Quarterlytics / Consumer Cyclical / Auto - Parts / OptiBiotix Health Plc

OptiBiotix Health Plc

opti · LSE Consumer Cyclical
Claim this profile
Ticker opti
Exchange LSE
Sector Consumer Cyclical
Industry Auto - Parts
Employees 1-10
← All annual reports
FY2023 Annual Report · OptiBiotix Health Plc
Sign in to download
Loading PDF…
optibiotix.com

ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS 

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2023

Company Number: 05880755
Company Number: 05880755

Contents 

Company Information

Chairman’s Report

Chief Executive’s Report

Strategic Report

Directors’ Report

Independent Auditor’s Report

2  

3 

4 

10 

15 

 18 

Consolidated Statement of  
Comprehensive Income

Consolidated Statement of  
Financial Position

Consolidated Statement of  
Changes in Equity

23  

24 

25   

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

26 

Notes to the Consolidated Statement  
of Cash Flows

27 

Company Statement of Financial Position 28 

Company Statement of Changes in Equity 29 

Company Statement of Cash Flows

30 

Notes to the Company Statement of  
Cash Flows

Notes to the Financial Statements

31 

32  

1

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Company Information 

Directors:                                                                                                 S P O’Hara  
                                                                                                                      R Davidson 
                                                                                                                      M Christie 
                                                                                                                      S Kolyda 
                                                                                                                      G Myers 

Secretary:                                                                                                 Mark Collingbourne 

Registered number:                                                                             05880755 (England & Wales) 

Registered office:                                                                                  Innovation Centre 
                                                                                                                      Innovation Way 
                                                                                                                      York 
                                                                                                                      YO10 5DG 

Auditors:                                                                                                   Gerald Edelman  LLP 
                                                                                                                      73 Cornhill  
                                                                                                                      London 
                                                                                                                      EC3V 3QQ 

Nominated adviser:                                                                             Cairn Financial Advisers LLP 
                                                                                                                      9th Floor 
                                                                                                                      107 Cheapside 
                                                                                                                      London  
                                                                                                                      EC2V 6DN 

Brokers:                                                                                                    Peterhouse Capital Limited 
                                                                                                                      80 Cheapside 
                                                                                                                      London 
                                                                                                                      EC2V 6DZ 

Website Address:                                                                                  www.optibiotix.com

Annual Report and Accounts 2023  2

Chairman’s Report 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

This  year  has  seen  the  Group  successfully  returned  to  sales 
growth under the renewed leadership of its founder Stephen 
O’Hara, who returned to the role of CEO of OptiBiotix Limited in 
March  2023.  In  that  time  we  have  secured  a  number  of  new 
corporate partners to help develop sales of our first-generation 
products  in  key  strategic  markets  like  the  USA  and  Asia, 
increased  direct  to  consumers  sales  through  ecommerce 
channels and reduced operating costs. Our second-generation 
products  are  now  approaching  commercialisation,  offering 
potential  additional  future  growth  for  the  Company.  The 
positive trajectory re-established during the year has continued 
into 2024. With new corporate partners in new territories, strong 
ecommerce growth, reduced SlimBiome® ingredient stock levels 
held by Maxum and Cambridge Commodities, a strong balance 
sheet  (circa  £9.4m  at  31  December  2023)  and  a  successful 
fundraise in 2024, the financial strength of the Group provides 
shareholders with a robust platform for growth going forward. 

Strategy and business development 

From  the  outset,  the  business  has  had  a  clear  strategic  focus  on 
developing unique products with functional benefits in high growth 
markets around the world, and balancing risk and reward by building 
sales of first-generation products while developing more innovative 
second-generation products with greater potential. 

The CEO reports in detail below on the actions we have taken during 
the year to restore the Group to sales growth through more active 
management  of  existing  key  accounts,  increasing  the  number  of 
partners in key strategic markets, and investing to increase direct sales 
to customers through ecommerce channels in the UK and subsequently 
internationally. 

Results 

The  results  show  that  after  a  very  poor  start  to  2023  management 
changes in spring led to a 41% increase in sales and a 30% decrease in 
costs in 2023, despite one off termination costs of £153k. With improved 
sales and tighter financial control operating losses for 2023 reduced by 
33% from £2.4m to £1.6m.  

The Board 

As noted in the last annual report Rene Kamminga, who was appointed 
CEO of OptiBiotix Ltd in March 2021, and joined the Board of the Group 
in July 2022, left the business in February 2023 when Stephen O’Hara 
resumed the role of CEO at OptiBiotix Ltd. As outlined in the CEO report 
the Company took the opportunity to streamline its board and reduce 
advisor costs to move the business towards profitability. To support the 
management team Graham Myers joined the Board on 1 December 
2023 as Finance Director, a part-time role in which he works closely with 
the  OptiBiotix  team  to  focus  on  driving  each  business  unit  to 
profitability.  

Outlook 

The  recovery  of  sales  established  in  2023  have  continued  into  the 
current year with the agreement with Morepen in India, encouraging 
discussion with a number of US corporates, and strong e-commerce 
growth, any of which having the potential to transform the business in 
2024 and beyond. As the Chief Executive reports in more detail below, 
we  have  secured  additional  agreements  to  grow  sales  of  our  first-
generation products in a number of key strategic markets (e.g. USA, 
Asia), successfully broadened our product portfolio, and reached an 
exciting stage in the commercialisation of our second-generation sugar 
replacement SweetBiotix® and MicroBiome Modulators.  

The actions we took during 2023 have put the Group back on a firm 
growth  path  and  the  Company  looks  forward  to  reporting  further 
progress  in  the  year  ahead.  We  also  look  forward  to  realising  the 
substantial potential value of our second-generation SweetBiotix® family 
of  products  and  microbiome  modulators  as 
these  achieve 
commercialisation. 

N Davidson 
Chairman 

28 June 2024 

333

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Chief Executive’s Report 
For the year ended 31 December 2023 

Since  the  restructuring  of  our  senior  management  team  in 
Spring 2023, the Group has focused on restoring sales growth 
and  working  towards  profitability  through  the  more  active 
management of existing accounts, broadening its partner base, 
and investing in ecommerce channels, while reducing costs. This 
is all part of a plan to take multiple products in the microbiome 
space to a global marketplace. Our first-generation products 
now  enjoy  widespread  acceptance  in  international  markets, 
helping  us  to  reach  new  agreements  with  a  number  of  well-
known corporate partners and to launch new products in more 
territories expanding our customer base. Our online sales are 
growing strongly, particularly in China and we are looking to 
replicate this approach in other high growth territories such as 
India  in  2024. We  have  also  reached  an  exciting  stage  in  the 
commercialisation  of  our  second-generation  products 
SweetBiotix®  as  a  bulk  sugar  replacement  and  in  finished 
products  and  seeing  growing  interest  in  our  microbiome 
modulators. The Group remains financially robust with a strong 
balance sheet (circa £9.4m at 31 December 2023) and no debt. 
We believe that the Group is now at a strategic inflection point 
having  made  strong  progress  in  2023  and  early  2024  on  its 
stated aims of establishing sales in major international markets 
like the USA, China, and India. As partner and ecommerce sales 
in  these  territories  grow,  we  launch  new  products  like 
WellBiome® with existing partners, add new partners in the USA 
and India, and bring our second generation products to market, 
we have a number of opportunities, any one of which would be 
transformational for the Company and shareholders alike, and 
collectively change the future of the business. 

Strategic overview 

OptiBiotix Health PLC (OPTI) is a life sciences business founded on the 
development of prebiotic and probiotic compounds to tackle obesity, 
cardiovascular disease, diabetes and skincare: all markets offering strong 
growth potential in every part of the world. The Company has built an 
extensive portfolio of microbiome assets in this field including prebiotic 
products like SlimBiome®, WellBiome®, SweetBiotix® and Microbiome 
modulators  within 
through 
SkinBioTherapeutics PLC (SBTX) and probiotics through ProBiotix Health 
plc (PBX). These are both separately listed companies in which OptiBiotix 
has a shareholding. These create a diverse portfolio of opportunities in 
an  emerging  area  of  healthcare  which  is  of  growing  interest  to 
consumer markets around the world.  

core  business, 

skincare 

its 

Our strategic approach has been to target global markets with highly 
differentiated, clinically proven and patented products. Whilst ambitious, 
more costly and time consuming than commercialising in local markets 
it recognises the potential scale of the opportunity. The strategy has 
been designed to reduce risk and maximise opportunities for investors 
by recognising the challenges inherent in bringing new technologies 

and products to a naturally conservative global food market, where 
consistency and risk avoidance are key, and the acceptance of new 
products is notoriously slow.  

In addition to founding and developing three distinct companies, we 
have  layered  our  development  portfolio  by  creating  both  first-
generation products (SlimBiome® and WellBiome® in prebiotics and 
LPLDL® in probiotics) and second-generation products (SweetBiotix® 
and Microbiome modulators). This has allowed us initially to build sales 
and awareness of the Company and its functional ingredients through 
its  first-generation  products  while  developing  the  riskier  and  more 
innovative second-generation products that offer potentially greater 
upside for investors. 

The development of three distinct companies (OPTI, SBTX and PBX) with 
similar  fundamental  science  but  different  applications  and  markets 
provides investors with multiple plays in the emerging microbiome 
market, both reducing their risk and providing significant potential gains 
if one or more new products is successfully brought to market. 

Placing these companies separately on public markets creates tangible 
assets which can potentially be disposed of to pay shareholders an ad 
hoc dividend, as with the £10.25m dividend issue to OPTI shareholders 
on the listing of PBX in March 2022, or the £5.4m of share sales in SBTX 
by OPTI since its listing in 2017, which has reduced the need to fundraise 
for the continued development of OPTI and avoided dilution for our 
own shareholders. 

As  a  result,  OPTI  today  has  a  strong  balance  sheet  (circa  £9.4m  at 
31 December 2023) with no debt, and multiple plays providing scope 
for  profitable  development  in  different  areas  of  the  emerging 
microbiome space. 

The annual accounts for 2020 and 2021 showed that each of OPTI’s 
businesses was profitable at the EBITDA level, with the Group as a whole 
attaining profitability by virtue of the increased value of its SBTX asset. 
In 2022 we faced a most challenging year in the wake of the COVID-19 
pandemic  and  the  global  economic  uncertainty  that  followed  the 
Russian invasion of Ukraine, and increased costs and reduced sales 
following the appointment of a new CEO. 

We took decisive action to address this through the departure of the 
CEO of the prebiotic business under OptiBiotix Ltd in Spring 2023 and 
a series of measures to reduce Board, management and advisory costs. 
Since implementing these measures and under the renewed leadership 
of Stephen O’Hara as CEO, we have enjoyed three quarters of increased 
sales. This growth has continued into 2024.  

Action has also been taken to reduce commercial risk in the business 
by increasing the number of large partners in key strategic markets, 
particularly  the  USA  and  Asia  Pacific,  with  new  relationships  with 
Brenntag, Tata,  Iovate/Muscletech,  and  in  2024  an  agreement  with 
Morepen.  

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 4
Annual Report and Accounts 2022

Chief Executive’s Report (continued)

Equally  importantly,  we  have  made  significant  investments  in  our 
ecommerce business to drive our direct-to-consumer sales, reducing 
reliance on retail partners and increase our profit margins. While sales 
through retail partners offer potential benefits in generating volume, 
and increase the awareness and credibility of OPTI products, margins 
are lower and the uniqueness of our formulations and their functional 
benefits are often lost to retail staff and consumers among the many 
competing brands on offer. 

With our first generation products gaining traction in the USA, China, 
and India and the upcoming launch of our second-generation products, 
OPTI  is  well  placed  to  become  a  major  player  in  the  expanding 
microbiome market. 

Commercial and scientific overview 

During the year we have focused on driving sales growth through the 
more  active  management  of  existing  key  accounts;  increasing  the 
number of partners in key strategic markets, particularly the USA, China, 
and India; and investing to increase direct sales to customers through 
ecommerce channels in the UK and subsequently internationally.  

Key developments during the financial year included: 

Active management of existing key accounts: 
•

An increase in sales of LeanBiome® to The Hut Group for inclusion 
in its Myprotein range. 

An increase in sales to Holland & Barrett health and wellbeing retail 
and online business in the UK, albeit from a very low base in 2022. 

An increase in sales of SlimBiome® to Paradise Fruits, a German 
company producing gummies for Walmart and for sale online in 
China. 

Increased sales of our OptiBiome® prebiotic fibre (an alternative 
trademark to SlimBiome®) to Optipharm in Australia following the 
launch online of their Optislim and Optiman ready meal ranges 
incorporating a ready meal OptiBiome sprinkle and a significant 
new investment in marketing. 

•

•

•

•

•

•

Increasing the number of new partners, particularly in 
the USA and India: 
•

Recruiting four new partners for SlimBiome® in Asia through our 
partnership  with  Nutraconnect  Pte,  all  of  which  placed  initial 
orders before the end of 2023 and which we expect to contribute 
revenues of £125,000 to £150,000 in 2024. 

•

•

•

•

Securing a license agreement with Tata Chemicals – part of the 
$300bn  turnover  Tata  Group  –  to  incorporate  its  proprietary 
Fossence® into our SlimBiome® and WellBiome® products for the 
Indian  market.  This  brings  the  assurance  and  familiarity  of  a 
branded ingredient from a well-known and trusted local source 
to the attention of Indian consumers 

Reaching a new distribution agreement for SlimBiome® in Australia 
and  New  Zealand  with  Ravenswood  Ingredients,  part  of  the 
Brenntag  group  which  is  a  global  leader  in  specialised  food 
ingredients. 

One of our partners, Optipharm, securing an international listing 
for products containing SlimBiome® with CostCo, the fifth largest 
retailer in the world. 

Ongoing  discussions  with  a  leading  US  corporate  on  a  global 
launch of SlimBiome® in 2025 in multiple territories. 

Investing in ecommerce channels: 
•

investments 

The  Company  has  made  significant 
in  new 
ecommerce channels, including Amazon in the UK, Walmart in the 
USA, and Tmall.com in China, to increase the proportion of our 
sales made direct to consumers. This has generated strong growth 
in  turnover,  with  total  ecommerce  sales  up  approximately 
threefold in 2023 from 2022 and continued growth in Q1 2024 
which we hope will continue as more channels come on line. 

Successfully launching new products including our reformulated 
gut and digestive health WellBiome® functional fibre and mineral 
blend, which has been selling strongly through both our own 
website and Amazon UK. 

An  increase  in  the  number  of  Apollo  pharmacies  in  India  and 
Nahdi pharmacies in Saudi Arabia selling GoFigure® products. 

A reduction in SlimBiome® stock held by partners: there was 13.9 
metric  tonnes  of  SlimBiome®  taken  from  stock  held  by  two 
partners  (Maxum  and  Cambridge  Commodities) 
in  2023 
compared to 2022 (up 39%) representing a value of approximately 
£417K  based  on  retail  price  of  £30  per  kg. The  Company  has 
commenced manufacture of replacement stock for Cambridge 
Commodities as it anticipates most of this stock will be used for 
existing orders planned for delivery in the first half of 2024. 

Other developments: 
•

A shift in our commercial focus to selling SlimBiome® Medical 
sachets in Europe and SlimBiome® shots in India and the Gulf 
states. These have been developed to help users manage their 
weight by reducing hunger and food cravings. This is a highly 
differentiated product which leverages growing market interest 
in anti-obesity GLP-agonist drugs like Semaglutide which work by 
reducing appetite. SlimBiome® compares favourably with these 
drugs and offers a healthy, natural and safe approach to weight 
management, with no observed side effects in multiple human 
studies. GLP-agonists have a number of reported common adverse 

5

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Chief Executive’s Report (continued)

effects  and  potentially  serious  side  effects  in  some  groups. 
SlimBiome® can be used with any weight management or calorie 
restriction plan and so complements rather than competes in a 
crowded  marketplace.  The  product  enjoys  high  margins  and 
became a top-selling line within its market segment on Amazon 
UK in 2023. 

Roehampton University submitting the results of a third human 
study  on  SlimBiome®  for  publication,  which  demonstrated 
statistically significant benefits to appetite and hunger regulation 
with no safety, compliance or tolerance issues reported by the 
participating volunteers. This study underlined the effectiveness 
of a single dose of SlimBiome® in delivering hunger-free weight 
loss by non-invasive means, and was timely in view of the growing 
consumer, media and pharmaceutical interest in this field. 

Securing a grant from the Biotechnology and Biological Science 
Research Council to fund a research project by the University of 
Leeds  into  the  impact  of WellBiome®  on  the  gut  microbiome 
throughout the digestive tract. This is expected to provide further 
substantiation  of  existing  health  claims  for  WellBiome®  in 
international markets. 

