Allied Irish Bank
Annual Report 2013

Plain-text annual report

Contents Business review Chairman’s statement Chief Executive Officer’s review Corporate Social Responsibility Business overview Financial review Risk Management Risk factors Framework Individual risk types Governance and oversight The Board and Executive Officers Report of the Directors Corporate Governance statement Supervision and Regulation Financial statements Accounting policies Consolidated financial statements Notes to the consolidated financial statements Parent company financial statements Notes to the parent company financial statements Statement of Directors’ responsibilities in relation to the Accounts Independent Auditor’s Report General information Additional information Glossary of terms Principal addresses Index Page 4 6 9 10 15 61 67 70 184 187 189 201 209 236 243 356 362 403 404 407 427 432 433 1 Forward-looking information This document contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the US Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with respect to the financial condition, results of operations and business of the Group and certain of the plans and objectives of the Group. In particular, among other statements in this Annual Financial Report, with regard to management objectives, trends in results of operations, margins, risk management, competition and the impact of changes in International Financial Reporting Standards are forward-looking in nature. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate only to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements sometimes use words such as ‘aim’, ‘anticipate’, ‘target’, ‘expect’, ‘estimate’, ‘intend’, ‘plan’, ‘goal’, ‘believe’, ‘may’, ‘could’, ‘will’, ‘seek’, ‘continue’, ‘should’, ‘assume’, or other words of similar meaning. Examples of forward-looking statements include among others, statements regarding the Group’s future financial position, income growth, loan losses, business strategy, projected costs, capital ratios, estimates of capital expenditures, and plans and objectives for future operations. Because such statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking information. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risk and uncertainty because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that will occur in the future. There are a number of factors that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward- looking statements. These are set out in ‘Risk factors’ on pages 61 to 66. These factors include, but are not limited to the Group’s access to funding and liquidity, impacted by the financial instability within the eurozone; constraints on liquidity, and market reaction to factors affecting Ireland and the Irish economy have created a challenging environment for the management of the Group’s liquidity; the Group’s business may be adversely affected by a deterioration in economic and market conditions; contagion risks could disrupt the markets and adversely affect the Group’s financial condition; the Group faces market risks, including non-trading interest rate risk; the Group is subject to rigorous and demanding Government supervision and oversight; the future of the Group’s business activities are subject to possible interventions by the Irish Government or the disposal of the Irish State’s ownership interest in the Group; the Group may be subject to the risk of having insufficient capital to meet increased minimum regulatory requirements; the Group’s business activities must comply with increasing levels of regulation; the Group’s participation in the NAMA Programme gives rise to certain residual financial risks; the Group may be adversely affected by further austerity and budget measures introduced by the Irish Government; the value of certain financial instruments recorded at fair value is determined using financial models incorporating assumptions, judgements, and estimates that may change over time, or may ultimately not turn out to be accurate, and the value realised by the Group for these assets may be materially different from their current, or estimated, fair value; the Group’s deferred tax assets depend substantially on the generation of future profits over an extended number of years; the Group is subject to inherent credit risks in respect of customers and counterparties which could adversely affect the Group’s results, financial condition and future prospects; the Group faces heightened operational risks; the Group’s risk management strategies and techniques may be unsuccessful; and there is always a risk of litigation arising from the Group’s activities. Any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of the Group speak only as of the date they are made. AIB cautions that the foregoing list of important factors is not exhaustive. Investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and events when making an investment decision based on any forward-looking statement. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this Annual Financial Report may not occur. The Group does not undertake to release publicly any revision to these forward-looking statements to reflect events, circumstances or unanticipated events occurring after the date hereof. 2 2013 Financial Summary “2013 was a year of continued recovery at AIB and significant progress was made in the implementation of the bank's key strategic objectives. The results demonstrate the strong momentum in the business and a robust capital and stable liquidity position.” Balance sheet / capital Core tier 1 ratio(1) 14.3% 0.9%► Capital position remains robust Loan to deposit ratio(2) 100% 15%▼ Loan to deposit ratio further reduced Monetary authority funding € 12.7bn € 9.5bn▼ Funding model stabilising and improving Non-core deleveraging(3) € 20.5bn Achieved 2013 target ahead of schedule Funding issuances 2013 Pension deficit € 2.0bn 4 issuances including € 500m unsecured € 0.1bn € 0.7bn▼ Pension fund deficit materially reduced Closed to future accrual Operating performance Pre-provision operating profit(4) € 445m € 769m▲ Underlying business model returned to profit Net interest margin(5) 1.37% 15bps▲ Continuing positive momentum in NIM Loss before tax(6) € 1,687m Reduction in loss before tax from € 3,729m Operating expenses(4) € 1,470m 16%▼ Significant changes to cost model Total provisions(4) € 1,904m € 625m▼ Asset quality stabilising Staff numbers(7) 11,431 15%▼ Achieving cost reduction targets Domestic Irish Franchise Customers(8) Active Direct Banking users 920k Personal, Business & Corporate customers 2.2m Mobile banking customers(9) >465k SME applications in 2013 34k SME approval rate in 2013 92% New lending approvals in 2013 € 7bn (incl € 4bn SME) (1)Core tier 1 capital ratio of 14.3% is above the minimum PCAR ratio of 10.5%. (7)Period end staff numbers on a full time equivalent basis (“FTE”) at (2)Includes Repos of € 5.8 billion. (3)Central Bank of Ireland target. (4)Before exceptional items. Exceptional items are detailed on page 23. (5)Net interest margin excluding ELG. (6)Loss of € 3.7 billion in 2012 was restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 31 December 2013, down 1,998 on 31 December 2012. (8)Domestic Core Bank customer metrics. (9)As at February 2014. 3 Chairman’s statement The past year is one in which AIB made consistent progress in has endeavoured to price its services to cover the costs incurred achieving the bank’s business objectives. Progressively and offers more cost effective online, self-service and paperless rebuilding trust with our customers, restoring the bank to better options. Charging for our services must mean, however, that we financial health and playing a robust role in the recovery of the continue to improve and focus on our customer service levels. Irish economy were critical priorities for the bank and we made solid progress across all these areas throughout 2013. Whilst remaining prudent in the application of lending standards, AIB allows branch managers discretion to approve certain loan Evidence of AIB’s pace of change is clear. We achieved requests, as well as reinforcing the market and sectoral expertise significant cost restructuring, improved levels of lending, finalised of its relationship management teams. I firmly reject any the asset disposals required in our deleveraging plan, made assertion that the bank is not lending – it is vital to our customers tangible progress towards resolving the arrears problem, and as well as the bank that we provide credit and we welcome completed four issuances in the funding markets. Stabilisation of constructive engagement to improve our offerings and resolve the bank is now well advanced and we look forward to a return to specific customer concerns. profitability before tax during 2014. It has not been an easy journey for any stakeholder in AIB and while the path ahead is There has been much commentary about the possible need for more encouraging, a number of challenges remain, for the bank further recapitalisation after the Euro-wide stress tests later this and the wider Irish economy. year. AIB remains robustly capitalised relative to our minimum regulatory requirements and, unless external extenuating The AIB Group’s UK operations, Allied Irish Bank (GB) and First circumstances beyond our control dictate otherwise, I do not Trust Bank in Northern Ireland also saw significant progress in envisage any change in that situation. continuing to win business in challenging environments. Fulfilling the necessity to develop a banking model fit for the Acutely aware of the financial stress facing many of our future has, and will continue to involve enormous determination customers, AIB has progressively built its capabilities to deal on the part of AIB’s Board, management and employees. We more expeditiously with arrears and customers in financial remain constantly aware and thankful for the support of the Irish difficulty. It is a significant task. The process is, by definition, taxpayer since the economic crisis began and our focus now is to labour-intensive and each case requires understanding, empathy deliver a return to the State over time as market conditions with the difficulties facing customers, patience as well as permit. After five years of economic turmoil, we are at last seeing persistence, but we are making significant inroads to reach welcome signs of a turnaround. In order to survive as a bank of appropriate, sustainable solutions in scale. systemic importance to the economy and in order to restore our Our priority remains as it was – to agree sustainable solutions with customers where possible. This requires borrowers in After a year of solid progress in 2013, I am very satisfied that arrears to prioritise their mortgage debt, and pay back what is, AIB’s recovery strategy allows us to play an increasingly customers’ lost trust, we had to undertake radical reform. affordable in the context of reasonable living expenses. We believe the loan loss provisions already made to date are sufficient to allow the debt restructuring that may be required. Engagement is the key to reaching long-term arrears resolutions and in order to increase this we have actively sought to explore new avenues. This has included ongoing engagement with consumer advocacy groups. A large portion of the national debate around arrears has been focused on the issue of mortgage arrears, to a far greater degree than that of SME arrears. This is despite the fact that SME arrears, in monetary terms, are the larger issue for AIB. As part of the overall resolution process AIB is making significant progress and continues to devote considerable time and resources working to return troubled SMEs to viability. When it comes to banking services, we do not believe the concept of “free banking” is sustainable over the long term. AIB important and beneficial role in Ireland’s recovering economy. One of our objectives is that AIB will progressively move back into private ownership and we will work closely with Government on how and when is best to achieve this, taking into account the capital structure of the bank in the context of emerging regulatory requirements. While dealing with a number of legacy issues, the bank’s strategy is progressing and is evident in these annual results and we are focused on achieving our goals notwithstanding the ongoing challenges facing the bank. In difficult circumstances, the bank’s employees continue to work extremely hard and frequently absorb much criticism – and I thank them for implementing the required changes and for striving to provide a consistently professional and reliable service to our customers. I also wish to sincerely thank our colleagues who have left the organisation in 2013 for their contribution to the bank and I wish them success in their future endeavours. 4 In summary, to our customers and the Irish public, I again say thank you for your ongoing support. The Department of Finance and the Central Bank of Ireland continued to work closely and proactively with AIB throughout 2013. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the on-going support and dedication of the Board of Directors. Together we look forward to reaching our mutual goal – a sound, reliable and profitable AIB. No effort will be spared in the achievement of this objective. David Hodgkinson Chairman 4 March 2014 5 Chief Executive’s review In the second year of our three-year strategic plan, we have met, and in some cases exceeded our targets in the delivery of our business agenda despite a challenging but improving external environment. We remain focused on sustainable growth and returning to profitability during 2014. Notwithstanding the ongoing challenges facing the bank, we are more optimistic for the outlook of both the bank and the Irish economy. Strategic Objectives Introduction 2013 was a year of steady progress at AIB as we implemented our key strategic objectives which saw the bank return to pre-provision, pre-exceptional operating profit for the year. A number of important milestones have been reached and the fundamentals of AIB’s operating performance are now trending more positively both from a bank and economic perspective. Pre-provision operating profit was achieved AIB’s financial performance in 2013 was a significant improvement on 2012, with pre-provision, pre exceptional operating profit of € 445 million in 2013. This was achieved in part through continued positive momentum in our Net Interest Margin (“NIM”) which has increased by 15 basis points from 2012, to an average of 1.37% in 2013 excluding Eligible Liabilities Guarantee (“ELG”) costs. NIM increased by 27 bps from 2012 to an average of 1.54% in 2013 excluding ELG and NAMA bonds. ELG costs have reduced by € 215 million without materially impacting deposit balances. The bank has maintained an ongoing strong focus on efficiency and cost reductions particularly since mid 2012, the benefits of which were evidenced in 2013, with a € 278 million or 16% year-on-year, reduction in operating expenses, pre exceptional items. Impairment charges reducing There has been stabilisation in the asset quality of our loan portfolios and the pace of growth in impaired loans, has slowed, relative to 2012, with the overall level of impaired and criticised loans reducing. Impairments and arrears in our mortgage portfolios increased during 2013, however, the pace of increase has slowed compared to 2012. Our provision charges were € 625 million lower in 2013 than in Balance sheet dynamics stabilising Our gross loan book reduced by € 7 billion in 2013, due to sales of non-core assets as well as amortisation exceeding demand for new credit. The Central Bank of Ireland’s PLAR non-core deleveraging target of € 20.5 billion was completed in September 2013, ahead of schedule and within capital assumptions. Our loan to deposit ratio reduced to 100% reflecting both increased customer accounts and a reduction in net loans. Our core tier one capital ratio, was 14.3%, well above the minimum regulatory requirement of 10.5%. Based on the transitional provi- sions of CRD IV, the Group’s pro-forma CET 1 ratio, including the 2009 Preference Shares is estimated at 15.0% as at 31 December 2013. Meeting targets in relation to arrears management Arrears management and implementing resolutions for customers in financial difficulty has been a key focus of AIB during 2013 and has been designated as the number one area of focus for the bank. AIB met the quarterly Mortgage Arrears Resolution Targets for sustainable offers during 2013. We have developed a range of tailored permanent solutions and we are implementing resolutions for customers who are engaging with the bank and who are prioritising their mortgage repayments. We are making tangible progress in restructuring our facilities to SME customers in financial difficulty and are implementing a range of solutions across various asset classes. We aim to have completed a significant portion of SME restructures by the end of 2014 with co-operating customers while implementing our strategy of supporting viable businesses and protecting jobs where possible. Successful return to the funding markets Our funding profile was strengthened during 2013, due to stabilisation in both customer account balances and pricing together with the market issuances of € 2 billion. These issuances, which included two Asset Covered Securities, the first Credit Card Securitisation in the Irish market and Senior Unsecured funding demonstrated further normalisation of market conditions. 2012. The bank determines impairment provisions on an ongoing Expected approval of the EU Restructuring Plan basis in accordance with IFRS accounting standards, which AIB, through the Department of Finance, has been in detailed takes into account impairment triggers, collateral valuations and discussions with the European Commission to finalise the terms the timing of realisation. In arriving at the 2013 total credit impairment provisions charge of € 1.9 billion, the Group also of the bank’s EU Restructuring Plan. The bank expects to implement a range of commitments in line with operational considered the Central Bank of Ireland’s (“CBI”) Balance Sheet expectations, given the restructuring that has taken place to date, Assessment (“BSA”) findings and impairment guidelines. The bank’s own assessment of the impairment charge for 2013 is and anticipates approval of the plan in the short term. substantially consistent with all of the BSA mean provision finding Employee commitment to our strategic objectives of € 1.1 billion. Our specific impairment provision coverage is now The engagement, dedication and professionalism of AIB 55%. Including impairments and exceptional items, the bank’s loss before tax reduced by € 2.0 billion to € 1.7 billion for 2013. employees has remained outstanding in the face of significant restructuring following the reduction of c.3,600 employees since 6 June 2012, including those who have left under our voluntary We have continued to develop our online presence and launched severance programme. I thank and commend all my colleagues for their hard work and commitment to AIB despite the many challenges. Customers We are well positioned in our customer businesses, we have leading market shares across the bank’s key product lines in Ireland and we continue to invest in our franchise. We are committed, to supporting our customers and economic recovery in Ireland by providing credit and a wide range of products to our personal, business and corporate customers. We approved over € 7 billion in mortgage, personal, SME and corporate lending into the Irish economy during 2013 and we are targeting € 7 billion to € 10 billion in lending approvals per year over the next five years. Delivering differentiated customer service During 2013, we continued to make investments in our branch transformation agenda and added further enhancements to our digital offering including the launch of tablet banking, the opening of a digital banking location called “The Lab” (learn about banking) and a continued integration and alignment of branch and online banking services for both personal and business customers. We also launched a comprehensive customer experience programme to enhance customer service insight and will continue to use the outputs to shape future offerings. Focused on lending to Irish SMEs an online mortgage calculator and application, including an online sanction in principle facility. As well as our online presence, we also have a multi-channel distribution model which expands across branches, brokers and the EBS branch network. Growth in Irish Corporate lending approvals The corporate market was very active throughout 2013 and our Corporate business has a leading position in this sector. Corporate lending approvals to new and existing customers increased in comparison to 2012 and we maintained our status as the leading bank of choice for FDI companies in Ireland. We have a strong and active pipeline to support our business goals and our customer strategy is built on service and relationship. AIB GB and First Trust Bank The economic outlook for Northern Ireland and Great Britain improved in 2013 and AIB UK remains a core component of AIB’s long term strategy. We are focused on growing the business while continuing to emphasise cost control and greater synergies with the domestic core bank Outlook Relationship with the Irish Government We believe that re-establishing AIB as a profitable, investable bank is the best way to provide opportunity for the Irish Government to begin to recover the State’s investment. Creating We are focused on delivering a sectoral led approach which is a stable and profitable model is a key strategic priority for the customer centric. In partnership with key industry bodies, we are bank in order to return capital to the Irish Government over time. undertaking a series of ‘Outlook Research Reports’ across the The bank continues to engage closely with the Department of SME sector of which five were launched during 2013 covering the retail, hotel, dairy, licensed trade and energy sectors. The findings of these extensive reports represent the views of SMEs across a broad spectrum of the economy. AIB exceeded the Irish Government’s € 4 billion SME lending target in 2013 by approving credit to c.32,000 customers, including new, refinanced and restructured facilities. Lending approvals for new facilities increased year-on-year, with an improvement in market conditions in the fourth quarter. In line with our sectoral strategy, and to meet the need of individual SME sectors, we have recruited expertise from some key growth sectors of the market such as Retail, Energy, Hospitality and Tourism, Healthcare and Life Sciences and Export which will complement our strong Agri team into the future. The Irish mortgage market remains a key priority for the Finance in line with the terms of the March 2012 Relationship Framework. Reviewing options in relation to the bank’s capital structure During the course of 2014 we intend to provide further guidance on AIB’s capital targets. The Department of Finance has indicated that it will enter into discussions with AIB during 2014 regarding AIB’s future capital structure, including the potential conversion of the 2009 preference shares into equity and potential options, in respect of the contingent capital notes. Any possible actions would be subject to all required shareholder and regulatory approvals. The potential conversion of the 2009 Preference Shares into equity and the resulting clarity regarding AIB’s “fully loaded” CRD IV CET1 position is considered a key step towards capital structure simplification. bank Forward looking considerations The pace of drawdowns in the market in 2013 improved as the We made continuous and steady progress during 2013 however, year progressed, however, the size of the market remains at a number of challenges remain as we seek to return the bank to historically low levels reflecting supply and demand dynamics in fully normalised operations. While economic conditions improved certain parts of the country, as well as underlying market in Ireland in 2013, unemployment levels remain elevated and conditions. AIB has maintained a leading position with c. 38% market share of drawdowns in 2013, and approved mortgage lending to over 7,200 mortgage customers. recovery in the property market is still at an early stage. The bank's operating performance will be influenced by the continued stabilisation in the economic environment in Ireland, the UK and 7 Chief Executive’s review the Eurozone, sustained recovery in business and consumer confidence, continued reductions in unemployment levels, an increase in credit demand, as well as the ongoing commitment and dedication of employees. Notwithstanding these and other dependencies, I remain confident of our ability to deliver against our strategic objectives in the coming period and our stated aim of returning to sustainable profitability during 2014 remains on target. The bank’s forward strategy will continue to focus on: – Supporting sustainable new lending in the markets in which we operate with a target medium term net interest margin of > 2.0% and a loan to deposit ratio of 100 – 120%. – Implementing sustainable permanent solutions for our mortgage and SME customers in financial difficulty. – Continuing to manage our cost base while investing in enhancing the bank’s customer franchise and employees with a medium term target cost income ratio of < 50%. – Ensuring ongoing measured engagement with the funding markets. – Taking appropriate steps to deliver a path to a transparent CRD IV capital structure with a medium term target “fully loaded” CET1 ratio > 10%. – Reducing impairment charges, subject to economic conditions, with impairment provision charges of < 65 bps over the medium term. David Duffy Chief Executive Officer 4 March 2014 8 Corporate Social Responsibility AIB seeks to make a positive contribution to the communities in which we and our customers operate. Central to this is our strategic objective to contribute to economic recovery in Ireland over time. The following section gives a brief overview of some of the actions undertaken by the bank as part of its four pillars of Corporate Social Responsibility activity in supporting these goals. AIB in the Community At AIB, we recognise that our involvement and responsibility extends beyond commercial activities and AIB has an established culture of encouraging staff to actively support a wide variety of groups in our local communities. AIB is actively involved in financial education initiatives in communities and schools, and supports organisations such as the National Consumer Agency and Junior Achievement in their financial education programmes. AIB has been associated with the GAA for over 30 years and 2013 marked AIB's twenty second year as official sponsor of the GAA Football and Hurling All-Ireland Club Championships, which now encapsulates Junior, Intermediate and Senior level. In October 2013, AIB also announced the additional sponsorship of the AIB Camogie All Ireland Junior, Intermediate and Senior Club Championships. The Bank seeks to support clubs throughout the country and elevate the profile of the AIB GAA Club Championships. AIB’s Add More Green Programme continued in 2013 with AIB AIB and the Environment AIB continued to make progress in 2013 in the areas of energy and environmental management, with foundations laid for further work in 2014. AIB made its annual return to the Carbon Disclosure Project in May 2013 which showed an overall score of 85% for disclosure, moving from a performance band ‘C’ to a performance band ‘B’. AIB retains its position as a 'Carbon Leader', (exceeding the requisite score of 75%), demonstrating AIB’s commitments and continued improvements within the energy and environmental management delivery. In 2013, AIB undertook a project to commence implementation of an environmental management system (ISO14001 environmental management standard) and is on track to be awarded this standard in 2014 for its Bankcentre location. AIB are working closely with the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (“SEAI”) to promote energy efficiency and reduction of energy consumption. Considerable work has been completed to date with the objective of achieving the ISO50001 energy management standard in 2014. Energy related projects undertaken included: upgrading in energy monitoring systems in head office locations; the addition of metering and monitoring systems for all catering facilities of significant size; development of an energy utility database and an upgrade of lighting control systems in Bankcentre. supporting the Grow It Yourself (“GIY”) Get Ireland Growing Finally, in December 2013, AIB announced that it intends to Fund, a community and environmental project. This fund is open make € 100 million available for lending to enable Irish SMEs to to community groups, schools, allotments, community gardens lower their energy bills – with the bank taking into account the and not-for-profits looking to develop or enhance an existing projected savings from energy efficiency projects when community food-growing initiative. In 2013, a total of 72 calculating a borrower’s repayment capacity. community food projects nationwide received grants from the GIY Get Ireland Growing Fund. In 2013, AIB supported the Press Photographers Association of Ireland for the eleventh consecutive year in the Photojournalism Awards. These awards are open to members of the Press Photographer’s Association of Ireland, and celebrate and reward excellence in Irish photojournalism. The AIB Photojournalism AIB in the Marketplace We are actively seeking to support economic recovery in Ireland through the provision of products and services to our business and personal customers. As part of this strategy in 2013, we continued to develop our customer proposition for our personal and business customers. Exhibition visited 20 AIB branch locations nationwide and other With the majority of AIB banking transactions now taking place venues throughout Ireland during the year. Classes for schools, away from the branch counter, we continued to invest in our camera clubs and photography students were also held. technology banking platform in 2013. We increased investment AIB continued to support a number of charities across the of self-service banking kiosks and enhanced our offerings with country by organising a wide range of fundraising activities improved availability and functionality of Intelligent Deposit throughout the year. For example, various charities were invited Devices which are now in place at many branches nationwide. into AIB Bankcentre to take part in a charity Christmas market in Our dedicated digital banking store “The Lab” opened in December. The money raised by purchases and donations made Dundrum Town Centre, Dublin, allowing customers to learn by AIB staff on the day made a tangible difference to these about the use of existing and emerging technologies in banking in our physical banking infrastructure including the deployment causes. EBS also continued its charity support with an ongoing partnership with Temple Street Children’s Hospital in Dublin. AIB GB and First Trust also undertook numerous staff fundraising initiatives throughout 2013 and the GB Staff Care Committee made its annual charity donation. services. These enhancements to our physical branch network were made in tandem with improvements to our mobile and internet banking capabilities for our business and personal customers. 9 Corporate Social Responsibility AIB‘s strategy for the SME market has taken on a strong sectoral focus as we examine and address the specific needs of individual SME sectors. As part of our strategy development, we are aligning our strategy to those sectors of the market with the strongest potential to contribute to the recovery of Ireland and thus create jobs. A core part of our new SME strategy is that we are equipped to support business needs across sectors and business disciplines. Progress has been made in recruiting external expertise from some key growth sectors to further develop our sectoral knowledge. AIB commissioned significant research throughout 2013, to deepen our understanding of customers’ needs, resulting in a series of sectoral ‘Outlook’ reports. The reports analysed the key issues and opportunities in particular sectors within the Irish economy, offering opinion from relevant stakeholders. Five comprehensive reports have been issued to date focusing on the retail, hotels, licensed trade, dairy and energy sectors of the Irish economy. Finally, AIB continued to support a number of national SME and Agricultural events throughout 2013, including the SFA National Small Business Awards, Business and Finance Awards and the National Ploughing Championships. AIB and our people Our employees are central to recovery at AIB and in 2013, we made tangible progress on our strategy of engaging with our employees across the business. We began the year with the launch of our new performance management programme which focused on aligning individual employee objectives more closely with AIB’s strategic priorities. In 2013, we also made a significant investment in our people leadership agenda. This included the launch of our first People Leadership Summit which was attended by over 1,300 people leaders across the Bank. We also launched an employee survey, achieving significant overall response rates from employees which is being used to improve engagement levels across the bank. We will continue to focus on improving employee engagement during 2014. 10 Business Overview In the latter part of 2012 AIB commenced organising its internal and Financial Solutions Group (“FSG”). Reporting on this new structure to a more customer centric model comprising the segment basis commenced in 2013. The following pages provide following key segments: Domestic Core Bank (“DCB”), AIB UK, an overview of these business segments. Domestic Core Bank Overview Business description The Domestic Core Bank is made up of two business areas – Personal, Business & Corporate Banking and Products. Products The Products area is responsible for portfolio and balance sheet management. It provides a portfolio of banking products for distribution across the bank. Through focused pricing strategies, the business area balances customer value with delivery of an appropriate return for the Bank. The area continues to redesign and simplify the bank’s product portfolio to facilitate a digitally-enabled Customers Personal Business Corporate 31/12/13 People & places c. 2.0m Staff (FTE) c. 180k AIB Branches c. 1.3k EBS offices 31/12/13 5,185 200 74 Year Balance sheet 2013 € 1,433m Gross loans New lending drawdowns € 3bn Operating contribution(1) € 683m 52% Customer accounts 31/12/13 Contribution statement € 54bn Cost income ratio € 48bn Total income EBS Limited, whilst part of the AIB Group, operates as a standalone, omni-channel distribution strategy with a customer centric focus. separately branded subsidiary of AIB with its own banking licence. Products is also responsible for the bank’s treasury & capital EBS operates in the Republic of Ireland and has a countrywide markets functions including identification and execution of specific network of 74 offices. EBS’s network gives it a physical presence in balance sheet restructuring initiatives. Personal, Business and Corporate Banking Personal, Business and Corporate Banking (“PBC”) services the communities across Ireland and this is important in allowing it to provide a high quality personal service to its customers. EBS offers residential mortgages and savings products, bancassurance, personal banking and general insurance products on an agency personal, business and corporate customers of AIB in the Republic basis. of Ireland including wealth management services. PBC has a strong Customer Strategy The strategy for the Domestic Core Bank is to be a customer-led bank. AIB’s customer strategy is enabled by digital technology. Global consumer trends show that more and more consumers are using technology to make their lives easier. AIB is enabling its customers with technology to give greater flexibility as to how and when they want to interact with the bank. The bank’s continued investment and development of technology complements the existing ways of banking through branch and phone channels, providing customers with an omni-channel banking experience. presence in all key sectors including SMEs, mortgages, personal banking and corporate banking. It provides customers with choice through a range of delivery channels consisting of a network of 200 AIB branches/outlets, 74 EBS offices, 10 business centres, c. 755 ATMs and AIB phone and internet banking as well as a partnership with An Post offering services at over 1,000 post offices nationwide. Complementing the physical distribution channels of branches (including EBS) and business centres, is AIB’s Direct Channels operation, offering self service capability through self-service kiosks and automated payments including telephone, internet, mobile and tablet banking. The Wealth Management unit delivers wealth propositions to AIB customers, tailored to the needs of specific customer segments, including a Private Banking offering to high net worth clients. AIB Corporate banking provides a fully integrated relationship-based banking service to top-tier companies, both domestic and international, including financial institutions, Irish commercial state companies and large multinationals. (1)Contribution before central costs, provisions and exceptional items. 11 Domestic Core Bank Overview 12% Loan Book Composition 10% Personal Business Corporate Mortgages 74% Other personal 4% 78% sector, during the harsh weather conditions of early 2013. AIB also launched the Small Business Internet Banking facility with enhanced capabilities on Internet Banking for SME customers to make banking online easier and more useful for them. Corporate Customers For corporate customers, AIB continued to develop and deepen relationships with existing and new corporate customers throughout 2013. AIB maintained its position as the No 1 bank of choice for providing banking services to Foreign Direct Investment companies in Ireland in 2013. Personal Customers For personal customers, AIB wants to be their bank of choice; a bank where customers choose to come to and be with because of the proposition and service provided. AIB’s customer proposition is a combination of the wide range of products offered, relationship management approach and the capability customers have, to do their banking across multiple channels from branches through to online, mobile and tablet. Investing in Distribution To allow AIB to continue to serve its Personal, SME and Corporate customers, AIB have continued to invest in its physical channels. AIB continues to maintain the largest physical distribution capability of any of the financial institutions in Ireland, with its branch locations, EBS offices in addition to its banking relationship with An Post. In 2013 customers continued to adapt to digital technology. 465,000 customers do their banking at a time and place that suits them using the Mobile Banking app on their smartphones. AIB launched Tablet Banking where a key feature is the ‘My Money Manager’ tool. Customers are using this tool to classify their spending, create budgets and set savings goals helping them to manage their finances. AIB also launched its smartphone person-to-person payments app called Me2U. Customers send money to their friends by simply using the receiver’s mobile phone number on Me2U. In 2013, although AIB closed some branch locations, the bank has continued to invest in branches. AIB opened a new branch of the future in Dublin called the LAB (‘Learn About Banking’). The Lab is an innovative learning and research banking store focused on helping customers to maximise their use of existing and new technologies in banking services. AIB continued to invest in Self-Service lobbies, with 11 now open, and plans to open more lobbies in 2014. These lobbies allow customers to do their banking outside of normal banking hours. In addition, AIB also continued to upgrade and invest in branches across the country to allow AIB to For customers looking for mortgages in 2013, AIB estimates it provided c. 38% of all mortgage drawdowns and supported First Time and Second Time Buyers with financing their new home and providing funds to refurbish existing homes. Business Customers AIB is focused on Business Customers through a sectoral strategy approach. This strategic approach allows AIB to understand the challenges and opportunities that exist for customers in those sectors. To support this approach, in 2013 AIB commissioned in-depth research in partnership with key industry experts, on a better serve its customers. DCB Franchise in figures • 2.2 million customers - 125 thousand net new customers in 2013 • 465 thousand mobile banking users(1) • c. 900 thousand internet banking customers(1) • AIB.ie - 62 million visits in 2013 • > 33% of personal product sales conducted through direct channels in 2013 • Exceeded Government’s € 4 billion SME lending approvals target number of sectors. AIB launched a series of sectoral research • 22% increase in SME new money lending approvals from reports focused on specific sectors to include, Retail, Hotels, 2012 Dairy, Energy and the Licence Trade. AIB will continue with this • 34 thousand SME lending applications with a 92% approval programme in 2014. rate • Estimated c. 38% mortgage drawdowns market share AIB launched a series of funds in 2013 demonstrating commitment • > 70% increase in mortgage drawdowns H2 2013 v H1 2013 to customers. These included a €200m Renewable Energy Fund, • 11% increase in mortgage sanctions H2 2013 v H1 2013 €100m Energy Efficiency Finance Fund and a €200m EIB SME • € 7 billion in lending approvals for customers in 2013 Loan Fund. In addition, a €50m Agri Loan Fund was made available to promote credit for farming customers in the agri (1)As at February 2014 12 AIB UK Overview Business description The AIB UK segment operates in two distinct markets, Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with different economies and operating environments. The segment’s activities are carried out primarily through AIB Group (UK) p.l.c., a bank registered in the UK and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority. In addition, Structured Lending Solutions for the UK deals with all its customers in difficulty, and principally manages assets that are in AIB UK Loan Management and the UK Corporate Banking branch of AIB plc. Great Britain In this market, the segment operates under the trading name Allied Irish Bank (GB) from 20 locations in major business centres in Great Britain. The head office is located in Central London with a processing centre based in Belfast. A full banking service is offered to business customers (primarily owner managed businesses and professional services firms) and associated high net worth individuals with a strong focus placed on supporting British Irish Trade. Northern Ireland 31/12/13 85k 286k Customers GB FTB People & places Staff (FTE) Branches 31/12/13 1,303 52 Year 31/12/13 Contribution statement 2013 Balance sheet Gross loans £ 209m New lending drawdowns £ 1bn Operating contribution(1) £ 64m 69% Customer accounts £ 9bn Cost income ratio Total income £ 11bn services. GB has also achieved considerable success in terms of deposit gathering from its traditional core relationship deposits in the branch network as well as its new Savings Direct retail offering via remote channels. ‘Award-winning commitment to exceptional service’ It is a testament to the Bank's long standing commitment to exceptional customer service, that Allied Irish Bank (GB) boasts an impressive history of business awards. Winner of Best Business Fixed Account provider at Business Moneyfacts Awards in 2013. Moneyfacts Awards Finalist in three categories: Business Bank of the Year 2013, Best Service from a Business Bank 2013 In this market, the segment operates under the trading name and Best Business Card Provider 2013. Multiple former winner of First Trust Bank from 32 branches and outlets throughout Britain’s Best Business Bank from the Forum for Private Business. Northern Ireland. The First Trust Bank head office is located in Belfast, together with a processing centre. A full service, including online, mobile and telephone banking is offered to business and personal customers across a range of customer segments, including professionals, high net worth individuals, SMEs, as well as the public and corporate sectors. Both of these institutions remain a core element of the future strategy for the bank. Performance The financial performance in 2013 has been achieved in an economic environment that has been particularly challenging in Northern Ireland and in the regions of GB, with resilient economic conditions in London and South East Great Britain. Despite that challenging backdrop the bank is engaging in new business in both FTB and GB. The strength of our brands and the dedication of our employees demonstrates to customers that the bank can genuinely differentiate on quality of the service. AIB GB We believe that customers bank with Allied Irish Bank (GB) First Trust Throughout 2013, First Trust Bank has been actively promoting its ‘Open for business’ agenda with a clear focus on strengthening customer relationships and capitalising on new business opportunities, particularly in relation to home loans and SME lending. In 2013 the Bank launched a new suite of mortgage products which have successfully achieved Moneyfacts 5* ratings. A mobile banking website and app were also launched to customers in June 2013, with significant numbers of downloads achieved in the first few months. Free Wifi was installed in all First Trust Bank branches from October 2013, primarily as an enabler for customer education and support in relation to online and mobile banking technologies. For the SME market, two business lending funds have, and continue to be, actively promoted: the Business Support Fund and the Owner Managed Fund. Both offer transparent pricing with a clear application process in direct response to feedback from local SME customers. The Bank is keen to ensure that credit demand for viable business is met; thereby ensuring it plays its part in the because of the quality of its customer service and its delivery of recovery of the NI economy. genuine relationship banking for businesses. ‘Tailoring services to British businesses’ Allied Irish Bank (GB) has a long history of banking in Great Britain and can trace its roots back to London in 1825. Allied Irish Bank (GB) operates from 20 locations in major business centres across Great Britain and employs 700 staff. A full range of business banking, corporate banking and international trade services are available from Allied Irish Bank (GB), as well as dedicated wealth management, personal banking and direct savings (1)Contribution before central costs, provisions and exceptional items. UK Structured Lending Solutions (“SLS”) As a result of loan transfers AIB UK set up SLS to deal with all its customers in difficulty. This will ensure there is a centre of expertise where the right people with the appropriate products can tailor solutions for each customer on a case by case basis. In all cases possible AIB UK will work with its customers whether they be mortgage holders, SME's or Corporate to establish a path back to affordability/viability. The emphasis is on early engagement as it is mutually beneficial for the bank and customers to manage issues in a constructive way. 13 Financial Solutions Group Overview Business description The Financial Solutions Group (“FSG”) is a segment dedicated to supporting business and personal customers in financial difficulties, including BTL (“Buy To Let”) mortgages. It also provides a service to DCB to manage its PDH (“Private Dwelling House”) arrears cases. The FSG team have the training, the focus and the products to tailor solutions for customers on a case by case basis. FSG consists of the following AIB business units: • FSG Corporate, Commercial, Retail These three business units manage customers in financial difficulty, including corporates, SMEs and personal borrowers. The portfolio includes a wide spectrum of industries and asset types. • Arrears Support Unit This unit includes AIB and EBS consumer mortgages that are either in arrears or in pre-arrears. • Third Party & Asset Managers This team incorporates centralised asset management, litigation management and personal insolvency units. • Third Party Servicing Third Party Servicing in AIB is a service provider to NAMA, assisting NAMA in the management of a portfolio of assets acquired by NAMA from AIB. Strategy FSG comprises staff trained in financial restructuring and applies tailored solutions through the use of established treatment strategies, focused on: Balance sheet(1) Gross loans Provisions Net loans Impaired loans Impaired loans as a % of Gross loans Provision coverage Non-core deleveraging 2013 2012 € 21.8 bn € 11.6 bn € 10.2 bn € 18.3 bn 84% 64% Complete (€ 20.5bn) € 32.6 bn € 13.8 bn € 18.8 bn € 23.4 bn 72% 59% FSG Loan Book 2013 16% 84% Performing loans Impaired loans non co-operating customers. Increasing levels of engagement with customers remains a crucial component of agreeing sustainable • supporting viable customers back to financial health where solutions. feasible • ensuring consistent and fair treatment of all customers in compliance with regulatory and bank policy • fulfilling all of its business and service obligations to NAMA as third party servicers to a substantial portfolio of NAMA assets In order to be efficient and effective AIB have restructured the business to create a flatter, more streamlined, centralised operating model with regionalised teams that: • can enable the delivery of FSG’s strategic objectives • is fully aligned with AIB’s model • is organised on a regional basis in line with business requirements and the structure of its domestic bank • enables implementation of differentiated customer treatment strategies • operate simplified and streamlined processes to enable AIB to accelerate the pace of restructuring • supports a high performance, team culture across the entire FSG business Mortgage Arrears Resolution AIB’s strategy is to stem the growth in arrears, to return as many loans as possible to performing status, and where necessary to make such modifications to loans as are necessary to have a sustainable outcome. AIB’s focus is on replacing short term forbearance measures with sustainable solutions including where necessary legal options for The Central Bank of Ireland outlined Mortgage Arrears Resolution Targets in March 2013. In November 2013 the Central Bank of Ireland confirmed that in line with requirements AIB had reported sufficient proposed solutions to meet the target of 20% proposed sustainable solutions in Quarter 2 and 30% in Quarter 3. The bank has met the 50% target required for Quarter 4. In December 2013 and in line with the EU/IMF Programme, the Central Bank of Ireland set its expectation for end June 2014 which requires sustainable solutions offered to mortgage customers to reach 75% of over 90-days arrears and for concluded solutions to reach 35% by that date. AIB is focused on continuing to meet all relevant targets. Non-core deleverage programme On 24 September 2013 AIB confirmed completion of its deleveraging plan, a significant milestone in the bank’s overall restructuring as part of its strategy to return to sustainable profitability. Under the terms of the March 2011 Prudential Liquidity Adequacy Review (‘PLAR’) contained in the Financial Measures Programme, AIB was required to deleverage € 20.5 billion of non-core net loans by December 2013. Despite challenging market conditions in recent years the plan has been achieved ahead of schedule with a positive capital variance versus the Financial Measures Programme Assumptions. Deleveraging of € 2.2 billion of non-core net loans was achieved in 2013. In addition, on completion of non-core deleveraging, € 6.7 billion of loans were transferred from FSG to other segments. See page 38 for further details. (1)Excludes PDHs where FSG provides a service to DCB to manage PDH arrears cases. 