Innodata
Annual Report 2008

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, D.C. 20549FORM 10-K(Mark One)þ Annual report under section 13 or 15(d) of the securities exchange act of 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008o Transition report under section 13 or 15(d) of the securities exchange act of 1934Commission file number 0-22196INNODATA ISOGEN, INC.(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)Delaware13-3475943 (State or other jurisdiction of(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)incorporation or organization) Three University Plaza Hackensack, New Jersey07601 (Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code) (201) 371-2828 (Registrant's telephone number) Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredCommon Stock $.01 par value The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLCSecurities registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: NoneIndicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.Yes o No þþIndicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes o No þþIndicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934during the past twelve months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filingrequirements for the past 90 days. Yes þþ No oIndicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers in response to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to thebest of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to thisForm 10-K. þþIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filerand large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.Large accelerated filer oAccelerated filer þþNon-accelerated filer oSmaller reporting company oIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Yes o No þþThe aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (based on the closing price reported on the Nasdaq StockMarket on June 30, 2008) was $60,184,071.The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, $.01 par value, as of February 28, 2009 was 24,119,499.DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Items 10,11,12,13 and14 of Part III of this Form 10-K.  INNODATA ISOGEN, INCForm 10-KFor the Year Ended December 31, 2008TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Part I Item 1.Business1Item 1A.Risk Factors9Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments13Item 2.Properties13Item 3.Legal Proceedings13Item 4.Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders14 Part II Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities15Item 6.Selected Financial Data16Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations17Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks32Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data32Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure32Item 9A.Controls and Procedures33 Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting33 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm34Item 9B.Other Information35 Part III Item 10.Directors and Executive Officers and Corporate Governance36Item 11.Executive Compensation36Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters36Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence36Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and Services36 Part IV Item 15.Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules and Reports on Form 8-K37 Signatures38  PART IDisclosures in this Form 10-K contain certain forward-looking statements, including without limitation, statements concerning our operations, economicperformance, and financial condition. These forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private SecuritiesLitigation Reform Act of 1995. The words “estimate,” “believe,” “expect,” and “anticipate” and other similar expressions generally identify forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates.These forward-looking statements are based largely on our current expectations, and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including withoutlimitation, the primarily at-will nature of the Company’s contracts with its customers and the ability of customers to reduce, delay or cancel projects,including projects that the Company regards as recurring, continuing revenue concentration in a limited number of clients, continuing reliance on project-based work, inability to replace projects that are completed, cancelled or reduced, depressed market conditions, changes in external market factors, theability and willingness of our clients and prospective clients to execute business plans which give rise to requirements for digital content and professionalservices in knowledge processing, difficulty in integrating and deriving synergies from acquisitions, potential undiscovered liabilities of companies that weacquire, changes in our business or growth strategy, the emergence of new or growing competitors, various other competitive and technological factors,and other risks and uncertainties set forth under “Risk Factors.”Our actual results could differ materially from the results referred to in the forward-looking statements. In light of these risks and uncertainties, there canbe no assurance that the results referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this release will occur.We undertake no obligation to update or review any guidance or other forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, futuredevelopments or otherwise.Item 1. Description of Business. Business Overview We provide knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) services, as well as publishing and related information technology (IT) services, that help leadingmedia, publishing and information services companies create, manage and maintain their products. We also provide our services to companies in otherinformation-intensive industries, such as information technology, manufacturing, aerospace, defense, government, law and intelligence. We help our clients lower costs, realize productivity gains and improve operations, enabling them to compete more effectively in demanding globalmarkets. Our publishing services include digitization, conversion, composition, data modeling and XML encoding. Our KPO services include research andanalysis, authoring, copy-editing, abstracting, indexing and other content creation activities. We often combine publishing services and KPO services withina single client engagement, providing an end-to-end content supply chain solution.Our staff of IT systems professionals design, implement, integrate and deploy systems and technologies used to improve the efficiency of authoring,managing and distributing content. 1 We use a distributed global resource model. Our onshore workforce (consisting of consultants, information architects, solution architects, andprogram managers) works from our North American and European offices, as well as from client sites. Our distributed global workforce (consisting ofencoders, graphic artists, project managers, programmers, data architects performing publishing services, and advanced degree holders such as physicians,attorneys, MBAs and engineers who perform our KPO services) deliver those services from our ten offshore facilities in India, the Philippines, Sri Lanka andIsrael.For fiscal 2008, our revenue was $75.0 million, representing an increase of 11% over 2007, and our net income before income taxes was $5.5million, an increase of 23% compared to a net income before income taxes in 2007 of $4.5 million. For fiscal 2007, our revenue was $67.7 million,representing an increase of 65% over 2006, and our income before income taxes was $4.5 million, as compared to a loss before income taxes in 2006 of $7.4million.Services that we anticipate a client will require for an indefinite period generate what we regard as recurring revenues. Services that terminate uponcompletion of a defined task generate what we regard as project, or non-recurring, revenues. Approximately 68% of our revenues were recurring in the fiscalyear ended December 31, 2008 as compared to 61% in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006.In 2008, we provided our services to approximately 170 clients primarily in four content-intensive sectors: ·Media, publishing and information services, including clients such as EBSCO and Reed Elsevier; ·Defense and aerospace, including clients such as Hamilton Sundstrand and Lockheed Martin; ·Government and advanced programs, including clients such as the Defense Intelligence Agency and the Financial Accounting Standards Board;and ·Commercial and technology, including clients such as Alcatel-Lucent and Nortel.Our business is organized and managed around three vectors: a vertical industry focus, a horizontal service/process focus, and a focus on supportiveoperations.Our vertically-aligned groups understand our clients’ businesses and strategic initiatives and are able to help them meet their goals. With respect to media,publishing and information services, for example, we have continued to hire experts out of that sector to establish solutions and services tailored tocompanies in that sector. They work with many of the world’s leading media, publishing and information services companies, dealing with challengesinvolving new product creation, product maintenance, digitization, content management and content creation.Our service/process-aligned groups are comprised of engineering and delivery personnel responsible for creating the most efficient and cost-effective customworkflows. These workflows integrate proprietary and third-party technologies, while harnessing the benefits of a globally distributed workforce. They areresponsible for executing our client engagements in accordance with our service-level agreements and ensuring client satisfaction.Our support groups are responsible for managing a diverse group of enabling functions, including human resources and recruiting, global technologyinfrastructure and physical infrastructure and facilities.Our OpportunityMedia, publishing and information services companies, as well as companies in other content-intensive sectors, are increasingly seeking ways to reducecontent costs as well as to accelerate delivery times and improve quality. Increasingly, they view outsourcing, along with technology and process re-engineering, as crucial strategies for accomplishing these objectives. 2 The trend toward outsourcing has accelerated in recent years. Businesses are outsourcing their internal processes – often to offshore providers – to improveproductivity and manage costs. By leveraging offshore talent, companies are increasingly boosting their profits, productivity, quality levels, business valueand performance. As outsourcing to offshore providers has become more accepted, a growing number of organizations have become more confident inmaking the decision to outsource business operations to Asia and other high-value labor markets. Moreover, the notion of what can be outsourced and thebenefits that can be achieved via outsourcing continue to expand. Client demands are evolving toward higher value-added and more complex services,including research and analysis, editorial tasks and other knowledge-based functions. This trend is driven by competitive pressures as well as by advances intechnology.The KPO market is in its formative stages, but is expected to become quite large. Overall demand is expected to range in the tens of billions of dollars withinthe next decade. An increasing number of companies are outsourcing high-end knowledge work as they seek to gain cost-savings and operational efficienciesand access the highly talented workforce in countries such as the Philippines and India. Universities in those countries are graduating thousands of qualifiedlawyers, doctors and scientists each year. As technology makes it possible to move vast amounts of data across the globe at relatively low cost, it is now quitecost effective for companies to tap into this labor pool.With respect to information and content processes, there is growing awareness that labor cost reduction is only part of the solution. Advances in technologiesfor creating, managing, finding, sharing and delivering content (including text analytics, semantic technologies and search technologies) have enabled whatwere previously manual tasks to become either fully or partially automated.As a result, content-driven companies, like media, publishing and information services companies, are increasingly relying on service providers,such as Innodata Isogen, to provide both outsourcing and related IT services.To meet this demand, we have assembled dedicated teams of scientists, doctors, lawyers and other subject matter experts, armed with an in-depthunderstanding of complex technical material. For increasing numbers of clients, we are becoming an extended part of their work teams, helping them enhanceand create content, write technical documentation and deliver research and analysis services utilizing global resources as well as advanced technologies.Our ServicesWe believe that we have developed an effective set of core competencies that enable us to help information-intensive companies reduce their operating costs,realize benefits of scale and flexible cost structures and achieve significant process improvements. Our business model combines a global offshore staff, on-site staff and technologists who integrate internally-developed and best-in-class third party products to continually improve the efficiency of our processes.We provide a broad and expanding range of publishing services, knowledge process outsourcing services and engineering and consulting services.Publishing Services – Our publishing services include activities such as digitization, conversion, composition, data modeling and XMLencoding. Typically, we bill clients for services based upon the units of information we produce and deliver. 3 For example, we are helping several publishers take advantage of the growing interest in eBooks. We are digitizing and converting thousands of books intoan eBook-ready format for a global electronics manufacturer that has recently launched a new digital reading device for consumers.We are also helping leading publishers of scientific, technical and medical journals aggregate content, copy-edit author submissions and composejournal pages for both online and print publication. For one such publisher, seeking to build one of the world’s largest databases of scientific journalcitations and references, we created records of nearly 15,000 journal titles going back almost 13 years, encoded in a way that supports integrated websearches and seamless linking.Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (KPO) Services – Our KPO services specifically target processes that demand advanced information analysis andinterpretation, as well as judgment and decision-making. For information and media companies, these services include content creation and enhancement,analytics, taxonomy and controlled vocabulary development, hyperlinking, indexing, abstracting, technical writing and editing, copy-editing and generaleditorial services, including the provision of synopses and annotations. These services cover a wide spectrum of disciplines, including medicine, law,engineering, management, finance, science and the humanities. To provide these services, we have organized knowledge teams that consist of educated andhighly trained people with expertise in relevant subjects. We typically price our knowledge services based on the quantity delivered or resources utilized.For example, we support several providers of medical informatics products and clinical decision support systems. Our physicians and health careprofessionals create content for these systems by analyzing the latest medical journal articles and conference proceedings.In many of our engagements, we perform end-to-end services that combine publishing and KPO services, using advanced technologies, to provide fullyoutsourced content supply chain solutions. For example, under a long-term engagement, we maintain a leading bibliographic citations database, managing,on behalf of our client, a continuing production process in which we first aggregate, digitize and convert data from multiple sources and then have healthcareprofessionals perform analyses of the data and create derivative data for inclusion in the client database. Our engineering staff continues to drive theautomation of several of these underlying processes.We are also using our KPO delivery capabilities that we use to support information companies as a springboard to enable us to enter new markets and providenew services. For example, we are using our legal subject matter experts who deliver KPO services to media, publishing and information services companiesto also provide select KPO services - such as research and document review - to corporate law offices and law firms. In 2007, we launched two new KPO services: research and analysis and technical writing. For research and analysis projects, we form dedicatedteams of subject matter experts to provide expert research and analysis on a wide range of topics, from media analysis and medical studies to technical patentsubmissions and reports on energy markets. For example, we are helping a leading publisher provide detailed information on patents to its subscribers – executives at Fortune 500 companiesand inventors and scientists at leading research institutes. We are also helping a leading information services provider deliver critical news to executives inseveral industries. We put in place a streamlined process and an advanced set of tools to enable our employees to monitor incoming news, select relevantstories and write daily summaries, which we then post directly to our client’s website. We are also building upon our extensive experience in technical documentation to provide outsourcing services for corporate technical writingteams. Most departments responsible for delivering vital technical information about products or services are also under increasing pressure to cut costs. Weoffer them the ability to blend internal and external resources by basing key staff at headquarters while pushing content development to offshore locations. Inthis way, we deliver cost savings to our clients, enabling them to provide better documentation and improve efficiency and productivity. 4 As an example, we are providing technical writing services for a leading global technology manufacturer. We have expanded our teamapproximately ten-fold in about 24 months, growing from five resources in early 2007 to more than 50 by December 2008, which include project managers,writers and editors who work from multiple locations across China, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and the United States. Co-locating technical documentationteams in China, where our client manufactures equipment, and our production centers in other Asian locales, has eased collaboration and has helped ourclient establish a stronger working relationship between its engineers and the writing team. Just as important, our outsourcing team is helping the companycontinue to generate quality documentation – ensuring that our client’s customers use its products effectively – while also reducing our client’s overall costs.Technology Services — Both our publishing services and KPO services are supported by our technology engineering teams, comprised of solutionarchitects, analysts, programmers and systems integrators. A number of our engineering staff have played leadership roles in the development of structuredinformation standards such as Standard General Markup Language (SGML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), as well as XML-based standards such asDarwin Typing Information Architecture (DITA) and S1000D.Our technologists build the workflow and tools that we utilize internally for projects that we perform for clients on an outsourced basis. They also provideservices directly to clients.Their role in outsourced projects is to improve efficiency and quality. They continually design and develop productivity tools to automate manual processesand improve the consistency and quality of our work product. These tools include categorization engines that utilize pattern recognition algorithms based oncomprehensive rule sets and related heuristics, data extraction tools that automatically retrieve specific types of information from large data sources, andworkflow systems that enable various tasks and activities to be performed across our multiple facilities.When working directly for clients, our engineers provide IT services (which include systems integration, custom application development, applicationsmaintenance, tool evaluation and training) which are typically provided on a project basis that does not generate significant amounts of recurringrevenue. Clients who use these services typically require publishing, performance support or process automation systems that enable information to becreated, managed and distributed utilizing the most cost efficient and effective technologies.For example, we helped the world’s leading software company create automated processes for reducing the cost of creating online help information. Ourengineering staff created the systems that are used by one of the world’s largest manufacturers of computers and peripherals to create and publish multi-lingual product support and technical information. It also collaborated with Lockheed Martin to build a content management system and digital assetmanagement system for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter program. For a leading electronic publisher of financial data, it automated the process of extracting andnormalizing detailed financial information from public company filings. Our staff define client requirements (often working on-site at clients during thisprocess), write specifications and design, develop, test and integrate technologies. Projects vary in size and duration.To better support an ongoing engagement with a $10 billion information services company, our engineering staff developed a machine-aided indexingsolution that uses lemmatization (the process that determines the most crucial term in a sentence to reflect its meaning and context) and semantically-drivennatural language analysis to deliver precision and recall at 95% accuracy. Once the text is tokenized or assigned a value according to the words in aparticular sentence, a set of rules and linguistic filters are then used to identify candidate term phrases within the text. The system also extracts terms andranks them based on the decreasing likelihood of accuracy against a thesaurus that applies simple string matching. This automation enables us to addmillions of additional topics to the publisher’s database, which may then be further enhanced by our editorial teams. 5 Consulting Services — Our publishing services and KPO services are also supported by our consulting staff, who collaborate with clients in analyzing theirpublishing and business environments, identifying opportunities for optimization and creating roadmaps for significant cost savings and productivityimprovement. Their expertise includes offshoring strategy, technology strategy and business process re-engineering related to information and contentcreation, management and distribution.For example, our consulting staff is working with one of the world’s largest special interest publishers, helping it create an optimized content processingfunction drawing upon outsourced services and the latest content technologies. With more than 3,000 titles in print, the client desires an end-to-endpublishing solution that addresses its current and anticipated requirements for print and online publishing.A leading $5 billion global information services company engaged our consulting group to help re-engineer internal processes and providerecommendations regarding outsourcing tasks and activities presently performed in-house. The team performed a detailed as-is analysis and collaboratedwith the client in developing a future-state solution that specifically supported the ability to re-purpose content, using existing content to develop newinformation products.ClientsIn 2008, we provided our services to approximately 170 clients.Four clients generated approximately 57%, 61% and 54% of our total revenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.Revenues from clients located in foreign countries (principally in Europe) accounted for 21%, 23% and 37% of our total revenues for each of these respectivefiscal years.We have long standing relationships with many of our clients. We have been continually providing services to our top four clients for over eight years.Approximately 95% of clients are recurring clients, meaning that they have continued to provide additional projects to us after their initial engagement. Ourtrack record of delivering high-quality services helps us to solidify client relationships and gain increased business from our existing clients. As a result, ourhistory of client retention enables us to derive a significant proportion of revenue from repeat clients.A substantial portion of the services we provide to our clients is subject solely to their requirements. Our agreements with clients are in most cases terminableon 30 to 90 days' notice.Competitive StrengthsOur vertical expertise. We are primarily focused on the media, publishing and information services vertical market. We maintain a staff of highly skilledexperts to provide a range of end-to-end business solutions. In addition, we utilize our underlying domain experts in law, medicine, finance and engineeringto provide additional value-added KPO services directly to these sectors.Our global delivery model. We have operations in seven countries in North America, Europe and Asia. We provide services to our clients through acomprehensive global delivery model that integrates both local and global resources to obtain the best economic results. For example, we create high-endwebsite content using teams from India, the Philippines and Israel that together constitute a global workflow. We use a similar approach in providingtechnical writing services to a large telecommunications company, virtually joining resources from the United States, the Philippines and China. Our offshoreoutsourcing centers are ISO 9001:2000 certified and our engineering and IT facility in Noida, India meets ISO/IEC 27001:2005 specifications.Our proven track record and reputation. By consistently providing high-quality services, we have achieved a track record of project successes. Thistrack record is embodied by our reputation as a leader in the KPO marketplace, especially within the media, publishing and information services sector. Thisreputation or brand provides an assurance of expertise, quality execution and risk mitigation. 