Hull University securing NHS Ethics approval as part of a large 
programme grant (£2.7 million) amongst which is the proposal to 
explore  WellBiome®  impact  post-surgery.  This  is  a  project 
independent of OptiBiotix in which Hull University have purchased 
WellBiome® to explore its impact on post-surgical recovery times. 

•

•

•

North America 

We have a strong sales pipeline in North America and the USA made up 
of small, medium size, and a number of large US corporates (including 
a £9bn Multi-Level Marketing company -MLM) that offer opportunities 
for sales growth in 2024 and beyond. The Company was pleased to 
receive a first order of £116k from Muscletech in 2023, a leading weight 
management and sports nutrition brand in the USA. This is a major 
sports  nutrition  brand  who  are  making  a  significant  investment  in 
LeanBiome®  as  a  key  differentiator  in  the  protein  market  and,  if 
successful on launch could have a material impact on future revenues. 

The Company reported at the start of 2024 the launch of LeanBiome® 
in MuscleTech’s Nitro Tech Ripped range, a premium protein powder 
designed  to  support  athletes  who  want  to  lose  fat  and  build  lean 
muscle. LeanBiome® is now included in two leading sports nutrition 
brands, Myprotein and MuscleTech, across the world, a market worth 
$45.2bn in 2023, and expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.5% pa to 2030, 
(Grand View Research, 2023). The Company sees the sports nutrition 
market  as  an  area  of  growing  interest  and  opportunity  for  its 
LeanBiome® brand with the scientific evidence increasingly showing 
that optimising an athletes gut microbiome could improve an athletes’ 
stamina, lower inflammation, and support physical fitness (Frontiers | 

Editorial: Nutrition to support gut health and the microbiome in athletes 
(frontiersin.org). Having two major global sports nutrition brands making 
a significant investment in LeanBiome® highlighting it as a key science 
based differentiator should provide investors a good indication to the 
potential opportunity developing within the sports nutrition market. If 
successful, this could have a material impact on future revenues and 
open up further opportunities in sports nutrition around the world. The 
Company continued to advance projects and expand the pipeline of 
opportunities with large North American companies and exhibited its 
SlimBiome®, LeanBiome®, and Wellbiome® products at Supply Side West, 
USA,  in  November  2023.  Our  focus  is  on  companies  committed  to 
science  and  strong  storytelling,  especially  in  weight  management, 
wellness, and sports nutrition with a special emphasis on e-commerce, 
direct selling, and retail brands.  

The Company is hopeful that further announcements with corporate 
partners in the USA and Canada in 2024 will be made in due course. 

OptiBiotix Health India 

OptiBiotix Health India (OHI) was formed in November 2021 as a mid- 
to long-term strategic investment in the world’s most populous nation 
of 1.4bn consumers, forecast to have a middle-class population of 475 
million by 2030 and the world’s largest cohort of medium to high level 
income customers by 2035. With obesity prevalence currently measured 
at  40.3%,  India  represents  a  huge  area  of  opportunity  for  weight 
management products. 

The formation of OHI has helped OPTI to avoid high import taxes and 
to control the purchase and sale of both ingredients (SlimBiome®) and 
finished product (GoFigure®, Morepen) manufactured and sold in India. 

After  a  slow  start  following  the  launch  of  products  with  Apollo 
Pharmacies  in  September  2022,  momentum  built  during  the  year 
resulting in GoFigure® products being sold through approximately 1,000 
stores by the year-end. 

Apollo’s own consumer survey showed an 87% customer return rate 
among purchasers of GoFigure® products and 23% of new customers 
visiting their pharmacies who just bought GoFigure® products. This 
feedback  is  consistent  with  that  from  THG,  who  gained  40%  new 
customers  with  the  introduction  of  LeanBiome®  to  their  Myprotein 
range. Such results create a positive platform for commercial discussions 
with potential new partners, demonstrating the consumer appeal of our 
products and their ability to attract both new and returning customers. 

The licence agreement we secured with Tata Chemicals in October 2023 
to  incorporate  its  proprietary  Fossence®  into  our  SlimBiome®  and 
WellBiome®  products  for  the  Indian  market  which  is  anticipated  to 
increase their appeal to Indian consumers. In Q1 2024 we announced a 
major  new  partnership  agreement  to  sell  products  containing 
SlimBiome® under the well-known and trusted Dr Morepen brand. This 
is an established, well known, and trusted brand in the Indian market 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 6

Chief Executive’s Report (continued)

and represents a material step forward for our products in the Indian 
market. OptiBiotix will receive revenue for both the ingredient and BTB 
product sales with first orders placed for launch in Q3 2024. Based on 
Morepens  current  forecasts  this  agreement  could  contribute  in  the 
region of £6-7 million revenue per annum to OptiBiotix in the next four 
to five years (see announcement March 2024).  

Thanks to the work of the Department of Business and Trade and our 
Business Development Director, Dr Taru Jain, we have high industry 
awareness of OptiBiotix and its products throughput India. This has 
created a strong pipeline of opportunities with emerging and leading 
players in weight management and sports nutrition in India, where we 
expect to build a substantial business in the years ahead. 

Consumer Health and Ecommerce 

The Consumer Health division grew rapidly during the year, with our 
total Ecommerce sales increasing threefold in 2023 compared to 2022. 
This was driven by strong growth in the sale of gummies in China and 
large increases in Amazon Prime subscriptions.  

Gummy  sales  in  China  during  the  year  varied  widely  per  month, 
increasing rapidly in October and November with the aid of local key 
opinion leader influencers and new sales through the TikTok platform. 
Marketing on TikTok can increase sales rapidly but at a high cost and 
tend  to  be  impulse  buys  with  lower  repeat  purchases.  Our  TikTok 
account is managed by a Chinese agency with sales reconciled against 
costs some time after revenue is received. They are only then included 
in our accounts. We see TikTok as a means of increasing product and 
brand awareness providing early sales growth with Tmall (Alibaba) a 
more appropriate platform for sustainable growth.  

In the UK we significantly increased our Amazon customer base by 
successfully  moving  to  the  Fulfilment  by  Amazon  (FBA)  model  that 
allowed customers to receive faster deliveries through Prime accounts. 
SlimBiome® is consistently among Amazon’s top sellers for appetite 
suppressants, and achieved record sales during Prime month in July 
2023 and was awarded Amazon choice in Q1 2024. 

We are extending our customer reach through new Amazon channels 
in Germany, the UAE and the Kingdom of Saudia Arabia, with Amazon 
India  to  follow  in  H2  2024.  We  have  also  broadened  our  offer  to 
consumers  with  the  launch  of  new  products  such  as  soups  and 
indulgence bars, initially through our own website with Amazon to 
follow. Such additions to our range help to increase our average order 
value  online  and  to  compensate  for  the  usual  seasonal  peaks  and 
troughs in the weight management cycle. 

heavy reliance on promotion through influencers and social media. In 
adopting  a  similar  approach,  we  believe  we  can  demonstrate 
competitive advantage on both price and product efficacy, including 
on-pack health claims, and build similar sales and value.  

Competitor analysis of WellBiome® also indicated value in a change in 
positioning from healthy ageing to boosting gut and digestive health 
which should allow us to attract more customers through more easily 
understood messaging and benefits for the consumer. We have targeted 
competitors with keywords/ads and successfully listed with Amazon 
UK FBA. 

The Consumer Health division has the advantage of receiving online 
sales income immediately and allows more control of our brands and 
messaging, while reducing our reliance on distributors to grow our 
brands. 

Results 

The Group’s results for 2023 reflect its new structure following the listing 
of ProBiotix Health (PBX) on the AQSE Growth Market on 31 March 2022. 
When making comparisons with 2022, it should be noted that the prior 
year accounts included revenues and costs for the combined Group 
(OPTI and PBX) up to the end of March 2022. 

Revenue for the year of £644,000 showed a pleasing 41% increase over 
2022’s £457,000, with the move forward close to 50% once 2022’s first 
quarter PBX sales are adjusted for. The change of CEO in March 2023 
resulted in a significant improvement in revenue impetus following only 
£16K  of  sales  in  the  first  two  months  of  the  year.  Orders  from  our 
wholesale  business  customers  increased  significantly  year-on-year, 
although delays setting up logistics with new partners meant that some 
deliveries were delayed into 2024 with sales reportable in 2024. Our 
investment  in  online  direct  to  consumer  business  began  to  pay 
dividends as sales exceed £100,000 for the first time, a three fold increase 
on 2022. 

Administrative expenses (excluding non-cash items such as share-based 
payments and amortisation) were reduced by almost 30% to £1,778K 
(2022: £2,498K), reflecting cost saving measures, the removal of PBX’s 
costs  after  March  2022  and  recovery  of  some  of  the  doubtful  debt 
provided in the 2022 accounts. Actions to reduce 2023’s costs included 
the removal of Cavendish as joint broker, announced in December 2022, 
the  departure  of  Rene  Kamminga  as  CEO  in  March  2023,  a  20% 
reduction  in  all  directors’  remuneration  from  January  2023  and  the 
retirement of two non-executive directors in July 2023. The former CEO’s 
termination agreement saw us incur a one-off cost of £153K. 

Competitor  analysis  of  our  WellBiome®  range  indicated  a  need  to 
increase awareness of the product through social channels. Competitors 
such  as  Symprove  have  annual  sales  of  around  £20-£25m  and  are 
exploring a £250m sale later this year (see Gut health supplement maker 
Symprove plots £250m sale | Business News | Sky News). They have a 

With gross margins in percentage terms remaining steady year on year, 
the combination of improved sales and good control of administrative 
expenses saw operating losses reduce to £1,664K from £2,489K. Overall 
the Group recorded a loss before tax for the year of £2.08m, compared 
with  a  profit  of  £2.59m  in  2022.  The  prior  year  benefitted  from  a 

7

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Chief Executive’s Report (continued)

significant gain on its investment in PBX offset by a loss on revaluation 
of its shareholding in SBTX, whilst the current year’s results suffered from 
the inclusion of a very disappointing £323K share of the total loss for the 
year of PBX. On the plus side we netted a £487K accounting gain from 
the disposal of further shares in SBTX that realised £1.1m in cash in 2023. 

The Company retains a relatively healthy balance sheet with gross assets 
of £9.4m (2022: £11.6m) and cash at the year-end of £0.6m (2022: £1.1m). 
Since the year end a share placing and further sales of SBTX shares have 
raised over £1.4m of additional funding to support the Group going 
forward. 

The Board, senior management and 
advisers 

We took decisive action in December 2022 and the first half of 2023 to 
reduce Board, management and advisory costs in order to move the 
Group to operational profitability as soon as possible. 

As noted in the last annual report Rene Kamminga, who was appointed 
CEO of OptiBiotix Ltd in March 2021, left the business on 28 February 
2023 when Stephen O’Hara resumed the role of CEO of OptiBiotix Health 
Limited.  All  directors  voluntarily  accepted  a  20%  reduction  in  their 
salaries from 1 January 2023 and, with non-executive directors now 
outnumbering executive directors by two to one, Stephen Hammond 
and Chris Brinsmead agreed to step down as non-executive directors at 
our  AGM  in  July  2023,  with  our  thanks  for  their  contribution  to  the 
business. 

Graham  Myers  joined  the  Board  on  1  December  2023  as  Finance 
Director, a part-time role in which he will work closely with the OptiBiotix 
team to focus on driving each business unit to profitability. Graham 
brings  to  us  extensive  experience  in  optimising  financial  controls, 
managing  budgets,  building  profitable  businesses  and  delivering 
mergers and acquisitions, all gained in a career of almost 30 years with 
Croda International Plc; he remains Chair of Croda Pension Trustees 
Limited. 

On 28 December 2022 we served three months’ notice to terminate the 
joint brokership of Cavendish Securities plc, with Peterhouse Capital 
continuing  as  the  Company’s  sole  broker.  During  the  year  we  also 
secured a 50% reduction in the fees charged by our corporate PR adviser. 

Outlook 

The Company set out a strategy of developing first generation products 
using existing technology and highly innovative step change second 
generation products in parallel and commercialising these in global 
markets. Whist ambitious, costly and more time consuming, this strategy 
gave  shareholders  exposure  to  multiple  opportunities  within  the 
emerging  global  human  microbiome  space  and  the  potential  for 
multiple upside. This strategy is now coming to fruition.  

Whilst this strategy has taken longer to deliver than anticipated the 
Company  is  now  at  a  tipping  point  with  first  generation  products 
gaining  widespread  international  acceptance  with  growing  sales  in 
multiple territories and the upcoming launch of our second generation 
products  generating  industry  interest.  This  creates  a  range  of 
opportunities to support future sales growth and value creation.  

SlimBiome®/OptiBiome®/LeanBiome® 

The Company has four human studies on SlimBiome which consistently 
demonstrate it reduces hunger and cravings leading to changes in the 
amount of food and type of food people eat and sustainable weight 
loss. The studies have allowed the Company to gain on pack health 
claims in major markets (Europe, Australia, USA, and Asia) leading to 
agreements with major international and national companies like Iovate 
(Muscletech),  TheHutGroup  (Myprotein),  Apollo,  and  Morepen.  The 
partnership with Morepen and first order of over £175K plus ingredient 
sales of £27K in H1 2024 is the first step in an agreement in a major 
market and based on Morepen’s forecast could contribute in the region 
of £6-7 million revenue per annum in the next four to five years. We 
believe these agreements, plus other deals in the pipeline, and our focus 
on selling finished products via e-commerce in multiple channels have 
the potential to achieve sales of £30m+ in the future.  

WellBiome® 

WellBiome® is a patented food supplement, designed to support gut 
health for wellbeing with health claims for improving gut health, brain 
and cognitive health, and improve immune function. Research studies 
have shown that a combination of fibres like WellBiome® can increase 
gut microbiome diversity more than single fibres. The Company has a 
number  of  human  studies  ongoing  with  WellBiome®  including 
exploring its impact on post surgical recovery times with Hull University 
and  a  study  on  the  impact  on  stress,  anxiety,  and  sleep  with 
Southampton  University.  Gut  Health  is  a  large  and  growing  area  in 
consumer health with companies like Symprove with single products 
reporting  annual  sales  of  around  £20-£25m  and  a  valuation  of 
approximately £250m (see Gut health supplement maker Symprove 
plots £250m sale | Business News | Sky News). We believe WellBiome® 
has a number of significant advantages over Symprove including cost, 
shelf life, user convenience (sachet rather than bottle), and health claims 
and see this as an area of high future growth with the potential for 
similar sales and value.  

Second generation products 
(SweetBiotix and MicroBiome 
Modulators/Synbiotics)  

As with any step change innovation this has been a long and difficult 
path with significant challenges, particularly on scale up, and during the 
two years of COVID when development stopped. These challenges have 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 8

Chief Executive’s Report (continued)

now been overcome and we have been pleased that the scale of the 
opportunity and uniqueness of our patented approach has attracted 
the interest of major global partners both in the manufacture (e.g DSM-
Firmenich) and application of these products (e.g Coca Cola, Nestle, Arla 
etc).  These  partners  bring  scale  and  global  networks  albeit  time 
consuming and with stringent confidentiality conditions. We have been 
pleased with the progress made by DSM-Firmenich and its preliminary 
forecast  for  SweetBiotix®  of  >100,000  metric  tonne  per  annum, 
demonstrating its intent and potential scale of the opportunity. If this 
forecast  materialises  at  an  expected  price  of  £30  per  kg  this  would 
represent substantial sales revenue. Experience tells us that partner 
forecasts tend to be optimistic, increases in volume often take longer, 
and over time the sales price is likely to be eroded to £18-£20 per kg, 
however  this  gives  an  indication  of  the  potential  scale  of  the 
opportunity.  We  are  currently  working  with  a  manufacturer  who 
supplies products to major corporates and uses 10,000 metric tonnes 
of  sugar  per  annum.  We  are  progressing  incrementally  and  have 
included SweetBiotix® in a finished product for a large global partner 
with a view for an upcoming launch. The Company is also working on 
including SweetBiotix® in our own products and launching a bulk sugar 
replacement  product  with  the  aim  of  seeing  SweetBiotix®  in  an 
increasing number of products in 2024 and beyond. 

Whilst SweetBiotix® has captured investors interest, the Company has 
another  group  of  products  which  it  believes  create  comparable 
opportunities for revenue growth and value creation. OptiBiotix has 
developed a number of unique, patented technologies, which allow it 
to create dietary ingredients and/or therapeutic products to precision 
engineer the microbiome. This is achieved by technologies which allow 
us to examine a microbe’s genome to identify its ability to utilise specific 
substrates. With this information protein synthesis techniques can be 
used for large-scale production of unique substrates specific for the 
optimum growth of that microbe. This allows the creation of substrates 
which boost the growth of specific genera or species of microbes that 
have  been  connected  with  cancer,  improving  drug  treatments,  the 
development of chronic diseases, or even the ageing process Healthy 
longevity: The role of the gut microbiome (medicalnewstoday.com). This 
ability to identify and create products which selectively enhance the 
growth and activity of specific microbes is a new concept but has the 
potential to revolutionise microbiome-based products and therapies. 
Microbiome modulating approaches are a largely unexplored area of 
opportunity for both the food and pharmaceutical industry but have 
the potential to transform healthcare. If the microbiome is the future of 
healthcare, having an approach to precision engineer the microbiome 
to enhance those microbes that deliver health benefits is the pathway 
to achieving that aim.  