14 Financial review Page 1. Business description 1.1 History 1.2 Developments in recent years 1.3 Competition 1.4 Economic conditions affecting the Group 2. Financial data 3. Management report 4. Capital management 5. Critical accounting policies and estimates 6. Deposits and short term borrowings 7. Financial investments available for sale 8. Contractual obligations 16 16 17 18 19 23 47 50 54 57 59 15  Financial review -1. Business description 1.1 History The AIB parent company, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c., originally named Allied Irish Banks Limited, was incorporated in Ireland in September 1966 as a result of the amalgamation of three long established banks: the Munster and Leinster Bank Limited (established 1885), the Provincial Bank of Ireland Limited (established 1825) and the Royal Bank of Ireland Limited (established 1836). interest rates continued to increase, housing oversupply persisted and mortgage delinquencies increased. Declining residential and commercial property prices also led to a significant slowdown in the construction sector in Ireland. As a result, loan impairments in the Irish construction and property and residential mortgage sectors, to which AIB was heavily exposed, increased substantially. These dynamics began to present funding and liquidity issues for AIB as well as a rapid deterioration in the Group’s capital base. The following material transactions have taken place since 1983: – 1983 - AIB acquired 43% of the outstanding shares of First Maryland Bankcorp (“FMB”), and completed the acquisition of 100% of the outstanding shares of common stock of FMB in 1989. Additional ‘bolt-on’ acquisitions were completed during the 1990s including, Dauphin Deposit Bank and Trust Company and subsequently, all banking operations were merged into Allfirst. In 2003, Allfirst was integrated with M&T Bank Corporation (“M&T”). Under the terms of the agreement AIB received 26.7 million shares in M&T, representing a stake of approximately 22.5% in the enlarged M&T; 1995 - AIB acquired a non-controlling interest in Polish bank Wielkopolski Bank Kredytowy S.A. (“WBK”). In 1999 AIB acquired an 80% shareholding in Bank Zachodni S.A. (‘Bank Zachodni’) from the Polish State Treasury. In June 2001, WBK merged with Bank Zachodni to form BZWBK, following which the Group held a 70.5% interest in the newly-merged entity; 1996 - AIB's retail operations in the United Kingdom were integrated and the enlarged entity was renamed AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. with two distinct trading names, First Trust Bank in Northern Ireland and Allied Irish Bank (GB) in Great Britain; and 2006 - Aviva Life & Pensions Ireland Limited and AIB’s life assurance subsidiary, Ark Life, were brought together under a holding company Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited (“ALH”), formerly Hibernian Life Holdings Limited. This resulted in AIB owning an interest of 24.99% in ALH. – – – 1.2 Developments in recent years A key element of AIB’s pre-crisis market positioning was its involvement in the Irish property sector, which was the fastest growing segment of the Irish economy. From the late 1990s to 2006, the mortgage market in Ireland expanded rapidly as housing prices soared, driven in part by economic and wage growth and a low interest rate environment. The global financial system began to experience difficulties in mid-2007 resulting in severe dislocation of international financial markets around the world with unprecedented levels of illiquidity in the global capital markets and significant declines in the values of asset classes. Governments throughout the world took action to support their financial systems and banks, given the critical role which properly functioning financial systems and banks play in economies. Global financial market conditions triggered a substantial deterioration in domestic economic conditions and property values. In 2008, as the Irish economy started to decline and as 16 The Irish Government recognised the pressing need to stabilise Irish financial institutions and to create greater certainty for all stakeholders. A number of measures were implemented by the Irish Government in response to the crisis including: – 30 September 2008 - the Minister for Finance guaranteed certain liabilities of covered institutions, including AIB, until 29 September 2010; 13 May 2009 - a € 3.5 billion subscription into AIB by the National Pension Reserve Fund Commission (“NPRFC”) for the 2009 Preference Shares and 2009 Warrants; – – December 2009 - The Minister for Finance established the Credit Institutions (Eligible Liabilities Guarantee) (“ELG”) Scheme which facilitates participating institutions issuing debt securities and taking deposits during an issuance window and with a maximum maturity of 5 years. AIB joined the ELG Scheme on 21 January 2010; – December 2009 - The Irish Government established the National Asset Management Agency (“NAMA”) which has acquired certain performing and non-performing land and development and associated loans from participating banks, with the aim of freeing up banks’ balance sheets and facilitating the easier flow of credit throughout the Irish economy. AIB transferred approximately € 20 billion of assets to NAMA during 2010 and 2011; 30 March 2010 - The original Prudential Capital Assessment Review (“PCAR”) announced by the Central Bank of Ireland (‘the Central Bank’) assessed the capital requirement of Irish credit institutions in the context of expected losses and other financial developments, under both base and stress-case scenarios, over the period from 2010 to 2012. A requirement was imposed on AIB, among other credit institutions, to strengthen and increase its capital base to help restore confidence in the Irish banking sector; 10 September 2010 - AIB announced the sale of its Polish interests to Banco Santander S.A. for a total cash consideration of € 3.1 billion. This transaction completed on 1 April 2011 and AIB generated core tier 1 capital of approximately € 2.3 billion as a result of the disposal; 4 November 2010 - AIB disposed of its stake in M&T – – – generating core tier 1 capital of € 0.9 billion; – AIB also disposed of Goodbody Holdings Limited; AIB International Financial Services Limited; AIB Jerseytrust Limited; its 49.99% shareholding in Bulgarian-American Credit Bank and AIB Asset Management Holdings (Ireland) Limited, including AIB Investment Managers; 23 December 2010 - a direction order under the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 with the consent of AIB, directed AIB to issue € 3.8 billion of new equity capital to the – NPRFC. This issuance ultimately resulted in the NPRFC’s shareholding in AIB increasing to 92.8%. This also resulted in the delisting of AIB’s ordinary shares from both the Main Securities Market of the Irish Stock Exchange and from the Official List maintained by the UK Financial Services Authority. AIB’s ordinary shares were subsequently admitted, in January 2011, to the Enterprise Securities Market of the Irish Stock Exchange. Furthermore, AIB announced in August 2011 that its American Depository Shares (“ADSs”) were delisted and ceased to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange. – On 24 February 2011, AIB acquired deposits of € 7 billion and NAMA senior bonds with a nominal value of € 12 billion from Anglo Irish Bank, pursuant to a transfer order issued by the High Court under the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010. AIB also acquired Anglo Irish Bank Corporation (International) PLC in the Isle of Man, including customer deposits of almost € 1.6 billion. 31 March 2011 - The Central Bank of Ireland published its ‘Financial Measures Programme Report’, which detailed the outcome of PCAR 2011 and Prudential Liquidity Assessment Review (“PLAR”) 2011 for certain Irish credit institutions, including AIB and EBS. The Central Bank stated that it had set a new capital target for AIB and EBS with a total of – 1.3 Competition Republic of Ireland Competition in the retail banking sector in the Republic of Ireland has changed significantly since 2008 as a result of the prolonged downturn in the Irish economy and changes to the operating models of both foreign and domestic institutions. The number of banks (both domestic and foreign) operating in Ireland has declined significantly from pre crisis levels and a majority of the banks still operating in Ireland have received state sponsored capital injections which has necessitated a restructuring of operating models as well as the transfer of property related assets to the National Asset Management Agency in some instances. The focus of retail banking continues to be to provide sustainable credit to customers, in particular SMEs and mortgages to support stimulation of economic turnaround, provision of support for customers in financial difficulty, as well as retention and gathering of deposits. Activity in the mortgage market in 2013 was constrained due to limited supply of appropriate housing in many urban areas, however, a stabilisation in the housing market has led to increased competition and availability of credit. Deposits pricing continues to be competitive although market pricing levels have declined from elevated rates. Demand for € 14.8 billion of additional capital to be generated. This business lending has improved although the overhang from additional capital requirement was satisfied in July 2011 legacy debt associated in large part with property, continues to through: constrain demand. – AIB’s placing of € 5.0 billion of new ordinary shares with the NPRFC at €0.01 per share, following which the NPRFC owned 99.8% of the ordinary shares of AIB. AIB UK had 521,261,151,503 ordinary shares outstanding at While the UK economy has had limited growth over the past 31 December 2013; three years, signs of improvement were evident in 2013 with – Capital contributions totalling € 6.1 billion from the growth forecasts for 2014 now exceeding most other European Minister for Finance (‘the Minister’) and the NPRFC; countries. – The issue of € 1.6 billion of contingent capital notes at par to the Minister; The UK government continues to play an active role in the – Burden-sharing measures undertaken with the Group’s banking market through initiatives designed to drive bank support subordinated debt-holders; for business and retail customers. New entrants continue to – July 2011 - AIB completed the acquisition of EBS for a emerge with established players developing their offerings. As a nominal cash payment of € 1.00. This transaction result, the competitive landscape in the UK continues to evolve. represented a significant consolidation within the Irish banking sector, resulting in the formation of one of two AIB’s focus remains on maintaining close customer relationships pillar banks in Ireland; and community links throughout Great Britain and Northern In addition, the following notable events occurred during 2013: Ireland. – AIB disposed of its investment in ALH and re-acquired Ark Life, exclusively held for resale; – With effect from 28 March 2013 the ELG Scheme ended for all new liabilities reflecting improved and more stabilised funding conditions; and – The Central Bank of Ireland conducted a Balance Sheet Assessment (“BSA”)/Asset Quality Review (“AQR”) which concluded in November 2013. AIB did not have to raise additional capital to meet ongoing regulatory capital requirements of 10.5% core tier one capital ratio as a result of this process. 1.4 Economic conditions affecting the Group AIB’s activities in Ireland accounted for the bulk of the Group’s business. As a result, the performance of the Irish economy is extremely important to the Group. The Group also continues to operate significant business in the United Kingdom, which means that it is also influenced directly by political, economic and financial developments there. The United States, the United Kingdom and the Eurozone are Ireland’s three most important trading partners. A moderate recovery in activity has been underway in all three economies in 2013. US GDP is estimated by the IMF to have grown by 1.9% in 2013 following growth of 2.8% in 2012, with the IMF forecasting 17  Financial review -1. Business description for an extended period of time” (Source: European Central Bank Governing Council Statement July 2013). After having deteriorated sharply during the recession, Irish public finances continued to show improvement over the course of 2013. The Department of Finance estimates that the budget deficit declined to 7.3% of GDP in 2013. This compares to a high of 11% in the underlying deficit in 2010. As of Budget 2014, the Government has now implemented € 30 billion of the planned € 32 billion fiscal consolidation programme, leaving around € 2 billion to be completed in 2015 with the aim of reducing the deficit to below 3% of GDP by 2015. (Source: Department of Finance, Budget 2014). Ireland’s General Government Gross debt/GDP ratio is estimated by the Department of Finance (Budget 2014) to have peaked at 124% of GDP at end 2013, up from 117% in 2012, however, the high Exchequer cash balances and deposits, reduces the Net debt ratio to 98.7% at end 2013. Since the middle of 2011, there has been a marked improvement in market sentiment towards Ireland with a consequent sharp drop in yields on Irish Government bonds. The National Treasury Management Agency issued € 3.75 billion of ten year debt at a yield of 3.54% on the 7 January 2014. This ten year bond yield is a material reduction from the peak of 14% back in 2011 (Source: Thomson Datastream). This represented Ireland’s first debt is- suance since it exited the EU/IMF programme on the 15 December 2013. In January 2014, Moody’s restored Ireland’s long-term sovereign credit ratings to investment grade of Baa3. S&P and Fitch had Ireland at an investment grade rating of BBB+ in 2013. Both S&P and Moody’s have Ireland on a positive outlook, while Fitch has the sovereign on a stable outlook for their respective ratings. (Source: National Treasury Management Agency). growth of 2.8% for 2014. Meanwhile, GDP in the United Kingdom is estimated to have risen by 1.9% in 2013 after growth of 0.3% in 2012, and the IMF is forecasting UK GDP growth of 2.4% for 2014. For the Eurozone, the IMF estimates the economy to have contracted by 0.4% in 2013, following a 0.7% decline in 2012. Both the IMF and ECB forecast that the eurozone GDP will grow by 1% this year. According to Ireland’s Central Statistics Office (“CSO”) National Accounts data, real GDP in Ireland rose by 0.2% in 2012, following growth of 2.2% in 2011.CSO data currently available for 2013 covers up to end of the third quarter, and shows that GDP is 0.5% lower in the first three quarters of 2013 than in the same period of 2012 The slowdown in growth in 2012 – 2013 was mainly due to a slower rate of growth in exports, arising from the slowdown in our key trading partners and weak pharmaceutical exports due to the impact from the patent cliff which was the clustering of a number of patented drugs going off patent in quick succession. The Irish Department of Finance estimates another modest rise in GDP of around 0.2% in 2013. For 2014, the Department is forecasting GDP growth of 2%, helped by a pick up in exports and some modest growth in domestic demand. (Source: Dept of Finance Budget 2014). In terms of the labour market, conditions improved steadily over the course of 2013. Employment rose for the fifth consecutive quarter in the fourth quarter of 2013. There was a rise of 61,000 in employment, or 3.3%, compared to the corresponding quarter of 2012 (Source: CSO Quarterly National Household Survey Q4 2013). The unemployment rate fell to 12.1% in the fourth quarter, from 12.7% in quarter two and 14.2% a year earlier. (Source: CSO Quarterly National Household Survey Q4 2013). Credit growth remained weak in Ireland in 2013. Total household loans outstanding were down 4.1% year-on-year at end of December 2013, while lending for house purchase fell by 3.0% in the same period. (Source: Central Bank of Ireland, Money and Banking Statistics December 2013). House prices rose every month from April through to December 2013 according to the CSO house price index. As a result, prices were up by 6.4% year on year by end December. (Source: CSO Residential Property Price Index, December 2013). Overall, the housing market showed signs of stabilising last year, albeit at low activity levels, with increases in mortgage approvals and transactions, as well as prices increases. The European Central Bank, which has responsibility for monetary policy in the Euro area as a whole, cut the official refinancing rate by 50 basis points (“bps”) over the course of 2013 ( 25 bps in May and November), with the rate finishing the year at 0.25%. The ECB also introduced forward guidance on interest rate policy at its July meeting, by stating that it expects the key ECB interest rates to “remain at present or lower levels 18 Financial review - 2. Financial data Summary of consolidated income statement The financial information in the tables below for the years ended 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of AIB Group for those periods. AIB Group’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and IFRS as adopted by the European Union (“EU”). The EU adopted version of IAS 39 currently relaxes some of the hedge accounting rules in IAS 39 ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement’. The Group has not availed of these, therefore, these financial statements comply with both IFRS as issued by the IASB and IFRS as adopted by the EU. This information should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified by reference to, the accounting policies adopted, the consolidated financial statements of AIB Group and notes therein for the years ended 31 December 2013, 2012 and 2011 included in this Annual Financial Report. The summary of consolidated income statement represents the results of continuing operations, where the results of Bank Zachodni WBK S.A. (“BZWBK”), M&T Bank Corporation and Bulgarian American Credit Bank AD as applicable, are accounted for as discontinued operations net of taxation for all relevant years. Net interest income Other income/(loss) Total operating income/(loss) Total operating expenses Operating profit/(loss) before provisions Provisions Operating loss Associated undertakings Profit/(loss) on disposal of property Construction contract income Profit/(loss) on disposal of businesses(1) Loss before taxation from continuing operations Income tax credit from continuing operations Loss after taxation from continuing operations Discontinued operations, net of taxation Loss for the year Non-controlling interests from discontinued operations Distributions to RCI holders(2) Years ended 31 Decemb er Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m 2010** € m 2009** € m 1,106 (485) 621 (1,836) (1,215) (2,529) (3,744) 10 2 – 3 (3,729) 172 (3,557) – (3,557) – – 1,350 2,990 4,340 (1,751) 2,589 (7,728) (5,139) (37) (1) – 38 (5,139) 1,193 (3,946) 1,628 (2,318) (20) – 1,844 (5,201) (3,357) (1,649) (5,006) (7,118) (12,124) 18 46 – (11) (12,071) 1,710 (10,361) 199 (10,162) (70) – 2,872 1,234 4,106 (1,522) 2,584 (5,267) (2,683) (3) 23 1 – (2,662) 373 (2,289) (45) (2,334) (79) (44) 2013 € m 1,348 362 1,710 (1,483) 227 (1,924) (1,697) 7 2 – 1 (1,687) 90 (1,597) – (1,597) – – Loss for the year attributable to owners of the parent (1,597) (3,557) (2,338) (10,232) (2,457) Basic (loss)/earnings per ordinary/CNV share(3) Continuing operations Discontinued operations Diluted (loss)/earnings per ordinary/CNV share(3) Continuing operations Discontinued operations (0.3c) – (0.3c) (0.3c) – (0.3c) (0.7c) – (0.7c) (0.7c) – (0.7c) (1.6c) 0.7c (0.9c) (1.6c) 0.7c (0.9c) (571.1c) 7.1c (564.0c) (571.1c) 7.1c (203.5c) (11.7c) (215.2c) (203.5c) (11.7c) (564.0c) (215.2c) *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). **The financial information for 2010 and 2009 has not been restated because it was impracticable to do so. 19 Financial review - 2. Financial data Selected consolidated statement of financial position data Years ended 31 December 2013 € m Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m 2010 € m 2009 € m Total assets............................................................... 122,923117,734x 122,501 136,651 145,222 174,314 Loans and receivables to banks and customers(4) .... 67,761 75,886 88,258 91,212 131,464 Deposits by central banks and banks, customer accounts and debt securities in issue ................................ € 1.6bn Contingent Capital Tier 2 Notes due 2016(5) Dated loan capital ..................................................... Undated loan capital.................................................. Other capital instruments .......................................... Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries.................... Shareholders’ funds: other equity interests .............. Shareholders’ equity(6) .............................................. Total capital resources .......................................... . . . . . . . 97,547 102,718x 113,218 117,922 147,940 1,316 36 1,237 34 1,177 32 – – – – – – – – – – – – 10,494 11,846 11,355 12,626 14,463 15,672 – 3,996 197 138 690 239 3,420 8,680 – 4,261 189 136 626 389 10,320 15,921 *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). Years ended 31 Decemb er 2013 m 2012 m 2011 m 2010 m Share capital - ordinary shares Number of shares outstanding ................................... 521,296.8 517,152.8 513,528.8 € 5,213 € 5,171 € 5,135 1,791.6 € 573 2009 m 918.4 € 294 Nominal value of € 0.01 per share (2010: € 0.32 per share) Share capital - convertible non-voting shares(3) Number of shares outstanding .................................. Nominal value of € 0.32 per share ............................ 2009 Preference shares(7) . . . – – – – – – 10,489.9 € 3,357 – – Number of shares outstanding ................................... Nominal value of € 0.01 per share ............................. 3,500 € 35 3,500 € 35 3,500 € 35 3,500 € 35 3,500 € 35 20 Selected consolidated statement of financial position data (continued) Other financial data(8) Return on average total assets Return on average ordinary shareholders’ equity Dividend payout ratio Average ordinary shareholders’ equity as a percentage of average total assets Year end impairment provisions as a percentage of total loans to customers:(4) Total Group Continuing operations Net interest margin(9) Core tier 1 capital ratio(10)(11) Total capital ratio(10)(11) Years ended 31 December 2013 % (1.32) (21.51) – 6.1 20.6 20.6 1.21 14.3 16.6 Restated* 2012 % Restated* 2011 % (2.76) (37.0) – (1.66) (48.8) – 7.5 5.8 18.4 18.4 0.91 15.2 17.8 15.1 15.1 1.03 17.9 20.5 2010** % (6.21) (222.5) – 2.8 7.1 7.4 1.49 4.0 9.2 2009** % (1.29) (24.8) – 4.3 5.5 5.5 1.92 7.9 10.2 (1)Profit of € 1 million on disposal of businesses in 2013 relates to deferred consideration received from previous disposals (note 15). The profit of € 3 million on disposal of businesses in 2012 relates to the sale of AIB Asset Management Holdings (Ireland) Limited - € 2 million (tax charge: Nil) and the sale of an Offshore subsidiary - € 1 million (tax charge: Nil). The profit on disposal of businesses in 2011 relates to (a) AIB International Financial Services Limited and related companies € 27 million (tax charge Nil); (b) AIB Jerseytrust Limited € 10 million (tax charge Nil); and (c) deferred consideration of € 1 million from the sale of Goodbody Holdings Limited in 2010 (note 15). The loss on disposal of businesses in 2010 of € 11 million relates to the sale of AIB’s investment in Goodbody Holdings Limited and related companies (2)The distributions in 2009 relate to the Reserve Capital Instruments which were redeemed/purchased for cash in 2009 and 2011 respectively. (3)Convertible non-voting shares issued to the NPRFC on 23 December 2010 ranked equally with ordinary shares and were convertible into ordinary shares on a one to one basis. These converted to ordinary shares in April 2011. (4)Loans and receivables to customers included loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA in 2009 and 2010. (5)Relates to the issue of € 1.6 billion in Contingent Capital Notes to the Minister for Finance of Ireland during 2011 (note 40). (6)Includes ordinary shareholders’ equity (in July 2011, 500 billion ordinary shares were issued to the NPRFC at a subscription price of € 0.01 per share and 3,500 million 2009 Preference Shares were issued to the NPRFC in May 2009 (note 41) and the convertible non-voting shares issued to the NPRFC on the 23 December 2010 which were converted to ordinary shares in April 2011). (7)2009 Preference Shares issued to the NPRFC on 13 May 2009. (8)The calculation of the average balances includes daily and monthly averages and are considered to be representative of the operations of the Group. (9)Net interest margin represents net interest income as a percentage of average interest earning assets. The net interest margin is presented on a continuing basis for 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009. (10)The minimum regulatory capital requirements set by the Central Bank of Ireland, which reflect the requirements of the Capital Requirements Directive (“CRD”), established a floor of 4% under which the core tier 1 capital ratio must not fall (8% for total capital ratio). These ratios were the capital adequacy requirements effective up to 31 December 2010. Following the Prudential Capital Assessment Review (“PCAR”) in March 2011, the Central Bank of Ireland announced a new minimum capital target for AIB Group of 10.5% core tier 1 ratio in a base scenario and 6% core tier 1 ratio in a stressed scenario. These target ratios form the basis of the Group’s capital management policy and are the capital adequacy requirements effective as at 31 December 2013. (11)Please see Capital Management section for further detail. *Restated due to accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). **The financial information for 2010 and 2009 has not been restated because it was impracticable to do. 21 Financial review - 2. Financial highlights Results Total operating income Operating loss Loss before taxation from continuing operations before exceptional items(1) Loss before taxation from continuing operations (including exceptional items) Loss attributable to owners of the parent Per ordinary share Loss – basic from continuing operations Loss – diluted from continuing operations Dividend Dividend payout Net assets Performance measures Return on average total assets Return on average ordinary shareholders’ equity Statement of financial position Total assets Ordinary shareholders’ equity Shareholders’ equity Loans and receivables to customers including held for sale Customer accounts Capital ratios Core tier 1 capital Total capital (1)Exceptional items are detailed on page 23 of the Management report. *Restated due to accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 2013 € m 1,710 (1,697) (1,450) (1,687) (1,597) Restated* 2012 € m 621 (3,744) (2,838) (3,729) (3,557) (0.3c) (0.3c) – – (0.7c) (0.7c) – – € 0.02 € 0.02 (1.32%) (21.82%) (2.7%) (36.0%) 117,734 122,501 6,994 10,494 65,741 65,667 7,855 11,355 73,325 63,610 14.3% 16.6% 15.2% 17.8% 22 Financial review - 3. Management report Basis of presentation The following management report is prepared in line with how management views the ongoing performance of the Group. The information is presented with exceptional and one-off items which management deem do not present an accurate reflection of performance during the period highlighted separately. A list of the items classified as exceptional and one-off are included below. Comparative data has been restated to reflect the impact of IAS 19 Employee benefits (see note 12 for further details). Percentages presented throughout this report are calculated on the underlying figures and therefore may differ from the percentages based on the rounded numbers in the report. Exceptional items The Group’s performance is presented to exclude those items that management believe obscures the underlying performance trends in the business. – Loss on disposal of loans and transfer of financial instruments to NAMA: There was € 226 million loss on disposal of loans and transfer of financial instruments to NAMA. The loss on disposal of loans of € 201 million mainly related to the deleveraging programme in the non-core portfolio compared with € 962 million loss in 2012. The deleveraging programme was completed in 2013, meeting the Central Bank of Ireland target set on asset deleveraging of € 20.5 billion. The loss also included a € 25 million loss on transfer of financial instruments to NAMA compared to a profit of € 159 million in 2012. This is due to valuation adjustments on previous transfers of financial assets to NAMA (see note 8 to the financial statements for further detail). – Interest rate hedge volatility of € 9 million positive compared with nil in 2012. – Gain arising on disposal of Aviva Life Holdings (“ALH”) of € 10 million. See note 31 to the financial statements for further detail. – Termination benefits: Termination benefits from the voluntary severance programme were € 86 million in 2013 compared to € 164 million* in 2012. See note 10 to the financial statements for further detail. – Retirement benefit curtailment of € 240 million in 2013 was due to the closure of the defined benefit pension schemes to future accrual and removal of discretionary pension increases. In 2012, AIB affirmed its approach to the funding of the Irish pension scheme which resulted in a reduction in the scheme obligations under IAS 19 Employee Benefits of € 204 million which was recognised in the income statement. – Restructuring and restitution expenses of € 184 million compared with € 128 million in 2012. These include restructuring costs associated with a range of management actions including: • restitution expenses including a UK interest rate hedging provision • re-organisation of premises • writedown of intangible assets • closure of AIB’s operations in the Isle of Man and Channel Islands • expenses relating to the acquisition of AIB’s interest in Ark Life. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 23 Financial review - 3. Management report Summary income statement Net interest income Fee and commission income Trading and other operating income Other income Total operating income Personnel expenses General and administrative expenses Depreciation(1), impairment and amortisation(2) Total operating expenses Operating profit/(loss) before provisions(3) Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables Writeback/(provisions) for liabilities and commitments Writeback/(provisions) for impairment on financial investments available for sale Total provisions Operating loss Associated undertakings Profit on disposal of property Profit on disposal of business Loss from continuing operations before exceptional items Loss on disposal of loans and transfer of financial instruments to NAMA Interest rate hedge volatility Gain arising on disposal of Aviva Life Holdings (“ALH”) Termination benefits Retirement benefit curtailment Restructuring and restitution expenses Total exceptional items Loss before taxation from continuing operations Income tax credit from continuing operations Loss for the period Cost income ratio(4) Operating contribution before provisions by segment Domestic Core Bank (“DCB”) AIB UK Financial Solutions Group (“FSG”) Group Operating profit before provisions(3) Restated* 2012 € m % change 22 3 - 79 34 -18 -12 -15 -16 - -21 - - -25 49 -30 -50 -67 49 - - - - - - - 55 - 55 1,106 367 (49) 318 1,424 (1,041) (589) (118) (1,748) (324) (2,434) (9) (86) (2,529) (2,853) 10 2 3 (2,838) (803) - - (164) 204 (128) (891) (3,729) 172 (3,557) % 123 2013 € m 1,345 378 192 570 1,915 (851) (519) (100) (1,470) 445 (1,916) 3 9 (1,904) (1,459) 7 1 1 (1,450) (226) 9 10 (86) 240 (184) (237) (1,687) 90 (1,597) % 77 € m 683 74 54 (366) 445 (1)Depreciation of property, plant and equipment. (2)Impairment and amortisation of intangible assets. (3)Operating profit/(loss) before provisions and exceptional items. (4)Excluding exceptional items. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 24 Financial review - 3. Management report Overview of results Operating profit before provisions and exceptional items of deposits and other liabilities and higher asset pricing, partly offset by lower average interest earning assets. Other income was € 445 million in 2013 compared to a loss of € 324 million in 2012, a € 252 million (79%) higher with higher banking fee and € 769 million turnaround. commission income and increased non-banking fee income including a gain of € 62 million resulting from re-estimating the timing of cash flows on NAMA senior bonds and investment asset € m 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 Return to pre-provision profitability realisations. 283 162 Total operating expenses were € 278 million (16%) lower compared to 2012. This reduction in costs mainly related to the impact of staff exits in the latter part of 2012 and throughout 2013 as part of the voluntary severance/early retirement schemes, lower occupancy costs and lower external consultancy and H1 2012 H2 2012 H1 2013 H2 2013 advisory fees. -110 -214 Year 2013: €445m Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables reduced by € 518 million to € 1,916 million in 2013. See the Asset quality section (page 31 to page 32) for more detail on provisions. The Group recorded a loss before taxation from continuing operations of € 1,687 million in 2013 compared to a loss of At 31 December 2013, the Group remained well capitalised with a € 3,729 million* in 2012. The performance reflected higher levels of core tier 1 capital ratio of 14.3%, comfortably above the 10.5% income, lower costs and a reduction in provisions. minimum target level as prescribed by the Central Bank of Ireland. The Basel III fully loaded common equity tier 1 ratio was 10.5% at Net interest income increased by € 239 million (22%) compared to 31 December 2013 including the 2009 preference shares of 2012, reflecting a lower ELG charge (€ 215 million lower) as a € 3.5 billion. result of the cessation of the ELG scheme, a lower cost of *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 25 Financial review - 3. Management report Net interest income • NIM EXCLUDING ELG UP 15 BPS TO 1.37%. • LOWER COST OF CUSTOMER ACCOUNTS AND REDUCED FUNDING COSTS. Net interest income 1,345 1,106 Average interest earning assets 111,004 122,200 22 -9 2013 € m 2012 % € m change • NEGATIVE IMPACT OF LOW YIELDING NAMA BONDS Group net interest margin % 1.21 IN 2013 OF 17 BPS. Group net interest margin excluding ELG 1.37 % change 0.91 1.22 0.30 0.15 Group net interest margin excluding ELG and NAMA Senior Bonds 1.54 1.27 0.27 Growth in NIM 1.67% 1.45% 1.42% 1.28% 1.75% 1.50% 1.27% 1.27% 1.25% 1.24% 1.20% 1.00% H1 2012 H2 2012 H1 2013 H2 2013 NIM excluding ELG NIM excluding ELG & NAMA Senior Bonds % 4 3 2 1 0 Net Interest Margin Drivers 3.14 2.41 0.73 3.01 2.24 Asset Yield Cost of Funds (excluding ELG) 2.87 2.83 2.01 1.09 1.74 H1 2012 H2 2012 H1 2013 H2 2013 Net interest income increased € 239 million (22%) to € 1,345 million in 2013 from € 1,106 million in 2012. The increase of € 239 million was mainly due to reductions in the cost of the ELG scheme of € 215 million and lower costs of funding partly offset by lower loan income on lower loan balances. The impact of the decreasing interest rate environment on asset yields and the bank’s continued deposit pricing actions to manage down the cost of customer accounts resulted in the gap between asset yields and the cost of funds increasing from 73 bps in H1 2012 to 109 bps in H2 2013. The reduction in funding costs largely resulted from deposit pricing actions on interest bearing customer accounts which commenced in 2012 and continued during 2013. The gross cost of customer accounts decreased from 264 basis points (“bps”) in 2012 to 187 bps in 2013. Reduction in market rates 0.76% 0.68% 1.00% 0.52% ECB Refi 1 month Euribor 0.43% 0.13% 0.12% 0.14% 1.20% 0.80% 0.40% 0.00% H1 2012 H2 2012 H1 2013 H2 2013 Market rates reduced between 2012 and 2013 driving lower yields on assets and reducing the cost of interest earning liabilities. Yield % H1 2012 H2 2012 H1 2013 H2 2013 Customer loans Customer accounts(2) 3.37 2.70 3.28 2.58 3.27 2.07 3.39 1.68 Eligible liabilities guarantee (“ELG”) The ELG charge was € 173 million in 2013 compared with € 388 million in 2012. The reduction in the charge was due to the withdrawal of AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. from the scheme in August 2012 and the cessation of the ELG scheme in the Republic of Ireland for new liabilities in March 2013. As existing liabilities that are covered by the scheme mature, the ELG charge will reduce. ELG charge Half-year to June 2012 Half-year to December 2012 Half-year to June 2013 Half-year to December 2013(1) € m 215 173 123 50 (1)The total liabilities guaranteed under the ELG Scheme at 31 December 2013 amounted to € 8 billion. (2)Includes Repos. 26 Financial review - 3. Management report Average Balance Sheet(1) Assets Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Other Net interest on swaps Average interest earning assets Non interest earning assets Total assets Liabilities & stockholders' equity Deposits by banks Customer accounts Subordinated liabilities Other debt issued Average interest earning liabilities Non interest earning liabilities Shareholders’ equity Year ended 31 December 2013 Average Interest Average rate balance % € m € m 69,902 16,743 18,621 5,738 2,326 130 652 19 36 3.33 0.78 3.50 0.33 Average balance € m 81,003 18,957 14,510 7,730 Year ended 31 December 2012 Interest Average rate % € m 2,701 329 579 32 130 3.32 1.73 3.98 0.41 111,004 3,163 2.85 122,200 3,771 3.08 9,635 9,767 120,639 3,163 131,967 3,771 123 968 241 313 1,645 0.47 1.87 18.38 3.63 1.87 26,242 51,669 1,311 8,622 87,844 21,975 10,820 261 1,340 223 453 2,277 0.78 2.64 17.96 3.67 2.32 33,522 50,634 1,240 12,294 97,690 20,899 13,378 Total liabilities & stockholders’ equity 120,639 1,645 131,967 2,277 Net interest income excluding ELG Eligible liabilities guarantee (“ELG”)(1) Net interest income including ELG 1,518 1.37 (173) (0.16) 1,345 1.21 1,494 1.22 (388) (0.31) 1,106 0.91 (1)The Average Balance Sheet (note 59 to the financial statements) is presented differently and includes the cost of ELG in interest within liabilities and stockholders’ equity. Wholesale market rates reduced between 2012 and 2013 which impacted on the yields included in the table above. The average 1 month Euribor rate which is used for most non-mortgage lending and deposit pricing reduced from 33 bps to 13 bps while the average ECB Refi rate reduced from 88 bps to 55 bps. bonds of € 2.2 billion were partly offset by increases in financial investments available for sale of € 4.1 billion. Net interest on swaps reduced € 93 million mainly due to the maturity of long term swaps on debt instruments (€ 2.2 billion of Euro Medium Term Notes matured in 2013) and the impact of the lower interest rate Income from loans was lower than in 2012 as a result of an € 11.1 billion reduction in average loans as loan amortisation and The cost of interest earning liabilities reduced from € 2,277 million deleveraging exceeded new lending during the period. Lower loan to € 1,645 million in 2013 due to a reduced funding requirement balances and their impact on income along with reductions in which resulted in lower volumes of monetary authority funding and wholesale market rates were partly offset by loan pricing actions debt issued. This resulted in lower funding costs along with the during 2012/2013 and higher margins on new lending. impact of wholesale market rates on customer accounts and environment on new or renewed swaps. Income from financial investments available for sale increased € 73 million following increased investment during 2013 to manage The net interest margin excluding ELG increased 15 bps from income volatility on interest free liabilities in a lower interest rate environment. NAMA senior bond income reduced € 199 million as a result of both lower interest rates and reduced volumes following redemptions of € 1.9 billion during 2013. 1.22% in 2012 to 1.37% in 2013. The factors contributing to the increase of 15 bps were a contraction in yields on interest earning assets (-23 bps) more than offset by a decrease in the cost of funding those assets (+38 bps). monetary authority funding. Average interest earning assets reduced from € 122 billion to € 111 billion as lower loans of € 11.1 billion and lower NAMA senior The net interest margin has continued an upward trajectory since its trough in Q3 2012 with an increase of 25 bps in the half-year to 27 Financial review - 3. Management report December 2013 to 1.45% when compared with the half-year to December 2012. This increase was due to a lower cost of interest earning liabilities (+44 bps) and a reduction in the yield on interest earning assets (-19 bps). Excluding the impact of the Group’s low yielding NAMA senior bonds, the net interest margin excluding ELG was 1.54% in 2013 compared to 1.27% in 2012. 28 Financial review - 3. Management report Other income Dividend income Banking fees and commissions Investment banking and asset management fees Fee and commission income Less: Fee and commission expense Trading income/(loss)(1) Other operating income 2013 € m 4 410 4 414 (36) 84 104 Other income before exceptional items 570 2012 % € m change 1 382 14 396 (29) (100) 50 318 300 7 -71 5 24 - 108 79 (1)Trading income/(loss) includes foreign exchange contracts, debt securities and interest rate contracts, credit derivative contracts, equity securities and index contracts. See table below. Net Trading income/(loss) Foreign exchange contracts Debt securities and interest rate contracts Credit derivative contracts Equity securities and index contracts Net Trading income/(loss) 2013 € m 2012 % € m change 37 44 - 3 84 45 -18 (75) (38) (32) (100) - - - - Other income • INCREASE IN BANKING FEES AND COMMISSIONS. • IMPROVED TRADING INCOME FOLLOWING HIGHER LOAN BREAKAGE AND ASSOCIATED DELEVERAGING COSTS IN 2012. • € 62 MILLION GAIN FROM RE-ESTIMATING TIMING OF CASH FLOWS ON NAMA SENIOR BONDS. Other income before exceptional items was € 570 million in 2013 compared with € 318 million in 2012, an increase of € 252 million (79%). Other income consisted of fee and commission income of € 378 million compared to € 367 million in 2012 and trading/other income of € 188 million compared to negative income of € 50 million in 2012. Fee and commission income Net fee and commission income was € 11 million higher than 2012 as current account fee income increased. This was partly offset by lower other fee and commission income following a transition in customer usage from credit cards to debit cards which generate lower income and the disposal of investment banking fee generating businesses (AIBIM was disposed in May 2012). Trading income Trading income of € 84 million in 2013 compared to negative income of € 100 million in 2012. Debt securities and interest rate contracts improved € 119 million to € 44 million and included improved mark to market on interest rate swaps of € 69 million and € 42 million deleveraging and associated loan breakage costs in 2012. Credit Derivatives in 2012 included € 38 million losses as a result of the unwind of credit default swaps. Equity securities in 2012 were impacted by € 32 million negative fair value movement on the options relating to the Aviva Life Holdings transaction (see note 6 to the financial statements for further detail). Other operating income Other operating income of € 104 million in 2013 included a € 62 million gain from re-estimating the timing of cash flows on NAMA senior bonds and a net profit of € 41 million from the disposal of available for sale debt and equity securities. In 2012, there was a net profit of € 31 million from the disposal of available for sale debt and equity securities and income from asset disposals. 29 Financial review - 3. Management report Total operating expenses • COSTS DOWN € 278 MILLION (16%). Operating expenses Restated* 2012 2013 € m % € m change • AVERAGE STAFF NUMBERS DOWN 2,060 (14%). • ONGOING COST MANAGEMENT WITH COST INCOME RATIO DOWN TO 77% FROM 123%. Total operating expenses before exceptional items were € 1,470 million in 2013 compared with € 1,748 million in 2012, a reduction of € 278 million (16%). The reduction is evident across the main cost classifications and was mainly as a result of lower staff numbers and the impact of ongoing cost management. Personnel expenses General and administrative expenses Depreciation(1), impairment and amortisation(2) 851 519 1,041 589 100 118 Total operating expenses before exceptional items 1,470 1,748 Staff numbers at period end (FTE)(3)(4) Average staff numbers (FTE)(4) 11,431 12,648 13,429 14,708 -18 -12 -15 -16 -15 -14 (1)Depreciation of property, plant and equipment. (2)Impairment and amortisation of intangible assets. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). Reduction in staff numbers (period end)(4) 15,064 13,429 12,718 11,431(3) FTE 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 Other costs Staff costs Significant reduction in costs 881 349 867 358 532 509 754 307 447 716 312 404 € m 1,000 750 500 250 0 June 2012 Dec 2012 June 2013 Dec 2013 H1 2012 H2 2012 H1 2013 H2 2013 Personnel expenses relations. Technology costs increased as investments were made Personnel expenses reduced € 190 million (18%) with a reduction as the bank continues to become more technology focused. in costs reflecting lower staff numbers. Average staff numbers reduced 2,060 (14%) which reflected the early retirement/ Depreciation, impairment and amortisation voluntary severance in the second half of 2012 and a full year The charge for depreciation, impairment and amortisation of impact in 2013. During 2013, 1,280 staff left as part of the early € 100 million was € 18 million (15%) lower than 2012. The unwind retirement/voluntary severance scheme with a total of 2,877 staff of depreciation relating to capital investments in prior periods leaving under the scheme to date. 2013 also had lower expenses resulted in a lower depreciation charge in 2013, relative to 2012. following elimination of preferential rates paid to staff on deposits in 2012 as part of cost saving measures introduced. General and administrative expenses Costs reduced € 70 million (12%) to € 519 million with reductions across most classifications as part of ongoing cost management and control. Occupancy costs reduced as a result of lower staff numbers and consolidation of head office locations. External provider fees were lower due to reduced reliance on external consultancy and advisory services. There were also lower expenses in relation to insurance costs, marketing and public (3)Excluding Ark Life staff numbers of 146. Ark Life is held for sale at 31 December 2013. (4)Staff numbers quoted in the commentary above are on a full time equivalent (“FTE”) basis. 30 Financial review - 3. Management report Asset quality The following commentary on asset quality summarises the key messages and trends. For a more detailed commentary and analysis, the reader should refer to the more extensive disclosures in the Risk Management section of this report from pages 60 to 182. The total provision charge reduced by € 625 million (25%), impaired loans reduced by € 0.5 billion and total provisions as a percentage of total loans increased from 18% in 2012 to 21% in 2013. Specific Impairment Charge €bn 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 3.8 0.2 0.7 1.5 0.3 1.1 45% Lower 0.1 2.1 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.7 FY 2012 FY 2013 Corporate Property & Construction Residential Mortgages SME/Other Commercial Other Personal Excluding IBNR, the income statement specific provision charge reduced by 45% in 2013, due to continued signs of stabilisation in the economic environment. The income statement total credit provision charge reduced by 21% in 2013. Credit Profile – Criticised Loans €0.9bn decrease 42.7 42.5 29.4 29.2 6.3 7.0 6.0 7.3 41.8 28.9 6.1 6.8 €bn 50 40 30 20 10 0 Dec 2012 June 2013 Dec 2013 Watch Vulnerable Impaired Criticised loans decreased by € 0.9 billion in the year, including a reduction in impaired loans of € 0.5 billion due to write offs, repayments and asset sales, partly offset by new impaired loans. There are indications of stabilisation in credit quality in the portfolio, particularly in the property and construction and SME/other commercial lending sectors, with the level of new loan impairments having reduced significantly in 2013. Despite the challenging conditions, € 4.3 billion of SME loans and € 1.3 billion of residential mortgages were approved in 2013. While residential mortgage arrears have continued to increase over the past year, the rate of increase slowed significantly in the second half of the year. There was a notable decrease in loans in early arrears (less than 90 days past due) over the same period. The CSO index for December 2013 provides evidence, especially in Dublin, of residential house price increases during 2013. Weighted average loan-to values in the residential mortgage portfolio improved Asset quality income statement Credit provisions Other provisions Total provisions 2013 € m (1,916) 12 (1,904) 2012 % € m change (2,434) (95) (2,529) -21 -25 Provision charge % 2.24 2.57 Asset quality balance sheet Impaired loans Balance sheet provisions Amounts written off Specific provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/Total loans 31 Dec 2013 € bn 31 Dec 2012 € bn % change -2 3 68 28.9 17.1 1.1 % 55 21 29.4 16.5 0.7 % 52 18 from 110% at 31 December 2012 to 103% at 31 December 2013 due to price increases and amortisation. There are signs of recovery in the property investment markets with increased transactions and an uplift in prime rental and capital values in 2013. The non-core deleveraging target of € 20.5 billion of net loans was achieved, including € 2.2 billion of net loans deleveraged in 2013 through sales and amortisation. Specific provisions as a percentage of impaired loans increased from 52% at 31 December 2012 to 55% at 31 December 2013 driven by top-ups of existing provisions and repayments of impaired loans. The provision coverage increased on the residential mortgage portfolio due to changes in mortgage model assumptions to reflect current data on loss history and portfolio development as well as incorporating additional loss parameters assessed on restructuring outcomes. The Group determines impairment provisions on an ongoing basis in accordance with IFRS accounting standards, which takes into account impairment triggers, collateral valuations and the timing of realisation. In arriving at the 2013 impairment provision charge of € 1.9 billion, the Group also considered the Central Bank of Ireland Balance Sheet Assessment and impairment guidelines. The Group’s own charge for 2013 is substantially consistent with all of the Balance Sheet Assessment mean provision finding of € 1.1 billion. The stock of IBNR impairment provisions reduced by € 0.2 billion to € 1.2 billion at 31 December 2013, influenced by improved case review processes, the specific provisions processed during 2013 and the reduction in the performing portfolio. This was partly offset by an increase due to a change in the Emergence Period used in the calculation of IBNR impairment provisions for Republic of Ireland residential mortgages from 6 months to 9 months. The IBNR impairment provision level of 2.2% of performing loans is in line with the level at 31 December 2012. The income statement impairment provision charge for 2013 was € 1.9 billion (2012: € 2.4 billion) including a write-back of IBNR of € 0.1 billion. 