6 Our focus on technology and engineering. Rather than simply relying on labor cost arbitrage to create value for clients, our engineering team optimizesefficiency by integrating proprietary and best-in-class third party tools into our workflows. In addition, our engineering team provides work directly to ourclients, helping them achieve better improved efficiencies within their own operations.Our long-term relationships with clients. We have long-term relationships with many of our clients, who frequently retain us for additional projectsafter a successful initial engagement. In 2008, existing clients from prior years generated more than 97% of our revenues. We believe there are significantopportunities for additional growth with our existing clients, and we seek to expand these relationships by increasing the depth and breadth of the serviceswe provide. This strategy allows us to use our in-depth client-specific knowledge to provide more fully integrated KPO services and develop closerrelationships with those clients.Our ability to scale. We have demonstrated the ability to expand our teams and facilities to meet the needs of our clients. By virtue of the significantnumbers of professional staff working on projects, we are able to build teams for new engagements quickly. We have also demonstrated the ability to hire andtrain people quickly.Our internal infrastructure. We utilize established facilities, technology and communications infrastructure to support our business model. We ownand operate some of the most advanced content production facilities in the world, which are linked by multi-redundant data connections. Our Wide AreaNetwork – along with our Local Area Networks, Storage Area Networks and data centers – is configured with full redundancy, often with more than onebackup to ensure 24x7 availability. Our infrastructure is built to accommodate advanced tools, processes and technologies that support our content andtechnical experts.Our focus on quality. We believe strongly in quality throughout our organization. We maintain independent quality assurance capabilities in allgeographies where we operate. Our quality teams are compliant and certified to the ISO 9000:2000 quality management system standards.Sales and MarketingWe market and sell our services directly through our professional staff, senior management and direct sales personnel operating out of our corporateheadquarters in Hackensack, New Jersey, just outside New York City, our Dallas, Texas office and our Paris, France office. We have four executive-levelbusiness development and marketing professionals, and during 2008, we maintained approximately 13 full-time sales and marketing personnel. We alsodeploy solutions architects, technical support experts and consultants who support the development of new clients and new client engagements. Theseresources work within teams (both permanent and ad hoc) that provide support to clients.Our sales professionals identify and qualify prospects, securing direct personal access to decision makers at existing and prospective clients. They facilitateinteractions between client personnel and our service teams to better define ways in which we can assist clients with their goals. For each prospective clientengagement, we assemble a team of our senior employees drawn from various disciplines within our company. The team members assume assigned roles in aformalized process, using their combined knowledge and experience to understand the client’s goals and collaborate with the client on a solution.Sales activities include the design and generation of presentations and proposals, account and client relationship management and the organization ofaccount activities. 7 Personnel from our project analysis group and our engineering services group closely support our direct sales effort. These individuals assist the sales forcein understanding the technical needs of clients and providing responses to these needs, including demonstrations, prototypes, pricing quotations and timeestimates. In addition, account managers from our customer service group support our direct sales effort by providing ongoing project-level support to ourclients.Our marketing organization is responsible for developing and increasing the visibility and awareness of our brand and our service offerings, defining andcommunicating our value proposition, generating qualified, early-stage leads and furnishing effective sales support tools.Primary marketing outreach activities include event marketing (including exhibiting at trade shows, conferences and seminars), direct and databasemarketing; public and media relations (including speaking engagements and active participation in industry and technical standard bodies), and webmarketing (including integrated marketing campaigns, search engine optimization, search engine marketing and the maintenance and continueddevelopment of external websites).Research and DevelopmentWe did not incur any research and development costs in 2008 and 2007. In 2006, we spent approximately $922,000 on research and development.CompetitionThe market for publishing services and related KPO and IT services is highly competitive, fragmented and intense. Our major competitors include SPITechnologies, Apex CoVantage, Aptara, Thomson Digital, MacMillan India and Cenveo.We believe that we compete successfully by offering high-quality services and favorable pricing that leverages our technical skills, IT infrastructure, processknowledge, offshore model and economies of scale. Our competitive advantages are especially attractive to clients for undertakings that are technicallysophisticated, require “high-end” talent, are sizable in scope or scale, are continuing, or that require a highly fail-safe environment with technologyredundancy.As a provider of these services, we also compete with in-house personnel at existing or prospective clients who may attempt to duplicate our services in-house.LocationsWe are headquartered in Hackensack, New Jersey, just outside New York City. We have additional offices in Dallas, Texas; Paris, France; and Beijing, China.We have ten production facilities in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel. We were incorporated in Delaware in 1988.EmployeesAs of December 31, 2008, we employed approximately 45 persons in the United States and Europe and approximately 6,700 persons in ten productionfacilities in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel. Most of our employees have graduated from at least a two-year college program. Many of ouremployees hold advanced degrees in law, business, technology, medicine and social sciences. No employees are currently represented by a labor union, andwe believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory. 8 Corporate InformationOur principal executive offices are located at Three University Plaza, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, and our telephone number is (201) 371-2828. Ourwebsite is www.innodata-isogen.com, and information contained on our website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this AnnualReport on Form 10-K. There we make available, free of charge, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K,and any amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practical after we electronically file that material with, or furnish it to, the Securities andExchange Commission (SEC). Our SEC reports can be obtained through the Investor Relations section of our website or from the Securities and ExchangeCommission at www.sec.gov.Item 1A. Risk Factors.We have historically relied on a very limited number of clients that have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues, and our results ofoperations could be adversely affected if were to lose one or more of these significant clients.We have historically relied on a very limited number of clients that have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues. Four clients generatedapproximately 57%, 61% and 54% of our revenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. We may lose any of these, orour other major clients, as a result of our failure to meet or satisfy our clients’ requirements, the completion or termination of a project or engagement, or theclient’s selection of another service provider.In addition, the volume of work performed for our major clients may vary from year to year, and services they require from us may change from year to year. Ifthe volume of work performed for our major clients varies or if the services they require from us change, our revenues and results of operations could beadversely affected, and we may incur a loss from operations. Our services are typically subject to client requirements, and in most cases are terminable upon30 to 90 days’ notice.A significant portion of our services is provided on a non-recurring basis for specific projects, and our inability to replace large projects when they arecompleted has adversely affected, and could in the future adversely affect, our revenues and results of operations.We provide a portion of our services for specific projects that generate revenues that terminate on completion of a defined task, and we regard these revenuesas non-recurring. Non-recurring revenues derived from these project-based arrangements accounted for approximately 32%, 39% and 39% of our totalrevenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. While we seek, wherever possible, on completion of large projects, tocounterbalance periodic declines in revenues with new arrangements to provide services to the same client or others, our inability to obtain sufficient newprojects to counterbalance any decreases in such work may adversely affect our future revenues and results of operations.A large portion of our accounts receivable is payable by a limited number of clients; the inability of any of these clients to pay its accounts receivablewould adversely affect our results of operations.Several significant clients account for a large percentage of our accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2008, 51% or $7.2 million, of our accountsreceivable was due from two clients. If any of these clients were unable, or refused, for any reason, to pay our accounts receivable, our financial condition andresults of operations would be adversely affected.Quarterly fluctuations in our results of operations could make financial forecasting difficult and could negatively affect our stock price.We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, significant fluctuations in our quarterly revenues and results of operations. During the past eightquarters, our income (loss) before income taxes ranged from a loss of approximately $(0.6) million to a profit of approximately $3.0 million. 9 We experience fluctuations in our revenue and earnings as we replace and begin new projects, which may have some normal start up delays, or we may beunable to replace a project entirely. These and other factors may contribute to fluctuations in our results of operations from quarter to quarter.A high percentage of our operating expenses, particularly personnel and rent, are relatively fixed in advance of any particular quarter. As a result,unanticipated variations in the number and timing of our projects, or in employee wage levels and utilization rates, may cause us to significantly underutilizeour production capacity and employees, resulting in significant variations in our operating results in any particular quarter, and could result in losses.We compete in highly competitive markets that have low barriers to entry.The markets for our services are highly competitive and fragmented. We may not be able to compete successfully against our competitors in the future. Someof our competitors have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial, human, technical and other resources and greater name recognition than wedo. If we fail to be competitive with these companies in the future, we may lose market share, which could adversely affect our revenues and results ofoperations.There are relatively few barriers preventing companies from competing with us. We do not own any patented technology that would preclude or inhibitothers from entering our market. As a result, new market entrants also pose a threat to our business. We also compete with in-house personnel at current andprospective clients, who may attempt to duplicate our services using their own personnel. We cannot assure you that our clients will outsource more of theirneeds to us in the future, or that they will not choose to provide internally the services that they currently obtain from us. If we are not able to competeeffectively, our revenues and results of operations could be adversely affected.We are the subject of continuing litigation, including litigation by certain of our former employees.We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business.In addition, the Supreme Court of the Republic of the Philippines has refused to review a decision of the Court of Appeals in Manila against aPhilippines subsidiary of the Company that is inactive and has no material assets, and purportedly also against Innodata Isogen, Inc., that orders thereinstatement of certain former employees of the subsidiary to their former positions and payment of back wages and benefits that aggregate approximately$7.5 million. Complainants have moved for execution of this decision before the Department of Labor and Employment National Labor RelationsCommission, Republic of the Philippines, and the Department of Labor and Employment office of the Secretary of Labor and Employment, Republic of thePhilippines. Based on consultation with legal counsel, the Company believes that recovery against the Company is nevertheless unlikely.While we currently believe that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financialposition or overall trends in results of operations, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Substantial recovery against the Company in the abovereferenced Philippines actions could have a material adverse impact on the Company, and unfavorable rulings or recoveries in the other proceedings couldhave a material adverse impact on the operating results of the period in which the ruling or recovery occurs. In addition, our estimate of potential impact onthe Company’s financial position or overall results of operations for the above legal proceedings could change in the future. See “Legal Proceedings”. 10 Our international operations subject us to risks inherent in doing business on an international level, any of which could increase our costs and hinderour growth.The major part of our operations is carried on in the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka, while our headquarters are in the United States and our clients areprimarily located in North America and Europe. While we do not depend on revenues from sources internal to the countries in which we operate, we arenevertheless subject to certain adverse economic factors relating to overseas economies generally, including inflation, external debt, a negative balance oftrade and underemployment. Other risks associated with our international business activities include:•difficulties in staffing international projects and managing international operations, including overcoming logistical and communications challenges;• local competition, particularly in the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka;• imposition of public sector controls;• trade and tariff restrictions;• price or exchange controls;• currency control regulations;• foreign tax consequences;• labor disputes and related litigation and liability;• limitations on repatriation of earnings; and• the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations.One or more of these factors could adversely affect our business and results of operations.Our international operations subject us to currency exchange fluctuations, which could adversely affect our results of operations.To date, most of our revenues have been denominated in U.S. dollars, while a significant portion of our expenses, primarily labor expenses in the Philippines,India and Sri Lanka, is incurred in the local currencies of countries in which we operate. For financial reporting purposes, we translate all non-United Statesdenominated transactions into dollars in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. As a result, we are exposed to therisk that fluctuations in the value of these currencies relative to the dollar could increase the dollar cost of our operations and therefore adversely affect ourresults of operations.The Philippines and India, have at times experienced high rates of inflation and major fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Philippine peso and theU.S. dollar and the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar. Continuing inflation without a corresponding devaluation of the peso against the dollar, or any otherincrease in the value of the peso relative to the dollar, could adversely affect our results of operations.There is no guarantee that our financial results will not be adversely affected by currency exchange rate fluctuations or that any efforts by us to engage inforeign currency hedging activities will be effective. Finally, as most of our expenses are incurred in currencies other than those in which we bill for therelated services, any increase in the value of certain foreign currencies against the U.S. Dollar could increase our operating costs. 11 New regulations of the Internal Revenue Service may impose significant U.S. income taxes on our subsidiaries in the Philippines.Our subsidiaries incorporated in the Philippines were domesticated in Delaware as limited liability companies. In August 2004, the Internal Revenue Servicepromulgated regulations, effective August 12, 2004, that treat certain companies incorporated in foreign jurisdictions and also domesticated as Delawarelimited liability companies as U.S. corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We have effected certain filings with the Secretary of State of the Stateof Delaware to ensure that these subsidiaries are no longer domesticated in Delaware. As a result, commencing January 1, 2005, these subsidiaries are nottreated as U.S. corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the regulations and are not subject to U.S. federal income taxes commencing as of suchdate.In the preamble to such regulations, the IRS expressed its view that dual registered companies described in the preceding sentence are also treated as U.S.corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes for periods prior to August 12, 2004. In 2006, the IRS issued its final regulations, stating that neither thetemporary regulations nor these final regulations are retroactive. Further, additional guidance was released by the IRS which clarified that the regulationsupon which we relied were not binding on pre-existing entities until May 2006. For periods prior to this date (i.e., prior to August 12, 2004) these finalregulations apply, and the classification of dually chartered entities is governed by the pre-existing regulations. As such, we believe that our historictreatment of these subsidiaries as not having been required to pay taxes in the United States for the period prior to August 12, 2004 is correct, and we havemade no provision for U.S. taxes in its financial statements for these entities for the periods prior to August 12, 2004.However, we cannot assure you that the Internal Revenue Service will not assert other positions with respect to the foregoing matters, including positionswith respect to our treatment of the tax consequences of the termination of the status of our Philippine subsidiaries as Delaware limited liability companiesthat, if successful, could increase materially our liability for U.S. federal income taxes.If certain tax authorities in North America and Europe challenge the manner in which we allocate our profits, our net income could decrease.Substantially all of the services provided by our Asian subsidiaries are performed on behalf of clients based in North America and Europe. We believe thatprofits from our Asian operations are not sufficiently connected to jurisdictions in North America or Europe to give rise to income taxation in thosejurisdictions. Tax authorities in any of our jurisdictions could, however, challenge the manner in which we allocate our profits among our subsidiaries, andwe may not prevail in this type of challenge. If such a challenge were successful, our worldwide effective tax rate could increase, thereby decreasing our netincome.An expiration or termination of our current tax holidays could adversely affect our results of operations.We currently benefit from income tax holiday incentives in the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka which provide that we pay reduced income taxes in thosejurisdictions for a fixed period of time that varies depending on the jurisdiction. An expiration or termination of our current tax holidays could substantiallyincrease our worldwide effective tax rate, thereby decreasing our net income and adversely affecting our results of operations. The income tax holiday of oneof our Philippine subsidiaries will expire in May 2009 and one of our Indian subsidiaries will expire in March 2009. 12 Regional instability in the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka could adversely affect business conditions in those regions, which could disrupt ouroperations and adversely affect our business and results of operations.We conduct a majority of our operations in the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka. These operations remain vulnerable to political unrest. Political instabilitycould adversely affect the legal environment for our business activities in those regions.In particular, the Philippines have experienced ongoing problems with insurgents. The Abu Sayyaf group of kidnappers, which is purported to have ties tothe Al Qaeda terrorist organization, is concentrated on Basilan Island. While Basilan Island is not near our facilities and the government of the Philippineshas taken action to eradicate this group, we cannot assure you that these efforts will be successful or that the Abu Sayyaf group will not attempt to disruptactivities or commit terrorist acts in other areas of the Philippines or South Asia.While the threat of military confrontation between India and Pakistan in Kashmir has receded, political uncertainty in Pakistan may have spill over effects toits relationship with India. Further, the government of Sri Lanka has terminated the Norwegian-brokered ceasefire with its rebels and there are concerns thathostilities may escalate.Further political tensions and an escalation in these hostilities could adversely affect our operations based in India, the Philippines and Sri Lanka andtherefore adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.Terrorist attacks or a war could adversely affect our results of operations.Terrorist attacks, such as the attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States and the recent attacks in Mumbai, India in November 2008, and other acts ofviolence or war, such as the conflict in Iraq, could affect us or our clients by disrupting normal business practices for extended periods of time and reducingbusiness confidence. In addition, these attacks may make travel more difficult and may effectively curtail our ability to serve our clients' needs, any of whichcould adversely affect our results of operations.It is unlikely that we will pay dividends.We have not paid any cash dividends since our inception and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We expect that ourearnings, if any, will be used to finance our growth.Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.NoneItem 2. Properties.Our services are primarily performed from our Hackensack, New Jersey headquarters, our Dallas, Texas office, and ten overseas production facilities, all ofwhich are leased. The square footage of all our leased properties is approximately 450,000.We currently lease property sufficient for our business operations, although we may need to lease additional property in the future. We also believe that wewill be able to obtain suitable additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms on an “as needed” basis.Item 3. Legal Proceedings.The Supreme Court of the Republic of the Philippines has refused to review a decision of the Court of Appeals in Manila against a Philippinessubsidiary of the Company that is inactive and has no material assets, and purportedly also against Innodata Isogen, Inc., that orders the reinstatement ofcertain former employees of the subsidiary to their former positions and payment of back wages and benefits that aggregate approximately $7.5 million.Complainants have moved for execution of this decision. Based on consultation with legal counsel, the Company believes that recovery against theCompany is nevertheless unlikely. 