As  would  be  expected  the  Company  has  a  high  level  of  corporate 
interest in its second-generation products. The Company is in discussion 
with a wide range of industry partners over product application and 
launch  timescales,  some  already  announced  and  some  with  new 

9

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

potential  partners,  across  a  wide  range  of  areas  and  will  make 
announcements  once  these  have  been  concluded.  Given  previous 
experience with some investors contacting partners pretending to be 
employed or representing OptiBiotix and damaging relationships, the 
Company wishes to maintain confidentiality in this area to protect the 
best interests of shareholders. 

The  focus  for  2023  has  been  on  recovering  sales  and  moving  the 
business  to  profitability  by  a  reduction  in  costs,  a  focus  on  existing 
partners returning to forecast, bringing in new partners particularly in 
the USA and Asia, and expanding ecommerce channels to increase 
margins  and  reduce  partner  dependency.  Good  progress  has  been 
made in each of these areas which has led to a recovery of growth in 
2023  which  has  carried  forward  into  2024  with  sales  orders  in  H1 
approaching  FY  2023.  In  the  last  year  and  into  2024  we  have  been 
particularly pleased with the pipeline of high-quality partners like Iovate, 
Dr Morepen, TheHutGroup, the high conversion rate of interest to new 
accounts, and the progress we are making with online sales, particularly 
in  China.  These  all  have  the  potential  to  bring  in  significant  future 
revenues.  

The  fundamentals  of  our  marketplace  remain  very  exciting,  with 
appetite suppression, gut health, sugar alternatives, and modulation of 
the  human  microbiome  attracting  ever-increasing  interest  as  the 
potential solution to a wide and growing range of lifestyle-related health 
challenges. OptiBiotix has patented products with clinical studies in 
many of these areas. Our unique, innovative products are based on 
strong science, proven in clinical studies, comprehensively protected by 
our  global  portfolio  of  patents  and  trademarks,  and  are  achieving 
growing international recognition through both industry awards and 
positive customer reviews and growing sales. 

We look to the future with a high degree of confidence in our products, 
a growing online presence in international markets and the excitement 
of  bringing  our  industry  changing  second-generation  products  to 
market. 

We have achieved with minimal shareholder dilution, no debt, a strong 
balance sheet, and significant exposure to the considerable growth 
potential of the microbiome through our shareholdings in PBX and 
SBTX.  

We would like to thank shareholders for their patience and support and 
look forward to growing the business and shareholder value in the years 
ahead.  

Stephen O’Hara 

Chief Executive 

28 June 2024 

 
Strategic Report 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

REVIEW OF BUSINESS 

A review of the business of the Group, together with comments on 
future developments is given in the Chairman and Chief Executive’s 
reports – pages 3- 9. 

PRINCIPAL RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES 
FACING THE GROUP 

Technology and products 
The Group is involved in the discovery and development of microbiome 
modulation  products.  The  development  and  commercialisation  of 
its  intellectual  property  and  future  products  will  require  human 
nutritional studies and there is a risk that products may not perform 
as expected. This risk is common to all new products developed for 
human consumption. 

Technologies  used  within  the  food,  beverage  and  healthcare 
marketplace are constantly evolving and improving. There is a risk that 
the Group’s products may become outdated or their commercial value 
decrease as improvements in technology are made and competitors 
launch competing products. To mitigate this risk the Group is working 
with industry key opinion leaders, attends international conferences and 
has developed a research and development department which will 
keep up with the latest developments in the industry. 

Intellectual Property 
The Group is focused on protecting its IP and seeking to avoid infringing 
on third parties’ IP. To protect its products, the Group is building and 
securing patents to protect its key products. However, there remains the 
risk that the Group may face opposition from third parties to patents 
that  it  seeks  to  have  granted  and  that  the  outstanding  patent 
applications  are  not  granted.  The  Group  engages  legal  advisers  to 
mitigate the risk of patent infringement and to assist with the protection 
of the Group’s IP. 

FINANCIAL AND CAPITAL RISK 
MANAGEMENT 

The directors constantly monitor the financial risks and uncertainties 
facing the Group with particular reference to the exposure of credit risk 
and liquidity risk. They are confident that suitable policies are in place 
and that all material financial risks have been considered. The financial 
risk management objectives and policies can be found within note 22 
of the financial statements. 

The Board’s objective is to maintain a balance sheet that is both efficient 
and delivers long term shareholder value. The Group had cash balances 
of £635k as at 31 December 2023 and had no short-term borrowings. 
The Board continues to monitor the balance sheet to ensure it has an 
adequate capital structure. 

10
Annual Report and Accounts 2023 10

Strategic Report (continued)

Principal Risks And Uncertainties 

Market Risks

Impact

Mitigation 

Brexit 

New regulations, such as the Windsor protocol, could 
add complexity and delays to operations. 

The  current  consensus  is  that  the  new  regulations  will  not 
affect the regulations that are relevant to our business. 

Economic 
uncertainty caused 
by war in Ukraine

Technology 

Currency  fluctuations  could 
affect profitability.

increase  costs  and 

Currency fluctuations will impact both sales and costs. Our 
initial product offering is not price-sensitive. Substantial cost 
increases will be passed on.

Ongoing  economic  uncertainty,  recession  or  an 
escalation of the war in Ukraine may impact market 
confidence, demand and prices. 

The group is not directly affected by the war in Ukraine but the 
Board  monitor  the  general  economic  environment  and 
consider economic forecasts when taking key decisions. 

The  Group’s  platform  is  currently  unique.  Rapid 
technological advances could see competitor products 
being launched.

The Group has product development plans in place for improved 
technology as well as for a wider product portfolio that includes 
additional innovative solutions for the targeted consumer groups.

Financial Risks

Impact

Mitigation 

Future funding  
requirements 

Our  current  funding  covers  current  requirements. 
Potential as yet unidentified opportunities may not be 
pursued with the existing funding.

Management  will  analyse  major  opportunities  and  present 
them  in  additional  business  cases  when  warranted.  The 
Company is able to sell its listed investments and raise further 
equity and debt finance.

Legal Risks

Impact

Mitigation 

Intellectual  
Property litigation 

Any  claim  brought  against  us  would  detract  the 
Company  from  its  business  and  incur  potentially 
significant costs in defending its IP.

The Group engages with IP specialists to ensure we have a 
strong  position.  To  our  knowledge  we  do  not  infringe  on 
any patents.

Operational Risks

Impact

Mitigation 

Loss of key  
personnel 

Technology 

Material  adverse  impact  on  the  Group’s  financial 
condition and prospects.

Competitive remuneration packages, nil cost options to reduce 
market volatility. The remuneration committee oversees the 
level of remuneration to ensure it remains competitive.

The Group is commercialising its technology to launch 
new products in the consumer market.

The  Group  has 
consumer demand.

identified  a  need  and  responded  to 

Commercialisation 

The  Group  continues  to  grow  to  a  full  commercial 
organisation. Manufacturing set-up and learning curve 
could delay sales or could impact our rate of growth.

recruited  experienced  management  and 
The  Group 
consultants to manage the process and negotiate contracts. 
The manufacturing is outsourced.

Working capital 

The  Group  has  encouraged  customers  to  build  up 
material stocks of ingredients to meet user demand 
from end user customers. Flexible payment terms have 
been given to customers to pay for stock.  

If stocks are not used, would they become unusable.

Ingredients have a five-year shelf life risk of non-usability is 
reduced. 

As end user requirements become formalised and production 
time frames for ingredients come down it will be possible for 
Group customers to hold less stock of ingredients which will in 
turn reduce the debtor balances outstanding at period end.

Cyber attacks

Cyber-attacks could delay or impair operations as which 
would have financial implications. 

Training,  anti-virus  software,  all  users  have  multifactor 
authorisation for accounts, weekly review of attempts.

11

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
 
Strategic Report (continued)

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 
Financial 

Year to 
31 December
2023
£’000

Year to  
31 December 
2022 
£’000 

Revenue
Operating Loss
Profit/(Loss) for the period
Cash as at 31 December

644                    457 
(1,695)                (2,489) 
(2,039)                 2,587 
1,052 

635

During the year to 31 December 2023 the company has achieved a 
number of key objectives to build shareholder value, these are laid out 
in the Chairman and Chief Executive’s reports – pages 3-9.  

Non-financial 

The Board recognises the importance of KPI’s in driving appropriate 
behaviour  and  enabling  of  Group  performance.  For  the  year  to 
31 December 2023 the primary KPI’s were the completion of commercial 
agreements and the recovery of turnover to pre COVID levels. The Group 
intends to review the following non-financial KPI’s going forward: 

1.

2.

3.

Number of Customers 

Number of IP and trademark registrations 

Rate of staff turnover 

DIVIDENDS 

No dividends can be distributed for the year to 31 December 2023. 

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 

The  Chairman  and  Chief  Executive’s  reports  –  pages  3-9  gives 
information on the future outlook of the Group. 

Corporate Governance 

Executive Management: 

The Group’s current executive team comprises: 

S O’Hara           Executive Director and CEO; with overall responsibility for 

all Group activities. 

Dr S Kolyda      Executive Director – Research and Development Director 

G Myers            Executive Director – Finance Director 

Corporate Responsibility 

The  Board  takes  regular  account  of  the  significance  of  social, 
environmental  and  ethical  matters  affecting  the  Group  wherever  it 
operates. It has developed a specific set of policies on corporate social 
responsibility, which seek to protect the interests of all of its stakeholders 
through ethical and transparent actions and include an anti-corruption 
policy and code of conduct.  

Corporate Governance: 

The Group is committed to high standards of corporate governance and 
seeks to continually evaluate its policies, procedures and structures to 
ensure that they are fit for purpose. 

In  order  to  protect  the  interests  of  its  shareholders  and  other 
stakeholders the Board has chosen to adopt the Quoted Companies 
Alliance  (QCA)  Corporate  Governance  Code  for  Small  and  mid-size 
Quoted  Companies  (the “QCA  Code”),  and  the  Directors  are  always 
prepared, where practicable, to enter into dialogue with all such parties 
to promote a mutual understanding of objectives. 

By complying with this code the Company ensured compliance with 
the  new  AIM  Rules  regarding  Corporate  Governance  introduced 
September 2018. 

Full details of the Company's policy on Corporate Governance can be 
found on the website under: 

https://www.optibiotix-ir.com/content/investors/corporate-governance 

Composition of the Board of Directors 

The Board of Directors is currently comprised of the Chairman, Chief 
Executive Officer, the Research and development Director, the Finance 
Director and one Non-Executive Director.  

Role of the Board: 

The role of the Board is to agree the Group’s long-term strategy and 
direction and to monitor achievement of its business objectives. The 
Board meets several times per annum, either by teleconference or in 
person. Furthermore, it holds additional meetings as are necessary to 
transact ongoing business.

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 12

Strategic Report (continued)

Board Committees: 

Remuneration Committee 

The Remuneration Committee is made up of Sean Christie , as Chairman 
with Neil Davidson as a member and Stephen O’Hara and Graham Myers 
attending by invitation and has access to external expertise should that 
be required. This committee is responsible for the scale and structure of 
the remuneration of the Chief Executive, the Executive Directors and 
reports to the Chief Executive. The recommendations of the committee 
must be approved by the Board of Directors. No director or manager 
shall be involved in decisions relating to his/her own remuneration. 

AIM Rules Compliance Committee 

The AIM Rules Compliance Committee is chaired by Neil Davidson. This 
committee  is  charged  with  ensuring  that  the  Group  has  sufficient 
procedures, resources and controls in place to ensure compliance with 
the AIM rules for companies. Among other things, the committee shall 
ensure  that  an  Executive  Director  is  at  all  times  able  to  respond  to 
requests  for  information  from  the  Nominated  Adviser  and  that  all 
Directors and employees are aware of their obligations with regards to 
the disclosure of any trading in the Group’s shares. 

Audit Committee 

The Audit Committee, is chaired by Sean Christie with Neil Davidson the 
other member . This committee is required to monitor the integrity of 
the financial statements of the Group, including the interim and annual 
reports. The committee also reviews financial returns to regulators and 
any  financial  information  contained  in  announcements  of  a  price 
sensitive  nature.  The  committee  shall  also  consider  and  make 
recommendations  to  the  Board  regarding  resolutions  to  be  put  to 
shareholders for approval at the Annual General Meeting, with respect 
to the appointment or re-appointment of the Group’s external auditors. 
The  Audit  Committee,  together  with  the  external  auditors,  are 
responsible for determining the scope of the annual audit. 

Nomination Committee 

The Company does not currently have a nomination committee as the 
Board does not consider it appropriate to establish such a committee 
at this stage of the Company's development. Decisions which would 
usually be taken by the nomination committee will be taken by the 
Board as a whole. 

Employees 

The Group engages its employees in all aspects of the business and 
seeks  to  remunerate  them  fairly.  The  Group  gives  full  and  fair 
consideration to applications for employment regardless of age, gender, 
colour,  ethnicity,  disability,  nationality,  religious  beliefs  or  sexual 
orientation. The Board takes employees’ interest into account when 
making decisions. Any suggestions from employees aimed at improving 
the Group’s performance are welcomed. 

Suppliers and Contractors 

The Group recognises that the goodwill of its contractors, consultants 
and suppliers is crucial to the success of its business, and seeks to build 
and  maintain  this  goodwill  through  fair  and  transparent  business 
practices. The Group aims to settle genuine liabilities in accordance with 
contractual obligations. 

Health and Safety 

The Board recognises that it has a responsibility to provide strategic 
leadership  and  direction  in  the  development  and  maintenance  of 
the  Group’s  health  and  safety  strategy,  in  order  to  protect  all  of 
its stakeholders. 

Section 172 Statement 

Under s172 of the Companies Act 2006 the Directors have a duty to act 
in good faith in a way that is most likely to promote the success of the 
Company for the benefit of its members as a whole, having regard to 
the likely consequences of decisions for the long term, the interests of 
the Company’s employees, the need to foster relationships with other 
key stakeholders, the impact on the community and the environment, 
maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct, and 
the need to act fairly as between members of the Company. 

Key decisions made by the Board during 2023 were related primarily to: 

•

•

•

Active Management of existing accounts; 

Increasing the number of partners particularly in the USA and 
India; and 

Investing in ecommerce channels 

Employee engagement 

As a very small company in terms of staff, Board members have multiple 
points  of  contact  with  staff;  through  Board  meeting  feedback, 
participation in regular management meetings involving all staff, and 
ad hoc interactions in relation to specific matters. These forums provide 
staff with an opportunity to give their views which can then be taken 
into account in making decisions likely to affect their interests. Specific 
matters of concern to them as employees are dealt with in management 
meetings  and  by  email.  Corporate  developments  and  Company 
performance are discussed in regular management meetings. All staff 
are eligible for the Group’s share option scheme and this encourages 
involvement in the Company’s performance. 

Stakeholder Engagement 

The Group has a small number of major suppliers and distributors that 
support its delivery of strategy and corporate goals. The selection of, 
relationships with, and execution of, contracted work by these parties 
is considered regularly by the Executive Directors and at each Board 
meeting by all Directors. 

13

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Strategic Report (continued)

Shareholder Engagement 

The Company, through its corporate broker, Peterhouse Capital Limited, 
has  regular  contact  with  its  institutional  shareholders.  The  Board 
supports the principle that the Annual General Meeting be used to 
communicate  with  private  shareholders  and  encourages  them  to 
participate. The Annual General Meeting is attended by Directors. 

Greenhouse Gas Emissions 

The Company has no physical assets (other than a small amount of stock 
held  by  third  parties),  operations  or  premises.  Consequently,  it 
consumed less than 40,000 kWh of energy during the year so a detailed 
report on greenhouse gas emissions is not presented. 

Social, Community and Human Rights 
Issues 

There was no adverse impact on the community or environment from 
the decisions made by the board during the year. 

ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD 

S P O’Hara 
28 June 2024 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 14

Directors’ Report 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

The Directors present their report and the audited financial statements 
of the group for the year to 31 December 2023. 

PRINCIPAL ACTIVITY 

The principal activity of the group is that of identifying and developing 
microbial  strains,  compounds  and  formulations  for  use  in  food 
ingredients, supplements and active compounds that can impact on 
human physiology, deriving potential health benefits.  

Non-executive Directors 

R Davidson 
M Christie 
C Brinsmead (resigned 26th July 2023) 
S Hammond (resigned 26th July 2023) 

Directors’ Remuneration 

The directors are entitled to receive relevant fees, as detailed in the 
directors’ remuneration in Note 4. 

