address these techniques in advance of attacks, including by implementing adequate preventative measures. The occurrence of any such failure, disruption or security breach of WesBanco’s information systems, particularly if widespread or resulting in financial losses to our customers, could damage WesBanco’s reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject WesBanco to additional regulatory scrutiny, and expose WesBanco to civil litigation and possible financial liability. In addition, the prevalence of cyber-attacks and other efforts to breach or disrupt our systems has led, and will continue to lead, to costs to WesBanco with respect to prevention and mitigation of these risks, as well as costs reimbursing customers for losses suffered as a result of these actions. Successful attacks or systems failures at other large financial institutions, whether or not WesBanco is included, could lead to a general loss of customer confidence in financial institutions with a potential negative impact on WesBanco’s business, additional demands on the part of our regulators, and increased costs to deal with risks identified as a result of the problems affecting others. The risks described above could have a material effect on WesBanco’s business, results of operations and financial condition. LOSS OF KEY EMPLOYEES COULD IMPACT GROWTH AND EARNINGS AND MAY HAVE AN ADVERSE IMPACT ON BUSINESS. Our operating results and ability to adequately manage our growth are highly dependent on the services, managerial abilities and performance of our key employees, including executive officers and senior management. Our success depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled and qualified management, loan origination, finance, administrative, marketing and technical personnel and upon the continued contributions of this management and personnel. The loss of services, or the inability to successfully complete planned or unplanned transitions of key personnel approaching normal retirement age, could have an adverse impact on WesBanco’s business, operating results and financial condition because of their skills, knowledge of the local markets, years of industry experience and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel. A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF WESBANCO’S LOAN PORTFOLIO IS IN WEST VIRGINIA, OHIO, AND PENNSYLVANIA AND IN COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE. DETERIORATIONS IN ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THIS AREA OR IN THE REAL ESTATE MARKET GENERALLY COULD BE MORE HARMFUL TO THE COMPANY COMPARED TO MORE DIVERSIFIED INSTITUTIONS. As of December 31, 2015, approximately 25% of WesBanco’s loan portfolio was comprised of residential real estate loans, and 45% was comprised of commercial real estate loans. 19 Inherent risks of commercial real estate (“CRE”) lending include the cyclical nature of the real estate market, construction risk and interest rate risk. The cyclical nature of real estate markets can cause CRE loans to suffer considerable distress. During these times of distress, a property’s performance can be negatively affected by tenants’ deteriorating credit strength and lease expirations in times of softening demand caused by economic deterioration or over-supply conditions. Even if borrowers are able to meet their payment obligations, they may find it difficult to refinance their full loan amounts at maturity due to declines in property value. Other risks associated with CRE lending include regulatory changes and environmental liability. Regulatory changes in tax legislation, zoning or similar external conditions including environmental liability may affect property values and the economic feasibility of existing and proposed real estate projects. The company’s CRE loan portfolio is concentrated in West Virginia, Ohio and Pennsylvania. There are a wide variety of economic conditions within the local markets of the three states in which most of the company’s CRE loan portfolio will be situated. Rates of employment, consumer loan demand, household formation, and the level of economic activity can vary widely from state to state and among metropolitan areas, cities and towns. Metropolitan markets comprise various submarkets where property values and demand can be affected by many factors, such as demographic makeup, geographic features, transportation, recreation, local government, school systems, utility infrastructure, tax burden, building-stock age, zoning and building codes, and available land for development. As a result of the high concentration of the company’s loan portfolio, it may be more sensitive, as compared to more diversified institutions, to future disruptions in and deterioration of this market, which could lead to losses which could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the company. WESBANCO MAY NEED TO RAISE CAPITAL IN THE FUTURE, BUT CAPITAL MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE WHEN NEEDED OR AT ACCEPTABLE TERMS. Federal and state banking regulators require WesBanco and its banking subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, to maintain adequate levels of capital to support its operations. In addition, in the future WesBanco may need to raise additional capital to support its business or to finance acquisitions, if any, or WesBanco may otherwise elect to raise additional capital in anticipation of future growth opportunities. WesBanco’s ability to raise additional capital for parent company or banking subsidiary needs will depend on conditions at that time in the capital markets, overall economic conditions, WesBanco’s financial performance and condition, and other factors, many of which are outside our control. There is no assurance that, if needed, WesBanco will be able to raise additional capital on favorable terms or at all. An inability to raise additional capital may have a material adverse effect on our ability to expand operations, and on our financial condition, results of operations and future prospects. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES WesBanco’s subsidiaries generally own their respective offices, related facilities and any unimproved real property held for future expansion. At December 31, 2015, WesBanco operated 141 banking offices in West Virginia, Ohio and western Pennsylvania, of which 112 were owned and 29 were leased. WesBanco also operated one loan production office leased in western Pennsylvania. These leases expire at various dates through April 2034 and generally include options to renew. The Bank also owns several regional headquarters buildings in various markets, most of which also house a banking office and/or certain back office functions. The main office of WesBanco is located at 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, West Virginia, in a building owned by the Bank. The building contains approximately 100,000 square feet and serves as the main office for both 20 WesBanco’s community banking segment and its trust and investment services segment, as well as its executive offices. The Bank’s major back office operations currently occupy approximately 75% of the space available in an office building connected via sky-bridge to the main office. This adjacent back office building is owned by WesBanco Properties, Inc., a subsidiary of WesBanco, with the remainder of the building leased to unrelated businesses. At various building locations, WesBanco rents or makes available commercial office space to unrelated businesses. Rental income totaled $0.6 million, $0.7 million and $0.8 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. For additional disclosures related to WesBanco’s properties, other fixed assets and leases, please refer to Note 6, “Premises and Equipment” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Litigation Related to the ESB Merger On October 29, 2014, ESB and WesBanco entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), providing for the merger of ESB with and into WesBanco, with WesBanco as the surviving corporation (the “Merger”). Each of ESB and WesBanco filed a definitive joint proxy statement/prospectus, dated as of December 11, 2014 (the “Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus”), with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the Merger. The Merger was consummated on February 10, 2015. As previously reported by each of ESB and WesBanco on Current Reports on Form 8-K, each dated December 15, 2014 and filed on December 19, 2014, two putative class action complaints were filed by purported shareholders of ESB with respect to the Merger. One complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (the “Federal District Court”), and captioned and numbered James Elliott vs. ESB Financial, Inc., et al., Case No. 2:14-cv-01689-MRH (the “Federal Lawsuit”). The other complaint was filed in the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, and captioned and numbered Randall Kress v. ESB Bank, Case No. 11185/14 CA (the “Lawrence County Lawsuit”). Both complaints alleged generally, among other things, that each member of ESB’s board of directors (the “Director Defendants”) breached their fiduciary duties in approving the Merger Agreement, that ESB and WesBanco aided and abetted such breaches of fiduciary duty and that the disclosure regarding the Merger contained in the Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus was materially deficient. On January 15, 2015, solely to avoid the costs, risks and uncertainties inherent in litigation, ESB, ESB Bank, WesBanco and the Director Defendants (ESB, ESB Bank, WesBanco and the Director Defendants, collectively the “Defendants”) entered into a Memorandum of Settlement (the “MOS”) with the respective plaintiffs (collectively, the “Plaintiffs”) regarding the settlement of both the Federal Lawsuit and the Lawrence County Lawsuit. Pursuant to the MOS, ESB and WesBanco agreed to file with the SEC and make publicly available to shareholders of ESB and WesBanco supplemental disclosures provided on Form 8-K and the Plaintiffs agreed to release ESB, ESB Bank, WesBanco and the Director Defendants from all claims related to the Merger Agreement and the Merger, subject to approval of the Federal District Court. The court approved the settlement contemplated in the MOS on September 21, 2015, and both the Federal Lawsuit and the Lawrence County Lawsuit were dismissed with prejudice, and all claims that were or could have been brought challenging any aspect of the Merger, the Merger Agreement, and any disclosure made in connection therewith were released and barred. ESB or its successor or insurer paid the fees and expenses awarded by the court. The parties prepared a stipulation of settlement which was entered into by the parties and filed with the court on April 28, 2015. By Order dated July 2, 2015, the Federal district Court made preliminary determinations regarding (i) certification of a class of ESB shareholders such that notice could be disseminated to class members relating to, among other things, the Federal Lawsuit, the Lawrence County Lawsuit, the settlement contemplated in the MOS (the “Settlement”), a final hearing to approve the Settlement and the right of class members to participate in such hearing, and (ii) the role of Mr. Elliott and his counsel as Class Representative and Class Counsel, respectively. A final hearing was held on September 21, 2015, the Settlement was approved by the Court and the matter has now been dismissed. 21 The settlement did not affect the timing of the special meeting of shareholders of ESB held January 22, 2015 in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania to vote upon a proposal to adopt the Merger Agreement. Similarly, the settlement did not affect the timing of the special meeting of shareholders of WesBanco held January 22, 2015 in Wheeling, West Virginia to vote on a proposal to approve the issuance of shares of WesBanco common stock in connection with the Merger. The shareholders of both corporations approved the Merger. ESB and the other Defendants denied all of the allegations in the lawsuits and believed the disclosures previously included in the Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus were appropriate under the law. Nevertheless, ESB and the other Defendants agreed to settle the putative class action lawsuits in order to avoid the costs, disruptions and distraction of further litigation. ESB and the other Defendants vigorously denied, and continue to vigorously deny, that they committed or aided and abetted in the commission of any violation of law or engaged in any of the wrongful acts that were alleged in the lawsuits, and expressly maintain that, to the extent applicable, they diligently and scrupulously complied with their fiduciary and other legal burdens and entered into the MOS solely to eliminate the burden and expense of further litigation and to put the claims that were or could have been asserted to rest. Nothing in the MOS or any stipulation of settlement shall be deemed an admission of the legal necessity or materiality under applicable laws of any of the disclosures set forth therein. Other Litigation WesBanco is also involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. While any litigation contains an element of uncertainty, WesBanco does not believe that a material loss related to such proceedings or claims pending or known to be threatened is reasonably possible. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not Applicable. 22 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES WesBanco’s common stock is quoted on the NASDAQ Global Stock Market under the symbol WSBC. The approximate number of record holders of WesBanco’s $2.0833 par value common stock as of February 17, 2016 was 6,224, not including shares held in nominee positions. The number of holders does not include WesBanco employees who have purchased stock or had stock allocated to them through WesBanco’s Employee Stock Ownership and 401(k) plan (the “KSOP”). All WesBanco employees who meet the eligibility requirements of the KSOP are included in this retirement plan. The table below presents for each quarter in 2015 and 2014, the high and low sales price per share as reported by NASDAQ and cash dividends declared per share. Fourth quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First quarter $34.32 36.11 35.39 35.08 $29.49 29.26 30.75 30.11 High Low Dividend Declared $0.230 0.230 0.230 0.230 High Low $35.70 32.11 32.49 32.38 $29.71 28.87 28.27 26.77 Dividend Declared $0.220 0.220 0.220 0.220 2015 2014 In April 2015, WesBanco shareholders approved an increase in the number of authorized shares of common stock from 50,000,000 shares to 100,000,000 shares. In May 2015, WesBanco repurchased from the United States Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) a warrant to purchase 101,320.6 shares of the Company’s common stock. This warrant was acquired through WesBanco’s acquisition of Fidelity Bancorp, Inc. (“Fidelity’) in 2012 and was originally issued by Fidelity pursuant to the Treasury’s Capital Purchase Program established as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program. The purchase price paid by WesBanco to the Treasury for the warrant was $2.2 million. At December 31, 2015, WesBanco had eight capital trusts, which are all wholly-owned trust subsidiaries of WesBanco formed for the purpose of issuing Trust Preferred Securities and lending the proceeds to WesBanco. The debentures and trust preferred securities issued by the trusts provide that WesBanco has the right to elect to defer the payment of interest on the debentures and trust preferred securities for up to an aggregate of 20 quarterly periods. However, if WesBanco should defer the payment of interest or default on the payment of interest, it may not declare or pay any dividends on its common stock during any such period. For additional disclosure relating to WesBanco Trust Preferred Securities, refer to Note 11, “Junior Subordinated Debt Owed to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Federal and state laws impose restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends, which restrictions are more fully described in “Item 1. Business—Payment of Dividends.” 23 As of December 31, 2015, WesBanco had two active one million share stock repurchase plans. The first plan was originally approved by the Board of Directors on March 21, 2007 and the second, which is incremental to the first, was approved October 22, 2015. Each provides for shares to be repurchased for general corporate purposes, which may include a subsequent resource for potential acquisitions, shareholder dividend reinvestment and employee benefit plans. The timing, price and quantity of purchases are at the discretion of WesBanco, and the plan may be discontinued or suspended at any time. Repurchases in the fourth quarter include those for the KSOP and dividend reinvestment plans, repurchases to facilitate stock compensation transactions, and repurchases for general corporate purposes. Certain information relating to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is set forth under the heading “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in Part III, “Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.” The following table shows the activity in WesBanco’s stock repurchase plan and other purchases for the quarter ended December 31, 2015: Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans Period Balance at September 30, 2015 . . . . . . . October 1, 2015 to October 31, 2015 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . Other repurchases (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (2), (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1, 2015 to November 30, 2015 — 5,530 17,711 $ — 31.81 31.71 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . Other repurchases (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 32 2,258 December 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . Other repurchases (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter 2015 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . Other repurchases (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,000 742 1,489 55,000 6,304 21,458 82,762 — 31.41 29.38 30.07 33.95 30.89 30.07 32.06 31.41 $30.57 313,564 313,564 308,034 1,308,034 1,308,034 1,308,002 N/A 1,253,002 1,252,260 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,252,260 — 5,530 N/A — 32 N/A 55,000 742 N/A 55,000 6,304 N/A 61,304 (1) Consists of shares purchased to facilitate in the termination of ESB’s ESOP plan and from employees for the payment of withholding taxes to facilitate in the vesting of various stock compensation plans. (2) Consists of open market purchases transacted in the KSOP and dividend reinvestment plans. (3) Reflects the impact of an additional 1.0 million shares approved on October 22, 2015. N/A—Not applicable 24 The following graph shows a comparison of cumulative total shareholder returns for WesBanco, the Russell 2000 Index, and the SNL Small Cap Bank Index. The total shareholder return assumes a $100 investment in the common stock of WesBanco and each index since December 31, 2010 with reinvestment of dividends. Total Return Performance WesBanco, Inc. Russell 2000 SNL Small Cap Bank Index 250 200 l e u a V x e d n I 150 100 50 0 12/31/10 12/31/11 12/31/12 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 Index 12/31/10 12/31/11 12/31/12 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 WesBanco, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russell 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SNL Small Cap Bank Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.00 100.00 100.00 106.01 95.82 95.51 125.23 111.49 111.26 185.63 154.78 155.17 207.58 162.35 163.56 184.32 155.18 179.12 Period Ending 25 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following consolidated selected financial data is derived from WesBanco’s audited financial statements as of and for the five years ended December 31, 2015. The following consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. WesBanco’s acquisitions during the five years ended December 31, 2015 include ESB on February 10, 2015 and Fidelity on November 30, 2012 and include the results of operations since the date of acquisition. (dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 For the years ended December 31, 2.15 $ 2.15 0.92 29.18 16.51 37,488,331 37,547,127 PER COMMON SHARE INFORMATION Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends declared per common share . . . . . . . . . . . Book value at year end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tangible book value at year end (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average common shares outstanding—basic . . . . . . Average common shares outstanding—diluted . . . . . SELECTED BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,422,450 $ 1,511,094 $ 1,532,906 $ 1,623,753 $ 1,609,265 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,084 3,184,558 Net portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,536,030 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,393,866 Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total FHLB and other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365,073 Junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated 2.18 $ 2.18 0.78 25.59 14.68 29,270,922 29,344,683 1.84 $ 1.84 0.70 24.45 13.48 26,867,227 26,888,847 2.39 $ 2.39 0.88 26.90 16.09 29,249,499 29,333,876 1.65 1.65 0.62 23.80 13.29 26,614,697 26,615,281 21,903 3,635,063 6,078,717 4,944,284 254,158 5,865 4,042,112 6,296,565 5,048,983 303,816 7,899 5,024,132 8,470,298 6,066,299 1,123,106 5,855 3,847,549 6,144,773 5,062,530 190,044 subsidiary trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SELECTED RATIOS Return on average assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible assets (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible equity (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest margin (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Efficiency ratio (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average loans to average deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to total loans . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing 106,196 1,122,132 106,176 788,190 106,137 746,595 113,832 714,184 106,066 633,790 0.99% 1.08 7.62 13.41 3.41 57.05 78.53 0.82 1.12% 1.20 8.97 15.39 3.61 59.59 76.89 1.09 1.05% 1.13 8.72 15.79 3.58 60.99 75.28 1.22 0.88% 0.96 7.54 13.57 3.53 60.98 74.15 1.43 0.81% 0.88 7.01 13.18 3.66 59.50 76.32 1.69 loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.07 1.62 Non-performing assets to total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.30 Net loan charge-offs to average loans . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.49 Average shareholders’ equity to average assets . . . . 6.73 Tangible equity to tangible assets (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.71 Tier 1 leverage ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.68 Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.93 Total capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (CET 1) . . . . . . . Dividend payout ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.58 Trust assets at market value (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,625,411 $ 3,840,540 $ 3,688,734 $ 3,238,556 $ 2,973,352 82.79 1.15 0.66 11.71 6.84 9.34 12.82 14.07 N/A 38.04 87.76 0.89 0.23 12.48 7.88 9.88 13.76 14.81 N/A 36.82 91.99 0.92 0.38 12.00 7.35 9.27 13.06 14.19 N/A 35.78 92.84 0.60 0.23 13.04 7.95 9.38 13.35 14.11 11.66 42.79 (1) See non-GAAP Measures with this “Item 6. Selected Financial Data” for additional information relating to the calculation of this item. (2) Presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) and annualized basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax- exempt loans and investments using the federal statutory tax rate of 35% for each period presented. WesBanco believes this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income and provides relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable amounts. (3) Trust assets are held by the Bank, in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. N/A—not applicable 26 For the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 SUMMARY STATEMENTS OF INCOME Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $261,712 24,725 $215,991 22,763 $217,890 32,403 $211,686 43,335 $224,167 54,802 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,987 8,353 228,634 74,466 193,923 109,177 28,415 193,228 6,405 186,823 68,504 161,633 93,694 23,720 185,487 9,086 176,401 69,285 160,998 84,688 20,763 168,351 19,874 148,477 64,775 150,120 63,132 13,588 169,365 35,311 134,054 59,888 140,295 53,647 9,838 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 80,762 $ 69,974 $ 63,925 $ 49,544 $ 43,809 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2.15 2.15 $ $ 2.39 2.39 $ $ 2.18 2.18 $ $ 1.84 1.84 $ $ 1.65 1.65 Non-GAAP Measures The following non-GAAP financial measures used by WesBanco provide information that WesBanco believes is useful to investors in understanding WesBanco’s operating performance and trends, and facilitates comparisons with the performance of WesBanco’s peers. The following tables summarize the non-GAAP financial measures derived from amounts reported in WesBanco’s financial statements. (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 For the years ended December 31, Tangible equity to tangible assets: Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of $ 1,122,132 $ 788,190 $ 746,595 $ 714,184 $ 633,790 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (487,270) (316,914) (318,161) (320,399) (279,967) Tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of 634,862 8,470,298 471,276 6,296,565 428,434 6,144,773 393,785 6,078,717 353,823 5,536,030 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (487,270) (316,914) (318,161) (320,399) (279,967) Tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,983,028 5,979,651 5,826,612 5,758,318 5,256,063 Tangible equity to tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.95% 7.88% 7.35% 6.84% 6.73% Tangible book value: Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of $ 1,122,132 $ 788,190 $ 746,595 $ 714,184 $ 633,790 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (487,270) (316,914) (318,161) (320,399) (279,967) Tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634,862 38,459,635 471,276 29,298,188 428,434 29,175,236 393,785 29,214,660 353,823 26,629,360 Tangible book value at year end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible equity: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . Net income before amortization of intangibles . . . Average total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ 16.51 80,762 2,038 82,800 1,059,490 16.09 69,974 1,248 71,222 780,423 $ $ $ $ 14.68 63,925 1,487 65,412 733,249 $ $ 13.48 49,544 1,398 50,942 656,684 13.29 43,809 1,566 45,375 625,061 (442,215) (317,523) (318,913) (281,326) (280,718) Average tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617,275 462,900 414,336 375,358 344,343 Return on average tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.41% 15.39% 15.79% 13.57% 13.18% 27 (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 For the years ended December 31, Return on average tangible assets: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . Net income before amortization of intangibles . . . . . . . . Average total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of $ 80,762 2,038 $ 69,974 1,248 $ 63,925 1,487 $ 49,544 1,398 $ 43,809 1,566 82,800 8,123,981 71,222 6,253,253 65,412 6,109,311 50,942 5,606,386 45,375 5,440,243 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (442,215) (317,523) (318,913) (281,326) (280,718) Average tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,681,766 5,935,730 5,790,398 5,325,060 5,159,525 Return on average tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.08% 1.20% 1.13% 0.96% 0.88% Efficiency Ratio: Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: restructuring and merger-related expense . . . . . . . Non-interest expense excluding restructuring and $ 193,923 (11,082) $ 161,633 (1,309) $ 160,998 (1,310) $ 150,120 (3,888) $ 140,295 — merger-related expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,841 160,324 159,688 146,232 140,295 Net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246,014 74,466 200,545 68,504 192,556 69,285 175,027 64,775 175,885 59,888 Net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis plus non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320,480 269,049 261,841 239,802 235,773 Efficiency Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.05% 59.59% 60.99% 60.98% 59.50% Net income, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . . $ 80,762 7,203 $ 69,974 851 $ 63,925 851 $ 49,544 2,527 $ 43,809 — Net income, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 87,965 $ 70,825 $ 64,776 $ 52,071 $ 43,809 Net income, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses per diluted share: Net income per diluted share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses per diluted share (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses per diluted share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible equity, excluding after- tax merger-related expenses: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ Net income before amortization of intangibles . . . . . . . . Average total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of 90,003 1,059,490 2.15 $ 2.39 $ 2.18 $ 1.84 $ 1.65 0.19 0.03 0.03 0.09 — 2.34 $ 2.42 $ 2.21 $ 1.93 $ 1.65 $ 80,762 7,203 2,038 69,974 851 1,248 72,073 780,423 $ 63,925 851 1,487 66,263 733,249 $ 49,544 2,527 1,398 53,469 656,684 $ 43,809 — 1,566 45,375 625,061 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (442,215) (317,523) (318,913) (281,326) (280,718) Average tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617,275 462,900 414,336 375,358 344,343 Return on average tangible equity, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.58% 15.57% 15.99% 14.24% 13.18% (1) Tax effected at 35% 28 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Management’s Discussion and Analysis represents an overview of the results of operations and financial condition of WesBanco. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Forward-looking statements in this report relating to WesBanco’s plans, strategies, objectives, expectations, intentions and adequacy of resources, are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The information contained in this report should be read in conjunction with WesBanco’s Form 10-Qs for the prior quarters ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2015, respectively, and documents subsequently filed by WesBanco which are available at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov or at WesBanco’s website, www.wesbanco.com. Investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements, which are not historical fact, involve risks and uncertainties, including those detailed under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such statements are subject to important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by such statements, including, without limitation, the effects of changing regional and national economic conditions; changes in interest rates, spreads on earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and associated interest rate sensitivity; sources of liquidity available to WesBanco and its related subsidiary operations; potential future credit losses and the credit risk of commercial, real estate, and consumer loan customers and their borrowing activities; actions of the Federal Reserve Board, the FDIC, the SEC, FINRA, the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, the Securities Investors Protection Corporation, and other regulatory bodies; potential legislative and federal and state regulatory actions and reform, including, without limitation, the impact of the implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act; adverse decisions of federal and state courts; fraud, scams and schemes of third parties; internet hacking; competitive conditions in the financial services industry; rapidly changing technology affecting financial services; marketability of debt instruments and corresponding impact on fair value adjustments; and/or other external developments materially impacting WesBanco’s operational and financial performance. WesBanco does not assume any duty to update forward-looking statements. APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and follow general practices within the industries in which it operates. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions and judgments. Certain policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments and as such have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. The most significant accounting policies followed by WesBanco are included in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements. These policies, along with other Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and this MD&A, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Management has identified the allowance for loan losses and the evaluation of goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment to be the accounting estimates that require the most subjective or complex judgments, and as such could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available. Allowance for Credit Losses—The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio and in future advances against loan commitments. Determining the 29 amount of the allowance requires significant judgment about the collectability of loans and the factors that deserve consideration in estimating probable credit losses. The allowance is increased by a provision charged to operating expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Management evaluates the adequacy of the allowance at least quarterly. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change from period to period. The evaluation includes an assessment of quantitative factors such as actual loss experience within each category of loans and testing of certain commercial loans for impairment. The evaluation also considers qualitative factors such as economic trends and conditions, which includes levels of unemployment, real estate values and the impact on specific industries and geographical markets, changes in lending policies and underwriting standards, delinquency and other credit quality trends, concentrations of credit risk, if any, the results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies, the volatility of historical loss rates, the velocity of changes in historical loss rates, and regulatory guidance pertaining to the allowance for credit losses. Management relies on observable data from internal and external sources to the extent it is available to evaluate each of these factors and adjusts the actual historical loss rates to reflect the impact these factors may have on probable losses in the portfolio. Commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans greater than $1 million that are reported as non- accrual or a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) are tested individually for impairment. Specific reserves are established when appropriate for such loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the loan or the estimated realizable value of the collateral, if any. General reserves are established for loans that are not individually tested for impairment based on historical loss rates adjusted for the impact of the qualitative factors discussed above. Historical loss rates for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans are determined for each internal risk grade or group of pass grades using a migration analysis. Historical loss rates for commercial real estate land and construction, residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans that are not risk graded are determined for the total of each category of loans. Historical loss rates for deposit account overdrafts are based on actual losses in relation to average overdrafts for the period. Management may also adjust its assumptions to account for differences between estimated and actual incurred losses from period to period. The variability of management’s assumptions could alter the level of the allowance for credit losses and may have a material impact on future results of operations and financial condition. The loss estimation models and methods used to determine the allowance for credit losses are continually refined and enhanced; however, there have been no material substantive changes compared to prior periods. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets—WesBanco accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest of an acquired business are recorded at their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition with any excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair value recorded as goodwill. At December 31, 2015, the carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets was $480.6 million and $10.3 million, respectively, which represents approximately 42.8% and 0.9% of total shareholders’ equity, respectively. At December 31, 2015, WesBanco had one significant reporting unit with goodwill, community banking. WesBanco evaluated goodwill for impairment by performing the two-step goodwill impairment test. WesBanco uses market capitalization, multiples of tangible book value, a discounted cash flow model, and various other market-based methods to estimate the current fair value of its reporting units. In particular, the discounted cash flow model includes various assumptions regarding an investors’ required rate of return on WesBanco common stock, future loan loss provisions, future net interest margins, along with various growth and economic recovery and stabilization assumptions of the economy as a whole. The resulting fair values of each method are then weighted based on the relevance and reliability of each respective method in light of the current 30 economic environment to arrive at a weighted average fair value. The evaluation also considered macroeconomic conditions such as the general economic outlook, regional and national unemployment rates and recent trends in equity and credit markets. Additionally, industry and market considerations, such as market-dependent multiples and metrics relative to peers, were evaluated. WesBanco also considered recent trends in credit quality, overall financial performance, stock price appreciation, internal forecasts and various other market-based methods to estimate the current fair value of its reporting units. WesBanco concluded that goodwill at the reporting units was not impaired as of November 30, 2015 and determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2015 as there were no significant changes in market conditions, consolidated operating results, or forecasted future results from November 30, 2015, the date of the most recent goodwill impairment evaluation. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of an intangible asset with a finite useful life is not recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset. Intangible assets with finite useful lives at December 31, 2015 are comprised of $10.2 million in core deposit intangibles held at the Bank and customer list intangibles of $0.1 million held at WesBanco Securities. At December 31, 2015 there were no indicators of impairment related to intangible assets with finite useful lives. 31 EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW On February 10, 2015, WesBanco completed the acquisition of ESB, a Pennsylvania thrift holding company based in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania with approximately $1.9 billion in assets and 23 branches in southwestern Pennsylvania. As a result of organic growth and the acquisition, for the sixth consecutive year, financial performance improved in 2015 as WesBanco continued to achieve significant loan growth in the legacy markets and through the acquisition, maintained credit quality as the loan portfolio expanded, increased interest and non- interest income and enhanced operating efficiency through cost management programs. Net income increased $10.8 million or 15.4% to $80.8 million. Net income excluding after-tax, merger related expenses(1) increased 24.2% to $88.0 million compared to $70.8 million for 2014. Net interest income improved $43.8 million or 22.6%, primarily through a 29.9% increase in earning assets from the acquisition and from 6.8% of organic loan growth, partially offset by a lower net interest margin of 3.41% compared to 3.61% in 2014. The margin decrease was from changes in asset mix, primarily through the transfer and restructuring of the ESB securities portfolio, as well as loan growth in the continued low interest rate environment, somewhat offset by continued lower funding costs as older higher rate CDs mature and are replaced by other lower cost deposits and FHLB loans. The provision for credit losses increased 30.4% due to organic loan growth in and stability or improvement in the quality inherent in the portfolio and associated credit quality metrics. Growth was achieved in certain categories of non-interest income: trust fees increased $0.8 million, service charges on deposits increased $0.6 million, electronic banking fees increased $1.7 million and securities brokerage revenue increased $0.8 million. In 2014, net gains / losses on other assets included a charge of $1.4 million to prepay a higher-rate repurchase agreement with another bank to reduce funding costs. Excluding merger related costs, non-interest expenses increased 14.0%, primarily in salaries and wages, employee benefits, net occupancy and equipment, relating primarily to the cost of ESB employees and facilities added to WesBanco operations in 2015. Overall WesBanco’s costs were well controlled in 2015 as WesBanco achieved the best efficiency ratio in the last five years of 57.05%(1). Total assets at December 31, 2015 increased 34.5% or $2.2 billion compared to December 31, 2014, with approximately $1.9 billion from the acquisition of ESB and $0.2 billion from organic growth exclusive of ESB. Portfolio loans increased $979.1 million, with $701.0 million from the acquisition and $278.1 million from loan growth exclusive of ESB. Organic loan growth in 2015 was 6.8%, primarily achieved through $1.8 billion in loan originations compared to $1.4 billion last year. Organic loan growth occurred in all loan categories, with approximately 15.2% of the growth in commercial and industrial loans and 22.0% in home equity loans. Loan growth was driven by increased business activity, additional commercial and residential lending personnel in our urban markets, focused marketing efforts and continued improvement in loan origination processes. Deposits increased $1.0 billion compared to December 31, 2014, due to the acquisition. Non-interest bearing deposits, excluding $128.0 million from the acquisition, were up 11.5% over the last year. Excluding certificates of deposit and acquired deposits from ESB, deposits increased $166.8 million or 4.5% from December 31, 2014, with deposits from Marcellus and Utica shale gas customers contributing $140.9 million to the increase. Certificates of deposit, excluding $645.1 million from ESB, decreased $392.4 million from December 31, 2014 due to lower rate offerings for single service maturing CDs and customer preferences for other deposit types as we remix our deposits to emphasize multiple relationship customers. WesBanco continues to maintain strong regulatory capital the ESB acquisition and implementation of the new BASEL III capital standards. At December 31, 2015, Tier I leverage was 9.38%, Tier I risk-based capital was 13.35%, and total risk-based capital was 14.11%. Both consolidated and bank-level regulatory capital ratios are well above the applicable, revised “well-capitalized” standards promulgated by bank regulators, as well as the recently finalized BASEL III capital standards. As required by BASEL III, a new ratio for 2015, the common equity Tier 1 capital ratio, was 11.66% for the fourth quarter of 2015, significantly above the requirement of 4.5%. Total tangible equity to tangible assets(1) was 7.95% at December 31, 2015, increasing from pre-acquisition 7.88% at December 31, 2014, and improved throughout 2015. ratios after (1) See non-GAAP Measures within Item 6. “Selected Financial Data” for additional information relating to the calculation of this item. 32 Strong earnings and improved total capital have enabled WesBanco to increase the quarterly dividend rate, at $0.23 per share for the fourth quarter, eight times over the last five years, cumulatively representing a 64% increase, with a 2015 increase of 5%. The dividend was increased again in February 2016 to $0.24 per share, a $0.01 per share or 4.3% increase to be paid April 1, 2016. WesBanco had numerous operating accomplishments in 2015 including: • The ESB acquisition, effective on February 10, 2015, was the largest in our history. We are now the 10th largest full service financial institution in western Pennsylvania, which is also our largest market area. • We continuously improved the payment card environment for our customers. We can now provide the convenience of new or replacement debit cards within minutes at every WesBanco location. In February 2016 we begin a phased replacement of all existing debit cards with new cards that include chip technology, significantly improving security and mitigation of card fraud events. • Expense management continues to be a priority and has supported continued improvement of financial results. We have avoided excessive expense growth that often accompanies organizational growth, through structured project review programs, reasonable and effective day to day expense approval processes and a cost sensitive culture developed over many years. The 2015 efficiency ratio was 57.05%, an improvement of over 250 basis points compared to 2014. Consistent enhancement of the products and processes that support customers and employees expands WesBanco’s growth opportunities and improves operating efficiency. 33 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS EARNINGS SUMMARY Net income for 2015 was $80.8 million or $2.15 per diluted share compared to $70.0 million or $2.39 per diluted share for 2014. Net income excluding after-tax merger-related expenses (non-GAAP measure) increased 24.2% to $88.0 million compared to $70.8 million for 2014, while diluted earnings per share, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses (non-GAAP measure), totaled $2.34, compared to $2.41 per share for 2014. Net interest income increased $43.8 million or 22.6% in 2015 compared to 2014 due to a 29.9% increase in average earning assets, primarily through the acquisition, and through a 6.7% increase in average loan balances, exclusive of ESB, partially offset by a 20 basis point decrease in the net interest margin. The net interest margin decreased to 3.41% in 2015 compared to 3.61% in 2014. The decrease in the net interest margin is primarily due to a change in the mix of investments to total average earning assets from 28.1% in 2014 to 32.3% in 2015, a 41 basis point decline in the average rate earned on securities due to lower yields from a restructuring of the ESB portfolio and a decrease of 14 basis points for total loans due to repricing of existing loans and competitive pricing on new loans. The lower rates were due to the low interest rate environment and were somewhat mitigated by a reduction in funding costs of 9 basis points. The provision for credit losses increased 30.4% due to organic loan growth in 2015. Net charge-offs for 2015 as a percentage of average portfolio loans of 0.23% were unchanged from 2014. Non-performing loans, including TDRs, as well as criticized and classified loans, improved as a percentage of total portfolio loans from their pre-acquisition levels in the fourth quarter of 2014. For 2015, non-interest income increased $6.0 million or 8.7% compared to 2014. Trust fees increased $0.8 million or 3.9% from customer and revenue development initiatives. Service charges on deposits increased $0.6 million or 3.8% from the addition of ESB and an overall evaluation of the fee schedule. Electronic banking fees increased $1.7 million or 13.0% from increases in transaction volume. Net securities brokerage revenue increased by $0.8 million or 11.1% through the addition of support and sales staff in several regions. Net gains on sales of mortgage loans increased $0.5 million or 29.1% from increases in originations and a larger percentage of originations being sold in the secondary market. Net losses on other assets improved by $1.4 million, due to a $1.4 million charge in the third quarter of 2014 relating to the prepayment of certain repurchase agreements. Non-interest expense increased $32.3 million or 20.0% in 2015, principally from the ESB acquisition which increased assets by $1.9 billion, excluding goodwill, and added 23 offices to our branch network. Salaries and wages increased $9.9 million or 14.7%, due to a 13.0% increase in average full-time equivalent employees from the merger and routine annual adjustments to compensation, partially offset by increased deferrals of compensation costs on new loan originations. Employee benefits expense increased $5.4 million or 25.0%, primarily from increased pension, health insurance, social security contributions and other benefit plan costs. Net occupancy increased $1.5 million principally due to increased building-related costs including utilities, lease expense, and depreciation. Equipment costs increased $1.7 million related to continuous improvements in computer system infrastructure, and origination and customer support systems. Amortization of intangible assets increased $1.2 million from additional ESB intangible assets related to core deposits and non-compete agreements. The provision for federal and state income taxes increased to $28.4 million in 2015 compared to $23.7 million in 2014. The increase in income tax expense was due to a $15.5 million increase in pre-tax income, which caused a higher effective tax rate of 26.0% compared to 25.3% for 2014. 