31 Financial review - 3. Management report Credit Quality Metrics by Asset Class Loan Book Sectoral Profile December 2013 Gross loans to customers(1) Impaired Specific Impairment Charge Impairment Charge(2) (12 Month P&L) Balance Sheet Provisions (Specific + IBNR) Specific Provisions / Impaired Loans (%) Total Provisions / Total Loans (%) December 2012 Gross loans to customers(1) Impaired Specific Impairment Charge Impairment Charge(2) (12 Month P&L) Balance Sheet Provisions (Specific + IBNR) Specific Provisions / Impaired Loans (%) Total Provisions / Total Loans (%) Residential Mortgages € m Property& Construction € m SME/Other Other Personal Lending Commercial € m € m Corporate Lending € m 40,764 9,083 696 813 3,952 37% 10% € m 42,521 8,130 1,119 750 3,206 33% 8% 19,710 13,154 817 724 8,438 62% 43% € m 22,251 13,804 1,440 781 8,104 56% 36% 13,779 4,775 349 221 3,239 66% 24% € m 15,245 5,248 722 517 3,496 62% 23% 4,291 1,423 147 125 1,147 77% 27% € m 4,698 1,431 303 219 1,139 74% 24% 4,307 476 49 30 307 48% 7% € m 5,157 803 172 167 583 60% 11% Total € m 82,851 28,911 2,058 1,913 17,083 55% 21% € m 89,872 29,416 3,756 2,434 16,528 52% 18% Residential Mortgages € 38.1 billion (94%) of the residential mortgage portfolio relates to residential mortgages in the Republic of Ireland and is split 81% owner occupier and 19% buy-to-let, with most of the remaining € 2.6 billion relating to residential mortgages in Northern Ireland. The pace of increase in total residential mortgages in arrears in the Republic of Ireland decreased in the second half of the year whilst there was a notable decrease in loans in arrears for less than 90 days over the same period. Whilst impaired loans in Republic of Ireland increased by € 0.9 billion in 2013, the level of newly impaired loans decreased by 40% in comparison to 2012. New impaired loans were split 62% owner occupier (3% of the opening provisions for some cases in secondary locations and the impact of debt repayments. During 2013, there was some evidence of recovery in property values especially in prime locations. SME/Other Commercial The SME/other commercial portfolio, of which 69% relates to the Republic of Ireland, is dependent on the domestic economy and reduced by € 1.5 billion in 2013 reflecting the impact of asset sales, write-offs and repayments. The reduction was across all industry sectors, with the exception of the agriculture sector which remained flat in comparison to 31 December 2012. The levels of impaired non-impaired book) and 38% buy-to-let (12% of the opening loans reduced by € 0.5 billion to € 4.8 billion. Specific provision non-impaired book). Specific provision cover increased from 33% to cover increased from 62% to 66% driven by increased provisions for 37% primarily driven by changes in mortgage model assumptions to impaired loans and debt repayments. Challenging economic reflect current data on loss history and portfolio development as well conditions and the level of indebtedness in the sector (including as incorporating additional loss parameters assessed on property exposures) has resulted in many SMEs experiencing restructuring outcomes. The 55% peak-to-trough house price difficulty in managing the finances of their businesses. decline assumption used in the calculation of collective provisions Consequently, AIB is engaged with customers in restructuring remains unchanged based on the Group's assessment of property existing facilities where necessary in order to sustain viable market conditions and liquidity, despite some evidence of increases businesses. in property prices in 2013 in certain areas. This will be reassessed in 2014. Other Personal Lending Property and Construction Other personal lending mainly comprises loans and overdrafts and reduced by € 0.4 billion during the year, reflecting accelerated The property and construction portfolio comprises 66% investment repayments and subdued demand for credit. The levels of impaired loans (€ 13.0 billion), 30% land and development loans (€ 5.9 billion) loans were at a similar level to 31 December 2012, whilst the and 4% of other property and construction loans (€ 0.8 billion). 74% of the portfolio relates to the Republic of Ireland. The levels of specific provision cover increased marginally from 74% to 77%. impaired loans reduced by € 0.6 billion to € 13.2 billion reflecting the Corporate Lending impact of asset sales, write-offs and repayments. The rate of new impairments also reduced significantly in 2013 partly reflecting the high level of current impairment and provisions in the portfolio (e.g. 90% of land and development impaired with 77% cover). Specific provision cover increased from 56% to 62% due to increased The corporate lending portfolio continues to perform better than other sectors due to its lesser reliance on the domestic economy and property markets. The levels of impaired loans reduced by € 0.3 billion to € 0.5 billion and carry a specific provision cover of 48%. (1)The table above reconciles to the Credit Risk notes in section 3.1 of the Risk management section. (2)Impairment charge excludes provisions on loans to banks of € 3 million in 2013 and nil in 2012. 32 Financial review - 3. Management report Associated undertakings Income from associated undertakings in 2013 was € 7 million compared with income of € 10 million in 2012. Income in 2013 was mainly from AIB’s share in the joint venture with First Data International trading as AIB Merchant Services. 2012 included Aviva Health Insurance Ireland Limited and AIB Merchant Services. On 1 July 2012, AIB re-designated its investment in Aviva Life Holdings as an equity investment at fair value through the income statement (see note 31 to the financial statements). Income tax The total taxation credit for 2013 was € 90 million compared with a total taxation credit of € 172 million in 2012 reflecting a reduction in the overall level of losses in 2013 as compared with 2012. The net credit is reduced by tax charges resulting from a reduction in the UK tax rate, which reduces the carrying value of UK deferred tax assets in the balance sheet, and deferred tax credits which have not been recognised for certain subsidiaries and branches. With specific exceptions as set out in note 34 to the financial statements, the largest of which relates to UK tax losses, deferred tax credit continues to be recognised in full for the value of tax losses arising in Group companies, as it is expected that the tax losses will be utilised in full against future profits. 33 Financial review - 3. Management report Balance sheet commentary • €500 MILLION DEBT ISSUE IN NOVEMBER 2013: FIRST FULLY UNSECURED, UNGUARANTEED DEBT TRANSACTION BY AIB SINCE 2009. Balance sheet Gross loans to customers Provisions(1) Restated* 31 Dec 31 Dec 2012 % € bn change 2013 € bn 82.8 (17.1) 89.9 (16.6) • LOAN DEPOSIT RATIO IMPROVED FROM 115% TO 100%. • REDUCTION IN ECB FUNDING OF € 9.5 BILLION (43%). The following commentary highlights the main components of the balance sheet at 31 December 2013 and the movement in these components since 31 December 2012 unless otherwise noted. Loans to customers Gross loans to customers Net loans to customers Financial investments available for sale NAMA senior bonds Other assets 65.7 20.4 15.6 16.0 73.3 16.3 17.4 15.5 Total assets 117.7 122.5 Customer accounts Deposits by banks - ECB Other market funding Debt securities in issue Other liabilities 65.7 12.7 10.4 8.8 9.6 63.6 22.2 6.2 10.7 8.4 Gross loans at € 82.8 billion were down € 7.1 billion (8%) since 31 December 2012 and € 2.4 billion (3%) since 30 June 2013. The reduction since 2012 of € 7.1 billion was due to loan amortisation of € 8.4 billion and deleveraging of € 2.5 billion during the period partly offset by new lending of Total liabilities 107.2 111.1 Shareholders’ equity 10.5 11.4 Total liabilities & stockholders’ equity 117.7 122.5 -8 -3 -10 25 -10 3 -4 3 -43 68 -18 14 -4 -8 -4 € 3.8 billion. Provisions Balance sheet provisions have increased from € 16.6 billion to € 17.1 billion. See the Risk management section (page 96 to page 97) for more detail on the provisions raised during 2013. Net loans to customers Net loans reduced € 7.6 billion (10%) and reflect the gross loan movements as set out above along with the impact of provisions. Non-core deleveraging The Group’s commitment as part of the Financial Measures Loan deposit ratio Core tier 1 ratio Basel III fully loaded CET1 ratio(2) % 100 14.3 10.5 % change 115 15.2 10.2 -15 -0.9 0.3 arising from loan amortisation, deleveraging and provisions during the period while customer accounts increased which included Repos of € 5.8 billion. Financial investments available for sale (“AFS”) AFS assets increased from € 16.3 billion to € 20.4 billion during 2013 reflecting the purchase of € 6.8 billion, mainly in relation to reducing income volatility on interest free liabilities and capital Programme in 2011, required deleveraging of € 20.5 billion of net balances in a low interest rate environment partly offset by loans by 31 December 2013. This requirement was met in disposals of € 1.5 billion and maturities of € 1.2 billion. The September 2013 ahead of schedule and with a positive variance purchases were in Irish Government securities (€ 2.7 billion), Euro compared with the original capital loss assumptions. Deleveraging government securities (€ 3.4 billion) and non-Euro government of € 2.2 billion in net loans was achieved in 2013. securities (€ 0.7 billion). Further detail in respect of AFS is covered Non-Core Deleveraging Completed on pages 150 to 152. € bn 21 14 7 0 4.3 20.5 4.4 11.8 Achieved within PCAR capital assumptions Disposals Redemptions Provisions Deleveraging Plan The Group’s loan to deposit ratio reduced from 115% to 100%. The reduction in the ratio was due to a reduction in net loans € bn 100 138% Stabilising Funding Profile 75 50 25 0 115% 100% 83.7 60.7 73.3 63.6 65.7 65.7 2011 2012 2013 Loans Customer Accounts Loan Deposit ratio 150% 120% 90% 60% 30% 0% (1)Rounded figure at 31 December 2012. Actual figure is € 16,532 million which includes loans to banks. (2)Based on full implementation of Basel III CRD IV regulations and includes 2009 Preference Shares. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 34 Financial review - 3. Management report NAMA senior bonds These bonds reduced € 1.8 billion to € 15.6 billion in 2013 due to redemptions by NAMA. Other assets Other assets of € 16.0 billion comprised of: - cash and loans to banks of € 6.2 billion down 9% from € 6.8 billion. deferred taxation of € 3.8 billion broadly in line with 2012. assets held for sale (mainly Ark Life) € 2.8 billion. derivative financial instruments of € 1.6 billion down 43% from € 2.8 billion. the remaining assets of € 1.6 billion were down 27% from € 2.2 billion. - - - - Customer accounts Customer accounts increased € 2.1 billion (3%) to € 65.7 billion due to an increase in Repos of € 5.8 billion partly offset by Ark Life deposit elimination of €1.2 billion and a managed pricing reduction on deposit products contributed to a decrease of € 3.7 billion. The average cost of customer accounts dropped from 264 bps in 2012 to 187 bps in 2013. There were no material outflows following the cessation of the ELG scheme for new deposits at the end of March 2013. Deposits by banks - ECB There was a reduction of € 9.5 billion (43%) in monetary authority funding during the period as the overall funding requirement reduced during 2013. This was as a result of ongoing loan amortisation exceeding new lending, higher customer accounts and increased deposits from banks. € 8.8 billion during 2013. € 2.2 billion of European Medium Term Notes matured along with a € 1.0 billion Asset Covered Securitisation bond. These maturities were partly offset by two Mortgage Bank bond issuances of € 500 million in January and September 2013. In November 2013 AIB completed a 3 year € 500 million fixed rate senior unsecured debt issue. It was the first fully unsecured, unguaranteed debt transaction by AIB since 2009. The issuances above have been part of a balanced and measured re-engagement in the wholesale markets. Other liabilities Other liabilities of € 9.6 billion comprised of: - derivative financial instruments of € 2.0 billion down € 1.3 billion (39%) from € 3.3 billion. contingent convertible subordinated bond with a fair value of € 1.4 billion (nominal value of € 1.6 billion) up from € 1.3 billion in 2012 as the bonds approach maturity in 2016. liabilities held for sale (Ark Life) € 3.6 billion. retirement benefit liabilities € 0.2 billion compared to € 0.8 billion in 2012. the remaining liabilities of € 2.4 billion were broadly in line with 2012. - - - - Shareholders’ equity Shareholders’ equity reduced € 0.9 billion from € 11.4 billion* in 2012 to € 10.5 billion in 2013. This reduction was mainly due to the loss for the period of € 1.6 billion partly offset by positive fair value on available for sale securities of € 0.5 billion and an actuarial gain of € 0.3 billion. The net pension deficit has materially reduced by € 0.7 billion from a deficit of € 0.8 billion at 31 December 2012 to € 0.1 billion at 31 December 2013. € bn 30 25.4 20 10 0 Monetary Authority Funding / Funding Gap(1) Funding 22.2 Monetary Authority Funding Funding Gap At 31 December 2013, the Group held € 42 billion in qualifying liquid assets/contingent funding (excluding liquid assets in AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. which was unavailable for use at an overall Group level) of which approximately € 28 billion was used in 16.2 9.7 12.7 repurchase agreements. 0.1 2013 12% Sources of funds 2012 19% June 2012 Dec 2012 Dec 2013 The funding gap(1) reduced to € 0.1 billion at 31 December 2013 which is reflected in a loan to deposit ratio of 100%. Other market funding Other market funding increased € 4.2 billion in 2013 as more normalised market conditions emerged and AIB was able to access additional sources of funds. A credit card securitisation was issued in October 2013 for € 500 million based on high quality credit card receivables and was the first of its kind issued by an Irish bank. Debt securities in issue Debt securities in issue reduced € 1.9 billion from € 10.7 billion to 17% 11% 15% 60% 11% 55% Customer accounts Capital Wholesale Funding Monetary Authority Funding Customer accounts contributed 60% of the total funding requirement at 31 December 2013, up from 55% at 31 December 2012. (1)The funding gap reflects net loans (including held for sale) less customer accounts. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 35 Financial review - 3. Management report Capital The capital ratios continue to be comfortably above minimum regulatory requirements with the core tier 1 ratio of 14.3% compared to the regulatory requirement of 10.5%. Capital Risk weighted assets Core tier 1 ratio Total capital ratio Basel III fully loaded CET1 ratio(1) Basel III transitional CET1 ratio(2) Restated* 2012 € bn % change 71 -13 % 15.2 17.8 10.2 2013 € bn 62 % 14.3 16.6 10.5 15.0 The core tier 1 ratio reduced to 14.3% from 15.2% at 31 December 2012 due to credit provisions partially offset by operating profit before provisions and lower risk weighted assets. Risk weighted assets reduced € 9 billion to € 62 billion mainly as a result of lower net loan balances, available for sale disposals and reductions in both Operational and Market risk. These reductions were partly offset by increases due to changes in risk models and credit quality. The total capital ratio reduced by 1.2% to 16.6% at 31 December 2013 following the reduction in core tier 1 as mentioned above along with a reduction due to the continued amortisation of the contingent capital instrument (“CoCo”). The Basel III fully loaded CET1 ratio(1) of 10.5% at 31 December 2013 increased 0.3% from 31 December 2012. This increase was due to lower risk weighted assets, a reduction in the pension fund deficit and a capital benefit from disposals of available for sale securities partly offset by the loss in the period. The leverage ratio at 31 December 2013 was c. 5%(1). For further commentary on capital, see the Capital Management section on pages 47 to 49. Balance Sheet Assessment (“BSA”) The Central Bank of Ireland (“CBI”) concluded a BSA of the three credit institutions covered under the Eligible Liability Guarantee Scheme, including AIB, in the fourth quarter of 2013. This review included an assessment of asset quality, risk weighted assets and point in time capital adequacy as at 30 June 2013. As disclosed in early December 2013, AIB was advised of the findings of this review and has considered them in the preparation of the Group's year end December 2013 impairment provisions, capital position and financial statements. The BSA review process included a top down mortgage modelling exercise and a review of the classification of 670 mortgages. 1,210 non-mortgage sample file reviews were also performed. The review was conducted in line with the CBI impairment guidelines issued in May 2013. The findings as at 30 June 2013 suggested higher mean impairment provisions of € 1,135 million and higher risk weighted assets of € 1,564 million for consideration by the Group. The Group determines impairment provisions on an ongoing basis in accordance with IFRS accounting standards, which takes into account impairment triggers, collateral valuations and the timing of realisation. In arriving at the 2013 total credit impairment provisions charge of € 1,916 million, the Group also considered the CBI BSA findings and impairment guidelines The Group's own assessment of the impairment charge for 2013 is substantially consistent with all of the BSA mean provision finding of € 1,135 million. The table on this page summarises AIB Group’s capital ratios as at 31 December 2013 and 2012. Risk weighted assets (“RWAs”) reduced by € 9.0 billion in the year to 31 December 2013. The credit RWAs reduction of € 7.3 billion is primarily a result of amortisations, deleveraging, increased provisions and foreign exchange movements, which were offset to a degree by changes implemented in risk models, including those identified as part of the BSA exercise, and deterioration in credit quality, particularly in the mortgage portfolio. The RWAs attaching to market risk reduced by € 0.4 billion, primarily due to the maturing of positions in traded debt instruments and equities. The RWAs attaching to operational risk reduced by € 1.3 billion in 2013 reflecting the reduced levels of income in the annual calculation, arising in the main from disposals and the impact of the economic decline in the last three years. (1)Based on full implementation of the Basel III CRD IV regulations and includes 2009 Preference Shares. (2)Based on a phased implementation of the Basel III CRD IV regulations and includes 2009 Preference Shares. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 36 Financial review - 3. Management report Half-year analysis Half-year balance sheet metrics Gross loans Gross loans held for sale Net loans Net loans held for sale Customer accounts Half-year income statement Net interest income before ELG ELG Net interest income Other income Total operating income Total operating expenses Operating profit/(loss) before provisions Total provisions Operating loss Associated undertakings Profit/(loss) on disposal of property Profit/(loss) on disposal of business Loss before exceptional items Cost income ratio Net interest margin excluding ELG Loan deposit ratio 31 December 2013 € bn 30 June 2013 € bn 31 December 2012 € bn 30 June 2012 € bn 82.8 - 65.7 - 65.7 85.2 0.1 68.7 0.1 64.8 89.3 0.6 72.9 0.4 63.6 93.3 2.0 78.0 1.7 63.6 Half-year 31 December 2013 € m Half-year 30 June 2013 € m Restated* Half-year 31 December 2012 € m Restated* Half-year 30 June 2012 € m 800 (50) 750 249 999 (716) 283 (1,166) (883) 4 1 - (878) % 72 1.45 100 718 (123) 595 321 916 (754) 162 (738) (576) 3 - 1 (572) % 82 1.28 106 711 (173) 538 115 653 (867) (214) (1,556) (1,770) 9 2 5 (1,754) % 133 1.20 115 783 (215) 568 203 771 (881) (110) (973) (1,083) 1 - (2) (1,084) % 114 1.24 123 *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). Half-year 31 December 2013 v Half-year 30 June 2013 Half-year 31 December 2013 v Half-year 31 December 2012 Net loans including held for sale reduced by € 3.1 billion (5%) as a Net loans including held for sale have reduced by € 7.6 billion result of loan amortisation and provisions. Customer accounts increased € 0.9 billion (1%) resulting in an improvement in the loan (10%) as a result of deleveraging, loan amortisation and provisions. Customer accounts increased € 2.1 billion (3%) resulting in an deposit ratio, reducing from 106% to 100%. improvement in the loan deposit ratio, reducing from 115% to 100%. Net interest margin excluding ELG of 1.45% was 17 bps higher due to lower funding costs and the impact of asset and deposit re-pricing. Net interest margin excluding ELG of 1.45% was 25 bps higher due to lower funding costs, and re-pricing of both customer accounts Operating profit before provisions of € 283 million was € 121 million and loans. (75%) higher. The increase reflected higher net interest income as a Operating profit before provisions of € 283 million was € 497 million result of lower ELG and funding costs and lower operating expenses higher due to higher net interest income as a result of lower ELG mainly driven by lower staff numbers. These positive drivers were and funding costs, higher other income, and lower operating partly offset by lower other income as the half-year to 30 June 2013 expenses mainly driven by lower staff numbers and cost saving included a gain of € 62 million resulting from re-estimating the timing initiatives. The cost income ratio improved from 133% to 72%. of cash flows on NAMA senior bonds. The cost income ratio improved from 82% to 72%. 37 Financial review - 3. Management report Segment reporting In the latter part of 2012 AIB commenced organising its internal structure to a more customer centric model comprising the following key segments: Domestic Core Bank (“DCB”), AIB UK, and Financial Solutions Group (“FSG”). Reporting on this new segment basis commenced in 2013. Consequently, the full year to December 2012 has been presented in the new operating structure. A summary description of each segment is outlined below with a more comprehensive overview available on pages 11 to 14. Domestic Core Bank (“DCB”) services the personal, business and corporate customers of AIB in the Republic of Ireland, in addition to wealth management services and has a strong presence in all key sectors including SMEs, mortgages, personal and corporate banking. All owner occupier mortgages in the Republic of Ireland are reported in DCB. This segment also includes the bank’s treasury and capital markets functions. AIB UK comprises retail and commercial banking operations in Great Britain operating under the trading name Allied Irish Bank (GB) (“AIB GB”) and in Northern Ireland operating under the trading name First Trust Bank (“FTB”). UK Structured Lending Services (“SLS”) deals with AIB UK customers in difficulty within one centre of expertise. Segment transfers AIB completed non-core deleveraging during 2013 under the Financial Measures Programme. Upon completion of the non-core deleveraging target, certain assets were transferred back to the relevant segments. The table below gives a summary of the balance sheet transfers at 1 July 2013. Balance sheet transfers Non-core Gross loans to customers Credit provisions Net loans to customers DCB AIB UK € bn € bn FSG € bn Total € bn 1.7 (0.4) 1.3 5.0 (1.7) 3.3 (6.7) 2.1 (4.6) - - - In addition a decision was made to transfer management of Corporate Banking Britain (“CBB”) to AIB UK segment as part of a strategy change to grow and manage the corporate business under the AIB GB brand. This transfer is set out below. Balance sheet transfers DCB AIB UK € bn € bn FSG € bn Total € bn Financial Solutions Group (“FSG”) segment is dedicated to CBB supporting business and personal customers in financial difficulties on a case by case basis and Third Party Servicing of NAMA loans. Non-impaired loans connected to customers in financial difficulty are also reported in this segment. Gross loans to customers Credit provisions Net loans to customers Customer accounts (0.7) - (0.7) (0.9) 0.7 - 0.7 0.9 - - - - - - - - Group includes AIB’s operations in the Isle of Man/Channel Islands in 2012 (operations closed in 2013) and central control and support functions costs. Central control and support function costs include operations & technology, risk, audit, finance, general counsel, human resources and corporate affairs & strategy. Certain overheads related to these activities are managed and reported in the Group segment. The table below gives a summary of the contribution statement impacts of the above mentioned transfers for the second half of 2013. The segments’ performance statements include all income and direct costs but exclude certain overheads which are managed H2 2013 Contribution statement impact DCB AIB UK € m € m centrally and the costs of these are included in the ‘Group’ segment. Funding and liquidity charges are based on actual Net interest income Other income wholesale funding costs incurred and segments’ net funding Total operating expenses requirements. Income on capital is allocated to segments based Total provisions on each segment’s capital requirement. The cost of services Operating contribution 6 (7) 1 2 2 16 3 (3) (138) (122) FSG € m (22) 4 2 136 120 Total € m - - - - - between segments and from central support functions is based on the estimated actual cost incurred in providing the service. A summarised view of the Group’s segmental performance is available in note 1 to the financial statements. 38 48.1 46.0 51.2 -1 -4 5 % change 90 -7 2012 % € m change 1,068 (321) 747 346 (809) 284 (290) (6) 13 7 - 7 1 8 5 -54 30 33 31 -7 140 191 - -38 - - - - - Financial review - 3. Management report Domestic Core Bank (“DCB”) • CONTRIBUTION BEFORE PROVISIONS OF € 683 MILLION COMPARED TO A CONTRIBUTION OF € 284 MILLION IN 2012. DCB balance sheet metrics(1) 31 Dec 2013 € bn 31 Dec 2012 € bn % change • TOTAL OPERATING INCOME WAS € 340 MILLION (31%) HIGHER AND TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES WERE € 59 MILLION (7%) LOWER THAN 2012. Balance sheet Gross loans reduced € 0.5 billion (1%) since 31 December 2012. There were € 1 billion of loan transfers(1) into DCB which were more than offset by repayments which exceeded new lending. Customer accounts increased € 2.4 billion (5%) since 31 December 2012 (including Repos of € 5.8 billion). Excluding Repos, Ark Life deposit elimination and the € 0.9 billion CBB deposits transferred to UK, customer accounts were € 1.3 billion (3%) lower than 31 December 2012 as a result of balance sheet management. Gross loans Net loans Customer accounts Loan deposit ratio DCB contribution statement(1) Net interest income before ELG ELG Net interest income Other income 47.6 44.3 53.6 % 83 2013 € m 1,120 (147) 973 460 Total operating income 1,433 1,093 Total operating expenses (750) € m 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Growth in operating contribution Operating contribution before provisions 683 1,433 750 683 1,093 809 284 Total provisions Operating contribution Associated undertakings (843) (160) 8 Contribution before disposal of property (152) Profit on disposal of property 1 Contribution before disposal of business (151) Profit on disposal of business - Contribution before exceptional items (151) 2012 2013 Total income Total operating expenses Operating contribution Contribution DCB operating contribution before provisions of € 683 million was € 399 million (140%) higher than 2012 with income € 340 million (31%) higher and costs € 59 million (7%) lower. After provisions of Cost income ratio % 52 % change 74 -22 € 843 million the negative contribution before exceptional items Operating expenses was € 151 million, compared to a contribution of € 8 million in Total operating expenses reduced € 59 million (7%) to 2012. Net interest income € 750 million as reduced staff numbers resulted in lower salary and associated costs compared with 2012. Net interest income of € 973 million was € 226 million (30%) Personnel expenses of € 452 million were € 65 million (13%) lower higher than 2012 due to reductions in the ELG charge following than 2012 mainly as a result of reductions in staff numbers. cessation of the ELG scheme for new liabilities on 28 March 2013, General and administrative expenses of € 244 million were lower funding costs, loan pricing actions and increased € 6 million higher than 2012 due to higher technology costs as the investments in securities. These positive impacts were partly offset bank continues to become more technology focused. The charge by lower loan volumes; as repayments exceeded new lending, for depreciation, impairment and amortisation of € 54 million was lower income on NAMA bonds, and the impact of lower interest in line with 2012. rates and yields on treasury operations. Provisions Other income Total provisions of € 843 million were € 553 million higher than Other income improved € 114 million (33%) to € 460 million with 2012. The increase was mainly in mortgages reflecting changes in higher current account fees, improved treasury income and the assumptions to reflect current data on loss history and portfolio positive impact from re-estimating the timing of cash flows on development as well as incorporating additional loss parameters NAMA senior bonds. (1)For details of balance sheet transfers see page 38. assessed on restructuring outcomes. The increase also included an increase in IBNR due to a change in the emergence period from 6 months to 9 months. 39 Financial review - 3. Management report AIB UK • OPERATING CONTRIBUTION BEFORE PROVISIONS OF £ 64 MILLION COMPARED TO A NEGATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF £ 31 MILLION IN 2012. AIB UK balance sheet metrics(1) Gross loans Net loans • COST INCOME RATIO IMPROVEMENT, 69% IN 2013 Customer accounts COMPARED TO 123% IN 2012. 31 Dec 2013 £ bn 31 Dec 2012 £ bn % change 11.2 9.4 9.1 % 103 7.3 6.8 8.9 53 38 2 % change 76 27 Restated* 2012 % £ m change 2013 £ m 161 (10) 151 58 209 (145) 64 (133) (69) 1 (68) 112 (29) 83 54 137 (168) (31) (79) (110) 2 (108) (133) 44 -66 82 7 53 -14 - 68 37 -50 37 40 Loan deposit ratio AIB UK contribution statement(1) Net interest income before ELG ELG Net interest income Other income Total operating income Total operating expenses Operating contribution before provisions Total provisions Operating contribution Associated undertakings Contribution before exceptional items Contribution before exceptional items € m (80) Balance sheet AIB UK gross loans to customers increased £ 3.9 billion (53%) since 31 December 2012 including loan transfers(1). Excluding the loan transfers gross loans reduced £ 1.0 billion to £ 6.3 billion following loan repayments during the period. Customer accounts excluding transfers(1) reduced by £ 0.6 billion (7%) since 31 December 2012 following deposit pricing actions, which resulted in a managed reduction in UK deposits. Loan deposit ratio has increased to 103% in 2013 compared to 76% in 2012. The increase was mainly driven by the CBB and non-core transfers into the UK segment on 1 July 2013. Return to pre-provision profitability 168 137 209 145 64 £ m 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50 -31 2012 2013 Cost income ratio % 69 % change 123 -54 Total income Total operating expenses Operating contribution *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee Contribution AIB UK operating contribution before provisions of £ 64 million was £ 95 million higher than the negative contribution of £ 31 million in 2012 with income £ 72 million (53%) higher and costs £ 23 million benefits (note 60). £ 145 million. Personnel expenses of £ 92 million were £ 3 million (14%) lower. The negative contribution before exceptional items (3%) higher than 2012. Reduced staff numbers resulted in lower was £ 68 million, an improvement of £ 40 million (37%) on 2012 salary and associated costs which were more than offset by higher negative contribution of £ 108 million. retirement benefit expenses. Net interest income General and administrative expenses of £ 48 million were Net interest income of £ 151 million was £ 68 million (82%) higher £ 22 million (31%) lower than 2012 mainly due to lower occupancy than 2012 mainly due to reductions in the ELG charge following costs as a result of the restructuring of the UK business and the AIB UK’s withdrawal from the ELG scheme in August 2012 and impact of lower staff numbers. lower funding costs as a result of deposit pricing actions along with the impact of loan repricing. Other income Other income of £ 58 million in 2013 was £ 4 million higher than 2012 following transfer of CBB and non-core on 1 July 2013. Total operating expenses Total operating expenses reduced £ 23 million (14%) to The increase in total income along with a decrease in total operating expenses resulted in an improvement in the cost income ratio from 123% in 2012 to 69% in 2013. Provisions Total provisions of £ 133 million were £ 54 million (68%) higher than 2012 due to loan transfers. Excluding transfers, provisions were lower than 2012. (1)For details of balance sheet transfers see page 38. 40 Financial review - 3. Management report Financial Solutions Group (“FSG”) • GROSS LOANS REDUCED € 10.8 BILLION SINCE 31 DECEMBER 2012 DUE TO TRANSFERS, DELEVERAGING AND LOAN AMORTISATION. • NON-CORE DELEVERAGING TARGET OF € 20.5 BILLION (NET LOANS) ACHIEVED. • TOTAL PROVISIONS REDUCED BY € 1,236 MILLION (58%) COMPARED TO 2012. Balance sheet Gross loans reduced € 10.8 billion (33%) since 31 December 2012 mainly due to non-core deleveraging of € 2.5 billion, loan transfers of € 6.7 billion and loan amortisation/charge-offs of € 1.6 billion during the period. Provisions have reduced € 2.2 billion (16%) since 31 December 2012. Transfers accounted for € 2.1 billion of the reduction with the remaining net movement mainly consisting of income statement provision charge, charge-offs and foreign exchange movement. Gross loan movement 32.6 6.7 FSG balance sheet metrics(1) Gross loans Gross loans held for sale Net loans Net loans held for sale Customer accounts FSG contribution statement(1) Net interest income before ELG ELG Net interest income Other income Total operating income Total operating expenses Operating contribution before provisions Total provisions Operating contribution Associated undertakings 31 Dec 2013 € bn 31 Dec 2012 € bn % change 21.8 - 10.2 - 1.1 2013 € m 204 (14) 190 25 215 (161) 32.0 0.6 18.4 0.4 1.3 -32 - -45 - -15 2012 % € m change 254 (24) 230 (45) 185 (243) 54 (58) (906) (2,142) (852) (2,200) (3) (5) -20 -42 -17 - 16 -34 - -58 61 40 61 - 61 € bn 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 2.5 1.6 21.8 Contribution before disposal of business (855) (2,205) Profit on disposal of business - 2 Contribution before exceptional items (855) (2,203) Dec-12 Transfers Non-core deleveraging Other(2) Dec-13 Cost income ratio % 75 % change 131 -56 The non-core deleveraging target of € 20.5 billion was successfully completed ahead of schedule, with € 2.2 billion reduction in net loans achieved in 2013. Contribution Operating expenses Total operating expenses reduced € 82 million (34%) to € 161 million with lower salary and associated costs and lower FSG operating contribution before provisions of € 54 million was external consultancy and advisory fees compared with 2012. € 112 million higher than 2012 with income € 30 million (16%) higher and total operating expenses € 82 million (34%) lower. The Personnel expenses of € 128 million were € 40 million (24%) lower negative contribution before exceptional items was € 855 million, than 2012 as reduced staff numbers and the transfer of assets out an improvement of € 1,348 million (61%) compared with the 2012 of FSG on completion of the deleveraging programme resulted in negative contribution of € 2,203 million. lower salary and associated costs. FSG are resourced to manage impaired loans of c.€ 18 billion and support business and personal Net interest income customers in financial difficulties. Net interest income of € 190 million was € 40 million (17%) lower than 2012 due to lower loan volumes including transfers of loans to General and administrative expenses of € 32 million were other segments. This was partly offset by reductions in the ELG € 37 million (54%) lower than 2012 mainly due to lower external charge following cessation of the ELG scheme for new liabilities on consultancy and advisory fees associated with deleveraging. 28 March 2013 and lower funding costs. Other income Other income improved € 70 million to € 25 million. 2012 included higher loan breakage and associated costs relating to deleveraging and mark to market writedowns on credit default swaps. (1)For details of balance sheet transfers see page 38. (2)Includes amortisation, charge-offs and foreign exchange movements. Provisions Total provisions of € 906 million were € 1,236 million (58%) lower than 2012. While there have been positive indications that the Irish and global economies are stabilising, challenging conditions continue to remain. 41 Financial review - 3. Management report - - -21 29 - 31 - 28 - 29 Restated* 2012 % € m change -81 27 Group contribution statement Net interest income Other income Total operating income 2013 € m 5 17 22 Total operating expenses (388) Operating contribution before provisions (366) Total provisions 1 (50) (23) (489) (512) - Contribution before disposal of property Loss on disposal of property Contribution before disposal of business (365) (512) - 2 (365) (510) Contribution on disposal of business 1 - Contribution before exceptional items (364) (510) *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). € m 500 250 0 489 243 246 2012 Reduction in costs Other costs Staff costs 388 226 162 2013 Group • TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES HAVE REDUCED BY € 101 MILLION (21%), € 388 MILLION IN 2013 COMPARED TO € 489 MILLION IN 2012. Contribution Group operating contribution before provisions of € 366 million was € 146 million lower than 2012 with income € 45 million higher and costs € 101 million lower. The negative contribution before exceptional items was € 364 million, a decrease of € 146 million on the 2012 negative contribution of € 510 million. Total operating income improved € 45 million in 2013. 2012 income was negatively impacted by € 32 million negative fair value movement on the options relating to the Aviva Life Holdings transaction. Operating expenses Total operating expenses reduced € 101 million to € 388 million in 2013 due to lower salary and associated costs resulting from reduced staff numbers, lower external consultancy and advisory fees and lower occupancy costs. Operating expenses in Group include unallocated overheads relating to operations & technology, risk, audit, finance, general counsel, human resources and corporate affairs & strategy. Personnel expenses of € 162 million in 2013 were € 84 million (34%) lower than 2012 as a result of the reduction in staff numbers. General and administrative expenses of € 187 million in 2013 were € 9 million (5%) lower than 2012 due to lower occupancy costs as a result of restructuring and the impact of lower staff numbers, and lower external consultancy and advisory fees. The charge for depreciation, impairment and amortisation of € 39 million in 2013 was € 8 million (17%) lower than 2012 as a result of the unwind of depreciation relating to capital investments in prior periods. 42 Financial review - 3. Management report Performance commentary comparing 2012 performance with 2011 The following performance commentary compares the 2012 performance with 2011. In the latter part of 2012 AIB commenced organising its internal structure to a more customer centric model. Therefore the comparison between 2012 and 2011 is prepared at a Group level and includes the restatement due to a change in accounting policy for employee benefits. Summary income statement Net interest income Other income Total operating income Personnel expenses General and administrative expenses Depreciation(1), impairment and amortisation(2) Total operating expenses Operating(loss)/profit before provisions Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables Provisions for liabilities and commitments Provisions for impairment on financial investments available for sale Total provisions Operating loss Associated undertakings Profit/(loss) on disposal of property Profit/(loss) on disposal of businesses Loss from continuing operations before exceptional items Loss on disposal of loans Profit/(loss) on transfer of financial instruments to NAMA Gain on redemption of subordinated debt and other capital instruments Interest rate hedge volatility Retirement benefits curtailment Restructuring and restitution expenses Writeback/(charge) of contingent provisions for NAMA loans Total exceptional items Loss before taxation from continuing operations Income tax credit from continuing operations Loss after taxation from continuing operations Profit after taxation from discontinued operations Loss for the year Cost income ratio(3) (1)Depreciation of property, plant and equipment. (2)Impairment and amortisation of intangible assets. (3)Excluding exceptional items. Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m % change -18 -27 -20 8 -8 3 2 - -69 -47 -70 -69 65 - - -92 65 - - - - - - - - 27 -86 10 - -53 1,106 318 1,424 (1,041) (589) (118) (1,748) (324) (2,434) (9) (86) (2,529) (2,853) 10 2 3 (2,838) (962) 159 – – 204 (292) – (891) (3,729) 172 (3,557) – (3,557) 2012 % 123 1,350 438 1,788 (966) (637) (115) (1,718) 70 (7,861) (17) (283) (8,161) (8,091) (37) (1) 38 (8,091) (322) (364) 3,277 (39) – (33) 433 2,952 (5,139) 1,193 (3,946) 1,628 (2,318) 2011 % 96 *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). Overview of results The Group recorded a loss before taxation from continuing operations of € 3.7 billion in 2012 compared to a loss of € 5.1 billion in 2011. When exceptional items of € 0.9 billion in 2012 are excluded the loss from continuing operations was € 2.8 billion in 2012 compared to € 8.1 billion in 2011. The performance reflected a material reduction in provisions and lower levels of income on reduced business volumes. Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables were € 2.4 billion in 2012, a reduction of € 5.4 billion from 2011. The level of provisions in 2012 continues to reflect the continued weak economic environment. The Group recorded an operating loss before provisions and excluding exceptional items of € 324 million in 2012 compared to € 70 million profit in 2011. Net interest income reduced by 18% compared to 2011, reflecting lower loan balances following deleveraging, higher volumes 43 Financial review - 3. Management report of impaired loans and an increase in the cost of funds for the bank. Other income was 27% lower as fee and commission income reduced in 2012 reflecting subdued demand, lower business volumes and weak economic conditions. Total operating expenses were 2% higher compared to 2011, and 1% higher when the impact of EBS for the full twelve months in 2012 is taken into account. This increase in costs mainly related to additional external provider fees on credit management improvement, partially offset by the impact of staff exits in 2012. At 31 December 2012, the Group remains well capitalised with a core tier 1 capital ratio of 15.2%, comfortably above the 10.5% minimum target level as prescribed by the Central Bank of Ireland. Exceptional items The Group’s performance is presented to exclude those items that the Group believes obscure the underlying performance trends in the business. – Loss on disposal of loans: There was € 962 million loss on disposal of loans of which € 952 million related to the ongoing deleveraging programme in the Non-Core portfolio. – Profit/(loss) on transfer of financial instruments to NAMA: valuation adjustments on previous transfers of financial assets to NAMA. – Retirement benefits curtailment: AIB affirmed its approach to the funding of the Irish pension scheme during the year which resulted in a reduction in the scheme obligations under IAS 19 Employee Benefits of € 204 million which was recognised in the income statement. – Restructuring and restitution expenses: includes early retirement/voluntary severance termination benefits, restructuring costs associated with the closure of AIB’s operations in the Isle of Man and Channel Islands and restitution expenses for Payment Protection Insurance and the UK Derivatives investigation. Net interest income Net interest income was € 1,106 million in 2012 compared with € 1,350 million in 2011, a decrease of € 244 million or 18%. Average interest earning assets decreased by € 9 billion in 2012 to € 122 billion compared with € 131 billion in 2011. Group net interest margin was 91 basis points (“bps”) in 2012 compared with 103bps in 2011. The underlying reduction in net interest income mainly reflected lower loan balances along with higher funding costs through interest bearing customer accounts, which saw the average gross cost increase from 219bps to 264bps, notwithstanding appreciably lower wholesale market rates. These factors were partially offset by the impact of the recapitalisation during 2011 and lower wholesale funding costs in 2012. In the second half of 2012, deposit pricing actions along with the impact of standard variable rate mortgage increases have resulted in a stabilisation in the net interest margin. The ELG charge for 2012 was € 388 million as compared to € 488 million for 2011. The reduction in the ELG charge is due to lower levels of wholesale funding in 2012, withdrawal of AIB UK from the ELG scheme in August 2012 and NTMA deposits of € 11 billion which impacted the ELG charge until July 2011. Excluding ELG, net interest income reduced by € 344 million or 19%. Net interest income excluding ELG for EBS was € 198 million for the full year in 2012 compared with € 158 million from 1 July 2011, the date of EBS acquisition. Excluding the cost of the ELG scheme, the net interest margin for 2012 was 1.22% compared with 1.40% in 2011. The factors contributing to the decline in the margin of 18bps are due to a contraction in yields on interest earning assets of 14bps and an increase of 4bps on the cost of funding those assets. Other income Other income before exceptional items was € 318 million in 2012 compared with € 438 million in 2011, a reduction of €120 million or 27%. Fee and commission income decreased by € 74 million as fees including those related to life assurance, ATM fees and various branch fees all reduced due to lower levels of activity. Investment banking and asset management fees were lower primarily due to the disposal of AIBIFS (November 2011) and AIBIM (May 2012). Negative trading income was € 100 million in 2012 compared to € 74 million in 2011. Increase in negative income reflects a further fair value movement on the options relating to transactions on the expected disposal of Aviva Life Holdings (see note 31 to the financial statements) and loan breakage and associated costs relating to deleveraging. Other operating income in 2012 was € 50 million compared with € 67 million in 2011. In 2012 there was a net € 31 million profit from the disposal of available for sale debt and equity securities. The comparative period in 2011 included € 61 million from litigation settlements, € 40 million in foreign exchange gains and € 8 million income from the disposal of available for sale equity shares, partially offset by a loss of € 36 million from the disposal of available for sale debt securities which primarily related to bonds in peripheral Eurozone countries. Other income for EBS was € 14 million for the full year in 2012 compared with € 5 million from 1 July 2011, the date of EBS acquisition. 44 Financial review - 3. Management report Total operating expenses 2012 operating expenses of € 1,748 million includes EBS costs of € 80 million for a full twelve months compared to € 46 million for six months in 2011 (date of acquisition 1 July 2011). Adjusting for the acquired EBS business, operating costs of € 1,668 million are € 4 million lower than 2011. Personnel expenses in 2012 were € 1,041 million, an increase of € 75 million or 8% compared with € 966 million in 2011, and include the full year impact of EBS of € 36 million compared to the six month impact of € 21 million in 2011. The higher costs reflected the higher pension costs and an increase in the number of fixed term contract staff, particularly in credit management areas. The implementation of the early retirement/voluntary severance scheme in 2012 included the departure of 1,744 staff from AIB resulting in an overall net decrease in FTE of 1,072 compared to 2011. The majority of the early retirement/voluntary severance scheme exits occurred in the latter part of 2012. General and administrative expenses of € 589 million in 2012 were € 48 million or 8% lower than 2011 and reflect lower external provider fees compared to 2011. External provider fees in both periods were associated with business outsourcing and credit management. Additionally, external provider fees in 2011 were incurred on capital raising initiatives. Depreciation, impairment and amortisation expense of € 118 million in 2012 was € 3 million or 3% higher when compared to 2011. Asset quality The provision for impairment on loans and receivables reduced 69% from € 7.9 billion (7.84% of average loans) in 2011 to € 2.4 billion (2.57% of average loans) in 2012. Impaired loans increased from € 24.8 billion (25% of loans) in 2011 to € 29.4 billion (33% of loans) in 2012. Specific provisions as a percentage of impaired loans increased from 49% in 2011 to 52% in 2012. Total balance sheet provisions at 31 December 2012 were € 16.5 billion up from € 14.9 billion in 2011. Associated undertakings Income from associated undertakings in 2012 was € 10 million compared with a loss of € 37 million in 2011, 2012 income includes Aviva Health Insurance Ireland Limited and AIB’s share in the joint venture with First Data International trading as AIB Merchant Services. On 1 July 2012, AIB re-designated its investment in Aviva Life Holdings as an equity investment at fair value through the income statement (see note 31 to the financial statements). Income tax The taxation credit for 2012 was € 172 million (being a € 172 million credit relating to deferred taxation), compared with a taxation credit of € 1,193 million in 2011(including a credit of € 1,153 million relating to deferred taxation). The credit is influenced by the geographic mix of profits and losses, which are taxed at the rates applicable in the jurisdictions where the Group operates. With specific exceptions, the largest of which relates to UK tax losses, deferred tax credit continues to be recognised in full for the value of tax losses arising in Group companies, as it is expected that the tax losses will be utilised in full against future profits. Discontinued operations Discontinued operations recorded a profit after taxation of € 1,628 million in 2011. BZWBK recorded a profit after taxation of € 82 million in the three months to March 2011 and there was a profit on disposal of the business of € 1,546 million, following completion of the sale on 1 April 2011. Balance sheet commentary The commentary on the balance sheet is on a continuing operations basis unless otherwise stated. Gross loans(1) Total Core Non-Core Total gross customer loans Other gross loans held for sale (Non-Core) Total gross loans 31 December 2012 € bn 31 December 2011 € bn 74.3 15.0 89.3 0.6 89.9 76.9 20.5 97.4 1.2 98.6 % change -3 -27 -8 -50 -9 (1)The balance sheet identifies loans eligible for sale to NAMA and loans classified as held for sale as part of deleveraging measures (included in ‘Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale’) separately from other customer loans. Total gross loans were down € 8.7 billion or 9% since 31 December 2011. This reduction reflected deleveraging measures and continued weak demand for credit from certain sectors in 2012. Total Core loans are down € 2.6 billion which reflects lower demand from larger businesses and corporates, partially offset by new lending to personal and small businesses. Additionally € 0.8 billion of loans were transferred from Core to Non-Core in 2012. Non-Core loans reduced by € 6.1 billion or 28% and is in line with the Group’s commitments to the Financial Measures Programme in 2011. 