DIRECTORS 

Directors and their interests 

The directors who served the company during the year and up to the 
date of this report were as follows: 

The directors of the Company held the following beneficial interests in 
the shares and share options of Optibiotix at the date of this report: 

Executive Directors 

S P O’Hara  
S Kolyda  
G Myers (appointed 4th December 2023) 

Issued Share Capital

Share Warrants

Share Options 

Ordinary
shares of
£0.02 each

10,212,986
503,000
150,000
–
–
125,000

Percentage
Held 

Ordinary
shares of 
£0.02 each

Warrant
exercise
price

Ordinary
shares of 
£0.02 each

Option 
exercise 
price 

10.43%
0.51%
0.15%
–
–
0.13%

–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

6,099,135
192,500
50,000
82,500
358,722
–

£0.08 
£0.02 
£0.02 
£0.02 
£0.20 
– 

S P O’Hara
R Davidson
M Christie
S Kolyda
S Kolyda
G Myers

The share options held by S P O’Hara were granted on 17 September 2016 and are exercisable at £0.08 at any time up 16 September 2024, subject 
to vesting conditions. 

The share options held by R Davidson were granted on 07 January 2022 and are exercisable at £0.02 at any time up 6 January 2032, subject to 
vesting conditions. On the same day R Davison surrendered 385,000 options at £0.73 and was granted options at £0.02. 

The share options held by M Christie were granted on 07 January 2022 and are exercisable at £0.02 at any time up 6 January 2032, subject to 
vesting conditions. On the same day M Christie surrendered 50,000 options at £0.95 and was granted options at £0.02. 

The 358,772 share options held by S Kolyda were granted on 10 March 2015 and are exercisable at £0.20 at any time up 10 March 2025, subject to 
vesting conditions. 

The share options held by S Kolyda were granted on 07 January 2022 and are exercisable at £0.02 at any time up 6 January 2032, subject to vesting 
conditions. On the same day S Kolyda surrendered 82,500 options at £0.73 and was granted options at £0.02. 

15

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Directors’ Report (continued)

SUBSTANTIAL SHAREHOLDINGS 

Substantial shareholdings include directors as at 28 June 2024 were as 
follows:

% of shares issued 
Stephen O’Hara
10.43% 
Finance Yorkshire Seedcorn LP                                                              5.83% 

The share price per share at 31/12/2023 was £0.27 (31/12/2022: £0.13) 

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS 

The  Group’s  exposure  to  financial  risk  is  set  out  in  Note  23  to  the 
financial statements.  

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

The  Chairman  and  Chief  Executive’s  reports  –  pages  3-9  gives 
information on the Group’s research and development activities. 

DIRECTORS INDEMNITY INSURANCE 

The  Group  hold  a  Directors  and  Officers  policy  managed  by  CFC 
Underwrting  Limited  on  behalf  of  Lloyds  Syndicates  with  a  limit  of 
liability in the aggregate of £1,000,000. 

EVENTS AFTER THE REPORTING 
PERIOD 

Refer to Note 23 to the financial statements for further details. 

PUBLICATION OF ACCOUNTS ON 
GROUP WEBSITE 

Financial  statements  are  published  on  the  Group’s  website. 
The maintenance and integrity of the website is the responsibility of the 
Directors. The  Directors’  responsibilities  also  extend  to  the  financial 
statements contained therein. 

GOING CONCERN 

The financial statements have been prepared on the assumption that 
the Group is a going concern. When assessing the foreseeable future, 
the Directors have looked at the budget for the next 12 months from 
the  date  of  this  report,  the  cash  at  bank  available  as  at  the  date  of 
approval of this report and are satisfied that the Group should be able 
to cover its forecast maintenance cost, other administrative expenses, 
as well as its ongoing research and development expenditure. 

As part of the Group going concern assessment the Directors have also 
reviewed a range of scenarios including those reflecting conditions less 
favourable than the base case scenario. In such scenarios the Directors 

have had regard to cash generation and preservation options including 
further cost mitigation, further sale of the Group's investment assets and 
share  issues  where  market  conditions  allow.  Through  one  or  a 
combination of these measures, the Board are satisfied that the Group 
can continue as a going concern in base case and downside scenarios. 

After making enquiries, the directors have a reasonable expectation that 
the Group has adequate resources to continue in operational existence 
for the foreseeable future. Accordingly, they continue to adopt a going 
concern basis in preparing the annual report and financial statements. 

STATEMENT OF DIRECTORS’ 
RESPONSIBILITIES 

The Directors are responsible for preparing the Directors’ Report and the 
financial statements in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. 

Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for 
each financial period. Under that law the directors have, as required by 
the AIM Rules for Companies of the London Stock Exchange, elected to 
in  accordance  with  UK  adopted 
prepare  financial  statements 
international  accounting  standards  (IFRS).  Under  company  law  the 
Directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are 
satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the 
Group and of the profit or loss of the Group for that period. In preparing 
these financial statements, the Directors are required to: 

•

•

•

•

suitable  accounting  policies  and 

select 
them consistently. 

then  apply 

make judgements and estimates that are reasonable and prudent. 

state  whether  the  Group  and  parent  company  financial 
statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS subject 
to any material departures disclosed and explained in the financial 
statements; and 

prepare  the  financial  statements  on  the  going  concern  basis, 
unless  it  is  inappropriate  to  presume  that  the  Company  will 
continue in business. 

The Directors confirm that the financial statements comply with the 
above requirements. 

The Directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records 
that are sufficient to show and explain the Group’s transactions and 
disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of 
the Company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements 
comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for 
safeguarding the assets of the Group and hence for taking reasonable 
steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities. 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 16

 
Directors’ Report (continued)

STATEMENT AS TO DISCLOSURE OF 
INFORMATION TO AUDITORS 

So far as the Directors are aware, there is no relevant audit information 
(as defined by Section 418 of the Companies Act 2006) of which the 
Group’s auditor is unaware, and each Director has taken all the steps 
that he ought to have taken as a Director in order to make himself aware 
of  any  relevant  audit  information  and  to  establish  that  the  Group’s 
auditor is aware of the information. 

AUDITOR 

STRATEGIC REPORT 

In accordance with section 414C(11) of the Companies Act 2006 the 
Group  chooses  to  report  the  future  outlook  and  the  risks  and 
uncertainties faced by the Group in the Strategic Report on page 10. 

ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD 
S P O’Hara 
28 June 2024 

indicated  that 

Gerald  Edleman  LLP  has 
is  willing  to  seek 
re-appointment  as  the  Company’s  auditor  at  the  Annual  General 
Meeting. A resolution to appoint Gerald Edelman as the Company’s 
auditor will be proposed at the Annual General Meeting. 

it 

17

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Independent Auditor’s Report to the Members of 
OptiBiotix Health Plc 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

Opinion 

Independence 

We have audited the financial statements of Optibiotix Health PLC (the 
‘parent company’) and its subsidiaries (the ‘group’) for the year ended 
31  December  2023  which  comprise  the  consolidated  statement  of 
comprehensive  income,  consolidated  and  company  statements  of 
financial position, consolidated and company statements of changes in 
equity, consolidated and company statement of cash flows, and notes 
to  the  consolidated  and  company  financial  statements,  including  a 
summary of significant accounting policies. 

The  financial  reporting  framework  that  has  been  applied  in  the 
preparation of the group financial statements is applicable law and UK 
adopted International Accounting Standards in conformity with the 
requirements  of  the  Companies  Act  2006.  The  financial  reporting 
framework  that  has  been  applied  in  the  preparation  of  the  parent 
company financial statements is applicable law and United Kingdom 
Adopted International Accounting Standards. 

In our opinion: 

•

•

•

•

the financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of 
the group’s and of the parent company’s affairs as at 31 December 
2023 and of the group’s loss for the year then ended; 

the group financial statements have been properly prepared in 
accordance with International Accounting Standards;  

the  parent  company  financial  statements  have  been  properly 
prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standards 
in conformity with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006;  

the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with 
the requirements of the Companies Act 2006. 

We remain independent of the Group and the Company in accordance 
with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of financial 
statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard as applied to 
listed entities, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in 
accordance with these requirements.  

Conclusions relating to going concern 

In  auditing  the  financial  statements,  we  have  concluded  that  the 
director’s  use  of  the  going  concern  basis  of  accounting  in  the 
preparation of the financial statements is appropriate. Our evaluation of 
the directors’ assessment of the group and parent company’s ability to 
continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting included 
reviews of cash reserves and critical review of forecasts for a period of 
12 months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue. 

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any 
material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually 
or  collectively,  may  cast  significant  doubt  on  the  group’s  ability  to 
continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from 
when the financial statements are authorised for issue. 

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect 
to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.  

Overview 

Key audit matters

1. Capitalisation and impairment of intangible 

Basis for opinion 

Materiality

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on 
Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under 
those standards are further described in the Auditor’s responsibilities for 
the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We believe 
that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate 
to provide a basis for our opinion. 

assets (development cost and patents) 

2. Recovery of parent company’s investments 

Group financial statements as a whole $94,200 
based on 1% of gross assets. Company financial 
statements as a whole £70,700 based on 75% 
of Group materiality. 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 18

Independent Auditor’s Report to the Members  
of OptiBiotix Health Plc (continued)

An overview of the scope of our audit 

As part of designing our audit, we determined materiality and assessed 
the  risks  of  material  misstatement  in  the  financial  statements.  In 
particular, we looked at where the directors made subjective judgments, 
for example in respect of significant accounting estimates that involved 
making assumptions and considering future events that are inherently 
uncertain.  As  in  all  of  our  audits  we  also  addressed  the  risk  of 
management override of internal controls, including evaluating whether 
there was evidence of bias by the directors that represented a risk of 
material misstatement due to fraud. 

How we tailored the audit scope 

We tailored the scope of our audit to ensure that we performed enough 
work to be able to give an opinion on the financial statements as a 
whole, taking into account the structure of the Group and the Company, 
the accounting processes and controls, and the industry in which they 
operate. 

The Company and OptiBiotix Limited are  significant components and 
were subject to full scope audit procedures by the Group audit team. 
Our scope on the non-significant components were the performance 
of  analytical  review  procedures  by  the  Group  audit  team.   We  also 
performed specified audit procedures over certain account balances 
and transaction classes that we regarded as material to the Group.  

Key audit matters 

Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgement, 
were of most significance in our audit of the financial statements of the 
current period and include the most significant assessed risks of material 
misstatement (whether or not due to fraud) we identified, including 
those which had the greatest effect on, the overall audit strategy, the 
allocation of resources in the audit; and directing the efforts of the 
engagement team. These matters were addressed in the context of our 
audit of the financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion 
thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. In 
addition to the matter described in the Material Uncertainty related to 
going concern section, we have determined the matters described to 
be the key audit matter to be communicated in our report. 

Key audit matter

How our audit addressed the key audit matter

Capitalisation  and 
(Development cost and patents)  

impairment  of 

intangible  assets 

We have performed the following audit procedures: 

The group is focused on product development in relation to its IP Portfolio 
of products. Consequent to this, one of the Group’s most significant asset 
on the consolidated statement of financial position is its intangible asset. 

There is a risk that the intangible cost are  not capitalised appropriately 
under IFRS.  

As explained in Note 2  to the consolidated financial statements, the 
indicators of impairment assessment in relation to the intangible require 
the exercise of significant judgement by Management and the Directors. 
Management and the Directors are required to assess whether there are any 
potential impairment triggers which would indicate that the carrying value 
of the assets may not be recoverable for each cash generating unit. 
Management and the Directors did not identify any indicators of 
impairment. Given the significance of the assets to the Group’s consolidated 
statement of financial position and the significant management 
judgements and estimates involved in this area, we considered this a key 
audit matter.

19

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

•     We evaluated the Directors’ and Management’s impairment review for 

the intangible assets. 

•     We challenged if the capitalisation of the intangible asset is in line with 

the relevant accounting standard and agreed a sample of transactions to 
supporting invoices. 

•     We critically challenged the considerations made regarding indicators of 
impairment in accordance with the relevant accounting standards by 
performing the following procedures: 

     o    We assessed the Directors’ and Management’s impairment indicator 
review to establish whether it was performed in accordance with the 
requirements of the relevant accounting standards. 

     o    We obtained and inspected third party documents relating to the 

patent status and to check legal title of the patents. 

•     We challenged management on their judgements of the valuation of the 
intangible balances as at 31 December 2023. The intangible balances are 
not considered impaired when assessed against the underlying entities 
forecasted cashflow.  

•     We assessed the adequacy and reasonableness of disclosures in the 

financial statement in this regard.  

Key observations: 

Based on the audit work performed, we are satisfied with the carrying 
valuation of investments as at year ended 31 December 2023.

 
Independent Auditor’s Report to the Members  
of OptiBiotix Health Plc (continued)

Key audit matter

How our audit addressed the key audit matter

Recovery of the Parent Company’s investment 

We have performed the following procedures: 

Directors are responsible to assess whether or not investments in 
subsidiaries require impairment. As the only investments held in the year 
relate to trading entities or support entities for the group, this is crucial for 
investors’ understanding of the group. 

As with intangibles, there is a level of inherent uncertainty involved in 
forecasting and discounting future cashflows. Given the significant of the 
Parents statement of financial position and significant management 
judgements and estimates involved in this area, we consider this a key audit 
matter.

•     We evaluated the Directors’ and Management’s impairment review for 

the investments.  

•     Conducted a review of Board minutes to see if any information has come 

to light which might indicate the need for impairment;  

•     We challenged management on their judgements of the valuation of the 
investments balances as at 31 December 2023. The investments are fairly 
stated when assessed against the underlying entities forecasted 
cashflow.  

Key observations: 

Based on the audit work performed, we are satisfied with the carrying 
valuation of investments as at year ended 31 December 2023.

Our application of materiality 

Materiality is assessed as the magnitude of an omission or misstatement that, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to 
influence the economic decisions of the users of the financial statements. Misstatements below these levels will not necessarily be evaluated as 
immaterial as we also take account of the nature of identified misstatements, and the particular circumstances of their occurrence, when evaluating 
their effect on the financial statements as a whole. Materiality provides a basis for determining the nature and extent of our audit procedures. 

Based on our professional judgment, we determined materiality for the financial statements as a whole as follows:

Group financial statements

Company financial statements

Overall materiality 

£94,200

£70,000

How we determined it

1% of gross assets

Representing  75%  of  the  Group  financial 
statements materiality 

Rationale for  
benchmark applied 

We believe that gross assets is a primary measure 
used  by 
the 
shareholders 
performance of the group

in  assessing 

We believe that gross assets is a primary measure 
used  by  shareholders  in  performance  of  the 
Company  as  the  holding  company  within  the 
Group

Performance materiality

£56,500

£42,400

Basis for determining 
performance materiality

60% of materiality. In reaching our conclusion on 
the level of performance materiality to be applied 
we considered a number of factors including the 
expected  total  value  of  known  and 
likely 
misstatements (based on past experience), our 
knowledge of the Group’s control environment 
and management’s attitude towards proposed 
adjustments.

60% of materiality. In reaching our conclusion on 
the level of performance materiality to be applied 
we considered a number of factors including the 
expected  total  value  of  known  and 
likely 
misstatements (based on past experience), our 
knowledge of the Group’s control environment 
and management’s attitude towards proposed 
adjustments.

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 20

Independent Auditor’s Report to the Members  
of OptiBiotix Health Plc (continued)

Component materiality 

For each component in the scope of our Group audit, we allocated a 
materiality that is equal to or less than our overall Group materiality. The 
range  of  materiality  allocated  across  components  is  ranged  from 
£70,700 to £75,300. We set materiality for each significant component 
of the Group based on a percentage of between 75% and 80% of Group 
materiality dependent on the size and our assessment of the risk of 
material  misstatement  of  that  component.  In  the  audit  of  each 
component, we further applied performance materiality levels of 60% 
of the component materiality to our testing to ensure that the risk of 
errors exceeding component materiality was appropriately mitigated.  

Reporting threshold 

We agreed with the Audit Committee that we would report to them 
misstatements identified during our audit above £4,710 for the Group 
and £3,536 for the Company audit as well as misstatements below those 
amounts that, in our view, warranted reporting for qualitative reasons. 

Other information 

The  directors  are  responsible  for  the  other  information.  The  other 
information comprises the information included in the annual report, 
other than the financial statements and our auditor's report thereon. 
Our  opinion  on  the  financial  statements  does  not  cover  the  other 
information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our 
report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. 

In  connection  with  our  audit  of  the  financial  statements,  our 
responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider 
whether  the  other  information  is  materially  inconsistent  with  the 
financial  statements  or  our  knowledge  obtained  in  the  audit  or 
otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material 
inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to 
determine whether there is a material misstatement in the financial 
statements or a material misstatement of the other information. If, based 
on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material 
misstatement  of  this  other  information,  we  are  required  to  report 
that fact. 