34 TABLE 1. NET INTEREST INCOME (dollars in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable-equivalent adjustments to net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $236,987 9,027 $193,228 7,317 $185,487 7,069 Net interest income, fully taxable-equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $246,014 $200,545 $192,556 Net interest spread, non-taxable-equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit of net non-interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable-equivalent adjustment Net interest margin, fully taxable-equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.19% 0.09% 3.28% 0.13% 3.41% 3.37% 0.11% 3.48% 0.13% 3.61% 3.32% 0.13% 3.45% 0.13% 3.58% Net interest income, which is WesBanco’s largest source of revenue, is the difference between interest income on earning assets, primarily loans and securities, and interest expense on liabilities (deposits and short and long-term borrowings). Net interest income is affected by the general level and changes in interest rates, the steepness and shape of the yield curve, changes in the amount and composition of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, as well as the frequency of repricing of those assets and liabilities. Net interest income increased by $43.8 million or 22.6% in 2015 compared to 2014 due to a 29.9% increase in average earning assets, primarily through the acquisition, and through a 6.7% increase in average loan balances, exclusive of the ESB acquisition, partially offset by a 20 basis point decrease in the net interest margin. Average loan balances increased $886.8 million or 22.4% in 2015, of which $264.6 million of the increase was from organic loan growth. Total average deposits increased by $1.0 billion or 19.9% from 2014 due to the acquisition as all major categories within deposits increased. Overall, excluding CDs and acquired deposits from ESB, average deposits increased 5.5% in 2015 compared to 2014 with a decrease in total rate of 10 basis points on interest bearing deposits. These lower-cost and non-interest bearing deposit increases resulted from marketing campaigns, customer incentives, wealth management and business initiatives, as well as from Marcellus and Utica shale gas bonus and royalty payments. The net interest margin decreased to 3.41% in 2015 from 3.61% in 2014 due to an asset mix shift post-ESB, with investments comprising 32.3% of total average earning assets in 2015 compared to 28.1% in 2014, a 41 basis point decline in the average rate earned on securities due to lower yields from a restructuring of the ESB portfolio, and a decrease of 14 basis points for total loans. The cost of funds continued to improve in 2015, declining 9 basis points from 2014 due to maturities of higher rate CDs, increases in the percentage of lower-cost and non-interest bearing deposit balances to total deposits and from lower rates on FHLB and other borrowings. Excluding accretion of various purchase accounting adjustments related to recent acquisitions and the interest recognized on a tax refund in 2014, the net interest margin would have been 3.31% and 3.57%, respectively, for 2015 and 2014. Interest income increased in 2015 by $45.7 million or 21.2% compared to 2014 due to higher average balances of earning assets from both the ESB acquisition and organic growth, partially offset by lower yields on loans and the investment portfolio. Loan yields decreased 14 basis points in 2015 from reduced rates on acquired, newly-originated and contractually-repricing assets due to the necessity of offering lower rates on quality credits in an increasingly competitive and low interest rate environment. However, the increase in average loan balances helped to mitigate the effect of the lower rates, as rates earned on loans are higher than those on securities and offer the highest rates for investment in earning assets. In 2015, average loans represented 67.1% of average earning assets, decreasing from 71.2% in 2014 due to the acquired ESB loan portfolio being smaller than the acquired and restructured investment portfolio. Total securities yields decreased in 2015 by 41 basis points from 35 3.21% to 2.80% due to lower yields on ESB’s retained securities portfolio and other purchased securities at current lower available rates. The former ESB securities portfolio was also restructured and not fully invested until June which accounted for approximately $0.8 million in potential income. Within the investment portfolio, the average rate on taxable and tax-exempt securities declined by 28 and 65 basis points, respectively, from 2014. The average balance of tax-exempt securities, which provide the highest yield within securities, increased $165.6 million or 41.1% over the last year, but were 24.4% of total average securities in 2015 compared to 25.8% in 2014, further contributing to the lower yield on securities. Average taxable securities balances increased by $598.6 million or 51.7% in 2015 as a significant portion of the acquired securities consisted of 10-15 year residential mortgage pools. Shorter-term mortgage pools reduce the average life of the portfolio, particularly for the portion accounted for as available-for-sale, positioning the Bank for possible future increases in interest rates, while maintaining required levels of pledgeable securities. interest lost Portfolio loans increased $979.1 million or 24.0% in 2015, with $701.0 million from the acquisition and $278.1 million from loan growth exclusive of ESB. Organic loan growth in 2015 was 6.8%, primarily achieved through $1.8 billion in loan originations compared to $1.4 billion last year. Organic loan growth occurred in all loan categories, with approximately 15.2% of the growth in commercial and industrial loans and 22.0% in home equity loans. Loan growth was driven by increased business activity, additional commercial and residential in loan lending personnel origination processes. in our urban markets, focused marketing efforts and continued improvement Interest expense in 2015 increased $2.0 million or 8.6% from 2014, due to a $1.3 billion or 29.8% increase in average interest bearing liabilities, offset somewhat by a continued reduction in the rate paid. Total average interest bearing liabilities increased due to deposits from the ESB acquisition, increased organic deposits and increased FHLB borrowings, generally medium term. The average rate paid on interest bearing liabilities decreased 9 basis points to 0.43% in 2015 from 0.52% in 2014. Rates paid on interest bearing deposits were unchanged in all categories except certificates of deposit, which declined by 29 basis points from maturities on higher-rate CDs, combined with management reducing offered rates and the repricing of acquired CDs through purchase accounting on the acquisition date at lower market rates. Changes in the deposit funding mix partially offset the decrease in rates paid, with average certificates of deposit increasing to 34.8% of total average interest bearing deposits compared to 34.5% in 2014, due exclusively to the acquisition of ESB. WesBanco continued to focus on reducing rate offerings and growing customers with multiple banking relationships, as opposed to single service certificate of deposit customers. To replace funding from the runoff of higher cost CDs, the average balance of FHLB borrowings increased in 2015 by $510.3 million compared to 2014 and was 10.4% of total average interest bearing liabilities as compared to 1.8% last year. The average rate on FHLB borrowings decreased 26 basis points from 1.19% in 2014 to 0.93% in 2015, due to the new borrowings having shorter term lengths and lower rates than maturing or prepaid borrowings. 36 TABLE 2. AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS AND NET INTEREST MARGIN ANALYSIS (dollars in thousands) Average Balance Interest Average Rate Average Balance Interest Average Rate Average Balance Interest Average Rate For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 ASSETS Due from banks—interest bearing . . . . $ Loans, net of unearned income (1) . . . . Securities: (2) 15,467 $ 4,840,637 27 203,993 0.17% $ 4.21% 3,953,823 25,713 $ 60 172,182 0.23% $ 4.35% 3,772,172 37,556 $ 84 175,323 0.22% 4.65% Taxable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax-exempt (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,757,288 568,671 Other earning assets (4) Total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,325,959 28,721 39,314 25,791 65,105 1,614 2.24% 1,158,738 4.54% 403,088 2.80% 1,561,826 5.61% 11,726 29,233 20,906 50,139 927 2.52% 1,175,865 384,069 5.19% 3.21% 1,559,934 15,165 7.91% 29,193 20,197 49,390 162 2.48% 5.26% 3.17% 1.07% Total earning assets (3) . . . . . 7,210,784 270,739 3.75% 5,553,088 223,308 4.02% 5,384,827 224,959 4.18% Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913,197 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,123,981 700,165 $6,253,253 724,484 $6,109,311 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . $1,143,965 $ Money market accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,003,980 1,044,079 1,704,871 1,943 1,914 640 11,033 0.17% $ 899,887 $ 0.19% 972,496 0.06% 822,221 0.65% 1,418,459 1,568 1,877 532 13,286 0.17% $ 858,679 $ 867,473 0.19% 0.06% 770,687 0.94% 1,607,918 1,415 1,462 525 22,010 0.16% 0.17% 0.07% 1.37% Total interest bearing deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,896,895 15,530 0.32% 4,113,063 17,263 0.42% 4,104,757 25,412 0.62% Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . 591,506 109,165 115,088 5,510 370 3,315 0.93% 81,159 0.34% 101,291 2.88% 106,156 968 1,333 3,199 1.19% 1.32% 3.01% 62,344 142,992 107,665 1,151 2,525 3,315 1.85% 1.77% 3.08% Total interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,712,654 24,725 0.43% 4,401,669 22,763 0.52% 4,417,758 32,403 0.73% Non-interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,267,158 84,679 1,059,490 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ 1,029,370 41,791 780,423 905,921 52,383 733,249 Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,123,981 $6,253,253 $6,109,311 Net interest spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable-equivalent net interest margin (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.32% 3.50% 3.45% $246,014 3.41% $200,545 3.61% $192,556 3.58% (1) Total loans are gross of the allowance for loan losses, include loans held for sale, and are adjusted for net deferred loan fees comprised of unearned income net of deferred loan costs. Non-accrual loans were included in the average volume for the entire period. Net loan fees included in interest income on loans totaled $1.5 million, $3.5 million and $3.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Additionally, loan accretion included in interest income on loans acquired from prior acquisitions was $3.9 million, $1.4 million and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, while accretion on interest bearing liabilities from prior acquisitions was $3.4 million, $0.7 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. (2) Average yields on securities available-for-sale have been calculated based on amortized cost. (3) The yield on earning assets and the net interest margin are presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) and annualized basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and investments using the federal statutory tax rate of 35% for each period presented. WesBanco believes this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income and provides relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable amounts. Interest income on other earning assets includes $0.6 million of a special dividend from FHLB Pittsburgh for the year ended December 31, 2015 and $0.5 million of interest on a federal income tax refund for the year ended December 31, 2014. (4) 37 TABLE 3. RATE/VOLUME ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN INTEREST INCOME AND INTEREST EXPENSE (1) (in thousands) Increase (decrease) in interest income: 2015 Compared to 2014 2014 Compared to 2013 Volume Rate Net Increase (Decrease) Volume Rate Net Increase (Decrease) Due from banks—interest bearing . . . . . $ Loans, net of unearned income . . . . . . . . Taxable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax-exempt securities (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . Other earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (26) $ (5) $ (31) $ (28) $ 37,529 13,699 7,763 1,019 (5,718) (3,618) (2,878) (334) 31,811 10,081 4,885 685 8,212 (428) 990 (45) 4 (11,353) 468 (280) 810 $ (24) (3,141) 40 710 765 Total interest income change (2) . . . 59,984 (12,553) 47,431 8,701 (10,351) (1,650) Increase (decrease) in interest expense: Interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . . Money market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest expense change . . . . . 416 60 137 2,355 4,799 96 261 8,124 (41) (23) (29) (4,608) (257) (1,059) (145) (6,162) 375 37 108 (2,253) 4,542 (963) 116 70 190 33 (2,371) 291 (635) (46) 83 225 (26) (6,353) (474) (557) (70) 153 415 7 (8,724) (183) (1,192) (116) 1,962 (2,468) (7,172) (9,640) Net interest income increase (decrease) (2) . . $51,860 $ (6,391) $45,469 $11,169 $ (3,179) $ 7,990 (1) Changes to rate/volume are allocated to both rate and volume on a proportionate dollar basis. (2) The yield on earning assets and the net interest margin are presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) and annualized basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and investments using the federal statutory tax rate of 35% for each period presented. WesBanco believes this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income and provides relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable amounts. PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES The provision for credit losses is the amount to be added to the allowance for loan losses after net charge- offs have been deducted to bring the allowance to a level considered appropriate to absorb probable losses in the loan portfolio. The provision for credit losses also includes the amount to be added to the reserve for loan commitments to bring that reserve to a level considered appropriate to absorb probable losses on unfunded commitments. The provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased $1.9 million or 30.4% to $8.4 million. This increase is primarily the result of overall loan growth as historical loss rates and other credit quality indicators either improved or were stable. The provision for credit losses was lower than net charge-offs by $2.8 million in 2015 and $2.9 million in 2014 due to recognition of losses in both years that were provided for in prior years as well as improved credit quality metrics. (Please see the “Credit Quality” and “Allowance for Credit Losses” sections of this MD&A for additional discussion). 38 TABLE 4. NON-INTEREST INCOME For the Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 $ Change % Change Trust fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service charges on deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronic banking fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities brokerage revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gains on sales of mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain / (loss) on other real estate owned and other assets . . . . . . . . Net insurance services revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other $21,900 16,743 14,361 7,692 4,863 2,071 948 356 3,083 2,449 $21,069 16,135 12,708 6,922 4,614 1,604 903 (1,006) 2,733 2,822 $ 831 608 1,653 770 249 467 45 1,362 350 (373) Total non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $74,466 $68,504 $5,962 3.9 3.8 13.0 11.1 5.4 29.1 5.0 135.4 12.8 (13.2) 8.7 Non-interest income is a significant source of revenue and an important part of WesBanco’s results of operations. WesBanco offers its customers a wide range of retail, commercial, investment and electronic banking services, which are viewed as a vital component of WesBanco’s ability to attract and maintain customers, as well as providing additional fee income beyond normal spread-related income to WesBanco. Non-interest income increased $6.0 million or 8.7% compared to 2014. Trust fees increased $0.8 million or 3.9% from customer and revenue development initiatives. Total trust assets of $3.6 billion at December 31, 2015 decreased 5.6% from $3.8 billion at December 31, 2014 due to market value declines. At December 31, 2015, trust assets include managed assets of $2.9 billion and non- managed (custodial) assets of $0.7 billion. Assets managed for the WesMark Funds, a proprietary group of mutual funds that is advised by WesBanco’s trust and investment services group, were $903.6 million as of December 31, 2015 and $952.1 million at December 31, 2014 and are included in trust managed assets. Service charges on deposits increased $0.6 million or 3.8% compared to the prior year due to the larger customer deposit base from the addition of ESB and an overall higher fee schedule, somewhat offset by lower customer usage patterns. Electronic banking fees, which include debit card interchange fees, continued to grow, increasing $1.7 million or 13.0% compared to 2014, due to a higher volume of debit card transactions from the acquisition and WesBanco’s legacy customers. The volume increase is due to both marketing and process initiatives as well as a higher volume of customers using these products. Net securities brokerage revenue increased $0.8 million or 11.1% compared to 2014 from additional market coverage in the western Pennsylvania market, the addition of support and producing staff in several regions, as well as an increase in referrals and production from a licensed retail banker program. Net gains on sales of mortgage loans increased $0.5 million or 29.1% compared to the prior year from increases in originations and a larger percentage of originations being sold in the secondary market. Total mortgage production was $305.5 million in 2015, up 7.8% from 2014. Mortgages sold into the secondary market represented $136.1 million or 44.5% of overall mortgage loan production in 2015 compared to $101.7 million or 35.9% in 2014. Net gain/(loss) on other assets improved by $1.4 million due to a $1.4 million charge in the third quarter of 2014 relating to the prepayment of a repurchase agreement with another bank. 39 TABLE 5. NON-INTEREST EXPENSE For the Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2015 2014 $ Change % Change Salaries and wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FDIC insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and merger-related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Franchise and other miscellaneous taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consulting, regulatory, accounting and advisory fees . . . . . . . . . . . . ATM and electronic banking interchange expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postage and courier expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and foreclosure expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other $ 77,340 26,896 13,635 13,194 5,646 4,107 3,136 11,082 5,924 4,959 4,463 3,720 2,841 2,418 1,537 546 12,479 $ 67,408 21,518 12,122 11,542 5,242 3,376 1,920 1,309 6,748 4,405 4,222 3,373 2,425 2,531 1,555 1,101 10,836 $ 9,932 5,378 1,513 1,652 404 731 1,216 9,773 (824) 554 241 347 416 (113) (18) (555) 1,643 14.7 25.0 12.5 14.3 7.7 21.7 63.3 746.6 (12.2) 12.6 5.7 10.3 17.2 (4.5) (1.2) (50.4) 15.2 Total non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $193,923 $161,633 $32,290 20.0 Non-interest expense in 2015 increased $32.3 million or 20.0% compared to 2014, principally from the ESB acquisition which increased assets by $1.9 billion, excluding goodwill, and added 23 offices to our branch network, and from $11.1 million of merger-related expenses in 2015 compared to $1.3 million in 2014. Salaries and wages increased $9.9 million or 14.7%, due to a 13.0% increase in average full-time equivalent employees from the merger and routine annual adjustments to compensation, partially offset by increased deferrals of compensation costs on new loan originations. Salaries and wages in 2015 also include $0.8 million related to temporary post-merger personnel costs incurred as a result of the timing of the April 24 weekend systems and branch conversions. Employee benefits expense increased $5.4 million or 25.0%, primarily from increased pension, health insurance, social security contributions and other benefit plan costs. Net occupancy increased $1.5 million in 2015 principally due to increased building-related costs including utilities, lease expense, depreciation and other maintenance costs resulting primarily from the additional ESB offices. Equipment increased $1.7 million in 2015 due to improvements in computer system infrastructure, and loan origination and customer support systems. In addition, teller cash recycling machines introduced into our branches have improved the speed of customer service, improved cash controls and reduced full-time equivalent employees. Marketing expenses, which include multiple marketing campaigns targeting non-interest bearing checking accounts and debit card usage, as well as home equity and other consumer loans, increased $0.4 million in 2015 from additional market coverage in the western Pennsylvania market from the ESB acquisition. FDIC insurance increased $0.7 million or 21.7% compared to 2014 due to an increase in the assessment base primarily from the ESB acquisition. Amortization of intangible assets increased $1.2 million in 2015 due to the ESB acquisition, which added approximately $5.3 million in core deposit intangibles and $2.2 million in non-compete agreements with former ESB executives with contracts ranging from one to four years. 40 Restructuring and merger-related expenses of $11.1 million in 2015 related to the ESB acquisition include $7.8 million in executive change-in-control and employee severance expenses, $1.7 million in investment banking services, $0.5 million in audit and valuation services, $0.4 million in marketing expenses, $0.3 million in legal expenses and $0.4 million of various other merger-related expenses. Miscellaneous taxes decreased $0.8 million or 12.2% in 2015 due to the elimination of WV business franchise tax which became effective January 1, 2015. Other real estate owned and foreclosure expenses decreased $0.6 million in 2015 compared to 2014 due to lower foreclosure and liquidation activity even as related assets increased. Other real estate owned and repossessed assets increased $0.7 million from 2014 to $5.8 million primarily due to the ESB acquisition. Other non-interest expense increased $1.6 million in 2015 compared to 2014 due to customer fraud losses recognized totaling $0.5 million, higher electronic bill pay expenses and other miscellaneous operating expenses. INCOME TAXES The provision for federal and state income taxes increased to $28.4 million in 2015 compared to $23.7 million in 2014. The increase in income tax expense was primarily due to a $15.5 million increase in pre-tax income, which caused a higher effective tax rate of 26.0% compared to 25.3% for 2014. FINANCIAL CONDITION Total assets increased 34.5% in 2015, while deposits and shareholders’ equity increased 20.1% and 42.4%, respectively, compared to December 31, 2014, primarily due to the acquisition of ESB. Total portfolio loans increased $979.1 million or 24.0% with $701.0 million from the ESB acquisition and the remaining $278.1 million from WesBanco’s originations outpacing pay downs, which were a result of increased business activity, additional lending personnel, focused marketing efforts, an expanded presence in larger urban markets, and continued improvement in the loan origination process. Deposits increased $1.0 billion primarily from the ESB acquisition. Organic deposits were virtually unchanged as demand and savings deposits increased 8.0% and 5.3%, respectively, while money market deposits and certificates of deposits decreased 1.6% and 15.4% respectively. The increase in demand deposits and savings deposits were attributable to marketing, incentives paid to customers, focused retail and business strategies to obtain more account relationships, and customers’ preference for short-term maturities, coupled with initial deposits from bonus and royalty payments for Marcellus and Utica shale gas payments from energy companies in WesBanco’s southwestern Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia markets. Total borrowings increased $819.3 million during 2015. FHLB borrowings increased $818.6 million from December 31, 2014, due primarily to $426.5 million in new borrowings, coupled with $392.1 million in FHLB borrowings provided from the ESB acquisition. New borrowings were utilized to manage WesBanco’s normal liquidity needs, including loan and investment funding, as well as certificates of deposit runoff. Total shareholders’ equity increased by approximately $333.9 million or 42.4%, compared to December 31, 2014, primarily due to $293.6 million of common stock issued in the ESB acquisition and net income exceeding dividends for the period by $45.3 million, which was partially offset by a $2.1 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income. The decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income resulted from $7.3 million in unrealized losses in the securities portfolio, which was partially offset by a $5.2 million unrealized gain in the defined benefit pension plan during the year. The tangible equity to tangible assets ratio (non-GAAP measure) increased to 7.95% at December 31, 2015 from 7.88% at December 31, 2014, primarily as a result of the increase in shareholders’ equity at a faster pace than the increase in tangible assets, net of the accumulated other comprehensive income decrease. See “Item 6. Selected Financial Data—Non-GAAP Measures” for additional information relating to the calculation of this item. 41 SECURITIES TABLE 6. COMPOSITION OF SECURITIES (1) (dollars in thousands) Available-for-sale (at fair value) Obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2015-2014 December 31, 2015 2014 $ Change % Change 2013 $ 83,505 $ 87,736 $ (4,231) (4.8) $ 73,232 1,176,080 80,265 58,593 701,113 91,433 25,996 474,967 (11,168) 32,597 Total debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,398,443 11,077 $ 906,278 11,146 $492,165 (69) Total available-for-sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . $1,409,520 $ 917,424 $492,096 Held-to-maturity (at amortized cost) Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 216,419 762,039 34,472 $ 79,004 507,927 6,739 $137,415 254,112 27,733 Total held-to-maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,012,930 $ 593,670 $419,260 Total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,422,450 $1,511,094 $911,356 Available-for-sale securities: Weighted average yield at the respective year end (2) . . . As a % of total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average life (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Held-to-maturity securities: Weighted average yield at the respective year end (2) . . . As a % of total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average life (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total securities: Weighted average yield at the respective year end (2) . . . As a % of total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average life (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14% 58.2% 4.1 3.94% 41.8% 5.0 2.34% 60.7% 4.0 4.67% 39.3% 5.1 2.90% 100.0% 4.5 3.27% 100.0% 4.4 67.7 (12.2) 125.4 54.3 (0.6) 53.6 173.9 50.0 412 70.6 60.3 694,267 116,346 38,481 $ 922,326 12,060 $ 934,386 $ 99,409 496,396 2,715 $ 598,520 $1,532,906 2.36% 61.0% 4.2 4.65% 39.0% 6.7 3.26% 100.0% 5.2 (1) At December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, there were no holdings of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government and certain federal or federally-related agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of WesBanco’s shareholders’ equity. (2) Weighted average yields have been calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 35%. Total investment securities, which represent a source of liquidity for WesBanco as well as a contributor to interest income, increased $911.4 million or 60.3% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. The overall securities increase for the year was attributable to the ESB acquisition, from both acquired securities of $486.9 million and newly purchased securities in the three to four month period after the merger totaling $604.6 million to replace those securities sold from ESB’s portfolio prior to closing. ESB’s total pre-merger investment portfolio of $1.0 billion was restructured through a specific sale strategy with replacement purchases occurring after the merger to achieve specific overall portfolio characteristics as to weighted average life, duration and tax equivalent yield. The replacement purchases were not completed until June which accounted for approximately $0.8 million in lost potential interest income. 42 The portfolio’s tax-equivalent yield decreased from 3.27% at December 31, 2014, to 2.90% at December 31, 2015. The decrease in the portfolio yield is attributable to the acquired ESB investment portfolio and the replacement purchases, which were all at lower market rates. Incoming cash flows from calls, maturities and prepayments increased in 2015 to $394.7 million, from $262.8 million in 2014. This increase was due to the larger portfolio balances following the ESB acquisition, as well as the lower interest rate environment. These incoming cash flows were offset by the previously mentioned replacement purchases associated with the ESB portfolio restructuring totaling $604.6 million as well as other investment purchases in the second half of 2015 totaling $312.6 million. Total gross unrealized securities losses increased by $9.2 million, from $8.5 million at December 31, 2014 to $17.7 million at December 31, 2015. WesBanco had $1.2 billion in investment securities in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months at December 31, 2015, which increased from $113.7 million in the same category at December 31, 2014. This increase was due to a late 2015 increase in intermediate and long-term market interest rates and higher investment balances from the prior year. In addition, at December 31, 2015, WesBanco had $171.8 million in investment securities in an unrealized loss position for more than twelve months, which was a decrease from the $325.9 million for the same category at December 31, 2014. WesBanco believes that all of the unrealized securities losses at December 31, 2015 were temporary impairment losses. Please refer to Note 4, “Securities,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. WesBanco does not have any investments in private mortgage-backed securities or those that are collateralized by sub-prime mortgages, nor does WesBanco have any exposure to collateralized debt obligations or government-sponsored enterprise preferred stocks. Net unrealized pre-tax (losses) gains on available-for-sale securities were ($6.6) million at December 31, 2015, compared to $4.6 million at December 31, 2014. These net unrealized pre-tax losses and gains represent temporary fluctuations resulting from changes in market rates in relation to fixed yields in the available-for-sale portfolio, and on an after-tax basis are accounted for as an adjustment to other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. Net unrealized pre-tax gains in the held-to-maturity portfolio, which are not accounted for in other comprehensive income, were $25.3 million at December 31, 2015, compared to $25.9 million at December 31, 2014. 43 TABLE 7. MATURITY DISTRIBUTION AND YIELD ANALYSIS OF SECURITIES The following table presents the amortized cost and tax-equivalent yields of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2015. In some instances, the issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalty prior to the contractual maturity date. December 31, 2015 One Year or less One to Five Years Five to Ten Years Over Ten Years Mortgage- backed and equity Total Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) (dollars in thousands) Available-for-sale Obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — $ 16,998 1.16% $ 37,451 2.63% $ 28,276 2.66% $ — — $ 82,725 2.34% Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies (2) . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . Equity securities (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . Total available-for-sale — — — — — — — — 1,188,256 1.92% 1,188,256 1.92% 7,524 13,246 6.20% 20,181 6.12% 35,522 5.51% 12,879 3.88% 1.54% 29,275 1.68% 14,238 2.05% 1,986 3.66% — — — — — — — — — — — — 10,263 1.38% 76,106 5.46% 58,745 1.80% 10,263 1.38% securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20,770 3.23% $ 66,454 2.89% $ 87,211 3.71% $ 43,141 3.07% $1,198,519 1.92% $1,416,095 2.14% Held-to-maturity Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies (2) . . . . . . $ — — $ — — $ — — $ — — $ 216,419 2.51% $ 216,419 2.51% Obligations of states and political subdivisions (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . Total held-to-maturity 1,693 3.95% 38,301 3.26% 350,560 4.54% 371,485 4.26% — — 995 2.76% 33,477 3.50% — — — — — — 762,039 4.34% 34,472 3.40% securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,693 3.95% $ 39,296 3.24% $384,037 4.45% $371,485 4.26% $ 216,419 2.51% $1,012,930 3.94% Total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $22,463 3.29% $105,750 3.02% $471,248 4.32% $414,626 4.14% $1,414,938 2.01% $2,429,025 2.90% (1) Yields are determined based on the lower of the yield-to-call or yield-to-maturity. (2) Mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds. Projected maturities based on current speeds within one year, between one and five years, between five and ten years and over ten years are expected to be approximately $1.4 million, $1,039.9 million, $350.7 million and $12.7 million, respectively. (3) Average yields on obligations of states and political subdivisions have been calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 35%. (4) Equity securities, which have no stated maturity, are not assigned a maturity category. Cost-method investments consist primarily of FHLB of Pittsburgh and FHLB of Cincinnati stock totaling $45.5 and $11.6 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. 44 WesBanco’s municipal portfolio, comprised of both tax-exempt and taxable securities, totals 34.8% of the overall securities portfolio as of December 31, 2015, and it carries different risks that are not as prevalent in other security types contained in the portfolio. The following table presents the allocation of the municipal bond portfolio based on the combined S&P and Moody’s ratings of the individual bonds: TABLE 8. MUNICIPAL BOND RATINGS (dollars in thousands) Municipal bonds (at fair value) (1): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Moody’s: Aaa / S&P: AAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moody’s: Aa1 ; Aa2 ; Aa3 / S&P: AA+ ; AA ; AA- . . . . . . . . Moody’s: A1 ; A2 ; A3 / S&P: A+ ; A ; A- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moody’s: Baa1 ; Baa2 ; Baa3 / S&P: BBB+ ; BBB ; BBB- (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not rated by either agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 82,005 652,198 127,243 1,820 4,433 9.5 75.1 14.7 0.2 0.5 $ 50,205 449,219 117,398 1,958 3,454 8.1 72.1 18.9 0.3 0.6 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $867,699 100.0 $622,234 100.0 (1) The highest available rating was used when placing the bond into a category in the table. (2) As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, there are no securities in the municipal portfolio rated below investment grade. WesBanco’s municipal bond portfolio consists of both taxable (primarily Build America Bonds) and tax- exempt general obligation and revenue bonds. The following table presents additional information regarding the municipal bond type and issuer (at fair value): TABLE 9. COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SECURITIES (dollars in thousands) Municipal bond type: December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total General Obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $613,436 254,263 70.7 29.3 $432,967 189,267 69.6 30.4 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $867,699 100.0 $622,234 100.0 Municipal bond issuer: State Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 77,952 789,747 9.0 91.0 $ 53,931 568,303 8.7 91.3 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $867,699 100.0 $622,234 100.0 45 WesBanco’s municipal bond portfolio is broadly spread across the United States. The following table presents the top five states of municipal bond concentration based on total fair value at December 31, 2015: TABLE 10. CONCENTRATION OF MUNICIPAL SECURITIES (dollars in thousands) December 31, 2015 Fair Value % of Total Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other states (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $199,779 109,422 94,672 42,143 28,756 392,927 23.0 12.6 10.9 4.9 3.3 45.3 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $867,699 100.0 (1) WesBanco’s municipal bond portfolio contains obligations in the State of West Virginia totaling $23.8 million or 2.7% of the total municipal portfolio. WesBanco uses prices from independent pricing services and, to a lesser extent, indicative (non-binding) quotes from independent brokers, to measure the fair value of its securities. WesBanco validates prices received from pricing services or brokers using a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, comparison to secondary pricing services, corroboration of pricing by reference to other independent market data such as secondary broker quotes and relevant benchmark indices, review of pricing by personnel familiar with market liquidity and other market-related conditions, review of pricing service methodologies, review of independent auditor reports received from the pricing service regarding its internal controls, and through review of inputs and assumptions used in pricing certain securities thinly traded or with limited observable data points. The procedures in place provide management with a sufficient understanding of the valuation models, assumptions, inputs and pricing to reasonably measure the fair value of WesBanco’s securities. For additional disclosure relating to fair value measurement, refer to Note 15, “Fair Value Measurement” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. 46 LOANS AND LOAN COMMITMENTS Loans represent WesBanco’s largest balance sheet asset classification and the largest source of interest income. Commercial loans include commercial real estate (“CRE”), which is further differentiated between land and construction, and improved property loans; as well as other commercial and industrial (“C&I”) loans that are not secured by real estate. Retail loans include residential real estate mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”), and loans for other consumer purposes. Loan commitments, which are not reported on the balance sheet, represent available balances on commercial and consumer lines of credit, commercial letters of credit, deposit account overdraft protection limits, certain loan guarantee contracts, and approved commitments to extend credit. Approved commitments, which have been accepted by the customer, are included net of any WesBanco loan balances that are to be refinanced by the new commitment. However, typically not all approved commitments will ultimately be funded. Loans and loan commitments are summarized in Table 11. TABLE 11. LOANS AND COMMITMENTS 2015 2014 December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (dollars in thousands) Amount LOANS Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . $ 344,748 1,911,633 Improved property . . . . . . Total commercial real estate . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . 2,256,381 737,878 Total commercial loans . . . . . . 2,994,259 Residential real estate: Land and construction . . . Other mortgages . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total residential real estate . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,261 1,207,539 416,889 1,664,689 406,894 Total retail loans . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,071,583 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . 5,065,842 7,899 % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total 6.8 37.7 44.5 14.5 59.0 0.8 23.8 8.2 32.8 8.0 40.8 99.8 0.2 $ 262,643 1,682,817 1,945,460 638,410 2,583,870 19,681 909,089 330,031 1,258,801 244,095 1,502,896 4,086,766 5,865 6.4 41.1 47.5 15.6 63.1 0.5 22.2 8.1 30.8 6.0 36.8 99.9 0.1 $ 263,117 1,649,802 1,912,919 556,249 2,469,168 27,559 863,245 284,687 1,175,491 250,258 1,425,749 3,894,917 5,855 6.7 42.3 49.0 14.3 63.3 0.7 22.1 7.3 30.1 6.4 36.5 99.8 0.2 $ 193,004 1,665,341 1,858,345 478,025 2,336,370 11,805 781,897 277,226 1,070,928 280,464 1,351,392 3,687,762 21,903 5.2 44.9 50.1 12.9 63.0 0.3 21.0 7.5 28.8 7.6 36.4 99.4 0.6 $ 175,867 1,509,698 1,685,565 426,315 2,111,880 9,654 611,729 251,785 873,168 254,320 1,127,488 3,239,368 6,084 5.4 46.5 51.9 13.1 65.0 0.3 18.9 7.8 27.0 7.8 34.8 99.8 0.2 Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,073,741 100.0 $4,092,631 100.0 $3,900,772 100.0 $3,709,665 100.0 $3,245,452 100.0 LOAN COMMITMENTS Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . $ 380,704 130,415 Improved property . . . . . . Total commercial real estate . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . 511,119 482,799 24.6 8.5 33.1 31.2 $ 276,075 81,715 357,790 420,577 22.5 6.7 29.2 34.2 $ 305,600 60,387 365,987 383,327 26.4 5.2 31.6 33.0 $ 188,764 113,164 301,928 408,322 17.0 10.2 27.2 36.8 $ 122,946 102,677 225,623 297,203 14.5 12.1 26.6 35.1 Total commercial commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . 993,918 64.3 778,367 63.4 749,314 64.6 710,250 64.0 522,826 61.7 Residential real estate: Land and construction . . . Other mortgages . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total residential real estate . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total retail commitments . . . . . 17,369 17,191 369,152 403,712 35,360 439,072 Total portfolio commitments . . Deposit overdraft limits . . . . . . Commitments held for sale . . . . 1,432,990 106,252 6,865 1.1 1.1 23.9 26.1 2.3 28.4 92.7 6.9 0.4 17,402 9,227 297,888 324,517 26,115 350,632 1,128,999 95,965 3,784 1.4 0.8 24.2 26.4 2.1 28.5 91.9 7.8 0.3 15,661 5,461 268,302 289,424 23,256 312,680 1,061,994 96,291 1,733 1.4 0.5 23.1 25.0 2.0 27.0 91.6 8.3 0.1 5,817 10,226 256,324 272,367 26,283 298,650 1,008,900 93,654 5,902 0.6 0.9 23.1 24.6 2.4 27.0 91.0 8.5 0.5 4,299 6,773 209,769 220,841 15,358 236,199 759,025 85,981 2,415 0.5 0.8 24.8 26.1 1.8 27.9 89.6 10.1 0.3 Total loan commitments . . . . . . $1,546,107 100.0 $1,228,748 100.0 $1,160,018 100.0 $1,108,456 100.0 $ 847,421 100.0 Letters of credit included above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 27,408 1.8 $ 23,362 1.9 $ 20,447 1.8 $ 20,078 1.8 $ 37,719 4.4 47 Total portfolio loans increased $979.1 million or 24.0% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015, primarily due to the acquisition of ESB that represented $701.0 million or 17.2% in growth, along with organic growth of $278.1 million or 6.8%. On the merger date ESB’s loans were recorded at their estimated fair value of $701.0 million, with $690.1 million purchased without deteriorated credit quality from origination. Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality having a book value of $16.1 million and contractually required payments of $21.8 million were recorded at their estimated fair value of $10.9 million. The difference between the amount of loan growth attributed to ESB at year-end and the recorded amount on the merger date represents scheduled amortization, refinancings and payoffs. The acquisition of ESB also changed the composition of loans as ESB had a higher percentage of residential real estate and consumer loans than WesBanco. CRE represents a significant component of the loan portfolio, although it continues to decline as a percentage of the entire loan portfolio in accordance with management’s goal. CRE—improved property loans increased $228.8 million or 13.6% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015, primarily from the acquisition of ESB which contributed $188.5 million or 11.2% and organic growth of $40.3 million or 2.4%. CRE—improved property growth was also tempered by periodic unscheduled payoffs of loans that were refinanced primarily in the secondary market for longer terms, some of which occurred shortly after completion of construction, and property sales. CRE—land and construction loan balances increased $82.1 million or 31.3% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. The ESB acquisition accounted for $16.6 million or 6.4% of this growth while organic growth was $65.5 million or 24.9%. C&I loans increased $99.5 million or 15.6% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. C&I growth was achieved through the addition of lending personnel and increased business development efforts that resulted in obtaining new customer relationships, new opportunities created by the Fidelity acquisition in November 2012 and the acquisition of ESB in February 2015, both of which resulted in an expanded presence in the greater Pittsburgh MSA and western Pennsylvania market. The portfolio benefited from increased business activity due to generally improved economic conditions in all markets. ESB contributed $57.2 million or 9.0% of the growth, and $42.3 million or 6.6% was organic growth. Residential real estate mortgage loans increased $319.0 million or 34.3% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. The vast majority of this growth came from ESB, providing $302.1 million or 32.5% while organic growth was $16.9 million or 1.8%. Positive organic growth was achieved despite a difficult mortgage lending environment due to new, complex mortgage lending regulations and a decline in mortgage refinancing activity. Only 25% of mortgages originated in 2015 were refinances of existing mortgages compared to 28% in 2014. WesBanco retained approximately 56% of mortgages originated in 2015 for the portfolio compared to 64% in 2014. HELOC loans increased $86.9 million or 26.3% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. ESB provided $25.6 million or 7.8% of this growth while organic growth was $61.3 million or 18.5%. This growth was achieved primarily through regular marketing activities and a competitive HELOC product containing features that customers found desirable, although underwriting criteria was tightened in the second half of the year. Consumer loans increased $162.8 million or 66.7% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. The majority of this increase was due to ESB at $110.8 million or 45.4% with $52.0 million or 21.3% representing organic growth. The majority of the organic growth was in the indirect loan portfolio for new and used auto and truck financing. Total loan commitments increased $317 million or 25.8% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. Commitments in CRE-land and construction increased approximately $105 million, primarily for multi-family apartments, as development of new projects continued to be robust, while home equity and C&I commitments increased approximately $71 million and $62 million, respectively, due to WesBanco’s emphasis on growing those categories of loans. Geographic Distribution—WesBanco extends credit primarily within the market areas where it has branch offices. Loans outside of these markets are generally only made to established customers that have other business relationships with WesBanco in its markets. Loans outside of WesBanco’s markets represented less than 2% of 48 total loans at December 31, 2015 and 2014. These loans consist primarily of residential real estate loans for second residences or vacation homes, consumer purpose lines of credit to wealth management customers and automobile loans to family members of local customers. Management has no current plans to significantly increase out-of-market loans. The geographic distribution of the loan portfolio, excluding deposit overdraft limits and loans held for sale, is summarized in Table 12. TABLE 12. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF LOANS (percentage of exposure, rounded to nearest whole percent) Land and Construction Improved Property Commercial Real Estate December 31, 2015 (1) Commercial and Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Lines Consumer Total Upper Ohio Valley MSAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morgantown, WV MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parkersburg, WV-Marietta, OH MSA . . . . . Other West Virginia Locations . . . . . . . . . . Pittsburgh, PA MSA & Western Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Columbus, OH MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Western Ohio MSAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Ohio Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjacent States & Outside-of-Market . . . . . 5% 5 2 8 20 36 14 6 4 11% 6 6 7 26 16 15 11 2 32% 6 3 9 26 10 4 7 3 12% 19% 20% 15% 4 3 12 5 5 10 5 6 20 6 7 13 34 9 12 12 2 20 7 13 14 1 32 2 2 9 4 28 13 11 11 2 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% (1) Real estate secured loans are categorized based on the address of the collateral. All other loans are categorized based on the borrower’s address. The Upper Ohio Valley Metropolitan Statistical Areas (“MSAs” or “MSA”) include the Wheeling, West Virginia and Weirton, West Virginia-Steubenville, Ohio MSAs. Other West Virginia locations include the Fairmont-Clarksburg and Charleston MSAs as well as communities that are not located within an MSA primarily in the northern, central and eastern parts of the state. The western Ohio MSAs include the Dayton-Springfield and the Cincinnati-Middletown MSAs. Other Ohio locations include communities in Ohio that are not located within an MSA, the majority of which are located in southeastern Ohio. Adjacent states include parts of Indiana, Kentucky and Maryland that are within close proximity to WesBanco’s markets. Outside-of-market loans consist of loans in all other locations not included in any of the other defined areas and have remained relatively unchanged overall from 2014. The only significant changes in the geographic distributions of loans from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015 was the overall increase in loans within the Pittsburgh, PA MSA and Western Pennsylvania market due to the acquisition of ESB, which transformed that market into WesBanco’s largest at 28% of total loans and commitments at December 31, 2015 compared to 16% at December 31, 2014. CREDIT RISK The risk that borrowers will be unable or unwilling to repay their obligations is inherent in all lending activities. Repayment risk can be impacted by external events such as adverse economic conditions, social and political influences that impact entire industries or major employers, individual loss of employment or other personal calamities and changes in interest rates. This inherent risk may be further exacerbated by the terms and structure of each loan as well as potential concentrations of risk. The primary goal of managing credit risk is to minimize the impact of all of these factors on the quality of the loan portfolio. 49 Credit risk is managed through the initial underwriting process as well as through ongoing monitoring and administration of the portfolio. Credit policies establish standard underwriting guidelines for each type of loan and require an appropriate evaluation of the credit characteristics of each borrower. This evaluation focuses on the sufficiency and sustainability of the primary source of repayment, the adequacy of collateral, if any, as a secondary source of repayment and other factors unique to each type of loan that may increase or mitigate their risk. The manner and degree of monitoring and administration of the portfolio varies by type and size of loan. Credit risk is also managed by closely monitoring delinquency levels and trends and initiating collection efforts at the earliest stage of delinquency. WesBanco also monitors general economic conditions, including unemployment, housing activity and real estate values in its markets. Underwriting standards are modified when appropriate based on market conditions, the performance of one or more loan categories, and other external factors. An independent loan review function also performs periodic reviews of the portfolio to assess the adequacy and effectiveness of underwriting, loan documentation and portfolio administration. Each category of loans contain distinct elements of risk that impact the manner in which those loans are underwritten, structured, documented, administered and monitored. Customary terms and underwriting practices, together with specific risks associated with each category of loans and WesBanco’s processes for managing those risks are discussed in the remainder of this section. Commercial Loans—The commercial portfolio consists of loans to a wide range of business enterprises. The average commercial loan approximates $412,000 at December 31, 2015 compared to $388,000 at December 31, 2014. However, many commercial loans are for larger amounts and often involve multiple loans to one borrower or a group of related borrowers, therefore the potential for loss on any single transaction can be significantly greater for commercial loans than for retail loans. Commercial loan risk is mitigated by limiting total credit exposure to individual borrowers or groups of borrowers, industries and geographic markets and by requiring appropriate collateral or guarantors. Commercial loans are monitored for potential concentrations of loans to any one borrower or group of related borrowers. At December 31, 2015, WesBanco’s legal lending limit to any single borrower or their related interests approximated $109 million. The ten largest commercial relationships in total ranged from $450 million to $500 million throughout 2015 and 2014, but only two relationships exceeded $50 million at December 31, 2015. These large relationships generally consist of more than one loan to a borrower or their related entities. The single largest relationship exposure approximated $79 million at December 31, 2015 and consists of multiple loans to a customer in the retail sector. The largest CRE loan exposure by property type and industry are set forth in tables 14 and 16. Commercial loans, including renewals and extensions of maturity, are approved within a framework of individual lending authorities based on the total credit exposure of the borrower. Loans with credit exposure up to $500,000 are approved by underwriters that are not responsible for loan origination. Loans with credit exposure greater than $500,000 minimally require the approval of a senior commercial banking officer, and credit exposures greater than $1.5 million require approval of a credit officer that is not responsible for loan origination. Credit exposures greater than $10 million require approval of a credit committee comprised of executive management, directors, and other qualified persons that do not have individual lending authority and are not responsible for loan origination. Underwriters and credit officers do not receive incentive compensation based on loan origination volume. Senior commercial banking officers receive incentive compensation based on multiple factors that include loan origination, net growth in outstanding loan balances, fees, credit quality, and portfolio administration requirements. CRE – land and construction consists of loans to finance land for development, investment, use in a commercial business enterprise, agricultural or minerals extraction; construction of residential dwellings for resale, multi-family apartments and other commercial buildings that may be owner-occupied or income generating investments for the owner. Construction loans generally are made only when WesBanco also commits 50 to the permanent financing of the project, has a takeout commitment from another lender for the permanent loan, or the loan is expected to be repaid from the sale of subdivided property. However, even if WesBanco has a takeout commitment, construction loans are underwritten as if WesBanco will retain the loan upon completion of construction. In recent years, due to the low interest rate environment and low property capitalization rates, many construction loans that did not have a takeout commitment when the loan originated have been sold or refinanced in the secondary market times, resulting in significant unscheduled payoffs of loans. immediately upon completion of construction at CRE – improved property loans consist of loans to purchase or refinance owner-occupied and investment properties. Owner-occupied CRE consists of loans to borrowers in a diverse range of industries and property types. Investment properties include multi-family apartment buildings, 1-to-4 family rental units, and various types of commercial buildings that are rented or leased to unrelated parties of the owner. C&I loans consist of revolving lines of credit to finance accounts receivable, inventory and other general business purposes; term loans to finance fixed assets other than real estate, and letters of credit to support trade, insurance or governmental requirements for a variety of businesses. Most C&I borrowers are privately-held companies with annual sales up to $100 million. CRE – land and construction loans require payment of interest only during the construction period, with initial terms ranging from six months to up to three years for larger, multiple-phase projects such as residential housing developments and large scale commercial projects. Interest rates are often fully floating based on an appropriate index but may also be structured in the same manner as the interest rate that will apply to the permanent loan upon completion of construction. Interest during the construction period is typically included in the project costs and therefore is often funded by loan advances. Advances are monitored to ensure that the project is at the appropriate stage of completion with each advance and that interest reserves are not exhausted prior to completion of the project. In the event a project is not completed within the initial term, the loan is re- underwritten at maturity but interest beyond the initial term must be paid by the borrower and in some instances an additional interest reserve is required as a condition of extending the maturity. Upon completion of construction, the loan is converted to permanent financing and reclassified to CRE – improved property. CRE – improved property loans generally require monthly principal and interest payments based on amortization periods ranging from ten to twenty-five years depending on the type, age and condition of the property. Loans with amortization periods exceeding twenty years typically also have a maturity date or call option of ten years or less. Interest rates are generally adjustable ranging from one to five years based on an appropriate index of comparable duration. Interest rates may also be fixed for longer than five years but the borrower may be required to enter into an interest rate derivative contract that converts WesBanco’s rate to an adjustable rate. C&I term loans secured by equipment and other types of collateral generally require monthly principal and interest payments based on amortization periods up to ten years depending on the estimated useful life of the collateral with interest rates that may be fixed for the term of the loan or adjustable ranging from one to seven years based on an appropriate index. Commercial lines and letters of credit are generally categorized as C&I but may also be categorized as CRE – improved property loans if they are secured primarily by real estate. Lines of credit typically require payment of interest only with principal due on demand or at maturity. Interest rates on lines of credit are generally fully adjustable based on an appropriate short-term index. Letters of credit typically require a periodic fee with principal and interest due on demand in the event the beneficiary of the letter requests an advance on the commitment. Lines of credit may also include a fee based on the amount of the line that is not advanced. Lines and letters of credit are generally renewable or may be cancelled annually by WesBanco but may also be committed for up to three years when appropriate. Letters of credit may also require WesBanco to notify the beneficiary within a specified time in the event WesBanco does not intend to renew or extend the commitment. 51 Table 13 summarizes the distribution of maturities by rate type for all commercial loans. TABLE 13. MATURITIES OF COMMERCIAL LOANS December 31, 2015 Fixed Rate Loans Variable Rate Loans In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total (in thousands) Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . $ 7,512 Improved property . . . . . . 28,418 . . . 40,513 Commercial and industrial Total commercial loans . . . . . . $76,443 $ 22,086 192,149 124,774 $339,009 $ 14,847 $ 44,445 $ 42,857 491,917 139,315 271,350 100,686 265,973 274,133 $386,883 $802,335 $456,305 $169,061 218,005 55,493 $442,559 $ 88,385 $ 300,303 1,062,396 1,419,716 471,905 $1,293,060 $2,191,924 142,279 The primary factors that are considered in underwriting CRE – land and construction loans are the overall viability of each project, the experience and financial capacity of the developer or builder to successfully complete the project, market absorption rates and property values. These loans also have the unique risk that the developer or builder may not complete the project, or not complete it on time or within budget. Risk is generally mitigated by extending credit to developers and builders with established reputations who operate in WesBanco’s markets and have the liquidity or other resources to absorb unanticipated increases in the cost of a project or longer than anticipated absorption, periodically inspecting construction in progress, and disbursing the loan at specified stages of completion. Certification of completed construction by a licensed architect or engineer and performance and payment bonds may also be required for certain types of projects. Since speculative projects are inherently riskier, WesBanco may require a specified percentage of pre-sales for land and residential development or pre-lease commitments for investment property before construction can begin. The primary factors that are considered in underwriting investment real estate are the net rental income generated by the property, the composition of the tenants occupying the property, and the terms of leases, all of which may vary depending on the specific type of property. Other factors that are considered include the overall financial capacity of the investors and their experience owning and managing investment property. Repayment of owner-occupied loans must come from the cash flow generated by the occupant’s commercial business. Therefore, the primary factors that are considered in underwriting owner-occupied CRE and C&I loans are the historical and projected earnings, cash flow, capital resources, liquidity and leverage of the business. Other factors that are considered for their potential impact on repayment capacity include the borrower’s industry, competitive advantages and disadvantages, demand for the business’s products and services, business model viability, quality, experience and depth of management, and external influences that may impact the business such as general economic conditions and social or political changes. The type, age, condition and location of real estate as well as any environmental risks associated with the property are considered for both owner-occupied and investment CRE. Environmental risk is mitigated by requiring assessments performed by qualified inspectors whenever the current or previous uses of the property or any adjacent properties are likely to have resulted in contamination of the property financed. Risk is further mitigated by requiring borrowers to have adequate down payments or cash equity, thereby limiting the loan amount in relation to the lower of the cost or the market value of the property, unless there are sufficient mitigating factors that would reduce the risk of a higher loan-to-value. Market values are determined by obtaining current appraisals or evaluations, whichever is appropriate or required by banking regulations based on the amount financed prior to the loan being made. New appraisals or evaluations may be obtained throughout the life of each loan to more accurately assess current market value when the initial term of a loan is being extended, market conditions indicate that the property value may have declined, and/or the primary source of repayment is no longer adequate to repay the loan under its original terms. 52 CRE loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios are generally limited to the maximum percentages prescribed by WesBanco credit policy or banking regulations which range from 65% for unimproved land to 85% for improved commercial property. Regulatory guidelines also limit the aggregate of CRE loans that exceed prescribed LTV ratios to 30% of the Bank’s total risk-based capital. The aggregate of all CRE loans and loan commitments that exceeded the regulatory guidelines approximated $99 million or 13% of the Bank’s total risk-based capital at December 31, 2015 compared to $82 million or 15% at December 31, 2014. The 2% decrease in the percent of total risk-based capital from 2014 is primarily the result of scheduled principal reductions that have reduced LTVs to within the guidelines, refinancing in the secondary market of certain loans that had higher LTVs, and management’s efforts to restrict the amount of high LTV loans. Regardless of credit policy or regulatory guidelines, lower LTV ratios may be required for certain types of properties or when other factors exist that increase the risk of volatility in market values such as single or special use properties that cannot be easily converted to other uses or may have limited marketability. Conversely, higher LTV ratios may be acceptable when there are other factors to adequately mitigate the risk. The type and amount of collateral for C&I loans varies depending on the overall financial strength of the borrower, the amount and terms of the loan, and available collateral or guarantors. Loans secured by bank deposit accounts and marketable securities represent the lowest risk. Marketable securities are subject to changes in market value and are monitored regularly to ensure they remain appropriately margined. The total of C&I exposure secured by bank deposit accounts and marketable securities approximate $163 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $157 million at December 31, 2014. Unsecured C&I loans, which represent the highest risk, approximated $113 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $100 million at December 31, 2014. Unsecured credit is only extended to those borrowers that exhibit consistently strong repayment capacity and the financial condition to withstand a temporary decline in their operating cash flows. The single largest unsecured exposure is $6.9 million. Collateral other than real estate that fluctuates with business activity, such as accounts receivable and inventory, may also be subject to regular reporting and certification by the borrower and, in some instances, independent inspection or verification by WesBanco. Approximately $98 million or 8.6% of C&I exposure at December 31, 2015 is secured solely by accounts receivable and inventory compared to $86 million or 8.8% at December 31, 2014. Another $110 million or 9.7% of C&I exposure is secured by equipment or motorized vehicles at December 31, 2015 compared to $82 million or 8.4% at December 31, 2014. The increase in accounts receivable, inventory and equipment financing is a result of the Bank’s emphasis on growing the C&I category of loans in 2015. The remainder of the C&I portfolio is secured by multiple types of collateral, which at times includes real estate that is taken as collateral for reasons other than its value. Most commercial loans are originated directly by WesBanco. Participation in loans originated by other financial institutions represent $225 million or 5.6% of total commercial loans at December 31, 2015 compared to $222 million or 8.6% at December 31, 2014. Included in this total are Shared National Credits of $71 million at December 31, 2015 and $73 million at December 31, 2014. Shared National Credits are defined as loans in excess of $20 million that are financed by three or more lending institutions. WesBanco performs its own customary credit evaluation and underwriting before purchasing loan participations. The credit risk associated with these loans is similar to that of loans originated by WesBanco, but additional risk may arise from the limited ability to control the actions of the lead, agent or servicing institution. The commercial portfolio is monitored for potential concentrations of credit risk by market, type of lending, CRE property type, C&I and owner-occupied CRE by industry, investment CRE dependence on common tenants and industries or property types that are similarly impacted by external factors. Total credit exposure by real estate property type and industry sectors are summarized in Tables 14 and 16. The continued global decline in coal, oil and natural gas prices will have both a positive impact on the commercial portfolio by lowering all borrowers’ energy costs but may also result in a reduction in coal, oil and gas activity that will adversely impact certain industries or property types. At December 31, 2015, total exposure to core energy industries such as drilling, extraction, pipeline construction, mining equipment, investment real estate with energy-related tenants and other related support activities approximated $73 million or 1.10% of the 53 total loan portfolio. Exposure to ancillary industries such as utility distribution and transportation, engineering services, manufacturers and retailers of other heavy equipment used in core energy industries, approximates an additional $57 million in exposure or 0.9% of the total loan portfolio. Lodging properties located in the shale gas markets represents an additional $148 million of exposure that may be impacted by a reduction in shale gas activities. The largest exposure to any one borrower in either core energy or ancillary industries was $22.3 million to a company that provides supporting products and services to the coal industry. Not all borrowers in these categories will be impacted to the same magnitude by a reduction in energy sector activity and some may not be at all dependent on or may be able to replace revenue associated with this industry. TABLE 14. CRE EXPOSURE BY PROPERTY TYPE CRE Land and Construction CRE Improved Investment CRE Improved Owner Occupied December 31, 2015 (dollars in thousands) Loan Balance Loan Commitment Loan Balance Loan Commitment Loan Balance Loan Commitment Total Exposure Largest Loan (1) % of Capital (2) Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 68,417 22,299 1-to-4 family . . . . . . . . Multi-family . . . . . . . . 132,263 32,217 Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,360 Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,019 Industrial . . . . . . . . . . 23,867 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . 8,282 Senior living . . . . . . . . — Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . 1,107 Self-storage . . . . . . . . 3,140 Eating place . . . . . . . . 498 Gas station . . . . . . . . . 9 Recreational . . . . . . . . 8,727 Dormitory . . . . . . . . . . 70 House of worship . . . . 349 Other special use . . . . 1,024 Mixed use . . . . . . . . . . 3,100 Unclassified . . . . . . . . $ 14,652 20,458 190,447 11,310 19,759 1,147 49,789 21,731 — 496 6,000 4 4,800 20,296 1 90 11,043 8,681 $ 12,136 170,996 332,473 223,754 170,078 43,729 182,748 49,740 682 21,648 8,502 5,433 1,771 17,842 294 17,904 136,149 25,267 $ 4,032 6,031 24,268 14,027 2,566 590 7,068 435 594 1,000 1,455 102 — 428 305 200 16,266 12,979 $ 1,532 504 — 41,450 58,853 57,110 — 38,044 24,470 2,954 25,827 57,673 15,206 — 25,197 63,336 57,683 20,648 $ 82 23 — 1,336 4,609 1,485 — 2,806 51 657 54 158 235 — 738 19,999 3,802 2,034 $ 100,851 $ 3,901 5,000 220,311 679,451 26,025 324,094 16,480 294,225 12,158 105,080 4,493 263,472 20,700 121,038 20,651 25,797 11,506 4,749 27,862 3,880 44,978 63,868 5,807 5,585 22,021 47,293 16,000 26,605 3,327 101,878 15,289 225,967 14,839 5,680 72,709 13.5 29.6 91.3 43.5 39.5 14.1 35.4 16.3 3.5 3.7 6.0 8.6 3.0 6.4 3.6 13.7 30.4 9.9 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $344,748 $380,704 $1,421,146 $92,346 $490,487 $38,069 $2,767,500 $26,025 372.0 (1) Largest loan represents the largest contractual obligation of WesBanco, which may not be fully funded. (2) Bank total risk-based capital. Multi-family apartments represent the single largest category of CRE. Including construction loans, multi- family apartment exposure increased 41.0% from $482 million at December 31, 2014 to $679 million at December 31, 2015. The majority of this increase is due to continued growth in our metropolitan markets. Approximately 47% of the total multi-family exposure is for new construction projects that are expected to be refinanced in the secondary market over the next twenty-four months. During 2015, a number of properties were refinanced in the secondary market immediately upon completion and prior to stabilization. These early payoffs enable WesBanco to finance additional multi-family projects without unduly increasing multi-family exposure. As a result, the central Ohio market now represents approximately 37% of the total multi-family apartment exposure compared to over 50% last year, which is consistent with efforts to reduce that exposure by allowing certain loans to be refinanced in the secondary market upon completion of construction. Retail property, which includes shopping centers, single-tenant buildings, and neighborhood retail store fronts represent the second largest category of CRE. Retail property exposure increased 6.4% from $305 million at December 31, 2014 to $324 million at December 31, 2015. There is no known concentration of loans secured by retail investment property occupied by a common tenant or group of tenants in the same industry, and retail property is not concentrated in any single market. 54 Office buildings represent the third largest category of CRE. Office building exposure increased 6.0% from $277 million at December 31, 2014 to $294 million at December 31, 2015. Most of the increase came from new development in the western Pennsylvania market but the total exposure is not concentrated in any single market. Lodging represents the next largest category of CRE, that in 2015 was actively managed to limit its growth, increasing 2.4% from $257 million at December 31, 2014 to $263 million at December 31, 2015. The increase occurred outside of the markets with shale gas driven new hotel construction. Approximately 56% of the total lodging exposure consists of facilities located in the shale gas markets compared to 70% last year. More than 85% of the lodging exposure consists of facilities operated under high-quality hotel franchises by borrowers who are experienced in the lodging industry. Mixed use properties include various combinations of other property types such as retail and office in one facility. Approximately $56 million of mixed use properties also include multi-family apartments in addition to the multi-family exposure summarized above. Other special use properties consist of facilities that have a unique purpose other than those identified in Table 14, and includes properties such as funeral homes, carwashes, other auto care facilities, fire stations, parking garages, other municipal service facilities and school buildings. Unclassified properties are generally smaller, general purpose buildings and store fronts that can typically be adapted to any number of potential commercial uses. In addition to the methods in which WesBanco monitors the CRE portfolio for possible concentrations of risk, to determine whether a bank has an overall the regulatory agencies use a two-tiered assessment concentration of CRE lending as a percentage of Bank total risk-based capital. The first tier measures loans for land, land development, residential construction and commercial construction. The second tier measures loans included in the first threshold plus multi-family apartments and other commercial investment property. Table 15 summarizes WesBanco’s CRE exposure according to the regulatory concentration guidelines. TABLE 15. CRE RELATIONSHIP TO BANK TOTAL RISK-BASED CAPITAL (dollars in thousands) Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . Multi-family and commercial December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Total Exposure % of Bank Total Risk- Based Capital Regulatory Guideline Total Exposure % of Bank Total Risk- Based Capital Regulatory Guideline $ 725,452 97.5 100.0% $ 538,718 96.0 100.0% investment property . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,336,465 179.7 — 1,121,536 199.8 — Total CRE regulatory concentration loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,061,917 277.2 300.0% 1,660,254 295.8 300.0% Owner occupied and 1-to-4 family rental property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705,583 94.8 Total CRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,767,500 372.0 — N/A 642,996 $2,303,250 114.5 410.3 — N/A The regulatory agencies also consider whether a bank’s CRE portfolio has increased by 50% or more within the prior thirty-six months of the assessment date. All CRE exposure, including owner-occupied and 1-to-4 family rental property that is excluded from the 300% of Bank total risk-based capital, increased $607 million or 28.1% for the thirty-six month period ended December 31, 2015. Organic growth accounts for $461 million of the increase in CRE exposure during this period, with the remainder consisting of acquired exposure. Basel III requires banks to identify High Volatility Commercial Real Estate (“HVCRE”) loans in their portfolios. These loans are subject to 150% weighting in the risk-based capital calculation effective January 1, 2015. These new regulations require, among other things, that all CRE loans (either investment or owner- 55 occupied) for acquisition, development or construction that are not in permanent amortizing loan status, meet the statutory LTV guidelines, have a minimum contributed equity of 15% and the loan documentation must contain a requirement that the initial capital injection remain in the project until the loan has converted to permanent financing or is paid in full. The bank has approximately $409 million in HVCRE exposure representing 14.8% of total CRE exposure and 55% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2015. These loans were classified as HVCRE primarily for legal documentation reasons rather than contributed equity being less that 15%. TABLE 16. C&I AND OWNER-OCCUPIED CRE EXPOSURE BY INDUSTRY (dollars in thousands) Agriculture and farming . . . . . . . . . . $ Energy—oil and gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy—mining and utilities . . . . . . Construction—general . . . . . . . . . . . Construction—trades . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing—primary metals . . . Manufacturing—other . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale and distribution . . . . . . . . Retail—automobile dealers . . . . . . . Retail—other sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing . . . Information and communications . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment leasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Services—real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . Services—business and professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Services—personal and other . . . . . . Schools and education services . . . . Healthcare—medical practitioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare—hospitals and other . . . Entertainment and recreation . . . . . . Restaurants and lodging . . . . . . . . . . Religious organizations . . . . . . . . . . Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2015 CRE Improved Owner Occupied Property C&I Loan Balance Loan Commitment Loan Balance Loan Commitment Total Exposure Largest Loan (1) % of Capital (2) 5,666 $ 11,921 36,595 32,417 28,751 1,367 67,724 41,622 30,536 23,274 19,832 2,757 50,912 34,696 37,554 1,357 $ 4,332 2,228 39,446 28,157 10,328 87,001 25,922 17,776 18,426 7,932 221 53,826 6,539 17,951 28,988 14,389 64,251 16,093 64,469 3,709 19,004 32,302 49,623 19,426 36,125 5,122 14,695 6,904 14,235 3,357 4,363 16,675 11,387 48,494 1,408 4,632 157 9,024 13,066 5,981 24,244 14,456 14,234 80,445 8,794 2,046 6,828 10,021 41,079 12,240 51,216 11,199 21,774 69,288 16,574 36,219 25,169 7,541 2,852 $ 168 — — 2,410 1,579 — 1,778 371 856 1,979 323 — 419 2 3,213 2,471 16,357 151 343 3,472 255 434 738 674 76 $ 8,599 $ 2,500 20,885 3,827 38,980 15,000 6,000 83,297 7,040 71,553 17,676 9,000 180,747 16,364 6,000 82,371 63,402 10,000 124,124 15,000 4,458 36,881 1,199 5,024 111,985 15,000 6,000 4,809 51,258 99,797 79,824 4,000 87,084 15,289 90,296 12,926 45,114 5,045 151,464 26,683 5,585 23,895 60,020 5,886 74,884 15,000 6,815 69,225 5,000 70,848 1.2 2.8 5.2 11.2 9.6 2.4 24.3 11.1 8.5 16.7 5.0 0.7 15.1 6.9 13.4 10.7 11.7 12.1 6.1 20.4 3.2 8.1 10.1 9.3 9.3 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $737,878 $482,799 $490,487 $38,069 $1,749,233 $26,683 235.1 (1) Largest loan represents the largest contractual obligation of WesBanco, which may not be fully funded. (2) Bank total risk-based capital. All of the services sectors combined represent the largest industry exposure at 35.8% of capital; however, these sectors include a variety of service-providing businesses. Combined exposure to the services sectors increased $14 million from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. Approximately $49 million of exposure to mortuary services is the single largest industry group exposure in the services sectors and represents approximately 18% of the combined total. 56 The manufacturing sectors represent the second largest industry exposure at 26.7% of capital, decreasing from 29.4% at the end of the previous year. Although it now represents a lower percentage of capital, total exposure to manufacturing increased 20.3% from $165 million at December 31, 2014 to $198 million at December 31, 2015 as a result of successful business development efforts to expand lending to manufacturing industries. Metal fabrication, products made from minerals along with machinery and equipment collectively, represent 58% of the other manufacturing sector, down from 60% at December 31, 2014, as growth in the sector was more diverse. The healthcare sector including medical practitioners represents the third largest industry at 26.5% of capital, decreasing from 39.2% at the end of the previous year. Total exposure to healthcare decreased 10.6% from $220 million at December 31, 2014 to $197 million at December 31, 2015. The decrease in healthcare exposure came primarily from the refinance of loans in the general hospitals category. The retail sales sectors including automobile dealers represent the fourth largest industry exposure at 25.2% of capital. Total exposure to the retail sectors increased $15.2 million or 8.8% from December 31, 2014. Excluding automobile dealers, gasoline stations and convenience stores represent approximately 68% of the exposure to the other retail businesses. Construction, both general construction and trades, is the next largest industry exposure at $155 million and is the only other sector that represents more than 20% of capital. Total exposure to this sector increased 6.5% from $145 million at December 31, 2014 to $155 million at December 31, 2015. Approximately 44% of the general construction exposure is to commercial contractors, up from 38% at December 31, 2014 with another 32% to heavy construction companies in 2015 compared to 25% in 2014. Retail Loans—Retail loans are a homogenous group, generally consisting of standardized products that are smaller in amount and distributed over a larger number of individual borrowers. The average residential real estate loan approximates $103,000 at December 31, 2015 compared to $89,000 at December 31, 2014 while the average of all retail loans approximates $43,000 at December 31, 2015 compared to $40,000 at December 31, 2014. The higher average retail loan at December 31, 2015 is attributable to increased lending in WesBanco’s metropolitan markets that have higher home values for residential mortgage loans and higher priced new cars for other consumer loans. Residential real estate consists of loans to purchase, construct or refinance the borrower’s primary dwelling, second residence or vacation home. Residential real estate also includes approximately $19 million of 1-to-4 family rental properties, half of which were originated primarily in western Ohio markets by acquired banks prior to their acquisition by WesBanco. WesBanco originates residential real estate loans for its portfolio as well as for sale in the secondary market. Portfolio loans also include loans to finance vacant land upon which the owner intends to construct a dwelling at a future date. Except for construction loans that require interest-only during the construction period, portfolio loans require monthly principal and interest payments to amortize the loan within terms up to thirty years. Construction periods range from six to twelve months but may be longer for larger residences. Loans for vacant land generally begin amortizing immediately and are refinanced when the owner begins construction of a dwelling. Interest rates on portfolio loans may be fixed for up to fifteen years. Adjustable rate loans are based primarily on the Treasury Constant Maturity index and can adjust annually or in increments up to five years. HELOC loans are secured by first or second liens on a borrower’s primary residence. HELOCs are generally limited to an amount which when combined with the first mortgage on the property, if any, does not exceed 90% of the market value. Maximum LTV ratios are also tiered based on the amount of the line and the borrower’s credit history. Most HELOCs originated prior to 2005 are available for draws by the borrower for up to fifteen years at which time the outstanding balance is converted to a term loan requiring monthly principal and interest payments sufficient to repay the loan in not more than seven years. Most HELOCs originated since 2005 through 57 2013 are available to the borrower for an indefinite period as long as the borrower’s credit characteristics do not materially change, but may be cancelled by WesBanco under certain circumstances. Generally, lines originated since 2013 have a 15 year draw period, a ten year repayment period and also give borrowers the option to convert portions of the balance of their line into an installment loan requiring monthly principal and interest payments, with availability to draw on the line restored as the installment portions are repaid. HELOCs that originated prior to 2000 began reaching the end of their availability period starting in 2015 and years thereafter. These lines have the additional risk that the borrower will not have the capacity to make higher payments of interest and principal or may not qualify for a new line of credit. The amount of such lines that will reach the end of their availability period in 2016 represents less than 1% of the total HELOC exposure. Consumer loans consist of installment loans originated directly by WesBanco and indirectly through dealers to finance purchases of automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, boats, and other recreational vehicles; home equity installment loans, unsecured home improvement loans, and revolving lines of credit that can be secured or unsecured. The maximum term for installment loans is generally eighty-four months for automobiles, trucks, motorcycles and boats; one hundred eighty months for travel trailers; one hundred twenty months for home equity/improvement loans; and sixty months if the loan is unsecured. Maximum terms may be less depending on age of collateral. Revolving lines of credit are generally available for an indefinite period of time as long as the borrower’s credit characteristics do not materially change but may be cancelled by WesBanco under certain circumstances. Interest rates on installment obligations are generally fixed for the term of the loan and lines of credit are adjustable daily based on the Prime Rate. TABLE 17. MATURITIES OF RETAIL LOANS December 31, 2015 Fixed Rate Loans Variable Rate Loans In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total (in thousands) Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,008 $ 34,813 $ 809,616 $ 846,437 $ 299 $ 4,027 $397,037 $401,363 Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . 627 . . . . . . . . . 15,236 Consumer 6,520 115,599 25,339 231,019 32,486 154,415 25,980 361,854 17,510 10,634 212,478 384,403 45,040 8,426 Total retail loans . . . . $17,871 $156,932 $1,065,974 $1,240,777 $180,694 $32,171 $617,941 $830,806 The primary factors that are considered in underwriting retail loans are the borrower’s credit history and their current and reasonably anticipated ability to repay their obligations as measured by their total debt-to- income ratio. Portfolio residential real estate loans are generally underwritten to secondary market lending standards using automated underwriting systems developed for the secondary market that rely on empirical data to evaluate each loan application and assess credit risk. The amount of the borrower’s down payment is an important consideration for residential real estate, as is the borrower’s equity in the property for HELOCs. It is common practice to finance the total amount of the purchase price of motor vehicles and other consumer products plus certain allowable additions for tax, title, service contracts and credit insurance. Effective January 10, 2014 underwriting of residential real estate loans also became subject to new regulations promulgated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) which among other things defined the characteristics of a “qualified mortgage” and imposed new standards for determining and documenting a borrower’s ability to repay. One impact of these regulations is the risk of liability to a borrower at a future date if the borrower claims the institution had knowledge when the loan was made that the borrower did not have the ability to repay. 58 Risk is further mitigated by requiring residential real estate borrowers to have adequate down payments or cash equity, thereby limiting the loan amount in relation to the lower of the cost or the market value of the property, unless there are sufficient mitigating factors that would reduce the risk of a higher loan-to-value. Market values are determined by obtaining current appraisals or evaluations, whichever is appropriate or required by banking regulations based on the amount financed prior to the loan being made. New appraisals or evaluations are not obtained unless the borrower requests a modification or refinance of the loan or there is increased dependence on the value of the collateral because the borrower is in default. WesBanco does not maintain current information about the industry in which retail borrowers are employed. While such information is obtained when each loan is underwritten, it often becomes inaccurate with the passage of time or if borrowers change employment. Instead, WesBanco estimates potential exposure based on consumer demographics, market share, and other available information when there is a significant risk of loss of employment within an industry or a significant employer in WesBanco’s markets. To management’s knowledge there are no concentrations of employment that would have a material adverse impact on the retail portfolio. Most retail loans are originated directly by WesBanco except for indirect consumer loans originated by automobile dealers and other sellers of consumer goods. WesBanco performs its own customary credit evaluation and underwriting before purchasing indirect loans. The credit risk associated with these loans is similar to that of loans originated by WesBanco, but additional risk may arise from WesBanco’s limited ability to control a dealer’s compliance with applicable consumer lending laws. Indirect consumer loans represented $240 million or 59% of consumer loans at December 31, 2015 compared to $129 million or 53% at December 31, 2014 with the increase primarily attributed to organic growth. Loans Held For Sale—Loans held for sale consist of residential real estate originated for sale in the secondary market. Credit risk associated with such loans is mitigated by entering into sales commitments with third party investors to purchase the loans when they are originated. This practice has the effect of minimizing the amount of such loans that are unsold and the interest rate risk at any point in time. WesBanco generally does not service these loans after they are sold. While all loans are sold without recourse, WesBanco may be required to repurchase loans under certain circumstances for contractual periods of generally up to one year or less. The number and principal balance of loans that WesBanco has been required to repurchase has not been material and therefore reserves established for this exposure were not material. Banks that have been acquired by WesBanco serviced many of the residential real estate loans that were sold to the secondary market prior to being acquired. Although these loans are not carried as an asset on the balance sheet, WesBanco continues to service these loans. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, WesBanco serviced loans for others aggregating approximately $50.6 million and $63.1 million, respectively. The unamortized balance of mortgage servicing rights related to these loans is less than $1 million. CREDIT QUALITY The quality of the loan portfolio is measured by various factors, including the amount of loans that are past due, required to be reported as non-performing, or are adversely graded in accordance with internal risk classifications that are consistent with regulatory adverse risk classifications. Non-performing loans consists of non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). Non-performing assets also include real estate owned (“REO”) and repossessed assets. Net charge-offs are also an important measure of credit quality. WesBanco seeks to develop individual strategies for all assets that have adverse risk characteristics in order to minimize potential loss. However, there is no assurance such strategies will be successful and loans may ultimately proceed to foreclosure or other course of liquidation that does not fully repay the amount of the loan. Past Due Loans—Loans that are past due but not reported as non-performing generally consists of loans that are between 30 and 89 days contractually past due. Certain loans that are 90 days or more past due also continue to accrue interest because they are deemed to be well-secured and in the process of collection. Earlier 59 stage delinquency requires routine collection efforts to prevent them from becoming more seriously delinquent. Early stage delinquency represents potential future non-performing loans if routine collection efforts are unsuccessful. Table 18 summarizes loans that are contractually past due 30 days or more, excluding non-accrual and TDR loans. TABLE 18. PAST DUE AND ACCRUING LOANS EXLUDING NON-ACCRUAL AND TDR December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total (dollars in thousands) 90 days or more: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — $ 71 0.03 $ 248 0.09 $ — — $ — — Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 33 — 2,159 0.17 407 0.10 527 0.13 — — 22 — 1,306 0.14 570 0.17 319 0.13 318 0.02 — — 1,289 0.14 411 0.14 325 0.13 338 0.02 98 0.02 3,199 0.40 722 0.26 937 0.33 18 — 939 0.22 2,881 0.46 498 0.20 799 0.31 Total 90 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,126 0.06 2,288 0.06 2,591 0.07 5,294 0.14 5,135 0.16 30 to 89 days: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — 2 — 750 0.39 180 0.10 318 0.02 275 0.04 3,216 0.26 2,470 0.59 4,726 1.16 480 0.03 216 0.03 3,105 0.33 2,524 0.76 3,022 1.24 2,897 0.18 1,310 0.24 4,894 0.55 1,934 0.68 3,794 1.52 6,328 0.38 500 0.10 7,972 1.00 1,322 0.48 5,666 2.02 4,599 0.30 1,442 0.34 5,902 0.95 2,266 0.90 5,499 2.16 Total 30 to 89 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,005 0.22 9,347 0.23 14,831 0.38 22,538 0.61 19,888 0.61 Total 30 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14,131 0.28 $11,635 0.29 $17,422 0.45 $27,832 0.75 $25,023 0.77 Loans past due 30 days or more and accruing interest and not reported as TDRs increased $2.5 million due to the ESB acquisition and growth in consumer loans but improved as a percentage of total loans to 0.28% of total loans at December 31, 2015 compared to 0.29% at December 31, 2014. This low level of delinquency is the result of management’s continued focus on sound initial underwriting, timely collection of loans at their earliest stage of delinquency, stable unemployment and generally improved economic conditions. Non-Performing Assets—Non-performing assets consists of non-accrual loans, TDRs, REO and repossessed assets. Loans are categorized as TDRs when WesBanco, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider unless the modification results in only an insignificant delay in the payments to be received. Concessions may include a reduction of either the interest rate, the amount of accrued interest, or the principal balance of the loan. Other possible concessions are an interest rate that is less than the market rate for loans with comparable risk characteristics, an extension of the maturity date or an extension of the amortization schedule. Loans reported in this category continue to accrue interest so long as the borrower is able to continue repayment in accordance with the restructured terms. TDRs that are also placed on non-accrual are reported in the non-accrual category and not included with accruing TDRs. 60 Loans are generally placed on non-accrual when they become past due 90 days or more unless they are both well-secured and in the process of collection. Non-accrual loans include certain loans that are also TDRs as set forth in Note 5, “Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Non- accrual loans also include retail loans that were recently discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy but for which the borrower has continued to make payments for less than six consecutive months after the discharge. REO consists primarily of property acquired through or in lieu of foreclosure but may also include bank premises held for sale and residences of bank employees purchased to facilitate the relocation of those employees with WesBanco. Repossessed assets primarily consist of automobiles and other types of collateral acquired to satisfy defaulted consumer loans. Table 19 summarizes non-performing assets. TABLE 19. NON-PERFORMING ASSETS (dollars in thousands) TDRs accruing interest: December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 967 2,064 205 7,227 642 443 $ — $ — $ 2,537 10,198 3,052 632 415 9,022 9,850 1,022 902 870 642 2,437 329 8,215 740 345 $ 7,410 17,318 839 3,844 — — Total TDRs accruing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,548 12,066 14,861 24,281 29,411 Non-accrual loans: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-performing loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,023 11,507 8,148 9,461 2,391 851 33,381 44,929 5,825 1,488 20,227 4,110 10,329 1,923 741 2,564 17,305 4,380 10,240 1,604 540 4,668 18,239 3,387 11,247 1,184 647 10,135 25,122 8,238 12,377 1,331 289 38,818 36,633 39,372 57,492 50,884 5,082 51,494 4,860 63,653 5,988 86,903 3,029 Total non-performing assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $50,754 $55,966 $56,354 $69,641 $89,932 Non-performing loans as a percentage of total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets . . . . . . Non-performing assets as a percentage of total portfolio 0.89% 1.25% 0.60 0.89 1.32% 0.92 1.73% 1.15 2.68% 1.62 loans, real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . 1.00 1.37 1.45 1.89 2.77 Accruing TDRs decreased $0.5 million or 4.3% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. There were no TDRs greater than $1 million or more at December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013. Accruing TDRs are not concentrated in any industry, property or type of loan; however, retail loans represent 72.0% of accruing TDR’s at December 31, 2015 compared to 77.1% at December 31, 2014. This includes loans that were discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy in the current or prior year but for which the borrower has continued to make payments for at least six consecutive months after the discharge. Most accruing TDRs continue to pay in accordance with their modified terms; however, total accruing TDRs with aggregate balances of $0.8 million or 7.3% of total accruing 61 TDRs were past due 30 days or more at December 31, 2015, which is an improvement compared to $1.1 million or 8.7% at December 31, 2014. Non-accrual loans decreased $5.4 million or 14.0% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015 as WesBanco successfully reduced or exited a number of non-accrual loans throughout 2015. Approximately $4.6 million or 13.8% of total non-accrual loans at December 31, 2015 also have restructured terms that would require them to be reported as a TDR if they were accruing interest, compared to $5.4 million or 14.0% of the total at December 31, 2014. Commercial loans of $1 million or more represent over 27% and all retail loans represent almost 38% of the total non-accrual loans at December 31, 2015. These non-accrual loans are not concentrated in any industry, property or type of loan. REO and repossessed assets increased $0.7 million or 14.6% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. One commercial property acquired in the Fidelity acquisition represents $2.9 million or 49.9% of the total carrying value of REO at December 31, 2015 compared to 56.9% at December 31, 2014. Consummation of a sale of this property pursuant to a purchase agreement executed in 2013 was expected to take some time due to the complexity of the proposed purchaser’s development plans but has been further delayed by other external factors. Excluding this property, only one other REO property has a carrying value of $1 million or more. WesBanco seeks to minimize the period for which it holds REO and repossessed assets while also attempting to obtain a fair value from their disposition. Therefore, the sales price of these assets is dependent on current market conditions that affect the value of real estate, used automobiles, and other collateral. The average holding period of other REO other than the property described above approximated 7 months at December 31, 2015 compared to 8 months at December 31, 2014. Repossessed assets are generally sold at auction within 60 days after repossession. Expenses associated with owning REO and repossessed assets charged to other expenses were $0.5 million for 2015 compared to $1.1 million for 2014. Net gains or losses on the disposition of REO and repossessed assets are credited or charged to non-interest income and approximated $0.2 million of net gains in 2015 compared to $0.4 million of net gains for 2014. Classified Loans—Please refer to Note 5, “Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the consolidated Financial Statements for a description of internally assigned risk grades for commercial loans and a summary of loans by grade. WesBanco’s classified loan grades are equivalent to the classifications used by banking regulators to identify those loans that have significant adverse characteristics. A classified loan grade is assigned to all non-accrual commercial loans and most commercial TDRs; however, TDRs may be upgraded after the borrower has repaid the loan in accordance with the restructured terms for a period of time, but such loans would continue to be reported as TDRs regardless of their grade. Classified loans increased $6.6 million or 14.0% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015, and represented 1.1% of total loans on both December 31, 2015 and 2014. The increase in the dollar amount of classified loans is primarily attributable to loans acquired from ESB. Charge-offs and Recoveries—Total charge-offs increased $1.8 million or 14.3% to $14.7 million, while total recoveries held steady at $3.6 million, resulting in a 20.2% increase in net charge-offs for 2015 compared to 2014. The increase in charge-offs was primarily due to a partial charge-off of $1.3 million for the non-energy C&I credit noted above, the remainder of which is included in non-accrual loans at December 31, 2015 as discussed above, and a CRE investment property loan for a medical office building that had previously been specifically reserved totaling $1.7 million. The total net loan charge-off rate of 0.23% of average loans is consistent with the overall percentage reduction in delinquency, criticized and classified loans, non-performing loans, lower unemployment, and a return of commercial and residential real estate values to pre-recession levels. Table 20 summarizes charge-offs and recoveries as well as net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans for each category of the loan portfolio. 62 TABLE 20. CHARGE-OFFS AND RECOVERIES (dollars in thousands) Charge-offs: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total loan charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposit account overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total loan recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposit account overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 $ — $ — $ 4,915 2,785 1,803 1,502 2,892 13,897 846 14,743 1 840 435 604 262 1,240 3,382 222 3,604 2,426 3,485 2,437 652 3,120 536 6,915 1,505 3,079 549 3,819 $ 3,879 7,693 4,625 3,902 1,144 3,851 25,094 871 $ 7,494 19,466 9,087 4,627 798 4,037 45,509 936 12,120 779 16,403 880 12,899 17,283 25,965 46,445 — 603 1,194 454 115 1,034 3,400 233 3,633 125 615 471 401 116 1,144 2,872 255 3,127 607 1,107 390 407 30 1,035 3,576 277 3,853 199 993 909 375 116 1,053 3,645 312 3,957 Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,139 $ 9,266 $14,156 $22,112 $42,488 Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — % — % 0.22 0.33 0.10 0.33 0.45 0.11 0.39 0.22 0.18 0.88 Total net loan charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.23 0.22 0.18% 0.38 0.20 0.32 0.15 1.01 0.37 1.81% 0.43 1.00 0.52 0.44 1.13 0.65 4.17% 1.19 1.94 0.70 0.28 1.18 1.29 ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES While the provision for credit losses increased in 2015 compared to 2014 as a result of growth in the loan portfolio, the allowance for loan losses (“allowance”) decreased $2.8 million or 6.2% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. This decrease in the amount of the allowance is attributable to lower historical loss rates, improved credit quality, improvement in most of the qualitative factors that determine the adequacy of the allowance, and charge-offs of loans that were specifically reserved in prior years with replacement of such specific reserves not being warranted. The allowance represented 0.82% of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2015 compared to 1.09% at December 31, 2014. However, the allowance does not include the credit portion of the fair market value adjustment for acquired loans. The decrease in the allowance as a percentage of loans is primarily attributable to acquired loans recorded at fair value for ESB in 2015 and Fidelity in 2012. If these acquired loans were excluded the allowance as a percentage of the legacy portfolio and organic loan growth would from total approximate 0.97% of total loans at December 31, 2015 and 1.14% at December 31, 2014. loans, 63 Table 21 summarizes the allowance together with selected relationships of the allowance and provision for credit losses to total loans and certain categories of loans. TABLE 21. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (dollars in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 December 31, Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 44,654 455 Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 47,368 602 $ 52,699 341 $ 54,810 468 $ 61,051 1,404 Total beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,109 47,970 53,040 55,278 62,455 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,195 158 8,353 6,552 (147) 6,405 8,825 261 9,086 20,001 (127) 36,247 (936) 19,874 35,311 Net charge-offs: Total charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (14,743) 3,604 (12,899) 3,633 (17,283) 3,127 (25,965) 3,853 (46,445) 3,957 Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (11,139) (9,266) (14,156) (22,112) (42,488) Balance at end of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,710 613 44,654 455 47,368 602 52,699 341 54,810 468 Total ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 42,323 $ 45,109 $ 47,970 $ 53,040 $ 55,278 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing 0.82% 1.09% 1.25x 1.15x 1.22% 1.29x 1.43% 1.34x 1.69% 0.95x loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.93x 0.88x 0.92x 0.83x 0.63x Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing loans and loans past due 90 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87x 0.84x 0.88x 0.76x 0.60x The allowance consists of specific reserves for certain impaired loans and a general reserve for all other loans. WesBanco uses historical loss rates by risk grade for CRE – improved property and C&I loans, and the historical loss rates for the total of CRE – land and construction loans, retail loans and deposit overdrafts as a base loss rate for the general allowance. The base loss rate is adjusted for the impact of qualitative factors which in management’s judgment are appropriate to accurately reflect probable loss in each loan category. Qualitative factors include the impact of historical loss rates for the most recent sixty months, the volatility and velocity with which historical loss rates have changed during the economic cycle, economic conditions, delinquency levels and trends, non-performing and classified loan levels and trends, changes in credit policies and lending standards, concentrations of credit exposure if any, the results of regulatory examinations and internal loan reviews, and other external factors when appropriate. Table 22 summarizes the components of the allowance. 64 TABLE 22. COMPONENTS OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (in thousands) General allowance: December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Based on historical loss experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Based on qualitative factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $28,490 11,699 1,521 41,710 613 $29,359 11,497 3,798 44,654 455 $38,545 8,091 732 47,368 602 $39,761 11,195 1,743 52,699 341 $42,920 8,537 3,353 54,810 468 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42,323 $45,109 $47,970 $53,040 $55,278 The general allowance based on historical loss experience decreased $0.9 million or 3.0% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015, which is consistent with decreasing historical loss rates for the past twelve and thirty-six month periods. However, net charge-offs decreased rapidly following the recession that impacted the periods prior to the past thirty-six months. Therefore, the general allowance based on qualitative factors increased $0.2 million or 1.8% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015 primarily due to consideration of higher loss rates experienced through the longer economic cycle and management’s uncertainty about the sustainability of recent improvement in general economic conditions. Specific reserves decreased $2.3 million from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015 primarily as a result of the partial charge-off of a CRE loan that had a $1.7 million specific reserve. The allowance for loan commitments, which is not material to the total allowance for credit losses, increased $0.2 million or 34.7% from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015. Table 23 summarizes the allocation of the allowance for credit losses to each category of loans. TABLE 23. ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (in thousands) Allowance for loan losses: December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposit account overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,390 14,748 10,002 4,582 2,883 4,763 342 $ 5,654 17,573 9,063 5,382 2,329 4,078 575 $ 6,056 18,157 9,925 5,673 2,017 5,020 520 $ 3,741 23,614 9,326 7,182 2,458 5,557 821 $ 4,842 24,748 11,414 5,638 1,962 5,410 796 Total allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,710 44,654 47,368 52,699 54,810 Allowance for loan commitments: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 26 260 7 117 46 613 194 10 112 9 90 40 455 301 62 130 5 85 19 602 27 25 215 6 49 19 341 74 21 323 4 33 13 468 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42,323 $45,109 $47,970 $53,040 $55,278 65 Please refer to Note 5, “Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of changes in the allowance for credit losses applicable to each category of loans. Changes in the allowance for all categories of loans also reflect the net effect of changes in historical loss rates, loan balances, specific reserves and management’s judgment with respect to the impact of qualitative factors on each category of loans. Decreases in the allowances for all loan categories generally reflect lower historical loss rates and reductions in non-performing and classified commercial loans. The decrease in the allowance for all CRE loans of $4.1 million was due primarily to lower specific reserves of $2.1 million, decreasing historical loss rates, the overall credit quality of the CRE portfolio and stable market conditions. However, the allowance for CRE loans includes approximately $3.0 million attributable to management’s consideration of higher historical loss rates over the longer economic cycle. The allowance for C&I loans increased due primarily to portfolio growth and the impact of one charge-off on loss rates. The allowance for residential real estate loans decreased as a result of decreasing historical loss rates and a more stable residential real estate market. The allowance for HELOCs increased due to loan growth and repayment risk associated with lines that are nearing the end of their availability period. The allowance for consumer loans increased due to management’s qualitative adjustments based on the variability of net historical losses, an increased probability that future losses may approach longer term loss rates and organic growth in the legacy portfolio. The allowance for deposit account overdrafts decreased but is not material to the total allowance. Although the allowance for credit losses is allocated as described in Table 23, the total allowance is available to absorb losses in any category of loans. However, differences between management’s estimation of probable losses and actual incurred losses in subsequent periods may necessitate future adjustments to the provision for credit losses. Management believes the allowance for credit losses is appropriate to absorb probable losses at December 31, 2015. 66 DEPOSITS TABLE 24. DEPOSITS (dollars in thousands) Deposits December 31, 2015 2014 $ Change % Change Non-interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,311,455 1,152,071 967,561 1,077,374 1,557,838 $1,061,075 885,037 954,957 842,818 1,305,096 $ 250,380 267,034 12,604 234,556 252,742 Total deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,066,299 $5,048,983 $1,017,316 23.6 30.2 1.3 27.8 19.4 20.1 Deposits, which represent WesBanco’s primary source of funds, are offered in various account forms at various rates through WesBanco’s 141 branches in West Virginia, Ohio and western Pennsylvania. The FDIC insures all deposits up to $250,000 per account. Total deposits increased by $1.0 billion or 20.1% in 2015 due to the ESB acquisition, which provided $1.0 billion of additional deposits, while organic deposits were relatively unchanged from December 31, 2014. Interest-bearing demand and non-interest bearing demand deposits increased 30.2% and 23.6%, respectively, while savings and money market deposits increased 27.8% and 1.3%, respectively, due to the ESB acquisition and corresponding marketing initiatives, incentive compensation paid to customers and employees, focused retail and business strategies to obtain more account relationships and customers’ overall preference for shorter-term maturities. Deposit balances were also impacted by bonus and royalty payments from Marcellus and Utica shale energy companies in WesBanco’s southwestern Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia markets totaling $140.9 million and $237.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2015, demand deposits, savings deposits and money market deposits at former ESB branches were $361.2 million, $189.6 million and $28.1 million, respectively, compared to $373.3 million, $186.9 million and $37.6 million, respectively, at the date of acquisition. 67 Certificates of deposit increased by $252.7 million due primarily to the ESB acquisition. Certificates of deposit remaining from the ESB acquisition totaled $454.1 million, while organic deposits decreased by 15.4% and acquired balances decreased 29.6% from the acquisition date due to the effects of an overall corporate strategy designed to increase and remix retail deposit relationships with a focus on overall products that can be offered at a lower cost to the Bank. The decrease is also impacted by lower offered rates on maturing certificates of deposit and customer preferences for other non-maturity deposit types. WesBanco does not generally solicit brokered or other deposits out-of-market or over the internet, but does participate in the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Services (CDARS®) program and the Insured Cash Sweep (ICS®) money market deposit program. CDARS® balances totaled $243.7 million in total outstanding balances at December 31, 2015, of which $182.7 million represented one-way buys, compared to $283.0 million in total outstanding balances at December 31, 2014, of which $172.3 million represented one-way buys. ICS® balances totaled $147.3 million and $117.1 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Certificates of deposit greater than $250,000 were approximately $232.6 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $174.7 million at December 31, 2014. Certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more were approximately $780.1 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $706.1 million at December 31, 2014. Certificates of deposit totaling approximately $922.8 million at December 31, 2015 with a cost of 0.61% are scheduled to mature within the next year. The average rate on certificates of deposit decreased 29 basis points from 0.94% for the year ended December 31, 2014 to 0.65% in 2015 with a similar decrease experienced for jumbo certificates of deposit. WesBanco will continue to focus on its core deposit strategies and improving its overall mix of transaction accounts to total deposits, which includes offering special promotions on certain certificates of deposit maturities and savings products based on competition, sales strategies, liquidity needs and wholesale borrowing costs. TABLE 25. MATURITY DISTRIBUTION OF CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT OF $100,000 OR MORE (dollars in thousands) Maturity: December 31, 2015 2014 $ Change % Change Within three months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over three to six months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over six to twelve months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over twelve months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $208,791 134,465 149,599 287,216 $182,097 134,180 118,791 271,068 $26,694 285 30,808 16,148 Total certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $780,071 $706,136 $73,935 14.7 0.2 25.9 6.0 10.5 Interest expense on certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more totaled approximately $4.9 million, $7.5 million and $13.0 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 68 BORROWINGS TABLE 26. BORROWINGS (dollars in thousands) Federal Home Loan Bank Borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary December 31, 2015 2014 $ Change % Change $1,041,750 81,355 $223,126 80,690 $818,624 665 366.9 0.8 trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,196 106,176 20 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,229,301 $409,992 $819,309 199.8 Borrowings are a less significant source of funding for WesBanco as compared to total deposits. During 2015, FHLB borrowings increased $818.6 million from December 31, 2014. The acquisition of ESB provided $392.1 million in FHLB borrowings, and $426.5 million in new borrowings were utilized to manage WesBanco’s normal including loan and investment funding, as well as CD runoff. A portion of the replacement investment securities were funded by the new FHLB borrowings. liquidity needs, WesBanco is a member of the FHLB system. The FHLB system functions as a borrowing source for regulated financial institutions that are engaged in residential and commercial real estate lending along with securities investing. WesBanco uses term FHLB borrowings as a general funding source and to more appropriately match interest maturities for certain assets. FHLB borrowings are secured by blanket liens on certain residential and other mortgage loans with a market value in excess of the outstanding borrowing balances. The terms of the security agreement with the FHLB include a specific assignment of collateral that requires the maintenance of qualifying mortgage and other types of loans as pledged collateral with unpaid principal amounts in excess of the FHLB advances, when discounted at certain pre-established percentages of the loans’ unpaid balances. FHLB stock, which is recorded at cost of $45.5 million at December 31, 2015, is also pledged as collateral for these advances. WesBanco’s remaining maximum borrowing capacity, subject to the collateral requirements noted, with the FHLB at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was estimated to be approximately $1.1 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively. Other short-term borrowings, which may consist of funds purchased, callable repurchase agreements, overnight sweep checking accounts and borrowings on a revolving line of credit at December 31, 2015 were $81.4 million compared to $80.7 million at December 31, 2014. The small increase in these borrowings has occurred as a result of a $0.7 million increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase. federal On September 2, 2015, WesBanco renewed a revolving line of credit, which is a senior obligation of the parent company, with another financial institution. This revolving line of credit replaced another correspondent bank revolving line of credit that matured on July 31, 2014. The new revolving line of credit, which accrues interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate, provides for aggregate unsecured borrowings of up to $25.0 million. The new revolving line of credit also requires WesBanco to maintain at all times a consolidated four quarter average return on average assets of > 0.70%, a Texas ratio of less than 25% (broadly defined as the ratio of non- performing assets to tangible common equity and the allowance for loan losses), unencumbered cash and marketable securities of at least $12.0 million, and to maintain at all times on a consolidated basis and for the Bank a total risk-based capital ratio of > 12.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of > 10.0% and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of > 7.0%. WesBanco was in compliance with all terms and conditions at December 31, 2015. There was no outstanding balance as of December 31, 2015 or 2014. 69 CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS TABLE 27. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS (in thousands) Deposits without a stated maturity . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . Other short term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts . . . . . . . Future benefit payments under pension plans (2)(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Director and executive officer retirement plans (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consulting agreements (2) Leases (2) Software licenses and maintenance agreements (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naming rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limited partnership funding N/A 9 10 10 11 12 N/A N/A 6 N/A N/A December 31, 2015 (1) Footnote Reference Less than One Year One to Three Years Three to Five Years More Than Five Years Total $4,508,461 $ 922,773 213,052 81,356 — $ — $ — $4,508,461 1,557,838 1,041,750 81,356 206,230 5,497 — 28,276 2,417 — 400,559 820,784 — — — — 106,196 106,196 3,301 8,006 9,190 244,301 264,798 1,476 75 2,872 1,043 250 2,709 50 4,475 2,258 500 2,251 50 3,165 5,751 25 12,507 — 500 206 — 750 451 12,187 200 23,019 3,301 2,000 2,139 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 767 715 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,735,426 $1,240,056 $227,089 $400,674 $7,603,245 (1) Represents maturities of principal and excludes interest payments. (2) These payments are recognized as expense in the income statement when incurred and not necessarily at the time of payment. (3) Pension plan assets of $113.3 million were available at December 31, 2015 to absorb the undiscounted future estimated payments to plan participants. Significant fixed and determinable contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015 are presented in the table above by due date. The amounts shown do not include future interest payments, accrued interest or other similar carrying value adjustments. Additional information related to each obligation is included in the referenced footnote to the Consolidated Financial Statements. WesBanco’s future benefit payments under pension plans are estimated based on actuarial assumptions and do not necessarily represent the actual contractual cash flows that may be required by WesBanco in the future. Please refer to Note 12, “Employee Benefit Plans,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on employee benefit plans. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS WesBanco enters into financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, letters of credit, loans approved but not closed, overdraft limits and contingent obligations to purchase loans funded by other entities. Since many of these commitments expire unused or partially used, these commitments may not reflect future cash requirements. Please refer to Note 17, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the “Loans and Loan Commitments” section of this MD&A for additional information. 70 CAPITAL RESOURCES Shareholders’ equity increased to $1.1 billion at December 31, 2015 from $788.2 million at December 31, 2014. The increase was due primarily to $293.6 million of common stock issued in the ESB acquisition, coupled with net income of $80.8 million, which was partially offset by the declaration of dividends to common shareholders of $35.4 million and a $2.1 million other comprehensive loss. The other comprehensive loss was due to an unrealized loss in the securities portfolio, which was partially offset by an unrealized gain in the defined benefit pension plan. For 2015, common dividends increased to $0.92 per share, or 4.5% on an annualized basis, compared to $0.88 per share in 2014. The common dividend per share payout ratio increased to 42.8% in 2015 from 36.8% in 2014, which is primarily attributable to common dividends increasing more rapidly than earnings year-over-year. A board-approved policy generally targets dividends as a percent of net income in a range of 35% to 55%, subject to capital levels, earnings history and prospects, regulatory concerns, and other factors. The quarterly dividend was increased again in February 2016 to $0.24 per share, or 4.3%. In May 2015, WesBanco repurchased from the United States Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) a warrant to purchase 101,320.6 shares of the Company’s common stock. This warrant was acquired through WesBanco’s acquisition of Fidelity Bancorp, Inc. (“Fidelity’) in 2012 and was originally issued by Fidelity pursuant to the Treasury’s Capital Purchase Program established as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program. The purchase price paid by WesBanco to the Treasury for the warrant was $2.2 million. In October 2015, WesBanco’s Board of Directors approved a share repurchase plan for up to 1,000,000 shares in addition to the existing share repurchase plan approved in March, 2007. At December 31, 2015, 1,252,260 shares of WesBanco common stock remained authorized to be purchased under the current repurchase plans. WesBanco is subject to risk-based capital guidelines that measure capital relative to risk-weighted assets and off-balance sheet instruments. WesBanco and its banking subsidiary WesBanco Bank maintain Tier 1 risk- based, total risk-based and Tier 1 leverage capital ratios significantly above minimum regulatory levels. WesBanco Bank paid $60.0 million in dividends to WesBanco during 2015, or 70.0% of the Bank’s net income. There are various legal limitations under federal and state laws that limit the payment of dividends from the Bank to the parent company. As of December 31, 2015, under FDIC and State of West Virginia regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, dividends of approximately $51.3 million from the Bank. WesBanco currently has $106.2 million in junior subordinated debt in its Consolidated Balance Sheet presented as a separate category of borrowings. For regulatory purposes, trust preferred securities totaling $103.0 million, issued by unconsolidated trust subsidiaries of WesBanco underlying such junior subordinated debt, is included in Tier 1 capital in accordance with current regulatory reporting requirements. A grandfather provision of the Dodd-Frank Act permits bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. In July 2013, the U.S. federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule that implements the Basel III capital standards effective January 1, 2015 with a phase-in period ending January 1, 2019. The final capital rule establishes the minimum capital levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act, permanently grandfathers trust preferred securities issued before May 19, 2010, and increases the capital required for certain categories of assets. Please refer to Note 20, “Regulatory Matters,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on capital amounts, ratios and minimum regulatory requirements. Also refer to “Item 1. Business” within this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Basel III Capital Standards. 71 LIQUIDITY RISK Liquidity is defined as a financial institution’s capacity to meet its cash and collateral obligations at a reasonable cost. Liquidity risk is the risk that an institution’s financial condition or overall safety and soundness is adversely affected by an inability, or perceived inability, to meet its obligations. An institution’s obligations, and the funding sources to meet them, depend significantly on its business mix, balance sheet structure, and the cash flows of its on- and off-balance sheet obligations. Institutions confront various internal and external situations that can give rise to increased liquidity risk including funding mismatches, market constraints on funding sources, contingent liquidity events, changes in economic conditions, and exposure to credit, market, operation, legal and reputation risk. WesBanco actively manages liquidity risk through its ability to provide adequate funds to meet changes in loan demand, unexpected outflows in deposits and other borrowings as well as to take advantage of market opportunities and meet operating cash needs. This is accomplished by maintaining liquid assets in the form of securities, sufficient borrowing capacity and a stable core deposit base. Liquidity is centrally monitored by WesBanco’s Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”). WesBanco determines the degree of required liquidity by the relationship of total holdings of liquid assets to the possible need for funds to meet unexpected deposit losses and/or loan demands. The ability to quickly convert assets to cash at a minimal loss is a primary function of WesBanco’s investment portfolio management. WesBanco believes its cash flow from the loan portfolio, the investment portfolio, and other sources, adequately meet its liquidity requirements. WesBanco’s net loans to assets ratio was 59.3% at December 31, 2015 and deposit balances funded 71.6% of assets. The following table lists the sources of liquidity from assets at December 31, 2015 expected within the next year: (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities with a maturity date within the next year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Projected payments and prepayments on mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accruing loans scheduled to mature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal loan repayments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 86,685 22,465 242,662 131,301 7,899 706,408 645,281 Total sources of liquidity expected within the next year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,842,701 (1) Projected prepayments are based on current prepayment speeds. Deposit flows are another principal factor affecting overall WesBanco liquidity. Deposits totaled $6.1 billion at December 31, 2015. Deposit flows are impacted by current interest rates, products and rates offered by WesBanco versus various forms of competition, as well as customer behavior. Certificates of deposit scheduled to mature within one year totaled $922.8 million at December 31, 2015, which includes jumbo regular certificates of deposit totaling $343.3 million with a weighted-average cost of 0.62%, and jumbo CDARS® deposits of $149.6 million with a weighted-average cost of 0.63%. WesBanco maintains a line of credit with the FHLB as an additional funding source. Available credit with the FHLB at December 31, 2015 approximated $1.1 billion, compared to $1.5 billion at December 31, 2014. At December 31, 2015, the Bank had unpledged available-for-sale securities with an amortized cost of $471.8 million, a portion of which is an available liquidity source, or such securities could be pledged to secure additional FHLB borrowings. The FHLB requires securities to be specifically pledged to the FHLB and maintained in a FHLB-approved custodial arrangement if the member wishes to include such securities in the maximum borrowing capacity calculation. WesBanco has elected not to specifically pledge to the FHLB otherwise unpledged securities. 72 WesBanco participates in the Federal Reserve Bank’s Borrower-in-Custody Program (“BIC”) whereby WesBanco pledges certain consumer loans as collateral for borrowings. At December 31, 2015, WesBanco had a BIC line of credit totaling $225.8 million, none of which was outstanding. Alternative funding sources may include the utilization of existing overnight lines of credit with third party banks totaling $225.0 million, none of which was outstanding at December 31, 2015, along with seeking other lines of credit, borrowings under repurchase agreement lines, increasing deposit rates to attract additional funds, accessing brokered deposits, or selling securities available-for-sale or certain types of loans. Other short-term borrowings of $81.4 million at December 31, 2015 consisted of callable repurchase agreements and overnight sweep checking accounts for large commercial customers. There has not been a significant fluctuation in the average deposit balance of the overnight sweep checking accounts during 2015. The overnight sweep checking accounts require U.S. Government securities to be pledged equal to or greater than the average deposit balance in the related customer accounts. The principal sources of parent company liquidity are dividends from the Bank, $35.1 million in cash and investments on hand, and a $25.0 million revolving line of credit with another bank, which did not have an outstanding balance at December 31, 2015. WesBanco is in compliance with all loan covenants. There are various legal limitations under federal and state laws that limit the payment of dividends from the Bank to the parent company. As of December 31, 2015, under FDIC and State of West Virginia regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, dividends of approximately $51.3 million from the Bank. Management believes these are appropriate levels of cash for WesBanco given the current environment. Management continuously monitors the adequacy of parent company cash levels and sources of liquidity through the use of metrics that relate current cash levels to historical and forecasted cash inflows and outflows. WesBanco had outstanding commitments to extend credit in the ordinary course of business approximating $1.5 billion and $1.2 billion at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. On a historical basis, only a small portion of these commitments will result in an outflow of funds. Please refer to Note 17, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the “Loans and Loan Commitments” section of this MD&A for additional information. Federal financial regulatory agencies previously have issued guidance to provide for sound practices for managing funding and liquidity risk and strengthening liquidity risk management practices. WesBanco maintains a comprehensive management process for identifying, measuring, monitoring, and controlling liquidity risk which is fully integrated into its risk management process. Management believes WesBanco has sufficient current liquidity to meet current obligations to borrowers, depositors and others as of December 31, 2015 and that WesBanco’s current liquidity risk management policies and procedures adequately address this guidance. 73 COMPARISON OF 2014 VERSUS 2013 Net income increased 10% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2014, to $70.0 million compared to $63.9 million for 2013, while diluted earnings per share were $2.39, an increase of 10% compared to $2.18 per share for 2013. The increased net income improved the return on average assets to 1.12% in 2014 from 1.05% in 2013. Net interest income increased $7.7 million or 4.2% in 2014 compared to 2013 due to a 3.1% increase in average earning assets, primarily through a 4.8% increase in average loan balances, and improvement in the net interest margin. The net interest margin improved by 3 basis points to 3.61% in 2014 compared to 3.58% in 2013. Accretion of various purchase accounting adjustments from the 2012 Fidelity acquisition benefited the net interest margin throughout 2013 and 2014, but at a decreasing rate. Excluding this benefit from both years, the net interest margin increased by 8 basis points from 3.49% in 2013 to 3.57% in 2014. The improved net interest margin in the low interest rate environment resulted partially from the aforementioned loan growth as the average rate on loans is higher than the average rate on securities. In addition, funding costs continued to decrease in 2014 as a result of a 9.4% increase in lower-cost demand, money market and savings account deposits, while higher-cost CDs decreased by 11.8%. The average rate on CDs declined by 43 basis points as higher rate CDs matured. In addition, a 29.2% reduction in higher-rate average other borrowings improved funding costs through the prepayment of a higher-rate $22.0 million repurchase agreement with another bank in the third quarter, and through maturities. Overall, average deposits increased by 2.6% in 2014 compared to 2013. Credit quality continued to improve over 2013. Total non-performing loans, including TDRs, decreased 1.2% from December 31, 2013 to $50.9 million, while criticized and classified loans decreased 40.2% over the last twelve months to $81.1 million at December 31, 2014. Net charge-offs for 2014 were $9.3 million or 0.23% of average portfolio loans compared to $14.2 million or 0.38% in 2013. Lower charge-offs and continued improvement in delinquent, non-performing and classified and criticized loans resulted in a provision for credit losses of $6.4 million in 2014 compared to $9.1 million in 2013. The allowance for loan losses represented 1.09% of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2014, compared to 1.22% at the end of 2013. Non-interest income decreased $0.8 million or 1.1% for 2014 compared to 2013. The third quarter of 2014 included a $1.4 million charge related to the prepayment of certain repurchase agreements. Non-interest income, excluding this charge, increased $0.6 million or 0.9% for the year. Trust fees increased 7.6% for the year as assets under management continued to increase from customer development initiatives and overall market improvements. Total trust assets were $3.8 billion at December 31, 2014, representing an increase of 4.1% from $3.7 billion at December 31, 2013. Net securities brokerage revenues increased $0.7 million or 10.8%, due to significant production increases from the addition of support and sales staff in several regions, as well as an increase in referrals and production from a licensed retail banker program. Service charges on deposits decreased 10.0% compared to 2013 due to lower overdraft fees that are affected by consistent increases in deposit levels and higher average deposits per account. Mortgage loan sale gains decreased 38.6% as the weak housing market reduced mortgage demand resulting in lower mortgage activity, which was also impacted by the new 2014 Qualified Mortgage and Ability-to-Repay rules, somewhat limiting the Bank’s product offerings. Non-interest expense increased $0.6 million or 0.4% for 2014 compared to 2013. Salaries and wages increased 3.0%, due to routine annual adjustments to compensation, increased commissions on higher brokerage revenue and incentive and stock-related compensation granted in 2014, partially offset by lower average full time employees (“FTEs”). In 2014, employee benefits expense decreased 7.5%, primarily from decreased pension and other benefits expense, partially offset by higher health insurance costs. In addition, net occupancy and equipment expense increased due to higher weather-related expenses, the opening of three branches over the last five quarters and investment in internal infrastructure in the second half of last year. Other expenses increased $1.0 million primarily due to customer fraud losses recognized totaling $0.6 million, increased franchise taxes and other miscellaneous fees and costs, partially offset by reduced communication expenses. The provision for federal and state income taxes increased to $23.7 million in 2014 compared to $20.8 million in 2013. The increase in income tax expense was due to a $9.0 million increase in pre-tax income, which caused a higher effective tax rate of 25.3% compared to 24.5% for 2013. 74 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK The disclosures set forth in this item are qualified by the section captioned “Forward-Looking Statements” included in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this report. MARKET RISK The primary objective of WesBanco’s ALCO is to maximize net interest income within established policy parameters. This objective is accomplished through the management of balance sheet composition, market risk exposures arising from changing economic conditions and liquidity risk. Market risk is defined as the risk of loss due to adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments resulting from fluctuations in interest rates and equity prices. Management considers interest rate risk to be WesBanco’s most significant market risk. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in net interest income due to changes in interest rates. The relative consistency of WesBanco’s net interest income is largely dependent on effective management of interest rate risk. As interest rates change in the market, rates earned on interest rate sensitive assets and rates paid on interest rate sensitive liabilities do not necessarily move concurrently. Differing rate sensitivities may arise because fixed rate assets and liabilities may not have the same maturities, or because variable rate assets and liabilities differ in the timing and/or the percentage of rate changes. WesBanco’s ALCO, comprised of senior management from various functional areas, monitors and manages interest rate risk within Board approved policy limits. Interest rate risk is monitored primarily through the use of an earnings simulation model. The model is highly dependent on various assumptions, which change regularly as the balance sheet and market interest rates change. The key assumptions and strategies employed are analyzed bi-monthly and reviewed and documented by the ALCO. The earnings simulation model projects changes in net interest income resulting from the effect of changes in interest rates. Forecasting changes in net interest income requires management to make certain assumptions regarding loan and security prepayment rates, bond call dates, and adjustments to non-maturing deposit rates, which may not necessarily reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. Assumptions used are based primarily on historical experience and current market rates. Security portfolio maturities and prepayments are assumed to be reinvested in similar instruments and callable bond forecasts are adjusted at varying levels of interest rates. While management believes such assumptions to be reasonable, there can be no assurance that assumed prepayment rates, callable bond forecasts and non-maturing deposit rates will approximate actual future results. Moreover, the net interest income sensitivity chart presented in Table 1, “Net Interest Income Sensitivity,” assumes the composition of interest sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the end of the period remains constant over the period being measured and also assumes that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve, regardless of the duration of the maturity or re-pricing of specific assets and liabilities. Since the assumptions used in the model relative to changes in interest rates are uncertain, the simulation analysis may not be indicative of actual results. In addition, the analysis may not consider all actions that management could employ in response to changes in interest rates and various earning asset and costing liability balances. Management is aware of the significant effect inflation or deflation has upon interest rates and ultimately upon financial performance. WesBanco’s ability to cope with inflation or deflation is best determined by analyzing its capability to respond to changing market interest rates, as well as its ability to manage the various elements of non-interest income and expense during periods of increasing or decreasing inflation or deflation. WesBanco monitors the level and mix of interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities through ALCO in order to reduce the impact of inflation or deflation on net interest income. Management also controls the effects of inflation or deflation by conducting periodic reviews of the prices and terms of its various products and services, both in terms of the costs to offer the services as well as outside market influences upon such pricing, by 75 introducing new products and services or reducing the availability of existing products and services, and by controlling overhead expenses. Interest rate risk policy limits are determined by measuring the anticipated change in net interest income over a twelve month period assuming an immediate and sustained 100, 200 and 300 basis point increase or decrease in market interest rates compared to a stable rate environment or base model. WesBanco’s current policy limits this exposure to a reduction of 5.0%, 12.5% and 25% or less, respectively, of net interest income from the base model over a twelve month period. The table below shows WesBanco’s interest rate sensitivity at December 31, 2015 and 2014 assuming a 100, 200 and 300 basis point interest rate increase, compared to a base model. Due to the current low interest rate environment, particularly for short-term rates, the 200 and 300 basis point decreasing change is not calculated. TABLE 1. NET INTEREST INCOME SENSITIVITY Immediate Change in Interest Rates (basis points) Percentage Change in Net Interest Income from Base over One Year December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 +300 +200 +100 -100 6.2% 5.5% 3.6% (2.7%) 0.9% 2.1% 1.9% (1.8%) ALCO Guidelines (25.0%) (12.5%) (5.0%) (5.0%) As per the table above, the earnings simulation model at December 31, 2015 currently projects that net interest income for the next twelve month period would decrease by 2.7% if interest rates were to fall immediately by 100 basis points, compared to a decrease of 1.8% for the same scenario as of December 31, 2014. For rising rate scenarios, net interest income would increase by 3.6%, 5.5%, and 6.2% if rates increased by 100, 200 and 300 basis points, respectively, as of December 31, 2015 compared to increases of 1.9%, 2.1% and 0.9% in a 100, 200 and 300 basis point increasing rate environment as of December 31, 2014. The balance sheet is asset sensitive as of December 31, 2015, and significantly more so than at December 31, 2014, based upon changes in the mix of various earning assets and costing liabilities, current year loan and transaction deposit account growth, particularly in non-interest bearing accounts, the impact of the first federal funds rate increase since 2006 of 25 basis points in December, an increase in FHLB borrowings versus short-term certificates of deposit and adjustments in modeling assumptions such as deposit beta rates. In the latter half of the year, certain FHLB short-term borrowings were extended to terms between one and three year maturities, while additional FHLB borrowings were obtained to replace the above-noted short-term CD runoff. Loan growth in the fourth quarter was also primarily concentrated in LIBOR and prime-adjustable loans, which typically increase asset sensitivity. Overall asset sensitivity in non-parallel rising rate scenarios may be somewhat neutralized due to slower prepayment speeds and extension risk associated with residential mortgages and mortgage-backed securities, as well as other earning asset and costing liability differences to the currently modeled assumptions. In addition, variable rate commercial loans with rate floors averaging 4.15% approximated $1.0 billion at December 31, 2015, which represented approximately 34% of commercial loans, as compared to $1.1 billion or 42% of commercial loans at December 31, 2014. Approximately 52% or $526.6 million of these loans are currently priced at their floor, as compared to 62% or $668.0 million at December 31, 2014. In a 100 basis point rising rate environment, these rate floor loans may not re-price at all or may not as significantly re-price from their current floor level as compared to non-floor loans. As a result of the December rate increase, more commercial loans with floors are now scheduled to experience a rate increase in a rising rate environment of 100 basis points than at the end of the prior year, assisting asset sensitivity overall. Given the current low interest rate environment and flatter yield curve affecting the repricing of loans and investments, WesBanco expects that the base case net interest margin in the near term may remain at relatively 76 similar or slightly lower levels as was reported in the fourth quarter. Management currently anticipates that two additional short-term federal funds rate increases may occur in 2016, in addition to the first one in December, 2015 of 25 basis points each. While many economists and Federal Reserve Board member commentators have suggested another two to four 25 basis points federal funds rate increases are possible in 2016, with an additional two to four increases in 2017, market turmoil after the end of 2015 now suggests a lower probability of such number of increases occurring. A delay in implementing further rate increases may have a negative impact on management’s estimates of the future direction and level of the net interest margin. Maturities and repricing of higher-costing certificates of deposit serve to mitigate compression from lower loan spreads and general loan re-pricing at lower spreads in the current competitive loan environment, along with anticipated loan growth in most loan categories. However, with current CDs costing an average of 0.64% in the fourth quarter, this factor is not expected to be as significant in the near term as it was in prior periods when maturing CD rates were higher. Many customers have been electing to move maturing CD balances to lower- costing transaction accounts such as MMDAs until rates rise further, which assists in lowering the cost of deposits in the short run, but may result in a portion of these balances moving back to more expensive CDs upon a significant short-term rate increase. Additional CD runoff over the past year has been replaced with FHLB borrowings, which have increased from $223.1 million at December 31, 2014 to $1.0 billion at December 31, 2015, also reflecting funding obtained from the ESB acquisition or acquired shortly thereafter to fund the investment portfolio restructuring that occurred in conjunction with the acquisition. Certificates of deposit totaling approximately $922.8 million mature within the next year at an average cost of 0.61%. The increase in FHLB borrowings overall in 2015, and lengthening of their associated maturities, primarily in the second half of the year, has also assisted in the improving asset sensitive position, as approximately $820.8 million of FHLB borrowings have been extended to over one to three year maturities. The Bank has significant additional borrowing capacity with the FHLB of Pittsburgh, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, and various correspondent banks, and may utilize these funding sources or interest rate swaps as necessary to lengthen liabilities, help offset mismatches in various asset maturities, and manage short-term cash needs. CDARS® and ICS® deposits also continue to be used to lengthen maturities in certificates of deposit, and for customers seeking higher-yielding instruments and/or to maintain their total deposit levels below FDIC insurance limits. Current balance sheet strategies to reduce the potential for margin compression in the current low rate and flatter yield curve environment include: • • • • • • • increasing total loans; primarily commercial and home equity loans that have variable or adjustable rates; selling a majority of new residential mortgage loan production into the secondary market: investing available short-term liquidity; continuing marketing programs to increase consumer and home equity loans, and non-interest bearing or low-cost interest bearing checking accounts; re-mixing securities’ prepayment and maturity cash flows into loans as demand warrants, or to a lesser degree into new investments such as short-to-intermediate duration MBS and CMO securities and intermediate term tax-exempt municipal securities; extending or renewing FHLB term borrowings as necessary to balance asset/liability mismatches, and/or use derivatives to accomplish a similar purpose, and extending a portion of CD maturities through the CDARS® program. As an alternative to the immediate rate shock analysis, the ALCO monitors interest rate risk by ramping or increasing interest rates 200 basis points gradually over a twelve month period. WesBanco’s current policy limits this exposure to 5.0% of net interest income from the base model for a twelve month period. Management 77 believes that the ramping analysis reflects a more realistic movement of interest rates, whereas the immediate rate shock reflects a less likely scenario. The simulation model at December 31, 2015, using the 200 basis point increasing rate ramp analysis, projects that net interest income would increase 3.0% over the next twelve months, compared to a 1.9% increase at December 31, 2014. In addition, management creates a “Most Likely” forecast scenario which is periodically updated and reviewed at each ALCO meeting, incorporating current budget or re- forecast assumptions into the model such as estimated loan and deposit growth, asset and liability remixing, competitive market rates for various products and marketing promotions, and other assumptions. Such model helps to predict changes in forecasted outcomes and necessary adjustments to the plan to achieve management’s earnings goals. WesBanco periodically measures the economic value of equity, which is defined as the market value of tangible equity in various increasing and decreasing rate scenarios. At December 31, 2015, the market value of tangible equity as a percent of base in a 200 basis point rising rate environment indicates an increase of 1.9%, compared to an increase of 6.0% at December 31, 2014. In a 100 basis point falling rate environment, the model indicates a decrease of 8.8%, compared to a decrease of 11.0% as of December 31, 2014. WesBanco’s policy is to limit such change to minus 20% for a 200 basis point change in interest rates, as long as the Tier 1 leverage capital ratio is not forecasted to decrease below 5.0% as a result of the change. Balance sheet changes in loan and securities portfolios, new borrowings, transaction deposits and certificates of deposit, as well as certain other modeling assumptions, resulted in the change in equity market value from 2014. 78 MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING The management of WesBanco is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of WesBanco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of WesBanco’s financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. WesBanco’s management assessed the effectiveness of WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Based on the assessment, management determined that, as of December 31, 2015, WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting is effective, based on the COSO criteria. The effectiveness of WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, WesBanco’s independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their attestation report appearing below. Todd F. Clossin President and Chief Executive Officer Robert H. Young Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 79 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Shareholders of WesBanco, Inc. We have audited WesBanco, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), (the COSO criteria). WesBanco, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. limitations, In our opinion, WesBanco, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of WesBanco, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, of WesBanco, Inc. and our report dated February 26, 2016, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania February 26, 2016 80 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Shareholders of WesBanco, Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of WesBanco, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of WesBanco, Inc. at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), WesBanco, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 26, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania February 26, 2016 81 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except shares) ASSETS Cash and due from banks, including interest bearing amounts of $10,978 and $8,405, December 31, 2015 2014 respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 86,685 $ 94,002 Securities: Available-for-sale, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Held-to-maturity (fair values of $1,038,207 and $619,617, respectively) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,409,520 1,012,930 917,424 593,670 Total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,422,450 1,511,094 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,899 5,865 Portfolio loans, net of unearned income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,065,842 (41,710) 4,086,766 (44,654) Net portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,024,132 4,042,112 Premises and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill and other intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,203 25,759 490,888 150,980 149,302 93,135 18,481 319,506 123,298 89,072 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,470,298 $6,296,565 LIABILITIES Deposits: Non-interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,311,455 1,152,071 967,561 1,077,374 1,557,838 $1,061,075 885,037 954,957 842,818 1,305,096 Total deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,066,299 5,048,983 Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,041,750 81,356 106,196 Total borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,229,302 Accrued interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,715 50,850 223,126 80,690 106,176 409,992 1,620 47,780 Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,348,166 5,508,375 SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred Stock, no par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock, $2.0833 par value; 100,000,000 and 50,000,000 shares authorized in 2015 and 2014, respectively; 38,546,042 and 29,367,511 shares issued in 2015 and 2014, respectively; 38,459,635 and 29,298,188 shares outstanding in 2015 and 2014, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital surplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock (86,407 shares and 69,323 shares in 2015 and 2014, respectively, at cost) . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred benefits for directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 80,304 516,294 549,921 (2,640) (20,954) (793) 61,182 244,661 504,578 (2,151) (18,825) (1,255) Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,122,132 788,190 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,470,298 $6,296,565 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 82 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Loans, including fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest and dividends on securities: Taxable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax-exempt Total interest and dividends on securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 203,993 $ 172,182 $ 175,323 39,314 16,764 56,078 1,641 29,233 13,589 42,822 987 29,193 13,128 42,321 246 Total interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,712 215,991 217,890 INTEREST EXPENSE Interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit Total interest expense on deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET INTEREST INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NON-INTEREST INCOME Trust fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service charges on deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronic banking fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities brokerage revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gains on sales of mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain / (loss) on other real estate owned and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NON-INTEREST EXPENSE Salaries and wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FDIC insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and merger-related expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 1,943 1,914 640 11,033 15,530 5,510 370 3,315 24,725 236,987 8,353 228,634 21,900 16,743 14,361 7,692 4,863 2,071 948 356 5,532 74,466 77,340 26,896 13,635 13,194 5,646 4,107 3,136 11,082 38,887 193,923 109,177 28,415 80,762 2.15 2.15 1,568 1,877 532 13,286 17,263 968 1,333 3,199 22,763 193,228 6,405 186,823 21,069 16,135 12,708 6,922 4,614 1,604 903 (1,006) 5,555 68,504 67,408 21,518 12,122 11,542 5,242 3,376 1,920 1,309 37,196 1,415 1,462 525 22,010 25,412 1,151 2,525 3,315 32,403 185,487 9,086 176,401 19,577 17,925 12,198 6,248 4,664 2,614 684 (81) 5,456 69,285 65,431 23,255 11,809 10,669 5,174 3,725 2,288 1,310 37,337 161,633 160,998 93,694 23,720 69,974 2.39 2.39 $ $ 84,688 20,763 63,925 2.18 2.18 $ $ AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,488,331 37,547,127 29,249,499 29,333,876 29,270,922 29,344,683 DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER COMMON SHARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.92 $ 0.88 $ 0.78 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 83 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in thousands) Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities available-for-sale: For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 80,762 $ 69,974 $ 63,925 Related income tax benefit (expense) Net change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains reclassified into earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (10,552) 3,875 (596) 219 15,242 (5,604) (981) 361 (30,288) 11,186 (89) 33 Net effect on other comprehensive income for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7,054) 9,018 (19,158) Securities held-to-maturity: Amortization of unrealized gain transferred from available-for-sale . . . . . Related income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net effect on other comprehensive income for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defined benefit pension plan: Amortization of net loss and prior service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax (expense) benefit Recognition of unrealized gain (loss) (494) 182 (312) (472) 173 (299) 3,205 (1,201) 5,106 (1,873) 1,516 (558) (24,934) 9,166 (1,029) 383 (646) 3,579 (1,368) 17,751 (6,527) Net effect on other comprehensive income for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,237 (14,810) 13,435 Total other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,129) (6,091) (6,369) Comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 78,633 $ 63,883 $ 57,556 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 84 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) Shares Outstanding Amount Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Common Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Deferred Benefits for Directors Total January 1, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . 29,214,660 $60,863 $241,672 $419,246 $ — $ (6,365) $(1,232) $ 714,184 For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . . ($0.78 per share) Comprehensive income . . . . Common dividends declared . . . . . . . Stock options exercised . . . . Restricted stock granted . . . . Treasury shares acquired . . . Adjustment to shares issued in acquisition . . . . . . . . . . Stock compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred benefits for directors—net . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — 63,925 — — — — (6,369) — 121,424 48,750 — 249 79 (204,926) — — (22,820) — 52 — 269 — — (6,290) 2,568 (348) 80 (4,672) (9) (95) — — — — 1,120 (23) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 63,925 (6,369) 57,556 (22,820) 2,869 — (6,210) (104) 1,120 23 — December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . 29,175,236 $61,182 $244,974 $460,351 $(5,969) $(12,734) $(1,209) $ 746,595 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . . ($0.88 per share) Comprehensive income . . . . Common dividends declared . . . . . . . Stock options exercised . . . . Restricted stock granted . . . . Treasury shares acquired . . . Stock compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred benefits for directors—net . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — 69,974 — — — — (6,091) — — — 82,656 42,554 — (2,258) — — (25,747) — — 2,566 (399) — 1,321 (1,321) (69) — 49 — — — — 1,312 46 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 69,974 (6,091) 63,883 (25,747) 2,167 — (20) 1,312 (46) — December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . 29,298,188 $61,182 $244,661 $504,578 $(2,151) $(18,825) $(1,255) $ 788,190 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . . Comprehensive income . . . . Common dividends declared . . . . . . . ($0.92 per share) Shares issued for acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury shares acquired . . . Stock options exercised . . . . Restricted stock granted . . . . Repurchase of stock warrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred benefits for directors—net . . . . . . . . . . — — 80,762 — — — — (2,129) — — — — — — — (35,419) — 9,178,531 19,122 (126,909) — — — 60,275 49,550 274,507 51 (324) (1,558) — — — (3,972) — 1,925 — 1,558 — — — — — — (2,247) 1,666 (462) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 80,762 (2,129) 78,633 (35,419) 293,629 (3,921) 1,601 — (2,247) 1,666 462 — December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . 38,459,635 $80,304 $516,294 $549,921 $(2,640) $(20,954) $ (793) $1,122,132 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 85 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 80,762 $ 69,974 $ 63,925 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other net amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gains on sales of mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in deferred income tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance—net . . . . . . . Contribution to pension plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans originated for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from the sale of loans originated for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in: other assets and accrued interest receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in: other liabilities and accrued interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other—net Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INVESTING ACTIVITIES Net increase in loans held for investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities available-for-sale: 7,386 1,742 6,405 (903) (1,604) 8,690 (4,614) (7,500) (102,321) 103,916 10,205 (1,896) 5,328 94,808 8,122 6,460 8,353 (948) (2,071) 10,665 (4,863) (7,500) (135,892) 135,928 (4,293) (7,988) 1,914 88,649 6,978 64 9,086 (684) (2,614) 6,527 (4,664) (5,000) (132,039) 145,474 26,371 (4,195) 2,251 111,480 (199,760) (293,306) (220,562) Proceeds from sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635,609 319,370 (526,765) 16,249 214,934 (201,272) 9,265 241,023 (196,514) Securities held-to-maturity: 47,820 (45,955) — 2,352 (7,374) — 75,295 (390,471) (28,551) 7,803 (9,575) — 86,512 (85,838) — 2,954 (8,845) 7,506 (164,499) Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid to acquire a business, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of premises and equipment—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sale of portfolio loans—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FINANCING ACTIVITIES 119,359 (Decrease) increase in deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (70,850) Repayment of Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (11,938) Decrease in other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,000 (Decrease) increase in federal funds purchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7,732) Repayment of junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Repurchase of common stock warrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (22,243) Dividends paid to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,539 Issuance of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6,170) Treasury shares (purchased) sold—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,965 Net cash provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (30,054) Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,605 Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 86,685 $ 94,002 $ 95,551 (233,684) 941,910 (515,388) (4,334) — (36,083) (2,247) (33,007) — (2,542) 114,625 (7,317) 94,002 (12,869) 200,532 (16,775) (51,021) (20,000) — — (25,136) — 1,918 76,649 (1,549) 95,551 (210,591) (173,006) SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES Interest paid on deposits and other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 27,969 $ 24,521 $ 36,309 18,050 Income taxes paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,251 Transfers of loans to other real estate owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,245 Transfers of portfolio loans to loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Non-cash transactions related to ESB acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,855 1,501 — 301,933 11,706 2,464 — — See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 86 NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Operations—WesBanco, Inc. (“WesBanco”) is a bank holding company offering a full range of financial services, including trust and investment services, mortgage banking, insurance and brokerage services. WesBanco’s defined business segments are community banking and trust and investment services. WesBanco’s banking subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, Inc. (“WesBanco Bank” or the “Bank”), headquartered in Wheeling, West Virginia, operates through 141 banking offices, one loan production office and 129 ATM machines in West Virginia, Ohio and western Pennsylvania. In addition, WesBanco operates an insurance brokerage company, WesBanco Insurance Services, Inc., and a full service broker/dealer, WesBanco Securities, Inc. Use of Estimates—The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Principles of Consolidation—The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of WesBanco and those entities in which WesBanco has a controlling financial interest. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. WesBanco determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity. A voting interest entity is an entity in which the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance itself independently and provides the equity holders with the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make financial and operating decisions. WesBanco consolidates voting interest entities in which it owns all, or at least a majority (generally, greater than 50%) of the voting interest. Variable Interest Entities—Variable interest entities (“VIE”) are entities that in general either do not have equity investors with voting rights or that have equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources for the entity to support its activities. WesBanco uses VIEs in various legal forms to conduct normal business activities. WesBanco reviews the structure and activities of VIEs for possible consolidation. A controlling financial interest in a VIE is present when an enterprise has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. A VIE often holds financial assets, including loans or receivables, real estate or other property. The company with a controlling financial interest, known as the primary beneficiary, is required to consolidate the VIE. WesBanco has eight wholly-owned trust subsidiaries (collectively, the “Trusts”), for which it does not absorb a majority of expected losses or receive a majority of the expected residual returns. Accordingly, the Trusts and their net assets are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements. However, the junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures issued by WesBanco to the Trusts (refer to Note 11, “Junior Subordinated Debt Owed to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts”) and the common stock issued by the Trusts is included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. WesBanco also owns non-controlling variable interests in certain limited partnerships for which it does not absorb a majority of expected losses or receive a majority of expected residual returns which are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to Note 8, “Investments in Limited Partnerships” for further detail. Revenue Recognition—Interest and dividend income, loan fees, trust fees, fees and charges on deposit accounts, insurance commissions and other ancillary income related to the Bank’s deposits and lending activities, as well as income at WesBanco’s other subsidiary companies, are accrued as earned. Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, due from banks—interest bearing and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are sold for one-day periods. 87 Securities—Available-for-sale securities: Debt securities not classified as trading or held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale. These securities may be sold at any time based upon management’s assessment of changes in economic or financial market conditions, interest rate or prepayment risks, liquidity considerations and other factors. These securities are stated at fair value, with the fair value adjustment, net of tax, reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Held-to-maturity securities: Securities that are purchased with the positive intent and ability to be held until their maturity are stated at cost and adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Transfers of debt securities into the held-to-maturity category from the available-for-sale category are made at fair value at the date of transfer. The unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer is retained in other comprehensive income and in the carrying value of the held-to-maturity securities. Such amounts are amortized over the remaining life of the security. Certain securities with less than 15% of their original purchase price remaining may be sold to improve portfolio efficiency. Cost method investments: Securities that do not have readily determinable fair values and for which WesBanco does not exercise significant influence are carried at cost. Cost method investments consist primarily of Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cost method investments are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances suggest that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Securities acquired in acquisitions are recorded at fair value with the premium or discount derived from the fair market value adjustment recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining life of the security. Gains and losses: Net realized gains and losses on sales of securities are included in non-interest income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. The gain or loss is determined as of the trade date. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are recorded through other comprehensive income. Amortization and accretion: Generally, premiums are amortized to call date and discounts are accreted to maturity, on a level yield basis. Other-than-temporary impairment losses: An investment security is considered impaired if its fair value is less than its cost or amortized cost basis. If WesBanco intends to sell or will be required to sell the investment prior to recovery of cost, the entire impairment will be recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. If WesBanco does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, impaired securities prior to the recovery of their cost, a review is conducted each quarter to determine if the impairment is other- than-temporary due to credit impairment. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, WesBanco considers the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, evaluating any credit downgrades or other indicators of a potential credit problem, the extent and duration of the decline in fair value, the type of security, either fixed or equity, and the receipt of principal and interest according to the contractual terms. If the impairment is to be considered temporary, the impairment for available-for-sale securities is recognized in other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. If the impairment is to be considered other-than- temporary based on management’s review of the various factors that indicate credit impairment, the impairment must be separated into credit and non-credit portions. The credit portion is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. For available-for-sale securities, the non-credit portion is calculated as the difference between the present value of the future cash flows at the contract rate and the fair value of the security and is recognized in other comprehensive income. Loans and Loans Held for Sale—Loans originated by WesBanco are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income, credit valuation adjustments, and unamortized deferred loan fee income and loan origination costs. Interest is accrued as earned on loans except where doubt exists as to collectability, in 88 which case accrual of income is discontinued. Loans originated and intended for sale are carried, in aggregate, at the lower of cost or estimated market value. Portfolio loans specifically identified as held for sale are recorded at the contractual sales price or third party valuation less selling costs. Loans acquired in acquisitions are recorded at fair value with no carryover of related allowance for credit losses. The premium or discount derived from the fair market value adjustment is recognized into interest income using a level yield method over the remaining expected life of the loan. Refer to the “Acquired Loans” policy below for additional detail. Loan origination fees and direct costs are deferred and accreted or amortized into interest income, as an adjustment to the yield, over the life of the loan using the level yield method. When a loan is paid off, the remaining unaccreted or unamortized net origination fees or costs are immediately recognized into income. Loans are generally placed on non-accrual when they are 90 days past due, unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans may be returned to accrual status when a borrower has resumed paying principal and interest for a sustained period of at least six months and the Bank is reasonably assured of collecting the remaining contractual principal and interest. Loans are returned to accrual status at an amount equal to the principal balance of the loan at the time of non-accrual status less any payments applied to principal during the non-accrual period. Loans are reported as a troubled debt restructuring when WesBanco for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Refer to the “Troubled Debt Restructuring” policy below for additional detail. A loan is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that WesBanco will be unable to collect the payments of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans include all non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructurings. WesBanco recognizes interest income on non-accrual loans on the cash basis only if recovery of principal is reasonably assured. Consumer loans are charged down to the net realizable value at 120 days past due for closed-end loans and 180 days past due for open-end revolving lines of credit. Residential real estate loans are charged down to the net realizable value of the collateral at 180 days past due. Commercial loans are charged down to the net realizable value when it is determined that WesBanco will be unable to collect the principal amount in full. Loans are reclassified to other assets at the net realizable value when foreclosure or repossession of the collateral occurs. Refer to the “Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets” policy below for additional detail. Acquired Loans—Loans acquired in connection with acquisitions are recorded at their acquisition-date fair value with no carryover of related allowance for credit losses. Determining the fair value of the acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. Management considers a number of factors in evaluating the acquisition-date fair value including the remaining life of the acquired loans, delinquency status, estimated prepayments, payment options and other loan features, internal risk grade, estimated value of the underlying collateral and interest rate environment. Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality are accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (ASC 310-30) if, at acquisition, the loans have evidence of credit quality deterioration since origination and it is probable that all contractually required payments will not be collected. At acquisition, WesBanco considers several factors as indicators that an acquired loan has evidence of deterioration in credit quality. These factors include loans 90 days or more past due, loans with an internal risk grade of substandard or below, loans classified as non-accrual by the acquired institution, and loans that have been previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Under the ASC 310-30 model, the excess of cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition over recorded fair value is referred to as the accretable yield and is the interest component of expected cash flow. The 89 accretable yield is recognized into income over the remaining life of the loan if the timing and/or amount of cash flows expected to be collected can be reasonably estimated. If the timing or amount of cash flows expected to be collected cannot be reasonably estimated, the cost recovery method of income recognition is used. The difference between the loan’s total scheduled principal and interest payments over all cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition, considering the impact of prepayments, is referred to as the non-accretable difference. The non- accretable difference represents contractually required principal and interest payments which WesBanco does not expect to collect. Over the life of the loan, management continues to estimate cash flows expected to be collected. Decreases in expected cash flows are recognized as impairments through a charge to the provision for loan losses resulting in an increase in the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent improvements in cash flows result in first, reversal of existing valuation allowances recognized subsequent to acquisition, if any, and next, an increase in the amount of accretable yield to be subsequently recognized in interest income on a prospective basis over the loan’s remaining life. Acquired loans that were not individually determined to be purchased with deteriorated credit quality are accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-20, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (ASC 310-20), whereby the premium or discount derived from the fair market value adjustment, on a loan-by-loan or pooled basis, is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loan or pool. Allowance for Credit Losses—The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio and in future advances against loan commitments. Determining the amount of the allowance requires significant judgment about the collectability of loans and the factors that deserve consideration in estimating probable credit losses. The allowance is increased by a provision charged to operating expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Management evaluates the adequacy of the allowance at least quarterly. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change from period to period. The evaluation includes an assessment of quantitative factors such as actual loss experience within each category of loans and testing of certain commercial loans for impairment. The evaluation also considers qualitative factors such as economic trends and conditions, which includes levels of unemployment, real estate values and the impact on specific industries and geographical markets, changes in lending policies and underwriting standards, delinquency and other credit quality trends, concentrations of credit risk, if any, the results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies, the volatility of historical loss rates, the velocity of changes in historical loss rates, and regulatory guidance pertaining to the allowance for credit losses. Management relies on observable data from internal and external sources to the extent it is available to evaluate each of these factors and adjusts the actual historical loss rates to reflect the impact these factors may have on probable losses in the portfolio. Commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans greater than $1 million that are reported as non- accrual or as a troubled debt restructuring are tested individually for impairment. Specific reserves are established when appropriate for such loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the loan or the estimated realizable value of the collateral, if any. General reserves are established for loans that are not individually tested for impairment based on historical loss rates adjusted for the impact of the qualitative factors discussed above. Historical loss rates for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans are determined for each internal risk grade or group of pass grades using a migration analysis. Historical loss rates for commercial real estate land and construction, residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans that are not risk graded are determined for the total of each category of loans. Historical loss rates for deposit account overdrafts are based on actual losses in relation to average overdrafts for the period. 90 Management may also adjust its assumptions to account for differences between estimated and actual incurred losses from period to period. The variability of management’s assumptions could alter the level of the allowance for credit losses and may have a material impact on future results of operations and financial condition. The loss estimation models and methods used to determine the allowance for credit losses are continually refined and enhanced; however, there have been no material substantive changes compared to prior periods. Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”)—A restructuring of a debt constitutes a TDR if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. The determination of whether a concession has been granted includes an evaluation of the debtor’s ability to access funds at a market rate for debt with similar risk characteristics and among other things, the significance of the modification relative to unpaid principal or collateral value of the debt, and/or the significance of a delay in the timing of payments relative to the frequency of payments, original maturity date, or the expected duration of the loan. The most common concessions granted generally include one or more modifications to the terms of the debt such as a reduction in the interest rate for the remaining life of the debt, an extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, or reduction of the unpaid principal or interest. Additionally, all consumer bankruptcies are considered TDR; all TDRs are considered impaired loans. When determining whether a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties, consideration is given to any known default on any of its debt or whether it is probable that the debtor would be in payment default in the foreseeable future without the modification. Other indicators of financial difficulty include whether the debtor has declared or is in the process of declaring bankruptcy, the debtor’s ability to continue as a going concern, or the debtor’s projected cash flow to service its debt (including principal & interest) in accordance with the contractual terms for the foreseeable future, without a modification. If the payment of principal at original maturity is primarily dependent on the value of collateral, the current value of that collateral is considered in determining whether the principal will be paid. The restructuring of a loan does not have a material effect on the allowance or provision for credit losses as the internal risk grade of a loan has more influence on the allowance than the classification of a loan as a TDR. The internal risk rating is the primary factor for establishing the allowance for commercial loans, including commercial real estate except for loans that are individually evaluated for impairment, in which case a specific reserve is established pursuant to GAAP. Portfolio segment loss history is the primary factor for establishing the allowance for residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans. Non-accrual loans that are restructured remain on non-accrual, but may move to accrual status after they have performed according to the restructured terms for a period of time. TDRs on accrual status generally remain on accrual as long as they continue to perform in accordance with their modified terms. TDRs may also be placed on non-accrual if they do not perform in accordance with the restructured terms. Loans may be removed from TDR status after they have performed according to the renegotiated terms for a period of time if the interest rate under the modified terms is at or above market, or if the loan returns to its original terms. Mortgage Servicing Rights—Mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) represent the right to service loans for third party investors. MSRs are recognized as a separate asset for the rights to service mortgage loans for others, regardless of how those servicing rights are acquired. MSRs are recognized upon the sale of mortgage loans to a third party investor with the servicing rights retained by WesBanco. Servicing loans for others generally consists of collecting mortgage payments from borrowers, maintaining escrow accounts, remitting payments to third party investors and when necessary, foreclosure processing. Serviced loans are not included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Loan servicing income includes servicing fees received from the third party investors and certain charges collected from the borrowers. Originated MSRs are recorded at allocated fair value at the time of the sale of the loans to the third party investor. MSRs are amortized in proportion to and over the estimated period of net servicing income. MSRs are carried at amortized cost, less a valuation allowance for impairment, if any. Impairment exists if the carrying value of MSRs exceeds the estimated fair value of the MSRs. 91 Premises and Equipment—Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated economic useful lives of the leased assets or the remaining terms of the underlying leases. Useful lives range from three to ten years for furniture and equipment, 15 to 39 years for buildings and building improvements, and 15 years for land improvements. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while major improvements that extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining useful life of the asset. Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets—Other real estate owned and repossessed assets, which are considered available-for-sale and are reported in other assets, are carried at the lower of cost or their estimated current fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Other real estate owned consists primarily of properties acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosures. Repossessed collateral primarily consists of automobiles and other types of collateral acquired to satisfy defaulted consumer loans. Subsequent declines in fair value, if any, income and expense associated with the management of the collateral, and gains or losses on the disposition of these assets are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets—WesBanco accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest of an acquired business are recorded at their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition with any excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair value recorded as goodwill. Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment annually, or more often if events or circumstances indicate it may be impaired. Finite-lived intangible assets, which consist primarily of core deposit and customer list intangibles (long-term customer-relationship intangible assets) are amortized using straight-line and accelerated methods over their weighted-average estimated useful lives, ranging from ten to sixteen years in total, and are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Non-compete agreements are recognized in other assets on the balance sheet and are amortized on a straight line basis over the life of the respective agreements, ranging from one to four years. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by either assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test, or WesBanco may elect to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. Under the qualitative assessment, WesBanco assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting units are less than their carrying amounts, including goodwill. If it is more likely than not, the two-step goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of a goodwill impairment loss to be recognized, if any. In the first step, the estimated fair value of each reporting unit is compared to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of that reporting unit is not considered impaired, and no impairment loss is recognized. However, if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, step two, which involves comparing the implied fair value of goodwill to its carrying value, is completed and to the extent that the carrying value of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment loss is recognized. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of an intangible asset with a finite useful life is not recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset. WesBanco does not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets. Bank-Owned Life Insurance—WesBanco has purchased life insurance policies on certain executive officers and employees. WesBanco receives the cash surrender value of each policy upon its termination or 92 benefits are payable upon the death of the insured. These policies are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their net cash surrender value. Changes in net cash surrender value are recognized in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Interest Rate Lock Commitments—In order to attract potential home borrowers, WesBanco offers interest rate lock commitments (“IRLC”) to such potential borrowers. IRLC are generally for sixty days and guarantee a specified interest rate for a loan if underwriting standards are met, but the commitment does not obligate the potential borrower to close on the loan. Accordingly, some IRLC expire prior to the funding of the related loan. For all IRLC issued in connection with potential loans intended for sale, which consist primarily of originated longer-term fixed rate residential home mortgage loans that qualify for secondary market sale, the Bank enters into one-to-one forward sales contracts on a best efforts basis (if the loan does not close for whatever reason, there is no obligation on WesBanco’s part to sell the loan to the investor). WesBanco enters into such contracts in order to control interest rate risk during the period between the IRLC and loan funding. The IRLC is executed between the mortgagee and WesBanco, and in turn a forward sales contract is executed between WesBanco and an investor. Both the IRLC and the corresponding forward sales contract for each customer are considered a derivative. As such, changes in the fair value of the derivatives during the commitment period are recorded in current earnings and included in other income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of IRLC is the gain or loss that would be realized on the underlying loans assuming exercise of the commitments under current market rates versus the rate incorporated in the commitments, taking into consideration fallout. The fair value of forward sales contracts is based on quoted market prices. Since loans typically close before receipt of funding from an investor, they are accounted for at the lower of cost or market as “Loans Held for Sale” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income Taxes—The provision for income taxes included in the Consolidated Statements of Income includes both federal and state income taxes and is based on income in the financial statements, rather than amounts reported on WesBanco’s income tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A test of the anticipated realizeability of deferred tax assets is performed at least annually. Fair Value—The Accounting Standards Codification defines fair value as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. The Codification also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: Level 1—Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities; Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, or model-based valuation techniques where all significant assumptions are observable, either directly or indirectly, in the market; Level 3—Valuation is generated from model-based techniques where all significant assumptions are not observable, either directly or indirectly, in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques may include use of discounted cash flow models and similar techniques. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. 93 Earnings Per Common Share—Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) are calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. For diluted EPS, the weighted-average number of shares for the period is increased by the number of shares which would be issued assuming the exercise of in-the-money common stock options and any outstanding warrants. Restricted stock shares are recorded as issued and outstanding upon their grant, rather than upon vesting, and therefore are included in the weighted-average shares outstanding due to voting rights granted at the time restricted stock is granted. Trust Assets—Assets held by the Bank in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers are not included as assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Certain money market trust assets are held on deposit at the Bank and are accounted for as such. Stock-Based Compensation—Stock-based compensation awards granted, comprised of stock options, restricted stock, and performance-based awards are valued at fair value and compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service or performance period of each award. For service-based awards with graded vesting schedules, compensation expense is divided equally among the vesting periods with each separately vested portion of the award recognized in compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, compensation expense is recognized evenly over the performance period, based on the probability of achievement, and is adjusted over the performance period as the probability of success becomes more or less likely. Defined Benefit Pension Plan—WesBanco recognizes in the statement of financial position an asset for the plan’s overfunded status or a liability for the plan’s underfunded status. WesBanco recognizes fluctuations in the funded status in the year in which the changes occur through other comprehensive income. Plan assets are determined based on fair value generally representing observable market prices. The projected benefit obligation is determined based on the present value of projected benefit distributions at an assumed discount rate. The discount rate utilized is based on a fitted yield curve approach whereby the yield curve compares the expected stream of future benefit payments for the plan to high quality corporate bonds available in the marketplace to determine an equivalent discount rate. Periodic pension expense includes service costs, interest costs based on an assumed discount rate, an expected return on plan assets based on an actuarially-derived market-related value, an assumed rate of annual compensation increase, and amortization or accretion of actuarial gains and losses as well as other actuarial assumptions. The plan has been closed to new entrants since August, 2007; however, benefits are still earned for those plan participants with continuing employment after August, 2007. Recent Accounting Pronouncements—In January, 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) (ASU 2016-1) that will require entities to measure equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income unless the investments qualify for the new practicability exception. The standard does not change the guidance for classifying and measuring investments in debt securities and loans. Entities will have to record changes in instrument-specific credit risk for financial liabilities measured under the fair value option in other comprehensive income. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In September, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16 which eliminates the requirement that an acquirer in a business combination account for measurement-period adjustments retrospectively. Instead, acquirers must recognize measurement-period adjustments during the period in which they determine the amounts, including the effect on earnings of any amounts they would have recorded in previous periods if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The acquirer still must disclose the amounts and reasons for adjustments to the provisional amounts. The acquirer also must disclose, by line item, the amount of the adjustment reflected in the current-period income statement that would have been recognized in previous periods if the adjustment to 94 provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. Alternatively, an acquirer may present those amounts separately on the face of the income statement. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods with those fiscal years. The adoption of this pronouncement impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. is not expected to have a material In May, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-07 related to disclosures for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value (NAV) per share (or its equivalent). This update removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient and modifies certain disclosure requirements. The update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and requires retrospective adoption. The adoption of this pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In April, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05 that provides guidance on when to account for a cloud computing arrangement as a software license. The guidance applies only to internal-use software that a customer obtains access to in a hosting arrangement if both of the following criteria are met: (1) The customer has the contractual right to take possession of the software at any time during the hosting period without significant penalty, (2) it is feasible for the customer to either run the software on its own hardware or contract with another party unrelated to the vendor to host the software. The pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In February, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02 that revised the consolidation model, requiring reporting entities to reevaluate whether they should consolidate certain legal entities under the revised model. The amendments in this update modify the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are variable interest entities (VIEs) or voting interest entities, and eliminate the presumption that a general partner should consolidate and affect the consolidation analysis of reporting entities that are involved with VIEs, particularly those that have fee arrangements and related party relationships. The pronouncement also provides for a scope exception from consolidation guidance for reporting entities with interests in legal entities that are required to comply with or operate in accordance with requirements similar to those in Rule 2a-7 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 for registered money market funds. The pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In August, 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-14 related to the classification of certain government- guaranteed mortgage loans upon foreclosure. The amendments in this update require that a mortgage loan be derecognized and that a separate other receivable be recognized upon foreclosure if the following conditions are met: (1) The loan has a government guarantee that is not separable from the loan before foreclosure, (2) at the time of foreclosure, the creditor has the intent to convey the real estate property to the guarantor and make a claim on the guarantee, and the creditor has the ability to recover under that claim, (3) at the time of foreclosure, any amount of the claim that is determined on the basis of the fair value of the real estate is fixed. Upon foreclosure, the separate other receivable should be measured based upon the amount of the loan balance (principal and interest) expected to be recovered from the guarantor. The pronouncement is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2014 and may be adopted under either a modified retrospective transition method or a prospective transition method. However, the same method of transition as elected under ASU 2014-04 must be applied. While early adoption was permitted, WesBanco elected to adopt the ASU in the first quarter of 2015, which was the first interim period after December 31, 2014. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In June, 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-11 related to repurchase-to-maturity transactions, repurchase financing and disclosures. The pronouncement changes the accounting for repurchase-to-maturity transactions 95 and linked repurchase financings to secured borrowing accounting, which is consistent with the accounting for other repurchase agreements. The pronouncement also requires two new disclosures. The first disclosure requires an entity to disclose information on transfers accounted for as sales in transactions that are economically similar to repurchase agreements. The second disclosure provides increased transparency about the types of collateral transactions accounted for as secured borrowings. The pledged in repurchase agreements and similar pronouncement is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2014. WesBanco adopted the ASU in the first quarter of 2015. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In May, 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 related to the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. The new revenue pronouncement creates a single source of revenue guidance for all companies in all industries and is more principles-based than current revenue guidance. The pronouncement provides a five-step model for a company to recognize revenue when it transfers control of goods or services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The five steps are, (1) identify the contract with the customer, (2) identify the separate performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. The pronouncement was originally effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2016 using either a full retrospective approach for all periods presented in the period of adoption or a modified retrospective approach. Early adoption was not permitted. On July 9, 2015, the FASB approved a one-year deferral of the effective date of the update. The update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is now permitted as of the original effective date for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. WesBanco is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this pronouncement on its Consolidated Financial Statements. NOTE 2. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS On February 10, 2015, WesBanco completed its acquisition of ESB Financial Corporation (“ESB”), and its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, ESB Bank (“ESB Bank”), a Pennsylvania-chartered stock savings bank headquartered in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. The transaction expanded WesBanco’s franchise in the Pittsburgh region of western Pennsylvania from 16 to 38 offices. On the acquisition date, ESB had $1.9 billion in assets, excluding goodwill, which included $701.0 million in loans, and $486.9 million in securities. The ESB acquisition was valued at $339.0 million, based on WesBanco’s closing stock price on February 10, 2015 of $32.00, and resulted in WesBanco issuing 9,178,531 shares of its common stock and $45.0 million in cash and other assets in exchange for ESB common stock. The assets and liabilities of ESB were recorded on WesBanco’s balance sheet at fair value as of February 10, 2015, the acquisition date, and ESB’s results of operations have been included in WesBanco’s Consolidated Statements of Income since that date. ESB was merged into WesBanco and ESB Bank was merged into WesBanco Bank on February 10, 2015. WesBanco recorded $168.5 million in goodwill and $5.3 million in core deposit intangibles in its community banking segment, representing the principal change in goodwill and intangibles from December 31, 2014. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes as the acquisition is accounted for as a tax-free exchange for tax purposes. As a result of the full integration of the operations of ESB, it is not practicable to determine the proforma results or revenue and net income included in WesBanco’s operating results relating to ESB since the date of acquisition because ESB has been fully integrated into WesBanco’s operations, and the operating results of ESB can therefore not be separately identified. For the year ended December 31, 2015, WesBanco recorded merger-related expenses of $11.1 million associated with the ESB acquisition. In 2014 WesBanco recognized $1.3 million in merger-related expenses in connection with the ESB acquisition. 96 The purchase price of the ESB acquisition and resulting goodwill is summarized as follows: (in thousands) February 10, 2015 Purchase Price: Fair value of WesBanco shares issued (net of equity issuance costs of $0.1 million) . . . . . . . . . . Cash consideration for outstanding ESB shares, options and restricted stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlement of pre-existing loan to ESB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 293,933 37,036 8,000 Total purchase price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 338,969 Fair value of: Tangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Core deposit and other intangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash received in the acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,859,129 5,346 (1,702,444) 8,485 Fair value of net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,516 Goodwill recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 168,453 The following table presents the allocation of the purchase price of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. (in thousands) Assets February 10, 2015 Cash and due from banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill and other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued income and other assets (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,485 486,891 700,964 173,798 671,275 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,041,413 Liabilities Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,254,091 433,454 14,899 Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,702,444 Purchase price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 338,969 (1) Includes receivables of $560.7 million from the sale of available-for-sale securities prior to the acquisition date. 97 NOTE 3. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE Earnings per common share are calculated as follows: (in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) Numerator for both basic and diluted earnings per common share: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denominator: Total average basic common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of dilutive stock options and warrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total diluted average common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 80,762 $ 69,974 $ 63,925 37,488,331 58,796 37,547,127 29,249,499 84,377 29,333,876 29,270,922 73,761 29,344,683 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnngs per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2.15 2.15 $ 2.39 2.39 2.18 2.18 All stock options were included in the computation of diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Stock options representing 42,701 shares were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2013 because to do so would have been anti-dilutive. On February 10, 2015, WesBanco issued approximately 9,178,531 shares to complete its acquisition of ESB. These shares are included in total and average shares outstanding beginning on that date. For additional information relating to the ESB acquisition, refer to Note 2, “Mergers and Acquisitions.” 98 NOTE 4. SECURITIES The following table shows the amortized cost and fair values of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities: (in thousands) Available-for-sale Obligations of government December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 82,725 $ 1,183 $ (403) $ 83,505 $ 86,964 $ 1,087 $ (315) $ 87,736 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . 1,188,256 1,720 (13,896) 1,176,080 703,535 4,336 (6,758) 701,113 Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . 76,106 58,745 4,205 181 (46) (333) 80,265 58,593 86,073 25,974 5,365 141 (5) (119) 91,433 25,996 Total debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,405,832 10,263 Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,289 816 Total available-for-sale $(14,678) $1,398,443 $ 902,546 10,304 11,077 (2) $10,929 842 $(7,197) $ 906,278 11,146 — securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,416,095 $ 8,105 $(14,680) $1,409,520 $ 912,850 $11,771 $(7,197) $ 917,424 Held-to-maturity Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . $ 216,419 $ 1,922 $ (2,014) $ 216,327 $ 79,004 $ 3,262 $ (246) $ 82,020 Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . 762,039 34,472 26,121 237 (726) (263) 787,434 34,446 507,927 6,739 23,917 106 (1,043) (49) 530,801 6,796 Total held-to-maturity securities . . $1,012,930 $28,280 $ (3,003) $1,038,207 $ 593,670 $27,285 $(1,338) $ 619,617 Total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,429,025 $36,385 $(17,683) $2,447,727 $1,506,520 $39,056 $(8,535) $1,537,041 99 At December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no holdings of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of WesBanco’s shareholders’ equity. The following table presents the fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2015. In many instances, the issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalty prior to the contractual maturity date. (in thousands) Available-for-sale One Year or less One to Five Years Five to Ten Years After Ten Years Mortgage-backed and Equity Total December 31, 2015 Obligations of government agencies . . . . . . $ — $ 16,865 $ 38,382 $ 28,258 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,069 1,931 — Total available-for-sale securities . . . . $20,936 $ 67,444 $ 90,725 $ 43,258 7,684 13,252 — 21,210 29,369 — 38,302 14,041 — $ — $ 83,505 1,176,080 1,176,080 — — 11,077 $1,187,157 80,265 58,593 11,077 $1,409,520 Held-to-maturity (3) Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 216,327 $ 216,327 Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379,191 — Total held-to-maturity securities . . . . . $ 1,706 $ 40,117 $400,866 $379,191 Total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $22,642 $107,561 $491,591 $422,449 367,308 33,558 39,229 888 1,706 — — — 787,434 34,446 $ 216,327 $1,038,207 $1,403,484 $2,447,727 (1) Mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds. (2) Equity securities, which have no stated maturity, are not assigned a maturity category. (3) The held-to-maturity portfolio is carried at an amortized cost of $1.0 billion. Securities with aggregate fair values of $1.0 billion and $706.5 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, were pledged as security for public and trust funds, and securities sold under agreements to repurchase. Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities were $635.6 million, $16.2 million and $9.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Net unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale securities included in accumulated other comprehensive income net of tax, as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were ($4.2) million, $2.9 million and ($6.1) million, respectively. The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of securities for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. (in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Gross realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross realized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,029 (81) $1,131 (228) $ 922 (238) Net realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 948 $ 903 $ 684 100 The following tables provide information on unrealized losses on investment securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and twelve months or more as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: Less than 12 months December 31, 2015 12 months or more Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities (dollars in thousands) Obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 49,826 $ (403) 11 $ — $ — — $ 49,826 $ (403) 11 Residential mortgage- backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . Obligations of states and 1,003,397 (10,981) 187 146,182 (4,929) political subdivisions . . . 58,705 (400) Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . 41,326 1,378 (541) (2) 76 12 1 Total temporarily impaired 23,691 (372) 31 29 1,149,579 (15,910) 218 82,396 (772) 105 1,931 — (55) — 1 — 43,257 1,378 (596) (2) 13 1 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,154,632 $(12,327) 287 $171,804 $(5,356) 61 $1,326,436 $(17,683) 348 Less than 12 months December 31, 2014 12 months or more Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities (dollars in thousands) Obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19,362 $ (77) 5 $ 19,757 $ (238) 4 $ 39,119 $ (315) 9 Residential mortgage- backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . Obligations of states and 78,786 (386) political subdivisions . . . 12,615 Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,969 (96) (31) Total temporarily impaired 19 15 1 240,055 (6,618) 61,548 (952) 4,573 (137) 43 93 2 318,841 (7,004) 62 74,163 (1,048) 108 7,542 (168) 3 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 113,732 $ (590) 40 $325,933 $(7,945) 142 $ 439,665 $ (8,535) 182 Unrealized losses on debt securities in the tables represent temporary fluctuations resulting from changes in market rates in relation to fixed yields. Unrealized losses in the available-for-sale portfolio are accounted for as an adjustment, net of taxes, to other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. WesBanco does not believe the securities presented above are impaired due to reasons of credit quality, as there are no debt securities rated below investment grade and all are paying principal and interest according to their contractual terms. WesBanco does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, loss position securities prior to recovery of their cost, and therefore, management believes the unrealized losses detailed above are temporary and no impairment loss relating to these securities has been recognized. Securities that do not have readily determinable fair values and for which WesBanco does not exercise significant influence are carried at cost. Cost method investments consist primarily of FHLB of Pittsburgh and FHLB of Cincinnati stock totaling $45.5 million and $11.6 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cost method investments are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances suggest that their carrying value may not be recoverable. 101 NOTE 5. LOANS AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The recorded investment in loans is presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of deferred loan fees and costs of $1.0 million and $2.4 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. (in thousands) Commercial real estate: December 31, December 31, 2015 2014 Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 344,748 1,911,633 $ 262,643 1,682,817 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,256,381 1,945,460 Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737,878 1,247,800 416,889 406,894 638,410 928,770 330,031 244,095 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,065,842 4,086,766 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,899 5,865 Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,073,741 $4,092,631 The following tables summarize changes in the allowance for credit losses applicable to each category of the loan portfolio: For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total $5,654 $17,573 $ 9,063 $5,382 $2,329 $4,078 $575 $44,654 194 10 112 9 90 40 — 455 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total beginning allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,848 17,583 9,175 5,391 2,419 4,118 575 45,109 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,265) 1,250 (37) Total provision for credit losses . . . . . (1,302) Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 1 1 3,289 148 3,437 (2,785) 435 (2,350) 399 1,794 2,337 (2) 27 6 397 1,821 2,343 391 — 391 8,195 158 8,353 (1,803) 604 (1,502) 262 (2,892) 1,240 (846) 222 (14,743) 3,604 (1,199) (1,240) (1,652) (624) (11,139) 16 1,266 (4,915) 840 (4,075) Balance at end of period: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total ending allowance for credit 4,390 14,748 10,002 4,582 2,883 4,763 342 41,710 157 26 260 7 117 46 — 613 losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,547 $14,774 $10,262 $4,589 $3,000 $4,809 $342 $42,323 102 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total $6,056 $18,157 $9,925 $5,673 $2,017 $5,020 $520 $47,368 301 62 130 5 85 19 — 602 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total beginning allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,357 18,219 10,055 5,678 2,102 5,039 520 47,970 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total provision for credit losses . . . . . Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of period: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total ending allowance for credit (402) (107) (509) — — — 1,239 1,429 1,692 849 1,144 (52) 1,187 (2,426) 603 (1,823) (18) 1,411 (3,485) 1,194 (2,291) 4 5 21 1,696 (2,437) 454 (1,983) 854 1,165 (652) 115 (3,120) 1,034 (537) (2,086) 601 — 601 6,552 (147) 6,405 (779) 233 (546) (12,899) 3,633 (9,266) 5,654 17,573 9,063 5,382 2,329 4,078 575 44,654 194 10 112 9 90 40 — 455 losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,848 $17,583 $9,175 $5,391 $2,419 $4,118 $575 $45,109 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . Allowance for loan For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Commercial Real Estate - Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate - Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total $3,741 $23,614 $ 9,326 $7,182 $2,458 $5,557 $821 $52,699 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 25 215 6 49 19 — 341 Total beginning allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,768 23,639 9,541 7,188 2,507 5,576 821 53,040 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . . . Provision for loan 2,726 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Total provision for credit losses . . . . . 3,000 Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (536) 125 (411) 843 37 880 (6,915) 615 (6,300) 1,633 1,169 (8) 2,138 (85) (1) 1,548 1,168 36 28 — 2,138 324 — 324 8,825 261 9,086 (1,505) 471 (3,079) 401 (549) 116 (3,819) 1,144 (880) 255 (17,283) 3,127 (1,034) (2,678) (433) (2,675) (625) (14,156) Balance at end of period: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . Allowance for loan 6,056 18,157 9,925 5,673 2,017 5,020 520 47,368 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 62 130 5 85 19 — 602 Total ending allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,357 $18,219 $10,055 $5,678 $2,102 $5,039 $520 $47,970 103 The following tables present the allowance for credit losses and recorded investments in loans by category: Allowance for Credit Losses and Recorded Investment in Loans Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial and Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Over- draft Total (in thousands) December 31, 2015 Allowance for credit losses: Allowance for loans individually evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 668 $ 853 $ — $ — $ — $— $ 1,521 Allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . 4,390 157 14,080 26 9,149 260 4,582 7 2,883 117 4,763 342 46 — 40,189 613 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . $ 4,547 $ 14,774 $ 10,262 $ 4,589 $ 3,000 $ 4,809 $342 $ 42,323 Portfolio loans: Individually evaluated for impairment (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 4,031 $ 4,872 $ — $ — $ — $— $ 8,903 Collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343,832 1,899,738 732,957 1,247,639 416,862 406,622 — 5,047,650 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 7,864 49 161 27 272 — 9,289 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $344,748 $1,911,633 $737,878 $1,247,800 $416,889 $406,894 $— $5,065,842 December 31, 2014 Allowance for credit losses: Allowance for loans individually evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 2,765 $ 1,033 $ — $ — $ — $— $ 3,798 Allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . 5,654 194 14,808 10 8,030 112 5,382 9 2,329 90 4,078 575 40 — 40,856 455 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . $ 5,848 $ 17,583 $ 9,175 $ 5,391 $ 2,419 $ 4,118 $575 $ 45,109 Portfolio loans: Individually evaluated for impairment (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 11,469 $ 2,844 $ — $ — $ — $— $ 14,313 Collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262,643 1,671,348 635,566 928,770 330,031 244,095 — 4,072,453 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $262,643 $1,682,817 $638,410 $ 928,770 $330,031 $244,095 $— $4,086,766 (1) Commercial loans greater than $1 million that are reported as non-accrual or as a TDR are individually evaluated for impairment. WesBanco maintains an internal loan grading system to reflect the credit quality of commercial loans. Commercial loan risk grades are determined based on an evaluation of the relevant characteristics of each loan, assigned at the inception of each loan and adjusted thereafter at any time to reflect changes in the risk profile throughout the life of each loan. The primary factors used to determine the risk grade are the reliability and sustainability of the primary source of repayment and overall financial strength of the borrower. This includes an analysis of cash flow available to repay debt, profitability, liquidity, leverage, and overall financial trends. Other factors include management, industry or property type risks, an assessment of secondary sources of repayment such as collateral or guarantees, other terms and conditions of the loan that may increase or reduce its risk, and economic conditions and other external factors that may influence repayment capacity and financial condition. Commercial real estate—land and construction consists of loans to finance investments in vacant land, land development, construction of residential housing, and construction of commercial buildings. Commercial real estate—improved property consists of loans for the purchase or refinance of all types of improved owner- occupied and investment properties. Factors that are considered in assigning the risk grade vary depending on the type of property financed. The risk grade assigned to construction and development loans is based on the overall 104 viability of the project, the experience and financial capacity of the developer or builder to successfully complete the project, project specific and market absorption rates and comparable property values, and the amount of pre- sales for residential housing construction or pre-leases for commercial investment property. The risk grade assigned to commercial investment property loans is based primarily on the adequacy of net rental income generated by the property to service the debt, the type, quality, industry and mix of tenants, and the terms of leases, but also considers the overall financial capacity of the investors and their experience in owning and managing investment property. The risk grade assigned to owner-occupied commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans is based primarily on historical and projected earnings, the adequacy of operating cash flow to service all of the business’ debt, and the capital resources, liquidity and leverage of the business, but also considers the industry in which the business operates, the business’ specific competitive advantages or disadvantages, the quality and experience of management, and external influences on the business such as economic conditions. Other factors that are considered for commercial and industrial loans include the type, quality and marketability of non-real estate collateral and whether the structure of the loan increases or reduces its risk. The type, age, condition, location and any environmental risks associated with a property are also considered for all types of commercial real estate. The overall financial condition and repayment capacity of any guarantors is also evaluated to determine the extent to which they mitigate other risks of the loan. The following paragraphs provide descriptions of risk grades that are applicable to commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Pass loans are those that exhibit a history of positive financial results that are at least comparable to the average for their industry or type of real estate. The primary source of repayment is acceptable and these loans are expected to perform satisfactorily during most economic cycles. Pass loans typically have no significant external factors that are expected to adversely affect these borrowers more than others in the same industry or property type. Any minor unfavorable characteristics of these loans are outweighed or mitigated by other positive factors including but not limited to adequate secondary or tertiary sources of repayment. Criticized or compromised loans are currently protected but have weaknesses, which, if not corrected, may be inadequately protected at some future date. These loans represent an unwarranted credit risk and would generally not be extended in the normal course of lending. Specific issues which may warrant this grade include declining financial results, increased reliance on secondary sources of repayment or guarantor support and adverse external influences that may negatively impact the business or property. Substandard and doubtful loans are equivalent to the classifications used by banking regulators. Substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current repayment capacity and equity of the borrower or collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have one or more well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize their repayment or collection in full. These loans may or may not be reported as non-accrual. Doubtful loans have all the weaknesses inherent to a substandard loan with the added characteristic that full repayment is highly questionable or improbable on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and collateral values. However, recognition of loss may be deferred if there are reasonably specific pending factors that will reduce the risk if they occur. 105 The following tables summarize commercial loans by their assigned risk grade: (in thousands) As of December 31, 2015 Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criticized—compromised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—substandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—doubtful Commerical Loans by Internally Assigned Risk Grade Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Total Commercial Loans $335,989 5,527 3,232 — $1,864,986 10,911 35,736 — $713,578 9,860 14,440 — $2,914,553 26,298 53,408 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $344,748 $1,911,633 $737,878 $2,994,259 As of December 31, 2014 Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criticized—compromised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—substandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—doubtful $257,218 3,645 1,780 — $1,627,771 17,873 37,173 — $617,742 12,770 7,898 — $2,502,731 34,288 46,851 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $262,643 $1,682,817 $638,410 $2,583,870 Residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are not assigned internal risk grades other than as required by regulatory guidelines that are based primarily on the age of past due loans. WesBanco primarily evaluates the credit quality of residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans based on repayment performance and historical loss rates. The aggregate amount of residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans classified as substandard in accordance with regulatory guidelines were $15.8 million at December 31, 2015 and $15.2 million at December 31, 2014, of which $3.1 and $2.2 million were accruing, for each period, respectively. The aggregate amount of residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans classified as substandard are not included in the tables above. Acquired Loans—In conjunction with the ESB acquisition, WesBanco acquired loans with a book value of $716.2 million. These loans were recorded at their fair value of $701.0 million, with $690.1 million purchased without deteriorated credit quality from loan origination. The fair market value adjustment on these loans of $10.0 million at acquisition date is expected to be recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over their remaining expected life. Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality with a pre-acquisition book value of $16.1 million and contractually required payments of $21.8 million were recorded at their estimated fair value of $10.9 million. The accretable yield on these acquired loans was $1.8 million on the acquisition date with $1.2 million remaining at December 31, 2015. For the year ended December 31, 2015 accretion recognized in interest income on these acquired loans was $0.6 million. The balance of loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality at December 31, 2015 was $9.3 million, while the non-accretable difference was $9.1 million. At December 31, 2015 no allowance for loan losses has been recognized related to the acquired impaired loans, as estimates of future cash flows on these loans have not been negatively impacted. 106 The following tables summarize the age analysis of all categories of loans. Age Analysis of Loans Current 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Total Past Due Total Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing (1) (in thousands) As of December 31, 2015 Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 344,184 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,901,466 $ — 909 $ — $ 1,097 564 $ 564 $ 344,748 1,911,633 10,167 $ — — Total commercial real estate . . . . . . 2,245,650 734,660 Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,234,839 412,450 Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401,242 Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,028,841 7,899 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 298 1,389 2,252 4,115 8,963 — 1,097 714 2,871 314 764 5,760 — 8,161 8,725 2,206 8,701 1,873 773 22,278 — 10,731 3,218 12,961 4,439 5,652 37,001 — 2,256,381 737,878 1,247,800 416,889 406,894 5,065,842 7,899 — 33 2,159 407 527 3,126 — Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,036,740 $8,963 $5,760 $22,278 $37,001 $5,073,741 $3,126 Impaired loans included above are as follows: Non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ TDRs accruing interest (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,349 10,710 $ 943 390 $2,147 238 $18,942 $22,032 $ 210 838 33,381 11,548 Total impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22,059 $1,333 $2,385 $19,152 $22,870 $ 44,929 As of December 31, 2014 Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 261,356 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,665,363 $ 20 961 $ — $ 1,267 $ 1,287 $ 262,643 1,682,817 4,772 17,454 11,721 Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total commercial real estate . . . . . . 1,926,719 634,482 915,968 325,291 240,365 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,042,825 5,865 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981 1,834 1,237 1,877 2,571 8,500 — 4,772 240 3,384 895 685 9,976 — 12,988 1,854 8,181 1,968 474 25,465 — 18,741 3,928 12,802 4,740 3,730 43,941 — 1,945,460 638,410 928,770 330,031 244,095 4,086,766 5,865 $ 71 — 71 22 1,306 570 319 2,288 — Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,048,690 $8,500 $9,976 $25,465 $43,941 $4,092,631 $2,288 Impaired loans included above are as follows: Non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ TDRs accruing interest (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,562 11,016 $2,884 151 $5,552 542 $22,820 $31,256 $ 357 1,050 38,818 12,066 Total impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 18,578 $3,035 $6,094 $23,177 $32,306 $ 50,884 (1) Loans 90 days or more past due and accruing interest exclude TDRs 90 days or more past due and accruing interest. 107 The following tables summarize impaired loans: (in thousands) With no related specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total impaired loans without a specific Impaired Loans December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Unpaid Principal Balance (1) Recorded Investment Related Allowance Unpaid Principal Balance (1) Recorded Investment Related Allowance $ 2,126 14,817 4,263 18,560 3,562 1,603 $ 1,990 10,559 3,481 16,688 3,033 1,294 $ — — — — — — $ 1,588 16,480 3,152 20,077 2,890 1,287 $ 1,488 14,684 2,597 18,544 2,663 1,086 $ — — — — — — allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,931 37,045 — 45,474 41,062 — With a specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial Total impaired loans with a specific allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 3,012 6,176 — 3,012 4,872 — 668 853 — 7,980 1,842 — 7,980 1,842 — 2,765 1,033 9,188 $54,119 7,884 $44,929 1,521 $1,521 9,822 $55,296 9,822 $50,884 3,798 $3,798 (1) The difference between the unpaid principal balance and the recorded investment generally reflects amounts that have been previously charged-off and fair market value adjustments on acquired impaired loans. For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Impaired Loans For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized $ 2,156 17,192 2,979 17,876 2,924 1,199 $ 41 437 170 862 90 105 $ 1,977 17,669 3,561 18,829 2,356 1,122 $ 35 441 103 855 75 97 $ 4,552 22,702 3,757 19,915 2,262 1,377 $ 87 610 112 803 68 89 (in thousands) With no related specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total impaired loans without a specific allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,326 1,705 45,514 1,606 54,565 1,769 With a specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . Total impaired loans with a specific allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 5,896 3,579 — — 292 — 2,795 2,075 — 348 95 1,234 2,746 309 — 22 89 9,475 $53,801 292 $1,997 4,870 $50,384 443 $2,049 4,289 $58,854 111 $1,880 108 The following tables present the recorded investment in non-accrual loans and TDRs: (in thousands) Commercial real estate: Non-accrual Loans (1) December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,023 11,507 12,530 8,148 9,461 2,391 851 $ 1,488 20,227 21,715 4,110 10,329 1,923 741 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $33,381 $38,818 (1) At December 31, 2015, there were three borrowers with loans greater than $1.0 million totaling $8.9 million. Total non-accrual loans include loans that are also restructured. Such loans are also set forth in the following table as non-accrual TDRs. (in thousands) Commercial real estate: December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Accruing Non-Accrual Total Accruing Non-Accrual Total TDRs Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total commercial real estate . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967 2,064 3,031 205 7,227 642 443 $ 431 1,442 $ 1,398 3,506 $ — 2,437 $ 464 1,850 1,873 282 2,060 218 184 4,904 487 9,287 860 627 2,437 329 8,215 740 345 2,314 478 2,074 245 309 $ 464 4,287 4,751 807 10,289 985 654 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,548 $4,617 $16,165 $12,066 $5,420 $17,486 As of December 31, 2015, there were no TDRs greater than $1.0 million. The concessions granted in the majority of loans reported as accruing and non-accrual TDRs are extensions of the maturity date or the amortization period, reductions in the interest rate below the prevailing market rate for loans with comparable characteristics, and/or permitting interest-only payments for longer than three months. 