13 The Court of Appeals decision was rendered in Case Nos. CA-G.R. SP No. 93295 Innodata Employees Association (IDEA), Eleanor Tolentino, et al.vs. Innodata Philippines, Inc., et al., and CA-G.R. SP No. 90538 Innodata Philippines, Inc. vs. Honorable Acting Secretary Manuel G. Imson, et al. 28 June2007). The motions for execution were filed by complainants with the Department of Labor and Employment National Labor Relations Commission,Republic of the Philippines (NLRC-NCR-Case No.07-04713-2002, et al., Innodata Employees Association (IDEA) and Eleanor A. Tolentino, et al. vs.Innodata Philippines, Inc., et al), and the Department of Labor and Employment Office of the Secretary of Labor and Employment, Republic of thePhilippines (Case No. OS-AJ-0015-2001, In Re: Labor Dispute at Innodata Philippines Inc.)The Company is also subject to various legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business. While management currently believes that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’sfinancial position or overall trends in results of operations, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Substantial recovery against the Company in theabove referenced Philippines actions could have a material adverse impact on the Company, and unfavorable rulings or recoveries in the other proceedingscould have a material adverse impact on the operating results of the period in which the ruling or recovery occurs.Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security HoldersNone 14 PART IIItem 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity SecuritiesInnodata Isogen, Inc. (the “Company”) Common Stock is quoted on the Nasdaq National Market System under the symbol “INOD.” On February 18, 2009,there were 102 stockholders of record of the Company’s Common Stock based on information provided by the Company's transfer agent. Virtually all of theCompany’s publicly held shares are held in “street name” and the Company believes the actual number of beneficial holders of its Common Stock to beapproximately 3,570.The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices on a quarterly basis for the Company's Common Stock, as reported on Nasdaq, for the two yearsended December 31, 2008. Common Stock Sale Prices 2007 High Low First Quarter $3.75 $1.95 Second Quarter 4.25 2.55 Third Quarter 4.30 2.56 Fourth Quarter 6.38 3.36 2008 High Low First Quarter $6.55 $4.19 Second Quarter 5.10 2.70 Third Quarter 3.30 2.30 Fourth Quarter 2.65 1.32 DividendsThe Company has never paid cash dividends on its Common Stock and does not anticipate that it will do so in the foreseeable future. The future payment ofdividends, if any, on the Common Stock is within the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on the Company's earnings, its capitalrequirements and financial condition and other relevant factors. 15 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation PlansThe following table sets forth the aggregate information for the Company's equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2008: Number of Securities to be Issued Weighted-Average Number of Securities Upon Exercise of Exercise Price of Remaining Available For Outstanding Options, Outstanding Options, Future Issuance Under Plan Category Warrants and Rights Warrants and Rights Equity Compensation Plans (a) (b) (c) Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1) 3,173,000 $2.68 836,000 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders - - - Total 3,173,000 $2.68 836,000 (1) 2001 and 2002 Stock Option Plans, approved by the stockholders, see Note 9 to Consolidated Financial Statements, contained elsewhere herein.Purchase of Equity SecuritiesIn May 2008, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $2.0 million of our common stock. There is no expiration date associated with theprogram. As of December 31, 2008, we repurchased 606,000 shares of our common stock at a cost of approximately $1.9 million, and approximately $0.1million remains available for repurchase under the program. This authorization replaced a prior authorization made in August 2006.Item 6. Selected Financial DataThe following table sets forth our selected consolidated historical financial data as of the dates and for the periods indicated. Our selectedconsolidated financial data set forth below as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 has beenderived from the audited financial statements included elsewhere herein. Our selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of December 31, 2006,2005 and 2004 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 are derived from the audited financial statements not included elsewhere herein.Our selected consolidated financial information for 2008, 2007 and 2006 should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and theNotes and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” which are included elsewhere in this AnnualReport on Form 10-K. 16 Year Ended December 31, 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 (In thousands, except per share data) STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA: Revenues $75,001 $67,731 $40,953 $42,052 $53,949 Operating costs and expenses Direct operating expenses 53,525 48,581 34,316 30,920 33,050 Selling and administrative expenses 16,134 15,281 14,713 13,684 10,205 69,659 63,862 49,029 44,604 43,255 Income (loss) from operations 5,342 3,869 (8,076) (2,552) 10,694 Other (income) expenses Terminated offering costs - - - - 625 Bad debt recovery, net - - - - (963)Interest expense 56 33 7 18 25 Interest income (262) (678) (683) (457) (87) Income (loss) before provision for (benefit from) income taxes 5,548 4,514 (7,400) (2,113) 11,094 Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (2,036) (52) (77) (462) 3,237 Net income (loss) $7,584 $4,566 $(7,323) $(1,651) $7,857 Income (loss) per share: Basic $.31 $.19 $(.30) $(.07) $.35 Diluted $.30 $.18 $(.30) $(.07) $.32 Cash dividends per share $- $- $- $- $- December 31, 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 (In thousands) BALANCE SHEET DATA: Working capital $22,807 $16,329 $14,292 $21,432 $22,209 Total assets $45,385 $38,449 $30,329 $37,611 $37,211 Long term obligations $1,671 $2,128 $1,564 $548 $150 Stockholders’ equity $30,188 $23,230 $19,009 $26,814 $26,737 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this report. Inaddition to historical information, this discussion includes forward-looking information that involves risks and assumptions which could cause actual resultsto differ materially from management’s expectations. See “Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this report.Executive OverviewWe provide a broad and expanding range of knowledge process outsourcing services as well as publishing and related information technology services thathelp companies create and manage information more effectively and economically. Our solutions enable organizations to find new ways to transforminefficient business processes, improve operations and reduce costs. 17 In 2007, we commenced a reorganization of our management and operating structure. Prior to 2007, our operations were classified into twooperating segments: (1) content-related BPO and KPO services and (2) IT professional services. In this reorganization, we merged the content-related BPOand KPO services and IT professional services segments (ceasing to monitor our operations by these two segments). With this reorganization, our Companyconsists of one business that generates revenues and expenses. The structure of our current operating segment reflects the way the chief operating decisionmaker looks at the overall Company to evaluate performance and makes executive decisions (including the allocation of resources) about the business. Thereis no end to end responsibility or management other than at the consolidated level, and discrete financial information is available at the consolidated level.The following table sets forth, for the period indicated, certain financial data expressed for the three years ended December 31, 2008:(Dollars in millions) Years Ended December 31, 2008 % of revenue 2007 % of revenue 2006 % of revenue Revenues $75.0 100.0% $67.7 100.0% $41.0 100.0%Direct operating costs 53.5 71.4% 48.6 71.8% 34.3 83.7%Selling and administrative expenses 16.1 21.5% 15.3 22.6% 14.7 35.9%Income (loss) from operations 5.4 7.1% 3.8 5.6% (8.0) (19.6)%Other (income) expenses (0.2) (0.7) (0.6) Income (loss) before provision for (benefitfrom) income taxes 5.6 4.5 (7.4) Benefit from income taxes (2.0) (0.1) (0.1) Net income (loss) $7.6 $4.6 $(7.3) RevenuesOur publishing services include digitization, conversion, composition, data modeling and XML encoding, and KPO services include research and analysis,authoring, copy-editing, abstracting, indexing and other content creation activities. Our IT system professionals support the design, implementation,integration and deployment of digital systems used to author, manage and distribute content. Services that we anticipate a client will require for an indefiniteperiod generate what we regard as recurring revenues. Services that are provided for a specific project generate revenues that terminate on completion of adefined task and we regard these revenues as non-recurring. We price our publishing services and KPO services based on the quantity delivered or resourcesutilized and we recognize revenue in the period in which the services are performed and delivered. A substantial majority of our IT professional services isprovided on a project basis that generates non-recurring revenues. We price our professional services on an hourly basis for actual time and expense incurred,or on a fixed-fee turn-key basis. Revenues for contracts billed on a time-and-materials basis are recognized as services are performed. Revenues under fixed-fee contracts, which are not significant to the overall revenues, are recognized on the percentage of completion method of accounting, as services areperformed or milestones are achieved.Recurring revenues consisted of 68%, 61% and 61% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. We havehistorically relied on a very limited number of clients that have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues. Four clients generated approximately57%, 61% and 54% of our total revenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. We may lose any of these, or our othermajor clients, as a result of our failure to meet or satisfy our clients’ requirements, the completion or termination of a project or engagement, or the client’sselection of another service provider. 18 In addition, the revenues we generate from our major clients may decline or grow at a slower rate in future periods than in the past. If we lose any of oursignificant clients, our revenues and results of operations could be adversely affected, and we may incur a loss from operations. Our services are typicallysubject to client requirements, and in most cases are terminable upon 30 to 90 days’ notice.Refer to “Risk Factors.”Direct Operating CostsDirect operating costs consist of direct payroll, occupancy costs, depreciation, telecommunications, computer services and supplies.Selling and Administrative ExpensesSelling and administrative expenses consist of management and administrative salaries, sales and marketing costs, new services research and related softwaredevelopment, professional fees and consultant costs and other administrative overhead costs.Results of OperationsYear Ended December 31, 2008 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2007RevenuesRevenues were $75.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to $67.7 million for the similar period in 2007, an increase ofapproximately 11%. The $7.3 million increase in revenues reflects a $9.7 million increase from recurring revenue and a decline of $2.4 million from non-recurring project revenue. Four clients generated approximately 57% and 61% of our revenues in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Further, forthe year ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, revenues from clients located in foreign countries (principally in Europe) accounted for 21% and 23%respectively, of our total revenues.For the year ended December 31, 2008, approximately 68% of our revenue was recurring and the 32% balance was non-recurring, compared with61% and 39%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2007. The increase in the percentage of recurring revenues is due to ongoing growth in existingclient relationships.We have provided services to approximately 170 clients in 2008 as compared to approximately 150 clients in 2007.Direct Operating CostsDirect operating costs were $53.5 million and $48.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, an increase of approximately10%. Direct operating costs as a percentage of revenues were 71% for the year ended December 31, 2008 and 72% for the year ended December 31, 2007.The increase in direct operating costs reflects higher compensation, benefit costs and other operating costs in support of increased revenue, the impact offoreign exchange rates of approximately $1.1 million in direct operating costs resulting from a weakened US dollar against the Philippine peso and Indianrupee as well as approximately $1.1 million in losses from the settlement of forward contracts. 19 If no effect were given to the approximately $1.1 million resulting from foreign exchange fluctuation and $1.1 million of losses resulting from thesettlement of foreign currency forward contracts, direct operating costs would have increased by approximately 6% in 2008 as compared to 2007 and as apercentage of revenues would have been 68% in 2008, compared to 72% in 2007.Selling and Administrative ExpensesSelling and administrative expenses were $16.1 million and $15.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, an increase ofapproximately 5%. Selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues were 22% and 23% for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007,respectively. The lower percentage reflects sustained cost levels on a higher revenue base.The increase in selling and administrative expenses principally reflects increased sales and administrative payroll and payroll related costs.Restructuring CostsAs part of our overall cost reduction plan to reduce operating costs, in December 2008, we announced a restructuring plan reducing our global work force byapproximately 260 employees. The majority of these employees were based in Asia and were terminated by December 31, 2008.In connection with the restructuring, we recorded a one-time charge of approximately $0.5 million ($0.3 million in cost of sales and $0.2 million in sellingand administrative expenses) representing severance and other personnel-related expenses. As of December 31, 2008, $0.3 million of the total restructuringcost was paid, and we expect the remaining amount to be paid during the first two quarters of 2009.We expect that this restructuring activity should yield an estimated $0.6 million pre-tax quarterly cost savings beginning in the first quarter of 2009.Income TaxesFor the year ended December 31, 2008, the benefit from income taxes resulted primarily from the reversal of a valuation allowance previouslyrecorded on the U.S. portion of deferred tax assets. We recorded no provision for U.S. income taxes, other than for alternative minimum tax, because weutilized net operating losses for which we had previously recorded a valuation allowance against the corresponding deferred tax asset. The income tax benefitwas partially reduced by the provision for foreign income taxes attributable to overseas subsidiaries.For the year ended December 31, 2007, the benefit from income taxes represents a deferred tax benefit arising due to the nature of timing differencesin certain overseas entities. In addition, certain overseas income is neither subject to foreign income taxes because of tax holidays granted to us, nor subjectto tax in the U.S. unless repatriated. No provision for income taxes, other than alternative minimum tax, was recorded for our U.S. entity primarily due toutilization of net operating losses for which a valuation allowance was previously recorded against the corresponding deferred tax asset. In 2007, we recordeda benefit for the refund of taxes paid and interest from the IRS amounting to $395,000 and $60,000, respectively, which was the outcome of the finalregulation from the IRS resulting in termination of the status of our Philippine subsidiaries as Delaware limited liability companies (Refer to “Risk Factors”). 20 In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not berealizable. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in whichtemporary differences are deductible and net operating losses are available. We consider many factors when assessing the likelihood of future realization ofthe deferred tax assets, including our Company’s recent cumulative earnings experience by taxing jurisdiction, expectation of future taxable income, thecarryforward periods available to us for tax reporting purposes, and other relevant factors. Based upon the management’s assessment and the availableevidence, in 2008 we reversed the entire portion of the valuation allowance previously recorded on the U.S. portion of deferred tax assets resulting in a non-cash tax benefit amounting to $3.3 million. The decline in the valuation allowance in 2008 also resulted from the utilization of net operating losses. In 2008,we utilized $3.8 million of net operating losses. The remaining valuation allowance at December 31, 2008 represents the portion we have established ondeferred tax assets of our foreign subsidiaries.We currently intend to remit to the United States approximately $5.1 million of foreign earnings for which we have recorded a deferred tax liability.These earnings represent a portion of our foreign profits earned prior to 2002. Beginning in 2002, unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries have beenincluded in the consolidated financial statements without giving effect to the United States taxes that may be payable on distribution to the United Statesbecause such earnings are not anticipated to be remitted to the United States. If such earnings were to be distributed, we may be subject to United Statesincome taxes that may not be fully offset by foreign tax credits.Pursuant to an income tax audit by the Indian Bureau of Taxation, in March 2006, one of our Indian subsidiaries received a tax assessmentapproximating $434,000, including interest through December 31, 2008, for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2003. We disagree with the basis of the taxassessment, and have filed an appeal against the assessment, which we will contest vigorously. The Indian Bureau of Taxation has also completed an audit ofour Indian subsidiary’s income tax return for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2004. The ultimate outcome was favorable, and there was no tax assessmentimposed for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2004. In December 2008, we received a final tax assessment from the India Bureau of Taxation for the fiscalyear ended March 31, 2005 for which we have provided adequate tax provision, including interest through December 31, 2008. We disagree with the basis ofthe tax assessment, filed an appeal against the assessment and will contest it vigorously. In 2008, the Indian Bureau of Taxation commenced an audit of oursubsidiary’s income tax return for the fiscal year ended 2006. The ultimate outcome cannot be determined at this time.We had unrecognized tax benefits of $840,000 and $740,000 at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. The portion of unrecognized taxbenefits relating to interest and penalties were $253,000 and $153,000 at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. $664,000 and $564,000 of ourunrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively if recognized, would have an impact on our effective tax rate.We are subject to various tax audits and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business. Management currently believes that the ultimateoutcome of these audits and claims will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.Net Loss/IncomeWe generated net income of $7.6 million in 2008 compared with net income of $4.6 million in 2007. The change was principally attributable to theincrease in gross margin resulting from increased revenues and lower selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues, a reversal of avaluation allowance previously recorded on the U.S. portion of the deferred tax assets amounting to $3.3 million, offset by a decrease in interest income onavailable cash that reflected a decline in interest rates, and an increase in foreign effective tax rates resulting in increase in income taxes attributable to ouroverseas subsidiaries. 21 Year Ended December 31, 2007 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2006RevenuesRevenues were $67.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 compared to $41.0 million for the similar period in 2006, an increase ofapproximately 65%. The $26.7 million increase in revenues, which is principally attributable to four clients (three existing clients and one new client),reflects a $20.9 million increase from recurring revenue and $5.8 million from non-recurring project revenue. Furthermore, more than 62% of the totalrevenue increase is attributable to knowledge services.Four clients generated approximately 61% and 54% of our revenues in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Further, forthe year ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, revenues from clients located in foreign countries (principally in Europe) accounted for 23% and 37%respectively, of our total revenues.For the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, approximately 61% of our revenue was recurring and the 39% balance was non-recurring.We have provided our services to approximately 150 clients in 2007 as compared to approximately 130 clients in 2006.Direct Operating CostsDirect operating costs were $48.6 million and $34.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, an increase of approximately42%. Direct operating costs as a percentage of revenues were 72% for the year ended December 31, 2007 and 84% for the year ended December 31, 2006.The increase in direct operating costs was principally attributable to the increase in variable labor (management and production personnel) and otheroperating costs in support of higher revenue volume. The direct operating expenses as a percentage of revenues were lower in 2007 as compared to 2006,principally due to decreased variable costs as a percent of revenues, and increased operating leverage resulting from the increase in revenues with nosignificant increase in fixed costs. These favorable results were offset in part by $2.6 million in direct operating costs resulting from a weakened US dollaragainst the Philippine peso and India rupee.Selling and Administrative ExpensesSelling and administrative expenses were $15.3 million and $14.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, an increase ofapproximately 4%. Selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues were 23% and 36% for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006respectively. The lower percentage reflects sustained operating costs levels on a higher revenue base.Selling and administrative expenses in 2006 include approximately $246,000 received as an inducement to terminate our Dallas office lease prior to itscontractual expiration dates, accrued severance costs of approximately $275,000 related to the termination of an executive’s employment and approximately$922,000 in research and development costs for new services. After excluding the effect of these non-recurring adjustments, the resulting increase in sellingand administrative expenses principally reflects increased sales and administrative payroll and payroll related costs associated with annual salary increasesand increased professional fees, including fees associated with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act incurred in 2007. 