We have nothing to report in this regard. 

Opinions on other matters prescribed by 
the Companies Act 2006 

•

•

the information given in the strategic report and the directors' 
report for the financial year for which the financial statements are 
prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and 

the strategic report and the directors' report have been prepared 
in accordance with applicable legal requirements. 

Matters on which we are required to 
report by exception 

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the group and 
Company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we 
have not identified material misstatements in the strategic report or the 
directors' report. 

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation 
to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our 
opinion: 

•

•

•

•

adequate accounting records have not been kept by the Group 
and Company, or returns adequate for our audit have not been 
received from branches not visited by us; or 

the  Group  and  Company  financial  statements  are  not  in 
agreement with the accounting records and returns; or 

certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are 
not made; or 

we have not received all the information and explanations we 
require for our audit. 

Responsibilities of directors 

As explained more fully in the Statement of Directors' responsibilities 
statement set out on page 16, the directors are responsible for the 
preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they 
give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors 
determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements 
that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. 

In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for 
assessing the Group's and Company's ability to continue as a going 
concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and 
using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either 
intend to liquidate the Group or the Company or to cease operations, 
or have no realistic alternative but to do so. 

Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of 
the financial statements 

The objectives of our audit, in respect to fraud are; to identify and assess 
the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements due to 
fraud; to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the 
assessed risks of material misstatements due to fraud, through designing 
and implementing appropriate responses; and to respond appropriately 
to fraud or suspected fraud identified during the audit. However, the 
primary responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud rests 
with  both  those  charged  with  governance  of  the  entity  and 
management.  

21

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Independent Auditor’s Report to the Members  
of OptiBiotix Health Plc (continued)

Our  approach  to  identifying  and  assessing  the  risks  of  material 
misstatement  in  respect  of  irregularities,  including  fraud  and  non-
compliance with laws and regulations, was as follows: 

In response to the risk of irregularities and non-compliance with laws 
and regulations, we designed procedures which included, but were not 
limited to: 

•

•

•

•

•

the  senior  statutory  auditor  ensured  the  engagement  team 
collectively had the appropriate competence, capabilities and skills 
to identify or recognise non-compliance with applicable laws and 
regulations in the United Kingdom; 

we identified the laws and regulations applicable to the company 
through discussions with directors and other management, and 
from our knowledge and experience of the entity's activities. 

we focused on specific laws and regulations which we considered 
may have a direct material effect on the financial statements or 
the operations of the company, including Companies Act 2006, 
taxation legislation, data protection, employment and health and 
safety legislation. 

we  assessed  the  extent  of  compliance  with  the  laws  and 
regulations  identified  above  through  making  enquiries  of 
management and reviewing legal expenditure; and 

identified laws and regulations were communicated within the 
audit team regularly and the team remained alert to instances of 
non-compliance throughout the audit. 

We assessed the susceptibility of the company's financial statements to 
material misstatement, including obtaining an understanding of how 
fraud might occur, by: 

•

•

making enquiries of management as to where they considered 
there  was  susceptibility  to  fraud,  their  knowledge  of  actual, 
suspected and alleged fraud; and 

considering the internal controls in place to mitigate risks of fraud 
and non-compliance with laws and regulations. 

To address the risk of fraud through management bias and override of 
controls, we: 

•

•

•

•

performed  analytical  procedures  to  identify  any  unusual  or 
unexpected relationships; 

tested journal entries to identify unusual transactions; 

judgements  and  assumptions  made 

in 
assessed  whether 
determining the accounting estimates were indicative of potential 
bias.  Key  judgements  and  assumptions  are  comprised  in  the 
impairment assessment of the carrying value of intangible assets, 
investments and going concern as assessed within our Key Audit 
Matters above; and 

investigated  the  rationale  behind  significant  or  unusual 
transactions. 

•

•

•

agreeing financial statement disclosures to underlying supporting 
documentation which included our evaluation of Management’s 
assessment on the impact of climate change on the Group and 
Company and related disclosures; 

reading  the  minutes  of  meetings  of  those  charged  with 
governance; and 

enquiring of management as to actual and potential litigation and 
claims. 

There are inherent limitations in our audit procedures described above. 
The  more  removed  that  laws  and  regulations  are  from  financial 
transactions, the less likely it is that we would become aware of non-
compliance.  

Auditing standards also limit the audit procedures required to identify 
noncompliance with laws and regulations to enquiry of the directors 
and  other  management  and  the  inspection  of  regulatory  and  legal 
correspondence, if any. 

Material misstatements that arise due to fraud can be harder to detect 
than  those  that  arise  from  error  as  they  may  involve  deliberate 
concealment or collusion. 

A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial 
statements is located on the Financial Reporting Council's website at: 
www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities.  

This description forms part of our auditor's report. 

Use of this report 

This report, including the opinions, has been prepared for and only for 
the Company’s members as a body in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 
16 of the Companies Act 2006 and for no other purpose. We do not, in 
giving these opinions, accept or assume responsibility for any other 
purpose or to any other person to whom this report is shown or into 
whose hands it may come save where expressly agreed by our prior 
consent in writing. 

Hemen Doshi 
For and on behalf of  
Gerald Edelman LLP, 

Charted Accountants 
Statutory Auditor 
73 Cornhill 
London United Kingdom  
EC3V 3QQ 
28 June 2024

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 22

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

Year ended
31 December 2023
£’000

Year ended  
31 December 2022 
£’000 

Notes

644
324

320
(6)
(205)
(1,804)

(2,015)

(1,695)
–
1

1
(323)
(513)
487
–
–

(2,043)
4

(2,039)

(2,039)

(2,039)

(2.24)p
(2.08)p

457 
(213) 

244 
(11) 
(224) 
(2,498) 

(2,733) 

(2,489) 
– 
– 

– 
(83) 
(8,620) 
16 
21,647 
(8,030) 

2,441 
146 

2,587 

2,587 

2,587 

2.93p 
2.78p 

6

5
5

11
11
11
11
11

7

8
8

Revenue from contracts with customers
Cost of sales

Gross profit
Share based payments
Depreciation and amortisation
Other administrative costs

Total administrative expenses

Operating loss
Finance cost
Finance income

Share of loss from associate
(Loss)/Gain on investments
Profit on disposal of investments
Profit on disposal of subsidiary
Provision against associate valuation

Profit/(Loss) before tax
Taxation

Total comprehensive income for the period

Total comprehensive income attributable to: 
Owners of the company

Earnings per share from continued operations 
Basic profit/(loss) per share
Diluted profit/(loss) per share

All activities relate to continuing operations 

The notes on pages 32 to 55 form part of these financial statements

23

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position 
As at 31 December 2023

ASSETS 
Non-current assets 
Intangibles
Investments
Investment in associate

CURRENT ASSETS 
Inventories
Trade and other receivables
Current tax asset
Cash and cash equivalents

TOTAL ASSETS

EQUITY 
Shareholders’ Equity 
Called up share capital
Share premium
Share based payment reserve
Merger relief reserve
Retained Earnings

Total Equity

LIABILITIES 
Current liabilities 
Trade and other payables

Non-current liabilities 
Deferred tax liability

TOTAL LIABILITIES

TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

As at
31 December 2023
£’000

As at 
31 December 2022 
£’000 

Notes

9
11
11

12
13
7
14

15
16
16
16
16

17

18

1,331
3,887
2,806

8,024

188
460
97
635

1,380

9,404

1,824
2,958
772
1,500
1,818

8,872

180

136

352

352

532

1,540 
5,022 
3,129 

9,691 

178 
521 
106 
1,052 

1,857 

11,548 

1,824 
2,958 
939 
1,500 
3,684 

10,905 

278 

278 

365 

365 

643 

9,404

11,548 

These financial statements were approved and authorised for issue by the Board of Directors on 28 June 2024 and were signed on 
its behalf by: 
S P O’Hara 
Director 
Company Registration no. 05880755 
The notes on pages 32 to 55 form part of these financial statement

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 24

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

                                                                                                                                        Share- 
                                                                                                                                         based     Convertible           Merger              Non-
                                                                  Called up         Retained              Share          Payment              Debt              Relief     Controlling
                                                              Share capital          Earnings         Premium           reserve          Reserve          Reserve           Interest
                                                                        £’000              £’000              £’000              £’000              £’000              £’000              £’000

Balance at 31 December 2021                             1,759            11,320              2,537                928                  93              1,500                  35
Profit for the year                                                      –              2,587                    –                    –                    –                    –                    –
Dividends                                                                 –           (10,258)                   –                    –                    –                    –                    –
Transfer on loss of control                                          –                    –                    –                    –                 (93)                   –                    –
Transfer within reserves                                             –                  35                    –                    –                    –                    –                 (35)
Issue of shares during the year                                  65                    –                445                    –                    –                    –                    –
Fundraising commission                                             –                    –                 (24)                   –                    –                    –                    –
Share options and warrants                                        –                    –                    –                  11                    –                    –                    –

Balance at 31 December 2022                             1,824              3,684              2,958                939                    –              1,500                    –
Loss for the year                                                       –             (2,039)                   –                    –                    –                    –                    –
Movement on reserves                                              –                173                    –               (173)                   –                    –                    –
Share options and warrants                                        –                    –                    –                    6                    –                    –                    –

Total 
equity 
£’000 

18,172 
2,587 
(10,258) 
(93) 
– 
510 
(24) 
11 

10,905 
(2,039) 
– 
6 

Balance at 31 December 2023                             1,824              1,818              2,958                772                    –              1,500                    –

8,872 

The notes on pages 32 to 55 form part of these financial statements 

25

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
 
Notes to the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

Opening Cash

Operating activities
Operating loss
Amortisation
Impairment of patents
Share based payments
Movement on inventory
Decrease/(increase) on receivables
(Decrease)/increase on payables
Tax received

Net Proceeds for operating activities

Investing activities 
Additions to intangibles
Cash disposed on loss of subsidiary
Proceeds on disposal of investments

Net

Financing activities
Net proceeds on Share issues

Net cash inflow from financing activities

Total movement

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

1

The notes on pages 32 to 55 form part of these financial statements 

Year ended
31 December 2023
£’000

Year ended 
31 December 2022 
£’000 

Notes

1,052

2,007 

(1,695)
205
5
6
(10)
61
(98)
–

(1,527)

–
–
1,110

1,110

–

–

(417)

635

(2,489) 
224 
– 
11 
(76) 
1,116 
(19) 
124 

(1,109) 

(168) 
(188) 
25 

(331) 

485 

485 

(955) 

1,052 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 26

 
 
 
Notes to the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

1. Cash and Cash Equivalents 

Cash and cash equivalents

The notes on pages 32 to 55 form part of these financial statements 

Year ended
31 December
2023
£’000

Year ended  
31 December 
2022 
£’000 

635

1,052 

27

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Company Statement of Financial Position 
As at 31 December 2023

ASSETS 
Non-current assets 
Investments
Investment in associate

CURRENT ASSETS 
Trade and other receivables
Cash and cash equivalents

TOTAL ASSETS

EQUITY 
Shareholders’ Equity 
Called up share capital
Share premium
Merger relief reserve
Share based payment reserve
Accumulated profit

Total Equity

LIABILITIES 
CURRENT LIABILITIES 
Trade and other payables

TOTAL LIABILITIES

TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

As at
31 December 2023
£’000

As at 
31 December 2022 
£’000 

Notes

11
11

13
14

15
16
16
16
16

17

5,858
3,212

9,070

32
434

466

9,536

1,824
2,958
1,500
772
2,400

9,454

82

82

9,536

7,008 
3,212 

10,220 

25 
865 

890 

11,110 

1,824 
2,958 
1,500 
939 
3,806 

11,027 

83 

83 

11,110 

The Company has elected to take the exemption under section 408 of the Companies Act 2006 not to present the Company 
income statement. 
The loss for the Company for the year was £1.579m (2022, profit: £3.008m). 
These financial statements were approved and authorised for issue by the Board of Directors on 28 June 2024 and were signed on 
its behalf by: 
S P O’Hara 
Director 
Company Registration no. 05880755  

The notes on pages 32 to 55 form part of these financial statements 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 28

 
Company Statement of Changes in Equity 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

Called up
Share
capital
£’000

Share
Premium
£’000

Merger Share-based 
Payment
reserve
£’000

Relief
Reserve
£’000

Retained
Earnings
£’000

Total 
equity 
£’000 

Balance at 31 December 2021

1,759

2,537

1,500

928

11,056

17,780 

Profit for the year

Dividends

Share options and warrants

Fundraising Commission

Issue of shares during the year

Balance at 31 December 2022

Loss for the year

Movement on reserves

Share options and warrants

–

–

–

–

65

1,824

–

–

–

–

–

–

(24)

445

–

–

–

–

–

2,958

1,500

–

–

–

–

–

–

Balance at 31 December  2023

1,824

2,958

1,500

The notes on pages 32 to 55 form part of these financial statements

–

–

11

–

–

939

–

(173)

6

772

3,008

3,008 

(10,258)

(10,258) 

–

–

–

11 

(24) 

510 

3,806

11,027 

(1,579)

(1,579) 

173

–

– 

6 

2,400

9,454 

29

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Company Statement of Cash Flows 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

Opening Cash

Operating activities
Operating loss
Share based payments
Loan conversion to management change
Decrease/(increase) on receivables
Impairment of investment in subsidiary
(Decrease)/increase on payables
Release of loan to subsidiary

Net Proceeds for operating activities

Investing activities 
Net cash advances to subsidiary
Proceeds on disposal of investments

Net

Financing activities
Net proceeds on Share issues
Interest income

Net cash inflow from financing activities

Total movement

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

1

The notes on pages 32 to 55 form part of these financial statements  

Year ended
31 December 2023
£’000

Year ended  
31 December 2022 
£’000 

Notes

865

1,705 

(1,535)
–
14
(7)
–
–
901

(627)

(915)
1,110

195

–
1

1

(431)

434

(1,482) 
11 
– 
416 
50 
42 
756 

(207) 

(1,143) 
25 

(1,118) 

485 
– 

485 

(840) 

865 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 30

 
 
Notes to the Company Statement of Cash Flows 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

1. Cash and Cash Equivalents 

Cash and cash equivalents

The notes on page 32 to 55 form part of these financial statements 

As at
31 December 2023
£’000

As at 
31 December 2022 
£’000  

434

865 

31

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Notes to the Financial Statements 
For the year ended 31 December 2023

1. General Information 

OptiBiotix Health plc is a Public Limited Company limited by shares, incorporated and domiciled in England and Wales. Details of 
the registered office, the officers and advisers to the Company are presented on the company information page at the start of this 
report. The Company's offices are at Innovation Centre, Innovation Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DG. The Company is listed on the 
AIM market of the London Stock Exchange (ticker: OPTI). 

The principal activity is that of identifying and developing microbial strains, compounds, and formulations for use in food ingredients, 
supplements and active compounds that can impact on human physiology, deriving potential health benefits. 

These financial statements present the results and balances of the Company and its subsidiaries (together, the ‘Group’) for the year 
ended 31 December 2023.  

2. Accounting Policies 

Statement of compliance 

The consolidated  and parent company financial statements of Optibiotix Health Plc have been prepared in accordance with UK 
adopted international accounting standards (IFRSs), IFRIC interpretations and the Companies Act 2006 applicable to companies 
reporting under IFRS.  

Basis of preparation 

The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention. The functional currency is GBP. 

The principal accounting policies are summarised below. They have all been applied consistently throughout the period under 
review. The results are rounded to the nearest thousand.  

Going concern 

The financial statements have been prepared on the assumption that the Group is a going concern. When assessing the foreseeable 
future, the Directors have looked at the budget for the next 12 months from the date of this report, the cash at bank available as 
at the date of approval of these financial statements and are satisfied that the group should be able to cover its forecast maintenance 
costs, other administrative expenses and its ongoing research and development expenditure. 

As part of the Group going concern assessment the Directors have also reviewed a range of scenarios including those reflecting 
conditions less favourable than the base case scenario.  In such scenarios the Directors have had regard to cash generation and 
preservation options including further cost mitigation, further sale of the Group's investment assets and share issues where market 
conditions allow.  Through one or a combination of these measures, the Board are satisfied that the Group can continue as a going 
concern in base case and downside. 

Management have considered its forecast of the group’s cash requirements reflecting contracted and anticipated future revenue 
and the resulting net cash outflows. Management have not seen a material disruption to the business as a result of the current 
political crises in Eastern Europe. Management will keep events under constant review, and remedial action will be taken if the 
situation demands it.  