45 Financial review - 3. Management report Net loans(1) Total Core Non-Core Total net customer loans Other net loans held for sale (Non-Core) Total net loans 31 December 2012 € bn 31 December 2011 € bn 63.7 9.2 72.9 0.4 73.3 68.7 13.8 82.5 1.2 83.7 % change -7 -33 -12 -67 -12 (1)The balance sheet identifies loans eligible for sale to NAMA and loans classified as held for sale as part of deleveraging measures (included in ‘Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale’) separately from other customer loans. Total net loans decreased by € 10.4 billion or 12%, reflecting the movement of gross loans as set out above and additional impairment charge in the year. The identified pool of Non-Core assets including net customer loans classified as held for sale reduced from € 15.0 billion at 31 December 2011 to € 9.6 billion at 31 December 2012. Customer accounts Total Core Non-Core Total customer accounts 31 December 2012 € bn 31 December 2011 € bn 63.6 – 63.6 60.7 – 60.7 % change 5 – 5 Customer accounts of € 63.6 billion are up € 2.9 billion (5%) since 2011. The increase in 2012 was achieved despite a range of deposit pricing actions taken in 2012 and generally reflects a return to more normalised market behaviour. Funding(1) Customer accounts contributed 55% of the total funding requirement at 31 December 2012, up from 47% at 31 December 2011. This represents a € 3 billion increase in customer accounts in 2012, notwithstanding outflows of € 2 billion as a result of the announced closure of AIB’s operations in Isle of Man and Channel Islands. This level of growth was noteworthy given management’s focus on reducing the pricing of deposits in both the Irish and UK markets in the second half of 2012. While wholesale funding markets continued to be challenging in 2012, the second half of the year showed significant improvement in sentiment towards Ireland. Given the emergence of a return to more normalised market operations, AIB re-entered the wholesale market issuing a € 500 million covered bond in November 2012. At 31 December 2012, the Group held € 41 billion in qualifying liquid assets/contingent funding (excluding trapped liquidity at a Group level relating to AIB Group (UK) plc) of which approximately € 28 billion was used in repurchase agreements. The Group continues to explore and develop contingent collateral and funding facilities to support its funding requirements. In this regard, AIB issued an external residential mortgage backed security (“RMBS”) in May 2012 using mortgage collateral from its UK operations, raising £ 0.3 billion in funding. Deposits by central banks and banks decreased by € 8 billion year on year. At 31 December 2012 AIB availed of Central Bank funding of € 22 billion, down from € 31 billion in 2011. This included the switching of an additional € 8 billion from short term Central Bank drawings into the 3 year Long Term Repurchase Operation (“LTRO”), with the total 3 year LTRO balance of € 11 billion at December 2012. The reduction in Central Bank drawings in 2012 was due to asset deleveraging, loan amortisation and continued weak demand for credit, the redemption of NAMA senior bonds and increased deposits, offset partially by maturing secured and unsecured bonds (ACS and medium term notes (“MTN”) respectively). Reducing the reliance on Central Bank funding will continue to be a key objective of the Group. The strong deposit growth and the lower loan balances, including deleveraging actions contributed to an improved Group loan to deposit ratio. The Group’s loan to deposit ratio including loans and receivables held for sale decreased from 138% at 31 December 2011 to 115% at 31 December 2012. Senior debt funding of € 6 billion at 31 December 2012 decreased from € 11 billion at 31 December 2011 due to contractual maturing bonds. (1)The funding commentary is on a total AIB Group basis. 46 Financial review - 4. Capital management Capital The objectives of the Group’s capital management policy are to at all times comply with regulatory capital requirements and to ensure that the Group has sufficient capital to cover the current and future risks inherent in its business and to support its future development. The Group does this through an Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (“ICAAP”), which is subject to supervisory review and evaluation. The minimum regulatory capital requirements set by the Central Bank of Ireland (‘the Central Bank’) or (”CBI”), which reflect the requirements of the Capital Requirements Directive (“CRD”) established a floor of 4% under which the core tier 1 capital ratio must not fall (8% for total capital ratio). Following the Prudential Capital Assessment Review (“PCAR”) in March 2011, the Central Bank announced a new minimum capital target for AIB of 10.5% core tier 1 capital ratio in a base scenario and 6% core tier 1 capital ratio in a stressed scenario. These target ratios form the basis of the Group’s capital management policy and are the capital adequacy requirements effective as at 31 December 2013. The Group’s core tier 1 capital ratio was 14.3% as at 31 December 2013, down from 15.2% as at 31 December 2012 (see page 49). Capital Requirements Directive (“CRD”) The CRD, which came into force on 1 January 2007, is the EU directive that establishes the regulatory capital adequacy requirements for credit institutions. It is set out in three distinct ‘Pillars’. Pillar 1 is concerned with the calculation of the minimum capital requirements for credit risk, market risk and operational risk. It introduced greater granularity and sensitivity in risk weightings, including for certain portfolios risk weightings determined by regulatory approved internal rating models (known as the Internal Ratings Based approach). Under Pillar 2, banks are required to estimate their own internal capital requirements to cover all material risks (not limited to the Pillar 1 risks) as part of their ICAAP which is then subject to supervisory review and evaluation (known as the “SREP”). Pillar 3 (‘market discipline’) involves the disclosure of a suite of qualitative and quantitative risk management information to the market. The Group issued its most recent Pillar 3 disclosures in June 2013. Since it first came into effect, the CRD has been amended a number of times (“CRD II” and “CRD III”). These amendments reflected in the main; new requirements on hybrid tier one capital instruments; updates to the large exposures regime; improved risk management requirements for securitisations; and changes to trading book capital requirements. These amendments have not had a material impact on the capital position of the Group. In 2013, the European Union (“EU”) adopted a legislative package known as “CRD IV”, to strengthen the regulation of the banking sector and to implement the Basel III agreement in the EU legal framework. The EU text was formally published in the Official Journal of the EU on 27 June 2013. The CRD IV package entered into force on 1 January 2014, with some of the new provisions being phased-in between 2014 and 2019. CRD IV consists of the Capital Requirements Regulation (“CRR”), which is directly applicable to firms across the EU, and new Capital Requirements Directive (“CRD”), which must be implemented by member states of the European Union Economic area through national law. These include enhanced requirements for quality and quantity of capital, a basis for new liquidity and leverage requirements, new rules for counterparty risk, and new macroprudential standards including a countercyclical capital buffer and capital buffers for systemically important institutions. CRD IV also makes changes to rules on corporate governance, including remuneration, and introduces standardised EU regulatory reporting - referred to as COREP and FINREP. These reporting requirements will specify the information that firms must report to supervisors in areas such as own funds, large exposures and financial information. Based on full implementation of the CRD IV regulations, the Group’s pro-forma Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET 1”) ratio, including the 2009 Preference Shares (which will continue to be considered as CET 1 until 31 December 2017), is estimated at 10.5% as at 31 December 2013. Based on the transitional provisions of CRD IV, the Group’s pro-forma CET 1 ratio, including the 2009 Preference Shares, is estimated at 15.0% as at 31 December 2013. CRD IV also introduces a Leverage Ratio, designed to act as a non-risk sensitive back-stop measure to reduce the risk of a build-up of excessive leverage in an individual bank and the financial system as a whole. It is defined as tier 1 capital divided by a non-risk adjusted measure of assets. Based on full implementation of CRD IV, the pro-forma Leverage Ratio, including the 2009 Preference Shares, is estimated at 5%. 47 Financial review - 4. Capital management Balance Sheet Assessment (“BSA”) The CBI concluded a BSA of the three credit institutions covered under the Eligible Liability Guarantee Scheme,including AIB, in the fourth quarter of 2013. This review included an assessment of asset quality, risk weighted assets and point in time capital adequacy as at 30 June 2013. As disclosed in early December 2013, AIB was advised of the findings of this review and has considered them in the preparation of the Group's year end December 2013 impairment provisions, capital position and financial statements. The BSA review process included a top down mortgage modelling exercise and a review of the classification of 670 mortgages. 1,210 non-mortgage sample file reviews were also performed. The review was conducted in line with the CBI impairment guidelines issued in May 2013. The CBI ‘point in time’ BSA exercise was conducted as at 30 June 2013. The findings suggested higher mean impairment provisions of € 1,135 million and higher risk weighted assets of € 1,564 million for consideration by the Group. The Group determines impairment provisions on an on-going basis in accordance with IFRS accounting standards, which takes into account impairment triggers, collateral valuations and the timing of realisation. In arriving at the 2013 total credit impairment provisions charge of € 1,916 million, the Group also considered the CBI BSA findings and impairment guidelines The Group's own assessment of the impairment charge for 2013 is substantially consistent with all of the BSA mean provision finding of € 1,135 million. The table on the following page summarises AIB Group’s capital position as at 31 December 2013 and 2012. 48 Financial review - 4. Capital management Capital adequacy information* Core tier 1 Paid up share capital and related share premium Eligible reserves Regulatory adjustments Defined benefit pension adjustment Intangible assets Other Supervisory deductions from core tier 1 Unconsolidated financial investments(1) Securitisations Total core tier 1 capital Tier 2 Eligible reserves Credit provisions Subordinated term loan capital Supervisory deductions from tier 2 capital(1) Total tier 2 capital Gross capital Supervisory deductions(1) Total capital Risk weighted assets (unaudited) Credit risk Market risk Operational risk Total risk weighted assets Capital ratios (unaudited) Core tier 1 Total 2013 € m 8,096 1,436 (242) (176) (30) (448) (158) – Restated* 2012 € m 8,096 3,113 (107) (187) (18) (312) (6) (45) 8,926 10,846 140 595 833 (158) 1,410 10,336 – 10,336 59,038 177 3,180 62,395 125 682 1,154 (51) 1,910 12,756 (74) 12,682 66,335 616 4,466 71,417 14.3% 16.6% 15.2% 17.8% (1)Supervisory deductions relate to the life assurance business, Ark Life, which was acquired exclusively for resale in March 2013. Risk weighted assets (“RWAs”) reduced by € 9.0 billion in the year to 31 December 2013. The credit RWAs reduction of € 7.3 billion is primarily a result of amortisations, deleveraging, increased provisions and foreign exchange movements, which were offset to a degree by changes implemented in risk models, including those identified as part of the BSA exercise, and deterioration in credit quality, particularly in the mortgage portfolio. The RWAs attaching to market risk reduced by € 0.4 billion, primarily due to the maturing of positions in traded debt instruments and equities.The RWAs attaching to operational risk reduced by € 1.3 billion in 2013 reflecting the reduced levels of income in the annual calculation, arising in the main from disposals and the impact of the economic decline in the last three years. Core tier 1 capital has reduced by € 1.9 billion in the year; this is primarily due to the loss for 2013 and an increase in supervisory deductions. The impact of this movement which was partly offset by the RWA reductions as outlined above, resulted in a reduction in the core tier 1 capital ratio from 15.2% at 31 December 2012 to 14.3% at 31 December 2013.The core tier 1 ratio is in excess of the 10.5% target core tier 1 requirement as announced under the Financial Measures Programme in March 2011. Total capital reduced by € 2.3 billion in the year to 31 December 2013, due to the € 1.9 billion movements in core tier 1 capital described above and a € 0.5 billion reduction in tier 2 capital. The reduction in tier 2 capital primarily results from the continued amortisation of the contingent capital instrument that is due to mature in July 2016. The impact of this reduction in capital was partly offset by the RWA reductions, resulting in a reduction in the total capital ratio from 17.8% at 31 December 2012 to 16.6% at 31 December 2013. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 49  Financial review - 5. Critical accounting policies and estimates The Group’s accounting policies are set out on pages 209 to 235 of this report. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of certain assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. The estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since management judgement involves making estimates concerning the likelihood of future events, the actual results could differ from those estimates. The accounting policies that are deemed critical to AIB’s results and financial position, in terms of the materiality of the items to which the policy is applied and the estimates that have a significant impact on the financial statements are set out in this section. In addition, estimates with a significant risk of material adjustment in the next year are also discussed. Going concern* The financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2013 have been prepared on a going concern basis as the Directors are satisfied, having considered the risks and uncertainties impacting the Group, that it has the ability to continue in business for the period of assessment. In making its assessment, the Directors have considered a wide range of information relating to present and future conditions. These have included financial plans prepared in November 2013 covering the period 2014 to 2016, the restructuring plan submitted to the European Commission in September 2012, liquidity and funding forecasts, and capital resources projections, all of which have been prepared under base and stress scenarios. In addition, the Directors have considered the commitment of support provided to AIB by the Irish Government. Furthermore, the Directors have considered the outlook for the Irish, the eurozone and UK economies. Loan impairment* AIB’s accounting policy for impairment of financial assets is set out in accounting policy number 15. The provisions for impairment on loans and receivables at 31 December 2013 represent management’s best estimate of the losses incurred in the loan portfolios at the reporting date. The estimation of loan losses is inherently uncertain and depends upon many factors, including loan loss trends, portfolio grade profiles, local and international economic climates, conditions in various industries to which AIB Group is exposed and other external factors such as legal and regulatory requirements. Credit risk is identified, assessed and measured through the use of credit rating and scoring tools. The ratings influence the management of individual loans. Special attention is paid to lower quality rated loans and when appropriate, loans are transferred to specialist units to help avoid default, or where in default, to help minimise loss. The credit rating triggers the impairment assessment and if relevant the raising of specific provisions on individual loans where there is doubt about their recoverability. The management process for the identification of loans requiring provision is underpinned by independent tiers of review. Credit quality and loan loss provisioning are independently monitored by credit and risk management on a regular basis. All AIB segments assess and approve their provisions and provision adequacy on a quarterly basis. These provisions are in turn reviewed and approved by the AIB Group Credit Committee on a quarterly basis with ultimate Group levels being approved by the Audit Committee and the Board. Key assumptions underpinning the Group’s estimates of collective and IBNR provisioning are back tested with the benefit of experience and revisited for currency on a regular basis. Specific provisions A specific provision is made against problem loans when, in the judgement of management, the estimated repayment realisable from the obligor, including the value of any security available, is likely to fall short of the amount of principal and interest outstanding on the obligor’s loan or overdraft account. The amount of the specific provision made in the Group’s consolidated financial statements is intended to cover the difference between the assets’ carrying value and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the assets’ original effective interest rates. Specific provisions are created for cases that are individually significant (i.e. above certain thresholds), and also collectively for assets that are not individually significant. The amount of specific provision required on an individually assessed loan is highly dependent on estimates of the amount of future cash flows and their timing. Individually insignificant impaired loans are collectively evaluated for impairment provisions. As this process is model driven, the total amount of the Group’s impairment provisions on these loans is somewhat uncertain as it may not totally reflect the impact of the prevailing market conditions. For further details please refer to: ‘Impact of changes to key assumptions and estimates on the impairment provisions’ on pages 85 and 86 of the Risk managment section of this report. 50 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. Specific provisions (continued) The property and construction loan portfolio continues to be adversely impacted by the downturn in both the Irish and UK economies. Collateral values have significantly reduced and, particularly in Ireland, market activity is very low in the sector. Accordingly, the estimation of cash flows likely to arise from the realisation of such collateral is subject to a high degree of uncertainty. Incurred but not reported provisions Incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) provisions are also maintained to cover loans which are impaired at the reporting date and, while not specifically identified, are known from experience to be present in any portfolio of loans. IBNR provisions are maintained at levels that are deemed appropriate by management having considered: credit grading profiles and grading movements; historic loan loss rates; changes in credit management; procedures, processes and policies; levels of credit management skills; local and international economic climates; portfolio sector profiles/industry conditions; and current estimates of loss in the portfolio. The total amount of impairment loss in the Group’s non-impaired portfolio, and therefore, the adequacy of the IBNR allowance, is inherently uncertain. There may be factors in the portfolio that have not been a feature of the past and changes in credit grading profiles and grading movements may lag the change in the credit profile of the customer. In addition, current estimates of loss within the non-impaired portfolio and the period of time it takes following a loss event for an individual loan to be recognised as impaired (‘emergence period’) are subject to a greater element of estimation due to the speed of change in the economies in which the Group operates and the unprecedented market conditions. Furthermore, the potential impact of customers’ attitudes to debt obligations following new Personal Insolvency legislation, which took effect in December 2013, may impact the level of impairment provisions required. For further details of the potential impact of an increase in the emergence period, please refer to: ‘Impact of changes to key assumptions and estimates on the impairment provisions’ on pages 85 and 86 of the Risk managment section of this report. Forbearance The Group’s accounting policy for forbearance is set out in accounting policy number 15 ‘Impairment of financial assets’ which incorporates forbearance. The Group has developed a number of forbearance strategies for both short-term and longer-term solutions to assist customers experiencing financial difficulties. The forbearance strategies involve modifications to contractual repayment terms in order to improve the collectability of outstanding debt, to avoid default, and where relevant, to avoid repossessions. The longer-term advanced forbearance strategies are currently in the process of being rolled out to relevant residential mortgage customers in Ireland. Forbearance strategies take place in both retail and business portfolios, particularly, residential mortgages. Where levels of forbearance are significant, higher levels of uncertainty with regard to judgement and estimation are involved in determining their effects on impairment provisions. Further information on forbearance strategies is set out in the ‘Risk management’ section of this report. Deferred taxation* The Group’s accounting policy for deferred tax is set out in accounting policy number 13. Details of the Group’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are set out in note 34. Deferred tax assets are recognised for unused tax losses to the extent that it is probable (defined for this purpose as more likely than not) that there will be sufficient future taxable profits against which the losses can be used. For a company with a history of recent losses, there must be convincing other evidence to underpin this assessment. The recognition of the deferred tax asset relies on the assessment of future profitability and the sufficiency of those profits to absorb losses carried forward. It requires significant judgements to be made about the projection of long-term future profitability because of the period over which recovery extends. In assessing the future profitability of the Group, the Board has considered a range of positive and negative evidence for this purpose. Among this evidence, the principal positive factors include: – – – – the financial support provided to the Irish State under the EU/IMF programme and the fact that Ireland successfully exited the three-year bailout programme in December 2013 without a back-up credit line; the financial support provided by the Irish Government to AIB as agreed with the EU/IMF from 2009 to 2011; the Irish Government’s committed support to AIB and its nomination of the Group as one of two pillar banks in the smaller reconstructed Irish banking sector; the updated restructuring plan submitted to the European Commission in September 2012, targeting a return to profitability in 2014 and the ability to grow profits thereafter; – Management actions during 2012 and 2013 in returning the Group to a normalised earnings path; – – – the absence of any expiry dates for Irish and UK tax losses; the non-enduring nature of the loan impairments at levels which resulted in recent years’ losses; and external forecasts for Ireland, the UK and eurozone economies which indicate continued economic recovery through the period of the medium-term financial plan.This is evident in a levelling off of bad debts growth, reductions in unemployment and increased spending. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 51  Financial review - 5. Critical accounting policies and estimates Deferred taxation* (continued) The Board considered negative evidence and the inherent uncertainties in any long-term financial assumptions and projections, including: – – – – the absolute level of deferred tax assets compared to the Group’s equity; the reduced size of the Group’s operations following re-structuring; the quantum of profits required to be earned and the extended period over which it is projected that the tax losses will be utilised; the challenge of forecasting over a long period, taking account of the level of competition, market dynamics and resultant margin and funding pressures; potential instability in the eurozone and global economies over an extended period; and recent taxation changes (including Bank Levy) and the likelihood of future developments and their impact on profitability and utilisation. – – The Group’s strategy and its medium term financial plan targets a return to profitability by 2014 and growth in profitability thereafter. The expected realisation of this objective has been reaffirmed in the annual planning exercise undertaken by the Group in the second half of 2013. Growth assumptions and profitability levels underpinning the plan are within market norms. Taking account of all relevant factors, and in the absence of any expiry date for tax losses in Ireland, the Group further believes that it is more likely than not that there will be future profits in the medium term and beyond, in the relevant Irish Group companies against which to use the tax losses. In this regard, the Group has carried out an exercise to determine the likely number of years required to utilise the deferred tax asset under the following scenario based on the financial planning outturn 2014-2016. Assuming a sustainable market return on equity (8.5%) over the long term for future profitability levels in Ireland and a GDP growth in Ireland of 2.5%, based on this scenario, it will take in excess of 20 years for the deferred tax asset (€ 3.36 billion) to be utilised. Furthermore, under this scenario, it is expected that 45% of the deferred tax asset will be utilised in 15 years with 73% utilised in 20 years. In a more stressed scenario with a return on equity of 7% and GDP growth of 1.5%, the utilisation period increases by a further 4 years. The Group’s analysis of the results of the scenarios examined would not alter the basis of recognition or the current carrying value. Notwithstanding the absence of any expiry date for tax losses in the UK, AIB has concluded that the recognition of deferred tax assets in its UK subsidiary be limited to the amount projected to be realised within a time period of 15 years. This is the timescale within which the Group believes that it can assess the likelihood of its profits arising as being more likely than not. However, for certain other subsidiaries and branches, the Group has also concluded that it is more likely than not that there will be insufficient profits to support recognition of deferred tax assets. The amount of recognised deferred tax assets arising from unused tax losses amounts to € 3,871 million of which € 3,361 million relates to Irish tax losses and € 510 million relates to United Kingdom tax losses. IAS 12 does not permit a company to apply present value discounting to its deferred tax assets or liabilities, regardless of the estimated timescales over which those assets or liabilities are projected to be realised. AIB Group’s deferred tax assets are projected to be realised over a long timescale, benefiting from the absence of any expiry date for Irish or UK tax losses. As a result, the carrying value of the deferred tax assets on the statement of financial position does not reflect the economic value of those assets. Determination of fair value of financial instruments* The Group’s accounting policy for the determination of fair value of financial instruments is set out in accounting policy number 16. The best evidence of fair value is quoted prices in an active market. The absence of quoted prices increases reliance on valuation techniques and requires the use of judgement in the estimation of fair value. This judgement includes but is not limited to: evaluating available market information; determining the cash flows for the instruments; identifying a risk free discount rate and applying an appropriate credit spread. Valuation techniques that rely to a greater extent on non-observable data require a higher level of management judgement to calculate a fair value than those based wholly on observable data. The choice of contributors, the quality of market data used for pricing, and the valuation techniques used are all subject to internal review and approval procedures. Given the uncertainty and subjective nature of valuing financial instruments at fair value, any change in these variables could give rise to the financial instruments being carried at a different valuation, with a consequent impact on shareholders’ equity and, in the case of derivatives and contingent capital instruments, the income statement. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 52 NAMA senior bonds designation and valuation* The Group’s accounting policy for NAMA senior bonds is set out in accounting policy number 17. These bonds are separately disclosed in the statement of financial position. NAMA senior bonds are designated as loans and receivables as they meet the criteria to be so designated. The bases for measurement, interest recognition and impairment for NAMA senior bonds are the same as those for loans and receivables (see accounting policy numbers 6, 15, and 18). There is no active market for the NAMA senior bonds, accordingly, the fair value at initial recognition was determined using a valuation technique. The absence of quoted prices in an active market required an increased use of management judgement in the estimation of fair value. This judgement included, but was not limited to: evaluating available market information; determining the cash flows generated by the instruments and their expected timing; identifying a risk free discount rate and applying an appropriate credit spread. The valuation technique and critical assumptions used were subject to internal review and approval procedures. While the Group believes its estimates of fair value are appropriate, the use of different measurements, valuation techniques or assumptions could have given rise to the NAMA senior bonds being measured at a different valuation at initial recognition, with a consequent impact on the income statement. During 2013, AIB reviewed its assumptions as to the expected timing of future cash flows based on its experience of repayments to date, as required by IAS 39, AG8. Following this review, AIB adjusted the carrying value of the bonds and reflected the difference (€ 62 million) between the previous carrying value and new carrying value in the income statement. If the revised assumptions when reassessed prove to be different, this will impact the carrying value and income statement in future periods. NAMA senior bonds are subject to the same credit review processes and procedures as for loans and receivables (accounting policy number 15). Retirement benefit obligations* The Group’s accounting policy for retirement benefit plans is set out in accounting policy number 11. The Group provides a number of defined benefit and defined contribution retirement benefit schemes in various geographic locations, the majority of which are funded. All defined benefit schemes were closed to future accrual with effect from 31 December 2013. Scheme assets are valued at fair value. Scheme liabilities are measured on an actuarial basis, using the projected unit method and discounted at the current rate of return on a high quality corporate bond of equivalent term and currency to the liability. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised immediately in the statement of comprehensive income. In calculating the scheme liabilities and the charge to the income statement, the Directors have chosen a number of financial and demographic assumptions within an acceptable range, under advice from the Group’s actuaries which include price inflation, pension increases, earnings growth and the longevity of scheme members. The impact on the income statement and statement of financial position could be materially different if a different set of assumptions were used. The assumptions adopted for the Group's pension schemes are set out in note 12 to the financial statements, together with a sensitivity analysis of the scheme liabilities to changes in those assumptions. Basis of consolidation* For third party acquisitions, assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at their acquisition date fair values. Where these acquisitions relate to the acquisition of a business between entities under the control of the Irish Government, assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at their carrying value in the books of the transferor at the date of transfer, adjusted for any differences in accounting policies. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 53 Financial review - 6. Deposits and short term borrowings Customer accounts The following table analyses average deposits by customers based on the location of the offices in which the deposits are recorded for 2013, 2012 and 2011: Domestic offices Current accounts Deposits: Demand Time Repurchase agreements Foreign offices Current accounts Deposits: Demand Time Total 2013 Total € m 2012 Total € m 2011 Total € m x x 12,177 11,251 11,179 7,029 30,281 3,808 53,295 7,311 30,986 – 5,388 31,068 – 49,548 47,635 4,442 4,326 4,144 2,276 4,633 11,351 64,646 2,368 6,646 13,340 62,888 1,920 6,759 12,823 60,458 Current accounts are both interest bearing and non-interest bearing checking accounts raised through AIB Group’s branch network in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Great Britain. Demand deposits attract interest rates which vary from time to time in line with movements in market rates and according to size criteria. Such accounts are not subject to withdrawal by cheque or similar instrument and have no fixed maturity dates. Time deposits are generally larger, attract higher rates of interest than demand deposits and have predetermined maturity dates. Customer accounts by currency The following table analyses customer deposits by currency as at 31 December: 2013 Total € m 52,788 1,143 11,631 105 65,667 2012 Total € m 49,755 1,145 12,567 143 63,610 2011 Total € m 46,376 1,197 12,974 127 60,674 Euro US dollar Sterling Other currencies Total 54 Large time deposits and certificates of deposit The following tables show details of the Group’s large time deposits and certificates of deposit (US$ 100,000 and over or the equivalent in other currencies) by time remaining until maturity as at 31 December 2013, 2012 and 2011. or less 3 months After 3 months but within 6 months € m € m After 6 months but within 12 months € m Large time deposits Domestic offices .......................................... Foreign offices .............................................. Total ...................................................................... 8,505 1,737 10,242 3,123 809 3,932 4,096 621 4,717 3 months or less € m After 3 months but within 6 months € m After 6 months but within 12 months € m 2013 Total After 12 months € m € m 2,698 18,422 164 3,331 2,862 21,753 2012 Total After 12 months € m € m Large time deposits Domestic offices .......................................... Foreign offices .............................................. Certificates of deposit Domestic offices .......................................... Foreign offices .............................................. 10,570 1,895 8 – 4,574 707 23 – 5,622 890 2,851 23,617 366 3,858 3 – – – 34 – Total ...................................................................... 12,473 5,304 6,515 3,217 27,509 Large time deposits Domestic offices .......................................... Foreign offices .............................................. Certificates of deposit Domestic offices .......................................... Foreign offices .............................................. 3 months or less € m 8,479 2,912 36 194 After 3 months but within 6 months € m After 6 months but within 12 months € m 2,867 935 5 – 3,389 1,464 17 19 2011 Total After 12 months € m € m 1,953 16,688 357 5,668 – – 58 213 Total ...................................................................... 11,621 3,807 4,889 2,310 22,627 55 Financial review - 6. Deposits and short term borrowings Short-term borrowings The following table shows details of short-term borrowings of AIB Group for the years ended 31 December 2013, 2012 and 2011: Commercial Paper: End of year outstandings Highest month-end balance Average balance Average rate of interest At end of year During the year Repurchase agreements: End of year outstandings Highest month-end balance Average balance Average rate of interest At end of year During year Other short-term borrowings: End of year outstandings Highest month-end balance Average balance Average rate of interest At end of year During year 2013 Total € m 2012 Total € m 79 234 122 0.56% 0.93% – – – – – 16,394 19,442 18,052 16,700 32,845 21,891 2011 Total € m – 423 35 – 1.25% 32,878 49,088 39,646 0.19% 0.38% 0.58% 0.78% 0.98% 1.33% 1,496 3,918 1,492 4,283 8,499 7,470 6,752 11,987 7,363 3.09% 1.04% 3.30% 3.51% 2.21% 1.99% Average interest rates during the year are computed by dividing total interest expense by the average amount borrowed. Average interest rates at the year end are average rates for a single day and as such may reflect one-day market distortions which may not be indicative of generally prevailing rates. ‘Other short-term borrowings’ consist principally of borrowings in the inter-bank market included within ‘Deposits by central banks and banks’ and ‘Debt securities in issue’ in the consolidated financial statements and generally have remaining maturities of one year or less. The maturity profiles of the above outstandings are disclosed in pages 161 and 162 of the Risk management section of this report. 56 Financial review - 7. Financial investments available for sale Available for sale debt securities The following tables categorise AIB Group’s available-for-sale debt securities by contractual residual maturity and weighted average yield at 31 December 2013, 2012 and 2011: Irish Government securities Euro government securities Non Euro government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Non Euro bank securities Non Euro corporate securities Other investments Within 1 year € m Yield % After 1 but within 5 years € m Yield % After 5 but within 10 years € m Yield % – 226 81 381 – 461 34 3 – – 1.6 2.3 2.1 – 1.3 2.9 – – 5,513 804 250 1,942 13 2,823 – – 12 4.8 1.7 1.2 1.2 0.4 1.9 – – – 4,517 805 136 761 – 387 – – – 4.3 2.7 3.8 1.5 – 1.4 – – – 2013 After 10 years € m Yield % 298 133 141 8 522 – – – – 5.2 3.7 4.3 0.5 0.5 – – – – Total ............................................................ 1,186 1.7 11,357 3.2 6,606 3.6 1,102 2.6 Within 1 year € m Yield % After 1 but within 5 years € m Yield % After 5 but within 10 years € m Yield % 2012 After 10 years € m Yield % Irish Government securities Euro government securities Non Euro government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Collateralised mortgage obligations Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Non Euro bank securities Euro corporate securities Non Euro corporate securities Other investments – 67 56 83 – – 932 35 26 44 – Total ............................................................ 1,243 – 1.7 0.4 0.9 – – 3.5 4.0 3.4 4.1 – 3.1 3,563 833 344 1,491 13 53 2,048 126 45 82 12 8,610 5.7 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.2 0.4 3.1 2.8 6.6 4.1 6.9 3.8 3,784 534 150 98 9 3 90 – 8 39 – 4,715 5.0 2.7 3.5 2.0 1.2 0.3 2.7 – 6.2 6.4 – 4.6 241 320 162 10 – 864 – – 8 28 – 1,633 5.3 3.5 3.9 0.6 – 0.4 – – 7.4 6.0 – 2.2 Within 1 year € m Yield % After 1 but within 5 years € m Yield % After 5 but within 10 years € m Yield % 2011 After 10 years € m Yield % Irish Government securities Euro government securities Non Euro government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Collateralised mortgage obligations Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Non Euro bank securities Euro corporate securities Non Euro corporate securities Other investments 693 137 63 131 – – 968 232 17 35 – Total ............................................................ 2,276 3.8 2.5 0.7 3.7 – – 2.3 1.7 3.1 2.7 – 2.7 2,204 810 361 896 9 29 1,896 200 74 154 12 6,645 6.9 2.0 1.7 2.0 1.9 2.3 4.3 2.9 6.4 4.9 6.9 4.4 2,113 621 417 107 10 32 191 44 12 65 – 3,612 6.6 2.9 3.7 2.6 3.9 2.0 4.1 3.0 9.2 8.0 – 5.3 207 292 429 14 489 1,149 – – 7 25 – 2,612 6.5 3.8 3.9 1.0 0.6 2.0 – – 8.3 6.3 – 2.7 57 Financial review - 7. Financial investments available for sale Available for sale debt securities (continued) Financial investments available for sale unrealised gains/losses The following table gives the fair value of financial investments available for sale by major classifications together with the gross unrealised gains and losses at 31 December 2011. See note 29 of the financial statements for this analysis for 2013 and 2012. Debt securities Irish Government securities Euro government securities Non Euro government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Collateralised mortgage obligations Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Non Euro bank securities Euro corporate securities Non Euro corporate securities Other investments Total debt securities Equity securities Equity securities – NAMA subordinated bonds Equity securities – other Total financial investments available for sale Fair value € m Unrealised gross gains € m Unrealised gross losses € m Net unrealised gains/(losses) € m Tax effect € m 5,217 1,860 1,270 1,147 509 1,210 3,055 476 110 279 12 40 102 207 10 – – 43 4 4 15 – (531) (62) (3) (1) (12) (353) (77) (12) (6) (5) – 15,145 425 (1,062) 132 112 – 18 – (24) (491) 40 204 9 (12) (353) (34) (8) (2) 10 – (637) – (6) 61 (5) (40) (1) 2 44 4 1 – (2) – 64 – – 2011 Net after tax € m (430) 35 164 8 (10) (309) (30) (7) (2) 8 – (573) – (6) 15,389 443 (1,086) (643) 64 (579) 58 Financial review - 8. Contractual obligations Financial liabilities by undiscounted contractual cash flows are set out in pages 162 and 163 of the Risk management section of this report. The tables in this section provide details of the contractual obligations of the Group as at 31 December 2013, 2012 and 2011 in respect of capital expenditure and operating lease commitments. Contractual obligations Capital expenditure commitments Operating leases Total Contractual obligations Capital expenditure commitments Operating leases Total Contractual obligations Capital expenditure commitments Operating leases Total Less than 1 year € m 1 to 3 years € m 3 to 5 years € m After 5 years € m 25 66 91 – 123 123 – 373 373 – 196 196 Less than 1 year € m 1 to 3 years € m 3 to 5 years € m After 5 years € m 7 73 80 – 135 135 – 124 124 – 507 507 Less than 1 year € m 1 to 3 years € m 3 to 5 years € m After 5 years € m 11 80 91 – 134 134 – 126 126 – 557 557 2013 Total € m 25 758 783 2012 Total € m 7 839 846 2011 Total € m 11 897 908 59 Risk management 1. Risk factors 2. Framework 2.1 Risk management framework 2.2 Risk appetite 2.3 Risk governance and risk management organisation 2.4 Risk identification and assessment process 2.5 Stress and scenario testing 2.6 Risk training 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk Credit exposure Credit risk management Credit profile of the loan portfolio: Credit profile of residential mortgages Segmental analysis of the loan portfolio Credit ratings of total loans and receivables to customers Analysis of credit risk - 5 year summaries Financial investments available for sale 3.2 Liquidity risk 3.3 Market risk 3.4 Structural foreign exchange risk 3.5 Operational risk 3.6 Regulatory compliance risk 3.7 Pension risk 3.8 Parent company risk information Page 61 67 67 67 69 69 69 71 75 81 87 98 120 127 131 150 153 164 166 167 168 169 170 60 Risk management – 1. Risk factors Introduction The Group is exposed to a number of material risks and in order to minimise these risks, the Group has implemented comprehensive risk management strategies. Although the Group invests substantial time and effort in its risk management strategies and techniques, there is a risk that these may fail to fully mitigate the risks in some circumstances, particularly if confronted with risks that were not identified or anticipated. The principal risks and uncertainties facing the Group fall under the following broad categories: – Macro-economic and geopolitical risk; – Macro-prudential, regulatory and legal risks to the business model; and, – Risks relating to business operations, governance and internal control systems. The risks pertaining to each of these categories are set out in summary form below and described in more detail in subsequent pages. This list of principal risks and uncertainties should not be considered as exhaustive and other factors, not yet identified, or not currently considered material, may adversely affect the Group. Macro-economic and geopolitical risk – The Group’s access to funding and liquidity is adversely affected by the financial instability within the eurozone. – Constraints on liquidity, and market reaction to factors affecting Ireland and the Irish economy have created a challenging environment for the management of the Group’s liquidity. – The Group’s business may be adversely affected by deterioration in economic and market conditions. – Contagion risks could disrupt the markets and adversely affect the Group’s financial condition. – The Group faces market risks, including non-trading interest rate risk. Macro-prudential, regulatory and legal risks to the business model – The Group is subject to Government supervision and oversight. – The future of the Group’s business activities are subject to possible interventions by the Irish Government or the disposal of the Irish State’s ownership interest in the Group. – The Group may be subject to the risk of having insufficient capital to meet increased minimum regulatory requirements. – The Group’s business activities must comply with increasing levels of regulation. – The Group’s participation in the National Asset Management Agency (“NAMA”) Programme gives rise to certain residual financial risks. – The Group may be adversely affected by further austerity and budget measures introduced by the Irish Government. – The value of certain financial instruments recorded at fair value is determined using financial models incorporating assumptions, judgements and estimates that may change over time, or may ultimately not turn out to be accurate, and the value realised by the Group for these assets may be materially different from their current, or estimated, fair value. – The Group’s deferred tax assets depend substantially on the generation of future profits over an extended number of years. Risks related to business operations, governance and internal control systems – The Group is subject to inherent credit risks in respect of customers and counterparties which could adversely affect the Group’s results, financial condition and future prospects. – The Group faces elevated operational risks. – The Group’s risk management strategies and techniques may be unsuccessful. – There is a risk of litigation arising from the Group’s activities. 61 Risk management – 1. Risk factors Macro-economic and geopolitical risk The Group’s access to funding and liquidity is adversely affected by the financial instability within the eurozone While economic, monetary and political conditions have stabilised within the eurozone in the past twelve months, there is still a risk that certain EU/Eurozone members may not be able to support their sovereign debt burdens and meet future financial obligations, which may result in a further downgrade of sovereign credit ratings. This could adversely affect the cost and availability of funding to EU Member States and European banks. The Irish sovereign rating has a direct impact on the Group’s rating, which is a key factor in attracting and retaining deposits. Any downgrade of Ireland’s sovereign rating or the Group’s rating could threaten the Group’s liquidity and funding including the Group’s deposit base and could also impede access to wholesale funding markets. Constraints on liquidity, and market reaction to factors affecting Ireland and the Irish economy have created a challenging environment for the management of the Group’s liquidity Until recently, the Group has been operating in an exceptionally challenging environment where wholesale market conditions restricted the Group’s access to wholesale funding other than short duration and mainly secured funding. However, there has been recent improvement in market sentiment towards Irish issuers and the Group has re-engaged in the wholesale funding market through the issuance of long dated secured and unsecured debt. However, any renewed stress or deterioration in credit market conditions could further restrict the Group's access to wholesale funding. The continuing availability of customer deposits to fund the Group’s loan portfolio is subject to factors outside the Group’s control, such as the loss of confidence of depositors in the Irish economy, the Irish financial services industry or the Group. Any loss of confidence in the Group, or in the financial services industry generally, could lead to losses of deposits over a short period of time. To meet its funding requirements, the Group has accessed a range of central banks liquidity facilities, including certain additional liquidity schemes introduced by central banks for market participants during periods of dislocation in the funding markets. This included a switch from short term ECB drawings into two 3-year longer-term refinancing operations in December 2011 and March 2012. In accessing central bank and other secured lending facilities, the Group has relied significantly on its qualifying liquid assets. The completion of the deleveraging programme combined with a stable customer deposits base has reduced the Group’s reliance on ECB funding and central bank liquidity facilities. The Credit Institutions (Eligible Liabilities Guarantee) Scheme 2009 (Statutory Instrument No. 490 of 2009), as amended (the “ELG Scheme”) was closed to covering further liabilities on 28 March 2013 (AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. announced its withdrawal from the ELG scheme in August 2012), and to date, these have had a negligible impact on deposit balances. However, in the unlikely event that the Group exhausts its stock of available collateral for funding and unsecured funding is unavailable, it would be necessary to seek alternative sources of funding, including continued support from the Irish Government. The Capital Requirements Regulation (“CRR”) and the Capital Requirements Directive (“CRD”), published in the EU Official Journal on 27 June 2013, require banks to meet liquidity requirements including targets set for Basel III ratios, Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”) and Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”). Meeting the phased implementation deadlines of these requirements could impose additional costs on the Group. The Group’s business may be adversely affected by deterioration in economic and market conditions Deterioration in the performance of the Irish economy or other relevant economies has the potential to adversely affect the Group’s overall financial condition and performance. Such deterioration could result in reductions in business activity, lower demand for the Group’s products and services, reduced availability of credit, increased funding costs, decreased asset values and additional write downs and impairment charges. While there are some signs of improvement and stabilisation in the Irish economy, any renewed stress or deterioration could impact the return of normalised markets for commercial and residential property. As the Group remains heavily exposed to the Irish property market, a prolonged delay in the recovery of the Irish market could have a negative impact on levels of arrears, the Group’s collateral values and consequently, have a material impact on the Group’s future performance and results. General economic conditions continue to be very challenging for customers. A continued high level of unemployment together with any further reduction in borrowers’ disposable income (for example current and future budgetary measures and reduction in salaries) has the potential to negatively impact customers’ ability to repay existing loans. This could result in additional write downs and impairment charges for the Group and negatively impact its capital and earnings position. Challenging economic conditions will also influence the demand for credit in the economy. A declining or continuing muted demand for credit has the potential to impact the Group’s financial position. Contagion risks could disrupt the markets and adversely affect the Group’s financial condition The risk of contagion in the markets in which the Group operates and dislocations caused by the interdependency of financial markets participants is an on-going material risk to the Group’s financial condition. Any reductions in the perceived creditworthiness of one or more corporate borrowers or financial institutions could lead to market-wide liquidity problems, losses and defaults, which could 62 adversely affect the Group’s results, financial condition and future prospects. Another source of potential contagion risk relates to the Euro. The risk of a eurozone member withdrawing from the eurozone has significantly reduced. However, if a eurozone member exited from the eurozone, this would have a significant adverse effect on the financial stability of the eurozone, the Irish financial system and Irish banks. In turn, this could result in a loss of customers’ deposits, as well as creating immediate operational and business challenges for the Group. The Group faces market risks, including non-trading interest rate risk Market risk is defined as the risk to the Group’s earnings and shareholder value resulting from adverse movements in the level or volatility of market prices of debt instruments, equities and currencies. The market risk associated with the Group’s trading activities is predominantly the result of the facilitation of client business and secondarily, the discretionary positioning activities of the Group in debt instruments, foreign exchange and equity products. Interest rate risk in the Banking Book (“IRRBB”) is defined as the Group’s sensitivity to earnings volatility in its non-trading activity arising from movements in interest rates. It reflects a combination of interest rate risk arising from the retail, commercial and corporate operations and Banking Book positions maintained by the Group’s Treasury function. Among the most significant market risks which the Group faces are credit spread, interest rate, foreign exchange, bond and equity price risks. Changes in credit spread affect the values of Available for Sale (“AFS”) bonds, and also the magnitude of the Credit Value Adjustment (“CVA”) applied to the Group’s derivative positions. Changes in interest rate levels, yield curves and spreads may affect the interest rate margin between lending and borrowing costs, the effect of which may be heightened during periods of liquidity stress, such as those experienced in recent times. Changes in currency rates, particularly in the euro-sterling rate, affect the value of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies and the reported earnings of the Group’s non-Irish subsidiaries and may affect income from foreign exchange dealing. The performance of financial markets may affect bond and equity prices causing changes to the value of the Group’s investment and trading portfolios. Macro-prudential, regulatory and legal risks to the business model The Group is subject to Government supervision and oversight As a result of the recapitalisation of the Group by the Irish Government, the Group is subject to a set of obligations outlined under a number of Subscription and Placing Agreements impacting on the Group’s governance, remuneration, operations and lending activities. These obligations are in addition to certain commitments and restrictions to the operation of the Group’s business under the Credit Institutions (Financial Support ) Scheme 2008 (the ‘CIFS Scheme’) and NAMA programme, all of which may serve to limit the Group’s operations and place significant demands on the reporting systems and resources of the Group. Extensive powers continue to be conferred on the Irish Minister for Finance. The Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 (the ‘Stabilisation Act’) conferred extensive powers on the Irish Minister for Finance to direct the affairs of and restructure credit institutions and reorganise their assets and liabilities. Pursuant to the Act, directors are required to act in a manner that is aligned to the interests of the State in the performance of their duties, having regard to public interest considerations specified in the Act. The Stabilisation Act will cease to have effect on 31 December 2014. The future of the Group’s business activities are subject to possible interventions by the Irish Government or the disposal of the Irish State’s ownership interest in the Group The Group is substantially owned by an agency of the Irish State and accordingly, subject to EU state aid rules, controlled by the Irish State. Such ownership or control may affect the Group’s operations, financial condition and future prospects. In order to comply with contractual commitments imposed on the Group in connection with its recapitalisation by the Irish State and with the requirements of European Union (“EU”) state aid applicable in respect of that recapitalisation, a relationship framework was entered into between the Minister for Finance (‘the Minister’) and the Group in March 2012. This provides the framework under which the relationship between the Minister and the Group is governed. Under this relationship framework, the authority and responsibility for strategy and commercial policies (including business plans and budgets) and conducting the Group's day-to-day operations rest with the Board of the Group and its management team, but the appointment or removal of the chairman or chief executive officer of the Group are reserved to the Minister, and in respect of which the Board may only engage with the prior consent of the Minister. Nevertheless, for so long as ownership of the Group remains within State control, there remains a risk of intervention by the Irish Government in relation to the operations and policies of the Group. Such further interventions may have a negative impact on the operations of the Group. The Irish State may sell or otherwise dispose of its ownership interest in the Group to any private or public entity, including any intergovernmental institution, such as the European Stability Mechanism. Any such sale or disposal, and any conditions attaching to it, could materially affect the Group’s operations, financial condition and future prospects. 