22 Restructuring CostsAs part of an overall cost reduction plan to reduce operating costs, in September 2006 we announced a worldwide workforce reduction of slightly under 300employees, the majority of whom were based in Asia. Most employees were terminated prior to September 30, and we substantially implemented the plan atthe end of 2006.As a result, we recorded total charges of $604,000 in 2006 associated with the restructuring plan. The 2006 charge consisted of $531,000 of employeeseverance costs and $73,000 of costs to implement the plan. Of the total amount, $60,000 represents charges relating to stock option modifications.In connection with the restructuring, we paid cash of $544,000 and recognized costs amounting to $60,000 for stock option modifications. We currentlyexpect no future costs to be incurred associated with the 2006 restructuring plan.As of December 31, 2006, accrued expenses included approximately $102,000 related to the restructuring charges, which were paid in 2007.Income TaxesFor the year ended December 31, 2007, the benefit from income taxes as a percentage of income before income taxes was 1%. The 2007 benefit fromincome taxes is lower than the U.S. Federal statutory rate, principally due to the U.S. net operating losses which were not recognized as a result of a valuationallowance. In addition, certain overseas income is neither subject to foreign income taxes because of tax holidays granted to us, nor subject to tax in the U.S.unless repatriated.For the year ended December 31, 2006, the benefit from income taxes as a percentage of loss before income taxes was 1%. The 2006 benefit fromincome taxes is lower than the U.S. Federal statutory rate, principally due to the U.S. net operating losses which were not recognized as a result of a valuationallowance. In addition, certain overseas income is neither subject to foreign income taxes because of tax holidays granted to us, nor subject to tax in the U.S.unless repatriated.In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets willnot be realized. Our ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon our generating future taxable income during the periods in whichtemporary differences are deductible and net operating losses are utilized. Based on a consideration of these factors, we have established a valuationallowance of approximately $4.6 million at December 31, 2007. In 2007, we utilized $2.1 million of net operating losses. Pursuant to an income tax audit by the Indian Bureau of Taxation, on March 27, 2006, one of our Indian subsidiaries received a tax assessmentapproximating $404,000, including interest through December 31, 2007, for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2003. We disagree with the basis of the taxassessment, and have filed an appeal against the assessment, which we will fight vigorously. The Indian Bureau of Taxation has also completed an audit ofour Indian subsidiary’s income tax return for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2004. The ultimate outcome was favorable, and there was no tax assessmentimposed for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2004. On March 20, 2007, the Indian bureau of taxation commenced an audit of our subsidiary’s income taxreturn for the fiscal year ended 2005. We cannot determine the ultimate outcome at this time.As a result of an IRS audit settlement, we recognized approximately $234,000 of previously unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended December31, 2007. An additional $176,000 of unrecognized tax benefits relating to uncertain income tax positions was provided for the year ended December 31,2007.We are subject to various tax audits and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business. Management currently believes that the ultimateoutcome of these audits and claims will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations. 23 Our liability for net unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2007 and 2006 was approximately $411,000 and $481,000, respectively. Thisliability represents an accrual relating to uncertain income tax positions we have taken on our domestic and foreign tax returns. We report interest expenseand penalties related to income tax liabilities as a component of our provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2007 and 2006, we had accrued aliability for interest and penalties totaling approximately $153,000 and $138,000, respectively.Furthermore we had unrecognized tax benefits of $176,000 and $167,000 as of December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively, which, ifrecognized, would increase our net operating loss carry forward. This increase, if recognized, would not have an impact on our effective tax rate since theincrease to our deferred tax assets would result in a corresponding increase to our valuation allowance.In August 2004, the IRS promulgated regulations, effective August 12, 2004, that had the effect of making certain of our overseas entities that areincorporated in foreign jurisdictions and also domesticated as Delaware limited liability companies as U.S. corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes.In the preamble to such regulations, the IRS expressed its view that dual registered companies described in the preceding sentence are also treated as U.S.corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes for periods prior to August 12, 2004. As a result, in December 2004, the Company effected certain filings inDelaware to ensure that these subsidiaries would not be treated as U.S. corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes as of the date of filing and as such,were not subject to U.S. federal income taxes commencing January 1, 2005. On January 30, 2006, the IRS issued its final regulations, stating that neither thetemporary regulations nor these final regulations are retroactive. In December 2007, the Company received a notification from the IRS for the entitlement ofthe refund for taxes paid and the interest amounting to approximately $395,000 and $60,000, respectively. The Company appropriately recorded a benefitand an income tax receivable at December 31, 2007.Net Loss/IncomeWe recorded net income of $4.6 million in 2007 compared with a net loss of $7.3 million in 2006. The change was principally attributable to theincrease in gross margin resulting from increased revenues and lower selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues.Liquidity and Capital ResourcesSelected measures of liquidity and capital resources, expressed in thousands are as follows: December 31, 2008 2007 2006 Cash and cash equivalents $13,875 $14,751 $13,597 Working capital 22,807 16,329 14,292 At December 31, 2008, we had cash and cash equivalents of $13.9 million. We have used, and plan to use, such cash for (i) expansion of existing operations;(ii) general corporate purposes, including working capital; and (iii) possible acquisitions of related businesses. As of December 31, 2008, we had no thirdparty debt and had working capital of approximately $22.8 million as compared to working capital of approximately $16.3 million at December 31, 2007.Accordingly, we do not anticipate any near-term liquidity issues.Our quarterly operating results are also subject to certain seasonal fluctuations. We generally experience lower revenue in the first quarter as we replaceprojects that were brought to end in the fourth quarter and we begin new projects, which may have some normal start up delays during the first quarter. Theseand other seasonal factors may contribute to fluctuations in our results of operations from quarter to quarter. 24 Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Operating ActivitiesCash provided by our operating activities in 2008 was $4.5 million resulting from a net income of $7.6 million, adjustments for non-cash items of $0.8million and $3.9 million used for working capital. Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of $3.7 million for depreciation and amortization, $3.6million for deferred taxes primarily resulting from a reversal of valuation allowance for the U.S. entity amounting to $3.3 million and $0.4 million for pensioncosts. Working capital activities primarily consisted of a use of cash of $3.3 million for an increase in accounts receivable primarily related to an increase inrevenue and use of cash of $0.6 million for decline in accounts payable and accrued expenses representing the timing of expenditures and payments.Cash provided by our operating activities in 2007 was $6 million resulting from a net income of $4.6 million, adjustments for non-cash items of $3.9 millionand $2.5 million used for working capital. Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of $3.2 million for depreciation and amortization and $0.7million for pension costs. Working capital activities primarily consisted of a use of cash of $4.2 million for an increase in accounts receivable primarilyrelated to an increase in revenue, a source of cash of $1.0 million of an increase in accounts payable due to timing of expenditure, a source of cash of $1.7million for an increase in accrued salaries and wages due to an increase in the number of employees and higher labor rates in support of higher revenuevolume and a use of cash of $1.5 million due to payment of minimum withholding taxes on the net settlement of stock options exercised by our Chairmanand CEO.Cash used in our operating activities in 2006 was $3.4 million resulting from a net loss of $7.3 million, offset by adjustments for non-cash items of $3.8million and $0.1 million generated by working capital. Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of $3.4 million for depreciation and amortizationand $0.3 million for pension costs. Working capital activities primarily consisted of a source of cash of $0.7 million for a decrease in accounts receivableprimarily related to a decrease in our revenues and timing of collections, a use of cash of $0.5 million for a decrease in accounts payable representingpayments made to vendors, a source of cash of $0.7 million for an increase in accrued expenses and accrued salaries and wages primarily related to theaccruals for bonus and retirement benefits and a use of cash of $0.7 million due to increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets.At December 31, 2008, our days’ sales outstanding were approximately 62 days as compared to 52 days as of December 31, 2007 and 56 days as of December31, 2006.Net Cash Used in Investing ActivitiesDuring 2008, 2007 and 2006, cash used in our investing activities was $2.5 million, $4.4 million and $2.3 million, respectively for capital expenditures.Capital expenditures in 2008 and 2007 related principally to routine purchasing of technology equipment and facility upgrades. Capital spending in 2006related principally to normal ongoing equipment upgrades, project requirement specific equipment, and improvements in infrastructure. Furthermore, in 2008and 2007, we acquired certain computer and communications equipment approximating $0.1 million and $0.8 million, respectively, through finance leases(non-cash). During the next twelve months, we anticipate that capital expenditures for ongoing technology, hardware, equipment and infrastructure upgradeswill approximate $4.0 to $5.0 million, a portion of which we may finance.Net Cash Provided by Financing ActivitiesCash proceeds received from the exercise of stock options amounted to approximately $0.1 million, $0.5 million and $0.4 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006,respectively. 25 In May 2008, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $2 million of our common stock. As of December 31, 2008, weacquired approximately 606,000 shares of our common stock for approximately $1.9 million at a volume weighted average price of $3.08 per share. Thisauthorization replaced a prior authorization made in August 2006, whereby the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1.0 million of ourcommon stock of which we repurchased approximately 182,000 shares. We paid $0.3 million to repurchase these shares in 2006. No shares were repurchasedin 2007.In March 2008, we renewed a vendor agreement, which expired in February 2008, to acquire certain additional software licenses and to receive support andsubsequent software upgrades on these and other currently owned software licenses through February 2011, for a total cost of approximately $1.7 million,representing a non-cash investing and financing activity. As of December 31, 2008, we paid $0.5 million under this agreement. The agreement, which expiredin February 2008, was originally entered into in February 2005 for a total cost of approximately $1.6 million. In conjunction with this agreement, we paidapproximately $0.6 million and $0.5 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively.In 2006, additional software licenses amounting to $164,000 were acquired under staggered payment terms. Total payment made on these purchases in 2007and 2006 amounted to $78,000 and $82,000, respectively, with the remaining balance paid in January 2008.As we operate in a number of countries around the world, we face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates. These exposures maychange over time as business practices evolve and may have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial results. Our primary exposure relates tonon-U.S. based operating expenses in Asia. Our U.S. Corporate headquarters has historically funded expenditures for our foreign subsidiaries based in thePhilippines and India. We are exposed to foreign exchange risk and therefore we sometimes use foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate our exposureto fluctuating future cash flows arising from changes in foreign exchange rates. In 2007 and 2008, we entered into foreign currency forward contracts, with amaximum term of six months and an aggregate notional amount of $4.5 million and $11.6 million, respectively, to sell U.S. Dollars for Philippine Pesos andIndian Rupees that were all settled at December 31, 2007 and 2008. All realized gains and losses were reported in our consolidated statement of operations.We may continue to enter into such instruments, or other instruments in the future, to reduce foreign currency exposure to appreciation or depreciation in thevalue of these foreign currencies.Other than the aforementioned forward contracts, we have not engaged in any hedging activities nor have we entered into off-balance sheet transactions,arrangements or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons that are likely to affect liquidity or the availability of our requirements forcapital resources.Future Liquidity and Capital Resource RequirementsWe have a $7.0 million line of credit pursuant to which we may borrow up to 80% of eligible accounts receivable. Borrowings under the credit line bearinterest at the bank’s alternate base rate plus ½% or LIBOR plus 3%. The line, which expires in June 2009, is collateralized by our Company’s accountsreceivable. We have no outstanding obligations under this credit line as of December 31, 2008. We plan on renewing the line of credit in the second quarterof 2009.We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, funds generated from our operating activities and funds available under our credit facility willprovide sufficient sources of liquidity to satisfy our financial needs for the next twelve months. However, if circumstances change, we may need to raise debtor additional equity capital in the future. We have historically funded our foreign expenditures from our U.S. Corporate headquarters on an as-needed basis. 26 Contractual ObligationsThe table below summarizes our contractual obligations (in thousands) at December 31, 2008, and the effect that those obligations are expected to have onour liquidity and cash flows in future periods. Payments Due by Period Contractual Obligations Total Less than1 year 1-3 years 4-5 years After5 years Capital lease obligations $453 $277 $176 $- $- Non-cancelable operating leases 1,525 787 625 113 - Long-term vendor obligations 1,100 550 550 - - Total contractual cash obligations $3,078 $1,614 $1,351 $113 $- Future expected obligations under the Company’s pension benefit plans have not been included in the contractual cash obligations table above.Inflation, Seasonality and Prevailing Economic ConditionsTo date, inflation has not had a significant impact on our operations. We generally perform work for our clients under project-specific contracts,requirements-based contracts or long-term contracts. Contracts are typically subject to numerous termination provisions.Our quarterly operating results are subject to certain fluctuations. We experience fluctuations in our revenue and earnings as we replace and begin newprojects, which may have some normal start up delays, or we may be unable to replace a project entirely. These and other factors may contribute tofluctuations in our operating results from quarter to quarter.Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesBasis of Presentation and Use of EstimatesOur discussion and analysis of our results of operations, liquidity and capital resources are based on our consolidated financial statements whichhave been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these consolidatedfinancial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosureof contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, allowancefor doubtful accounts and billing adjustments, long-lived assets, goodwill, valuation of deferred tax assets, value of securities underlying stock-basedcompensation, litigation accruals, pension benefits, valuation of derivative instruments and estimated accruals for various tax exposures. We base ourestimates on historical and anticipated results and trends and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, includingassumptions as to future events. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readilyapparent from other sources. By their nature, estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. Actual results may differ from our estimates and couldhave a significant adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations and financial position. We believe the following critical accounting policies affectour more significant estimates and judgments in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. 27 Allowance for Doubtful AccountsWe establish credit terms for new clients based upon management’s review of their credit information and project terms, and perform ongoing creditevaluations of our customers, adjusting credit terms when management believes appropriate based upon payment history and an assessment of their currentcredit worthiness. We record an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our clients to make requiredpayments. We determine this allowance by considering a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts receivable are past due, our previousloss history, our estimate of the client’s current ability to pay its obligation to us, and the condition of the general economy and the industry as awhole. While credit losses have generally been within expectations and the provisions established, we cannot guarantee that credit loss rates in the futurewill be consistent with those experienced in the past. In addition, we have credit exposure if the financial condition of one of our major clients were todeteriorate. In the event that the financial condition of our clients were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments,additional allowances may be necessary.Revenue RecognitionWe recognize revenue in the period in which we perform services and deliver in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin 104.We recognize IT professional services revenues from custom application and systems integration development which requires significant production,modification or customization of software in a manner similar to SOP No. 81-1 “Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type and Certain Production-Type Contracts.” We recognize revenue for such services billed under fixed fee arrangements, which are not significant to our overall revenues, using thepercentage-of-completion method under contract accounting as we perform services or reach output milestones. We measure the percentage completed eitherby the percentage of labor hours incurred to date in relation to estimated total labor hours or in consideration of achievement of certain output milestones,depending on the specific nature of each contract. For arrangements in which percentage-of-completion accounting is used, we record cash receipts fromcustomers and billed amounts due from customers in excess of recognized revenue as billings in excess of revenues earned on contracts in progress (which isincluded in accounts receivable). Revenues from fixed-fee projects accounted for less than 10% of our total revenue for each of the three years in the periodended December 31, 2008. We recognize revenue billed on a time and materials basis as we perform the services.Long-lived AssetsWe account for long-lived assets under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) 144, “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of LongLived Assets”. We assess the recoverability of our long-lived assets, which consist primarily of fixed assets and intangible assets with finite useful lives,whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The following factors, if present, may trigger animpairment review: (i) significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; (ii) significant negativeindustry or economic trends; (iii) significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period; and (iv) a change in our market capitalization relative tonet book value. If the recoverability of these assets is unlikely because of the existence of one or more of the above-mentioned factors, we performan impairment analysis using a projected discounted cash flow method. We must make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factorsto determine the fair value of these respective assets. If these estimates or related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record animpairment charge. Impairment charges would be included in general and administrative expenses in our statements of operations, and would result inreduced carrying amounts of the related assets on our balance sheets. We did not recognize an impairment in any of our long-lived assets in each of thethree years in the period ended December 31, 2008. 28 Income TaxesWe determine our deferred taxes based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates, as wellas any net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards expected to reduce taxes payable in future years. We provide a valuation allowance when it is morelikely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We provide a valuation allowance for net operating loss carryforwardswhich may not be realized and for deferred tax assets in foreign jurisdictions which may not be realized because of our current tax holidays. While weconsider future taxable income in assessing the need for the valuation allowance, in the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize thedeferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would increase income in the period suchdetermination was made. Change in valuation allowance from period to period is included in our tax provision in the period of change. We have recorded adeferred tax liability on approximately $5.1 million of foreign earnings, which represents a portion of foreign profits earned prior to 2002. Beginning in2002, unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries have been included in the consolidated financial statements without giving effect to the United States taxesthat may be payable on distribution to the United States because such earnings are not anticipated to be remitted to the United States.In addition we have provided for an accrual for potential tax obligations resulting from income tax audits and other potential tax obligations.We adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Interpretation No. 48 (“FIN 48”) “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes” onJanuary 1, 2007. The adoption of FIN 48 did not have an effect on our results of operations or financial position. We recognize interest and penalties relatedto uncertain tax positions in income tax expense in our consolidated statement of operations.Goodwill and Other Intangible AssetsSFAS 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” (“SFAS 142”) requires that we test goodwill annually for impairment using a two-step fair value basedtest. The first step of the goodwill impairment test, used to identify potential impairment, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount,including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the goodwill impairment test must be performed tomeasure the amount of the impairment loss, if any. If impairment is determined, we will recognize additional charges to operating expenses in the period inwhich they are identified, which would result in a reduction of operating results and a reduction in the amount of goodwill. Our most recent test forimpairment was conducted as of September 30, 2008, in which the estimated fair values of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount, includinggoodwill. As such, no impairment was identified or recorded.Accounting for Stock-Based CompensationWe are authorized to grant stock options to officers, directors and employees of the Company under various Stock Option Plans approved by stockholders.Effective January 1, 2006, we were required to account for stock-based awards in accordance with the fair value recognition provisions of SFAS No. 123(Revised 2004) “Share-Based Payment” (“SFAS 123(R)”), which required the measurement and recognition of stock-based compensation expense for allshare-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on estimated fair value at the grant date and is recognized over the requisite serviceperiod. Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires judgment, including estimating the expected term of stock options and theexpected volatility of our stock. The fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. We recorded stock-based compensation expenseof approximately $220,000, $174,000 and $241,000 for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. 