After making enquiries, the Directors have a reasonable expectation that the Group has adequate resources to continue in 
operational existence for the foreseeable future. Accordingly, they continue to adopt a going concern basis in preparing the annual 
report and financial statements. 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 32

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

2. Accounting Policies (continued)

Standards, amendments and interpretations effective and adopted in 2023 

The accounting policies adopted are consistent with those of the previous financial year. In addition, the Group has adopted the 
new, and amendments to, standards listed below. These amendments were either not applicable or not material to the Group or 
Parent Company. 

International Accounting Standards (IAS/IFRS)

Initial Application of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9—Comparative Information
Disclosure of Accounting Policies (Amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2)
Definition of Accounting Estimates (Amendments to IAS 8)
Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction (Amendments to IAS 12)
International Tax Reform - Pillar Two Model Rules (Amendments to IAS 12)

Effective date 

1 January 2023 
1 January 2023 
1 January 2023 
1 January 2023 
1 January 2023 

New standards and interpretations not yet adopted 

The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has issued the following standards, amendments and interpretations with an 
effective date after the date of these consolidated financial statements. These are effective for annual reporting periods beginning 
on or after the date indicated: 

International Accounting Standards (IAS/IFRS)

Classification of liabilities as current or non-current and non-current liabilities with Covenants -  
Amendments to IAS 1
Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback - Amendments to IFRS 16
Supplier Finance Arrangements - Amendments to IAS 7 and IFRS 7
Lack of exchangeability - Amendments to IAS 21

Effective date 

1 January 2024 
1 January 2024 
1 January 2024 
1 January 2025 

The Group is assessing the impact of these new standards and the Group’s financial reporting will be presented in accordance with 
these standards from the effective date. 

There are no other IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are not yet effective that would be expected to have a material impact on the 
Group. 

The Directors anticipate that the adoption of these standards and the interpretations in future period will have no material impact 
on the financial statements of the company. 

2.1 Basis of consolidation 

The consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and entities controlled by the Company 
(its subsidiaries) made up to 31 December each year. The group controls an investee when it is exposed, or has rights, to variable 
returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. 

The results of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive 
income from the effective date of acquisition or up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate. 

Where necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with 
those used by other members of the Group. 

All intra-group transactions, balances, income and expenses are eliminated on consolidation. 

33

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

2. Accounting Policies (continued)

Changes in the Group’s ownership interests in subsidiaries that do not result in the Group losing control over the subsidiaries are 
accounted for as equity transactions. The carrying amounts of the Group’s interests and the non-controlling interests are adjusted 
to reflect the changes in their relative interests in the subsidiaries. Any difference between the amount by which the non-controlling 
interests are adjusted and the fair value of the consideration paid or received is recognised directly in equity and attributed to owners 
of the Company. 

When the Group loses control of a subsidiary, the profit or loss on disposal is calculated as the difference between (i) the aggregate 
of the fair value of the consideration received and the fair value of any retained interest and (ii) the previous carrying amount of the 
assets (including goodwill), and liabilities of the subsidiary and any non-controlling interests. Where certain assets of the subsidiary 
are measured at revalued amounts or fair values and the related cumulative gain or loss has been recognised in other comprehensive 
income and accumulated in equity, the amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity 
are accounted for as if the Company had directly disposed of the related assets (i.e. reclassified to profit or loss or transferred directly 
to retained earnings).  

The fair value of any investment retained in the former subsidiary at the date when control is lost is regarded as the fair value on 
initial recognition for subsequent accounting under IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement” or, when applicable, 
the cost on initial recognition of an investment in an associate or a jointly controlled entity. 

Business combinations 

Acquisitions of businesses are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration transferred in a business combination 
is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred by the Group, 
liabilities incurred by the group to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the group in exchange for 
control of the acquiree. Acquisition-related costs are recognised in profit or loss as incurred. 

At the acquisition date, the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are recognised at their fair value at the acquisition 
date, except that: 

–

–

–

deferred tax assets or liabilities and liabilities or assets related to employee benefit arrangements are recognised and measured 
in accordance with IAS 12 Income Taxes and IAS 19 Employee Benefits respectively; 

liabilities or equity instruments related to share-based payment transactions of the acquiree or the replacement of an 
acquiree's  share-based  payment  transactions  with  share-based  payment  transactions  of  the  group  are  measured  in 
accordance with IFRS 2 Share-based Payment at the acquisition date; and 

assets (or disposal groups) that are classified as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and 
Discontinued Operations are measured in accordance with that standard. 

Goodwill is measured as the excess of the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interests in the 
acquiree, and the fair value of the acquirer's previously held equity interest in the acquiree (if any) over the net of the acquisition-date 
amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. If, after assessment, the net of the acquisition-date amounts 
of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed exceeds the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any 
non-controlling interests in the acquiree and the fair value of the acquirer's previously held interest in the acquiree (if any), the excess 
is recognised immediately in profit or loss as a bargain purchase gain. 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 34

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

2. Accounting Policies (continued)

2.2 Revenue recognition 

Revenue is measured at the fair value of sales of goods and services less returns and sales taxes. The Group has analysed its business 
activities and applied the five-step model prescribed by IFRS 15 to each material line of business, as outlined below: 

2.2.1 Sale of products  

The contract to provide a product is established when the customer places a purchase order. The performance obligation is to 
provide the product requested by an agreed date, and the transaction price is the value of the product as stated in our order 
acknowledgement. The performance obligation is typically met when the product is dispatched and so revenue is primarily 
recognised for each product when dispatching takes place. In some limited situations when the product is complete but the 
customer is unable to take delivery the performance obligation is met when the customer formally accepts transfer of risk and 
control even though the product has not been dispatched.  

2.2.2 License arrangements 

Revenue is recognised when the customer obtains control of the rights to use the IP. The performance obligations are considered 
to be distinct from any ongoing distribution arrangements which are treated in line with sales of products.  

2.2.3  Milestone payments 

Where the transaction price includes consideration that is contingent upon a future event or circumstance, the contingent 
amount is allocated entirely to that performance obligation if certain criteria are met. Revenue is recognised at the point of time 
of the performance obligation being satisfied. 

2.3 Investments in associates 

Associates are those entities in which the Group has significant influence, but not control or joint control over the financial and 
operating policies. Significant influence is presumed to exist when the Group holds between 20 and 50 percent of the voting power 
of another entity. Investments in associates are accounted for under the equity method and are recognised initially at cost. The cost 
of the investment includes transaction costs.  

The  consolidated  financial  statements  include  the  Group’s  share  of  profit  or  loss  and  other  comprehensive  income  of 
equity-accounted investees, after adjustments to align the accounting policies with those of the Group, from the date that significant 
influence commences until the date that significant influence ceases.  

When the Group’s share of losses exceeds its interest in an equity-accounted investee, the carrying amount of the investment, 
including any long-term interests that form part thereof, is reduced to zero, and the recognition of further losses is discontinued 
except to the extent that the Group has an obligation or has made payments on behalf of the investee. 

2.4 Investments at fair value 

Equity investments are held at fair value at the balance sheet date with any profit or loss for the year being taken to the Income 
statement. The value of listed investments being calculated at the closing price on the balance sheet date.  

2.5 Employee Benefits 

The Group operates a defined contribution pension scheme. Contributions payable by the Group’s pension scheme are charged to 
the income statement in the period in which they relate.  

35

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

2. Accounting Policies (continued)

2.6 Taxation 

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax. 

(i) Current tax 

Current taxes are based on the results shown in the financial statements and are calculated according to local tax rules using tax 
rates enacted or substantially enacted by the statement of financial position date. 

Income tax is recognised in the income statement or in equity if it relates to items that are recognised in the same or a different 
period, directly in equity. 

Current tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or 
paid to the taxation authorities. 

(ii) Deferred tax 

Deferred tax is provided, using the liability method, on temporary differences at the statement of financial position date between 
the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes. 

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences. 

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, carry forward of unused tax assets and unused tax losses, 
to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will  be available against which the deductible temporary differenced and the 
carrying forward or unused tax assets and unused tax losses can be utilised. 

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer 
probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax assets to be utilised. Conversely, previously 
unrecognised deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that sufficient taxable profit that sufficient taxable 
profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised.  

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the year when the asset is realised or the 
liability is settled, based on the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date. 

2.7 Financial instruments 

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the 
instrument. 

Loans and receivables are initially measured at fair value and are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective 

2.8
interest rate method. 

Equity investments comprise investments which do have a fixed maturity and are classified as non current assets if they are 

2.9
intended to be held for the medium to long term. They are measured at fair value through profit or loss. 

2.10 Trade receivables are initially measured at fair value and are subsequently measured at amortised cost less appropriate 
provisions for credit losses. Such provisions are recognised in the income statement. 

2.11 Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash in hand and demand deposits and other short-term highly liquid investments 
with maturities of three months or less at inception that are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and are subject to an 
insignificant risk of changes in value. 

2.12 Trade  payables  are  not  interest-bearing  and  are  initially  valued  at  their  fair  value  and  are  subsequently  measured  at 
amortised cost. 

2.13

Equity instruments are recorded at fair value, being the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs. 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 36

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

2. Accounting Policies (continued)

Share Capital – Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares or 

2.14
options are shown in equity as a deduction, net of taxation, from the proceeds. 

Financial instruments require classification of fair value as determined by reference to the source of inputs used to derive 

2.15
the fair value. This classification uses the following three-level hierarchy: 

Level 1 — quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; 

Level 2 — inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly 
(i.e., as prices) or indirectly (i.e., derived from prices); 

Level 3 — inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs). 

2.16

Inventory 

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. 
Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less applicable variable selling expenses. 

2.17

Impairment of non-financial assets 

At each statement of financial position date, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its investments to determine whether there 
is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the 
asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where the asset does not generate cash flows 
that are independent from other assets, the group estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset 
belongs. An intangible asset with an indefinite useful life is tested for impairment annually and whenever there is an indication that 
the asset may be impaired.  

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash 
flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value 
of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.  

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount 
of the asset (cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised as an expense immediately, 
unless the relevant asset is carried at a re-valued amount, in which case the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation decrease.  

Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised 
estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would 
have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an 
impairment loss is recognised as income immediately, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the 
reversal of the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation increase.  

2.18

Capital management 

Capital is made up of stated capital, premium, other reserves and retained earnings. The objective of the Group’s capital management 
is to ensure that it maintains strong credit ratings and capital ratios. This will ensure that the business is correctly supported and 
shareholder value is maximised. 

The Group manages its capital structure through adjustments that are dependent on economic conditions. In order to maintain or 
adjust the capital structure, the Company may choose to change or amend dividend payments to shareholders or issue new share 
capital to shareholders. There were no changes to the objectives, policies or processes during the period ended 31 December 2023. 

37

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

2. Accounting Policies (continued)

2.19

Share-based compensation 

The fair value of the employee and suppliers services received in exchange for the grant of the options is recognised as an expense. 
The total amount to be expensed over the vesting year is determined by reference to the fair value of the options granted, excluding 
the impact of any non-market vesting conditions (for example, profitability and sales growth targets). Non-market vesting conditions 
are included in assumptions about the number of options that are expected to vest. At each statement of financial position date, 
the entity revises its estimates of the number of options that are expected to vest. It recognises the impact of the revision to original 
estimates, if any, in the income statement, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. 

The proceeds received net of any directly attributable transaction costs are credited to share capital (nominal value) and share 
premium when the options are exercised.  

The fair value of share-based payments recognised in the income statement is measured by use of the Black Scholes model, which 
takes into account conditions attached to the vesting and exercise of the equity instruments. The expected life used in the model is 
adjusted; based on management’s best estimate, for the effects of non-transferability, exercise restrictions and behavioural considerations. 
The share price volatility percentage factor used in the calculation is based on management’s best estimate of future share price 
behaviour and is selected based on past experience, future expectations and benchmarked against peer companies in the industry. 

2.20

Property, plant and equipment 

Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less subsequent accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment 
losses, if any. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items. 

Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is 
probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured 
reliably. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the financial period in which they are incurred. 

Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method to write off their cost over their estimated 
useful lives at the following annual rates: 

Computer equipment                                                                    30% 

Useful lives and depreciation method are reviewed and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period. 

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to 
arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and 
equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the relevant asset and is 
recognised in profit or loss in the year in which the asset is derecognised.  

2.21

Intangibles – Patents and trademarks  

Patents acquired by way of the fair value uplift by way of the reverse merger in 2014 have a finite useful life and are carried at cost 
less accumulated amortisation. Amortisation is calculated using the straight line method to allocate the cost of the these acquired 
patents over their estimated useful life of twenty years once the patents have been granted.  

Development costs for new patents and trademarks since 2014 that have been capitalized in line with the recognition criteria of 
IAS38 have been estimated to have a useful economic life of 10 years. 

2.22

Research and Development  

Research expenditure is written off to the statement of comprehensive income in the year in which it is incurred. Development 
expenditure is written off in the same way unless the Directors are satisfied as to the technical, commercial and financial viability of 
individual projects. In this situation, the expenditure is deferred and amortised over the 10 years during which the Company is 
expected to benefit.  

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 38

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

2. Accounting Policies (continued)

2.23

Merger relief reserve 

The merger relief reserve arises from the 100% acquisition of OptiBiotix Limited whereby the excess of the fair value of the issued 
ordinary share capital issued over the nominal value of these shares is transferred to this reserve in accordance with section 612 of 
the Companies Act 2006. 

2.24

Critical accounting judgments and key sources of estimation uncertainty  

The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions concerning the future that 
affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial 
statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods.  

The resulting accounting estimates will, by definition, differ from the related actual results.  

•

•

•

•

Share based payments 
The fair value of share based payments recognised in the income statement is measured by use of the Black Scholes model, 
which takes into account conditions attached to the vesting and exercise of the equity instruments. The expected life used 
in the model is adjusted; based on management’s best estimate, for the effects of non-transferability, exercise restrictions 
and behavioural considerations. The share price volatility percentage factor used in the calculation is based on management’s 
best estimate of future share price behaviour and is selected based on past experience, future expectations and benchmarked 
against peer companies in the industry.  

Useful life of intangible assets 
Management have estimated that the useful life of the fair value uplift of the patents acquired by way of the reverse merger 
in 2014 to be 20 years. Development costs of patents and trademarks since 2014 that have been capitalized in line with the 
recognition criteria of IAS38 have been estimated to have a useful economic life of 10 years. These estimates will be reviewed 
annually and revised if the useful life is deemed to be lower based on the trading business or any changes to patent law. The 
net book value of intangible assets at the year-end was £1.331m (£1.540m). 

Impairment reviews 
IFRS requires management to undertake an annual test for impairment of indefinite lived assets and, for finite lived assets to 
test  for  impairment  if  events  or  changes  in  circumstances  indicate  that  the  carrying  amount  of  an  asset  may  not  be 
recoverable. Impairment testing is an area involving management judgement, requiring assessment as to whether the 
carrying value of assets can be supported by the net present value of future cash flows derived from such assets using cash 
flow projections which have been discounted at an appropriate rate. In calculating the net present value of the future cash 
flows, certain assumptions are required to be made in respect of highly uncertain matters. The board looked at the current 
order book going forward, the ongoing discussions with current customers and the recent new customers and concluded 
that an impairment of the intangible assets was not applicable for the year to 31 December 2023.  

Recognition and measurement of the investment in Probiotix Health plc 
Management have reviewed the nature of the relationship with Probiotix Health plc in line of the Group's interest moving 
from 100% to 44% by 31 March 2022. Management have had regard to the requirements of IFRS 10 to consider the facts and 
circumstances of the relationship between Optibiotix and Probiotix and not just the shareholding interest. In taking account 
of a range of factors, including Optibiotix's minority representation on the Probiotix board and the terms of a relationship 
agreement entered into between the parties, management have concluded that Optibiotix have significant influence over 
Probiotix but not control. This remains under continuing review as facts and circumstances change. 

As a result of the recognition of the Group's remaining 44% interest at 31 March 2022 at fair value the Group and Company 
balance sheet report material investment holdings in Probiotix Health plc.  

The Directors have had regard to potential impairment of this asset. The Directors believe there are no indicators which point 
to a potential adverse impact on the asset.

39

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

3. Segmental Reporting 

In the opinion of the directors, the Group has one class of business, in four geographical areas being that of identifying and developing 
microbial strains, compounds and formulations for use in the nutraceutical industry. The Group sells into to four highly interconnected 
markets, all costs assets and liabilities are derived from the UK location. 

Revenue analysed by geographical market  

UK
US 
India
China
Rest of world

Year ended
31 December 2023
£’000

Year ended 
31 December 2022 
£’000 

221
202
–
75
146

644

136 
100 
61 
– 
160 

457 

During the reporting period one customer represented £104k (14.9%) of Group revenues. (2022: one customer generated £100k 
representing 21.9% of Group revenues) 

4. Employees and Directors 

Wages and salaries
Directors’ remuneration
Social security costs
Pension costs

Year ended
31 December 2023
£’000

Year ended 
31 December 2022 
£’000 

375
272
54
19

720

522 
354 
66 
35 

  977 

Within salaries and wages there is a charge of £153k (2022:NIL) for termination payments made to R Kamminga. 