109 The following table presents details related to loans identified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014: (dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New TDRs (1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 New TDRs (1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Number of Modifications Number of Modifications 9 7 16 3 8 1 24 52 $1,065 1,195 $1,019 708 2,260 1,727 98 468 7 329 92 439 6 306 $3,162 $2,570 — 9 9 3 8 — 11 31 $ — 1,638 $ — 1,437 1,638 1,437 231 424 — 199 163 400 — 167 $2,492 $2,167 (1) Excludes loans that were either paid off or charged-off by period end. The pre-modification balance represents the balance outstanding at the beginning of the period. The post-modification balance represents the outstanding balance at period end. The following table summarizes TDRs which defaulted (defined as past due 90 days) during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 that were restructured within the last twelve months prior to December 31, 2015 and 2014: (dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate: Defaulted TDRs (1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Defaulted TDRs (1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Number of Defaults Recorded Investment Number of Defaults Recorded Investment Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — 2 2 1 3 $— 370 370 — 22 — — $392 — — — — — — 1 1 $— — — — — — 26 $ 26 (1) Excludes loans that were either charged-off or cured by period end. The recorded investment is as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. TDRs that defaulted during the twelve month period that were restructured during the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 represented 2.4% of the total TDR balance at December 31, 2015. These loans are placed on non-accrual status unless they are both well-secured and in the process of collection. At December 31, 2015, the loans in the table above were not accruing interest. 110 The following table summarizes the recognition of interest income on impaired loans: (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Average impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount of contractual interest income on impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $53,801 3,061 1,997 $50,384 3,260 2,049 $58,854 3,225 1,880 The following table summarizes other real estate owned and repossessed assets included in other assets: (in thousands) December 31, 2015 2014 Other real estate owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,669 156 $4,920 162 Total other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,825 $5,082 Residential real estate included in other real estate owned at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 was $2.0 million and $0.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2015, formal foreclosure proceedings were in process on residential real estate loans totaling $4.1 million. NOTE 6. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT Premises and equipment include: (in thousands) December 31, 2015 2014 Land and improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings and improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 32,665 121,645 71,959 $ 28,158 105,436 66,149 Total cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226,269 (114,066) 199,743 (106,608) Total premises and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 112,203 $ 93,135 Depreciation and amortization expense of premises and equipment charged to operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $8.1 million, $7.4 million and $7.0 million, respectively. WesBanco leases certain premises and equipment under non-cancellable operating leases. Certain leases contain renewal options and rent escalation clauses calling for rent increases over the term of the lease. All leases which contain a rent escalation clause are accounted for on a straight-line basis. Rent expense under leases was $3.1 million, $2.7 million and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year at December 31, 2015 are as follows (in thousands): Year 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ 2,872 2,502 1,973 1,624 1,541 12,507 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23,019 111 NOTE 7. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets include goodwill of $480.6 million and $312.1 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. WesBanco’s other intangible assets of $10.3 million and $7.4 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, primarily consist of core deposit and other customer list intangibles which have finite lives and are amortized using straight line and accelerated methods. WesBanco recognized $168.5 million in goodwill and $5.3 million in core deposit intangibles in connection with the ESB acquisition. Other intangible assets are being amortized over estimated useful lives ranging from ten to sixteen years. Amortization of core deposit and customer list intangible assets totaled $2.4 million, $1.9 million and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. WesBanco completed its annual goodwill impairment evaluation as of November 30, 2015 and determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2015 as there were no significant changes in market conditions, consolidated operating results, or forecasted future results from November 30, 2015. Additionally, there were no events or changes in circumstances indicating impairment of intangible assets as of December 31, 2015. The following table shows WesBanco’s capitalized other intangible assets and related accumulated amortization: (in thousands) Other intangible assets: December 31, 2015 2014 Gross carrying amount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 28,674 (18,338) $ 38,048 (30,640) Net carrying amount of other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10,336 $ 7,408 The following table shows the amortization on WesBanco’s other intangible assets for each of the next five years (in thousands): Year 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $2,185 1,889 1,601 1,329 1,090 As part of the ESB acquisition, WesBanco entered into non-compete agreements with former ESB executives with terms ranging from one to four years. The non-compete agreements are recognized in other assets on the balance sheet with the amortization expense recognized in amortization of intangible assets on the income statement. Amortization expense of non-compete agreements totaled $0.7 million in 2015 and is expected to be $0.6 million, $0.6 million and $0.3 million in the next three years, respectively. NOTE 8. INVESTMENTS IN LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS WesBanco is a limited partner in several tax-advantaged limited partnerships whose purpose is to invest in approved low-income housing investment tax credit projects. These investments are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The limited partnerships are considered to be VIEs as they generally do not have equity investors with voting rights or have equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources to support their activities. The VIEs have not been consolidated because WesBanco is not considered the primary beneficiary. All of WesBanco’s investments in limited partnerships are privately held, and their market values are not readily available. Investments in low- income housing partnerships are evaluated for impairment at the end of each reporting period. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, WesBanco had $3.1 million and $1.7 million, respectively, invested in these partnerships. WesBanco also recognizes the unconditional unfunded equity commitments of $2.1 million and $0.6 million at 112 December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, in other liabilities. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, WesBanco included in operations under the equity method of accounting its share of the partnerships’ losses and impairment of $0.6 million, $0.9 million, and $1.2 million, respectively. Tax benefits attributed to these partnerships include low-income housing and historic tax credits which totaled $0.5 million, $0.7 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. WesBanco is also a limited partner in seven other limited partnerships which provide seed money and capital to startup companies, and financing to low-income housing projects. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, WesBanco had $5.2 million and $4.4 million, respectively, invested in these partnerships, which are recorded in other assets using the equity method. WesBanco included in operations under the equity method of accounting its share of the partnerships’ net income of $0 million, $0.3 million and $0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In connection with WesBanco’s acquisition of ESB on February 10, 2015, WesBanco acquired ESB’s wholly-owned subsidiary AMSCO, Inc. (“AMSCO”), which engages in the management of certain real estate development and construction of 1-4 family residential units through seven joint venture partnerships. The Bank has provided all development and construction financing. The joint ventures, which are majority-owned by AMSCO, have been included in the consolidated financial statements and are reflected within other non-interest income or expense. At December 31, 2015, WesBanco had a $7.7 million net investment in AMSCO. WesBanco included in operations net income of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. NOTE 9. CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT Certificates of deposit in denominations of $100 thousand or more were $780.1 million and $706.1 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Interest expense on certificates of deposit of $100 thousand or more was $4.9 million, $7.5 million and $13.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. At December 31, 2015, the scheduled maturities of total certificates of deposit are as follows (in thousands): Year 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ 922,773 252,066 148,493 88,590 117,640 28,276 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,557,838 NOTE 10. FHLB AND OTHER SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS WesBanco is a member of the FHLB system. WesBanco’s FHLB borrowings, which consist of borrowings from both the FHLB of Pittsburgh and the FHLB of Cincinnati, are secured by a blanket lien by the FHLB on certain residential mortgages and other loan types or securities with a market value in excess of the outstanding balances of the borrowings. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, WesBanco had FHLB borrowings of $1.0 billion and $223.1 million, with a remaining weighted-average interest rate of 1.17% and 0.91%, respectively. The terms of the security agreement with the FHLB include a specific assignment of collateral that requires the maintenance of qualifying mortgage and other types of loans as pledged collateral with unpaid principal amounts in excess of the FHLB advances, when discounted at certain pre-established percentages of the loans’ unpaid principal balances. FHLB stock owned by WesBanco totaling $45.5 million and $11.6 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, is also pledged as collateral on these advances. The remaining maximum borrowing capacity by WesBanco with the FHLB at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was estimated to be approximately $1.1 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively. 113 The following table presents the aggregate annual maturities and weighted-average interest rates of FHLB borrowings at December 31, 2015 based on their contractual maturity dates and interest rates (dollars in thousands) : Year Scheduled Maturity Weighted Average Rate 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 213,052 509,788 310,996 4,645 852 2,417 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,041,750 0.82% 1.17% 1.32% 4.12% 5.88% 2.13% 1.17% Other short-term borrowings of $81.4 million and $80.7 million at December 31, 2015, and 2014, respectively, may consist of securities sold under agreements to repurchase, federal funds purchased, and outstanding borrowings on a revolving line of credit. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, securities sold under agreements to repurchase were $81.4 million and $80.7 million, with a weighted average interest rate during the year of 0.32% and 1.36%, respectively. There were no outstanding balances of fed funds purchased at December 31, 2015 and 2014 and no outstanding borrowings on the revolving line of credit in either year. On September 2, 2015, WesBanco renewed a revolving line of credit, which is a senior obligation of the parent company with another financial institution. This line of credit, which accrues interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate, includes a fee on the unused portion of the commitment and matures September 2, 2016, provides for aggregate unsecured borrowings of up to $25.0 million. There were no outstanding balances as of December 31, 2015 or December 31, 2014. NOTE 11. JUNIOR SUBORDINATED DEBT OWED TO UNCONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARY TRUSTS The Trusts, consisting of WesBanco Capital Trust II, WesBanco Capital Statutory Trust III, WesBanco Capital Trusts IV, V and VI, and Oak Hill Capital Trusts 2, 3 and 4, are all wholly-owned trust subsidiaries of WesBanco formed for the purpose of issuing Trust Preferred Securities (“Trust Preferred Securities”) into a pool of other financial services entity trust preferred securities, and lending the proceeds to WesBanco. The Trust Preferred Securities were issued and sold in private placement offerings. The proceeds from the sale of the securities and the issuance of common stock by the Trusts were invested in Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures (“Junior Subordinated Debt”) issued by WesBanco, and the former Oak Hill Financial, Inc., acquired by WesBanco in 2007, which are the sole assets of the Trusts. The Trusts pay dividends on the Trust Preferred Securities at the same rate as the distributions paid by WesBanco on the Junior Subordinated Debt held by the Trusts. The Trusts provide WesBanco with the option to defer payment of interest on the Junior Subordinated Debt for an aggregate of 20 consecutive quarterly periods. Should any of these options be utilized, WesBanco may not declare or pay dividends on its common stock during any such period. Undertakings made by WesBanco with respect to the Trust Preferred Securities for the Trusts constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by WesBanco of the obligations of these Trust Preferred Securities. WesBanco organized Trusts II and III in June 2003, Trusts IV and V in June 2004 and Trust VI in March 2005. The Oak Hill Trusts 2 and 3 were organized in 2004 and Trust 4 was organized in 2005. The Junior Subordinated Debt is presented as a separate category of long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For regulatory purposes, the Federal Reserve Board has allowed bank holding companies to include trust preferred securities in Tier 1 capital up to a certain limit. Provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act require the Federal Reserve Board to generally exclude trust preferred securities from Tier 1 capital, but a grandfather provision will permit bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. All of the Trust Preferred Securities qualified under the current rules as Tier 1 instruments at December 31, 2015, but no 114 such securities issued in the future will count as Tier 1 capital. The Trust Preferred Securities provide the issuer with a unique capital instrument that has a tax deductible interest feature not normally associated with the equity of a corporation. In connection with the ESB acquisition on February 10, 2015, WesBanco acquired ESB Capital Trust IV, a Delaware trust established in 2005 by ESB. The Trust owned Junior Subordinated Debt issued by ESB. The trust preferred securities and junior subordinated debt were redeemed at aggregate redemption price, excluding accrued interest, of $36.1 million on May 11, 2015. The following table shows WesBanco’s trust subsidiaries with outstanding Trust Preferred Securities as of December 31, 2015: (in thousands) WesBanco Capital Trust II (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WesBanco Capital Statutory Trust III (2) . . . . . . WesBanco Capital Trust IV (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WesBanco Capital Trust V (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WesBanco Capital Trust VI (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oak Hill Capital Trust 2 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oak Hill Capital Trust 3 (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oak Hill Capital Trust 4 (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trust Preferred Securities $ 13,000 17,000 20,000 20,000 15,000 5,000 8,000 5,000 Common Securities Junior Subordinated Debt Stated Maturity Date $ 410 526 619 619 464 155 248 155 $ 13,410 17,526 20,619 20,619 15,464 5,155 8,248 5,155 6/30/2033 6/26/2033 6/17/2034 6/17/2034 3/17/2035 10/18/2034 10/18/2034 6/30/2035 Optional Redemption Date 6/30/2008 6/26/2008 6/17/2009 6/17/2009 3/17/2010 10/18/2009 10/18/2009 6/30/2015 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $103,000 $3,196 $106,196 (1) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 3.15% with a current rate of 3.75% through March 30, 2016, adjustable quarterly. (2) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 3.10% with a current rate of 3.70% through March 26, 2016, adjustable quarterly. (3) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.65% with a current rate of 3.18% through March 17, 2016, adjustable quarterly. (4) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.77% with a current rate of 2.30% through March 17, 2016, adjustable quarterly. (5) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.40% with a current rate of 2.72% through January 18, 2016, adjustable quarterly. (6) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.30% with a current rate of 2.62% through January 18, 2016, adjustable quarterly. (7) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.60% with a current rate of 2.20% through March 30, 2016, adjustable quarterly. NOTE 12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Defined Benefit Pension Plan—The WesBanco, Inc. Defined Benefit Pension Plan (“the Plan”) established on January 1, 1985, is a non-contributory, defined benefit pension plan. The Plan covers all employees of WesBanco and its subsidiaries who were hired on or before August 1, 2007 who satisfy minimum age and length of service requirements. Benefits of the Plan are generally based on years of service and the employee’s compensation during the last five years of employment. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to service to date, but also for those expected to be earned in the future. WesBanco uses a December 31 measurement date for the Plan. 115 The benefit obligations and funded status of the Plan are as follows: (dollars in thousands) December 31, 2015 2014 Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 99,312 $103,447 Change in projected benefit obligation: Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial (gain) loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $118,261 3,355 4,870 (13,413) (3,673) $ 90,640 2,909 4,745 25,392 (5,425) Projected benefit obligation at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $109,400 $118,261 Change in fair value of plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employer contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $110,037 (572) 7,500 (3,673) $100,274 7,688 7,500 (5,425) Fair value of plan assets at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $113,292 $110,037 Amounts recognized in the statement of financial position: Funded status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net amounts recognized as receivable (payable) pension costs in the consolidated balance sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of: Unrecognized prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ 3,892 $ (8,224) 3,892 $ (8,224) 156 27,549 $ 182 35,834 Net amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (before tax) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 27,705 $ 36,016 Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long-term return on assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.74% 3.82% 6.79% 4.33% 3.77% 7.00% 116 The components of and weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs are as follows: (dollars in thousands) Components of net periodic benefit cost: For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Service cost—benefits earned during year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost on projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,355 4,870 (7,735) 26 3,179 $ 2,909 4,745 (7,229) 45 1,471 $ 3,120 4,096 (5,993) 45 3,534 Net periodic pension cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,695 $ 1,941 $ 4,802 Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income: Net (gain) loss for period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(5,106) $24,934 (45) (1,471) (26) (3,179) $(17,751) (45) (3,534) Total recognized in other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(8,311) $23,418 $(21,330) Total recognized in net periodic pension cost and other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(4,616) $25,359 $(16,528) Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension cost: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long-term return on assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.33% 5.17% 3.77% 3.97% 7.00% 7.25% 4.36% 3.00% 7.25% The estimated net loss and prior service credit for the Plan that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into the net periodic pension cost over the next fiscal year are $2.8 million and $26 thousand, respectively. Unrecognized prior service cost and unrecognized net losses are amortized on a straight- line basis. All unrecognized net losses are being amortized over the average remaining service period of approximately 10 years. The expected long-term rate of return for the Plan’s total assets is based on the expected return of each of the Plan asset categories, weighted based on the median of the target allocation for each class. Pension Plan Investment Policy and Strategy—The investment policy as established by the Retirement to be followed by the Trustee, which is WesBanco’s Trust and Investment Services Plans Committee, department, is to invest assets based on the target allocations shown in the table below. Assets are reallocated periodically by the Trustee based on the ranges set forth by the Retirement Plans Committee to meet the target allocations. The investment policy is also subject to review periodically to determine if the policy should be changed. Plan assets are to be invested with the principal objective of maximizing long-term total return without exposing Plan assets to undue risk, taking into account the Plan’s funding needs and benefit obligations. Assets are to be invested in a balanced portfolio composed primarily of equities, fixed income and cash or cash equivalent money market investments. A maximum of 5% may be invested in any one stock. Foreign stocks may be included, either through direct investment or by the purchase of mutual funds which invest in foreign stock. WesBanco common stock can represent up to 5% of the total market value. Corporate bonds selected for purchase must be rated Baa1 by Moody’s or BBB+ by Standard and Poor’s or higher. No more than 5% shall be invested in bonds or notes issued by the same corporation with a maximum term of twenty years. There is no limit on the holdings of U.S. 117 Treasury or Federal Agency Securities. At December 31, 2015 and 2014 the Plan’s equity securities included 55,300 shares of WesBanco common stock with a fair market value of $1.7 million and $1.9 million, respectively. The following table sets forth the Plan’s weighted-average asset allocations by asset category: Target Allocation for 2015 December 31, 2015 2014 Asset Category: Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55-75% 61% 65% 25-55% 34% 32% 0-5% 5% 3% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% The fair values of WesBanco’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2015 and 2014, by asset category are as follows: (in thousands) December 31, 2015 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Assets at Fair Value Defined benefit pension plan assets: Registered investment companies . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total defined benefit pension plan assets (1) . . . . . . . . $ 23,741 56,098 16,802 3,034 15,386 $115,061 $23,741 56,098 — — — $79,839 $ — — 16,802 3,034 15,386 $35,222 $— — — — — $— (1) The defined benefit pension plan statement of net assets also includes cash, accrued interest and dividends, and due to/from brokers resulting in net assets available for benefits of $113.3 million. (in thousands) December 31, 2014 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Assets at Fair Value Defined benefit pension plan assets: Registered investment companies . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total defined benefit pension plan assets (1) . . . . . . . . $ 17,182 65,869 15,726 2,178 13,261 $114,216 $17,182 65,869 — — — $83,051 $ — — 15,726 2,178 13,261 $31,165 $— — — — — $— (1) The defined benefit pension plan statement of net assets also includes cash, accrued interest and dividends, and due to/from brokers resulting in net assets available for benefits of $110.0 million. 118 Registered investment companies and equity securities: Valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded. Corporate debt securities, municipal obligations, and U.S. government agency securities: Valued at fair value based on models that consider criteria such as dealer quotes, available trade data, issuer creditworthiness, market movements, sector news, and bond and swap yield curves. Cash Flows—WesBanco has no required minimum contribution to the Plan for 2016 and as of December 31, 2015 and expects to make a voluntary contribution of $7.5 million in 2016. WesBanco contributed $7.5 million, $7.5 million and $5.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The following table presents estimated benefits to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter (in thousands): Year 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 to 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ 3,301 3,870 4,136 4,424 4,766 30,224 Employee Stock Ownership and 401(k) Plan (“KSOP”)—WesBanco sponsors a KSOP plan consisting of a non-contributory leveraged ESOP and a contributory 401(k) profit sharing plan covering substantially all of its employees. Under the provisions of the 401(k) plan, WesBanco matches a portion of eligible employee contributions based on rates established and approved by the Board of Directors. For each of the past three years, WesBanco matched 100% of the first 3% and 50% of the next 2% of eligible employee contributions. No ESOP contribution has been made for any of the past three years. As of December 31, 2015, the KSOP held 552,868 shares of WesBanco common stock of which all shares were allocated to specific employee accounts. Dividends on shares are either distributed to employee accounts or paid in cash to the participant. Total expense for the KSOP was $2.5 million, $2.2 million, and $2.1 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. WesBanco had 484,430 and 519,773 shares remaining for future issuance under the KSOP plan at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Incentive Bonus, Option and Restricted Stock Plan—The Incentive Bonus, Option and Restricted Stock Plan (the “Incentive Plan”), is a non-qualified plan that includes the following components: an Annual Bonus, a Long-Term Incentive, including a Total Shareholder Return Plan, a Stock Option component, and a Restricted Stock component. The components allow for payments of cash, a mixture of cash and stock, granting of stock options, or granting of restricted stock, depending upon the component of the Incentive Plan in which the award is earned through the attainment of certain performance goals or on a time-based vesting requirement. Performance goals or service vesting requirements are established by WesBanco’s Compensation Committee. WesBanco had 288,541 and 443,388 shares, registered on Form S-8, remaining for future issuance under equity compensation plans at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Annual Bonus Compensation expense for the Annual Bonus was $1.3 million, $1.5 million and $1.3 million for 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. There was no Long-Term Incentive Bonus granted for any of these periods. Total Shareholder Return Plan On November 18, 2015, WesBanco’s Compensation Committee adopted Administrative Rules for a Total Shareholder Return Plan (“TSRP”). The TSRP measures the total shareholder return (“TSR”) on WesBanco 119 common stock over a three-year measurement period relative to the return of an established peer group of publicly traded companies over the same performance period. The performance-based shares are determined at the end of the three-year period if the TSR of WesBanco common stock is equal to or greater than the 50th percentile of the TSR of the peer group. The number of shares to be earned by the participant shall be 200% of the grant-date award if the TSR of WesBanco common stock is equal to or greater than the 75th percentile of the TSR of the peer group. Upon achieving the performance-based metric, shares determined to be earned by the participant become service-based and vest in three equal annual installments. On November 18, 2015, WesBanco granted 12,000 TSRP shares for the performance period beginning January 1, 2016 and ending December 31, 2018 to certain executive officers. Stock Options On June 2, 2015, WesBanco granted 94,800 stock options to selected participants, including certain named executive officers at an exercise price of $31.58 per share. The options granted in 2015 are service-based and vest in two equal installments on December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016, and expire seven years from the date of grant. Compensation expense for the stock option component of the Incentive Plan was $0.5 million, $0.4 million and $0.3 million for 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. At December 31, 2015, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock option grants totaled $0.2 million with an expense recognition period of one year remaining. The maximum term of options granted under WesBanco’s stock option plan is ten years from the original grant date. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $0.6 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The cash received and related tax benefit realized from stock options exercised was $1.4 million and $0.2 million in 2015 and was $1.9 million and $0.2 million in 2014. Shares issued in connection with options exercised are issued from treasury shares acquired under WesBanco’s share repurchase plans or from issuance of authorized but unissued shares, subject to prior SEC registration. The fair value of stock options granted is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option- pricing model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. Additionally, there may be other factors that might otherwise have a significant effect on the value of stock options granted that are not considered by the model. The following table sets forth the significant assumptions used in calculating the fair value of the grants: Weighted-average life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatility factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of the grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 4.9 years 4.8 years 4.5 years 1.54% 1.37% 2.91% 3.06% 26.27% 28.82% 5.57 5.41 $ 0.74% 3.04% 32.31% 5.05 $ The weighted-average life assumption is an estimate of the length of time that an employee might hold an option before option exercise, option expiration or employment termination. The weighted-average life assumption was developed using historical experience. WesBanco used a weighted historical volatility of its common stock price over the weighted average life prior to each issuance as the volatility factor assumption, adjusted for abnormal volatility during certain periods, and current and future dividend payment expectations for the dividend assumption. 120 The following table shows the activity for the Stock Option component of the Incentive Plan: For the year ended December 31, 2015 Outstanding at beginning of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited or expired during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at end of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Options 258,450 94,800 (60,275) (5,475) 287,500 Exercisable at year end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,975 Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share $24.36 31.58 22.87 26.32 $27.02 $26.14 The aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding shares and the shares exercisable at year end was $1.0 million and $1.0 million, respectively. The following table shows the average remaining life of the stock options at December 31, 2015: Year Issued Exercisable at Year End Exercise Price Range Per Share Options Outstanding Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Avg. Remaining Contractual Life in Years 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,300 18,500 28,125 57,875 75,650 46,525 240,975 $ 19.27 19.76 20.02 25.00 28.79 31.58 $19.27 to $31.58 14,300 18,500 28,125 57,875 75,650 93,050 287,500 $19.27 19.76 20.02 25.00 28.79 31.58 $27.02 1.38 2.38 3.38 4.38 5.39 6.42 4.93 Restricted Stock During 2015, WesBanco granted 49,550 shares of restricted stock to certain officers. The restricted shares are service-based and cliff vest 36 months from the date of grant. The weighted average fair value of the restricted stock granted was $31.58 per share. Compensation expense relating to all restricted stock was $1.2 million, $1.0 million, and $0.8 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. At December 31, 2015, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock grants totaled $1.7 million with a weighted average expense recognition period of 1.5 years remaining. The restricted stock grant provides the recipient with voting rights from the date of issuance. Dividends paid on the restricted shares during the restriction period are converted into additional shares of restricted stock on the date the cash dividend would have otherwise been paid, but do not vest until the related grant of the restricted shares complete their vesting. The Compensation Committee has discretion to elect to pay such dividends to participants. The following table shows the activity for the Restricted Stock component of the Incentive Plan: For the year ended December 31, 2015 Non-vested at January 1, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited or expired during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend reinvestment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-vested at end of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share $25.19 31.58 20.73 24.29 33.11 $28.92 Restricted Stock 133,468 49,550 (41,885) (1,503) 3,826 143,456 NOTE 13. OTHER OPERATING EXPENSES Other operating expenses consist of miscellaneous taxes, consulting fees, ATM expenses, postage, supplies, legal fees, communications, other real estate owned and foreclosure expenses, and other expenses. Other operating expenses are presented below: (in thousands) Franchise and other miscellaneous taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consulting, regulatory and advisory fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATM and electronic banking interchange expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postage and courier expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and foreclosure expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 5,924 4,959 4,463 3,720 2,841 2,418 1,537 546 12,479 $ 6,748 4,405 4,222 3,373 2,425 2,531 1,555 1,101 10,836 $ 5,887 4,445 4,310 3,317 2,675 2,549 2,717 1,753 9,684 Total other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $38,887 $37,196 $37,337 NOTE 14. INCOME TAXES Reconciliation from the federal statutory income tax rate to the effective tax rate is as follows: Federal statutory tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net tax-exempt interest income on securities of state and political subdivisions . . State income taxes, net of federal tax effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General business credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% (6.8%) (6.7%) (6.4%) 1.6% 1.4% 1.6% (1.6%) (1.9%) (1.7%) (2.1%) (3.1%) (3.5%) (0.1%) 0.1% — Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.0% 25.3% 24.5% The provision for income taxes applicable to income before taxes consists of the following: (in thousands) Current: For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,661 2,089 $13,346 1,684 $12,399 1,837 Deferred: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,047 618 8,337 353 6,267 260 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $28,415 $23,720 $20,763 The following income tax amounts were recorded in shareholders’ equity as elements of other comprehensive income: (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Securities and defined benefit pension plan unrecognized items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(1,202) $(3,538) $(3,707) 122 Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following: (in thousands) Deferred tax assets: December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security gains and losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase accounting adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partnership adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-accrual interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax credit carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal net operating loss carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value adjustments on securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,246 6,114 2,964 1,275 1,921 2,254 13,000 — 1,979 2,264 $16,386 8,764 2,817 1,497 1,158 2,129 10,163 597 — 2,169 $17,414 2,324 3,261 3,544 951 1,850 11,517 1,415 2,772 2,224 Gross deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,017 45,680 47,272 Deferred tax liabilities: Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion on securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value adjustments on securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,530) (2) — (1,511) (1,900) (295) (2,297) (1,728) (1,416) (262) — (983) Gross deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3,043) (6,220) (2,661) Net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $43,974 $39,460 $44,611 WesBanco has a $0.1 million valuation allowance on certain capital loss carryforwards. However, no valuation allowance was established for the remaining deferred tax assets since management believes that deferred tax assets are likely to be realized through a carry-back to taxable income in prior years, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and future taxable income. Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, WesBanco has approximately $4.7 million of general business credit carryforwards which expire between 2031 and 2033. WesBanco also has $8.3 million of alternative minimum tax credits that may be carried forward indefinitely. As a result of the acquisition of ESB in 2015 and the previous acquisitions of Fidelity, Western Ohio Financial Corporation, Winton Financial Corporation and Oak Hill Financial, Inc., retained earnings at December 31, 2015 and 2014 includes $32.9 million and $15.2 million, respectively, of qualifying and non- qualifying tax bad debt reserves existing as of December 31, 1987, upon which no provision for income taxes has been recorded. The related amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability is $12.0 million and $5.6 million for 2015 and 2014, respectively. If this portion of retained earnings is used in the future for any purpose other than to absorb bad debts, it will be added to future taxable income. Federal and state income taxes applicable to securities transactions totaled $0.3 million, $0.3 million, and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, WesBanco had approximately $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits and interest. As of December 31, 2015, none of these tax benefits would affect the effective tax rate if recognized. At December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions was $15 thousand and $23 thousand, respectively, net of the related federal tax benefit. WesBanco provides for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for federal and state income taxes. 123 WesBanco is subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as to tax in various state income tax jurisdictions. WesBanco is no longer subject to any income tax examinations for years prior to 2013. Fidelity returns are no longer subject to any income tax examinations for years prior to October 1, 2012. ESB returns are no longer subject to any income tax examinations for years prior to 2012. Unrecognized Tax Benefits A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and the federal income tax benefit of unrecognized state tax benefits) is as follows: (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Balance at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Reductions for tax positions of prior years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reductions due to the statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $ 326 Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 701 104 155 (100) — (379) $ 673 $ 668 140 — (135) — $ 701 $ 673 (127) — NOTE 15. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT Fair value estimates are based on quoted market prices, if available, quoted market prices of similar assets or liabilities, or the present value of expected future cash flows and other valuation techniques. These valuations are significantly affected by discount rates, cash flow assumptions, and risk assumptions used. Therefore, fair value estimates may not be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and are not intended to reflect the proceeds that may be realizable in an immediate settlement of the instruments. Fair value is determined at one point in time and is not representative of future value. These amounts do not reflect the total value of a going concern organization. Management does not have the intention to dispose of a significant portion of its assets and liabilities and therefore, the unrealized gains or losses should not be interpreted as a forecast of future earnings and cash flows. The following is a discussion of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and valuation techniques applied: Securities available-for-sale: The fair value of securities available-for-sale, which are measured on a recurring basis, are determined primarily by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other similar securities. These securities are classified within Level 1 or 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Certain equity securities that are lightly traded in over-the-counter markets are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, as quoted market prices may not be available on the fair value measurement date. Positions that are not traded in active markets for which valuations are generated using assumptions not observable in the market or management’s best estimate are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. This includes certain specific municipal debt issues for which the credit quality and discount rate must be estimated. We may be required from time to time to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from application of lower-of-cost-or- market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Impaired loans: Impaired loans are carried at the lower of cost or the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. The use of independent appraisals, discounted cash flow models and 124 management’s best judgment are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value measure of the underlying collateral and impaired loans are therefore classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Other real estate owned and repossessed assets: Other real estate owned and repossessed assets are carried at the lower of the investment in the assets or the fair value of the assets less estimated selling costs. The use of independent appraisals and management’s best judgment are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value measure of the underlying collateral, and therefore other real estate owned and repossessed assets are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Loans held for sale: Loans held for sale are carried, in aggregate, at the lower of cost or fair value. The use of a valuation model using quoted prices of similar instruments are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value and therefore loans held for sale are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The following tables set forth WesBanco’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: December 31, 2015 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) December 31, 2015 $ 83,505 $ — $ 83,505 $ — — — — 7,961 $7,961 $7,961 $ — — — $ — 1,176,080 80,265 58,593 3,116 — — — — $1,401,559 $ — $1,401,559 $ — $ $ — — 7,899 7,899 $ 6,363 5,825 — $12,188 (in thousands) Recurring fair value measurements Securities—available-for-sale Obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of state and political subdivisions . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,176,080 80,265 58,593 11,077 Total securities—available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,409,520 Total recurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . $1,409,520 Nonrecurring fair value measurements Impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,363 5,825 7,899 Total nonrecurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . $ 20,087 125 December 31, 2014 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) December 31, 2014 $ 87,736 $ — $ 87,736 $ — (in thousands) Recurring fair value measurements Securities—available-for-sale Obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of state and political subdivisions . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701,113 91,433 25,996 11,146 Total securities—available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $917,424 Total recurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . $917,424 Nonrecurring fair value measurements Impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,024 5,082 5,865 Total nonrecurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . $ 16,971 — — — 8,440 $8,440 $8,440 $ — — — $ — 701,113 91,433 25,996 2,706 — — — — $908,984 $ — $908,984 $ — $ — — 5,865 $ 6,024 5,082 — $ 5,865 $11,106 WesBanco’s policy is to recognize transfers between levels as of the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2, or 3 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which WesBanco has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value: (in thousands) Fair Value Estimate Valuation Techniques Unobservable Input Range / Weighted Average Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2015: Impaired loans . . . . . . . $6,363 Appraisal of collateral (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) Liquidation expenses (2) 0% to (40.6%) / (25.1%) (3.0%) to (8.0%) / (6.7%) Other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,825 Appraisal of collateral (1)(3) December 31, 2014: Impaired loans . . . . . . . $6,024 Appraisal of collateral (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) Liquidation expenses (2) 0% to (39.7%) / (6.7%) (1.2%) to (8.0%) / (6.7%) Other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,082 Appraisal of collateral (1)(3) (1) Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral, which generally include various Level 3 inputs which are not identifiable. (2) Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. The range and weighted average of appraisal adjustments and liquidation expenses are presented as a percent of the appraisal. Includes estimated liquidation expenses and numerous dissimilar qualitative adjustments by management which are not identifiable. (3) 126 The estimated fair values of WesBanco’s financial instruments are summarized below: Fair Value Measurements Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Carrying Amount Fair Value Estimate (in thousands) December 31, 2015 Financial Assets Cash and due from banks . . . . . . . . . Securities available-for-sale . . . . . . Securities held-to-maturity . . . . . . . Net loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest receivable . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . $ 86,685 1,409,520 1,012,930 5,024,132 7,899 25,759 150,980 $ 86,685 1,409,520 1,038,207 4,936,236 7,899 25,759 150,980 $ 86,685 7,961 — — — 25,759 150,980 $ — $ 1,401,559 1,037,490 — 7,899 — — Financial Liabilities Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debt Accrued interest payable . . . . . . . . . 6,066,299 6,075,433 4,508,461 1,566,972 1,041,750 81,356 106,196 1,715 1,041,752 81,361 79,681 1,715 — 78,682 — 1,715 1,041,752 2,679 79,681 — December 31, 2014 Financial Assets Cash and due from banks . . . . . . . . . Securities available-for-sale . . . . . . Securities held-to-maturity . . . . . . . Net loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest receivable . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . $ 94,002 917,424 593,670 4,042,112 5,865 18,481 123,298 $ 94,002 917,424 619,617 4,047,648 5,865 18,481 123,298 $ 94,002 8,440 — — — 18,481 123,298 $ — $ 908,984 618,895 — 5,865 — — Financial Liabilities Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest payable . . . . . . . . . 5,048,983 5,056,828 3,743,887 1,312,941 223,126 80,690 106,176 1,620 225,456 80,696 79,212 1,620 — 77,534 — 1,620 225,456 3,162 79,212 — — — 717 4,936,236 — — — — — — — — — — 722 4,047,648 — — — — — — — — The following methods and assumptions were used to measure the fair value of financial instruments recorded at cost on WesBanco’s consolidated balance sheets: Cash and due from banks: The carrying amount for cash and due from banks is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Securities held-to-maturity: Fair values for securities held-to-maturity are determined in the same manner as securities available-for-sale which is described above. 127 Net loans: Fair values for loans are estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology. The discount rates take into account interest rates currently being offered to customers for loans with similar terms, the credit risk associated with the loan and market factors, including liquidity. The valuation of the loan portfolio reflects discounts that WesBanco believes are consistent with transactions occurring in the marketplace for both performing and distressed loan types. The carrying value that fair value is compared to is net of the allowance for loan losses and other associated premiums and discounts. Due to the significant judgment involved in evaluating credit quality, loans are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Accrued interest receivable: The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable approximates its fair value. Bank-Owned Life Insurance: The carrying value of bank-owned life insurance represents the net cash surrender value of the underlying insurance policies, should these policies be terminated. Management believes that the carrying value approximates fair value. Deposits: The carrying amount is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value for demand, savings and other variable rate deposit accounts. The fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated by a discounted cash flow method using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings: The fair value of FHLB borrowings is based on rates currently available to WesBanco for borrowings with similar terms and remaining maturities. Other borrowings: The carrying amount of federal funds purchased and overnight sweep accounts generally approximate fair value. Other repurchase agreements are based on quoted market prices if available. If market prices are not available, for certain fixed and adjustable rate repurchase agreements, then quoted market prices of similar instruments are used. Junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts: Due to the pooled nature of these instruments, which are not actively traded, estimated fair value is based on recent similar transactions of single issuer trust preferred securities. Accrued interest payable: The carrying amount of accrued interest payable approximates its fair value. Off-balance sheet financial instruments: Off-balance sheet financial instruments consist of commitments to extend credit including letters of credit. Fair values for commitments to extend credit are estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the present credit standing of the counterparties. The estimated fair value of the commitments to extend credit and letters of credit are insignificant and therefore are not presented in the above table. 128 NOTE 16. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS) The activity in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is as follows: (in thousands) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (1) Defined Benefit Pension Plan Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Securities Available-for-Sale Unrealized Gains on Securities Transferred from Available-for-Sale to Held-to-Maturity Total Balance at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(22,776) $ 2,892 $1,059 $(18,825) Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,233 (6,677) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Period change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,004 5,237 (377) (7,054) Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(17,539) $ (4,162) Balance at December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (7,966) $ (6,126) Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (15,768) 9,638 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958 Period change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (14,810) (620) 9,018 Balance at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(22,776) $ 2,892 Balance at December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(21,401) $ 13,032 Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,224 (19,102) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,211 (56) Period change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,435 (19,158) — (312) (312) $ 747 $1,358 — (299) (299) $1,059 $2,004 — (646) (646) (3,444) 1,315 (2,129) $(20,954) $(12,734) (6,130) 39 (6,091) $(18,825) $ (6,365) (7,878) 1,509 (6,369) Balance at December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (7,966) $ (6,126) $1,358 $(12,734) (1) All amounts are net of tax. Related income tax expense or benefit is calculated using a combined Federal and State income tax rate approximating 37%. 129 Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) Components (in thousands) Securities available-for-sale (1): Net securities gains reclassified into Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/ (Loss) For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Affected Line Item in the Statement of Net Income Net securities gains (Non-interest earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (596) $ (981) $ Related income tax expense . . . . . . . . . 219 361 income) (89) 33 Provision for income taxes Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (377) (620) (56) Securities held-to-maturity (1): Amortization of unrealized gain transferred from available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax expense . . . . . . . . . (494) 182 (472) 173 Interest and dividends on securities (Interest and dividend income) (1,029) 383 Provision for income taxes Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (312) (299) (646) Defined benefit pension plan (2): Amortization of net loss and prior service Employee benefits (Non-interest costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax benefit 3,205 (1,201) 1,516 (558) 3,579 (1,368) Provision for income taxes expense) Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,004 958 2,211 Total reclassifications for the period . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,315 $ 39 $ 1,509 (1) For additional detail related to unrealized gains on securities and related amounts reclassified from accumulated (2) other comprehensive income/(loss) see Note 4, “Securities.” Included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 12, “Employee Benefit Plans” for additional detail. NOTE 17. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Commitments—In the normal course of business, WesBanco offers off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable its customers to meet their financing objectives. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. WesBanco’s exposure to credit losses in the event of non-performance by the other parties to the financial instruments for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is limited to the contractual amount of those instruments. WesBanco uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as for all other lending. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The allowance for credit losses associated with commitments was $0.6 million and $0.5 million as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively, and is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by banks to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including normal business activities, bond financing and similar transactions. Letters of credit are considered guarantees. The liability associated with letters of credit was $0.2 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. 130 Contingent obligations to purchase loans funded by other entities include affordable housing plan guarantees, credit card guarantees and mortgages sold into the secondary market with recourse. Affordable housing plan guarantees are performance guarantees for various building project loans. The guarantee amortizes as the loan balances decrease. Credit card guarantees are credit card balances not owned by WesBanco, whereby the Bank guarantees the performance of the cardholder. Certain mortgages sold with recourse obligate WesBanco to repurchase mortgages sold if the borrower exceeds certain delinquency metrics within the first year. The following table presents total commitments to extend credit, guarantees and various letters of credit outstanding: (in thousands) December 31, 2015 2014 Lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans approved but not closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overdraft limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Letters of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent obligations to purchase loans funded by other entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,159,769 234,599 106,252 27,408 18,079 $984,352 116,757 95,965 23,362 8,312 Contingent Liabilities—WesBanco is a party to various legal and administrative proceedings and claims. While any litigation contains an element of uncertainty, management does not believe that a material loss related to such proceedings or claims pending or known to be threatened is reasonably possible. NOTE 18. WESBANCO BANK COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION WesBanco Bank Community Development Corporation (“WBCDC”), a consolidated subsidiary of WesBanco Bank, is a Certified Development Entity (“CDE”) with $60.0 million of New Markets Tax Credits (“NMTC”) all of which had been invested in WBCDC at December 31, 2015. The NMTC program is administered by the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund of the U.S. Treasury and is aimed at stimulating economic and community development and job creation in low-income communities. The program provides federal tax credits to investors who make qualified equity investments (“QEIs”) in a CDE. The CDE is required to invest the proceeds of each QEI in low-income communities, which are generally defined as those census tracts with poverty rates greater than 20% and/or median family incomes that are less than or equal to 80% of the area median family income. The credit provided to the investor totals 39% of each QEI in a CDE and is claimed over a seven-year credit allowance period. In each of the first three years, the investor receives a credit equal to 5% of the total amount the investor paid to the CDE for each QEI. For each of the remaining four years, the investor receives a credit equal to 6% of the total amount the investor paid to the CDE for each QEI. As of December 31, 2015, WesBanco has received $19.7 million in tax credits over the seven-year credit allowance periods for its $60.0 million NMTC authority invested in WBCDC. WesBanco is eligible to receive an additional $3.7 million in tax credits as set forth in the following table with respect to aggregate QEI amounts invested with a remaining seven-year credit allowance period. 131 WesBanco Bank recognized $1.9 million, $2.3 million and $2.2 million in NMTC in its income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. These tax credits are subject to certain general business tax credit limitations, as well as the alternative minimum tax, and are therefore limited in deductibility currently due to the applicability of alternative minimum tax on WesBanco’s federal income tax return. A total of $5.0 million of such NMTC have been carried forward to future tax years. (in thousands) Year 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregate QEI Amount (1) $14,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 New Markets Tax Credit 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 840 300 360 300 $— $— $— 300 — — 360 — 360 300 300 300 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $30,000 $1,800 $960 $660 $300 (1) The seven-year credit allowance period has expired for $30.0 million in QEI investments in WBCDC. The NMTC claimed by WesBanco Bank with respect to each QEI remain subject to recapture over each QEI’s credit allowance period upon the occurrence of any of the following: • if less than substantially all (generally defined as 85%) of the QEI proceeds are not used by WBCDC to make qualified low income community investments; • WBCDC ceases to be a CDE; or • WBCDC redeems its QEI investment prior to the end of the current credit allowance periods. At December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 none of the above recapture events had occurred, nor in the opinion of management are such events anticipated to occur in the foreseeable future. The following condensed financial statements summarize the financial position of WBCDC as of December 31, 2015, and the results of its operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2015: BALANCE SHEET (in thousands) December 31, 2015 Assets Cash and due from banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans, net of allowance for loan losses of $217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $26,317 42,958 1,062 1,043 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $71,380 Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shareholder Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 250 71,130 Total Liabilities and Shareholder Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $71,380 132 STATEMENT OF INCOME (in thousands) Interest income For the year ended December 31, 2015 Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recovery of loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,434 1,434 (32) 1,466 82 6 1,542 574 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 968 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) For the year ended December 31, 2015 Operating Activities Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recovery of loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investing Activities Decrease in loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing Activities Qualified equity investment by parent company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net increase in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 968 (32) (82) (513) (44) 297 1,750 1,750 — — 2,047 24,270 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $26,317 NOTE 19. TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES Certain directors and officers (including their affiliates, families and entities in which they are principal owners) of WesBanco and its subsidiaries are customers of, or suppliers to, those subsidiaries and have had, and are expected to have, transactions with the subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business. In addition, certain directors are also directors or officers of corporations that are customers of, or suppliers to, the Bank and have had, and are expected to have, transactions with the Bank in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, such transactions are consistent with prudent banking practices and are within applicable banking regulations. Indebtedness of related parties aggregated approximately $9.6 million, $4.4 million and $4.7 million as of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. During 2015, $8.8 million in related party loans were funded and $3.6 million were repaid or no longer related. At December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, none of the outstanding related party loans were past due 90 days or more, on non-accrual, or considered to be a TDR. 133 NOTE 20. REGULATORY MATTERS The Federal Reserve Bank is the primary regulator for the parent company, WesBanco. WesBanco Bank is a state non-member bank jointly regulated by the FDIC and the West Virginia Department of Banking. WesBanco is a legal entity separate and distinct from its subsidiaries and is dependent upon dividends from its subsidiary bank, WesBanco Bank, to provide funds for the payment of dividends to shareholders, fund its current stock repurchase plan and to provide for other cash requirements. The payment of dividends by WesBanco Bank to WesBanco is subject to state and federal banking regulations. Under applicable law, bank regulatory agency approval is required if the total of all dividends declared by a bank in any calendar year exceeds the available retained earnings or exceeds the aggregate of the bank’s net profits (as defined by regulatory agencies) for that year and its retained net profits for the preceding two years. As of December 31, 2015, under FDIC regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, a dividend of up to $51.3 million from WesBanco Bank. WesBanco and WesBanco Bank are also required to maintain non-interest bearing reserve balances with the Federal Reserve Bank. The average required reserve balance was $5.0 million during 2015 and 2014. Additionally, WesBanco and WesBanco Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements (risk- based capital ratios) administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by the regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material adverse effect on WesBanco’s financial results. All bank holding companies and banking subsidiaries are required to have common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) of at least 4.5%, core capital (“Tier 1”) of at least 6% of risk-weighted assets, total capital of at least 8% of risk- weighted assets, and a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%. Tier 1 capital consists principally of shareholders’ less goodwill and other equity; excluding items recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, intangibles. Total capital consists of Tier 1 capital plus the allowance for loan losses subject to limitation. The regulations also define “well-capitalized” levels of CET1, Tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital, and Tier 1 leverage capital as 6.5%, 8%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. WesBanco and WesBanco Bank were categorized as “well-capitalized” under the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act at December 31, 2015 and 2014. There are no conditions or events since December 31, 2015 that management believes have changed WesBanco’s “well-capitalized” category. The Basel III capital standards effective January 1, 2015 with a phase-in period ending January 1, 2019, establishes the minimum capital levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act, permanently grandfathers trust preferred securities as tier 1 capital issued before May 19, 2010 for bank holding companies under $15 billion, and increases the capital required for certain categories of assets. WesBanco currently has $106.2 million in junior subordinated debt in its Consolidated Balance Sheets presented as a separate category of long-term debt. For regulatory purposes, trust preferred securities totaling $103.0 million, issued by unconsolidated trust subsidiaries of WesBanco underlying such junior subordinated debt, are included in Tier 1 capital in accordance with current regulatory reporting requirements. The grandfather provision of the Dodd-Frank Act permits bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. 134 The following table summarizes risk-based capital amounts and ratios for WesBanco and the Bank: (dollars in thousands) WesBanco, Inc. Tier 1 leverage . . . . . . . . . . . . Common equity Tier 1 (3) . . . Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total capital to risk-weighted Minimum Value (1) 4.00% 4.50% December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Well Capitalized (2) Amount Ratio Minimum Amount (1) Amount Ratio Minimum Amount (1) 5.00% $751,748 6.50% 656,911 11.66% 253,418 9.38% $320,575 $593,031 9.88% $240,068 N/A N/A N/A 6.00% 8.00% 751,748 13.35% 337,891 593,031 13.76% 172,357 assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.00% 10.00% 794,643 14.11% 450,521 638,064 14.81% 344,714 WesBanco Bank, Inc. Tier 1 leverage . . . . . . . . . . . . Common equity Tier 1 (3) . . . Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total capital to risk-weighted 4.00% 4.50% 5.00% $701,384 6.50% 701,384 12.49% 252,793 8.77% $320,020 $516,689 8.63% $239,533 N/A N/A N/A 6.00% 8.00% 701,384 12.49% 337,057 516,689 12.04% 171,612 assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.00% 10.00% 743,923 13.24% 449,409 561,369 13.08% 343,225 (1) Minimum requirements to remain adequately capitalized. Minimums prior to January 1, 2015 were 4.00% for Tier 1 leverage and Tier 1 capital and 8.00% for total capital. (2) Well capitalized under prompt corrective action regulations. (3) The common equity Tier 1 ratio is a new regulatory ratio as of January 1, 2015, as the regulatory agencies adopted new guidelines for such ratio as a result of international adoption of the BASEL III regulatory capital accords in 2013. NOTE 21. CONDENSED PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Presented below are the Condensed Balance Sheets, Statements of Income and Statements of Cash Flows for the parent company: BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands) December 31, 2015 2014 ASSETS Cash and short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment in subsidiaries—Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment in subsidiaries—Nonbank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities available-for-sale, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 33,172 1,175,005 5,604 1,891 21,817 $ 61,732 814,227 5,343 2,189 17,553 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,237,489 $901,044 LIABILITIES Junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends payable and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 106,196 9,161 $106,176 6,678 Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,357 1,122,132 112,854 788,190 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,237,489 $901,044 135 STATEMENTS OF INCOME (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Dividends from subsidiaries—Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends from subsidiaries—Nonbank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $60,000 500 75 — 104 Total income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income tax benefit and undistributed net income of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit Income before undistributed net income of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,679 8,862 51,817 (2,971) 54,788 25,974 $59,500 1,200 128 745 416 61,989 7,139 $42,000 860 194 6 67 43,127 5,810 54,850 (2,006) 37,317 (2,132) 56,856 13,118 39,449 24,476 NET INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $80,762 $69,974 $63,925 The details of other comprehensive income and accumulated other comprehensive income are included in the consolidated financial statements. STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: For the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 80,762 $ 69,974 $ 63,925 Equity in undistributed net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Increase) decrease in other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other—net Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INVESTING ACTIVITIES Proceed from sales —securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions and additional capitalization of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FINANCING ACTIVITIES Repayment of junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of common stock warrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury shares (purchased) sold—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid to common and preferred shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (25,974) — 199 1,657 (13,118) (745) 1,908 1,968 (24,476) (6) (1,957) 1,975 56,644 59,987 39,461 210 1,990 1,009 1,465 1,675 — 1,990 (104) 905 (36,083) (13,000) — (2,247) (2,542) (33,007) — — — — 1,918 (25,136) (7,732) — 2,539 — (6,170) (22,243) Net cash used in financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (86,879) (23,218) (33,606) Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and short-term investments at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (28,560) 61,732 38,759 22,973 6,760 16,213 Cash and short-term investments at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 33,172 $ 61,732 $ 22,973 136 NOTE 22. BUSINESS SEGMENTS WesBanco operates two reportable segments: community banking and trust and investment services. WesBanco’s community banking segment offers services traditionally offered by full-service commercial banks, including commercial demand, individual demand and time deposit accounts, as well as commercial, mortgage and individual installment loans, and certain non-traditional offerings, such as insurance and securities brokerage services. The trust and investment services segment offers trust services as well as various alternative investment products including mutual funds. The market value of assets of the trust and investment services segment was approximately $3.6 billion, $3.8 billion and $3.7 billion at December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. These assets are held by WesBanco, in fiduciary or agency capacities for their customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Condensed financial information by business segment is presented below: (in thousands) Community Banking Trust and Investment Services Consolidated For the year ended December 31, 2015: Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $261,712 24,725 $ — — $261,712 24,725 236,987 8,353 228,634 52,566 181,821 99,379 24,496 — — — 21,900 12,102 9,798 3,919 236,987 8,353 228,634 74,466 193,923 109,177 28,415 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 74,883 $ 5,879 $ 80,762 For the year ended December 31, 2014: Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $215,991 22,763 $ — — $215,991 22,763 193,228 6,405 186,823 47,435 149,429 84,829 20,174 — — — 21,069 12,204 8,865 3,546 193,228 6,405 186,823 68,504 161,633 93,694 23,720 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 64,655 $ 5,319 $ 69,974 For the year ended December 31, 2013: Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $217,890 32,403 $ — — $217,890 32,403 185,487 9,086 176,401 49,708 149,136 76,973 17,677 — — — 19,577 11,862 7,715 3,086 185,487 9,086 176,401 69,285 160,998 84,688 20,763 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 59,296 $ 4,629 $ 63,925 137 Total non-fiduciary assets of the trust and investment services segment were $3.3 million, $4.0 million, and $3.9 million at December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. All other assets, including goodwill and other intangible assets, were allocated to the community banking segment. NOTE 23. CONDENSED QUARTERLY STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED) The following tables set forth unaudited consolidated selected quarterly statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. 2015 Quarter ended (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $60,379 5,424 $66,729 5,936 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,955 1,289 60,793 2,681 Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,666 18,168 22 53,441 18,415 4,528 58,112 18,072 — 46,589 29,595 7,962 $66,935 6,326 60,609 1,798 58,811 18,139 47 46,981 30,016 7,768 $67,660 7,040 60,620 2,585 58,035 19,146 880 46,894 31,167 8,165 Annual Total $261,712 24,725 236,987 8,353 228,634 73,518 948 193,923 109,177 28,415 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,887 $21,633 $22,248 $23,002 $ 80,762 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.40 0.40 $ $ 0.56 0.56 $ $ 0.58 0.58 $ $ 0.60 0.60 $ $ 2.15 2.15 2014 Quarter ended (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $53,457 6,132 $54,044 5,737 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,325 2,199 48,307 849 Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,126 17,039 10 40,095 22,080 5,659 47,458 18,076 165 40,304 25,395 6,520 $54,303 5,692 48,611 1,478 47,133 16,073 581 39,263 24,524 6,358 $54,185 5,199 48,986 1,880 47,106 16,413 147 41,972 21,694 5,182 Annual Total $215,991 22,763 193,228 6,405 186,823 67,601 903 161,633 93,694 23,720 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,421 $18,875 $18,166 $16,512 $ 69,974 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.56 0.56 $ $ 0.65 0.64 $ $ 0.62 0.62 $ $ 0.56 0.56 $ $ 2.39 2.39 138 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES WesBanco’s management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of WesBanco’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2015, pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15. Based upon that evaluation, the chief executive officer along with the chief financial officer concluded that WesBanco’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015, are effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to WesBanco (including its consolidated subsidiaries) required to be included in WesBanco’s periodic filings under the Exchange Act. No changes in WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting have occurred during our fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management’s Report on internal control over financial reporting and the audit report of Ernst & Young LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, on internal control over financial reporting is included within this report immediately following “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” and is incorporated in this Item 9A by reference. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 139 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Election of Directors, Continuing Directors, Executive Officers of the Corporation, Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance and Audit Committee. CODE OF ETHICS WesBanco has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including WesBanco’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and other executive officers. WesBanco’s “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” can be found posted on our website at http://www.wesbanco.com in the “About Us” section under “Investor Relations” under “Governance Documents”. WesBanco intends to disclose any changes or amendments to or waivers from this code of ethics on its website as well as the required filing of Form 8-K, under Item 5.05. WesBanco will provide a printed copy, free of charge, of WesBanco’s Code of Ethics to any shareholder requesting such information. To obtain a copy of WesBanco’s Code of Ethics, contact: Linda Woodfin, WesBanco, Inc., 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV 26003. (304) 234-9201 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Summary Compensation Table, Meetings of Board of Directors and Committees and Compensation of Members, Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation, Compensation Committee Report, Compensation Discussion and Analysis, Annual Incentive Awards and certain other sections. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this Item 12 (other than the information provided below under the heading Equity Compensation Plan Information) is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Ownership of Securities by Directors, Nominees and Officers and Beneficial Owners of More Than 5% of the Common Stock of the Corporation. The following table sets forth certain information with respect to securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2015. Equity Compensation Plan Information Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders . . . . . . Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options Number of securities remaining for future issuance under equity compensation plans 299,500 None $25.93 None 288,541 None ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Transactions with Directors and Officers and Election of Directors. Additional information concerning related party transactions is set forth in the Annual Report under Note 19, “Transactions with Related Parties” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. 140 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the heading Independent Auditors. 141 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (A) CERTAIN DOCUMENTS FILED AS PART OF THE FORM 10-K PART IV (1) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: Reference is made to Part II Item 8, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES: No financial statement schedules are being filed since the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements or related Notes. (3) EXHIBIT LISTING Exhibits listed in this Exhibit Index of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are filed herein or are incorporated by reference. 142 Exhibit Number 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 EXHIBIT INDEX Document Location Agreement and Plan of Merger dated October 29, 2014 by and between Wesbanco, Inc., Wesbanco Bank, Inc., ESB Financial Corporation and ESB Bank. Restated Articles of Incorporation of WesBanco, Inc. Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of WesBanco, Inc. Bylaws of WesBanco, Inc. (As Amended and Restated February 24, 2011). Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of WesBanco, Inc., dated April 24, 2015, increasing authorized common shares from 50,000,000 to 100,000,000. Specimen Certificate of WesBanco, Inc. Common Stock. Junior Subordinated Indenture dated June 19, 2003 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and The Bank of New York, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco, Inc. Capital Trust II. Indenture dated June 26, 2003 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco, Inc. Capital Statutory Trust III. Indenture dated June 17, 2004 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco Capital Trust IV dated June 17, 2004. Indenture dated June 17, 2004 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco Capital Trust V dated June 17, 2004. 143 Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 29, 2014 Incorporated by reference to a prior Registration Statement on Form S-4 under Registration No. 333-03905 filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 16, 1996. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 15, 1998. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2011. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Committsion on July 30, 2015. Incorporated by reference to a prior Registration Statement on Form S-4 under Registration No. 33-42157 filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 1991. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2003. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2003. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2004. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2004. Exhibit Number 4.6 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 Document Location Indenture dated March 17, 2005 entered into between WesBanco, Inc. and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco Capital Trust VI dated March 17, 2005. WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option and Restricted Stock Plan as adopted February 13, 1998 and as amended and restated February 25, 2010. ** Employment Agreement, dated November 30, 2001, by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., WesBanco, Inc. and Brent E. Richmond.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 18, 2005. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2010. Incorporated by reference to a prior Registration Statement on Form S-4 under Registration No. 333-74814 filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 10, 2001. Employment Agreement dated June 30, 2001, by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., Robert H. Young and WesBanco, Inc.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2002. Letter Agreement and Committed Line of Credit Note, dated September 5, 2014, between WesBanco, Inc. and PNC Bank, National Association. Form of Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and Robert H. Young.** Form of Amended and Restated Salary Continuation Agreement—With Change in Control Provision by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc. and executive officers (along with their related 10 year benefit at age 65) as follows: Robert H. Young ($40,000) and Brent E. Richmond ($12,000).** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 8, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2005. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2005. WesBanco, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan— For Directors and Eligible Employees (as amended). ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 2006. Form of Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., Brent E. Richmond, Michael L. Perkins and Jayson M. Zatta.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2006. Form of Executive Compensation Amendment Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and Robert H. Young.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 2009. Form of Executive Compensation Amendment Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and Robert H. Young.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 10, 2009. 144 Exhibit Number 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 Document Location Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan—Stock Option Agreement. ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2010. Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan—Restricted Stock Agreement. ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2010. Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc. and employee as follows: Lynn D. Asensio and Jonathan D. Dargusch.** Form of Change in Control Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and executive officers: Lynn D. Asensio, Jonathan D. Dargusch and Todd F. Clossin.** Restricted Stock Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc. and Todd F. Clossin.** Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated April 24, 2014, by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., Todd F. Clossin and WesBanco, Inc.** WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, Amended and Restated, effective January 1, 2014. ** First Amendment to the WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, effective January 1, 2014.** Second Amendment to the WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, effective January 1, 2014.** Separation Agreement and Release and Waiver of Claims, dated October 29, 2014, by and among ESB Financial Corporation, ESB Bank, Charlotte A. Zuschlag, Wesbanco, Inc. and Wesbanco Bank, Inc.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2003. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 24, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 24, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2015 Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2015 Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2015 Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2015. Employment Agreement, dated October 29, 2014, by and between Wesbanco Bank, Inc., Charlotte A. Zuschlag, and Wesbanco, Inc.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2015. Non-competition Agreement, dated October 29, 2014, by and between Wesbanco, Inc., Wesbanco Bank, Inc. and Charlotte A. Zuschlag.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2015. 145 Exhibit Number 10.23 10.24 10.25 11 21 23 24 31.1 31.2 32.1 101 Document Location Form of Employment Agreement by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., WesBanco Inc., and executive officers (effective date): Jayson M. Zatta (effective March 1, 2015)** Wesbanco, Inc. Administrative Rules for the Total Shareholder Return Plan.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 24, 2015. Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan—Total Shareholder Return Agreement.** * Computation of Earnings Per Common Share. Computation of earnings per common share is set forth under Note 3, “Earnings Per Common Share” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. * * * * * * *** Significant Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Ernst & Young LLP. Power of Attorney. Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Periodic Report Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e). Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Periodic Report Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e). Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The following materials from WesBanco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2015 and 2014, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, and (v) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Filed herewith Indicates management compensatory plan, contract, or arrangement * ** *** Filed electronically 146 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the Requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 26, 2016. WESBANCO, INC. By: /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated, on February 26, 2016. By: /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director (Principal Executive Officer) By: /s/ Robert H. Young Robert H. Young Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) By: /s/ James C. Gardill James C. Gardill Chairman of the Board The Directors of WesBanco (listed below) executed a power of attorney appointing Todd F. Clossin their attorney-in-fact, empowering him to sign this report on their behalf. Christopher V. Criss Ernest S. Fragale D. Bruce Knox Paul M. Limbert Jay T. McCamic By: /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin Attorney-in-fact Ronald W. Owen Richard G. Spencer Reed J. Tanner Charlotte A. Zuschlag 147 WESBANCO, INC. OFFICERS & DIRECTORS OFFICERS James C. Gardill Chairman of the Board Todd F. Clossin President & Chief Executive Officer Robert H. Young Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer Ivan L. Burdine Executive Vice President & Chief Credit Officer Jayson M. Zatta Executive Vice President & Chief Lending Officer DIRECTORS ** Todd F. Clossin* President & Chief Executive Officer WesBanco, Inc. & WesBanco Bank, Inc. Wheeling, WV Christopher V. Criss * President & Chief Executive Officer Atlas Towing Company Parkersburg, WV Abigail M. Feinknopf Marketing Representative Feinknopf Photography Columbus, OH Ernest S. Fragale Vice President Daisy Development Company Bridgeport, WV James C. Gardill * Attorney-at-Law Phillips, Gardill, Kaiser & Altmeyer PLLC Wheeling, WV Lynn D. Asensio Executive Vice President Retail Branch Operations Jonathan D. Dargusch Executive Vice President Wealth Management Gregory A. Dugan Executive Vice President Senior Operations Officer Michael L. Perkins Executive Vice President Chief Risk & Administrative Officer Anthony F. Pietranton Executive Vice President Human Resources Vaughn L. Kiger * President Old Colony Realtors Morgantown, WV D. Bruce Knox Investor McArthur, OH Paul M. Limbert * President & Chief Executive Officer, Retired WesBanco, Inc. Wheeling, WV Jay T. McCamic Attorney-at-Law McCamic, Sacco & McCoid PLLC Wheeling, WV F. Eric Nelson, Jr. President Nelson Enterprises, Inc. Charleston, WV Brent E. Richmond Executive Vice President Treasury & Strategic Planning Anthony R. Costantino Senior Vice President & Controller Stephen J. Lawrence Senior Vice President & Chief Internal Auditor Linda M. Woodfin Secretary Ronald W. Owen Vice President Fidelity National Title Insurance Co. Pittsburgh, PA Henry L. Schulhoff * President Schulhoff & Co., Inc. Cincinnati, OH Richard G. Spencer President & Chief Executive Officer, Retired Fidelity Bancorp, Inc. & Fidelity Savings Bank Pittsburgh, PA Reed J. Tanner, CPA RTanner Associates, PLLC Morgantown, WV Charlotte A. Zuschlag* President & Chief Executive Officer, Retired ESB Financial Corporation & ESB Bank Ellwood City, PA DIRECTORS EMERITI R. Peterson Chalfant Joan C. Stamp Ray A. Byrd John W. Fisher, II Executive Committee * ** Directors of WesBanco, Inc. also serve as Directors of WesBanco Bank, Inc. SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION 2015 High Low Fourth quarter Third quarter Second quarter First quarter $34.32 36.11 35.39 35.08 $29.49 29.26 30.75 30.11 2014 Fourth quarter Third quarter Second quarter First quarter High Low $35.70 32.11 32.49 32.38 $29.71 28.87 28.27 26.77 Dividend Declared $0.230 0.230 0.230 0.230 Dividend Declared $0.220 0.220 0.220 0.220 AUTOMATIC DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN Shareholders may elect to reinvest their dividends in additional shares of WesBanco common stock through the Corporation’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan. Shareholders also may invest optional cash payments of up to $5,000 per month in our common stock at an average market price. To arrange automatic purchase of shares with quarterly dividend proceeds, please contact Computershare Investor Services, LLC at the address, phone or email noted previously. CODE OF ETHICS WesBanco has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and other executive officers. WesBanco’s “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” can be found posted on our website at www.wesbanco.com in the “Investor Relations” section under “Governance Documents”. WesBanco intends to disclose any changes or amendments to this code of ethics on its website. STOCK REGISTRAR & TRANSFER AGENT First Class/Registered/Certified Mail Computershare P.O. Box 30170 College Station, TX 77842 Courier Service Computershare 211 Quality Circle, Suite 210 College Station, TX 77845 (888) 294-8217 or (781) 575-3120 (non-U.S.) www.computershare.com/investor STOCK TRADING The NASDAQ Global Select Market Symbol: WSBC CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV 26003 Phone: (304) 234-9000 Fax: (304) 234-9450 www.wesbanco.com INVESTOR RELATIONS Contact: John Iannone Phone: 304-905-7021 MARKET MAKERS IN WESBANCO STOCK This list represents the top ten registered market makers by volume in 2015 excluding electronic trading networks: Barclays Capital Inc.; Citadel Securities LLC; Credit Suisse Securities USA; Goldman, Sachs & Co.; J.P. Morgan Securities LLC; Knight Capital Americas LLC; Latour Trading LLC; Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner; Morgan Stanley & Co., LLC; UBS Securities LLC. ANNUAL MEETING The Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held Wednesday, April 20, 2016 at 12:00 noon E.T. at: Glessner Auditorium Wilson Lodge Oglebay Resort and Conference Center Wheeling, WV 26003 WESBANCO EMAIL ALERTS Readers may subscribe to WesBanco email alerts for company events, document filings, press releases, and WesBanco’s nightly closing stock price in the “Investor Relations” section of the WesBanco website at www.wesbanco.com. EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER WesBanco, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity Employer. DIRECT DEPOSIT If you have a deposit relationship with WesBanco, cash dividends can be deposited directly to your bank account. Dividends will be deposited on the date the dividend is payable, and you will receive a confirmation of payment when the dividend is deposited to your account. ANNUAL DISCLOSURE STATEMENT AND NOTICE OF FORM 10-K This Annual Report on Form 10-K serves as the annual disclosure statement as required by the FDIC. Upon written request of any shareholder, the Corporation will provide, without charge, a copy of its 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K, including financial statements and schedules, as required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. To obtain a copy of Form 10-K, contact: John Iannone WesBanco, Inc. 1 Bank Plaza Wheeling, WV 26003 (304) 905-7021 The Form 10-K is also available electronically on WesBanco’s website at www.wesbanco.com or at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. WESBANCO, INC. 1 BANK PLAZA WHEELING, WV 26003 www.wesbanco.com 

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