29 Legal ProceedingsWe are subject to various legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business. Our legal reserves related to theseproceedings and claims are based on a determination of whether or not the loss is probable. We review outstanding claims and proceedings with externalcounsel to assess probability and estimates of loss. The reserves are adjusted if necessary. If circumstances change, we may be required to record adjustmentsthat could be material to our reported financial condition and results of operations. Based on consultation with legal counsel, we believe that recoveryagainst us for the legal proceedings and claims would nevertheless be unlikely.PensionsMost of our non-U.S. subsidiaries provide for government mandated defined pension benefits covering those employees who meet certain eligibilityrequirements. Pension assumptions are significant inputs to actuarial models that measure pension benefit obligations and related effects on operations. Twocritical assumptions – discount rate and rate of increase in compensation levels – are important elements of plan expense and asset/liability measurements.These critical assumptions are evaluated at least annually on a plan and a country specific basis. Other assumptions involving demographic factors such asretirement age, mortality and turnover are evaluated periodically and are updated to reflect actual experience and expectations for the future. Actual results inany given year will often differ from actuarial assumptions because of economic and other factors, and in accordance with generally accepted accountingprinciples, the impact of these differences are accumulated and amortized over future periods. Development Costs of SoftwareWe expense research and development costs for the development of new software to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed as a separate product or aspart of a product or process, and substantial enhancements to such existing software products, until technological feasibility has been established, at whichtime any additional development costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. We expense all other research anddevelopment costs as incurred.We did not capitalize any software development costs during any of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. Included in our selling andadministrative expense are research and development costs totaling approximately $922,000 for the year ended December 31, 2006. The Company did notincur any research and development costs in 2008 and 2007.Recent Accounting PronouncementsEffective January 1, 2008, we adopted SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS 157”), for financial assets and liabilities carried at fairvalue. SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Our adoption ofSFAS 157 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements for financial assets and liabilities and any other assets and liabilities carriedat fair value. In accordance with FASB Staff Position No. FAS 157-2 (“FSP 157-2”), we elected to defer until January 1, 2009 the adoption of SFAS 157 for allnon-financial assets and liabilities that are not recognized or disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements. We do not believe that theadoption of SFAS 157-2 will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In October 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board(“FASB”) issued FASB Staff Position No. FAS 157-3, “Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset in a Market That Is Not Active” (“FSP 157-3”), whichclarifies the application of SFAS 157 when the market for a financial asset is inactive. The guidance in FSP 157-3 was effective upon issuance and did nothave a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. 30 Effective January 1, 2008, we adopted SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“SFAS 159”), whichexpands opportunities to use fair value measurements in financial reporting and permits entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certainother items at fair value. Under SFAS 159, entities that elect the fair value option (by instrument) will report unrealized gains and losses in earnings at eachsubsequent reporting date. The fair value option election is irrevocable, unless a new election date occurs. We chose not to elect the fair value option for ourfinancial assets and liabilities existing at January 1, 2008, and did not elect the fair value option on financial assets and liabilities transacted in 2008.Therefore, the adoption of SFAS 159 had no impact on our consolidated financial statements.In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141(R), “Business Combinations” (“SFAS 141(R)”), which replaces SFAS 141. SFAS 141(R)establishes principles and requirements for how an acquirer recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilitiesassumed, any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and the goodwill acquired. The Statement also establishes disclosure requirements which will enableusers to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business combination. SFAS 141(R) is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008.The adoption of SFAS 141(R) will have an impact on accounting for future business combinations, but the effect is dependent upon acquisitions at that time.In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, “Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements - an amendment of ARBNo. 51” (“SFAS 160”). SFAS 160 requires entities to report noncontrolling (minority) interests as a component of shareholders’ equity on the balance sheet;include all earnings of a consolidated subsidiary in consolidated results of operations and treat all transactions between an entity and noncontrolling interestas equity transactions between the parties. SFAS 160 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning on or afterDecember 15, 2008. Earlier adoption is prohibited. SFAS 160 must be applied prospectively as of the beginning of the fiscal year in which SFAS 160 isinitially applied, except for the presentation and disclosure requirements. The presentation and disclosure requirements are applied retroactively for allperiods presented. We do not have a noncontrolling interest in one or more subsidiaries. Accordingly, we do not anticipate that the initial application ofSFAS 160 will have an impact on the consolidated financial statements.In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities - an amendment of FASBStatement No. 133” (“SFAS 161”), which amends and expands the disclosure requirements of SFAS 133 to require qualitative disclosure about objectivesand strategies for using derivatives, quantitative disclosures about fair value amounts of and gains and losses on derivative instruments, and disclosuresabout credit-risk-related contingent features in derivative agreements. SFAS 161 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periodsbeginning after November 15, 2008, with early application encouraged. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting SFAS 161 on our consolidatedfinancial statements.In April 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position No. 142-3, “Determination of the Useful Life of Intangible Assets” (“FSP 142-3”). FSP 142-3amends the factors that should be considered in developing assumptions about renewal or extension used in estimating the useful life of a recognizedintangible asset under SFAS No. 142. This standard is intended to improve the consistency between the useful life of a recognized intangible asset underSFAS 142 and the period of expected cash flows used to measure the fair value of the asset under SFAS 141(R), “ Business Combinations” and othergenerally accepted accounting principles. FSP 142-3 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. Themeasurement provisions of this standard will apply only to intangible assets of the Company acquired after the effective date. 31 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.Interest rate riskWe are exposed to interest rate change market risk with respect to our credit line with a financial institution which is priced based on the bank’s alternate baserate (3.25% at December 31, 2008) plus ½% or LIBOR (0.46% at December 31, 2008) plus 3%. We have not borrowed under this line in 2008. To the extentwe utilize all or a portion of this line of credit, changes in the interest rate will have a positive or negative effect on our interest expense.Foreign currency riskWe have operations in several international markets that are subject to foreign currency fluctuations. Although the majority of our contracts are denominatedin U.S. Dollars, a substantial portion of the costs incurred to render services under these contracts is incurred in the local currencies of several internationalmarkets where we carry operations. Our significant operations are based in the Philippines and India where revenues are generated in U.S. Dollars and thecorresponding expenses are generated in Philippine pesos and Indian rupees. To mitigate the exposure of fluctuating future cash flows due to changes in foreign exchange rates, we entered into foreign currency forwardcontracts in 2008. These forward contracts were entered into for a maximum term of six months and had an aggregate notional amount of $11.6 million. Wemay continue to enter into such instruments or other instruments in the future to reduce foreign currency exposure to appreciation or depreciation in thevalue of these foreign currencies.The impact of foreign currency will continue to present economic challenges to us and could negatively impact our overall results of operations.Any increase or decrease in the fair value of our currency exchange rate sensitive forward contracts would be substantially offset by a corresponding decreaseor increase in the fair value of the hedged underlying cash flows. As of December 31, 2008, there were no outstanding foreign currency forward contracts.Other than the aforementioned forward contracts, we have not engaged in any hedging activities nor have we entered into off-balance sheettransactions, arrangements or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons that are likely to affect our liquidity or the availability of ourrequirements for capital resources.As of December 31, 2008, our foreign locations held cash totaling approximately $7.9 million.Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.See Financial Statements and Financial Statement Index commencing on page F-1 hereof.Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.On September 12, 2008, the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors approved the dismissal of Grant Thornton LLP as the Company’s independentregistered public accounting firm and approved the engagement of J.H. Cohn LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal yearending December 31, 2008. In connection with our change in accountants, there were no disagreements or reportable events required to be disclosed pursuantto Regulation S-K, Item 304(a)(1)(iv) and item 304(a)(1)(v). 32 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresIn accordance with Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e), we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management,including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as required by Exchange ActRule 13a-15(b) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officerconcluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2008. Changes in Internal Control over Financial ReportingThere have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f)under the Exchange Act) during the last fiscal quarter to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect,the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Internal controlover financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting for external purposes in accordancewith accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that inreasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation ofour financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures of company assets are made in accordance with managementauthorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of company assets that could have a material effect onour financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is notintended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected.Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in InternalControl – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, managementconcluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2008. There were no changes in our internal controlover financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2008 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internalcontrol over financial reporting.The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, was audited by J.H. Cohn LLP, ourindependent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing below, which expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of theCompany’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008. 33 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMThe Board of Directors and Stockholders of Innodata Isogen, Inc.:We have audited Innodata Isogen, Inc. and Subsidiaries’ (“Innodata”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteriaestablished in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).Innodata’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internalcontrol over financial reporting included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is toexpress an opinion on the effectiveness of Innodata’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require thatwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all materialrespects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, assessing the riskthat a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk and performingsuch other procedures as we consider necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reportingand the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ofAmerica. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, inreasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance thattransactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the UnitedStates of America, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors ofthe company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of thecompany’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliancewith the policies or procedures may deteriorate.In our opinion, Innodata maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on the COSOcriteria.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheetas of December 31, 2008, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended, of InnodataIsogen, Inc. and Subsidiaries and our report dated March 9, 2009, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon./s/J.H. Cohn LLPRoseland, New JerseyMarch 9, 2009 34 Item 9B. Other information.None 35 PART IIIItem 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.The information called for by Item 10 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting ofStockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2008 fiscal year.The Company has a code of ethics that applies to all of its employees, officers, and directors, including its principal executive officer, principalfinancial and accounting officer, and controller. The text of the Company’s code of ethics is posted on its website at www.innodata-isogen.com. TheCompany intends to disclose future amendments to, or waivers from, certain provisions of the code of ethics for executive officers and directors in accordancewith applicable NASDAQ and SEC requirements.Item 11. Executive Compensation.The information called for by Item 11 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting ofStockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2008 fiscal year.Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.The information called for by Item 12 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting ofStockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2008 fiscal year.Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.The information called for by Item 13 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting ofStockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2008 fiscal year.Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.The information called for by Item 14 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting ofStockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2008 fiscal year. 36 PART IVItem 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules and Reports on Form 8-K.(a) 1. Financial Statements. See Item 8. Index to Financial Statements.2. Financial Statement Schedules. Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts.3. Exhibits – See Exhibit Index attached hereto and incorporated by reference herein. 37 SIGNATURESIn accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereuntoduly authorized.INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. By/s/ Jack Abuhoff Jack Abuhoff Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and PresidentIn accordance with the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacitiesand on the dates indicated.Signature Title Date /s/ Jack Abuhoff Chairman of the Board, March 11, 2009Jack Abuhoff Chief Executive Officer and President /s/ Steven L. Ford Executive Vice President, March 11, 2009Steven L. Ford Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer /s/ Todd Solomon Director March 11, 2009Todd Solomon /s/ Louise C. Forlenza Director March 11, 2009Louise C. Forlenza /s/ John R. Marozsan Director March 11, 2009John R. Marozsan /s/ Peter H. Woodward Director March 11, 2009Peter H. Woodward /s/ Haig S. Bagerdjian Director March 11, 2009Haig S. Bagerdjian 38 Item 8. Financial Statements.INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESINDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS PAGE Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmsF-2, F-3 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007F-4 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three years ended December 31, 2008F-5 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three years ended December 31, 2008F-6 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three years ended December 31, 2008F-7 Notes to Consolidated Financial StatementsF-8 F-1 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMThe Board of Directors and Stockholders of Innodata Isogen, Inc.:We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Innodata Isogen, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2008, and the relatedconsolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended. Our audit of the basic financial statements included thefinancial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule are theresponsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statementschedule based on our audit. The consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as of December 31, 2007, and for the years endedDecember 31, 2007 and 2006, were audited by other auditors whose report dated March 11, 2008 expressed an unqualified opinion on these statements.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require thatwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includesexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accountingprinciples used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our auditprovides a reasonable basis for our opinion.In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Innodata Isogen, Inc.and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2008, and their results of operations and cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principlesgenerally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basicfinancial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Innodata Isogen Inc. andSubsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Frameworkissued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated March 9, 2009, expressed an unqualifiedopinion thereon./s/ J.H. Cohn LLPRoseland, New JerseyMarch 9, 2009 F-2 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Stockholders ofInnodata Isogen, Inc.We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Innodata Isogen, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2007, and therelated consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006. Our audits of the basicfinancial statements included the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15. The Company’s management is responsible forthese financial statements and financial statement schedule. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statementschedule based on our audits.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require thatwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includesexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accountingprinciples used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our auditsprovide a reasonable basis for our opinion.In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Innodata Isogen, Inc. andsubsidiaries’ as of December 31, 2007, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 in conformitywith accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when consideredin relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.As discussed in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158, “Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans”, in 2006./s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP Edison, New JerseyMarch 11, 2008 F-3 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETSDECEMBER 31, 2008 AND 2007(in thousands, except share data) 2008 2007 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $13,875 $14,751 Accounts receivable-net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $466 and $127 at December 31, 2008 and 2007,respectively 14,017 10,673 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,246 2,117 Refundable income taxes - 453 Deferred income taxes 4,115 202 Total current assets 34,253 28,196 Property and equipment, net 6,726 7,160 Other assets 2,825 2,037 Deferred income taxes 906 381 Goodwill 675 675 Total assets $45,385 $38,449 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $1,053 $1,973 Accrued expenses 2,540 2,227 Accrued salaries, wages and related benefits 5,289 5,244 Income and other taxes 1,649 2,053 Current portion of long term obligations 915 370 Total current liabilities 11,446 11,867 Deferred income taxes 2,080 1,224 Long term obligations 1,671 2,128 Commitments and contingencies STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: Serial preferred stock; 5,000,000 shares authorized, none outstanding - - Common stock, $.01 par value; 75,000,000 shares authorized; 24,907,000 issued and 24,119,000 outstanding atDecember 31, 2008; and 24,881,000 issued and 24,699,000 outstanding at December 31, 2007 249 249 Additional paid-in capital 16,614 16,323 Retained earnings 14,772 7,188 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 742 (211) 32,377 23,549 Less: treasury stock, 788,000 shares at December 31, 2008 and 182,000 shares at December 31, 2007, at cost (2,189) (319)Total stockholders’ equity 30,188 23,230 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $45,385 $38,449 See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-4 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONSYEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2008, 2007 AND 2006(In thousands, except per share amounts) 2008 2007 2006 Revenues $75,001 $67,731 $40,953 Operating costs and expenses Direct operating costs 53,525 48,581 34,316 Selling and administrative expenses 16,134 15,281 14,713 69,659 63,862 49,029 Income (loss) from operations 5,342 3,869 (8,076) Other (income) expenses Interest expense 56 33 7 Interest income (262) (678) (683) Income (loss) before benefit from income taxes 5,548 4,514 (7,400) Benefit from income taxes (2,036) (52) (77) Net income (loss) $7,584 $4,566 $(7,323) Income (loss) per share: Basic: $.31 $.19 $(.30) Diluted: $.30 $.18 $(.30) Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic: 24,390 24,142 24,021 Diluted: 25,137 25,327 24,021 See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-5 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITYYEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2008, 2007 AND 2006(In thousands) Accumulated Additional Other Common Stock Paid-in Retained Comprehensive Treasury Shares Amount Capital Earnings Income (Loss) Stock Total January 1, 2006 23,669 $237 $16,632 $9,945 - - $26,814 Net loss - - - (7,323) - - (7,323)Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stockoptions 418 4 352 - - - 356 Purchase of treasury stock (182) - - - - (319) (319)Non-cash equity compensation - - 241 - - - 241 Adjustment to initially apply FASB Statement 158,net of tax - - - - (760) - (760) December 31, 2006 23,905 241 17,225 2,622 (760) (319) 19,009 Net income - - - 4,566 - - 4,566 Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stockoptions 794 8 447 - - - 455 Payment of minimum withholding taxes on netsettlement of stock options - - (1,523) - - - (1,523)Non-cash equity compensation - - 174 - - - 174 Change in transitional projected benefit obligation,net of tax - - - - 549 - 549 December 31, 2007 24,699 249 16,323 7,188 (211) (319) 23,230 Net income - - - 7,584 - - 7,584 Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stockoptions 26 - 71 - - - 71 Non-cash equity compensation - - 220 - - - 220 Change in transitional projected benefit obligation,net of tax - - - - 953 - 953 Purchase of treasury stock (606) - - - - (1,870) (1,870) December 31, 2008 24,119 $249 $16,614 $14,772 $742 $(2,189) $30,188 See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-6 INNODATA ISOGEN INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWSYEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2008, 2007 AND 2006(In thousands) 2008 2007 2006 Cash flow from operating activities: Net income (loss) $7,584 $4,566 $(7,323)Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 3,702 3,156 3,437 Stock-based compensation 220 174 241 Deferred income taxes (3,582) (87) (222)Pension cost 439 667 313 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: Accounts receivable (3,344) (4,189) 685 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 204 (976) (665)Refundable income taxes 453 609 153 Other assets (206) (147) (189)Accounts payable (920) 986 (542)Accrued expenses 313 258 367 Payment of minimum withholding taxes on net settlement of stock options - (1,523) - Accrued salaries and wages 45 1,745 379 Income and other taxes (404) 758 (68)Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 4,504 5,997 (3,434) Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures (2,452) (4,449) (2,329)Net cash used in investing activities (2,452) (4,449) (2,329) Cash flows from financing activities: Payment of long-term obligations (1,129) (849) (736)Proceeds from exercise of stock options 71 455 356 Purchase of treasury stock (1,870) - (319)Net cash used in financing activities (2,928) (394) (699) (Decrease) Increase in cash and cash equivalents (876) 1,154 (6,462) Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 14,751 13,597 20,059 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $13,875 $14,751 $13,597 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Cash paid for income taxes $1,099 $325 $340 Cash paid for interest $56 $33 $7 Non-cash investing and financing activities: Acquisition of equipment utilizing capital leases $81 $770 $- Vendor financed software licenses acquired $1,650 $- $164 See notes to consolidated financial statements F-7 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesDescription of Business-Innodata Isogen, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”), is a leading provider of knowledge process outsourcing (“KPO”) services aswell as publishing and related information technology services that help organizations create, manage and maintain their products. Our publishing servicesinclude digitization, conversion, composition, data modeling and XML encoding, and KPO services include research and analysis, authoring, copy-editing,abstracting, indexing and other content creation activities. Our IT system professional supports the design, implementation, integration and deployment ofdigital systems used to author, manage and distribute content.Principles of Consolidation-The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Innodata Isogen, Inc. and its subsidiaries, all of which are whollyowned. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.Use of Estimates-In preparing financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, managementis required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilitiesat the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from thoseestimates. Significant estimates include those related to revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts and billing adjustments, long-lived assets,goodwill, valuation of deferred tax assets, value of securities underlying stock-based compensation, litigation accruals, pension benefits, valuation ofderivative instruments and estimated accruals for various tax exposures.Revenue Recognition-Revenue is recognized in the period in which services are performed and delivery has occurred and when all the criteria of StaffAccounting Bulletin 104 have been met.The Company recognizes its IT professional services revenues from custom application and systems integration development which requires significantproduction, modification or customization of software in a manner similar to SOP No. 81-1 “Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type and CertainProduction-Type Contracts.” Revenue from such services billed under fixed fee arrangements, which are not significant to the overall revenue, is recognizedusing the percentage-of-completion method under contract accounting as services are performed or output milestones are reached. The percentage completedis measured either by the percentage of labor hours incurred to date in relation to estimated total labor hours or in consideration of achievement of certainoutput milestones, depending on the specific nature of each contract. For arrangements in which percentage-of-completion accounting is used, the Companyrecords cash receipts from customers and billed amounts due from customers in excess of recognized revenue as billings in excess of revenues earned oncontracts in progress (which is included in accounts receivable). Revenues from fixed-fee projects accounted for less than 10% of our total revenue for eachof the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. Revenue billed on a time and materials basis is recognized as services are performed.Foreign Currency Translation-The functional currency for the Company’s production operations located in the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka is U.S.dollars. As such, transactions denominated in Philippine pesos, Indian and Sri Lanka rupees were translated to U.S. dollars at rates which approximate thosein effect on transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at December 31, 2008 and 2007 were translated at theexchange rate in effect as of those dates. Nonmonetary assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity are translated at the appropriate historical rates. Included indirect operating costs are exchange (gains) losses resulting from such transactions of approximately $(190,000), $925,000 and $283,000 for the years endedDecember 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. F-8 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSDerivative Instruments-The Company accounts for its foreign exchange derivative instruments under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards(“SFAS”) No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” (“SFAS 133”), as amended. SFAS 133 requires that an entity recognizederivatives as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and measure those instruments at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of aderivative depends on the intended use of the derivative and the resulting designation.The Company has designated its derivative (foreign currency forward contracts) as cash flow hedge based upon criteria established by SFAS No.133. Accordingly, the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income orloss and is subsequently reclassified to earnings when the hedge exposure affects earnings. The Company formally documents all relationships betweenhedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedging activities.Cash Equivalents-For financial statement purposes (including cash flows), the Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with anoriginal maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.Property and Equipment-Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of therelated assets, which is generally two to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated usefullives or the lives of the leases. Certain assets under capital leases are amortized over the lives of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of theassets, whichever is shorter.Long-lived Assets-The Company accounts for long-lived assets under SFAS No. 144, “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long Lived Assets”(“SFAS 144”). Management assesses the recoverability of its long-lived assets, which consist primarily of fixed assets and intangible assets with finite usefullives, whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The following factors, if present, may trigger animpairment review: (i) significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; (ii) significant negativeindustry or economic trends; (iii) significant decline in the Company’s stock price for a sustained period; and (iv) a change in the Company’s marketcapitalization relative to net book value. If the recoverability of these assets is unlikely because of the existence of one or more of the above-mentionedfactors, an impairment analysis is performed initially using a projected undiscounted cash flow method. Management must make assumptions regardingestimated future cash flows and other factors to determine the fair value of these respective assets. If these estimates or related assumptions change in thefuture, the Company may be required to record an impairment charge. Impairment charges, which would be based on discounted cash flows, would beincluded in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s statements of operations, and would result in reduced carrying amounts of therelated assets on the Company’s balance sheets. No impairment charges were recorded in the three years ended December 31, 2008.Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets-Goodwill represents the excess purchase price paid over the fair value of net assets acquired. Effective July 1, 2002,the Company adopted SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” (“SFAS 142”). Under SFAS 142, the Company tests its goodwill on an annualbasis using a two-step fair value based test. The first step of the goodwill impairment test, used to identify potential impairment, compares the fair value of areporting unit, with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of thegoodwill impairment test must be performed to measure the amount of the impairment loss, if any. If impairment is determined, the Company will recognizeadditional charges to operating expenses in the period in which they are identified, which would result in a reduction of operating results and a reduction inthe amount of goodwill. F-9 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSPrior to 2007, the Company’s operations were classified into two operating segments: (1) content-related BPO services and (2) IT professional services. Theseoperating segments qualified as reporting units under SFAS 142. In 2007, the Company commenced a reorganization of its management and operatingstructure. In this reorganization, management merged the content-related BPO and KPO services and IT professional services segments (Refer Note 11 toconsolidated financial statements). The Company's current operating segment structure reflects the way the chief operating decision maker looks at theoverall Company to evaluate performance and makes executive decisions (including the allocation of resources) about the business. With this reorganization,the Company no longer has two reporting units and two operating segments, but consists of one business that generates revenues and expenses. Thus, theentire goodwill is allocated to the consolidated company for the purposes of goodwill impairment test.In the annual impairment test conducted by the Company on September 30, 2008, 2007 and 2006 the estimated fair values of the reporting unit exceeded itscarrying amount, including goodwill. As such, no impairment was identified or recorded.Income Taxes-Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted taxrates, as well as any net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards expected to reduce taxes payable in future years. A valuation allowance is provided when itis more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. While the Company considers future taxable income in assessingthe need for the valuation allowance, in the event that the Company would determine that it would be able to realize the deferred tax assets in the future inexcess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would increase income in the period such determination was made. Change invaluation allowance from period to period is included in the Company’s tax provision in the period of change. The Company has recorded a deferred taxliability on approximately $5.1 million of foreign earnings, which represents a portion of foreign profits earned prior to 2002. Beginning in 2002, unremittedearnings of foreign subsidiaries have been included in the consolidated financial statements without giving effect to the United States taxes that may bepayable on distribution to the United States because such earnings are not anticipated to be remitted to the United States.The Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Interpretation No. 48 (“FIN 48”) “Accounting for Uncertainty in IncomeTaxes” on January 1, 2007. The adoption of FIN 48 did not have an effect on the results of operations or financial position of the Company. The Companyrecognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense in the consolidated statement of operations.Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation – Effective January 1, 2006, the Company adopted the fair value recognition provisions of SFAS No. 123(Revised 2004) Share-Based Payment (“SFAS 123(R)”), which required the measurement and recognition of stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on estimated fair value at the grant date. The stock-based compensation expense is recognizedover the requisite service period. The fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.The stock-based compensation expense related to the Company’s various stock option plans was allocated as follows (in thousands): F-10 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2008 2007 2006 Direct operating costs $46 $74 $80 Selling and adminstrative expenses 174 100 161 Total stock-based compensation $220 $174 $241 Fair Value of Financial Instruments-The carrying amounts of financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accountspayable, accrued expenses and other current assets and liabilities approximated fair value as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 because of the relative shortmaturity of these instruments. The carrying amounts of long term obligations approximate their fair value as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 based uponrates currently available to the Company.Effective January 1, 2008, the Company adopted SFAS 157 for financial assets and liabilities except as it applies to the non financial assets and nonfinancial liabilities subject to FSP 157-2. The adoption of SFAS 157 did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position andconsolidated results of operations or liquidity. SFAS 157 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into threelevels. The three levels are defined as follows:·Level 1: Unadjusted quoted price in active market for identical assets and liabilities.·Level 2: Observable inputs other than those included in Level 1.·Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflecting management’s own assumptions about the inputs used in pricing the asset or liability.SFAS 157 does not require any new fair value measurements; however, it eliminates inconsistencies in the guidance provided in previousaccounting pronouncements. The Company records foreign currency forward contracts in accordance with SFAS 133. As of December 31, 2008, there were nooutstanding foreign currency forward contracts.Accounts Receivable-The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable are due from secondary publishers and information providers. The Companyestablishes credit terms for new clients based upon management’s review of their credit information and project terms, and performs ongoing creditevaluations of its customers, adjusting credit terms when management believes appropriate based upon payment history and an assessment of their currentcredit worthiness. The Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its clients to make requiredpayments. The Company determines its allowance by considering a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts receivable are past due(accounts outstanding longer than the payment terms are considered past due), the Company’s previous loss history, the client’s current ability to pay itsobligation to the Company, and the condition of the general economy and the industry as a whole. While credit losses have generally been withinexpectations and the provisions established, the Company cannot guarantee that credit loss rates in the future will be consistent with those experienced in thepast. In addition, there is credit exposure if the financial condition of one of the Company’s major clients were to deteriorate. In the event that the financialcondition of the Company’s clients were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be necessary.Concentration of Credit Risk-The Company maintains its cash with high quality financial institutions, located primarily in the United States. To the extentthat such cash exceeds the maximum insurance levels, the Company is uninsured. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. F-11 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSIncome (Loss) per Share- Basic income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year.Diluted income (loss) per share is computed by considering the impact of the potential issuance of common shares, using the treasury stock method, on theweighted average number of shares outstanding. As the Company was in a net loss position for the year ended December 31, 2006, the potential commonshares derived from stock options were excluded from the calculation of diluted income (loss) per share as these shares would have had an anti-dilutive effect.Development Costs for Software-Costs for the development of new software to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed as a separate product or as partof a product or process, and substantial enhancements to such existing software products, are expensed as research and development costs as incurred untiltechnological feasibility has been established, at which time any additional development costs are capitalized until the product is available for generalrelease to customers. All other research and development costs are expensed as incurred.No software development costs were capitalized during each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. The Company did not incur anyresearch and development costs in 2008 and 2007. Included in selling and administrative expense are research and development costs totaling approximately$922,000 for the year ended December 31, 2006.Pension-The Company records annual pension costs based on calculations, which include various actuarial assumptions including discount rates,compensation increases and other assumptions involving demographic factors. The Company reviews its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and makesmodifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends. The Company believes that the assumptions used in recording its pension obligations arereasonable based on its experience, market conditions and inputs from its actuaries.Deferred revenue-Deferred revenue represents payments received from customers in advance of providing services and amounts deferred ifconditions for revenue recognition have not been met. Included in accrued expenses on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31,2008 and 2007 is deferred revenue amounting to $1,296,000 and $863,000, respectively.Reclassifications-Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior years’ consolidated financial statements to conform to the current year’s presentation.Recent Accounting PronouncementsEffective January 1, 2008, the Company adopted SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS 157”), for financial assets and liabilitiescarried at fair value. This pronouncement defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair valuemeasurements. The Company’s adoption of SFAS 157 did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for financial assetsand liabilities and any other assets and liabilities carried at fair value. In accordance with FASB Staff Position No. FAS 157-2 (“FSP 157-2”), the Companyelected to defer until January 1, 2009 the adoption of SFAS 157 for all non-financial assets and liabilities that are not recognized or disclosed at fair value inthe consolidated financial statements. The Company does not believe that the adoption of SFAS 157-2 will have a material impact on our consolidatedfinancial statements. In October 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued FASB Staff Position No. FAS 157-3, “Determining theFair Value of a Financial Asset in a Market That Is Not Active” (“FSP 157-3”), which clarifies the application of SFAS 157 when the market for a financialasset is inactive. The guidance in FSP 157-3 was effective upon issuance and did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financialstatements. F-12 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSEffective January 1, 2008, the Company adopted SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“SFAS159”), which expands opportunities to use fair value measurements in financial reporting and permits entities to choose to measure many financialinstruments and certain other items at fair value. Under SFAS 159, entities that elect the fair value option (by instrument) will report unrealized gains andlosses in earnings at each subsequent reporting date. The fair value option election is irrevocable, unless a new election date occurs. The Company chose notto elect the fair value option for its financial assets and liabilities existing at January 1, 2008, and did not elect the fair value option on financial assets andliabilities transacted in 2008. Therefore, the adoption of SFAS 159 had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141(R), “Business Combinations” (“SFAS 141(R)”), which replaces SFAS No. 141. SFAS No. 141(R)establishes principles and requirements for how an acquirer recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilitiesassumed, any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and the goodwill acquired. The Statement also establishes disclosure requirements which will enableusers to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business combination. SFAS 141(R) is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008.The adoption of SFAS 141(R) will have an impact on accounting for future business combinations, but the effect is dependent upon acquisitions at that time.In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements - an amendment of ARB No. 51(“SFAS 160”). SFAS 160 requires entities to report noncontrolling (minority) interests as a component of shareholders’ equity on the balance sheet; includeall earnings of a consolidated subsidiary in consolidated results of operations; and treat all transactions between an entity and noncontrolling interest asequity transactions between the parties. SFAS 160 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning on or afterDecember 15, 2008. Earlier adoption is prohibited. SFAS 160 must be applied prospectively as of the beginning of the fiscal year in which SFAS 160 isinitially applied, except for the presentation and disclosure requirements. The presentation and disclosure requirements are applied retroactively for allperiods presented. The Company does not have a noncontrolling interest in one or more subsidiaries. Accordingly, the Company does not anticipate that theinitial application of SFAS 160 will have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities - an amendment of FASBStatement No. 133” (“SFAS 161”), which amends and expands the disclosure requirements of SFAS 133 to require qualitative disclosure about objectivesand strategies for using derivatives, quantitative disclosures about fair value amounts of and gains and losses on derivative instruments, and disclosuresabout credit-risk-related contingent features in derivative agreements. SFAS 161 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periodsbeginning after November 15, 2008, with early application encouraged. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting SFAS 161 on itsconsolidated financial statements.In April 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position No. 142-3, “Determination of the Useful Life of Intangible Assets” (“FSP 142-3”). FSP 142-3amends the factors that should be considered in developing assumptions about renewal or extension used in estimating the useful life of a recognizedintangible asset under SFAS No. 142. This standard is intended to improve the consistency between the useful life of a recognized intangible asset underSFAS 142 and the period of expected cash flows used to measure the fair value of the asset under SFAS 141(R) (revised 2007), “ Business Combinations” andother generally accepted accounting principles. FSP 142-3 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. Themeasurement provisions of this standard will apply only to intangible assets of the Company acquired after the effective date. F-13 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS2.Property and equipmentProperty and equipment, which include amounts recorded under capital leases, are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization (inthousands), and consist of the following: December 31, 2008 2007 Equipment $18,831 $18,648 Software 3,671 3,293 Furniture and office equipment 1,878 1,672 Leasehold improvements 4,149 3,550 Total 28,529 27,163 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization (21,803) (20,003) $6,726 $7,160 Depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment was approximately $3,129,000, $2,622,000 and $2,750,000 for each of the three years inthe period ended December 31, 2008.At December 31, 2008 and 2007, equipment under capital leases had a gross cost of approximately $1,562,000 and $1,481,000, respectively. Amortization ofassets under capital leases is included under depreciation expense.3.Income taxesThe significant components of the provision for (benefit from) income taxes for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 (in thousands)are as follows: 2008 2007 2006 Current income tax expense: Foreign $1,531 $441 $191 Federal 72 (359) (35)State and local 20 (54) (11) 1,623 28 145 Deferred income tax benefit: Foreign $(342) $(103) $(222)Federal (2,439) 31 - State and local (878) (8) - $(3,659) $(80) $(222) Benefit from income taxes $(2,036) $(52) $(77) F-14INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The reconciliation of the U.S. statutory rate with the Company’s effective tax rate for each of the three years ended December 31 is summarized as follows: 2008 2007 2006 Federal statutory rate 34.0% 34.0% (34.0)%Effect of: State income taxes (net of federal tax benefit) 4.6 (11.3) - Taxes on foreign income at rates that differ from US statutory rate 6.9 (2.5) (6.4)Change in valuation allowance on deferred tax assets (83.2) (4.8) 39.1 IRS refund for foreign subsidiaries - (8.7) - Other 1.0 (7.8) 0.3 Effective rate (36.7)% (1.1)% (1.0)%No tax benefits related to stock option exercises was recorded for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 due to net operating losscarryforwards.Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as current or non-current according to the classification of the related asset or liability. Significantcomponents of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, are as follows (in thousands): 2008 2007 Deferred income tax assets: Allowances not currently deductible $267 $88 Depreciation and amortization 297 95 Equity compensation not currently deductible 265 212 Net operating loss carryforwards 3,381 4,682 Expenses not deductible until paid 836 885 Other 43 5 Total gross deferred income tax assets before valuation allowance 5,089 5,967 Valuation allowance (68) (4,627)Net deferred income tax assets 5,021 1,340 Deferred income tax liabilities: Foreign source income, not taxable until repatriated (1,981) (1,981)Other (99) - Totals (2,080) (1,981) Net deferred asset (liability) $2,941 $(641) Net deferred income tax asset-current $4,115 $202 Net deferred income tax asset-long term 906 381 Net deferred income tax liability-non-current (2,080) (1,224) Net deferred income tax asset (liability) $2,941 $(641)In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assetswill not be realizable. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods inwhich temporary differences are deductible and net operating losses are available. The Company considered many factors when assessing the likelihood offuture realization of the deferred tax assets, including the Company’s recent cumulative earnings experience by taxing jurisdiction, expectation of futuretaxable income, the carryforward periods available for tax reporting purposes, and other relevant factors. Based upon management’s assessment and theavailable evidence, in 2008 the Company reversed the entire portion of the valuation allowance previously recorded on the U.S. portion of deferred tax assetsresulting in a non-cash tax benefit amounting to $3.3 million. The decline in valuation allowance in 2008 also resulted from the utilization of net operatinglosses. The remaining valuation allowance at December 31, 2008 represents the portion the Company has established on deferred tax assets of its foreignsubsidiaries. F-15 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSThe Company currently intends to remit to the United States approximately $5.1 million of foreign earnings for which it has recorded a deferred tax liability.These earnings represent a portion of its foreign profits earned prior to 2002. Beginning in 2002, unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries have beenincluded in the consolidated financial statements without giving effect to the United States taxes that may be payable on distribution to the United Statesbecause such earnings are not anticipated to be remitted to the United States. Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries amount to $9.5 million atDecember 31, 2008. These earnings are considered to be indefinitely reinvested, and, accordingly, no provision for U.S. Federal or state income taxes hasbeen made.The Company had established a valuation allowance of approximately $4.6 million at December 31, 2007. The net change in the total valuation allowancefor the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was a (decline) increase of $(4.6) million, $0.3 million and $3.2 million, respectively. In 2008 and2007, the Company utilized $3.8 million and $2.1 million of net operating loss carryforwards, respectively. The 2006 increase was offset by a reversal of avaluation allowance of approximately $0.4 million which has been recorded for one of the Company’s Indian subsidiaries.United States and foreign components of income (loss) before income taxes for each of the three years ended December 31, (in thousands) are as follows: 2008 2007 2006 United States $3,455 $2,750 $(9,707)Foreign 2,093 1,764 2,307 Total $5,548 $4,514 $(7,400)Certain of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are subject to tax holidays or preferential tax rates for years ranging from 2008 to 2014, pursuant to which theincome tax rate for these subsidiaries is substantially reduced. The tax benefit for tax holidays was approximately $378,000, $95,000 and $450,000 for eachof the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. The income tax holiday of one of our Philippine subsidiaries will expire in May 2009 and that ofone of our Indian subsidiaries will expire in March 2009.At December 31, 2008, the Company has U.S. Federal and New Jersey state net operating loss carryforwards available of approximately $7.9 million and$10.2 million, respectively. These net operating loss carryforwards expire at various times through 2026.The Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Interpretation No. 48 (“FIN 48”) “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes” onJanuary 1, 2007. The adoption of FIN 48 did not have an effect on the results of operations or financial position of the Company.The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $840,000 and $740,000 at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. The portion of unrecognized taxbenefits relating to interest and penalties were $253,000 and $153,000 at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. $664,000 and $564,000 of ourunrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, if recognized, would have an impact on the Company’s effective tax rate. F-16 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSThe following represents a roll forward of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits and associated interest for the year ended December 31, 2008(amounts in thousands): Unrecognized taxbenefits Balance - January 1, 2008 $740 Interest accrual 100 Balance – December 31, 2008 $840 The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in various states and foreign jurisdictions. In the third quarter of 2007, the IRScompleted the audit for the Company’s 2004 and 2005 income tax returns, which resulted in a decrease to the Company’s net operating loss carryforward ofapproximately $70,000. The Company is no longer subject to examination of federal and New Jersey taxing authorities for years prior to 2006. Variousforeign subsidiaries currently have open tax years ranging from 2004 through 2007.Pursuant to an income tax audit by the Indian Bureau of Taxation in March 2006, one of the Company’s Indian subsidiaries received a taxassessment approximating $434,000, including interest through December 31, 2008, for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2003. Management disagreeswith the basis of the tax assessment, and has filed an appeal against the assessment, which it will contest vigorously. The Indian Bureau of Taxation has alsocompleted an audit of the Company’s Indian subsidiary’s income tax return for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2004. The ultimate outcome wasfavorable, and there was no tax assessment imposed for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2004. In December 2008, the Company received a final taxassessment from the India Bureau of Taxation for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2005 for which the Company has provided adequate tax provision,including interest through December 31, 2008. Management disagrees with the basis of the tax assessment, has filed an appeal against the assessment andwill contest it vigorously. In 2008, the Indian Bureau of Taxation has commenced an audit of the subsidiary’s income tax return for the fiscal year ended2006. The ultimate outcome cannot be determined at this time.4.Long term obligationsTotal long-term obligations as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 consist of the following: 2008 2007 Vendor obligations Capital lease obligations (1) $453 $659 Deferred lease payments 89 131 Microsoft license (2) 1,100 4 Pension obligations Accrued pension liability 944 1,704 $2,586 $2,498 Less: Current portion of long-term obligations 915 370 Total $1,671 $2,128 (1) In 2007 and 2008, the Company financed the acquisition of certain computer and communication equipment. The capital lease obligations bearinterest at rates ranging from 6% to 12% and are payable over two to three years. F-17 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (2) In March 2008, the Company renewed a vendor agreement, where the original agreement had expired in February 2008, to acquire certain additionalsoftware licenses and to receive support and subsequent software upgrades on these and other currently owned software licenses through February 2011.Pursuant to this agreement, the Company is obligated to pay $137,500 on a quarterly basis over the term of the agreement. The total cost (in thousands) wasallocated to the following asset accounts in 2008:Prepaid expenses and other current assets $496 Other assets 992 Property and equipment 162 $1,650 Amortization expense was approximately $573,000, $534,000 and $687,000 for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008.The future minimum lease payments required under the capital leases and the present value of the net minimum lease payments as of December 31,2008 are as follows (in thousands):2009 $304 2010 158 2011 27 Total minimum lease payments 489 Less: Amount representing interest 36 Present value of net minimum lease payments 453 Less: Current maturities of capital lease obligations 277 Long-term capital lease obligations $176 5.Commitments and contingenciesLine of Credit-The Company has a $7.0 million line of credit pursuant to which it may borrow up to 80% of eligible accounts receivable. Borrowings underthe credit line bear interest at the bank’s alternate base rate plus ½% or LIBOR plus 3%. The line, which expires in June 2009, is collateralized by theCompany’s accounts receivable. The Company has no outstanding obligations under this credit line as of December 31, 2008. The Company plans onrenewing the line of credit in the second quarter of 2009.Leases-The Company is obligated under various operating lease agreements for office and production space. Certain agreements contain escalation clausesand requirements that the Company pay taxes, insurance and maintenance costs. Company leases that include escalated lease payments are expensed on astraight-line basis over the non-cancelable base lease period in accordance with SFAS No. 13, “Accounting for Leases” (“SFAS 13").Lease agreements for production space in most overseas facilities, which expire through 2030, contain provisions pursuant to which the Company maycancel the leases with a minimal notice period, generally subject to forfeiture of security deposit. For each of the three years in the period ended December 31,2008, rent expense, principally for office and production space, totaled approximately $3,037,000, $2,575,000 and $2,163,000, respectively. F-18 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSIn addition, the Company leases certain equipment under short-term operating lease agreements. For each of the three years in the period ended December 31,2008, rent expense for equipment totaled approximately $70,000, $207,000 and $45,000, respectively.Future minimum lease payments, by year and in the aggregate, under non-cancelable operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more as ofDecember 31, 2008 (in thousands) are as follows:Years Ending December 31, 2009 $787 2010 464 2011 161 2012 113 Total minimum lease payments $1,525 In connection with the relocation of the Company’s Dallas office, the lessor agreed to pay approximately $246,000 as an incentive to terminate the leaseprior to its contractual expiration date. In connection with this transaction, the Company recognized income of approximately $246,000 in 2006 and this isincluded in selling and administrative expenses.Litigation – The Supreme Court of the Republic of the Philippines has refused to review a decision of the Court of Appeals in Manila against aPhilippines subsidiary of the Company that is inactive and has no material assets, and purportedly also against Innodata Isogen, Inc., that orders thereinstatement of certain former employees of the subsidiary to their former positions and payment of back wages and benefits that aggregate approximately$7.5 million. Complainants have moved for execution of this decision before the Department of Labor and Employment National Labor RelationsCommission, Republic of the Philippines, and the Department of Labor and Employment Office of the Secretary of Labor and Employment, Republic of thePhilippines. Based on consultation with legal counsel, the Company believes that recovery against the Company is nevertheless unlikely.The Company is also subject to various legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business. While management currently believes that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’sfinancial position or overall trends in results of operations, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Substantial recovery against the Company in theabove referenced Philippines actions could have a material adverse impact on the Company, and unfavorable rulings or recoveries in the other proceedingscould have a material adverse impact on the operating results of the period in which the ruling or recovery occurs. In addition, the Company’s estimate ofpotential impact on the Company’s financial position or overall results of operations for the above legal proceedings could change in the future.Foreign Currency-The Company’s production facilities are located in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel. To the extent that the currencies of thesecountries fluctuate, the Company is subject to risks of changing costs of production after pricing is established for certain customer projects.Indemnifications-The Company is obligated under certain circumstances to indemnify directors, certain officers and employees against costs and liabilitiesincurred in actions or threatened actions brought against such individual because such individuals acted in the capacity of director and/or officer or fiduciaryof the Company. In addition, the Company has contracts with certain clients pursuant to whom the Company has agreed to indemnify the client for certainspecified and limited claims. These indemnification obligations are in the ordinary course of business and, in many cases; do not include a limit on potentialmaximum future payments. As of December 31, 2008, the Company has not recorded a liability for any obligations arising as a result of theseindemnifications. F-19 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSLiens-In connection with the procurement of tax incentives at one of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries, the foreign zoning authority was granted a first lienon the subsidiary’s property and equipment. As of December 31, 2008, the net book value of the property and equipment was $801,000.6.Pension benefitsU.S. Defined Contribution Pension Plan - The Company has a defined contribution plan qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code,pursuant to which substantially all of its U.S. employees are eligible to participate after completing six months of service. Participants may elect to contributea portion of their compensation to the plan. Under the plan, the Company has the discretion to match a portion of participants’ contributions. The Companyintends to match approximately $122,000 to the plan for the year ended December 31, 2008. For the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, theCompany’s matching contributions were approximately $123,000 and $131,000, respectively.Non-U.S. Pension benefits - In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement No. 158, “Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and OtherPostretirement Plans - an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106 and 132(R)” (“SFAS 158”). SFAS 158 requires an employer to recognize a netliability or asset and an offsetting adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income to report the funded status of defined benefit pension and otherpostretirement benefit plans effective for the Company’s year ended December 31, 2006. As required, the Company has adopted this statement and applied itprospectively beginning with the Company’s fiscal year-end December 31, 2006. The adoption resulted in recognition in 2006 of additional pensionliabilities of $877,000, an increase of $117,000 to total assets and a decrease to stockholders equity of $760,000.Most of the non-U.S. subsidiaries provide for government mandated defined pension benefits. For certain of these subsidiaries, vested eligible employees areprovided a lump sum payment upon retiring from the Company at a defined age. The lump sum amount is based on the salary and tenure as of retirementdate. Other non-U.S subsidiaries provide for a lump sum payment to vested employees on retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment,based upon the salary and tenure as of the date employment ceases. The liability for such defined benefit obligations is determined and provided on the basisof actuarial valuations. Pension expense for foreign subsidiaries totaled approximately $439,000, $667,000 and $313,000 for each of the three years in theperiod ended December 31, 2008.The following table summarizes the amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (in thousands): F-20 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2008 2007 2006 Amount recognized on adoption of SFAS 158 $— $— $(760)Amortization of transition obligation 92 83 — Actuarial gain 861 466 — Total $953 $549 $(760) Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) not yetreflected in net periodic benefit cost, net of taxes: Acturial gain $1,327 $466 Transition obligation (585) (677) Total $742 $(211) Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) expected tobe amortized in 2009 net periodic benefit cost, net of taxes: Acturial gain $97 Transition obligation (83) Total $14 The following table sets out the status of the non-U.S pension benefits and the amounts (in thousands) recognized in the Company’s consolidated financialstatements.Benefit Obligations: Change in the Benefit Obligation: 2008 2007 2006 Projected benefit obligation at beginning of the year $1,860 $1,580 $493 Service cost 314 404 176 Interest cost 151 121 68 Actuarial loss (gain) (1,022) (442) 903 Foreign currency exchange rate changes (170) 259 26 Benefits paid (61) (62) (86)Projected benefit obligation at end of year $1,072 $1,860 $1,580 Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost: 2008 2007 2006 Service cost $314 $404 $176 Interest cost 151 121 68 Actuarial loss (gain) recognized (26) 142 69 Net periodic pension cost $439 $667 $313 The accumulated benefit obligation, which represents benefits earned to date, was approximately $453,000 and $395,000 at December 31, 2008 and 2007,respectively. F-21 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSActuarial assumptions for all non-U.S. plans are described below. The discount rates are used to measure the year end benefit obligations and the earningseffects for the subsequent year. 2008 2007 2006 Discount rate 7.65%-12% 8%-10% 6.5%-10%Rate of increase in compensation levels 7%-10% 10%-13% 7%-10%Estimated Future Benefit Payments:The following benefit payments (in thousands), which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid:Years Ending December 31, 2009 $36 2010 45 2011 51 2011 55 2013 64 2014 to 2018 $1,109 7.Restructuring Charges2008 Restructuring PlanAs part of the overall cost reduction plan to reduce operating costs, in December 2008 the Company announced a restructuring plan to reduce its global workforce by approximately 260 employees, the majority of whom were based in Asia. Most employees were terminated by December 31, 2008.In connection with the restructuring, the Company recorded a one-time charge of approximately $475,000 for severance and other personnel-relatedexpenses. As of December 31, 2008, the Company paid $265,000 of the total restructuring charges. The remaining balance will be paid during the first twoquarters of 2009 and is included in accrued salaries, wages and related benefits in the consolidated balance sheets.2006 Restructuring PlanIn September 2006, the Company initiated a restructuring plan as part of an overall cost reduction plan to reduce operating costs and announced a worldwideworkforce reduction of slightly under 300 employees, the majority of whom were based in Asia. The plan was substantially implemented by the end of 2006.As a result, the Company recorded total charges of $604,000 in 2006 associated with the restructuring plan. The 2006 charge consisted of $531,000 ofemployee severance costs and $73,000 of costs to implement the plan. Of the total amount, $60,000 represents charges relating to stock option modifications. F-22 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSIn connection with the restructuring, the Company paid cash of $544,000 by fiscal 2007 and recognized costs amounting to $60,000 for stock optionmodifications. The Company currently expects no future costs to be incurred associated with the restructuring plan.Relative to the 2006 restructuring, the Company modified the expiration date of an option held by a departing officer to purchase 100,000 shares of theCompany’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.59. The option, which was scheduled to expire at a rate of 20,000 shares per year commencing on May31, 2009, was modified wherein 20,000 shares continue to expire on May 31, 2009, 20,000 shares continue to expire on May 31, 2010 and the remaining60,000 shares will expire on May 31, 2010. The modification also provided that the option will survive the termination of the officer’s employment with theCompany. The Company recognized, as part of the restructuring cost, $60,000 related to the stock option modification.The restructuring charges were recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and were allocated as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2008 2007 2006 Cost of sales $255 $- $175 Selling and administrative expenses 220 - 429 Total $475 $- $604 8.Capital StockCommon Stock - The Company is authorized to issue 75,000,000 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock has one vote. Subject topreferences that may be applicable to any outstanding shares of preferred stock, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends,if any, as may be declared by the Board of Directors. No common stock dividends have been declared to date.Preferred Stock – The Company is authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The Board of Directors is authorized to fix the terms, rights,preferences and limitations of the preferred stock and to issue the preferred stock in series which differ as to their relative terms, rights, preferences andlimitations.Stockholder Rights Plan - On December 16, 2002, the Board of Directors adopted a Stockholder Rights Plan (“Rights Plan”) in which one right (“Right”)was declared as a dividend for each share of the Company’s common stock outstanding. The purpose of the plan is to deter a hostile takeover of theCompany. Each Right entitles its holders to purchase, under certain conditions, one one-thousandth of a share of newly authorized Series C ParticipatingPreferred Stock (“Preferred Stock”), with one one-thousandth of a share of Preferred Stock intended to be the economic and voting equivalent of one share ofthe Company’s common stock. Rights will be exercisable only if a person or group acquires beneficial ownership of 15% (25% in the case of specifiedexecutive officers of the Company) or more of the Company’s common stock or commences a tender or exchange offer, upon the consummation of whichsuch person or group would beneficially own such percentage of the common stock. Upon such an event, the Rights enable dilution of the acquiring person’sor group’s interest by providing that other holders of the Company’s common stock may purchase, at an exercise price of $4.00, the Company’s commonstock having a market value of $8.00 based on the then market price of the Company’s common stock, or at the discretion of the Board of Directors, PreferredStock, having double the value of such exercise price. The Company will be entitled to redeem the Rights at $.001 per Right under certain circumstances setforth in the Rights Plan. The Rights themselves have no voting power and will expire on December 26, 2012, unless earlier exercised, redeemed orexchanged. F-23 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Common Stock Reserved - As of December 31, 2008, the Company had reserved for issuance approximately 4,009,000 shares of common stock pursuant tothe Company’s stock option plans.Treasury Stock - In May 2008, the Company announced that the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $2.0 