In addition to the costs disclosed above a further £177k of employee costs have been recharged to Probiotix Health Plc under a 
shared services agreement. 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 40

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

4. Employees and Directors (continued)

The average monthly number of employees during the period was as follows: 

Group 
Directors
Selling, General & Administration

Company 
Directors

Directors' remuneration was as follows: 

Directors’ remuneration
Directors’ share based payments
Benefits in kind
Bonus
Pension

Total emoluments

Emoluments paid to the highest paid director
Remuneration for qualifying services
Company pension contributions to defined

41

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

Year ended
31 December 2023
No.

Year ended 
31 December 2022 
No. 

5
5

10

5

5

6 
5 

11 

6 

6 

Year ended
31 December 2023
£’000

Year ended 
31 December 2022 
£’000 

272
–
5
–
7

284

138
5

143

354 
12 
5 
– 
10 

381 

143 
4 

147

 
 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

4. Employees and Directors (continued)

Directors’ remuneration 

Details of emoluments received by Directors and key management of the Company for the year ended 31 December 2023 are as 
follows: 

Directors 

                                                            Remuneration   Share based         Pension 
                                                                     and fees       payments            Costs
                                                                         £’000            £’000            £’000

Benefits                     
in Kind             Total
£’000            £’000

S P O’Hara                                                            138                   –                   5
S Christie                                                                 20                   –                   –
R Davidson                                                              44                   –                   –
S Kolyda                                                                  44                   –                   2
C Brinsmead                                                            11                   –                   –
S Hammond                                                            11                   –                   –
G Myers                                                                    4                   –                   –

Total                                                                      272                   –                   7

4               147
–                 20
–                 44
1                 47
–                 11
–                 11
–                   4

5               284

Total 
2022 
£’000 

151 
25 
55 
88 
31 
31 
– 

381 

Benefits in kind relate to medical insurance. 

5. Net Finance Income/(Costs) 

Finance Income:
Bank Interest

Net Finance Income/(Costs)

Year ended
31 December 2023
£’000

Year ended 
31 December 2022 
£’000 

1

1

– 

– 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 42

 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

6. Expenses – analysis by nature 

Research and development
Directors’ fees & remuneration (Note 4)
Salaries, pension and social security
Auditor remuneration – Group and Company audit fees 
Auditor remuneration-Audit of subsidiaries
Auditor remuneration – non audit fees:tax compliance
Auditor remuneration – non audit fees: other assurance
Brokers & Advisors
Advertising & marketing
Share based payments charge
Bad debt provision
Amortisation of patents and development costs
Patent and IP costs
Consultancy fees
Legal and professional fees
Public Relations costs
Travel costs
Other expenses

Total administrative expenses

7.  Corporation Tax 

Corporation Tax 

Corporation tax credit
Deferred tax movement

Total taxation

43

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

Year ended
31 December 2023
£’000

Year ended 
31 December 2022 
£’000 

40
272
447
58
–
–
–
94
114
6
(104)
205
183
314
9
55
93
229

68 
354 
623 
25 
15 
8 
2 
122 
84 
12 
458 
224 
88 
378 
12 
80 
102 
78 

2,015

2,733 

Year ended
31 December 2023
£’000

Year ended 
31 December 2022 
£’000 

17
(13)

4

(38) 
(108) 

(146) 

 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

7.  Corporation Tax (continued)

Analysis of tax expense 

No  liability  to  UK  corporation  tax  arose  on  ordinary  activities  for  the  year  ended  31  December  2023  nor  for  the  year  ended 
31 December 2022. 

Profit (Loss) on ordinary activities before income tax

Loss on ordinary activities multiplied by the effective rate of 
corporation tax in UK of 23.5% (2022 – 19%)
Effects of:
Disallowables
Income not taxable
Accelerated depreciation
R&D tax credit claimed
Amortisation
Revenue items capitalised
Other timing differences
Unused tax losses carried forward

Tax credit

Year ended
31 December 2023
£’000

Year ended 
31 December 2022 
£’000 

(2,043)

(480)

171
(63)
–
–
31
–
–
358

17

2,442 

466 

166 
(1,068) 
– 
(38) 
28 
– 
– 
408 

(38) 

The group has estimated losses of £7.6m (2022: £6.1m) in respect of which a deferred tax asset of £1.9m (2022: £1.5m) has not been 
recognised due to the uncertainty of future taxable profits.  The unrecognised deferred tax asset has been assessed by reference to 
a rate of 25% which is the UK headline corporation tax rate from 1 April 2023. 

The Group submits claims for R&D tax credits in respect of its research and development activities in respect of microbiome 
modulators and similar products relating to the exploitation of its patent portfolio and potential new patents arising from scientific 
research performed by group employees and its partners.  Whilst the Board are confident of recovery of the estimated R&D tax credit, 
there is no certainty that the receivable will be recoverable until HMRC have approved the claim and the enquiry window is closed.  
However, based on the group's history of successful claims over a number of years, the Board are satisfied that the tax receivable is 
recoverable and appropriately recorded. 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 44

 
 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

8. Earnings per share 

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the earnings attributable shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary 
shares outstanding during the period. 

Reconciliations are set out below: 

                                                                                                                                         2023 

Basic and diluted EPS

Basic EPS
Diluted EPS

Earnings
£’000

(2,038)
(2,038)

Weighted average 
Number of shares
No.

90,190,661
98,273,568

                                                                                                                                         2022 

Basic EPS
Diluted EPS

Earnings
£’000

     2,587
2,587

Weighted average 
Number of shares
£

88,279,952
93,213,179

Profit per-share 
Pence 

(2.24)p 
(2.08)p 

Profit per-share 
Pence 

2.93 
2.78 

As at 31 December 2023 there were 7,082,907 (2022: 7,182,907) outstanding share options and NIL (2022: NIL) outstanding share 
warrants.  

9.

Intangible assets 

Group

Cost
At 31 December 2021
Additions
Disposals

At 31 December 2022
Additions
Disposals

At 31 December 2023

45

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

Development  
Costs and  
Patents 
£’000 

3,865 
46 
(1,370) 

2,541 
– 
(4) 

2,537 

 
 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

9.

Intangible assets (continued)

Group

Cost 
At 31 December 2021
Additions
Disposals

At 31 December 2022
Additions
Disposals
Impairment

At 31 December 2023

Amortisation 
At 31 December 2021
Amortisation charge for the year
Disposals

At 31 December 2022
Amortisation charge for the year
Disposals
Amortisation eliminated on impairment

At 31 December 2023

Carrying amount 
At 31 December 2023
At 31 December 2022

Development  
Costs and  
Patents 
£’000 

3,865 
46 
(1,370) 

2,541 
– 
– 
(4) 

2,537 

1,225 
224 
(448) 

1,001 
206 
– 
(1) 

1,206 

1,331 
1,540 

The company had no intangible assets during the reporting period. 

Development costs and patents represent cost capitalised in respect of the Group’s intellectual property portfolio and includes the 
costs of registering and maintaining patents as well as capitalised development costs. All intangible assets relate to the Group’s 
principal activities.  

Disposals in the year 31 December 2022 relate to two patent families relating to probiotic patents owned by Probiotix Limited and 
therefore which were derecognised upon the group's loss of control of Probiotix Health plc.  This disposal has formed part of the 
gain on loss on disposal reported in the income statement.

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 46

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

10. Property, plant and equipment 

Group

Cost
At 31 December 2021
Additions
Disposals

At 31 December 2022
Additions
Disposals

At 31 December 2023

Group

Depreciation 
At 31 December 2021
Charge for the year

At 31 December 2022
Charge for the year

At 31 December 2023

Carrying amount 
At 31 December 2023
At 31 December 2022

£ 

8,461 
– 
– 

8,461 
– 
– 

8,461 

£’000 

8 

8 

8 

– 
– 

The company had no fixed assets during the reporting period. 

11. Investments 

Group 

Set  out  below  is  the  investment  in  Skinbiotherapeutics  PLC. The  investment  was    treated  as  an  associate  of  the  group  until 
2 November 2020, after which time the shareholding dropped to 24.65% and recalculated as an equity investment. The Group 
records its investment in Skinbiotheraputics plc at fair value and is remeasured by reference to its closing price on AIM at each 
reporting date.  The share price at 31 December 2023 was 15.25p. 

During the year, 6,911,567 were disposed to generate gross proceeds of £1.1m  with original cost of £622k. At 31 December 2023 
the holding stood at 13.39% 

Investments 
At the beginning of the period
Revaluations 
(Loss)/gain on investments
Disposal of shares during year

At 31 December

47

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

2023
£’000 

5,022
–
(513)
(622)

3,887

2022
£’000 

13,651 
(8,620) 
– 
(9) 

5,022 

 
 
 
 
 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

11. Investments (continued)

Investment in Associate 

On 31 March 2022, ProBiotix Health Plc ( “PBX”) the parent company of ProBiotix Limited  listed on the AQSE Growth Market. The listing 
of PBX on AQSE, together with the issue of a dividend in specie and issue of new shares, means that PBX is now considered an 
associate for accounting purposes with its revenues and costs removed post listing and only OptiBiotix’s (44%) proportion of its 
profit and loss included in the Group’s accounts under the equity method of accounting.  The step-down from being a subsidiary 
to an associate resulted in the revaluation of the remaining interest held in PBX at the listing price and a gain on disposal of a 
subsidiary recognised in the income statement. A gain of £21.647m was recorded in the income statement. 

An assessment was undertaken to assess whether the Company had defacto control over PBX during the period considering Board 
representation, financing arrangements , the Relationship agreement and the other shareholdings in PBX. Based on the assessment 
it was concluded that the Company only had significant influence and that PBX was an associate in the period. The Relationship 
agreement sets out costs that are being incurred by the Group that are being recharged to PBX.  

At 31 March 2022 the Group held 53,533,333 shares in Probiotix Health plc, valued at the IPO price of 21p resulting in a deemed cost 
of investment in associate of £11.24m.  As an associate, the Group's investment is equity accounted and the Group's 44% share of 
loss was deducted from this carrying value. 

Investment in Associate  

Investments 
At the beginning of the period
Additions
Deemed cost on reclassification from subsidiary
Impairment in the period
Share of result for the period (see below)

At 31 December

2023
£’000 

3,129

–
–
(323)

2,806

PBX is registered in United Kingdom and is in the Health food sector. 

Set out below is  financial information on PBX set out in its IFRS financial statements for the year to 31 December 2023.  

Revenue
Loss from continuing operations
Total comprehensive  loss
Current assets
Current Liabilities
Non-current liabilities
44% share of total comprehensive loss

2023
£’000

1,673
(729)
(735)
1,871
(566)
(97)
(323)

2022 
£’000 

– 

11,242 
(8,030) 
(83) 

3,129 

2022 
£’000 

1,308 
(237) 
(189) 
2,311 
(307) 
(89) 
(83) 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 48

 
 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

11. Investments (continued)

Company Investments  

Listed Investments 
At the beginning of the period
Additions
Revaluations
Disposal of shares during year

Investment in subsidiaries 
At the beginning of the period
Additions
Impairment
Disposals

At 31 December

Company Investment in Associate 

At the beginning of the period
Reclassification to associate 
Provision against value of associate

At 31 December

2023
£’000 

5,022

(513)
(622)

3,887

1,986
–
(15)
–

1,970

5,858

2023
£’000 

3,212

3,212

2022 
£’000 

13,651 
– 
(8,620) 
(9) 

5,022 

2,081 
16 
(50) 
(61) 

1,986 

7,008 

2022 
£’000 

60 
11,182 
(8,030) 

3,212 

The Company holds listed investments at fair value, and investments in subsidiaries and associates at cost less impairment. The fair 
value of the Company's investment in Probiotix Health plc upon losing control was set as deemed cost. 

The Directors have had regard to potential impairment of this group's investment in Probiotix. The Directors believe there are no 
indicators which point to a potential adverse impact on the asset. 

During the year to 31 December 2022 an impairment charge of £8.03m was recorded in the income statement as a separate line 
item.  The impairment assessment was made by reference to fair values using Level 1 inputs on the Fair Value Hierarchy, being 
observable traded prices on the AQSE Growth exchange. 

During the year to 31 December 2022 an impairment of £50,000 was raised against the Company's investment in The Healthy Weight 
Loss Company Limited as the board intend to wind up this company which has minimal assets and no trading activity. 

49

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

11. Investments (continued)

The entities listed below have share capital consisting solely of ordinary shares, which are held by the Group. The country of 
incorporation is also the principal place of business and the proportion of ownership interest is the same as the proportion of voting 
rights held. 

As at 31 December 2023 the Company directly held the following subsidiaries: 

Name and                                                                                                Country of 
Registered office address                                                        Active/        incorporation
of company                                   Nature of Business              Dormant     and place of business

Proportion of 
equity interest 

OptiBiotix Limited                         Research & Development     Active          United Kingdom
Innovation Centre Innovation Way,  
Heslington, York, YO10 5DG 

100% of ordinary shares 

Optibiotix Health India                   Health foods                       Active          India
Private Limited 
House NO.243, Mcd Colony,  
Vivekanand Puri Sarai, 
Rohilla City, Delhi CITY, DELHI,  
North Delhi, Delhi, India, 110007 

The Healthy Weight Loss Company Limited was dissolved on 19 December 2023. 

12. Inventories 

100% of ordinary shares 

                                                                                         Group                                                          Company 
                                                                          2023
                                                                         £’000

2023
£’000

2022
£’000

Finished goods                                                        188

178

–

During the period £334k (2022: £213k) has been expensed to the income statement. 

13. Trade and other Receivables 

                                                                                         Group                                                         Company 
                                                                          2023
Current                                                              £’000

2023
£’000

2022
£’000

Accounts receivable                                                345
Other receivables                                                     97
Prepayments and accrued income                              18

                                                                            460

379
131
11

521

18
12
2

32

2022 
£’000 

– 

2022 
£’000 

– 
17 
8 

25 

During the year Optibiotix Health PLC recharged Probiotix Health PLC £15,000 for Directors’ fees which was repaid after the year end. 

During the year Optibiotix Health PLC loaned Optibiotix Limited £1,223,340 to finance working capital costs.  Optibiotix Limited 
recharged Optibiotix Health PLC £327,927 , (2022: £373,426) for salary costs. The balance at the year end of £895,381  (2022: £846,574) 
was cancelled. There was no interest charged during the year. This does not impact on the consolidated Group accounts. 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 50

 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

13. Trade and other Receivables (continued)

During the year Optibiotix Limited recharged Probiotix Health PLC £44,799(2022: £23,139) for directors’ fees. The balance at the 
yearend was £NIL. There was no interest charged during the year. 

During the year Optibiotix Limited transactions with Probiotix Limited were as follows: - 

•

•

•

£490,786 (2022:£440,663) for salaries and administration costs; 

£67,700 (2022: £60,676 income received on behalf of Probiotix limited; and 

£425,639 repayments received. 

There was no interest charged during the year. The remaining balance of £27,617 was received after the year end. 

14. Cash and Cash Equivalents 

                                                                                         Group                                                         Company 
                                                                          2023
                                                                         £’000

2023
£’000

2022
£’000

Cash and bank balances                                           635

1,052

434

All cash is held in demand deposits with large UK banks. 

15. Called Up Share Capital 

Issued share capital comprises: 

Ordinary shares of 2p each –91,190,661 (2022: 91,190,661)

No new shares were issued during the year. 

16. Reserves 

2023
£’000 

1,824

1,824

2022 
£’000 

865 

2022 
£’000 

1,824 

1,824 

Share capital is the amount subscribed for shares at nominal value. Share premium represents amounts subscribed for share capital 
in excess of nominal value, net of expenses. 

Merger relief reserve arises from the 100% acquisition of OptiBiotix Limited on 5 August 2014 whereby the excess of the fair value 
of the issued ordinary share capital issued over the nominal value of these shares is transferred to this reserve in accordance with 
section 612 of the Companies Act 2006. 

Retained earnings represents the cumulative profits and losses of the group attributable to the owners of the company net of 
distributions paid. 

Share based payment reserve represents the cumulative amounts charged in respect of unsettled warrants and options issued. 

51

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

17. Trade and other payables 

                                                                                         Group                                                         Company 
                                                                          2023
Current                                                              £’000

2023
£’000

2022
£’000

Accounts Payable                                                     56
Accrued expenses                                                    75
Other payables                                                         49

Total trade and other payables                                 180

191
70
17

278

7
67
8

82

2022 
£’000 

34 
39 
10 

83 

18. Deferred Tax 

Deferred tax is provided, using the liability method, on temporary differences at the statement of financial position date between 
the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes. 

Deferred tax is calculated in full on temporary differences under the liability method using a tax rate of 25% (2022: 25%). 

The movement on the deferred tax account is as shown below: 

At 31 December 
Movement in the period

At 31 December 

2023
£’000

365
(13)

352

2022 
£’000 

552 
(187) 

365 

Deferred tax assets have not been recognised in respect of tax losses and other temporary differences giving rise to deferred tax 
assets as the directors believe there is uncertainty over the timing of future taxable profits. Further details of available losses are set 
out in note 7. 

19. Related Party Disclosures 

Transactions and balances with Probiotix Health Plc are set out in note 13. 

Key Management Personnel (KMP) disclosures have been made under note 4. 

20. Ultimate Controlling Party 

The Board consider that there is no overall controlling party. 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 52

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

21. Share Based payment Transactions  

(i) Share options 

The Company had introduced a share option programme to grant share options as an incentive for employees of the subsidiaries. 

Each share option converts into one ordinary share of the Company on exercise.  No amounts are paid or payable by the recipient 
on receipt of the option and the Company has no legal obligation to repurchase or settle the options in cash. The options carry 
neither rights to dividends nor voting rights prior to the date on which the options are exercised. Options may be exercised at any 
time from the date of vesting to the date of expiry. 

Movements in the number of share options outstanding and their related weighted average exercise prices are as follows: 

                                                                                       Number of options                                 Average exercise price 
                                                                                    2023                        2022                        2023
                                                                                      No.                         No.                             £

2022 
£ 

Outstanding at the beginning of the period                 7,182,907                 7,632,907                       0.092
Granted during the period                                                     –                   500,000                             –
Forfeited/cancelled during the year                              (325,000)                (950,000)                         0.52
Exercised during the period                                                   –                             –                             –

Outstanding at the end of the period                         6,857,907                 7,182,907                         0.08

0.18 
0.02 
0.70 
– 

0.092 

For the share options issued in 2014 vesting conditions dictate that half will vest if the middle market quotation of an existing 
Ordinary share is 16p or more on each day during any period of at least 30 consecutive Dealing days and half will vest when a 
commercial contract is signed. The two conditions are not dependent on each other and will vest separately.  

For the share options issued in 2015 vesting conditions dictate that some of the options will vest if the middle market quotation of 
an existing Ordinary share is 40p or more on each day during any period of at least 30 consecutive Dealing days and some will vest 
if certain revenue targets are met or if certain scientific studies are completed. The conditions are not dependent on each other and 
will vest separately.  

For the share options issues in 2017 vesting conditions dictate that the options will vest if certain revenue conditions are met. 

For the share options issues in 2020 vesting conditions dictate that the options will vest if certain revenue conditions are met. 

For share options issued in 2022 The Company agreed with a number of option holders to surrender their existing options in return 
for Nominal Value Options over half the number of shares of their existing options, which are subject to a combination of performance 
and time-based vesting criteria. This ensures a continued focus on commercial revenues and shareholder value creation.  New 
options will be granted on a similar basis going forward. Options granted to non-executive directors will be subject to time-based 
vesting. 

The share options outstanding at the period end had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 475 days (2022: 830 days) 
and the maximum term is 10 years. 

The share price per share at 31/12/23 was £0.27 (31/12/2022: £0.13) 

Where share options were cancelled and replaced with share options with revised terms, the Board have considered this set of 
transactions as a modification of share based payment arrangements and have therefore considered whether any incremental value 
arises as a result of the grant of modified awards.  Having performed an assessment the Board have concluded that no incremental 
value fair is required and therefore no charge has been recognised.  In respect of replacement options which include market based 
vesting conditions in respect of revenue targets, the Board have determined that the value of this proportion of shares have 
immaterial value in light of the Group's results for the 2022 accounting period in which they were granted.   

53

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

21. Share Based payment Transactions (continued)

(ii) Warrants 

On 20 February 2014, an open offer was made to the potential investors to subscribe for 203,380,942 new ordinary shares of £0.0001 
each at £0.0001 each. On a 1:1 basis, warrants attach to any shares issued under the open offer convertible at any time to 30 November 
2018 at £0.0004 per shares. 

On 4 August 2014, the warrants in issue were consolidated in the ratio of 200:1 as part of the share reorganisation. 

At a meeting of warrant holders on 24 January 2017 it was agreed to extend the exercise period for all remaining warrants to 
28 January 2022 and 19 February 2022. 

Movements in the number of share warrants outstanding and their related weighted average exercise prices are as follows: 

                                                                                        Number of warrants                               Average exercise price 
                                                                                    2023                        2022                        2023
                                                                                      No.                         No.                             £

2022 
£ 

Outstanding at the beginning of the period                              –                   329,336                             –
Exercised                                                                             –                 (125,060)                             –
Cancelled                                                                            –                 (204,276)                             –

Outstanding at the end of the period                                      –                             –                             –

0.08 
0.08 
– 

0.08 

There were no warrants in issue at 31 December 2023. 

A charge of £NIL  (2022: £Nil) has been recognised during the year for the share based payments over the vesting period. 

22. Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies  

The Group’s financial instruments comprise cash balances and receivables and payables that arise directly from its operations. 

The main risks the Group faces in respect of its financial statements are liquidity risk and credit risk. 

The Board regularly reviews and agrees policies for managing each of these risks. The Group’s policies for managing these risks are 
summarised below and have been applied throughout the period.  

Interest risk 

The Group is not exposed to significant interest rate risk as it has limited interest bearing liabilities at the year end. 

The group's financial assets do not bear interest. 

Credit Risk 

The Group try to limit the credit risk by dealing with larger companies and also  asking new   smaller customers to  provide a deposit  
with the purchase order.  

Management have regard to credit exposures when entering into new contracts and seek to agree settlement terms on all contracts.  
Credit exposure is regularly monitored by management and any overdue debts are followed up as part of the group's credit control 
procedures.  Where a debt becomes significantly overdue, management have regard to credit loss provisions to reflect the existence 
of expected credit losses, taking account of forward looking information as well as the pattern of cash collections for that category 
of customer.  

The Board consider a default to have occurred when a receivable passes 60 days beyond agreed credit terms, at which point regard 
is had to the specific characteristics of the debtor in assessing exposure to material credit risk and therefore the requirement to 
create a loss provision.   

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 54

Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)

22. Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies (continued)

Liquidity risk 

Liquidity risk is the risk that Group will encounter difficulty in meeting these obligations associated with financial liabilities. 

The responsibility for liquidity risks management rest with the Board of Directors, which has established appropriate liquidity risk 
management framework for the management of the Group’s short term and long-term funding risks management requirements. 

During the period under review, the Group has not utilised any borrowing facilities. 

The Group manages liquidity risks by maintaining adequate reserves by continuously monitoring forecast and actual cash flows, 
and by matching the maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities. 

Capital risk 

The Group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns 
for shareholders and benefits to other stakeholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital. 

23. Post Balance Sheet Events 

On 25 March 2023 the company issued and allotted 6,627,500 shares of 2 pence per share exercised at a price of 20 pence per share 
in the capital of the company. 

On 25 March 2023 Mr Graham Myers, recently appointed Director of the company acquired 125,000 shares in the company 
representing 0.13% of the Company’s issued share capital at a price of 20 pence per share.

55

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Notice of Annual General Meeting

Notice is hereby given that the Annual General Meeting of OptiBiotix Health PLC (the “Company”) will be held at the offices of 
Peterhouse Capital Limited, 3rd Floor, 80 Cheapside, London, EC2V 6EE on 8 August 2024 at 12:00 noon for the following purposes: 

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

To receive the Company’s Report and Accounts for the year ended 31 December 2023. 

To re-elect Stephen O’Hara, who retires by rotation, as a Director. 

To re-elect Neil Davidson, who retires by rotation, as a Director 

To re-elect Graham Myers, who retires by rotation, as a Director 

To re-appoint Gerald Edelman LLP as auditors of the Company and to authorise the Directors to determine their remuneration. 

Special Business 

To consider and, if thought fit, to pass the following resolutions as to the resolution numbered 6 as an Ordinary Resolution and as 
to the resolutions numbered 7 as Special Resolutions: 

6.

7.

THAT the Directors be and they are hereby authorised generally and unconditionally for the purposes of Section 551 of the 
Companies Act 2006 (the “Act”) to exercise all powers of the Company to allot shares in the Company or to grant rights to 
subscribe for, or to convert any security into, shares in the Company (such shares and/or rights being “Relevant Securities”) 
up to an aggregate nominal amount of £652,954.24 being one third of the current issued share capital, provided that this 
authority shall, unless renewed, varied or revoked by the Company, expire on the date being the earlier of the date 15 months 
after the passing of this Resolution and the conclusion of the Annual General Meeting of the Company to be held in 2025, 
save that the Company may, before such expiry, make offers or agreements which would or might require Relevant Securities 
to be allotted and the Directors may allot Relevant Securities in pursuance of such offer or agreement notwithstanding that 
the authority conferred by this Resolution has expired. 

This authority shall be in substitution for and shall replace any existing authority pursuant to Section 551 of the Act to the 
extent not utilised at the date this resolution is passed. 
THAT, subject to and conditional upon the passing of resolution 6, the Directors be and they are hereby generally empowered 
pursuant to Section 570 of the Act to allot equity securities (as defined in Section 560 of the Act) for cash pursuant to the 
authority conferred under Resolution 5 above as if sub-section 561(1) of the Act did not apply to such allotment, provided 
that this power shall be limited to: 

(a)

the allotment of equity securities in connection with a rights issue or any pre-emptive offer in favour of holders of 
ordinary shares in the Company where the equity securities attributable to the respective interests of such holders are 
proportionate (as nearly as maybe) to the respective numbers of ordinary shares held by them on the record date for 
such allotment subject to such exclusions or other arrangements as the Directors may deem necessary or expedient 
to deal with fractional entitlements or any legal or practical difficulties under the laws of, or the requirements of, any 
regulatory body or stock exchange of any overseas territory or otherwise; 

(b)

the allotment (otherwise than pursuant to sub-paragraph (a) above) of equity securities up to an aggregate nominal 
value of £587,658.82 being 30% of the current issued share capital; 

and shall expire on the date being the earlier of the date 15 months after the passing of this Resolution and the conclusion 
of the Annual General Meeting of the Company to be held in 2025, provided that the Company may before such expiry 
make an offer or agreement which would require equity securities to be allotted in pursuance of such offer or agreement as 
if the power conferred hereby had not expired and provided further that this authority shall be in substitution for and 
supersede and revoke any earlier power given to directors. 

By Order of the Board

Stephen O’Hara
28 June 2024

Registered Office: 
Innovation Centre 
Innovation Way 
Heslington 
York 
YO10 5DG 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 56

Explanatory Notes to the 
Notice of Annual General Meeting

Notes: 

1.

A member of the Company is entitled to appoint a proxy or proxies to attend, speak and vote at the meeting in his stead. A 
member may appoint more than one proxy provided each proxy is appointed to exercise rights attached to different shares. 
A member may not appoint more than one proxy to exercise rights attached to any one share. A proxy does not need to be 
a member of the Company. 

2.

To be effective Forms of Proxy can be registered as follows:- 

             •         by visiting www.shareregistrars.uk.com, clicking on the “Proxy Vote” button and then following the on-screen instructions; 

             •         by post or by hand to Share Registrars Limited, 3 The Millennium Centre, Crosby Way, Farnham, Surrey GU9 7XX using 

the proxy form accompanying this notice; 

             •         in the case of CREST members, by utilising the CREST electronic proxy appointment service in accordance with the 

procedures set out in note 5 below. 

3.

4.

5.

In order for a proxy appointment to be valid the proxy must be received by Share Registrars Limited by 12:00 noon on 6 August 
2024  

To change your proxy instructions simply submit a new proxy appointment using the methods set out above and in the 
notes to the Form of Proxy. Note that the cut-off times for receipt of proxy appointments (see above) also apply in relation 
to amended instructions; any amended proxy appointment received after the relevant cut-off time will be disregarded. 

To be entitled to vote at the meeting (and for the purpose of the determination by Company of the number of votes they 
may cast), members must be entered in the Register of members at 12:00 noon on 06 August 2024 (“the specified time”). If 
the meeting is adjourned to a time not more than 48 hours after the specified time applicable to the original meeting, that 
time will also apply for the purpose of determining the entitlement of members to attend and vote (and for the purpose of 
determining the number of votes they may cast) at the adjourned meeting. If however the meeting is adjourned for a longer 
period then, to be so entitled, members must be entered on the Company’s Register of Members at the time which is not 
less than 48 hours before the time fixed for the adjourned meeting or, if the Company gives notice of the adjourned meeting, 
at the time specified in that notice. 

CREST members who wish to appoint a proxy or proxies through the CREST electronic proxy appointment service may do 
so for the General Meeting and any adjournment(s) thereof by using the procedures described in the CREST Manual. CREST 
Personal Members or other CREST sponsored members, and those CREST members who have appointed a voting service 
provider(s) should refer to their CREST sponsor or voting service provider(s), who will be able to take the appropriate action 
on their behalf. In order for a proxy appointment or instruction made using the CREST service to be valid, the appropriate 
CREST  message  (a “CREST  Proxy  Instruction”)  must  be  properly  authenticated  in  accordance  with  CRESTCO  Limited’s 
specifications and must contain the information required for such instructions, as described in the CREST Manual. The 
message, regardless of whether it relates to the appointment of a proxy or to an amendment to the instruction given to a 
previously appointed proxy must, in order to be valid, be transmitted so as to be received by the issuer’s agent 7RA36 by the 
latest time(s) for receipt of proxy appointments specified above. For this purpose, the time of receipt will be taken to be the 
time (as determined by the timestamp applied to the message by the CREST Applications Host) from which the issuer’s agent 
is able to retrieve the message by enquiry to CREST in the manner prescribed by CREST. After this time, any change of 
instructions to proxies appointed through CREST should be communicated to the appointee through other means. 

CREST members and, where applicable, their CREST sponsors or voting service providers should note that CRESTCo Limited 
does not make available special procedures in CREST for any particular messages. Normal system timings and limitations will 
therefore apply in relation to the input of CREST Proxy Instructions. It is the responsibility of the CREST member concerned 
to take (or, if the CREST member is a CREST personal member or sponsored member or has appointed a voting service 
provider(s), to procure that his or her CREST sponsor or voting service provider(s) take(s)) such action as shall be necessary to 
ensure that a message is transmitted by means of CREST by any particular time. In this connection, CREST members and, 
where applicable, their CREST sponsors or voting service providers are referred, in particular, to those sections of the CREST 
Manual concerning practical limitations of the CREST system and timings.The Company may treat as invalid a CREST Proxy 
Instruction in the circumstances set out in Regulation 35(5)(a) of the Uncertificated Securities Regulations 2001. 

57

OptiBiotix Health Plc 

 
Explanatory Notes to the Notice of Annual General Meeting (continued) 

Resolution 1 

The Directors are required by law to present to the meeting the Audited Accounts and Directors’ Report for the period ended 
31 December 2023. 

Resolutions 2-3 

Each of the Company’s Directors listed in this resolution offer themselves up for re-appointment under the terms of the Company’s 
articles of association which state that each director must offer himself or herself up for re-appointment every three years. 

Resolution 4 

Each of the Company’s Directors listed in this resolution offer themselves up for re-appointment under the terms of the Company’s 
articles of association which state that each director must offer himself or herself up for re-appointment at the first AGM after their 
appointment. 

Resolution 5 

The Auditors are required to be re-appointed at each Annual General Meeting at which the Company’s Audited Accounts are 
presented. 

Resolution 6 

Under the Act, the Directors may only allot shares if authorised to do so. Whilst the current authority has not yet expired, it is customary 
to grant a new authority at each Annual General Meeting. Accordingly, this resolution will be proposed as an ordinary resolution to 
grant a new authority to allot or grant rights over up to £652,954.24 in nominal value of the Company’s unissued share capital. If 
given, this authority will expire at the Company’s next annual general meeting following the date of the resolution. Although the 
Directors currently have no present intention of exercising this authority, passing this resolution will allow the Directors flexibility to 
act in the best interests of the Company’s shareholders when opportunities arise. 

Resolution 7 

The Directors require additional authority from the Company’s shareholders to allot shares where they propose to do so for cash 
and otherwise than to the Company’s shareholders pro rata to their holdings. This resolution will give the Directors power to issue 
new ordinary shares for cash other than to the Company’s shareholders on a pro rata basis: 

(i)

(ii)

by way of a rights or similar issue or 

with a nominal value of up to £587,658.82. This resolution will be proposed as a special resolution. 

Annual Report and Accounts 2023 58

optibiotix.com

To find out more please contact OptiBiotix on:

  info@optibiotix.com

OptiBiotix Health Plc   |  Innovation Centre, Innovation Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DG, UK.
OptiBiotix Health Plc

© 2018 OptiBiotix Health Plc. 
All rights reserved. 

Perivan.com
268885