million of its common stock.There is no expiration date associated with the program. As of December 31, 2008, the Company repurchased 606,000 shares of its common stock at a cost ofapproximately $1.9 million, and approximately $0.1 million remains available for repurchase under the program. This authorization replaced a priorauthorization made in August 2006.9.Stock OptionsThe Company adopted, with stockholder approval, 1998, 2001, and 2002 Stock Option Plans (the “1998 Plan,” “2001 Plan,” and “2002 Plan”, collectivelythe “Plans”) which provide for the granting of options to purchase not more than an aggregate of 3,600,000, 900,000 and 950,000 shares of common stock,respectively, subject to adjustment under certain circumstances. Such options may be incentive stock options (“ISOs”) within the meaning of the InternalRevenue Code of 1986, as amended, or options that do not qualify as ISOs (“Non-Qualified Options”).The option exercise price per share may not be less than the fair market value per share of common stock on the date of grant (110% of such fair market valuefor an ISO, if the grantee owns stock possessing more than 10% of the combined voting power of all classes of the Company’s stock). Options may be grantedunder the Stock Option Plans to all officers, directors, and employees of the Company and, in addition, Non-Qualified Options may be granted to otherparties who perform services for the Company. The 1998 Plan expired on July 8, 2008. No options may be granted under the 2001 Plan after May 31, 2011;and under the 2002 Plan after June 30, 2012.The Plans may be amended from time to time by the Board of Directors of the Company. However, the Board of Directors may not, without stockholderapproval, amend the Plans to increase the number of shares of common stock which may be issued under the Plans (except upon changes in capitalization asspecified in the Plans), decrease the minimum exercise price provided in the Plans or change the class of persons eligible to participate in the Plans.The fair value of stock options is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted average fair values of theoptions granted and weighted average assumptions are as follows: For the Years Ended December 31, 2008 2007 2006 (1) Weighted average fair value of options granted $2.46 $2.99 $— Risk-free interest rate 3.61% 4.61% — Expected life (years) 8.00 8.00 — Expected volatility factor 97% 122% — Expected dividends None None — (1) There were no options granted in 2006. F-24 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSThe Company estimates the risk-free interest rate using the U.S. Treasury yield curve for periods equal to the expected term of the options in effect at the timeof grant. The expected term of options granted is based on a combination of vesting schedules, term of the options and historical experience. Expectedvolatility was based on historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The Company uses an expected dividend yield of zero since it has neverdeclared or paid any dividends on its capital stock.A summary of option activity under the Plans as of December 31, 2008, and changes during the year then ended is presented below: Number of Shares Weighted-AverageExercise Price Weighted-Average RemainingContractual Term (years) Aggregate IntrinsicValue Outstanding as January 1, 2008 3,168,263 $2.69 Granted 112,000 2.89 Exercised (26,318) 2.69 Forfeited/Expired (80,834) 3.53 Outstanding as December 31, 2008 3,173,111 $2.68 4.76 $686,068 Exercisable at December 31, 2008 3,057,193 $2.66 4.59 $686,068 The number and weighted-average grant-date fair value of non-vested stock options is as follows: Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Non-vested January 1, 2008 78,928 $3.56 Granted 112,000 2.46 Forfeited - - Vested (75,010) 2.73 Non-vested December 31, 2008 115,918 $3.03 The total compensation cost related to non-vested stock options not yet recognized as of December 31, 2008 totaled approximately $282,000. These costsare expected to be recognized over a weighted- average term of 3.18 years.Because of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards, no tax benefits resulting from the exercise of stock options have been recorded, thusthere was no effect on cash flows from operating or financing activities.The total intrinsic value of options exercised for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 was approximately $88,000, $4,339,000 and$1,131,000, respectively. The total fair value of stock options vested during the year ended December 31, 2008 was approximately $205,000.The stock options granted have a maximum term of up to ten years and generally vest over a four year period. In 2005, the Company granted to officers anddirectors, fully vested options to purchase 760,000 shares of the Company's common stock ("Option Shares") at an exercise price of ranging between $3.00and $3.46 per share. The options expire on the earlier of (i) ten years after date of grant, (ii) 60 days after employment ceases and (iii) 12 months following thetermination of employment as a result of his or her death or disability. Furthermore, no Option Shares may be sold during the first year after the date of grant;no more than 25% of the Option Shares may be sold during the second year after the date of grant; no more than 50% of the Option Shares may be sold duringthe second and third years after the date of grant, and no more than 75% of the Option Shares may be sold during the second, third and fourth years after thedate of grant. No restrictions on sales apply after the fourth anniversary of the date of grant. F-25 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSOn September 12, 2007, the Company’s Chairman and CEO (the “CEO”) exercised 1,139,160 stock options at a total exercise price of $882,844.The CEO paid the exercise price by surrendering to the Company 229,310 of the shares of common stock he would have otherwise received on the optionexercise. In addition, the CEO surrendered 395,695 shares to the Company in consideration of the payment by the Company on his behalf of $1,523,426 ofthe Company’s minimum withholding tax requirement payable in respect of the option exercise. Because the payment value attributable to the surrenderedshares upon settlement does not exceed the fair value of the option, no compensation cost was recognized at the date of settlement. In connection with thistransaction, the Company issued a net total of 514,155 shares of common stock to the CEO.10. Comprehensive income (loss)The components of comprehensive income (loss) are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2008 2007 2006 Net income (loss) $7,584 $4,566 $(7,323)Pension liability adjustment 953 549 (760)Comprehensive income (loss) $8,537 $5,115 $(8,083)Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as reflected in the consolidated balance sheets consists of changes in transitional projected benefitobligation, net of taxes.11.Segment reporting and concentrations In 2007, the Company commenced a reorganization of its management and operating structure. Prior to 2007, the Company’s operations wereclassified into two operating segments: (1) content-related BPO and KPO services and (2) IT professional services. In this reorganization, managementmerged the content-related BPO services and IT professional services segments (ceasing to monitor its operations by these two segments). With thisreorganization, the Company consists of one business that generates revenues and expenses. The Company’s chief operating decision maker reviews thefull operating results of the entire Company at the consolidated level. Thus, the Company's current operating segment structure reflects the way the chiefoperating decision maker looks at the overall Company to evaluate performance and makes executive decisions (including the allocation of resources)about the business. There is no end to end responsibility or management other than at the consolidated level, and discrete financial information is availableat the consolidated level. Thus the Company has had one operating segment since 2007.The Company’s services revenues are generated principally from its production facilities located in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel. TheCompany does not depend on revenues from sources internal to the countries in which the Company operates; nevertheless, the Company is subject tocertain adverse economic and political risks relating to overseas economies in general, such as inflation, currency fluctuations and regulatory burdens.Long-lived assets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively by geographic region are comprised of: F-26 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2008 2007 (in thousands) United States $1,372 $1,643 Foreign countries: Philippines 3,379 3,785 India 1,675 1,886 Sri Lanka 654 509 Israel 321 12 Total foreign 6,029 6,192 $7,401 $7,835 Four clients generated approximately 57%, 61% and 54% of our total revenues in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006,respectively. No other client accounted for 10% or more of revenues during these periods. Further, in the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006,revenues to non-US clients accounted for 21%, 23% and 37%, respectively, of the Company's revenues.Revenues for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, by geographic region (determined based upon customer’s domicile), are asfollows: 2008 2007 2006 (in thousands) United States $59,042 $52,017 $25,951 The Netherlands 7,564 9,070 10,200 Other - principally Europe 8,395 6,644 4,802 $75,001 $67,731 $40,953 A significant amount of the Company's revenues are derived from clients in the publishing industry. Accordingly, the Company's accountsreceivable generally include significant amounts due from such clients. In addition, as of December 31, 2008, approximately 22% of the Company'saccounts receivable was from foreign (principally European) clients and 51% of accounts receivable was due from two clients. As of December 31, 2007,approximately 18% of the Company's accounts receivable was from foreign (principally European) clients and 50% of accounts receivable was due fromone client. No other clients accounts for 10% or more of the receivables as of December 31, 2008 and 2007.12.Income (Loss) per Share 2008 2007 2006 (in thousands, except per share amounts) Net income (loss) $7,584 $4,566 $(7,323) Weighted average common shares outstanding 24,390 24,142 24,021 Dilutive effect of outstanding options 747 1,185 - Adjusted for dilutive computation 25,137 25,327 24,021 Basic income (loss) per share $.31 $.19 $(.30) Diluted income (loss) per share $.30 $.18 $(.30) F-27 INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSBasic income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted income per share iscomputed by considering the impact of the potential issuance of common shares, using the treasury stock method, on the weighted average number of sharesoutstanding. Options to purchase 1.1 million shares of common stock in 2008 and 2.8 million shares of common stock in 2006 were outstanding but notincluded in the computation of diluted income per share because the options’ exercise price was greater than the average market price of the common sharesand therefore, the effect would have been antidilutive. All options outstanding were included in the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share in2007 as the exercise price was lower than the average market price. In addition, diluted net loss per share does not include 0.8 million potential commonshares derived from stock options for the year ended December 31, 2006 because as a result of the Company incurring losses, their effect would have beenantidilutive. 13.Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)The quarterly results of operations are summarized below: FirstQuarter SecondQuarter ThirdQuarter FourthQuarter (in thousands, except per share amounts) 2008 Revenues $18,400 $17,870 $18,333 $20,398 Net income $833 $36 $1,108 $5,607 Basic net income per share $.03 $- $.05 $.23 Diluted net income per share $.03 $- $.05 $.23 2007 Revenues $12,729 $16,347 $18,138 $20,517 Net loss $(643) $862 $2,115 $2,232 Basic net loss per share $(.03) $.04 $.09 $.09 Diluted net loss per share $(.03) $.03 $.08 $.09 14.Financial InstrumentsThe Company has a large portion of its operations in international markets that are subject to foreign currency fluctuations. The most significantforeign currency exposures occur when revenue and associated accounts receivable are collected in one currency and expenses incurred in order togenerate that revenue in another currency. The Company’s primary exchange rate exposure relates to payroll, other payroll costs and operating expensesin the Philippines and India.To manage its exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, the Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts in 2008and in 2007, authorized under Company policies, with counterparties that are highly rated financial institutions. The Company has utilized non-deliverable forward contracts expiring within six months to reduce its foreign currency risk.As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, there were no outstanding foreign currency forward contracts. Any increase or decrease in the fair value of theCompany’s currency exchange rate sensitive forward contracts is substantially offset by a corresponding decrease or increase in the fair value of thehedged cash flows.For the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company realized losses of approximately $1.1 million and gains of approximately $0.1million arising on settlement of foreign currency forward contracts. These losses are reflected as a component of direct operating costs and weresubstantially offset by a corresponding increase in the fair value of the hedged cash flows. F-28 Exhibits which are indicated as being included in previous filings are incorporated herein by reference.Exhibit Description Filed as Exhibit 3.1 (a) Restated Certificate of Incorporation filed on April 29, 1993 Filed as Exhibit 3.1(a) to our Form 10-K for the yearended December 31, 2003 3.1 (b) Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of InnodataCorporation filed on March 1, 2001 Filed as Exhibit 3.1(b) to our Form 10-K for the year ended December31, 2003 3.1 (c) Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of InnodataCorporation Filed on November 14, 2003 Filed as Exhibit 3.1(c) to our Form 10-K for the year ended December31, 2003 3.2 Form of Amended and Restated By-Laws Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K dated December 16, 2002 3.3 Form of Certificate of Designation of Series C Participating PreferredStock Filed as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K dated December 16,2002 4.2 Specimen of Common Stock certificate Exhibit 4.2 to Form SB-2 Registration Statement No. 33-62012 4.3 Form of Rights Agreement, dated as of December 16, 2002 betweenInnodata Corporation and American Stock Transfer and Trust Co.,as Rights Agent Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K dated December 16, 2002 10.1 1994 Stock Option Plan Exhibit A to Definitive Proxy dated August 9, 1994 10.2 1993 Stock Option Plan Exhibit 10.4 to Form SB-2 Registration Statement No. 33-62012 10.3 Form of Indemnification Agreement between us and our directorsand one of our officers Exhibit 10.3 to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002 10.4 1994 Disinterested Directors Stock Option Plan Exhibit B to Definitive Proxy dated August 9, 1994 10.5 1995 Stock Option Plan Exhibit A to Definitive Proxy dated August 10, 1995 10.6 1996 Stock Option Plan Exhibit A to Definitive Proxy dated November 7, 1996 10.7 1998 Stock Option Plan Exhibit A to Definitive Proxy dated November 5, 1998 10.8 2001 Stock Option Plan Exhibit A to Definitive Proxy dated June 29, 2001 10.9 2002 Stock Option Plan Exhibit A to Definitive Proxy dated September 3, 2002 10.10 Employment Agreement dated as of January 1, 2004 with GeorgeKondrach Filed as Exhibit 10.10 to our Form 10-K for the year ended December31, 2003 10.11 Letter Agreement dated as of August 9, 2004, by and between us andThe Bank of New York Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form S-3 Registration statement No. 333-121844 10.12 Employment Agreement dated as of December 22,2005 22, 2005, byand between us and Steven L. Ford Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated December 28, 2005 10.13 Form of 2001 Stock Option Plan Grant Letter, dated December 22,2005Employment Agreement dated as of December 22,2005 DatedDecember 22, 2005 Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K dated December 28, 2005 10.14 Form of 1995 Stock Option Agreement Exhibit 10.4 to Form 8-K dated December 15, 2005 10.15 Form of 1998 Stock Option Agreement for Directors Exhibit 10.5 to Form 8-K dated December 15, 2005 10.16 Form of 1998 Stock Option Agreement for Officers Exhibit 10.6 to Form 8-K dated December 15, 2005  10.17 Form of 2001 Stock Option Agreement Exhibit 10.7 to Form 8-K dated December 15, 2005 10.18 Form of new vesting and lock-up agreement for each of HaigBagerdjian, Louise Forlenza, John Marozsan and Todd Solomon Exhibit 10.8 to Form 8-K dated December 15, 2005 10.19 Form of new vesting and lock-up agreement for Jack Abuhoff Exhibit 10.9 to Form 8-K dated December 15, 2005 10.20 Form of new vesting and lock-up agreement for George Kondrach Exhibit 10.10 to Form 8-K dated December 15, 2005 10.21 Form of new vesting and lock-up agreement for Stephen Agress Exhibit 10.11 to Form 8-K dated December 15, 2005 10.22 Form of 2001 Stock Option Plan Grant Letter, dated December 31,2005, for Messrs. Abuhoff, Agress and Kondrach Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K dated January 5, 2006 10.23 Form of 2001 Stock Option Plan Grant Letter, dated December 31,2005, for Messrs. Bagerdjian and Marozsan and Ms. Forlenza Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K dated January 5, 2006 10.24 Transition Agreement Dated as of September 29, 2006 2006 withStephen Agress Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated October 3, 2006 10.25 Form of Stock Option Modification Agreement with With StephenAgress Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K dated October 3, 2006 10.26 Employment Agreement dated as of February 1, 2006 with JackAbuhoff Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K dated April 27, 2006 10.27 Employment Agreement dated as of January 1, 2007 with AshokMishra Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30,2007 10.28 Innodata Isogen Incentive Compensation Plan Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated February 13, 2008 10.29 Form of 2002 Stock Option Plan Grant Letter, dated August 13,2008, for Messrs. Bagerdjian, Marozsan and Woodward, and Ms.Forlenza Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2008 10.30 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated as ofDecember 24, 2008 with Jack S. Abuhoff Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated December 30, 2008 16 Letter of Grant Thornton regarding change in certifying accountant. Exhibit 4.01 to Form 8-K dated September 12, 2008 21 Significant subsidiaries of the registrant Filed herewith 23 Consent of J.H. Cohn LLP Filed herewith 23.1 Consent of Grant Thornton LLP Filed herewith 31.1 Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 ofthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Filed herewith 31.2 Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 ofthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith  32.1 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adoptedpursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith 32.2 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adoptedpursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith  INNODATA ISOGEN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARESSCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS(Dollars in Thousands)Activity in the Company's allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was as follows: Additions Charged to Period Balance atBeginning of Period Costs and Expenses Charged toOther Accounts Deductions Balance atEnd of Period 2008 $127 $341 $- $(2) $466 2007 $70 $108 $- $(75) $127 2006 $111 $(9) $- $(33) $70 Exhibit 21Significant Subsidiaries Name under State or other which subsidiary jurisdiction of conductsName of Subsidiary incorporation businessIsogen International, LLC Delaware SameInnodata Isogen (Private) Limited India SameInnodata XML Content Factory, Inc. Philippines SameESS Manufacturing Company, Inc. Philippines SameContent Online Services, Inc. Philippines SameInnodata Asia Holdings, Limited Bermuda SameInnodata Isogen Lanka (Private) Limited Sri Lanka Same Exhibit 23CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMWe consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement No. 33-85530, dated October 21, 1994, Registration No. 333-3464, dated April 18,1996, Registration No. 33-63085, dated September 9, 1998, Registration No. 333-82185, dated July 2, 1999, and Registration No. 333-118506, dated August24, 2004 on Form S-8 and the Registration Statement No. 33-62012, dated April 11, 1996, Registration No. 333-91649, dated November 24, 1999 andRegistration No. 333-51400, dated December 7, 2000 on Form S-3 of our reports dated March 9, 2009, relating to our audit of the consolidated financialstatements and financial statement schedule of Innodata Isogen Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2008 and for the year then ended and theeffectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Innodata Isogen, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2008, included in this Annual Reporton Form 10-K of Innodata Isogen Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2008./s/ J.H. COHN LLPRoseland, New JerseyMarch 9, 2009 Exhibit 23.1CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMWe have issued our report dated March 11, 2008, accompanying the consolidated financial statements and schedule included in the Annual Report ofInnodata Isogen, Inc. and subsidiaries on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference of saidreport in the Registration Statements of Innodata Isogen, Inc. on Form S-8 (Registration No. 33-85530, dated October 21, 1994, Registration No. 333-3464,dated April 18, 1996, Registration No. 33-63085, dated September 9, 1998, Registration No. 333-82185, dated July 2, 1999, and Registration No. 333-118506, dated August 24, 2004) and on Form S-3 (Registration No. 33-62012, dated April 11, 1996, Registration No. 333-91649, dated November 24, 1999and Registration No. 333-51400, dated December 7, 2000)./s/ GRANT THORNTON LLPEdison, New JerseyMarch 9, 2009 Exhibit 31.1CERTIFICATIONSI, Jack Abuhoff, certify that:1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Innodata Isogen, Inc.;2.Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to makethe statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisannual report;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all materialrespects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have: a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; andd)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s fourth fiscalquarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal controls over financial reporting, to theregistrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function): a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and  b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internalcontrol over financial reporting.Dated: March 11, 2009/s/ Jack AbuhoffJack AbuhoffChairman of the Board,Chief Executive Officer and President Exhibit 31.2I, Steven L. Ford, certify that:1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Innodata Isogen, Inc.;2.Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annualreport;3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in ExchangeAct Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for theregistrant and we have: a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; andd)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s fourth fiscalquarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal controls over financial reporting, to theregistrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function): a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal controlover financial reporting.  Dated: March 11, 2009/s/ Steven L. FordSteven L. FordExecutive Vice PresidentChief Financial Officerand Principal Accounting Officer Exhibit 32.1CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002In connection with the Annual Report of Innodata Isogen, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008 as filed with theSecurities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jack Abuhoff, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge: 1.the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of theCompany./s/ Jack AbuhoffJack AbuhoffChairman of the Board,Chief Executive Officer and President March 11, 2009 Exhibit 32.2CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002In connection with the Annual Report of Innodata Isogen, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008 as filed with theSecurities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Steven L. Ford, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of theCompany, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge: 1.the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of theCompany./s/ Steven L. FordSteven L. FordExecutive Vice PresidentChief Financial Officerand Principal Accounting Officer March 11, 2009 

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