63 Risk management – 1. Risk factors The Group may be subject to the risk of having insufficient capital to meet increased minimum regulatory requirements The Group’s target capital requirements as determined by the Central Bank of Ireland under the 2011 Prudential Capital Assessment Review (“PCAR”) are a core tier 1 ratio of 10.5% in a base scenario and 6% in a stressed scenario, (excluding a requirement for an additional protective buffer). As at December 2013, the Group core tier 1 ratio was 14.3%, which is above the required level. The Group carries out extensive forward-looking stress tests on its capital position on a regular basis and, over the course of 2013, these have confirmed that the Group does not require additional capital within the defined stress level. However, given the levels of uncertainty in the current economic environment, there is a possibility that the economic outturn over the capital planning period may be materially worse than the stress scenario envisages and/or that losses on the Group's credit portfolio may be above forecast levels. Were such losses to be significantly greater than currently forecast, there is a risk that the Group's capital position could be eroded to the extent that it would have insufficient capital to meet its regulatory requirements. The Capital Requirements Regulation (“CRR”) and the Capital Requirements Directive (“CRD”), the EU’s implementation of the Basel III reforms, were published in the EU Official Journal on 27 June 2013. As a result of these regulations, credit institutions may be required to increase the quantity and quality of their regulatory capital. Full details of requirements in this regard have yet to be confirmed by the competent authorities, and it is possible that the Group’s target regulatory capital requirements may ultimately increase as a result. The Central Bank of Ireland conducted a balance sheet assessment of the three Irish credit institutions covered under the Eligible Liabilities Guarantee, including AIB, during the fourth quarter of 2013. This review included an assessment of asset quality, risk weighted assets and point in time capital as at 30 June 2013. AIB has been advised of the findings of this review and has considered them in the preparation of the Group’s year end December 2013 impairment provisions and financial statements. In addition, the ECB announced during October 2013 that it will undertake a comprehensive assessment of the banking system, to be concluded in October 2014. This ECB exercise will entail a Supervisory Risk Assessment, an Asset Quality Review and a Stress Test in order to provide a forward-looking view of banks’ shock absorption capacity under stress. The assumptions under which these assessments take place (including use of Open Market Value or Economic Value basis for property valuations and provison assessment) have yet to be confirmed. The outcome of these assessments may lead to a range of follow-up actions for banks, possibly including requirements for changes in the Group’s capital requirements. The Group’s business activities must comply with increasing levels of regulation In 2013, a significant number of new regulations were issued by both the Central Bank of Ireland and the EU. A particular focus, in light of the mortgage forbearance issue, has been the introduction of a revised Code of Conduct on Mortgage Arrears and new personal insolvency legislation, which had taken full effect by December 2013. A risk arises from potential changes in customer attitude to debt obligations given that the new legislation allows for the agreed settlement of unsecured debt, and the settlement and/or restructuring of secured debts up to a maximum of € 3 million. The inclusion of secured debt in the non-judicial process is unprecedented, and therefore, it is difficult to gauge its impact. The legal uncertainty with regard to the availability of certain remedies for the enforcement of mortgages over Irish land entered into prior to 1 December 2009 has been removed by the Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act 2013 which was enacted on 24 July 2013. The long anticipated revision to the EU Capital Requirements Directive and Regulation (“CRD IV”) came into force on 1 January 2014 and will be gradually implemented over 5 years. This omnibus legislation will, among other measures, increase capital buffers and introduce new liquidity and leverage ratios for greater transparency. It also provides for the introduction in November 2014 of a new banking supervisory system (a Single Supervisory Mechanism) which will see the eurozone’s largest banks, including AIB, coming under the direct supervision of the European Central Bank. Other measures likely to impact on the business in 2014 include the Credit Reporting Bill, creating a new centralised credit bureau, and the revised Corporate Governance Code. The delivery of this level of regulatory change will place strain on the organisation’s resources, particularly, during a period of significant restructuring and consolidation. The challenge of meeting tight implementation deadlines while balancing competing resource priorities and demands adds to the regulatory risk to the Group. These may also impact significantly on the Group’s future product range, distribution channels, funding sources, capital requirements and consequently, reported results and financing requirements. The Group’s participation in the NAMA Programme gives rise to certain residual financial risks On 8 April 2009, the Minister announced that a National Assets Management Agency (“NAMA”) would be established on a statutory basis for the purpose of strengthening the Irish financial system as a whole. Legislation was enacted (the National Asset Management Agency Act 2009 (‘NAMA Act’)) in November 2009 which established NAMA with the Group being designated in February 2010 as a participating institution under the NAMA Act. 64 During 2010 and 2011, the Group transferred financial assets to NAMA with a net carrying value of € 15.5 billion for which it received as consideration NAMA senior and NAMA subordinated bonds. Section 93 of the NAMA Act (Claw back of overpayments) provides that where a participating institution receives an amount to which it was not entitled, that the participating institution will repay such amount to NAMA. Any payments to NAMA in relation to such "Claw back" may have an adverse effect on the Group. Section 135 of the NAMA Act and Clause 9.2 of NAMA’s Acquisition Terms and Conditions directs the Group to provide a series of indemnities to NAMA relating to the transferred assets. Any payment by the Group to NAMA in respect of the indemnities may have an adverse effect on the Group Furthermore, Section 225 of the NAMA Act provides that, on the dissolution or restructuring of NAMA, the Irish Minister for Finance may require that a report and accounts be prepared. In the event that the NAMA report and accounts show that an aggregate loss has been incurred during the period since its establishment, the Minister may impose a surcharge on AIB, as a participating institution (under additional legislation which would be enacted). No surcharge will become payable until either (a) 10 years after the passing of the NAMA Act; or (b) NAMA is dissolved or restructured, or there is a material alteration of NAMA’s functions, whichever is last to occur. In addition, credit exposure to NAMA arises from the senior and subordinated NAMA bonds acquired by the Group in consideration for the transfer of assets to NAMA. Any of these events may serve to limit the Group’s operations and could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s results, financial condition and future prospects. The Group may be adversely affected by further austerity and budget measures introduced by the Irish Government The current and future budgetary and taxation policy of the Irish State and other measures adopted by the Irish Government may have an adverse impact on borrowers’ ability to repay their loans and, as a result, the Group’s business. Furthermore, some measures may directly impact the financial performance of the Group through the imposition of measures, such as the recently imposed bank levy. The value of certain financial instruments recorded at fair value is determined using financial models incorporating assumptions, judgements, and estimates that may change over time, or may ultimately not turn out to be accurate, and the value realised by the Group for these assets may be materially different from their current, or estimated, fair value In accordance with IFRS, the Group recognises at fair value: (i) derivative financial instruments; (ii) financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss; (iii) certain hedged financial assets and financial liabilities; and (iv) financial assets classified as available for sale (“AFS”). The best evidence of fair value is quoted prices in an active market. The absence of quoted prices due to the deterioration of the world’s financial markets increases reliance on valuation techniques and requires the use of judgement in the estimation of fair value. This judgement includes, but is not limited to, evaluating available market information, determining the cash flows for the instruments, identifying a risk free discount rate and applying an appropriate credit spread. Valuation techniques that rely to a greater extent on non-observable data require a higher level of management judgement to calculate fair value than those based on wholly observable credit spread. The choice of contributors, the quality of market data used for pricing, and the valuation techniques used are all subject to internal review and approval procedures. Given the uncertainty and subjective nature of valuing financial instruments at fair value, any change in these variables could give rise to the financial instruments being carried at a different value, with a consequent impact on the Group’s results, financial condition and future prospects.. The Group’s deferred tax assets depend substantially on the generation of future profits over an extended number of years The Group’s business performance may not reach the level assumed in the projections supporting the carrying value of the deferred tax assets. Lower than anticipated profitability within Ireland and the UK would lengthen the anticipated period over which the Group’s Irish and UK tax losses would be used. The value of the deferred tax assets relating to unused tax losses constitutes substantially all of the deferred tax assets recognised in the Group’s statement of financial position. A significant reduction in anticipated profit, or changes in tax legislation, regulatory requirements, accounting standards or relevant practices, could adversely affect the basis for recognition of the value of these losses, which would adversely affect the Group’s results and financial condition, including capital and future prospects. New capital adequacy rules, consistent with Basel III principles, are within the EU Capital Requirements Regulation (part of the Capital Requirements Directive IV package). The new rules will, inter alia, require the Group to deduct from its common equity capital, the value of most of the Group’s deferred tax assets, including all deferred tax assets arising from unused tax losses. The deduction from common equity capital is to be phased in evenly over 10 years. 65  Risk management – 1. Risk factors Risks related to business operations, governance and internal control systems The Group is subject to inherent credit risks in respect of customers and counterparties which could adversely affect the Group’s results, financial condition and future prospects Risks arising from changes in credit quality and the recoverability of loans and other amounts due from customers and counterparties are inherent in a wide range of the Group’s businesses. In addition to the credit exposures arising from loans to individuals, SMEs and corporates, the Group also has exposure to credit risk arising from loans to financial institutions, its trading portfolio, available for sale securities portfolio, derivatives and from off-balance sheet guarantees and commitments. The Group has been exposed to increased counterparty risk as a result of financial institution failures during the global economic crisis. The Group is also exposed to credit risks relating to sovereign issuers. Concerns in respect of Ireland and other sovereign issuers, including other European Union Member States, have adversely affected and could continue to adversely affect the financial performance of the Group. The Group faces elevated operational risks The Group faces an elevated operational risk profile given the current economic environment and in the context of taking forward the significant organisational changes required to support the delivery of cost savings and the impact of an on-going organisational voluntary severance programme. One of its key operational risks is people risk. The Group’s efforts to restore and sustain the stability of its business on a long-term basis depend, in part, on the availability of skilled management and the continued service of key members of staff both at its head office and at each of its business units. Under the terms of the recapitalisation of the Group by the Irish Government, the Group is required to comply with certain executive pay and compensation arrangements. As a result of these restrictions, the Group cannot guarantee that it will be able to attract, retain and remunerate highly skilled and qualified personnel in a highly competitive market. Failure by the Group to staff its day-to-day operations appropriately or failure to attract and appropriately develop, motivate and retain highly skilled and qualified personnel could have an adverse effect on the Group’s results, financial condition and prospects. Delivering the overall level of change has placed, and will continue to place, added risk on the organisation, including the challenge to meet tight delivery timelines in the face of competing priorities and resource demands. Negative public or industry opinion can result from the actual, or perceived, manner in which the Group conducts its business activities or from the restructuring of the Group. This could adversely affect the Group’s ability to keep and attract customers, the loss of which would adversely affect the Group’s results, financial condition and prospects. Similarly, any weakness in the Group’s risk controls or loss mitigation actions in respect of operational risk could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s results, financial condition and operations. The Group’s risk management strategies and techniques may be unsuccessful The Group is exposed to a number of material risks. In order to minimise these risks, the Group has implemented a number of risk management strategies. Although the Group invests substantial time and effort in its risk management strategies and techniques, there is a risk that these may fail to fully mitigate the risks in some circumstances, particularly if confronted with risks that were not identified or anticipated. Some of the Group’s measures for managing risk are based upon observation of historical market behaviour. Where this is so, the Group applies statistical techniques to these observations to quantify its risk exposures. If circumstances arise that the Group, in developing its models, did not identify or anticipate, the losses could be greater than expected. Furthermore, the Group’s quantifications of risk do not take all risks into account. If the Group’s measures to assess and mitigate risk prove insufficient, the Group may experience material unexpected losses. There is a risk of litigation arising from the Group’s activities The Group operates in a legal and regulatory environment that exposes it to potentially significant litigation and regulatory risks. Disputes and legal proceedings in which the Group may be involved are subject to many uncertainties, and their outcomes are often difficult to predict, particularly in the early stages of a case or investigation. Adverse regulatory action or adverse judgments in litigation could result in a monetary fine or penalty, adverse monetary judgement or settlement and/or restrictions or limitations on the Group’s operations or result in a material adverse effect on the Group’s reputation. 66 Risk management – 2. Framework Introduction The key risk factors to which the Group is exposed are set out in the previous section. The governance and organisation framework through which the Group manages and seeks, where possible, to mitigate these risks, are described below. 2.1 Risk management framework The Group assumes a variety of risks in undertaking its business activities. Risk is defined as any event that could damage the core earnings capacity of the Group, increase earnings or cash-flow volatility, reduce capital, threaten business reputation or viability, and/or breach regulatory or legal obligations. AIB has adopted an Enterprise Risk Management approach to identifying, assessing and managing risks, the core elements of which are set out in a Board approved Enterprise Risk Management Framework. This framework is in turn supported by a number of other Board approved frameworks covering the management of specific risk categories (credit risk, operational risk, etc). The core aspects of the Group's risk management approach are described below. 2.2 Risk appetite The Group’s risk appetite is defined as the amount of risk that the Group is prepared to accept in order to deliver on its strategic and business objectives. The Group Risk Appetite Statement (“RAS”) is a blend of qualitative statements and quantitative limits and triggers linked to the Group's strategic objectives, and is supported by a number of business segment level risk appetite statements. The Group RAS and Risk Appetite Framework are Board approved and reviewed at least annually or more often if required in alignment with the annual business and financial budgeting process. The Group RAS has recently undergone a review and update process (previously approved in March 2013) during the period November 2013 – February 2014 in order to align with the Group’s Business and Financial Plan 2014-2016 which was approved by the Board in December 2013. The revised Group RAS will be presented for Board approval in March 2014. All Group licensed subsidiaries and segments are required to document and align their own risk appetite statements with the Group statement. This work was initiated and is being facilitated in tandem with the review and update process of the Group RAS and will be completed in the first quarter of 2014. While the Board reviews and approves the Group's Risk Appetite Framework and RAS, the Leadership Team is accountable for ensuring that risks remain within appetite. The Group’s risk profile is measured against its risk appetite on a monthly basis and exceptions to risk appetite are reported to the Executive Risk Committee (“ERC”) and Board Risk Committee (“BRC”). Material breaches of risk appetite, should they arise, are escalated to the Central Bank. 2.3 Risk governance and risk management organisation The Board has ultimate responsibility for the governance of all risk taking activity in the Group. The Group has adopted a ‘three lines of defence’ framework in the delineation of accountabilities for risk governance. Under the three lines of defence model, primary responsibility for risk management lies with business line management. The Risk Management function provides the second line of defence, providing independent oversight and challenge to business line managers. During 2013, a new Head of Compliance was appointed with a direct reporting line to the Group Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”). The third line of defence is the Group Internal Audit function which provides independent assurance to the Audit Committee of the Board on the effectiveness of the system of internal control. Risk governance - Committees While the Board has ultimate responsibility for the governance of all risk taking activity within AIB, it has delegated a number of risk governance responsibilities to various committees or key officers. The diagram on the following page, summarises the current risk governance structure of the Group. The role of the Board, the Audit Committee, and the BRC is set out in the Corporate Governance statement. The Leadership Team comprises the senior executive managers of the Group who manage the strategic business risks of the Group. It establishes the business strategy and risk appetite within which the risk management function operates. The ERC is the principal executive forum for the review and challenge of enterprise-wide risk management and control. The CRO chairs the ERC. The principal duties of the ERC are to: – Continuously review the effectiveness of the Group’s risk frameworks and policies; – Monitor and review the Group’s risk profile, risk trends, risk concentrations and policy exceptions; and – Review all breaches of Board and Leadership Team approved risk appetite and limits. The ERC acts as the parent body of a number of other risk and control committees, namely, the Group Credit Committee (“GCC”), the Strategic Credit Forum (“SCF”) and the Product and Conduct Committee (“PCC”). The GCC exercises approval authority in respect of Board approved credit policies as well as reviewing and approving other credit related matters. The SCF is charged with responsibility for governance of Group credit risk strategy, credit risk appetite, quality and impairment provision adequacy. The PCC approves the launch of new products and oversees the Group’s conduct risk management. The PCC plays a key role in promoting and supporting customer centric ethos and culture across the Group. 67 Risk management – 2. Framework Risk governance - Committees (continued) The role of the Asset and Liability Committee (“ALCo”) is to act as the Group’s strategic balance sheet management forum that combines a business-decisioning and risk governance mandate. It is a sub-committee of the Leadership Team, chaired by the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) and tasked with decision-making in respect of the Group’s balance sheet structure, including capital, liquidity, funding, interest rate risk in the Banking Book (“IRRBB”) from an economic value and net interest margin perspective, foreign exchange (“FX”) hedging risks and other market risks. Group ALCo also acts as the parent body of the Product Pricing Committee (“PPC”) and the Capital Committee (“CC”). The PPC, as a sub-committee of ALCo, has delegated authority for the oversight and direction of balance sheet management and net interest margin; this specifically includes the approval of product pricing. The CC is responsible for fostering sound capital management and planning within AIB Group as well as ensuring that the quality and quantum of capital held by the Group is commensurate with its business objectives and risk appetite. The CC has delegated authority to the Capital Model Governance Committee to review and approve models used by the Group for calculating expected and unexpected losses and stress testing. During 2013, both the Financial Solutions Group (“FSG”) Oversight Committee and the Deleveraging Committee were retired as sufficient oversight of FSG exists within the Leadership Team and the Group has successfully met its deleveraging targets. Risk Governance Structure December 2013 Board of Directors Board Risk Committee Board Audit Committee Remuneration Committee Nominations Committee Leadership Team Executive Risk Committee Disclosure Committee ALCo B o a r d E x e c u t i v e Strategic Credit Forum Product and Conduct Committee Group Credit Committee Capital Committee Product Pricing Committee 68 Individuals and functions The role of certain key officers within the Group’s risk management framework is described below. Chief Risk Officer The CRO has independent oversight of the Group’s enterprise-wide risk management activities across all risk types. The CRO is a member of the Leadership Team and reports independently to the CEO and the Chairman of the Board Risk Committee. The CRO’s responsibilities include: – Providing second line assurance to Senior Management and the Board across all risk types; – Developing and maintaining the Enterprise Risk Management framework; – Providing independent reporting to the Board on all risk issues, including the risk appetite and risk profile of the Group; and – Providing independent assurance to the CEO and Board that material risks are identified across all risk types and managed by line management and that the Group is in compliance with enterprise risk policies, processes and limits. Head of Internal Audit Group Internal Audit (“GIA”) is an independent evaluation and appraisal function reporting to the Board through the Audit Committee. GIA acts as the third line of defence in the Group’s risk governance organisation and provides assurance to the Audit Committee on the adequacy, effectiveness and sustainability of the governance, risk management and control framework throughout the Group, including the activities carried out by other control functions. The results of GIA audits are reported quarterly to the Audit Committee, which monitors both the resolution of audit issues and progress in the delivery of the audit plan. 2.4 Risk identification and assessment process Risk is identified and assessed across the Group through a combination of top-down and bottom-up risk assessment processes. Top-down risk assessment processes seek to identify the material risks facing the Group, both in the context of the Group’s agreed risk appetite and in the identification of new and emerging threats. Top-down risk assessments are carried out on a regular basis and are reviewed by the ERC and the BRC. These assessments form critical inputs into the Group’s Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (“ICAAP”). Bottom-up risk assessment processes are more granular, focusing on risk events that have been identified through specific qualitative and quantitative measurement tools. More information on the key bottom-up risk assessment techniques across material risk types can be found in the individual risk sections below. 2.5 Stress and scenario testing The Group’s risk identification and assessment framework described above is supported by a framework of stress testing, scenario and sensitivity analysis and reverse stress testing that seeks to ensure that risk assessment is dynamic and forward looking and considers not only existing risks but also potential and emerging threats. The Group undertakes a regular programme of stress testing across all its material risks to meet internal and regulatory requirements. In addition, ad-hoc stress tests are undertaken, as required, to inform strategic decision making. 2.6 Risk training During 2013, a Risk Academy was established with the primary aim of providing access to all recommended learning and development for risk professionals, as well as supporting the on-going development of risk skills across the AIB organisation. The ‘Learning Pyramid’ incorporates a core curriculum of three interlinked development streams for risk professionals: technical risk skills, business/product specific skills and professional and personal development skills. 69 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types This section provides details of the Group’s exposure to, and risk management of the following individual risk types which have been identified through the Group’s risk assessment process: 3.1 Credit risk(1); 3.2 Liquidity risk; 3.3 Market risk; 3.4 Structural foreign exchange risk; 3.5 Operational risk; 3.6 Regulatory compliance risk; and 3.7 Pension risk. Parent company risk information is set out in section 3.8 below. (1)The credit risk disclosures in this section are aligned with the Central Bank of Ireland guidelines issued in December 2011 and May 2013 respectively. 70 3.1 Credit risk Credit risk is the risk that the Group will incur losses as a result of a customer or counterparty being unable or unwilling to meet a commitment that they has entered into. Credit exposure arises in relation to lending activities to customers and banks, including ‘off-balance sheet’ guarantees and commitments, the trading portfolio, financial investments available for sale, and derivatives. Concentrations in particular portfolio sectors, such as property and construction can impact the overall level of credit risk. Credit risk management objectives are to: – Establish and maintain a control framework to ensure credit risk taking is based on sound credit management principles; – Control and plan credit risk taking in line with external stakeholder expectations; – Identify, assess and measure credit risk clearly and accurately across the Group and within each separate business, from the level of individual facilities up to the total portfolio; and – Monitor credit risk and adherence to agreed controls. AIB lends to personal and retail customers, commercial entities and banks. Credit risk arises on the drawn amount of loans and receivables, but also as a result of loan commitments, such as undrawn loans and overdrafts, and other credit related commitments, such as guarantees, performance bonds and letters of credit. These credit related commitments are subject to the same credit assessment and management as loans and receivables. Credit risk organisation and structure The Group’s credit risk management systems operate through a hierarchy of lending authorities. All customer loan requests are subject to a credit assessment process. The role of the Credit Risk function is to provide direction, oversight and challenge of credit risk-taking. The Group Risk Appetite Statement sets out the credit risk appetite and framework. Credit Risk appetite is set at Board level and is described, reported and monitored through a suite of metrics. These metrics are supported by more detailed appetite metrics at a segment level. These are also supported by a comprehensive suite of credit risk policies, concentration limits, product and country limits to manage concentration risk and exposures within the Group’s approved risk appetite. The Group’s risk appetite for credit risk is reviewed and approved annually. AIB operates credit approval criteria which: – – Require a thorough understanding and assessment of the borrower or counterparty, as well as the purpose and structure of credit, Includes a clear indication of the Group’s target market(s), in line with Group and Segment Risk Appetite Statements; and the source of repayment; and – Enforce compliance with minimum credit assessment and facility structuring standards. Credit risk approval is undertaken by experienced credit risk professionals operating within a defined delegated authority framework. The AIB Board is the ultimate credit approval authority and grants authority to various Credit Committees and individuals to approve limits. Credit limits are approved in accordance with the Group’s written policies and guidelines. All exposures above certain levels require approval by the Group Credit Committee (“GCC”). Other exposures are approved according to a system of tiered individual authorities which reflect credit competence, proven judgement and experience. Depending on the borrower/connection, grade or weighted average facility grade and the level of exposure, limits are sanctioned by the Relevant Credit Authority. Material lending proposals are referred to credit units for independent assessment/approval or formulation of a recommendation and subsequent adjudication by the applicable approval authority. Measurement of credit risk* One of the objectives of credit risk management is to accurately quantify the level of credit risk to which the Group is exposed. The use of internal credit rating models is fundamental in assessing the credit quality of loan exposures, with variants of these used for the calculation of regulatory capital. The primary model measures used are: – Probability of default (“PD”) – the likelihood that a borrower is unable to repay his obligations; – Exposure at default (“EAD”) – the exposure to a borrower who is unable to repay his obligations at the point of default; and – Loss given default (“LGD”) – the loss associated with a defaulted loan or borrower. To calculate PD, the Group assesses the credit quality of borrowers and other counterparties and assigns a credit grade or score to these. This grading is fundamental to credit sanctioning and approval, and to the on-going credit risk management of loan portfolios. It is a key factor in determining whether credit exposure limits are sanctioned for new borrowers and how any existing limits are managed for current borrowers. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 71 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk Measurement of credit risk (continued) The ratings methodology and criteria used in assigning borrowers to grades vary across the models used for the portfolios, but models generally use a combination of statistical analysis (using both financial and non-financial inputs) and expert judgement. For the purposes of calculating credit risk, each probability of default model segments counterparties into a number of rating grades, each representing a defined range of default probabilities (details of these rating scales are published in the Group’s Pillar 3 disclosures). Exposures migrate between rating grades if the assessment of the counterparty probability of default changes. These individual rating models continue to be refined and recalibrated based on experience. The calculation of internal ratings differs between portfolios. In the retail portfolio, which is characterised by a large number of customers with small individual exposures, risk assessment and decisioning is largely automated through the use of statistically-based scoring models. All counterparties are assessed using the appropriate model or scorecard prior to credit approval. Mortgage applications are generally assessed centrally with particular reference to affordability, assisted by scoring models. However, in Business Banking, some mortgage applications are assessed by the Relevant Credit Authority. Both application scoring for new customers and behavioural scoring for existing customers are used to assess and measure risk as well as to facilitate the management of these portfolios. In the non-retail portfolio, the grading systems utilise a combination of objective information, essentially, financial data (e.g. borrowings; earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (“EBITDA”); interest cover; and balance sheet gearing) and qualitative assessments of non-financial risk factors such as management quality and competitive position within the sector/industry. The combination of expert lender judgement and statistical methodologies varies according to the size and nature of the portfolio, together with the availability of relevant default experience applicable to the portfolio. Credit grading and scoring systems facilitate the early identification and management of any deterioration in loan quality. Changes in the objective information are reflected in the credit grade of the borrower with the resultant grade influencing the management of individual loans. Special attention is paid to lower quality performing loans or ‘criticised’ loans. In AIB, criticised loans include ‘watch’, ‘vulnerable’ and ‘impaired’ loans which are defined as follows: The credit is exhibiting weakness but with the expectation that existing debt can be fully repaid from normal cash flows; Watch: Vulnerable: Credit where repayment is in jeopardy from normal cash flows and may be dependent on other sources; and Impaired: A loan is impaired if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset (a ‘loss event’) and that loss event/events has an impact such that the present value of future cash flows is less than the current carrying value of the financial asset or group of assets and requires an impairment provision to be recognised in the income statement. The Group’s criticised loans are subject to more intense assessment and review because of the increased risk associated with them. Given the on-going deterioration in credit quality throughout 2012 and 2013 in the residential, retail and commercial markets, credit management and credit risk management continued to be the key area of focus. Resourcing, structures, policy and processes are subjected to on-going review in order to ensure that the Group is best placed to manage asset quality and assist borrowers in line with agreed treatment strategies. Use of PD, LGD, and EAD within regulatory capital and impairment provisioning As at 31 December 2013, the Group uses a combination of Standardised and Internal Ratings Based (“IRB”) approaches. Under the Standardised approach, regulatory risk weightings are determined on a fixed percentage basis, depending on the portfolios, as specified in the relevant regulations. The Group has regulatory approval to use its internal credit models in the calculation of its capital requirements. 37% of credit risk weighted assets were calculated using internal credit models. This approval covers the adoption of the Foundation IRB approach for non-retail exposures and Advanced IRB for retail exposures. For non-retail exposures, the Foundation IRB approach is used for sovereign, bank, corporate, commercial, not for profit and project finance portfolios. The Foundation IRB approach is used where banks use their own estimate of PD and regulatory estimates of LGD and EAD. For retail exposures, the Advanced IRB approach is adopted for Republic of Ireland mortgages (excluding legacy EBS mortgages) where the Group uses its own estimates of PD, LGD and EAD. PDs and LGDs are calibrated on the basis of internal data, supplemented with benchmarking to external sources. For both non-retail and retail internal rating systems, default is defined as exposures 90 days or more past due or where the customer is unable to repay their debt. 72 3.1 Credit risk Measurement of credit risk (continued) The Group has a formalised governance framework around the internal ratings process. Each rating model is subject to an annual validation process, undertaken by an independent validation team, which includes benchmarking to externally available data, where possible. The table below sets out the distribution for IRB portfolios of the outstanding credit exposures to customers in terms of EAD, PD, LGD and EL. Residential mortgages – IRB portfolio Non-retail – IRB portfolio Residential mortgages – IRB portfolio Non-retail – IRB portfolio EAD € m 19,014 7,434 EAD € m 20,334 8,773 Average PD % 1.5 3.6 Average PD % 1.9 1.6 Average LGD % 28.1 45.1 Average LGD % 20.5 45.3 2013 EL € m 80 120 2012 EL € m 86 63 The average PD for the non-retail – IRB portfolio has increased in 2013, mainly due to a recalibration of the PD model. The average LGD for the residential mortgages – IRB portfolio has increased in 2013, due to changes in the model to reflect current data on loss history and portfolio development as well as incorporating additional loss parameters assessed on restructuring outcomes. The amount of incurred credit losses provided for in the financial statements differs from the amount determined from the expected loss models. For reporting purposes, impairment allowances are recognised only with respect to losses that have been incurred at the balance sheet date based on objective evidence of impairment. Credit risk principles and policy* The Group implements and operates policies covering the identification, assessment, approval, monitoring, and control and reporting of credit risk. The Credit Risk Framework sets out at a high level how the Group identifies, assesses, approves, monitors, reports and controls credit risk. It contains minimum standards that are applied across the Group to provide a common and consistent approach to the management of credit risk. More detailed policies, standards and guidelines provide more explicit instructions for applying these minimum standards to specific products, business lines, market segments, processes and roles. These are reviewed at least annually. Policy exceptions must be approved and reported. Policy breaches are not permitted and must be reported to senior management and Risk. Credit Risk monitor credit performance trends, review and challenge exceptions to planned outcomes, and track portfolio performance against agreed credit risk indicators. This allows the Group to take early and proactive mitigating actions for any potential areas of concern. The more significant credit policies are approved by the Board. Credit concentration risk* Credit concentration risk arises where any single exposure or group of exposures, based on common risk characteristics, has the potential to produce losses large enough relative to the Group’s capital, total assets, earnings or overall risk level to threaten its health or ability to maintain its core objectives. Credit policy is aligned to the Group’s risk appetite and restricts exposure to certain high risk countries and more vulnerable sectors. Exposures are monitored to prevent excess concentration of risk. The Board-approved Large Exposures and Approval Policy sets the maximum limit by grade for exposures to individual counterparties or group of connected counterparties taking into account features such as security, default risk and term. Concentration risk to sectors and movements in such concentrations are monitored regularly to prevent excessive concentration of risk, guide risk appetite and limit setting, identify unwanted concentrations, and provide an early warning indicator for potential excesses. Such measures facilitate the measurement of concentrations by balance sheet size and risk profile relative to other portfolios within the Group and in turn facilitate appropriate management action and decision making. The Group’s large exposures are reported in accordance with regulatory reporting requirements. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 73 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk Measurement of credit risk (continued) Country risk* Credit risk is also influenced by country risk, where country risk is defined as the risk that circumstances arise in which customers and other counterparties within a given country may be unable/unwilling to fulfil or are precluded from fulfilling their obligations to the Group due to economic or political circumstances. These are managed in line with the Country Policy limits which define maximum credit risk appetite for those countries through direct sovereign bond exposure, interbank exposure as well as corporate and equity exposures. Exposures against limits are monitored on an on-going basis and reported in line with processes detailed in the Country Exposure Policy. Credit risk on derivatives* The credit risk on derivative contracts is the risk that the Group’ counterparty in the contract defaults prior to maturity at a time when AIB has a claim on the counterparty under the contract. AIB would then have to replace the contract at the current market rate, which may result in a loss. Derivatives are used by AIB to meet customer needs, to reduce interest rate risk, currency risk, and in some cases credit risk and also for proprietary trading purposes. Risks associated with derivatives are managed from a credit, market and operational perspective. The total credit exposure consists partly of the current replacement cost and partly of the potential future exposure. The potential future exposure is an estimation, which reflects possible changes in market values during the remaining life of the individual contract. The Group uses a simulation tool to estimate possible changes in future market values and computes the credit exposure to a high level of statistical significance. Exposures against limits are monitored on an on-going basis. Credit risk assurance and review* The credit management process is underpinned by an independent system of review. Assessment of the effectiveness of risk management practices and adherence to risk controls is carried out by Credit Risk and Credit Review teams who facilitate a wide range of audit, assurance and review work. These include cyclical credit reviews, non-standard reviews, and bespoke assignments, including impairment adequacy reviews, as required. This provides executive and senior management with assurance and guidance on credit quality, effectiveness of credit risk controls as well as accuracy of impairments. Stress testing and scenario analysis* The credit portfolio is subjected to stress testing and scenario analysis. Events are modelled at a Group wide level, at a segment and business unit level and by rating model and portfolio. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 74 3.1 Credit risk – Credit exposure Maximum exposure to credit risk from on balance sheet and off balance sheet financial instruments is presented before taking account of any collateral held or other credit enhancements (unless such enhancements meet accounting offsetting requirements). For financial assets recognised on the statement of financial position, the maximum exposure to credit risk equals their carrying amount, and for financial guarantees and similar contracts granted, it is the maximum amount the Group would have to pay if the guarantees were called upon. For loan commitments and other credit related commitments that are irrevocable over the life of the respective facilities, it is generally the full amount of the committed facilities. The following table sets out the maximum exposure to credit risk that arises within the Group and distinguishes between those assets that are carried in the statement of financial position at amortised cost and those carried at fair value: Maximum exposure to credit risk* Balances at central banks(3) Items in course of collection Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale(4) Trading portfolio financial assets(6) Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale(7) Included elsewhere: Sale of securities awaiting settlement Trade receivables Accrued interest Financial guarantees Loan commitments and other credit related commitments Amortised cost(1) € m Fair value(2) € m 3,536 164 28(5) – – 2,048 65,713 15,598 – – 57 502 – – – 1 1,629 – – – 20,251 – – – 2013 Total € m 3,536 164 28 1 1,629 2,048 65,713 15,598 20,251 – 57 502 Amortised cost(1) € m Fair value(2) € m 3,481 192 353(5) – – – – – 22 2,835 2,914 72,972 17,387 – 5 63 454 – – – 16,201 – – – 2012 Total € m 3,481 192 353 22 2,835 2,914 72,972 17,387 16,201 5 63 454 87,646 21,881 109,527 97,821 19,058 116,879 1,353 8,236 9,589 – – – 1,353 8,236 9,589 1,561 8,974 10,535 – – – 1,561 8,974 10,535 Total 97,235 21,881 119,116 108,356 19,058 127,414 (1)All amortised cost items are ‘loans and receivables’ per IAS 39 definitions. (2)All items measured at fair value except financial investments available for sale and cash flow hedging derivatives are classified as ‘fair value through profit or loss’. (3)Included within cash and balances at central banks of € 4,132 million (2012: € 4,047 million). (4)Certain non-financial assets and equity investments within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale are not included above (note 21). (5)Comprises loans and receivables to banks and customers measured at amortised cost (note 21). (6)Excluding equity shares of € 1 million (2012: € 2 million). (7)Excluding equity shares of € 117 million (2012: € 143 million). *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 75 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit exposure Credit risk mitigants* The perceived strength of a borrower’s repayment capacity is the primary factor in granting a loan, however, AIB uses various approaches to help mitigate risks relating to individual credits including: transaction structure, collateral and guarantees. Collateral or guarantees are usually required as a secondary source of repayment in the event of the borrower’s default. The main types of collateral for loans and receivables to customers are described below under the section on Collateral. Credit policy and credit management standards are controlled and set centrally via the Credit risk function. Very occasionally, credit derivatives are purchased to hedge credit risk. Current levels are minimal and their use is subject to the normal credit approval process. The Group enters into netting agreements for derivatives with certain counterparties, to ensure that in the event of default, all amounts outstanding with those counterparties will be settled on a net basis. Derivative transactions with wholesale counterparties are typically collateralised under a Credit Support Annex in conjunction with the ISDA Master Agreement. The Group also has in place an interbank exposure policy which establishes the maximum exposure for each counterparty bank depending on credit grade. Each bank is assessed for the appropriate exposure limit within the policy. Risk generating business units in each segment are required to have an approved bank or country limit prior to granting any credit facility, or approving any obligation or commitment which has the potential to create interbank or country exposure. Collateral* Collateral or guarantees are usually required as a secondary source of repayment in the event of the borrower’s default. Credit risk mitigation includes the requirement to obtain collateral as set out in the Group’s policies and procedures. The Group maintains guidelines on the acceptability of specific classes of collateral. The principal collateral types for loans and receivables are: – Charges over business assets such as premises, inventory and accounts receivables; – Mortgages over residential and commercial real estate; and – Charges over financial instruments such as debt securities and equities. The nature and level of collateral required depends on a number of factors such as the type of the facility, the term of the facility and the amount of exposure. Collateral held as security for financial assets other than loans and receivables is determined by the nature of the instrument. Debt securities and treasury products are generally unsecured, with the exception of asset backed securities, which are secured by a portfolio of financial assets. Collateral is not usually held against loans and receivables to financial institutions, including central banks, except where securities are held as part of reverse repurchase or securities borrowing transactions or where a collateral agreement has been entered into under a master netting agreement. In accordance with the Group policy, collateral should always be valued by an appropriately qualified source at the time of lending. Methodologies for valuing collateral* As property loans represent a significant concentration within the Group’s advances, some key principles have been applied in respect of property collateral held by the Group. For impaired property exposures, cash flows will generally emanate from the development and/or disposal of the assets which comprise the collateral held by the Group. The Group’s preference is to work with the obligor to progress the realisation of the collateral although in some cases the Group will foreclose its security to protect its position. Banks typically hold various types of collateral as security for these loans, e.g. land, developments available for sale/rent and investment properties or a combination of these assets via cross collateralisation. Where cash flows arising from the realisation of collateral held are included in impairment assessments, management typically rely on valuations or business appraisals from independent external professionals. However, in accordance with the Group’s policy on Collateral Valuation, the Group uses a number of methods to assist in reaching appropriate valuations for collateral held, given the absence of a liquid market for non-prime property related assets in Ireland at present. These include: – Consultations with valuers; – Use of professional valuations; – Use of internally developed residual value methodologies; – The application of local knowledge in respect of the property and its location; and – Use of internal guidelines. These are described below. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 76 3.1 Credit risk – Credit exposure Methodologies for valuing collateral* (continued) Consultations with valuers would represent circumstances where local external valuers are asked to give verbal ‘desk top’ updates on their view of the assets value. This is a tactical view only and is not relied upon for risk assessment purposes. Consultation also takes place on general market conditions to help inform the Group’s view on the particular property valuation. The valuers are external to the Group and are familiar with the location and asset for which the valuation is being requested. Use of professional valuations would represent circumstances where external firms are requested to provide formal written valuations in respect of the property. Up to date external professional valuations are sought in circumstances where it is believed that sufficient transactional evidence is available to support an expert objective view. Historic valuations are also used as benchmarks to compare against current market conditions and assess peak to trough reductions. Available market indices for relevant assets, e.g. residential and investment property are also used in valuation assessments. The residual value methodology assesses the value in the land or property asset after meeting the incremental costs to complete the development. This approach looks at the cost of developing the asset to determine the residual value for the Group, including covering the costs to complete and additional funding costs. The key factors considered include: (i) the development potential given the location of the asset; (ii) its current or likely near term planning status; (iii) levels of current and likely future demand; (iv) the relevant costs associated with the completion of the project; and (v) expected market prices of completed units. If, following internal considerations which may include consultations with valuers, it is concluded that the optimal value for the Group will be obtained through the development/completion of the project; a residual value methodology is used. When, in the opinion of the Group, the land is not likely to be developed or it is non-commercial to do so, agricultural/green field values may be applied. Alternative use value (subject to planning permission) should also be considered. Application of local market knowledge would represent circumstances where the local bank management familiar with the property concerned and with local market conditions, and with knowledge of recent completed transactions would provide indications of the likely realisable value and a potential timeline for realisation. In valuing investment property, yields are applied to current rentals having considered current yields and estimated likely yields for a more normal market environment for relevant asset classes. When assessing properties that are used for operational business or trading purposes, these are generally valued by applying a multiple to stabilised EBITDA, e.g. hotels and nursing homes. For licensed premises, these are valued by applying a multiple to stabilised net turnover (average over three years). When assessing the value of residential properties, recent transactional analysis of comparable sales in the area combined with the CSO Residential Property Price index are used. Applying one or a combination of the above methodologies, in line with Group’s Valuation Policy, has resulted in a wide range of discounts to original collateral valuations, influenced by the nature, status and year of purchase of the asset. The frequency, and availability, of such up-to-date valuations remains a key factor within impairment provisions determination. Additionally, all relevant costs likely to be associated with the realisation of the collateral are taken into account in the cash flow forecasts. The spread of discounts is influenced by the type of collateral, e.g. land, developed land or investment property and also its location. The valuation arrived at is therefore, a function of the nature of the asset, e.g. un-serviced land in a rural area will most likely suffer a greater reduction in value if purchased at the height of a property boom than a fully let investment property with strong lessees. The discounts to original collateral value, having applied the valuation methodologies to reflect current market conditions, can be as high as 95% for land assets where values have been marked down to agricultural/green field site values. When assessing the level of provision required for property loans, apart from the value to be realised from the collateral, other cash flows, such as recourse to other assets or sponsor support, are also considered. The other key driver is the time it takes to receive the funds from the realisation of collateral. While this depends on the type of collateral and the stage of its development, the period of time to realisation is typically one to seven years but sometimes this time period is exceeded. These estimates are frequently reassessed on a case by case basis. In assessing the value of collateral for impaired mortgage loans in Ireland, the Group uses a peak to trough price decline of 55% as a base. In certain circumstances, realisation costs of 10% to 20% are deducted. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 77 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit exposure Collateral for the non-mortgage portfolio* For non-mortgage lending, collateral is taken where available, and will typically include a charge over the business assets such as stock and debtors. In some cases, a charge over property collateral or a personal guarantee supported by a lien over personal assets may also be taken. Collateral is reviewed on a regular basis in accordance with credit policy. The value of collateral is assessed at origination of the loan or in the case of criticised loans, when testing for impairment. However, as the Group does not capture collateral values on its loan systems, it is not possible to quantify the fair value of collateral for non-impaired loans on an on-going basis at portfolio level. It should be noted that when testing a loan for impairment, the present value of future cash flows, including the value of collateral held, and the likely time taken to realise any security is estimated. A provision is raised for the difference between this present value and the carrying value of the loan. Therefore, for non-mortgage impaired loans, the net exposure after provision would be indicative of the fair value. Collateral for the residential mortgage portfolio* For residential mortgages, the Group takes collateral in support of lending transactions for the purchase of residential property. Collateral valuations are required at the time of origination of each residential mortgage. The Group adjusts open market property values to take account of the costs of realisation and any discount associated with the realisation of collateral. The fair value at 31 December 2013 is based on property values at origination or date of latest valuation and applying the CSO (Ireland) and Nationwide (UK) indices to these values to take account of price movements in the interim. Summary of risk mitigants by selected portfolios Set out below are details of risk mitigants used by the Group in relation to financial assets detailed in the maximum exposure to credit risk table on page 75. Loans and receivables to customers – residential mortgages* The following table shows the fair value of collateral held for the Group’s residential mortgage portfolio as at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012. Neither past due nor impaired € m Past due but not impaired € m Impaired 2013 Total € m € m Neither past due nor impaired € m Past due but not impaired € m Impaired 2012 Total € m € m Fully collateralised(1) Loan-to-value ratio: Less than 50% 50% - 70% 71% - 80% 81% - 90% 91% - 100% Partially collateralised Collateral value relating to 4,630 4,176 2,786 2,708 2,752 17,052 241 239 148 163 173 964 395 514 413 465 606 5,266 4,929 3,347 3,336 3,531 4,282 4,083 2,451 2,771 2,682 2,393 20,409 16,269 204 218 133 156 160 871 316 419 320 369 505 4,802 4,720 2,904 3,296 3,347 1,929 19,069 loans over 100% loan-to-value 9,880 Total collateral value Gross residential mortgages 26,932 29,688 779 1,743 1,993 4,774 15,433 7,167 35,842 9,083 40,764 12,011 28,280 32,318 866 4,254 17,131 1,737 2,073 6,183 36,200 8,130 42,521 Statement of financial position specific provisions Statement of financial position IBNR provisions Net residential mortgages (3,333) (3,333) (2,699) (2,699) (619) 5,750 36,812 (507) 5,431 39,315 (1)The fair value of collateral held for residential mortgages which are fully collateralised has been capped at the carrying value of the loans outstanding at each year end. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 78 3.1 Credit risk – Credit exposure Derivatives* Derivative financial instruments are shown on the statement of financial position at their fair value. Those with a positive fair value are reported as assets which at 31 December 2013 amounted to € 1,629 million (2012: € 2,835 million) and those with negative fair value are reported as liabilities which at 31 December 2013 amounted to € 1,960 million (2012: € 3,256 million). The enforcement of netting agreements would potentially reduce the statement of financial position carrying amount of derivative assets and liabilities by € 957 million (2012: € 1,539 million). The Group also has Credit Support Annexes (“CSAs”) in place which provide collateral for derivative contracts. As at 31 December 2013, € 820 million (2012: € 1,260 million) of CSAs are included within financial assets and € 188 million (2012: € 361 million) of CSAs are included within financial liabilities. Additionally, the Group has agreements in place which may allow it to net the termination values of cross currency swaps upon occurrence of an event of default. Loans and receivables to banks* Interbank placings, including central banks, are largely carried out on an unsecured basis apart from reverse repurchase agreements. At 31 December 2013, the Group has received collateral with a fair value of € 16 million under reverse repurchase agreements with a carrying value of € 16 million (2012: € 61 million and € 61 million respectively). NAMA senior bonds* NAMA senior bonds, which at 31 December 2013 have a carrying value of € 15,598 million (2012: € 17,387 million), are guaranteed by the Irish Government as to principal and interest Financial investments available for sale* At 31 December 2013, government guaranteed senior bank debt which amounted to € 0.4 billion (2012: € 0.8 billion) was held within the available for sale portfolio. Credit risk management Credit risk monitoring* To manage credit risk effectively, the Group has developed and implemented processes and information systems to monitor and report on individual credits and credit portfolios. It is the Group’s practice to ensure that adequate up to date credit management is available to support the credit management of individual account relationships and the overall loan portfolio. Credit risk, at a portfolio level is monitored and reported regularly to senior management and the Board Risk Committee. Credit managers pro-actively manage the Group’s credit risk exposures at a transaction and relationship level. Monitoring is done via credit exposure and excess management, regular review of accounts, being up to date with any developments in customer business, obtaining updated financial information and monitoring of covenant compliance. This is reported on a monthly basis to senior management and includes information and detailed commentary on loan book growth, quality of the loan book and loan impairment provisions including individual large impaired exposures. Changes in sectoral and single name concentrations are tracked on a quarterly basis highlighting changes to risk concentration in the Group’s loan book. A report on any exceptions to credit policy is presented and reviewed on a monthly basis. The Group allocates significant resources to ensure on-going monitoring and compliance with approved risk limits. Credit risk, including compliance with key credit risk limits is reported monthly. As a matter of policy, all facilities granted to corporate or wholesale customers are subject to a review on, at least, an annual basis, even when they are performing satisfactorily. Annual review processes are supplemented by more frequent portfolio and case review processes in addition to arrears or excess management processes. Once an account has been placed on a watch list, or early warning list, the exposure is carefully monitored and where appropriate, exposure reductions are effected. Criticised borrowers are tested for impairment at the time of annual review, or earlier, if there is a material adverse change or event in their credit risk profile. In addition, assessment for impairment is required for all cases where borrowers are 90 days past due as a result of payment arrears or on receipt of a forbearance request. The Group operates a number of schemes to assist borrowers who are experiencing financial stress. The material elements of these schemes through which the Group has granted a concession, whether temporarily or permanently are set out below. The Group employs a dedicated approach to loan workout and to monitoring and proactively managing impaired loans. Specialised teams within the Financial Solutions Group (“FSG”), focus on managing the majority of criticised loans. Specialist recovery functions deal with clients in default, collection or insolvency. Their mandate is to maximise return on impaired debt and to support customers in difficulty. Whilst the basic principles for monitoring weaknesses in corporate/commercial and retail exposures are broadly similar, they will reflect the differing nature of the assets. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 79 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit risk management Forbearance The Group uses a range of tools to support customers. The Group considers requests from customers who are experiencing cash flow difficulties on a case by case basis against their current and likely future financial circumstances and their willingness to resolve these difficulties, taking into account legal and regulatory obligations. The Group has implemented the standards for the Codes of Conduct in relation to customers in difficulty as set out by the Central Bank of Ireland ensuring these customers are dealt with in a professional and timely manner. A forbearance agreement is entered into where the customer is in financial difficulty to the extent that they are unable to repay both the principal and interest in accordance with the original contract terms. Modifications to the original contract can be of a temporary (e.g. interest only) or permanent (e.g. term extension) nature and a loan is considered to be no longer a forborne loan once the modified terms and conditions have expired. As we are still in the early stages of implementing advanced forbearance solutions, the sustainability of the individual forbearance measures will be reviewed and assessed over time. The impact on provisioning will also be reviewed. Mortgage portfolio The Group has developed a Mortgage Arrears Resolution Strategy (“MARS”) for dealing with mortgage customers in difficulty or likely to be in difficulty. This builds on and formalises the Group’s Mortgage Arrears Resolution Process. The strategy is built on three key factors: i) Segmentation – identifying customers in difficulty; ii) Sustainability – customer assessment; and iii) Suitable Treatment – identifying solutions. The core objectives are to ensure that arrears solutions are sustainable in the long term and they comply with the spirit and the letter of all regulatory requirements. MARS includes the following new longer-term forbearance solutions which have been devised to assist existing Republic of Ireland primary residential mortgage customers in difficulty: Split mortgages – a split mortgage will be considered where a customer can afford a mortgage but their income is not sufficient to fully support their current mortgage. The existing mortgage is split into two parts: Loan A being the sustainable element, which is repaid on the basis of principal and interest, and Loan B being the unsustainable element, which is deferred and becomes repayable at a later date, this may also include an element of debt write-off; Negative equity trade down – This allows a customer to sell their house and subsequently purchase a new property and transfer the negative equity portion to a new loan secured on the new property. A negative equity trade down mortgage will be considered where a customer will reduce monthly loan repayments and overall indebtedness by trading down to a property more appropriate to his/her current financial and other circumstances; Voluntary sale for loss – A voluntary sale for loss solution will be considered where the loan is deemed to be unsustainable and the customer is agreeable to sell the property and put an appropriate agreement in place to repay any residual debt. Non-mortgage portfolio Business customers, following assessment of requests made, may also be provided with forbearance solutions which the Group considers on a case by case basis. Typical types of forbearance being: the placing of the facility on an interest only basis; part capital/interest basis for a period of time; extension of the facility term; split loans; and in some cases, a debt for equity swap or similar structure. See accounting policy number 15 – Impairment of financial assets. All forborne loans and those loans which have completed their period of forbearance and have returned to original terms and conditions are managed and monitored in line with the relevant credit approval and review authorities framework. The Group has also developed treatment strategies for customers in the non-mortgage portfolio who are experiencing financial difficulties. The approach has been to develop strategies on an asset class basis, and to then apply those strategies at the customer level to deliver a holistic debt management solution. This approach is based on customer affordability. 80 3.1 Credit risk – Credit risk management Non-mortgage portfolio (continued) The approach to dealing with customers in difficulty is based on core principles to ensure consistency in dealing with such customers. Core principles are: – Customers must be treated objectively and consistently; – Customer circumstances and debt obligations must be viewed holistically; and – Solutions will be provided where customers are cooperative, and are willing but unable to pay. The over-arching principle is that the customer must be cooperating and fully engaging with the Group in order to be considered for forbearance or a restructuring proposal. The approach is based on assessing the affordability level of the customer, and then applying asset based treatment strategies to determine the long term levels of sustainable and unsustainable debt. This may result in debt write-off where applicable. Loan loss provisioning* The Group’s provisioning policy requires for impairment to be recognised promptly and consistently across the different loan portfolios. A financial asset is considered to be impaired, and therefore, its carrying amount is adjusted to reflect the effect of impairment, when there is objective evidence that events have occurred which give rise to an adverse impact on the estimated future cash flows that can be reliably estimated. Impairment provisions are calculated on individual loans and receivables and on groups of loans assessed collectively. All exposures, individually or collectively, are regularly reviewed for objective evidence of impairment. Impairment losses are recorded as charges to the income statement. The carrying amount of impaired loans on the balance sheet is reduced through the use of impairment provision accounts. Losses expected from future events are not recognised. The identification of loans for assessment as impaired is facilitated by the Group’s credit rating systems. As described previously, changes in the variables which drive the borrower’s credit rating may result in the borrower being downgraded. This in turn influences the management of individual loans with special attention being paid to lower quality or criticised loans, i.e. in the Watch, Vulnerable or Impaired categories. The credit rating of an exposure is one of the key factors used to determine if a case should be assessed for impairment. Further examples of trigger events, that may lead to the initial recognition of impairment include: Macroeconomic triggers – National or local economic conditions that indicate a measurable decrease in estimated future cash flows of the loan asset class. – A decrease in property prices. – An adverse change in industry conditions. Mortgage portfolio triggers – A loan asset that is 90 days in arrears. – A request for a forbearance measure from the borrower. – Deterioration in the debt service capacity. – A material decrease in rents received on a buy-to-let property. Commercial real estate (“CRE”) portfolio triggers – A loan asset that is 90 days in arrears. – A request for a forbearance measure from the borrower. – – A material decrease in the property value. A material decrease in estimated future cash flows. – The lack of an active market for the assets concerned. – The absence of a market for refinancing options. – A significant decline in the credit rating of the borrower. Small Medium Enterprises (“SME”) portfolio triggers – A loan asset that is 90 days in arrears. – A request for a forbearance measure from the borrower – Trading losses. – Diversion of cash flows from earning assets to support non-earning assets. – A material decrease in turnover or the loss of a major customer. – A default or breach of contract. – A significant decline in the credit rating of the borrower. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 81 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit risk management Loan loss provisioning* (continued) For those loans where objective evidence of impairment exists, impairment losses are determined considering the following factors: – the Group’s aggregate exposure to the customer; viability of the customer’s business model and their capacity to trade successfully out of financial difficulties and generate sufficient cash flow to service debt obligations; the amount and timing of expected receipts and recoveries; likely dividend available on liquidation or bankruptcy; the extent of other creditors’ commitments ranking ahead of, or pari passu with, the Group and the likelihood of other creditors continuing to support the company; the complexity of determining the aggregate amount and ranking of all creditor claims and the extent to which legal and insurance uncertainties are evident; the realisable value of security (or other credit mitigants) and likelihood of successful repossession; the likely deduction of any costs involved in recovery of amounts outstanding; and the ability of the borrower to obtain, and make payments in, the currency of the loan if not denominated in local currency. – – – – – – – – Specific provisions Specific impairment provisions arise when the recovery of a specific loan or group of loans is in doubt based on specific impairment triggers as outlined above and an assessment that all the expected future cash flows either from the loan itself or from the associated collateral will not be sufficient to repay the loan. The amount of the specific impairment provision is the difference between the present value of expected future cash flows for the impaired loan(s) discounted at the original effective interest rate and the carrying value of the loan(s). When raising specific impairment provisions, AIB divides its impaired portfolio into two categories, namely Individually Significant and Individually Insignificant. The Individually Significant threshold is €/£ 500,000 by customer connection (threshold is € 750,000 for legacy EBS portfolio). The calculation of an impairment charge for loans below the “significant” threshold is undertaken on a collective basis. Individually significant (“IS”) loans and receivables All loans that are considered individually significant are assessed on a case-by-case basis at each balance sheet date if there is any objective evidence that a loan may be impaired. Assessment is based on ability to pay and collateral value. Collateral values are assessed based on the AIB Group Property Valuation Guidelines as described on pages 76 to 78. Individually significant provisions are calculated using discounted cash flows for each exposure. The cash flows are determined with reference to the individual characteristics of each credit including an assessment of the cash flows that may arise from foreclosure less costs to sell in respect of obtaining and selling any associated collateral. The time period likely to be required to realise the collateral and receive the cash flows is taken in account in estimating the future cash flows and discounting these back to present value. Individually insignificant (“II”) loans and receivables Provisioning is assessed on a collective basis to estimate losses for homogeneous groups of loans that are considered individually insignificant Individually insignificant – Non mortgage portfolio The calculation of an impairment charge for credits below the ‘significant’ threshold is undertaken on a collective basis. Loans are grouped together in homogenous pools sharing common characteristics. Recovery rates for non-mortgages are established for each pool by assessing the Group’s loss experience for these pools over the past four years and by examining the amount and timing of cash flows received from the date the loan was identified as impaired. These recovery rates are updated at a minimum on a yearly basis. Impairment provisions are then raised on new impaired loans and updated on existing impaired loans, reflecting the Group’s updated recovery experience. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 82 3.1 Credit risk – Credit risk management Loan loss provisioning* (continued) Individually insignificant – Mortgage portfolio The individually insignificant mortgage provisioning methodology applies to both owner occupier and buy-to-let exposures for customer connections less than €/£ 500,000. In the legacy EBS portfolio, loans less than €750,000 and > 90 days past due are assessed on a collective basis. The Republic of Ireland Individually insignificant mortgage specific provisions are calculated using a collective mortgage provisioning model. This methodology is based on the calculation of three possible resolution outcomes: cure; advanced forbearance with loss; and repossession (forced and voluntary), with different loss rates associated with each. This replaces the existing two outcomes, reposses- sion and cure. The methodology has been updated to reflect current data on loss history and portfolio development as well as incorporating additional loss parameters assessed on restructuring outcomes. The UK mortgage portfolio continues to be calculated based on a repossession basis. The model parameters at 31 December 2013 for owner occupier mortgages are as follows: cure (4%); and repossession/advanced forbearance (96%). The corresponding buy-to-let model parameters are as follows: cure (1%); repossession/advanced forbearance (99%). Cured loans are loans that were impaired and are no longer impaired and have performed satisfactorily for 12 months excluding any impact from forbearance. The modelled loss is calculated case by case by subtracting the net present value of the modelled recovery amount from the current loan balance. The model parameters are determined from observed data where possible. Where not directly observable, related measures are used to infer the parameter where possible; otherwise it is based on expert judgement. The relevant model parameters include: % of forced disposals; costs and time to dispose (voluntary and forced); peak to trough price decline, loss rate on advanced forbearance; and haircut on sale (voluntary and forced). The model parameters are reviewed at a Group Credit Committee on a quarterly basis. Most II and IS cases are individually assessed for impairment using information with regard to latest borrower status and all information supporting the borrower position. Incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) provisions Individually assessed loans for which no evidence of loss has been specifically identified on an individual basis are grouped together according to their credit risk characteristics for the purpose of calculating an estimated collective loss. This reflects impairment losses that Group has incurred as a result of events occurring before the balance sheet date, which the Group is not able to identify on an individual loan basis, and that can be reliably estimated. These losses will only be individually identified in the future. As soon as information becomes available which identifies losses on individual loans within the group, those loans are removed from the group and assessed on an individual basis for impairment. IBNR provisions can only be recognised for incurred losses i.e. losses that are present in the portfolio at the reporting date and are not permitted for losses that are expected to happen as a result of likely future events. IBNR provisions are determined by reference to loss experience in the portfolio and to the credit environment at the reporting date. IBNR provisions are maintained at levels that are deemed appropriate by management having considered and having taken into account: – – historical loss experience in portfolios of similar credit risk characteristics (for example, by sector, loan grade or product); the estimated period between impairment occurring and the loss being identified and evidenced by the establishment of an appropriate provision against the individual loan (emergence period); – management’s experienced judgement as to whether current economic and credit conditions are such that the actual level of inherent losses at the balance sheet date is likely to be greater or less than that suggested by historical experience; and an assessment of higher risk portfolios, which include but are not limited to: non-impaired forborne mortgages ; loans graded with a vulnerable credit rating; and loans > 90 days past due but not impaired. – *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 83 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit risk management Loan loss provisioning* (continued) Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio – IBNR (unaudited) The residential mortgage portfolio IBNR is calculated using the collective mortgage model as described above. The table below sets out the parameters used in the calculation of IBNR for the mortgage portfolio: Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable The above can be further analysed as follows: Performing Non-performing – non-impaired The parameters for Cured and Forborne – non-impaired, are set out below. As a result, these sub portfolios within the Republic of Ireland residential mortgages carry a higher level of IBNR: Cured Forborne – non-impaired Owner-occupier Buy-to-let Average PD % Average LGD % Average PD % Average LGD % 2013 0.8 2.5 16.0 69.9 5.5 100.0 42.0 26.3 18.5 20.5 20.6 20.8 19.5 18.4 14.6 19.4 1.4 4.1 17.6 73.5 9.7 100.0 68.6 25.4 18.1 22.5 24.2 25.4 21.7 28.6 27.9 25.6 Average PD and LGD are based on the PDs and LGDs, weighted by the EAD for all owner-occupier and buy-to-let loans included in the collective mortgage model. The mortgage provision model calculates individually insignificant specific provisions and IBNR run rate provisions. Any additional IBNR as determined by management judgement is applied at a portfolio level and is not included in the analysis above. Non-performing, non-impaired loans in the table above, are defined as loans that are more than 90 days past due but not impaired. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 84 3.1 Credit risk – Credit risk management Loan loss provisioning* (continued) Emergence period The emergence period is key to determining the level of IBNR provisions. Emergence periods are determined by assessing the time it takes following a loss event for an unidentified impaired loan to be recognised as an impaired loan requiring a provision. Emergence periods for each portfolio are determined by taking into account current credit management practices, historic evidence of assets moving from ‘good’ to ‘bad’ and actual case studies. Performing provisions assets are split into homogenous pools on the basis of similar risk characteristics. The asset pools are multiplied by the “average annual loss rate” for that pool, suitably adjusted where appropriate for any factors currently affecting the portfolio, which may not have been a feature in the past or vice versa. The resultant amount is then multiplied by the ‘Emergence Period’ for that pool to arrive at the IBNR Collective Impairment Provision. Loss rates are updated half yearly and emergence periods for each pool of loans are reviewed annually. The range of emergence periods adopted by AIB for the non-mortgage portfolios is three to twelve months with the majority of the portfolio having a six month emergence period applied, unchanged from 2012. For the year ended 31 December 2013, the emergence period for the Republic of Ireland mortgage portfolio has moved from 6 months to 9 months resulting in an additional provision of € 168 million. The increase has been observed as more historical data has become available; particularly for the forbearance portfolio and customer behaviour has been observed over a longer period of time. Approval process The Group operates an approval framework for impairment provisions which are approved, depending on amount, by various delegated authorities and referred to Area Credit Committee level, as required. These committees are chaired by the Head of Credit in the segments where the valuation/impairment is reviewed and challenged for appropriateness and adequacy. Impairments in excess of the segment authorities are approved by the Group Credit Committee and Board (where applicable). Segment impairments and provisions are ultimately reviewed by the Group Credit Committee as part of the quarterly process. The valuation assumptions and approaches used in determining the impairment provisions required are documented and the resulting impairment provisions are reviewed and challenged as part of the approval process by segment and Group senior management. Write-offs When the prospects of recovering a loan, either partially or fully, do not improve, a point will come when it will be concluded that as there is no realistic prospect of recovery, the loan (and any related specific provision) will be written off. Where the loan is secured, the write-off will take account of receipt of the net realisable value of security held. Impact of changes to key assumptions and estimates on the impairment provisions Management is required to exercise judgement in making assumptions and estimations when calculating loan impairment provisions on both individually and collectively assessed loans and receivables. The most significant judgemental area is the calculation of collective impairment provisions. They are subject to estimation uncertainty, in part because of the large number of individually insignificant loans in the portfolio. The methods involve the use of historical information which is supplemented with significant management judgement to assess whether current economic and credit conditions are such that the actual level of inherent losses is likely to be greater or less than that suggested by historical experience. In normal circumstances, historical experience provides the most objective and relevant information from which to assess inherent loss within each portfolio, though sometimes it provides less relevant information about the inherent loss in a given portfolio at the balance sheet date, for example, when there have been changes in economic, regulatory or behavioural conditions which result in the most recent trends in portfolio risk factors not being fully reflected in the statistical models. In these circumstances, the risk factors are taken into account by adjusting the impairment provisions derived solely from historical loss experience. Risk factors include loan portfolio growth, product mix, unemployment rates, bankruptcy trends, geographical concentrations, loan product features, economic conditions such as national and local trends in housing markets, the level of interest rates, portfolio seasoning, account management policies and practices, changes in laws and regulations, and other influences on customer payment patterns. The methodology and the assumptions used in calculating impairment losses are reviewed regularly in the light of differences between loss estimates and actual loss experience. For example loss rates and the expected timing of future recoveries are benchmarked against actual outcomes where available to ensure they remain appropriate. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 85 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit risk management Loan loss provisioning* (continued) Impact of changes to key assumptions and estimates on the impairment provisions (continued) However, the exercise of judgement requires the use of assumptions which are highly subjective and very sensitive to the risk factors, in particular to changes in economic and credit conditions across a large number of geographical areas. Given the relative size of the Republic of Ireland mortgage portfolio, the key variables include peak to trough house price (which determines the collateral value supporting loans in the mortgage portfolio) and cure rates (rates by which defaulted or delinquent accounts are assumed to return to performing status). A 1% favourable change in the cure rate used for the collective mortgage provisions would result in a reduction in provisions of 1.2% (blended rate of buy-to-let/owner-occupier) of c. € 20 million. The value of collateral is estimated by applying changes in house price indices to the original assessed value of the property. A 1% change in the peak to trough assumption used for the collective mortgage provisions for December 2013 is estimated to result in movements in provisions of c. € 40 million. An increase in the assumed repossession rate of 1% for collective mortgage provisions will result in an increase in provisions of 0.3% (blended rate of buy-to-let/owner-occupier) of c € 6 million. In the Republic of Ireland mortgage portfolio, an increase of one month in the loss emergence period in respect of the loan portfolio assessed for collective unimpaired provisions would result in an increase of € 54 million. For the United Kingdom, mortgage portfolio, the impact would be £ 1 million. In the Republic of Ireland non-mortgage portfolio, an increase of one month in the loss emergence period in respect of the loan portfolio assessed for collective unimpaired provisions would result in an increase of € 45 million. For the United Kingdom the impact would be £ 10 million. For the € 12.4 billion or 43% of impaired loans for which automated cashflows are available, changes in cash-flow timing and interest rate have the following impact; – – If interest rates increased by 1%, this would result in an increase in provisions of € 127 million. If anticipated cash receipt timelines moved out by 1 year, the impact on provisioning would be an increase of € 111 million. Credit risk can also be affected by macro-economic factors such as increased interest rates, increased unemployment, lower consumer spending, personal and corporate defaults/insolvency levels. The credit portfolio is also subjected to on-going stress testing and scenario analysis. Events are modelled at a Group wide level, at a segment and business unit level and by rating model and portfolio. Sensitivity analysis is the simple stressing of one risk driver to assess the Group’s sensitivity to that risk driver. A risk driver is defined as an internal or external factor which has the potential to cause loss or damage to the Group e.g. macroeconomic risk drivers (GDP, unemployment rate etc.) and specific credit risk drivers (shift in PDs). *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 86 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio AIB Group’s customer loan portfolio comprises loans (including overdrafts), instalment credit and finance lease receivables. An overdraft provides a demand credit facility combined with a current account. Borrowings occur when the customer's drawings take the current account into debit. The balance may, therefore, fluctuate with the requirements of the customer. Although overdrafts are contractually repayable on demand (unless a fixed term has been agreed), provided the account is deemed to be satisfactory, full repayment is not generally demanded without notice. The tables below show for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012 loans and receivables to customers by industry sector including loans and receivables within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale: (i) Total loans and receivables to customers; (ii) Impaired loans and receivables to customers; and (iii) Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables to customers. Total 2013 Total Loans and receivables to customers Disposal groups and non- current assets held for sale € m – 28 – – – – – – – – – Loans and receivables to customers € m 1,798 259 1,503 19,710 6,870 963 648 5,657 40,764 4,291 360 82,823 (101) 74 Loans and receivables to customers* Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal Residential mortgages Other Lease financing Gross loans and receivables Unearned income Deferred costs Provisions for impairment (17,083) Total statement of € m 1,798 287 1,503 19,710 6,870 963 648 5,657 40,764 4,291 360 % 2.2 0.3 1.8 23.8 8.3 1.2 0.8 6.8 49.2 5.2 0.4 28 82,851 100.0 – – – (101) 74 (17,083) Disposal groups and non- current assets held for sale € m – 88 – – – 373 – 14 – – – Total 2012 Total € m 1,781 463 1,625 % 2.0 0.5 1.8 22,251 24.8 7,790 1,174 785 6,327 42,521 4,698 457 8.7 1.3 0.9 7.0 47.3 5.2 0.5 475 89,872 100.0 – – (108) 89 € m 1,781 375 1,625 22,251 7,790 801 785 6,313 42,521 4,698 457 89,397 (108) 89 (16,406) (122) (16,528) financial position 65,713 28 65,741 72,972 353 73,325 Gross loans and receivables analysed as to: Neither past due nor impaired 50,326 Past due but not impaired Impaired - provisions held 3,586 28,911 82,823 28 – – 28 50,354 3,586 28,911 82,851 56,179 4,039 29,179 89,397 238 – 237 475 56,417 4,039 29,416 89,872 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 87 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Impaired loans and receivables to customers* Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal Residential mortgages Other Lease financing Total Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables to customers* Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal Residential mortgages Other Lease financing Specific IBNR Total Loans and receivables to customers € m 338 66 391 13,154 3,026 156 230 917 9,083 1,423 127 28,911 Loans and receivables to customers € m 250 35 241 8,114 1,831 109 134 634 3,333 1,092 125 15,898 1,185 17,083 Disposal groups and non- current assets held for sale € m – – – – – – – – – – – – Disposal groups and non- current assets held for sale € m – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2013 Total € m 338 66 391 13,154 3,026 156 230 917 9,083 1,423 127 Loans and receivables to customers € m 334 36 472 13,804 3,442 120 245 1,026 8,130 1,431 139 Disposal groups and non- current assets held for sale € m – – – – – 237 – – – – – 2012 Total € m 334 36 472 13,804 3,442 357 245 1,026 8,130 1,431 139 28,911 29,179 237 29,416 2013 Total € m 250 35 241 8,114 1,831 109 134 634 3,333 1,092 125 15,898 1,185 17,083 Loans and receivables to customers € m 233 29 300 7,681 2,013 93 168 650 2,699 1,064 133 15,063 1,343 16,406 Disposal groups and non- current assets held for sale € m – – – – – 122 – – – – – 122 – 122 2012 Total € m 233 29 300 7,681 2,013 215 168 650 2,699 1,064 133 15,185 1,343 16,528 The impact of the Group’s focus on working with customers to restructure the portfolio is starting to be seen, with the quantum of impaired loans falling in 2013 by € 505 million (down 2%). The reduction reflects write offs, repayments and asset sales partly offset by newly impaired loans. Statement of financial position specific provisions of € 15.9 billion were held for the impaired book at 31 December 2013 and provided cover of 55% compared to 52% at 31 December 2012. The provision cover increased due to loan repayments and top ups of existing provisions. Statement of financial position IBNR provisions of € 1.2 billion were held at 31 December 2013 compared to € 1.3 billion at 31 December 2012, with the decrease primarily due to improvements in credit processes and a reduction in performing loans, partly off-set by an increase in emergence period for the Republic of Ireland mortgage portfolio. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 88 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio As outlined on pages 11 to 14, a new operating structure was implemented in 2013 and the Group’s operations are now reported under the following segments: Domestic Core Bank (“DCB”); AIB UK; and Financial Solutions Group (“FSG”). Consequently, the full year to December 2012 has been represented in the new operating structure. The following table analyses loans and receivables to customers by segment showing asset quality and impairment provisions for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Gross loans and receivables to customers* DCB € m AIB UK € m FSG € m 2013 Total € m 32,966 7,798 40,764 4,291 19,710 13,779 4,307 DCB € m AIB UK € m FSG € m 31,584 3,331 34,915 2,322 2,973 4,974 3,275 2,482 324 2,806 396 2,477 3,198 – 101 4,699 4,800 1,980 16,801 7,073 1,882 2012 Total € m 34,167 8,354 42,521 4,698 22,251 15,245 5,157 30,714 3,817 34,531 2,318 2,772 4,637 3,268 2,252 361 2,613 432 5,208 4,302 905 – 3,620 3,620 1,541 11,730 4,840 134 47,526 13,460 21,865 82,851 48,459 8,877 32,536 89,872 Residential mortgages: Owner-occupier Buy-to-let Other personal Property and construction SME/other commercial Corporate Total Analysed as to asset quality Satisfactory(1) Watch(2) Vulnerable(3) Impaired(4) Total criticised loans Total loans percentage Criticised loans/total loans Impaired loans/total loans Impairment provisions – 33,019 4,587 3,034 6,886 14,507 % 31 14 statement of financial position € m Specific IBNR Total impairment provisions Provision cover percentage Specific provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/total loans Income statement – impairment charge Specific IBNR Total impairment charge 2,401 828 3,229 % 35 47 7 € m 713 137 850 % Impairment charge/average loans 1.74 41,040 36,871 11,588 3,097 7,048 1,481 1,251 3,680 6,412 % 48 27 € m 2,070 132 2,202 % 56 60 16 € m 254 (88) 166 % 1.18 973 718 1,829 18,345 20,892 % 96 84 6,786 6,114 28,911 41,811 % 50 35 € m € m 11,427 225 15,898 1,185 11,652 17,083 % 62 64 53 € m 1,091 (194) 897 % 3.97 % 55 59 21 € m 2,058 (145) 1,913 % 2.24 4,546 1,903 5,139 % 24 11 € m 1,564 624 2,188 % 30 43 5 € m 655 (453) 202 % 0.39 5,780 1,282 976 839 % 35 9 € m 385 151 536 % 46 64 6 € m 161 (64) 97 % 4,550 1,192 3,356 23,438 27,986 % 86 72 47,201 7,020 6,235 29,416 42,671 % 47 33 € m € m 13,236 568 15,185 1,343 13,804 16,528 % 56 59 42 € m 2,940 (805) 2,135 % % 52 56 18 € m 3,756 (1,322) 2,434 % 2.57 1.06 6.30 (1)Satisfactory: credit which is not included in any of the criticised categories of Watch, Vulnerable and Impaired loans. Criticised loans include: (2)Watch: credit exhibiting weakness but with the expectation that existing debt can be fully repaid from normal cashflow. (3)Vulnerable: credit where repayment is in jeopardy from normal cashflow and may be dependent on other sources. (4)Impaired: a loan is impaired if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset (a ‘loss event’) and that loss event (or events) has an impact such that the present value of future cash flows is less than the gross carrying value of the financial asset or group of financial assets i.e. requiring a provision to be raised through the income statement. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 89 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio The following summarises the key points affecting the credit profile of the loan portfolio: – The income statement specific provision charge reduced by 45% to € 2.1 billion in 2013 due to continued signs of stabilisation in the economic environment – The impact of the Group’s focus on working with customers to restructure the portfolio is starting to be seen, with the quantum of impaired loans falling in 2013 by € 505 million. The reduction reflects write-offs, repayments and asset sales partly offset by newly impaired loans; and – Although there have been positive indications that the Irish and Global economies are improving, challenging conditions remain in particular the high level of existing debt within both business and households. This has resulted in both subdued demand for new credit and has maintained the risk level in the performing portfolio at higher than normal levels. The Group is predominantly Ireland and United Kingdom focused and most sectors continue to face challenging trading conditions as a result of domestic economic performance, weak customer sentiment and public sector austerity measures. The Group has material concentrations in residential mortgages, property and construction and SME with these sectors showing the most evident stress. Loans and receivables to customers reduced by 7.8% to € 82.9 billion in 2013, due to the sale during the year of non-core assets as well as amortisations exceeding demand for new credit from customers. Within loans and receivables, criticised loans decreased by a smaller 2.0%, with downgrades into the criticised categories continuing in 2013, albeit at a slower rate than in 2012. The property and construction portfolio amounted to 23.8% of total loans and receivables, or 17.1% of loans and receivables less provisions. The portfolio is comprised of 65.9% investment loans (€ 13.0 billion), 29.9% land and development loans (€ 5.9 billion) and 4.2% other property and construction loans (€ 0.8 billion). There are signs that the investment market is recovering from very depressed activity levels, with transactional activity in all sectors up year on year. Recovery is focussed in prime sectors at present with lower levels of activity and illiquidity still observed in secondary locations. The weakness in secondary locations continues to impact on the credit quality of the portfolio. Further detailed disclosures in relation to the property and construction portfolio are provided on pages 121 to 123. Residential mortgages amounted to 49.2% of total advances, or 56.0% of loans and receivables less provisions. The portfolio is mainly located in the Republic of Ireland (93.6%) with most of the remainder located in Northern Ireland. The portfolio consists of 80.9% owner-occupier loans and 19.1% buy-to-let. Decreases in household income over recent years and high levels of personal debt continue to create stress within the portfolio. Some stabilisation of the portfolio in the Republic of Ireland has been observed in 2013, with the rate at which customers moved into arrears slowing and the average monthly rate of impairment reduced by 40% compared to 2012. The Irish Central Statistics Office index of residential property prices provides evidence, especially in Dublin, of residential house price increases. Overall LTVs in the Irish mortgage portfolio have improved due to price increases and amortisations. Further detailed disclosures in relation to the Republic of Ireland mortgage portfolio are provided on pages 99 to 112 and the United Kingdom mortgage portfolio on pages 113 to 119. The SME/other commercial lending portfolio amounted to 16.6% of total loans and receivables, or 16.0% of loans and receivables less provisions. The geographical split is 68.8% of advances in the Republic of Ireland and the remaining 31.2% in the United Kingdom. Key sub-sectors within the SME portfolio are dependent on the domestic economies, in particular hotels, licensed premises, retail and other services. There have been indications of stabilisation and modest improvements in this sector due to increased consumer confidence and an improving employment market. However, challenging economic conditions remain and the level of indebtedness of customers in this sector continues to impact on the financial management of these businesses. Further detailed disclosures in relation to the SME/other commercial lending portfolio are provided on pages 124 to 125. Gross loans and receivables to customers for the remaining portfolios consisted of € 4.3 billion in other personal loans and € 4.3 billion to corporate borrowers. These portfolios are profiled in more detail on pages 120 and 126 respectively. Statement of financial position specific provisions of € 15.9 billion were held for the impaired book at 31 December 2013 and provided cover of 55% compared to 52% at 31 December 2012. The provision cover increased due to loan repayments and top ups of existing provisions. 90 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Statement of financial position IBNR provisions of € 1.2 billion were held at 31 December 2013 compared to € 1.3 billion at 31 December 2012, with the decrease primarily due to improvements in credit processes and a reduction in performing loans, partly off-set by an increase in emergence period for the Republic of Ireland mortgage portfolio. The IBNR provision level of 2.2% of performing loans is in line with the level at 31 December 2012. The outcomes of independent reviews of certain higher risk portfolios helped to inform management’s view of the incurred loss remaining in the performing book. It was also influenced by the level of arrears, requests for forbearance, levels of watch and vulnerable loans and continued improvements in credit processes. The income statement provision charge for loans and receivables was € 1.9 billion or 2.24% of average customer loans compared with € 2.4 billion or 2.57% in 2012. The provision charge comprised of € 2.1 billion in specific provisions and a release of IBNR provisions of € 0.1 billion (31 December 2012: € 3.8 billion in specific provisions and a release of IBNR provisions of € 1.3 billion). The specific provisions reduced by 45% in 2013 driven by significantly lower impairments during 2013. The table on the following page profiles the asset quality of the Group’s loans and receivables as at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012. Profiles of past due but not impaired loans are detailed on pages 93 and 94 and impaired loans are detailed on page 95. 91 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio The following table profiles the asset quality of the Group’s loans and receivables as at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012. Total provisions for impairment (3,952) (1,147) Gross loans and receivables less provisions 36,812 3,144 11,272 10,540 4,000 65,768 Asset quality* Neither past due nor impaired Past due but not impaired Impaired – provisions held Gross loans and receivables Specific provisions IBNR provisions Unearned income Deferred costs Net loans and receivables Asset quality* Neither past due nor impaired Past due but not impaired Impaired – provisions held Gross loans and receivables Specific provisions IBNR provisions Residential mortgages € m Other Property and construction € m personal € m 29,688 1,993 9,083 40,764 (3,333) (619) 2,535 333 1,423 4,291 (1,092) (55) SME/other Corporate commercial € m 8,442 562 4,775 € m 3,791 40 476 13,779 4,307 2013 Total € m 50,354 3,586 28,911 82,851 (3,131) (108) (3,239) (228) (79) (307) (15,898) (1,185) (17,083) 5,898 658 13,154 19,710 (8,114) (324) (8,438) Residential mortgages € m Other personal € m Property and construction € m SME/other Corporate commercial € m € m 32,318 2,073 8,130 42,521 (2,699) (507) 2,902 365 1,431 4,698 (1,064) (75) 7,554 893 13,804 22,251 (7,681) (423) (8,104) 9,309 688 5,248 4,334 20 803 15,245 5,157 (3,256) (240) (3,496) (485) (98) (583) (101) 74 65,741 2012 Total € m 56,417 4,039 29,416 89,872 (15,185) (1,343) (16,528) Total provisions for impairment (3,206) (1,139) Gross loans and receivables less provisions 39,315 3,559 14,147 11,749 4,574 73,344 Unearned income Deferred costs Net loans and receivables (108) 89 73,325 Profiles of past due but not impaired loans are detailed on page 93 and 94, impaired loans are detailed on page 95 and provisions are detailed on pages 96 and 97. Gross Loans and receivables to customers reduced by 7.8% to € 82.9 billion in 2013, due to the sale during the year of non-core assets as well as amortisations exceeding demand for new credit from customers. The quantum of impaired loans and days past due but not impaired both decreased in 2013, but because of the decrease in the total for gross loans, as a % the total of neither past due nor impaired has decreased to 61%, down from 63% as at 31 December 2012. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 92 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Aged analysis of contractually past due but not impaired gross loans and receivables to customers* Industry sector Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal Residential mortgages Credit cards Other Segment DCB AIB UK FSG As a percentage of total gross loans Industry sector Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal Residential mortgages Credit cards Other Segment DCB AIB UK FSG As a percentage of total gross loans 1–30 days € m 31–60 days € m 62 1 21 210 71 7 11 90 857 33 122 1,485 1,141 154 190 1,485 % 1.79 13 1 4 61 13 1 2 11 391 9 22 528 414 45 69 528 % 0.64 1–30 days € m 31–60 days € m 61–90 days 91–180 days 181–365 days € m € m € m 17 – 1 48 18 – – 18 280 6 18 406 282 57 67 406 % 0.49 15 1 5 64 20 2 2 16 245 4 44 418 245 55 118 418 % 0.50 11 – 4 119 37 1 3 13 144 1 27 360 151 43 166 360 % 0.43 61–90 days 91–180 days 181–365 days € m € m € m 55 6 19 210 80 7 4 70 1,013 39 75 1,578 1,171 85 322 1,578 % 1.8 9 – 4 101 34 5 2 25 451 11 32 674 409 64 201 674 % 0.7 16 – 2 66 28 1 8 17 248 9 40 435 255 32 148 435 % 0.5 13 1 4 174 46 15 6 21 208 5 48 541 212 72 257 541 % 0.6 16 – 7 187 45 1 2 33 91 1 47 430 162 21 247 430 % 0.5 > 365 days € m 34 1 20 156 32 3 1 19 76 – 47 389 109 25 255 389 % 0.47 > 365 days € m 30 1 5 155 42 3 1 24 62 – 58 381 80 19 282 381 % 0.4 2013 Total € m 152 4 55 658 191 14 19 167 1,993 53 280 3,586 2,342 379 865 3,586 % 4.33 2012 Total € m 139 8 41 893 275 32 23 190 2,073 65 300 4,039 2,289 293 1,457 4,039 % 4.5 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 93 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Aged analysis of contractually past due but not impaired gross loans and receivables to customers* (continued) The figures reported are inclusive of overdrafts, bridging loans and cases with expired limits. Loans past due but not impaired were reduced by € 0.5 billion to 4.3% of total loans and receivables to customers (31 December 2012: € 4.0 billion or 4.5%). Residential mortgage loans past due but not impaired at € 2.0 billion represent 56% of the total past due but not impaired loans (31 December 2012: € 2.1 billion represent 51%) largely driven by decreases in household income and high debt levels. The level of residential mortgage loans in early arrears (less than 30 days) has decreased by 15% in 2013, due to active management of early arrears cases and the improving economic environment. Property and construction loans past due but not impaired represent a further 18% or € 0.7 billion (31 December 2012: 22% or € 0.9 billion) of total loans past due but not impaired, with other personal at 9% or € 0.3 billion (31 December 2011: 9% or € 0.4 billion). *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 94 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Impaired loans for which provisions are held The following table shows impaired loans which are assessed for impairment either individually or collectively with the relevant specific impairment provisions: Gross loans and receivables € m Impaired loans Individually Collectively assessed assessed Total % of total loans € m € m € m Retail Residential mortgages Other personal lending Total retail Commercial Property and construction SME/commercial Total commercial Corporate Total Specific impairment provisions at 31 December 2013 40,764 4,291 45,055 19,710 13,779 33,489 4,307 82,851 Specific provision cover percentage 4,104 866 4,970 12,668 4,054 16,722 476 22,168 4,979 557 5,536 486 721 1,207 – 9,083 1,423 10,506 13,154 4,775 17,929 476 6,743 28,911 12,875 3,023 15,898 % 58 % 45 % 55 22 33 23 67 35 54 11 35 Gross loans and receivables € m Impaired loans Individually Collectively assessed assessed Total % of total loans € m € m € m Retail Residential mortgages Other personal lending Total retail Commercial Property and construction SME/commercial Total commercial Corporate Total Specific impairment provisions at 31 December 2012 42,521 4,698 47,219 22,251 15,245 37,496 5,157 89,872 Specific provision cover percentage 3,888 863 4,751 13,306 4,559 17,865 803 23,419 4,242 568 4,810 498 689 1,187 – 8,130 1,431 9,561 13,804 5,248 19,052 803 5,997 29,416 12,515 2,670 15,185 % 53 % 45 % 52 19 30 20 62 34 51 16 33 2013* Specific impairment provisions % of impaired loans Total € m 3,333 1,092 4,425 8,114 3,131 11,245 228 15,898 37 77 42 62 66 63 48 55 2012* Specific impairment provisions % of impaired loans Total € m 2,699 1,064 3,763 7,681 3,256 10,937 485 15,185 33 74 39 56 62 57 60 52 Statement of financial position specific provisions of € 15.9 billion were held for the impaired book at 31 December 2013 and provided cover of 55% compared to 52% at 31 December 2012. The provision cover increased due to top ups of existing provisions and loan repayments. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 95 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Movements on impairment provisions The following table sets out the movements on the Group impairment provisions for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: At 1 January Exchange translation adjustments Transfers Charge against income statement Amounts written off Disposals Recoveries of amounts written off in previous years Provisions on loans and receivables returned by NAMA At 31 December Total provisions are split as follows: Specific IBNR Amounts include: Loans and receivables to banks (note 24) Loans and receivables to customers (note 25) Loans and receivables of disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale (note 21) 2013* Total € m 16,532 (76) (14) 1,916 (1,134) (136) 2 – 17,090 15,905 1,185 17,090 7 17,083 – 17,090 2012* Total € m 14,945 47 34 2,434 (673) (263) 4 4 16,532 15,189 1,343 16,532 4 16,406 122 16,532 Provisions – income statement The following table analyses the income statement impairment provision charge/(credit) split between individually significant, individually insignificant and IBNR for loans and receivables for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Specific provisions – Individually significant loans and receivables – Individually insignificant loans and receivables IBNR Total provisions for impairment charge on loans and receivables to customers Provisions for impairment charge on loans and receivables to banks Provisions charge for liabilities and commitments Provisions for impairment charge on financial investments available for sale Total Specific provisions IBNR Total provisions for impairment charge on loans and receivables to customers Provisions for impairment charge on loans and receivables to banks Provisions charge for liabilities and commitments Provisions for impairment charge on financial investments available for sale Total DCB € m 279 434 137 850 AIB UK € m 206 48 (88) 166 FSG € m 973 118 (194) 897 DCB € m 655 (453) AIB UK € m 161 (64) FSG € m 2,940 (805) 202 97 2,135 2013* Total € m 1,458 600 (145) 1,913 3 17 (9) 1,924 2012 Total € m 3,756 (1,322) 2,434 – 9 86 2,529 Further details of movements in provisions for loans and receivables are set out in the 5 year summary table on page 139. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 96 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Provisions – income statement The following table analyses the income statement provision charge/(credit) for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: DCB AIB UK FSG Total Residential mortgages € m 679 (9) 143 813 Residential mortgages € m Other € m Other € m 171 175 754 2013* Total € m 850 166 897 1,100 1,913 749 1,685 2012* Total € m 202 97 2,135 2,434 The following table analyses by segment the impairment provision charge/(credit) as a percentage of average loans expressed as basis points (“bps”) for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: DCB AIB UK FSG Total Residential mortgages bps 195 (34) 384 197 Other 2013* Total bps 122 154 400 249 bps 174 118 397 224 Residential mortgages bps Other bps 170 331 2012* Total bps 39 106 630 257 The income statement provision charge for loans and receivables was € 1.9 billion or 2.24% of average customer loans compared with € 2.4 billion or 2.57% in 2012. The provision charge was comprised of € 2.1 billion in specific provisions and a release of IBNR provisions of € 145 million (31 December 2012: € 3.8 billion in specific provisions and a release of IBNR provisions of € 1.3 billion). The specific provisions reduced by 45% in 2013 driven by significantly lower impairments during 2013. The 2013 income statement provision charge of € 850 million in DCB comprises a specific charge of € 713 million and an IBNR charge of € 137 million. This compares to an income statement provision charge of € 202 million for 2012 which included a release of IBNR provision of € 453 million. The specific provision charge increased by € 58 million in 2013, with a lower level of new impairments off-set by an increase in the mortgage cover rate as a result of changes in assumptions to reflect current data on loss history and portfolio development as well as incorporating additional loss parameters assessed on restructuring outcomes. The IBNR charge of € 137 million in 2013 was mainly due to an increase in the Republic of Ireland mortgage emergence period from 6 months to 9 months. This compares to a write back of € 453 million in 2012 where IBNR provisions previously held were subsequently provided for within specific provisions raised during 2012. The provision charge in FSG reduced by € 1.2 billion driven by significantly lower impairments in 2013. The provision charge in AIB UK increased by € 0.1 billion and reflects continued pressure on the property and construction sector in the UK, and while there have been signs of improvement in prime markets, the secondary markets remain relatively illiquid. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 97 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Loans and receivables to customers – Residential mortgages* Residential mortgages amounted to € 40.8 billion at 31 December 2013. This compares to € 42.5 billion at 31 December 2012. The split of the residential mortgage book was owner-occupier € 33.0 billion (31 December 2012: € 34.2 billion) and buy-to-let € 7.8 billion (2012: € 8.3 billion). The income statement impairment charge for 2013 was € 0.8 billion or 2.0% of average residential mortgages, comprising € 0.7 billion specific charge and a € 0.1 billion IBNR charge (2012: € 0.7 billion or 1.70% of average residential mortgages, comprising € 1.1 billion specific charge and a release of IBNR of € 0.4 billion). Statement of financial position provisions of € 3.9 billion were held at 31 December 2013, split € 3.3 billion specific and € 0.6 billion IBNR (2012: € 3.2 billion, split € 2.7 billion specific and € 0.5 billion IBNR). This section provides the following information in relation to residential mortgages: Republic of Ireland residential mortgages – pages 99 to 112 – Credit profile – Origination profile – Loan-to-value profile: Actual and weighted average indexed loan-to-value ratios of residential mortgages Loan-to-value ratios of residential mortgages (index linked) that were neither past due nor impaired Loan-to-value ratios of residential mortgages (index linked) that were greater than 90 days past due and/or impaired – Credit quality profile – Residential mortgages which were past due but not impaired – Residential mortgages which were impaired – Residential mortgages subject to forbearance measures – Repossessions United Kingdom (“UK”) residential mortgages – pages 113 to 119 – Credit profile – Origination profile – Loan-to-value profile: Actual and weighted average indexed loan-to-value ratios of UK residential mortgages Loan-to-value ratios of UK residential mortgages (index linked) that were neither past due nor impaired Loan-to-value ratios of UK residential mortgages (index linked) that were greater than 90 days past due and/or impaired – Credit quality profile – UK residential mortgages which were past due but not impaired – UK residential mortgages which were impaired – Repossessions *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 98 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk - Credit profile of the loan portfolio (continued) Loans and receivables to customers – Republic of Ireland residential mortgages The following table analyses the Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio by segment showing impairment provisions for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Owner- occupier € m 30,714 DCB Buy-to-let € m 3,817 5,943 5,395 5,130 1,657 443 % 32.3 € m 440 123 563 775 729 673 266 103 % 39.4 € m 84 32 116 Total € m 34,531 6,718 6,124 5,803 1,923 546 % 33.1 € m 524 155 679 Owner- occupier € m – – – – – – % – € m – – – FSG Buy-to-let € m 3,620 3,110 3,069 2,985 Total € m 3,620 3,110 3,069 2,985 Owner- occupier € m 30,714 5,943 5,395 5,130 Total Buy-to-let € m 7,437 3,885 3,798 3,658 2013* Total € m 38,151 9,828 9,193 8,788 1,281 1,281 1,657 1,547 3,204 46 46 443 149 592 % 42.9 € m 138 5 143 % 42.9 € m 138 5 143 % 32.3 € m 440 123 563 % 42.3 € m 222 37 259 % 36.5 € m 662 160 822 Statement of financial position Total gross residential mortgages In arrears (>30 days past due)(1) In arrears (>90 days past due)(1) Of which impaired Statement of financial position specific provisions Statement of financial position IBNR provisions Provision cover percentage Specific provisions/impaired loans Income statement Income statement specific provisions Income statement IBNR provisions Total impairment provisions (1)Includes all impaired loans whether past due or not. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 9 9 9 9 1 0 0 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk - Credit profile of the loan portfolio (continued) Loans and receivables to customers – Republic of Ireland residential mortgages (continued) Statement of financial position Total gross residential mortgages In arrears (>30 days past due)(1) In arrears (>90 days past due)(1) Of which impaired Statement of financial position specific provisions Statement of financial position IBNR provisions Provision cover percentage Specific provisions/impaired loans Income statement Income statement specific provisions Income statement IBNR provisions Total impairment provisions (1)Includes all impaired loans whether past due or not. Owner- occupier € m 31,584 DCB Buy-to-let € m 3,331 5,224 4,702 4,523 1,224 322 % 27.1 144 121 92 30 43 % 32.6 Total € m 34,915 5,368 4,823 4,615 1,254 365 % 27.2 Owner- occupier € m – – – – – – % – FSG Buy-to-let € m 4,616 3,438 3,342 3,241 Total € m 4,616 3,438 3,342 3,241 Owner- occupier € m 31,584 5,224 4,702 4,523 Total Buy-to-let € m 7,947 3,582 3,463 3,333 2012 Total € m 39,531 8,806 8,165 7,856 1,335 1,335 1,224 1,365 2,589 69 69 322 112 434 % 41.2 % 41.2 % 27.1 € m 519 (63) 456 % 41.0 € m 551 (276) 275 % 33.0 € m 1,070 (339) 731 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Loans and receivables to customers – Republic of Ireland residential mortgages (continued) Residential mortgages in the Republic of Ireland (managed in the DCB and FSG segments) amounted to € 38.1 billion at 31 December 2013 compared to € 39.5 billion at 31 December 2012, the decrease relating to loan repayments in the period which exceeded the demand for credit. The split of the residential mortgage portfolio was 81% owner-occupier and 19% buy-to-let and comprised 41% tracker rate, 51% variable rate and 8% fixed rate mortgages. Residential mortgages continue to be impacted by the adverse economic environment which, although improved in 2013 in comparison to previous years, continues to impact household incomes and repayment capacity. Residential mortgage arrears continued to increase during the year; however, the rate of increase slowed significantly in the second half of the year and there was a notable decrease in loans in early arrears (less than 90 days past due) over the same period. Total loans in arrears greater than 90 days past due at 13.0% at 31 December 2013 have increased, but remain below the industry average of 14.0% at 31 December 2013(1). This is a continuation of the trend observed over the last number of years, with comparative levels at 10.4% at 31 December 2012 and 11.6% at 30 June 2013. For the owner-occupier book, loans in arrears greater than 90 days were also below industry average at 31 December 2013 at 11.1% compared to 12.6% for the industry at 31 December 2013, whilst for the buy-to-let book, loans greater than 90 days past due at 24.0% at 31 December 2013 exceeded the 31 December 2013 industry average of 21.1%. The total amount of repayments overdue on residential mortgages was € 1.0 billion at the year end compared to € 0.8 billion at 31 December 2012. Included in the residential mortgage loan portfolio is € 5.0 billion of loans which were subject to forbearance measures at 31 December 2013 (31 December 2012: € 5.8 billion), of which € 2.9 billion was impaired (31 December 2012: € 3.0 billion). The decrease in the portfolio subject to forbearance in comparison to that at 31 December 2012 is reflective of the Group’s strategy to ensure the forbearance solutions agreed with customers are sustainable in the long term. The immediate impact of this strategy has been a reduction in short-term solutions which will be replaced with more sustainable solutions over time. The stock of interest only forbearance loans has reduced by €1.7 billion or 53% during the 2013. This strategy has contributed to the increase in arrears observed during the year. Just over half of the total residential mortgage portfolio was in negative equity at the year end (31 December 2012: 56%) caused by the decrease in house prices since their peak in 2007; however, the quantum of negative equity in the book reduced from € 6.0 billion at 31 December 2012 to € 4.6 billion at 31 December 2013, reflecting the increase in residential property prices in Ireland during 2013 and loan amortisation. Total owner-occupier and buy-to-let impaired loans increased from € 7.9 billion at 31 December 2012 to € 8.8 billion at 31 December 2013, an increase of € 0.9 billion. The pace of increase in impaired loans decreased significantly in 2013 in comparison to 2012. Similarly, the movement of loans into impairment in the second half of 2013 was lower in comparison to the first half of the year. Statement of financial position specific provisions of € 3.2 billion were held for the impaired portfolio at 31 December 2013 and provided cover of 36.5% compared to 33.0% at 31 December 2012 driven by changes in mortgage model assumptions to reflect current data on loss history and portfolio development, as well incorporating additional loss parameters assessed on restructuring outcomes. The 55% peak-to-trough house price decline assumption used in the calculation of collective provisions remains unchanged based on the Group’s assessment of property market conditions and liquidity, despite some evidence of increases in property prices in 2013 in certain areas. This assumption will be reassessed in 2014. Statement of financial position IBNR provisions of € 0.6 billion were held at 31 December 2013 compared to € 0.4 billion at 31 December 2012, with the increase primarily due to a change in the emergence period in use in the calculation of the IBNR provisions from 6 months to 9 months as discussed on page 85. The income statement specific provision charge for 2013 was € 0.6 billion compared to € 1.1 billion for 2012, with the decrease being driven primarily by significantly lower impairments during 2013. The income statement IBNR charge for 2013 was € 0.2 billion compared to a release of IBNR of € 0.4 billion for 2012. Statement of financial position specific provisions of € 1.0 billion were held against the forborne impaired portfolio of € 2.9 billion providing cover of 35.3%. In relation to the performing forborne portfolio of € 2.1 billion, of which € 0.9 billion is on an interest only arrangement or an arrangement to repay amounts greater than interest only, statement of financial position IBNR provisions of € 0.2 billion were held at 31 December 2013. Information on the provisioning policies and methodologies employed in the identification of loans for assessment as impaired is set out in accounting policy number 15 ‘Impairment of financial assets’. (1)Source: Central Bank of Ireland (“CBI”) Residential Mortgage Arrears and Repossessions Statistics as at 31 December 2013, based on numbers of accounts. 101 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Residential mortgages by year of origination The following table profiles the Republic of Ireland total residential mortgage portfolio and impaired residential mortgage portfolio by year of origination at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland 1996 and before 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total 2013* 2012* Total Number Balance € m Impaired Number Balances € m 7,812 3,131 3,851 5,547 6,589 7,179 11,210 15,670 21,425 29,435 37,137 35,944 34,075 23,045 15,877 4,839 6,934 5,863 189 87 144 236 357 484 945 1,575 2,576 4,080 6,307 6,334 6,066 3,578 2,419 737 1,116 921 1,083 379 534 729 902 978 1,596 2,562 3,686 5,821 8,660 8,624 6,827 2,632 821 96 18 – 37 15 26 52 72 89 183 348 612 1,117 2,003 1,965 1,580 512 153 20 4 – Total Impaired Number Balance € m 9,436 3,398 4,562 6,017 7,081 7,627 11,847 16,957 22,190 30,375 38,113 36,623 34,983 23,693 16,308 4,960 7,024 – 237 106 170 277 412 538 1,053 1,732 2,769 4,362 6,652 6,670 6,312 3,776 2,553 782 1,130 – Number 1,074 367 502 670 801 882 1,426 2,309 3,204 5,148 7,529 7,435 5,824 2,104 610 74 – – Balance € m 37 15 25 48 68 82 169 322 556 1,029 1,806 1,741 1,388 432 120 18 – – 275,563 38,151 45,948 8,788 281,194 39,531 39,959 7,856 The majority (€ 22.8 billion or 60%) of the € 38.1 billion residential mortgage book originated between 2005 and 2008, of which 29% (€ 6.7 billion) was impaired at 31 December 2013 driven by reduced household income and increased unemployment in the last number of years, and reflecting the decrease in property prices since their peak in 2007. 17% of the residential mortgage portfolio originated before 2005 of which 22% was impaired at 31 December 2013, while the remaining 23% of the portfolio was originated since 2009 of which 8% was impaired at 31 December 2013. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 102 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio The property values used in the completion of the following loan-to-value tables are determined with reference to the original or most recent valuation, indexed to the Central Statistics Office (“CSO”) Residential Property Price Index. The CSO Residential Property Price Index for November 2013 reported that national residential property prices were 46% lower than their highest level in early 2007 and reported an annual increase in residential property prices of 6% in the year to 30 November 2013. Actual and weighted average indexed loan-to-value ratios of residential mortgages The following table profiles the Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio by the indexed loan-to-value ratios and the weighted average indexed loan-to-value ratios at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Owner-occupier € m % 4,130 3,834 2,660 2,589 2,765 5,319 5,553 3,864 13.4 12.5 8.7 8.4 9.0 17.3 18.1 12.6 Total Weighted average indexed loan-to-value(1): Stock of residential mortgages at year end New residential mortgages issued during year Impaired residential mortgages 30,714 100.0 98.9 72.2 124.6 Republic of Ireland Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Total Weighted average indexed loan-to-value(1): Stock of residential mortgages at year end New residential mortgages issued during year Impaired residential mortgages Owner-occupier € m % 3,783 3,612 2,189 2,516 2,480 5,438 6,264 5,302 12.0 11.4 6.9 8.0 7.9 17.2 19.8 16.8 31,584 100.0 Buy-to-let 2013* Total % 8.0 9.0 6.1 6.8 7.8 16.5 22.3 23.5 € m 4,727 4,504 3,114 3,092 3,347 6,548 7,211 5,608 % 12.4 11.8 8.1 8.1 8.8 17.2 18.9 14.7 100.0 38,151 100.0 119.0 61.6 137.5 Buy-to-let Total % 6.6 8.1 5.4 6.2 7.5 15.7 21.9 28.6 € m 4,306 4,255 2,621 3,006 3,073 6,686 8,006 7,578 102.8 71.9 130.0 2012* % 10.9 10.8 6.6 7.6 7.8 16.9 20.2 19.2 100.0 39,531 100.0 € m 597 670 454 503 582 1,229 1,658 1,744 7,437 € m 523 643 432 490 593 1,248 1,742 2,276 7,947 105.8 76.8 129.7 125.6 60.2 144.9 109.8 76.5 136.1 (1)Weighted average indexed loan-to-values are the individual indexed loan-to-value calculations weighted by the mortgage balance against each property. 48% of the total owner-occupier and 62% of the total buy-to-let mortgages were in negative equity at 31 December 2013, compared to 54% and 66% respectively at 31 December 2012. The weighted average indexed loan-to-value for the total residential mortgage book was 102.8% at 31 December 2013 compared to 109.8% at 31 December 2012, with the reduction driven primarily by the increase in property prices in 2013, coupled with amortisation of the loan book. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 103 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio (continued) Loan-to-value ratios of residential mortgages (index linked) that were neither past due nor impaired The following table profiles the Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio that was neither past due nor impaired by the indexed loan-to-value ratios at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Total Republic of Ireland Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Total Owner-occupier Buy-to-let 2013* Total € m 3,673 3,321 2,295 2,187 2,278 4,217 3,956 2,105 % 15.3 13.8 9.5 9.1 9.5 17.5 16.5 8.8 € m 451 469 293 315 322 586 628 394 % 13.0 13.6 8.5 9.1 9.3 16.9 18.2 11.4 € m 4,124 3,790 2,588 2,502 2,600 4,803 4,584 2,499 % 15.0 13.8 9.4 9.1 9.4 17.5 16.7 9.1 24,032 100.0 3,458 100.0 27,490 100.0 Owner-occupier Buy-to-let 2012* Total € m 3,401 3,173 1,890 2,182 2,091 4,520 4,794 3,464 % 13.3 12.4 7.4 8.6 8.2 17.7 18.8 13.6 € m 412 482 310 341 378 691 828 786 % 9.8 11.4 7.3 8.1 8.9 16.3 19.6 18.6 € m 3,813 3,655 2,200 2,523 2,469 5,211 5,622 4,250 % 12.8 12.3 7.4 8.5 8.3 17.5 18.9 14.3 25,515 100.0 4,228 100.0 29,743 100.0 The proportion of residential mortgages that was neither past due nor impaired and in negative equity at 31 December 2013 decreased in comparison to 31 December 2012, reflecting the increases in residential property prices in the period, coupled with amortisation of the loan book. 43% of residential mortgages that were neither past due nor impaired were in negative equity at 31 December 2013 compared to 51% at 31 December 2012. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 104 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Loan-to-value ratios of residential mortgages (index linked) that were greater than 90 days past due and/or impaired The following table profiles the Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio that was greater than 90 days past due and/or impaired by the indexed loan-to-value ratios at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Owner-occupier Buy-to-let Total 2013* Total residential mortgage portfolio € m 324 386 275 300 366 859 1,317 1,568 5,395 % 6.0 7.1 5.1 5.6 6.8 15.9 24.4 29.1 100.0 € m 129 181 147 177 240 609 989 1,326 3,798 % 3.4 4.8 3.9 4.7 6.3 16.0 26.0 34.9 100.0 € m 453 567 422 477 606 1,468 2,306 2,894 9,193 % 4.9 6.2 4.6 5.2 6.6 16.0 25.1 31.4 € m 4,727 4,504 3,114 3,092 3,347 6,548 7,211 5,608 % 12.4 11.8 8.1 8.1 8.8 17.2 18.9 14.7 100.0 38,151 100.0 Owner-occupier Buy-to-let Total 2012* Total residential mortgage portfolio € m 252 301 208 237 299 684 1,153 1,567 4,701 % 5.4 6.4 4.4 5.0 6.4 14.6 24.5 33.3 100.0 € m 93 141 105 128 193 523 851 1,430 3,464 % 2.7 4.0 3.0 3.7 5.6 15.1 24.6 41.3 100.0 € m 345 442 313 365 492 1,207 2,004 2,997 8,165 % 4.2 5.5 3.8 4.5 6.0 14.8 24.5 36.7 € m 4,306 4,255 2,621 3,006 3,073 6,686 8,006 7,578 % 10.9 10.8 6.6 7.6 7.8 16.9 20.2 19.2 100.0 39,531 100.0 Republic of Ireland Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Total Republic of Ireland Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Total The proportion of residential mortgages that was greater than 90 days past due and/or impaired and in negative equity at 31 December 2013 (73%) decreased in comparison to 31 December 2012 (76%), reflecting the increases in residential property prices in the period. Credit quality profile of residential mortgages The following table profiles the asset quality of the Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio as at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland Neither past due nor impaired Past due but not impaired Impaired - provisions held Gross residential mortgages Provisions for impairment Owner- occupier € m 24,032 1,552 5,130 30,714 (2,100) 28,614 Buy-to-let € m 3,458 321 3,658 7,437 (1,696) 5,741 2013* Total € m 27,490 1,873 8,788 38,151 (3,796) 34,355 Owner- occupier € m 25,515 1,546 4,523 31,584 (1,546) 30,038 Buy-to-let € m 4,228 386 3,333 7,947 (1,477) 6,470 2012* Total € m 29,743 1,932 7,856 39,531 (3,023) 36,508 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 105 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Residential mortgages which were past due but not impaired Residential mortgages are assessed for impairment if they are past due, typically, for more than ninety days or if the borrower exhibits an inability to meet its obligations to the Group based on objective evidence of loss events (“impairment triggers”) such as a request for a forbearance measure. Loans are deemed impaired where the carrying value of the asset is shown to be in excess of the present value of future cashflows, and an appropriate provision is raised. Where loans are not deemed to be impaired, they are collectively assessed as part of the IBNR provision calculation. The following table profiles the Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio that was past due but not impaired at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland 1 - 30 days 31 - 60 days 61 - 90 days 91 - 180 days 181 - 365 days Over 365 days Total past due but not impaired Total gross residential mortgages Owner- occupier € m 739 324 224 165 72 28 1,552 30,714 Buy-to-let € m 94 49 38 62 46 32 321 7,437 2013* Total € m 833 373 262 227 118 60 Owner- occupier € m 845 334 188 120 42 17 1,873 38,151 1,546 31,584 Buy-to-let € m 137 77 42 65 38 27 386 7,947 2012* Total € m 982 411 230 185 80 44 1,932 39,531 The amount of loans past due but not impaired at 31 December 2013 decreased marginally in comparison to 31 December 2012, driven by a decrease in loans in arrears for less than 90 days. Residential mortgages which were impaired The following table profiles the Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio that was impaired at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland Not past due 1 - 30 days 31 - 60 days 61 - 90 days 91 - 180 days 181 - 365 days Over 365 days Total impaired Owner- occupier € m 686 173 146 152 615 916 2,442 5,130 Total gross residential mortgages 30,714 Buy-to-let € m 873 165 126 125 308 494 1,567 3,658 7,437 2013* Total € m 1,559 338 272 277 923 1,410 4,009 8,788 Owner- occupier € m 782 193 158 145 558 815 1,872 4,523 38,151 31,584 Buy-to-let € m 1,025 170 153 102 292 447 1,144 3,333 7,947 2012* Total € m 1,807 363 311 247 850 1,262 3,016 7,856 39,531 Impaired loans increased by € 0.9 billion in 2013. However, the pace of increase in impaired loans slowed significantly in 2013 in comparison to 2012, driven by an improved economic environment, including an increase in private rents and increases in residential property values. Of the residential mortgage portfolio that was impaired at 31 December 2013, € 1.6 billion or 18% was not past due (31 December 2012: € 1.8 billion or 23%), of which € 0.8 billion (31 December 2012: € 1.1 billion) was subject to forbearance measures at 31 December 2013 and were deemed to be impaired as part of their assessment for a forbearance solution. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 106 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Forbearance – residential mortgages The Group has developed a Mortgage Arrears Resolution Strategy (“MARS”) for dealing with mortgage customers in difficulty or likely to be in difficulty, which builds on and formalises the Group’s Mortgage Arrears Resolution Process. The core objectives of MARS are to ensure that arrears solutions are sustainable in the long term and that they comply with the spirit and the letter of all regulatory requirements. MARS includes long-term forbearance solutions which have been devised to assist existing Republic of Ireland primary residential mortgage customers in difficulty. Further details on MARS are set out on page 80. The Group has a number of forbearance strategies in operation to assist borrowers who have difficulty in meeting repayment commitments. These are described on page 80. The following table analyses the movements in the stock of loans subject to forbearance by (i) owner-occupier, (ii) buy-to-let and (iii) total residential mortgages at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland owner-occupier At 1 January Additions Expired arrangements Payments Interest Closed accounts(1) Other movements At 31 December Republic of Ireland buy-to-let At 1 January Additions Expired arrangements Payments Interest Closed accounts(1) Other movements At 31 December Republic of Ireland – Total At 1 January Additions Expired arrangements Payments Interest Closed accounts(1) Other movements At 31 December Number 2013* Balance € m 22,248 6,873 (8,706) – – (521) (46) 3,544 981 (1,463) (107) 35 (35) (3) Number 22,611 7,810 (7,533) – – (483) (157) 2012* Balance € m 3,775 1,224 (1,337) (107) 50 (36) (25) 19,848 2,952 22,248 3,544 Number 2013* Balance € m Number 9,655 2,845 (3,281) – – (451) 157 2012* Balance € m 2,355 680 (722) (59) 22 (68) 25 2,233 459 (612) (73) 14 (26) 3 1,998 8,925 2,233 8,925 2,061 (2,577) – – (146) 46 8,309 Number 2013* Balance 31,173 8,934 (11,283) – – (667) – € m 5,777 1,440 (2,075) (180) 49 (61) – Number 32,266 10,655 2012* Balance € m 6,130 1,904 (10,814) (2,059) – – (934) – (166) 72 (104) – 28,157 4,950 31,173 5,777 (1)Accounts closed during year due primarily to customer repayments and redemptions. The stock of loans subject to forbearance measures decreased by € 0.8 billion in 2013 (2012: decrease of € 0.4 billion) due to the expiry of short-term forbearance arrangements (mainly periods of interest only) which were not matched by new arrangements in the period. This reduction reflects the immediate impact of the Group’s strategy to ensure the forbearance solutions agreed with customers are sustainable in the long term. Consequently, while the number of expired arrangements was similar for each year, fewer arrangements were granted in 2013 compared to 2012. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 107 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Residential mortgages subject to forbearance measures by type of forbearance The following table further analyses by type of forbearance, (i) owner-occupier, (ii) buy-to-let and (iii) total residential mortgages that were subject to forbearance measures in the Republic of Ireland at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland owner-occupier Interest only Reduced payment (greater than interest only) Payment moratorium Arrears capitalisation Term extension Split mortgages Other(1) Total forbearance Republic of Ireland buy-to-let Interest only Reduced payment (greater than interest only) Payment moratorium Arrears capitalisation Term extension Split mortgages Other(1) Total forbearance Republic of Ireland – Total Interest only Reduced payment (greater than interest only) Payment moratorium Arrears capitalisation Term extension Split mortgages Other(1) Total forbearance (1)Mainly comprise ‘voluntary sale for loss’ solutions. Total Number Balance € m Loans > 90 days in arrears and/or impaired Number Balance € m 4,189 1,661 352 7,067 6,233 236 110 694 350 54 1,150 657 35 12 1,771 980 113 4,555 989 162 75 320 238 16 805 108 23 6 2013* Loans neither > 90 days in arrears nor impaired Number Balance € m 2,418 681 239 2,512 5,244 74 35 374 112 38 345 549 12 6 19,848 2,952 8,645 1,516 11,203 1,436 Total Number Balance € m Loans > 90 days in arrears and/or impaired Number Balance € m 3,276 1,157 110 2,926 810 – 30 844 258 23 758 112 – 3 2,196 721 80 2,606 143 – 22 620 166 17 701 23 – 3 2013* Loans neither > 90 days in arrears nor impaired Number Balance € m 1,080 224 436 30 320 667 – 8 92 6 57 89 – – 8,309 1,998 5,768 1,530 2,541 468 Total Number Balance € m 7,465 2,818 462 9,993 7,043 236 140 1,538 608 77 1,908 769 35 15 Loans > 90 days in arrears and/or impaired Number Balance € m 3,967 1,701 193 7,161 1,132 162 97 940 404 33 1,506 131 23 9 2013* Loans neither > 90 days in arrears nor impaired Number Balance € m 3,498 1,117 269 2,832 5,911 74 43 598 204 44 402 638 12 6 28,157 4,950 14,413 3,046 13,744 1,904 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 108 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Forbearance – residential mortgages (continued) Republic of Ireland owner-occupier Interest only Reduced payment (greater than interest only) Payment moratorium Arrears capitalisation Term extension Other Total forbearance Republic of Ireland buy-to-let Interest only Reduced payment (greater than interest only) Payment moratorium Arrears capitalisation Term extension Other Total forbearance Republic of Ireland – Total Interest only Reduced payment (greater than interest only) Payment moratorium Arrears capitalisation Term extension Other Total forbearance Total Number Balance € m 10,669 1,857 1,852 838 3,139 5,735 15 387 127 571 598 4 Loans > 90 days in arrears and/or impaired Number Balance € m 4,368 877 350 2,071 686 8 866 229 58 408 63 2 2012* Loans neither > 90 days in arrears nor impaired Number Balance € m 6,301 975 488 1,068 5,049 7 991 158 69 163 535 2 22,248 3,544 8,360 1,626 13,888 1,918 Total Number Balance € m 5,371 1,396 957 79 1,800 718 – 224 19 488 106 – Loans > 90 days in arrears and/or impaired Number Balance € m 3,176 518 47 1,484 91 – 939 129 12 427 17 – 2012* Loans neither > 90 days in arrears nor impaired Number Balance € m 2,195 457 439 32 316 627 – 95 7 61 89 – 8,925 2,233 5,316 1,524 3,609 709 2012* Total Loans > 90 days in arrears and/or impaired Loans neither > 90 days in arrears nor impaired Number Balance € m 16,040 3,253 2,809 917 4,939 6,453 15 611 146 1,059 704 4 Number 7,544 1,395 397 3,555 777 8 Balance € m 1,805 358 70 835 80 2 Number 8,496 1,414 520 1,384 5,676 7 Balance € m 1,448 253 76 224 624 2 31,173 5,777 13,676 3,150 17,497 2,627 As noted previously, the stock of loans subject to forbearance measures decreased by € 0.8 billion in 2013, driven by the Group’s strategy to ensure the forbearance solutions agreed with customers are sustainable in the long term. In particular, the stock of interest only forbearance loans reduced by 53% to € 1.5 billion in 2013. The majority of the loans subject to forbearance measures at 31 December 2013 were loans on which arrears have been capitalised (39% of the total forbearance stock) and loans which have been granted term extensions (16% of the total forbearance stock). These loans remain within the stock of forbearance for a period of 5 years. The increase in the stock of loans on arrears capitalisation in 2013 includes some customers whose interest only arrangement had expired at 31 December 2013 but who received a capitalisation of arrears at some time over the last 5 years. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 109 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Forbearance – residential mortgages (continued) Residential mortgages subject to forbearance measures – past due but not impaired All loans that are assessed for a forbearance solution are tested for impairment either individually or collectively, irrespective of whether such loans are past due or not. Where the loans are deemed not to be impaired, they are collectively assessed as part of the IBNR provision calculation. The following table profiles the Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio that was subject to forbearance measures and which was past due but not impaired at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland 1 - 30 days 31 - 60 days 61 - 90 days 91 - 180 days 181 - 365 days Over 365 days Total past due but not impaired Owner- occupier € m Buy-to-let € m 154 70 53 55 34 14 380 22 13 11 22 14 13 95 2013* Total € m 176 83 64 77 48 27 Owner- occupier € m 176 96 58 53 23 9 Buy-to-let € m 36 20 15 25 12 13 475 415 121 2012* Total € m 212 116 73 78 35 22 536 Whilst the amount of loans subject to forbearance and past due decreased in 2013 in line with the decrease in the stock of loans subject to forbearance measures, there was a marginal increase in the proportion of the portfolio past due but not impaired from 9% at 31 December 2012 to 10% at 31 December 2013, driven by an increase in loans in arrears for more than 90 days. Residential mortgages subject to forbearance measures – impaired The following table profiles the Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio that was subject to forbearance measures and which was impaired at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland Not past due 1 - 30 days 31 - 60 days 61 - 90 days 91 - 180 days 181 - 365 days Over 365 days Total impaired Owner- occupier € m 331 98 72 64 205 246 397 Buy-to-let € m 439 78 62 63 143 217 479 2013* Total € m 770 176 134 127 348 463 876 Owner- occupier € m 475 117 88 61 209 249 342 Buy-to-let € m 575 97 90 57 154 217 284 2012* Total € m 1,050 214 178 118 363 466 626 1,413 1,481 2,894 1,541 1,474 3,015 Whilst the amount of impaired loans subject to forbearance decreased in 2013 in line with the decrease in the stock of loans subject to forbearance measures, there was an increase in the proportion of the portfolio that was impaired from 52% at 31 December 2012 to 58% at 31 December 2013, driven by an increase in impaired loans in arrears for more than 90 days. The proportion of forborne impaired loans that were not past due decreased from 35% at 31 December 2012 to 27% at 31 December 2013. Statement of financial position specific provisions of € 1.0 billion were held against the forborne impaired book at 31 December 2013, providing cover of 35.3%, while the income statement specific provision charge was € 0.2 billion for 2013. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 110 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Forbearance – residential mortgages (continued) Residential mortgages subject to forbearance measures by indexed loan-to-value ratios The following table profiles the Republic of Ireland residential mortgage portfolio that was subject to forbearance measures by the indexed loan-to-value ratios at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Republic of Ireland Less than 50% 50% – 70% 71% - 80% 81% - 90% 91%- 100% 101% - 120% 121% - 150% Greater than 150% Total forbearance Owner- occupier € m 334 336 230 223 237 508 614 470 Buy-to-let € m 74 107 91 117 142 326 523 618 2,952 1,998 2013* Total € m 408 443 321 340 379 834 1,137 1,088 4,950 Owner- occupier € m 313 341 231 245 274 568 796 776 Buy-to-let € m 74 111 86 96 143 353 510 860 3,544 2,233 2012* Total € m 387 452 317 341 417 921 1,306 1,636 5,777 The degree of negative equity in the residential mortgage portfolio in the Republic of Ireland that was subject to forbearance measures at 31 December 2013 has reduced to 54% of the owner-occupier and 73% of the buy-to-let mortgages compared to 60% and 77% respectively at 31 December 2012, due primarily to the increase in property prices in 2013. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 111 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Republic of Ireland residential mortgages – repossessions(1) For the purpose of the following tables, a property is considered repossessed when legal title has transferred to AIB. AIB seeks to avoid repossession through working with customers, but where agreement cannot be reached, proceeds to repossession of the property or the appointment of a fixed asset receiver, using external agents to realise the maximum value as soon as is practicable. Where the Group believes that the proceeds of sale of a repossessed property will comprise only part of the recoverable amount of the loan against which it was being held as security, the customer remains liable for the outstanding balance and the remaining loan continues to be recognised on the statement of financial position. The number (stock) of repossessions as at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012 is set out below: Owner-occupier Buy-to-let Total Stock of 2013* Balance repossessions outstanding € m 28 15 104 56 160 43 Stock of repossessions 80 53 133 2012* Balance outstanding € m 23 15 38 (1)The number of repossessed residential properties presented relates to those held as security for residential mortgages only. The increase in the stock of repossessed properties in 2013 relates to 119 properties repossessed in the Republic of Ireland in the period, partly offset by the disposal of 92 properties in the period and a transfer of 4 properties from the buy-to-let book to the owner- occupier book during the period. The majority of repossessions were by way of voluntary surrender or abandonment of the property. Republic of Ireland residential mortgages – repossessions disposed of The following table analyses the disposals of repossessed properties for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Number of Outstanding Gross sales proceeds balance at disposals repossession on disposal date € m € m 67 25 92 19 8 27 6 3 9 Number of disposals Outstanding balance at repossession date € m Gross sales proceeds on disposal € m 44 17 61 13 8 21 5 3 8 Costs to sell € m 1 – 1 Costs to sell € m 1 – 1 Loss on sale(1) 2013* Average loan-to- value at sale price % € m 14 5 19 277 279 278 Loss on sale(1) 2012* Average loan-to- value at sale price % € m 9 5 14 244 324 269 Owner-occupier Buy-to-let Total Owner-occupier Buy-to-let Total (1)Before specific impairment provisions. During the year ended 31 December 2013, the disposal of 92 residential properties in the Republic of Ireland, resulted in a total loss on sale of € 19 million compared to 2012 when 61 residential properties were disposed of, resulting in a total loss of € 14 million. Losses on the sale of repossessed properties are recognised in the income statement as part of the specific provision charge. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 112 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio United Kingdom (“UK”) residential mortgages The following table analyses the UK residential mortgage portfolio showing impairment provisions for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Statement of financial position Total gross residential mortgages In arrears (>30 days past due)(1) In arrears (>90 days past due)(1) Of which impaired Statement of financial position specific provisions Statement of financial position IBNR provisions Provision cover percentage Specific provisions/impaired loans Income statement Income statement specific provisions Income statement IBNR provisions Total impairment provisions (1)Includes all impaired loans whether past due or not. Owner- occupier € m 2,252 325 295 243 99 24 % 40.6 € m 26 (8) 18 Buy-to-let € m 361 66 60 52 30 3 % 58.5 € m 8 (35) (27) 2013* Total € m 2,613 391 355 295 129 27 % 43.8 € m 34 (43) (9) Owner- occupier € m 2,583 319 270 230 88 61 % 38.3 € m 36 (28) 8 Buy-to-let € m 407 65 56 44 22 12 % 50.0 € m 12 (2) 10 2012* Total € m 2,990 384 326 274 110 73 % 40.1 € m 48 (30) 18 The level of loans greater than 90 days in arrears and/or impaired increased to 13.6% at 31 December 2013 from 10.9% at 31 December 2012, reflecting the continued impact of the current economic climate on borrowers’ repayment capacity. Statement of financial position specific provisions of € 129 million were held at 31 December 2013 and provided cover of 44% (31 December 2012: € 110 million providing cover of 40%). IBNR statement of financial position provisions of € 27 million were held at 31 December 2013, down from € 73 million at 31 December 2012, reflecting management’s view of incurred loss in the performing book. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 113 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio United Kingdom residential mortgages by year of origination The following table profiles the United Kingdom total residential mortgage portfolio and impaired residential mortgage portfolio by year of origination at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: United Kingdom 1996 and before 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Total Impaired Total Impaired Number Balance € m Number Balance € m Number Balance € m Number Balance € m 2013* 2012* 244 53 66 195 202 2,923 1,216 1,753 2,252 3,036 4,663 5,194 2,397 1,100 544 300 273 401 13 2 4 9 12 86 71 122 177 292 529 714 312 111 53 26 30 50 1 – 2 – 1 116 47 117 139 282 484 656 174 47 15 6 2 – – – – – – 4 2 12 12 29 71 123 30 10 1 1 – – 335 62 93 242 230 3,285 1,317 1,955 2,421 3,218 4,891 5,515 2,627 1,205 605 324 288 – 17 2 5 12 15 104 84 145 213 333 600 820 373 136 65 32 34 – 2 – 1 – – 126 47 118 135 268 443 523 135 32 8 3 – – – – – – – 4 3 13 14 32 73 102 23 8 1 1 – – 26,812 2,613 2,089 295 28,613 2,990 1,841 274 The majority (€ 1.8 billion or 71%) of the € 2.6 billion residential mortgage book in the UK originated between 2005 and 2008, of which 14% (€ 0.3 billion) was impaired at 31 December 2013 driven by reduced household income and increased unemployment in the last number of years, and reflecting the decrease in property prices since their peak in 2007. 19% of the residential mortgage portfolio originated before 2005 of which 6% was impaired at 31 December 2013, while the remaining 10% of the portfolio was originated since 2009 of which 4% was impaired at 31 December 2013. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 114 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio The property values used in the completion of the following loan-to-value tables are determined with reference to the original or most recent valuation, indexed to the Nationwide House Price Index (“HPI”) in the UK. The index for Quarter 3 2013 reported that house prices across the UK were 7% lower than their highest level in Quarter 3 2007 and reported an increase of 5% for the year to the end of Quarter 3 2013. In Northern Ireland (which represents 73% of the UK residential mortgage portfolio), the Nationwide HPI for Quarter 3 2013 reported that house prices were 52% lower than their highest level in Quarter 3 2007 and reported an increase of 4% for the year to the end of Quarter 3 2013. Actual and weighted average indexed loan-to-value ratios of United Kingdom residential mortgages The following table profiles the United Kingdom residential mortgage portfolio by the indexed loan-to-value ratios and the weighted average indexed loan-to-value ratios at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Buy-to-let 2013* Total UK Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Total Weighted average indexed loan-to-value(1): Stock of residential mortgages at year end New residential mortgages issued during year Impaired residential mortgages UK Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Owner-occupier € m % 479 378 212 219 164 238 249 313 21.2 16.8 9.4 9.7 7.3 10.6 11.1 13.9 € m 60 47 21 25 20 34 56 98 2,252 100.0 361 89.9 73.1 118.6 Owner-occupier € m % 442 406 258 261 249 293 304 370 17.1 15.7 10.0 10.1 9.6 11.4 11.8 14.3 % 16.6 13.1 5.8 6.9 5.5 9.3 15.6 27.2 100.0 105.4 60.1 151.0 € m 54 59 25 29 25 34 62 119 407 % 13.3 14.7 6.1 7.1 6.1 8.3 15.2 29.2 100.0 111.0 – 149.3 € m 539 425 233 244 184 272 305 411 % 20.6 16.3 8.9 9.4 7.0 10.4 11.7 15.7 2,613 100.0 92.0 73.0 123.8 2012 % 16.6 15.6 9.5 9.7 9.2 10.9 12.2 16.3 € m 496 465 283 290 274 327 366 489 2,990 100.0 95.8 67.1 124.4 Buy-to-let Total Total Weighted average indexed loan-to-value(1): Stock of residential mortgages at year end New residential mortgages issued during year Impaired residential mortgages 2,583 100.0 93.5 67.1 119.9 (1)Weighted average indexed loan-to-values are the individual indexed loan-to-value calculations weighted by the mortgage balance against each property. 36% of the total owner-occupier and 52% of the total buy-to-let mortgages were in negative equity at 31 December 2013, compared to 37% and 53% respectively at 31 December 2012, driven primarily by the increase in property prices in 2013, coupled with amortisation of the loan book. The weighted average indexed loan-to-value for the total residential mortgage book was 92.0% at 31 December 2013 compared to 95.8% at 31 December 2012, reflecting the increase in residential property prices in the period. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 115 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Loan-to-value ratios of United Kingdom residential mortgages (index linked) that were neither past due nor impaired The following table profiles the UK residential mortgage portfolio that was neither past due nor impaired by the indexed loan-to-value ratios at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: UK Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Total UK Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Total Owner-occupier Buy-to-let € m 448 341 180 188 136 202 205 206 % 23.5 17.9 9.4 9.9 7.2 10.6 10.7 10.8 € m 58 45 18 18 16 30 46 61 % 19.8 15.3 6.1 6.3 5.7 10.2 15.7 20.9 2013* Total % 23.0 17.5 9.0 9.4 7.0 10.5 11.4 12.2 € m 506 386 198 206 152 232 251 267 1,906 100.0 292 100.0 2,198 100.0 Owner-occupier Buy-to-let € m 417 373 229 226 192 258 257 283 % 18.7 16.7 10.2 10.1 8.6 11.5 11.5 12.7 € m 52 55 22 21 21 30 51 88 2,235 100.0 340 % 15.3 16.1 6.4 6.4 6.1 8.8 15.1 25.8 100.0 2012* Total % 18.2 16.6 9.7 9.6 8.3 11.2 12.0 14.4 € m 469 428 251 247 213 288 308 371 2,575 100.0 The proportion of residential mortgages that was neither past due nor impaired and in negative equity at 31 December 2013 decreased in comparison to 31 December 2012, reflecting the increases in residential property prices in the period. 34% of residential mortgages that were neither past due nor impaired were in negative equity at 31 December 2013 compared to 38% at 31 December 2012. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 116 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Loan-to-value ratios of United Kingdom residential mortgage portfolio (index linked) that were greater than 90 days past due and/or impaired The following table profiles the UK residential mortgage portfolio that was greater than 90 days past due and/or impaired by the indexed loan-to-value ratios at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Owner-occupier Buy-to-let Total € m 23 29 24 24 26 32 39 98 % 8.0 9.8 8.3 8.2 8.7 10.7 13.1 33.2 295 100.0 € m 1 2 3 6 2 2 9 35 60 % 2.0 3.1 4.2 9.8 4.1 4.0 15.3 57.5 100.0 € m 24 31 27 30 28 34 48 133 355 2013* Total residential mortgage portfolio € m 539 425 233 244 184 272 305 411 % 20.6 16.3 8.9 9.4 7.0 10.4 11.7 15.7 % 6.9 8.7 7.6 8.5 8.0 9.5 13.4 37.4 100.0 2,613 100.0 Owner-occupier Buy-to-let Total € m 15 22 26 27 40 29 39 72 % 5.4 8.2 9.4 10.1 14.9 10.7 14.5 26.8 270 100.0 € m 1 3 3 7 3 4 8 27 56 % 1.9 5.8 4.6 12.4 6.4 6.5 14.5 47.9 € m 16 25 29 34 43 33 47 99 % 4.9 7.7 8.6 10.4 13.5 9.8 14.4 30.7 2012* Total residential mortgage portfolio € m 496 465 283 290 274 327 366 489 % 16.6 15.6 9.5 9.7 9.2 10.9 12.2 16.3 100.0 326 100.0 2,990 100.0 United Kingdom Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 10% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Total United Kingdom Less than 50% 50% to 70% 71% to 80% 81% to 90% 91% to 100% 101% to 120% 121% to 150% Greater than 150% Total The proportion of residential mortgages that was greater than 90 days past due and/or impaired and in negative equity at 31 December 2013 increased in comparison to 31 December 2012, resulting from the inclusion of unsecured residual mortgage debt in the negative equity figures. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 117 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Credit quality profile of United Kingdom residential mortgages The following table profiles the asset quality of the UK residential mortgage portfolio as at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: United Kingdom Neither past due nor impaired Past due but not impaired Impaired - provisions held Gross residential mortgages Provisions for impairment Owner- occupier € m 1,906 103 243 2,252 (123) 2,129 Buy-to-let € m 292 17 52 361 (33) 328 2013* Total € m 2,198 120 295 2,613 (156) 2,457 Owner- occupier € m 2,235 118 230 2,583 (149) 2,434 Buy-to-let € m 340 23 44 407 (34) 373 2012* Total € m 2,575 141 274 2,990 (183) 2,807 United Kingdom residential mortgages which were past due but not impaired Residential mortgages are assessed for impairment if they are past due, typically for more than ninety days, or if the borrower exhibits an inability to meet its obligations to the Group based on objective evidence of loss events (“impairment triggers”) such as a request for forbearance. Loans are deemed impaired where the carrying value of the asset is shown to be in excess of the present value of future cashflows and an appropriate provision is raised. Where loans are not deemed to be impaired, they are collectively assessed as part of the IBNR provision calculation. The following table profiles the UK residential mortgage portfolio that was past due but not impaired at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: United Kingdom 1 - 30 days 31 - 60 days 61 - 90 days 91 - 180 days 181 - 365 days Over 365 days Total Owner- occupier € m Buy-to-let € m 21 15 15 16 20 16 3 3 3 2 6 – 2013* Total € m 24 18 18 18 26 16 103 17 120 Owner- occupier € m 29 35 14 12 10 18 118 Buy-to-let € m 2 5 4 11 1 – 23 The amount of loans past due but not impaired at 31 December 2013 decreased in comparison to 31 December 2012, driven by a decrease in residential mortgages that were past due for less than 90 days. United Kingdom residential mortgages which were impaired The following table profiles the UK residential mortgage portfolio that was impaired at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: United Kingdom Not in arrears 1 - 30 days 31 - 60 days 61 - 90 days 91 - 180 days 181 - 365 days Over 365 days Total impaired Total gross residential mortgages Owner- occupier € m Buy-to-let € m 10 2 4 10 17 51 149 243 2,252 1 1 – 1 5 15 29 52 361 2013* Total € m 11 3 4 11 22 66 178 295 Owner- occupier € m Buy-to-let € m 15 3 5 6 27 52 122 230 2 1 1 2 7 12 19 44 407 2,613 2,583 2012* Total € m 31 40 18 23 11 18 141 2012* Total € m 17 4 6 8 34 64 141 274 2,990 The pace of increase in impaired loans slowed significantly in 2013 in comparison to 2012 with an increase in impaired loans of € 21 million in 2013 compared to an increase of € 81 million in 2012, reflecting improved economic conditions and increases in residential property values in 2013. 118 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio United Kingdom residential mortgages – repossessions For the purpose of the following tables, a property is considered repossessed when legal title has transferred to AIB. Where the Group believes that the proceeds of sale of a repossessed property will comprise only part of the recoverable amount of the loan against which it was being held as security, the customer remains liable for the outstanding balance and the remaining loan continues to be recognised on the statement of financial position. The number (stock) of repossessions as at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012 is set out below: Owner-occupier Buy-to-let Total Stock of repossessions 136 76 212 2013* Balance outstanding € m 36 14 50 Stock of repossessions 143 71 214 2012* Balance outstanding € m 33 15 48 The decrease in the stock of repossessed properties in 2013 relates to the disposal of 205 properties in the period and the removal of 8 properties from the stock following the clearance of arrears on the related mortgages, partly off-set by 211 properties repossessed. The disposal of 205 repossessed properties in 2013 resulted in a loss on disposal of € 24 million (31 December 2012: disposal of 98 properties resulting in a loss on disposal of € 10 million). Losses on the sale of repossessed properties are recognised in the income statement as part of the specific provision charge. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 119 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – credit profile of the loan portfolio Loans and receivables to customers – Other personal lending The following table analyses other personal lending by segment showing asset quality and impairment provisions for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: DCB € m AIB UK € m DCB € m AIB UK € m Analysed as to asset quality Satisfactory Watch Vulnerable Impaired Total criticised loans 1,909 169 132 108 409 Total gross loans and receivables 2,318 % 18 5 € m 75 29 104 % 69 96 4 Total loans percentage Criticised loans/total loans Impaired loans/total loans Impairment provisions – statement of financial position Specific IBNR Total impairment provisions Provision cover percentage Specific provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/total loans Income statement – impairment charge Specific IBNR Total impairment charge 259 46 50 77 173 432 % 40 18 € m 54 3 57 % 70 74 13 € m € m 41 6 47 % 3 (9) (6) % 4,291 2,322 2,082 191 34 15 240 % 10 1 284 36 38 38 112 396 % 28 10 € m € m 15 22 37 % 100 247 2 27 11 38 % 71 100 10 FSG € m 57 41 205 1,238 1,484 1,541 % 96 80 € m 963 23 986 % 78 80 64 € m 103 (19) 84 % 2013* Total € m 2,225 256 387 1,423 2,066 % 48 33 € m 1,092 55 1,147 % 77 81 27 € m 147 (22) 125 % 2.83 FSG € m 140 96 366 1,378 1,840 1,980 % 93 70 € m 1,022 42 1,064 % 74 77 54 2012 Total € m 2,506 323 438 1,431 2,192 4,698 % 47 30 € m 1,064 75 1,139 % 74 80 24 € m 303 (84) 219 % 4.37 Impairment charge/average loans 1.99 (1.29) 5.08 The other personal lending portfolio at € 4.3 billion has reduced by € 0.4 billion in the period and comprises € 3.4 billion in loans and overdrafts and € 0.9 billion in credit card facilities. Personal lending loans have continued to reduce, reflecting accelerated repayments and subdued demand for new loans and other credit facilities. Reductions in the portfolio are evident across all credit quality bands, however, the level of impaired loans have not reduced at the same level as the entire portfolio. At 31 December 2013, € 2.1 billion or 48% of the portfolio is criticised of which impaired loans amount to € 1.4 billion (31 December 2012: € 2.2 billion or 47% and € 1.4 billion). The Group has statement of financial position specific provisions of € 1.1 billion providing cover on impaired loans of 77% (31 December 2012: € 1.1 billion or 74%) and a further € 0.1 billion in IBNR provisions representing 1.9% of performing loans (31 December 2012: € 0.1 billion or 2.3%). IBNR levels have reduced since 2012 reflecting the reduced level of performing loans in the portfolio and management judgement of reduced loss within the portfolio. The income statement provision charge for the period to 31 December 2013 was € 125 million or 2.83% of average customer loans, compared with € 219 million or 4.37% in the full year to 31 December 2012. While the provision charge has reduced since 2012, personal borrowers continue to be impacted by reduced incomes and high levels of personal debt. The reduction in impairment charge reflects an indication of improvement in the sector however, the sector is fragile and challenges remain. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 120 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Loans and receivables to customers – Property and construction The following table analyses property and construction lending by segment showing asset quality and impairment provisions for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Investment Commercial investment Residential investment Land and development Commercial development Residential development Contractors Housing associations DCB € m AIB UK € m 2,187 281 2,468 133 105 238 66 – 2,323 781 3,104 184 1,338 1,522 155 427 FSG € m 6,030 1,380 7,410 1,050 3,087 4,137 183 – 2013* Total € m 10,540 2,442 12,982 1,367 4,530 5,897 404 427 DCB € m AIB UK € m FSG € m 2,320 349 2,669 124 110 234 70 – 1,290 490 1,780 8,449 2,045 10,494 45 422 467 135 95 1,280 4,461 5,741 241 325 2012 Total € m 12,059 2,884 14,943 1,449 4,993 6,442 446 420 Total gross loans and receivables 2,772 5,208 11,730 19,710 2,973 2,477 16,801 22,251 1,714 1,398 Analysed as to asset quality Satisfactory Watch Vulnerable Impaired Total criticised loans Total loans percentage Criticised loans/total loans Impaired loans/total loans Impairment provisions – statement of financial position Specific IBNR Total impairment provisions Provision cover percentage Specific provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/total loans Income statement – impairment charge Specific IBNR Total impairment charge 383 255 420 1,058 % 38 15 € m 149 123 272 % 35 65 10 € m 62 3 65 % Impairment charge/average loans 1.93 788 534 2,488 3,810 % 73 48 € m 1,459 80 1,539 % 59 62 30 € m 150 (19) 131 % 2.39 470 472 542 10,246 11,260 % 96 87 € m 6,506 121 6,627 % 63 65 56 € m 605 (77) 528 % 4.39 3,582 1,643 1,331 13,154 16,128 % 82 67 € m 8,114 324 8,438 % 62 64 43 € m 817 (93) 724 % 3.47 2,131 1,220 467 93 282 842 % 28 9 € m 121 80 201 % 43 71 7 529 400 328 1,257 % 51 13 € m 141 45 186 % 43 57 8 1,803 642 1,162 13,194 14,998 % 89 79 € m 7,419 298 7,717 % 56 58 46 € m € m € m x x % x x x x % x x x x % x 5,154 1,638 1,655 13,804 17,097 % 77 62 € m 7,681 423 8,104 % 56 59 36 € m 1,440 (659) 781 % 3.30 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 121 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Loans and receivables to customers – Property and construction (continued) The property and construction sector amounted to 24% of total loans and receivables, or 17% of loans and receivables less provisions. The portfolio is comprised of 66% investment loans (€ 13.0 billion), 30% land and development loans (€ 5.9 billion) and 4% other property and construction loans (€ 0.8 billion). It is geographically split 74% in the Republic of Ireland and 26% United Kingdom. This sector continues to be challenging, particularly in Ireland. However, there are signs that the commercial market in Ireland is recovering from very depressed activity levels, with transactional activity in all sectors up year-on-year. The improvement in demand is observed particularly in prime locations with activity levels in secondary locations remaining low. This continues to have an impact on the credit quality of the portfolio which remains regionally focussed within Ireland with real estate asset locations that are largely secondary and tertiary in nature. Conditions in the UK have improved during 2013, however, the market has become segmented between London delivering strong returns but with the rest of UK remaining weak. Credit quality within the portfolio is stabilising, with the level of criticised loans reducing from € 17.1 billion at 31 December 2012 to € 16.1 billion at 31 December 2013 due to asset sales, write-offs and repayments. This is partly off-set by continued movement of loans into the criticised grades, albeit at a reduced rate. Impaired loans amounted to € 13.2 billion or 67% of the portfolio (31 December 2012: € 13.8 billion or 62%). The rate of new impairment decreased significantly during 2013 reflecting the improved market dynamics and the fact that 67% of this portfolio is already impaired. The specific provision cover increased from 56% to 62% in 2013, due to increased provisions for some cases in secondary locations and debt repayments. The specific impairment charge on the property and construction loan portfolio reduced by 43% to € 0.8 billion or 3.47% of average customer loans for the year ended 31 December 2013. There was an IBNR release of € 0.1 billion in 2013 compared to € 0.7 billion in 2012, reflecting the higher level of credit process catch-up completed in 2012. Investment Property investment loans amounted to € 13.0 billion at 31 December 2013 (31 December 2012: € 14.9 billion) of which € 10.5 billion related to commercial investment. The reduction in the portfolio was largely as a result of asset sales in the portfolio along with amortisation and repayments of debt. € 8.6 billion of the investment property portfolio related to loans for the purchase of property in the Republic of Ireland, € 4.1 billion in the United Kingdom, € 0.1 billion in the United States of America and € 0.2 billion in other geographical locations. There has been an improvement in investment and occupation rates in the office, retail and industrial sectors and some uplift in prime rental and capital values during 2013. The majority of investment activity remains focussed on the capital and in particular Dublin city where there has been an increase in the volume of properties becoming available for sale. Foreign direct investment has also fuelled activity in the Dublin office sector resulting in prime headline office rents in Dublin increasing. The stabilisation of the Dublin residential market has attracted increased interest from investors, most notably overseas investors. Outside of Dublin, investment activity has been limited. The retail sector continues to struggle with rental values decreasing in the last 12 months. Retail landlords and investors across the sector have faced significant decreases in rental values in the last few years. Although rents now appear stable for prime units, further rental pressure for non-prime units is expected. These have all contributed to continued elevated impairment charges in the investment property portfolio. In assessing impairment provisions, allowance is taken for the Group’s greater proportion of secondary real estate assets. Consequently a steeper fall in real estate prices, compared to the general market index expectations, is used to cal- culate impairment provisions. € 10.2 billion or 78% of the investment property portfolio was criticised at 31 December 2013 compared with € 10.6 billion or 71% at 31 December 2012. Included in criticised loans were € 7.6 billion of loans which were impaired (31 December 2012: € 8.0 billion) on which the Group had € 3.9 billion in statement of financial position specific provisions, providing cover of 51% (31 December 2012: € 3.4 billion or 42%). Total provisions as a percentage of total loans are 32%, up from 25% at December 2012 for this sector. The impairment charge on the investment property element of the property and construction portfolio was € 465 million or 3.39% of average property investment customer loans compared with € 420 million or 2.64% in the year to 31 December 2012, with the increase due to a reduced writeback of IBNR provisions. 122 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Loans and receivables to customers – Property and construction (continued) Land and Development At 31 December 2013, Group land and development loans amounted to € 5.9 billion (31 December 2012: € 6.4 billion). € 4.4 billion of this portfolio related to loans in the Republic of Ireland and € 1.5 billion in the United Kingdom. There is improved demand for sites in Dublin, fuelled by the imbalance between supply and demand in the Dublin housing market and signs of growth in the Dublin office sector alongside improvements in Dublin rents. Demand for well-located sites, particularly those with planning permission has risen significantly. There continues to be little demand for development land outside Dublin. Development land values have reverted to agricultural values in some locations where the possibility of development in the medium term is remote. € 5.6 billion of the land and development portfolio was criticised at 31 December 2013 (31 December 2012: € 6.2 billion), including € 5.3 billion of loans which were impaired (31 December 2012: € 5.6 billion) on which the Group had € 4.1 billion in statement of financial position specific provisions providing cover of 77% (31 December 2012: 74%). The impairment charge for the period to 31 December 2013 was € 239 million or 3.84% of average land and development customer loans compared with € 334 million or 4.9% for the full year to December 2012. There was also an income statement provision charge of € 18 million for other property and construction exposures, comprising a specific charge of € 20 million for contractors and a release of IBNR provision of € 2 million relating to contractors and housing associations. Please note: during 2013, an internal portfolio re-allocation between FSG and UK occurred where assets were transferred which were valued at € 2.4 billion as at December 2013. (December 2012: € 3.0 billion). 123 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Credit profile of the loan portfolio Loans and receivables to customers – SME/other commercial lending The following table analyses SME/other commercial lending by segment showing asset quality and impairment provisions for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Agriculture Distribution: Hotels Licensed premises Retail/Wholesale Other distribution Other services Other DCB € m 1,133 355 240 914 82 1,591 1,196 717 Total gross loans and receivables 4,637 Analysed as to asset quality AIB UK € m 58 870 154 226 22 1,272 2,414 558 4,302 FSG € m 528 946 638 1,189 105 2,878 828 606 2013* Total € m 1,719 2,171 1,032 2,329 209 5,741 4,438 1,881 4,840 13,779 Satisfactory Watch Vulnerable Impaired 3,407 2,792 748 273 209 472 323 715 Total criticised loans 1,230 1,510 Total loans percentage Criticised loans/total loans Impaired loans/total loans Impairment provisions – statement of financial position Specific IBNR Total impairment provisions Provision cover percentage Specific provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/total loans Income statement – impairment charge Specific IBNR Total impairment charge % 27 5 € m 101 51 152 % 48 73 3 € m 74 (21) 53 % % 35 17 € m 375 22 397 % 52 56 9 € m 26 (17) 9 % Impairment charge/average loans 1.10 0.20 230 133 626 3,851 4,610 % 95 80 € m 2,655 35 2,690 % 69 70 56 € m 249 (90) 159 % 3.19 6,429 1,353 1,222 4,775 7,350 % 53 35 € m 3,131 108 3,239 % 66 68 24 € m 349 (128) 221 % 1.55 DCB € m 1,084 320 248 962 86 1,616 1,260 1,014 4,974 4,035 814 83 42 939 % 19 1 € m 38 72 110 % 90 262 2 AIB UK € m 43 647 46 201 9 903 1,845 407 3,198 2,189 472 203 334 1,009 % 32 10 € m 164 28 192 % 49 58 6 FSG € m 595 1,657 830 1,277 120 3,884 1,865 729 7,073 852 187 1,162 4,872 6,221 % 88 69 € m 3,054 140 3,194 % 63 66 45 € m € m € m x x x % x x x x % x x x x % x 2012 Total € m 1,722 2,624 1,124 2,440 215 6,403 4,970 2,150 15,245 7,076 1,473 1,448 5,248 8,169 % 54 34 € m 3,256 240 3,496 % 62 67 23 € m 722 (205) 517 % 3.26 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 124 3.1 Credit risk – credit profile of the loan portfolio Loans and receivables to customers – SME/other commercial lending (continued) The SME / other commercial lending portfolio amounted to 17% of total loans and receivables, or 16% of loans and receivables less provisions. The geographical split is 69% of advances in the Republic of Ireland and the remaining 31% in the United Kingdom. Loans and receivables in this sector reduced by € 1.5 billion from €15.2 billion as at 31 December 2012, driven by amortisation of debt, asset sales and write-offs. The SME portfolio in both Ireland and the United Kingdom is concentrated in sub-sectors which are reliant on the domestic economies The improved economic environment has resulted in some sectors which had suffered major job losses in the recession now seeing job growth, particularly in the manufacturing, hospitality and agriculture sectors. Challenging economic conditions and the level of indebtedness in the sector has resulted in many SMEs experiencing difficulty in managing the finances of their businesses. Some of this indebtedness in Ireland is related to property investments. Consequently, AIB is engaged in restructuring existing facilities where necessary in order to sustain viable businesses. The distribution sub-sector comprises 42% of the portfolio and is split between hotels, licensed premises and retail. The hotel and licensed premises sectors are showing some improvement due to higher tourist numbers, increased consumer confidence and an improving employment market. Many retailers continue to find trading conditions challenging, with cost pressures a key concern. The agriculture sub-sector (12% of the portfolio) has benefited from positive prices in 2013 but has experienced challenges due to increased costs and adverse weather. The other services sub-sector comprises 32% of the portfolio and includes businesses such as business administration, community, social and personal services and health care. Credit quality within the portfolio is stabilising due to the improved economic environment, with the level of criticised loans reducing from € 8.2 billion to € 7.4 billion due to asset sales, write-offs and repayments. This is partly off-set by continued movement of loans into the criticised grades, albeit at a reduced rate. Within criticised loans, impaired loans amounted to € 4.8 billion, a reduction of 9% from 31 December 2012. The specific provision cover increased from 62% to 66% in 2013, due to increased provisions for some loans and debt repayments. The income statement provision charge for the year to 31 December 2013 was € 221 million or 1.55% of average customer loans compared with € 517 million or 3.26% to 31 December 2012. At 31 December 2012, the Group had IBNR provisions of € 240 million, informed by a number of factors including the level of arrears and the levels of stress in the portfolios. Specific provisions were raised during 2013 which together with the reduction in the performing portfolio of € 1 billion, resulted in a reduction of € 132 million in the required level of IBNR provisions to € 108 million. 125 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – credit profile of the loan portfolio Loans and receivables to customers – Corporate lending The following table analyses corporate lending showing asset quality and impairment provisions for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Satisfactory Watch Vulnerable Impaired Total criticised loans DCB € m 2,686 99 137 346 582 Total gross loans and receivables 3,268 Total loans percentage Criticised loans/total loans Impaired loans/total loans Impairment provisions – statement of financial position Specific IBNR Total impairment provisions Provision cover percentage Specific provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/impaired loans Total provisions/total loans Income statement – impairment charge Specific IBNR Total impairment charge AIB UK € m FSG € m 2013* Total € m 3,511 105 215 476 796 DCB € m 2,885 100 129 161 390 134 4,307 3,275 53 – 55 26 81 % 60 19 772 6 23 104 133 905 % 15 11 % 18 11 € m 153 79 232 % 44 67 7 € m € m 53 – 53 % 51 51 6 22 – 22 % 85 85 16 € m € m € m 12 (6) 6 % 41 – 41 % (4) (13) (17) % % 18 11 € m 228 79 307 % 48 64 7 € m 49 (19) 30 % AIB UK € m – – – – – – % – – € m – – – % – – – FSG € m 1,185 35 20 642 697 1,882 % 37 34 € m 373 13 386 % 58 60 21 % 12 5 € m 112 85 197 % 70 122 6 € m € m € m x x x % x x x x % x x x x % x 2012 Total € m 4,070 135 149 803 1,087 5,157 % 21 16 € m 485 98 583 % 60 73 11 € m 172 (5) 167 % 2.63 Impairment charge/average loans 0.18 3.67 (9.02) 0.63 The corporate portfolio amounted to € 4.3 billion at 31 December 2013 compared with € 5.2 billion at 31 December 2012. The reduction largely reflects sales of assets along with accelerated scheduled repayments and amortisation. Corporate loans and receivables continue to perform better than the remainder of the portfolio due to less reliance on the domestic market, and on the property market. The income statement provision charge for the period to 31 December 2013 was € 30 million or 0.63% of average customer loans (31 December 2012: € 167 million or 2.63%). The reduced provision charge was due to a lower level of large corporate credit defaults compared with 2012, combined with higher recoveries in 2013. The provision cover for impaired loans has decreased from 60% to 48% due to the sale of assets with higher cover. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 126 3.1 Credit risk – credit profile of the loan portfolio Credit ratings* Internal credit ratings The Group uses various rating tools in managing its credit risk. The Risk management section of this report (pages 71 and 72) highlights the role of rating tools in identifying and managing loans including those of lower credit quality. These lower credit quality loans are referred to as ‘Criticised loans’ and include Watch, Vulnerable and Impaired, and which are defined below. For reporting purposes loans and receivables to customers are categorised into: – (i) Neither past due nor impaired; – (ii) Past due but not impaired; and – (iii) Impaired. Neither past due nor impaired are those loans that are neither contractually past due and/or have not been categorised as impaired by the Group. Past due but not impaired are those loans where a contractually due payment has not been made. ‘Past due days’ is a term used to describe the cumulative number of days a missed payment is overdue. In the case of instalment type facilities, days past due arise once an approved limit has been exceeded. This category can also include an element of facilities where negotiation with the borrower on new terms and conditions has not yet concluded to fulfilment while the original loan facility remains outside its original terms. When a facility is past due, the entire exposure is reported as past due, not just the amount of any excess or arrears. Impaired loans are defined as follows: A loan is impaired if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the assets (a ‘loss event’) and that loss event (or events) has an impact such that the present value of future cash flows is less than the current carrying value of the financial asset or group of assets and requires an impairment provision to be recognised in the income statement. Loans that are neither past due nor impaired are further classified into ‘Good Upper, Good Lower, Watch and Vulnerable’, which are described as follows: Good Upper: Strong credit with no weakness evident. Typically includes elements of the residential mortgages portfolio combined with strong corporate and commercial lending. Good Lower: Satisfactory credit with no weakness evident. Typically includes new business written and existing satisfactorily performing exposures across all portfolios. Watch: The credit is exhibiting weakness but with the expectation that existing debt can be fully repaid from normal cash flows. Vulnerable: Credit where repayment is in jeopardy from normal cash flows and may be dependent on other sources. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 127 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – credit profile of the loan portfolio Credit ratings* (continued) Internal credit ratings of loans and receivables to customers The internal credit ratings profile of loans and receivables to customers by asset class at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012 is as follows: Residential mortgages € m Other Property and construction € m personal € m SME/other commercial € m Neither past due nor impaired Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable Total Past due but not impaired Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable Total Total impaired 13,070 12,148 2,776 1,694 29,688 10 65 653 1,265 1,993 9,083 Total gross loans and receivables 40,764 Unearned income Deferred costs Impairment provisions Total 190 1,915 207 223 2,535 2 118 49 164 333 1,423 4,291 Neither past due nor impaired Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable Total Past due but not impaired Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable Total Total impaired Total gross loans and receivables Unearned income Deferred costs Impairment provisions Total 10,655 17,064 2,747 1,852 32,318 158 518 704 693 2,073 8,130 42,521 884 1,485 241 292 2,902 40 97 82 146 365 1,431 4,698 153 3,295 1,538 912 5,898 – 134 105 419 658 83 6,211 1,243 905 8,442 1 134 110 317 562 13,154 19,710 4,775 13,779 476 4,307 76 4,852 1,413 1,213 7,554 – 226 225 442 893 136 6,754 1,335 1,084 9,309 2 164 158 364 688 13,804 22,251 5,248 15,245 803 5,157 Corporate € m 696 2,793 105 197 3,791 2 20 – 18 40 Corporate € m 948 3,102 135 149 4,334 – 20 – – 20 2013 Total € m 14,192 26,362 5,869 3,931 50,354 15 471 917 2,183 3,586 28,911 82,851 (101) 74 (17,083) 65,741 2012 Total € m 12,699 33,257 5,871 4,590 56,417 200 1,025 1,169 1,645 4,039 29,416 89,872 (108) 89 (16,528) 73,325 Residential mortgages € m Other personal € m Property and construction € m SME/other commercial € m There was a recalibration of one of the key residential mortgage grading models in 2013 which introduced more recent loss history and behavioural data into its calculation. This has resulted in a shift in the grade profile, as evidenced in the table above, and which has resulted in the upgrade of certain ‘good’ mortgages and the down grade of certain ‘weaker’ mortgages (2012 comparatives: unaudited). *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 128 3.1 Credit risk – credit profile of the loan portfolio Credit ratings* (continued) External credit ratings of financial assets The external credit ratings profile of loans and receivables to banks, NAMA senior bonds, trading portfolio financial assets (excluding equity securities) and financial investments available for sale (excluding equity shares) at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012 is as follows: AAA/AA A BBB+/BBB/BBB- Sub investment Unrated Total AAA/AA A BBB+/BBB/BBB- Sub investment Unrated Total Bank € m 3,408 1,564 718 – 63 5,753 Bank € m 2,452 2,347 1,167 103 76 6,145 Corporate € m Sovereign € m Other € m – – 14 – 1 15 5,417 – 26,171(1) 6 – 31,594(2) 304 133 85 14 – 536 Corporate € m Sovereign € m Other € m 3 15 60 99 115 292 3,881 221 24,995(1) 26 – 29,123(2) 583 223 79 79 – 964 2013 Total € m 9,129 1,697 26,988 20 64 37,898 2012 Total € m 6,919 2,806 26,301 307 191 36,524 (1)Includes NAMA senior bonds which do not have an external credit rating and to which the Group has attributed a rating of BBB+ (31 December 2012: BBB+) ie the external rating of the Sovereign. (2)Includes supranational banks and government agencies. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 129 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – credit profile of the loan portfolio Leveraged debt by geographic location and industry sector Leveraged lending (including the financing of management buy-outs, buy-ins and private equity buy-outs) is conducted primarily through specialist lending teams. The leveraged loan book is held as part of the loans and receivables to customers portfolio. Specific impairment provisions of € 0.5 million (31 December 2012: € 34 million) are currently held against impaired exposures of € 14 million (31 December 2012: € 72 million). The unfunded element below includes off-balance sheet facilities and the undrawn element of facility commitments. The portfolio continues to reduce, in large part due to AIB’s deleveraging. Leveraged debt by geographic location* United Kingdom Rest of Europe United States of America Rest of the World Funded leveraged debt by industry sector* Agriculture Property and construction Distribution Energy Financial Manufacturing Transport Other services Funded € m 2013 Unfunded € m Funded € m 2012 Unfunded € m 44 20 271 – 335 3 1 21 – 25 84 39 325 31 479 2013 € m – – 40 – 11 78 83 122 334 24 4 50 – 78 2012 € m – – 91 29 5 158 14 182 479 Large exposures (including disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale) AIB’s Group Large Exposure Policy sets out maximum exposure limits to, or on behalf of, a customer or a group of connected customers. At 31 December 2013, the Group’s top 50 exposures amounted to € 7.5 billion, and accounted for 9.1% (€ 9.3 billion and 10.4% at 31 December 2012) of the Group’s on-balance sheet total gross loans and receivables to customers. No single customer exposure exceeded regulatory guidelines. In addition, the Group holds NAMA senior bonds amounting to € 15.6 billion (31 December 2012: € 17.4 billion). *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 130 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries This section sets out 5 year summaries as required for the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) reporting as follows: – Loans and receivables to customers by geography and industry sector – Percentages of loans and receivables to customers by geography and industry sector – Risk elements in lending – Impaired loans and receivables to customers – Provisions for impairment (banks and customers) – Movements in provisions for impairments on loans and receivables (including loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA and loans and receivables included within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale) – Additional information on provisions for impairment – Loans charged off and recoveries of previously charged off loans – Analysis of loans and receivables to customers by contractual residual maturity and interest rate sensitivity – Analysis of loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA by geography and industry sector – Cross-border outstandings 131 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Loans and receivables to customers by geography and industry sector* The credit portfolio is diversified within each of its geographic markets (which are principally in Ireland and the United Kingdom) by spread of locations, industry classification and individual customer. Other than property and construction in Ireland (17.6%) and residential mortgages in Ireland (46.1%), as at 31 December 2013, no one industry or loan category, in any geographic market accounts for more than 10% of AIB Group’s total loan portfolio. The following table shows the gross loan and receivables to customers portfolio by geography and industry sector at 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009 excluding in 2010 and 2009 those held for sale to NAMA which are analysed on page 148. 2013 2012 2011 € m € m € m 2010 2010 Continuing Discontinued operations operations € m € m IRELAND Agriculture .......................................................... 1,740 Energy ................................................................ 259 Manufacturing .................................................... 1,167 Property and construction .................................. 14,589 Distribution ........................................................ 5,254 Transport............................................................ Financial.............................................................. 775 470 Other services .................................................... 2,912 Personal – Residential mortgages ...................... 38,151 – Other ................................................ 3,858 Lease financing .................................................. 360 69,535 UNITED KINGDOM Agriculture .......................................................... Energy ................................................................ 58 23 Manufacturing .................................................... 336 Property and construction .................................. 5,121 Distribution .......................................................... 1,616 Transport ............................................................ Financial.............................................................. 188 174 Other services .................................................... 2,646 Personal – Residential mortgages ...................... 2,613 – Other ................................................ 433 Lease financing .................................................. – 1,727 326 1,271 15,983 5,839 538 592 3,093 39,486 4,223 457 73,535 54 118 350 6,228 1,950 614 190 3,050 3,035 475 – 1,810 431 1,563 17,222 6,391 614 1,048 3,276 41,847(1) 4,755 544 79,501 58 250 486 6,938 2,109 683 320 3,474 3,325 566 – 1,939 686 2,617 17,246 7,626 809 1,368 4,080 27,290 5,349 764 69,774 67 304 843 7,430 2,439 749 525 4,523 3,534 672 8 ............................................................................ 13,208 16,064 18,209 21,094 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Agriculture......................................................................– Energy ..........................................................................5 Manufacturing ................................................................– Property and construction..............................................– Distribution .......................................................... – Transport........................................................................– Financial ........................................................................4 Other services .................................................... 99 .............................................................. 108 – 19 4 40 1 22 3 184 273 – 41 12 218 14 32 – 271 588 – 201 60 732 122 73 29 751 1,968 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2009 € m 2,015 844 3,108 15,930 8,182 979 1,403 4,700 27,818 6,242 922 72,143 120 292 1,193 7,068 2,639 601 696 4,936 3,635 861 48 22,089 3 435 161 904 162 69 54 753 2,541 (1)The significant increase in residential mortgages in Ireland in 2011 compared with 2010 reflects the EBS portfolio which was acquired by AIB in July 2011. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 132 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Loans and receivables to customers portfolio by geography and industry sector* (continued) 2013 2012 2011 € m € m € m 2010 2010 Continuing Discontinued operations operations € m € m POLAND Agriculture .......................................................... Energy ................................................................ Manufacturing .................................................... Property and construction .................................. Distribution .......................................................... Transport ............................................................ Financial.............................................................. Other services .................................................... Personal – Residential mortgages ...................... – Other ................................................ Lease financing .................................................. REST OF WORLD.............................................. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 389 1,042 133 70 978 2,542 837 81 125 318 1,821 1,051 685 8,641 – 2009 € m 126 86 1,024 2,852 804 83 143 322 1,538 1,039 711 8,728 1,106 Total gross loans to customers ............................82,851(1) 89,872(1) 98,687(1) 93,878(2) 8,641 106,607 Unearned income................................................ (101) Deferred costs .................................................... 74 (108) 89 (125) 103 Provisions for impairment .................................. (17,083) (16,528) (14,941) Total loans and receivables 65,741 73,325 83,724 (167) – (7,299) 86,412 (67) – (344) (279) – (2,987) 8,230 103,341 (1)Includes € 28 million (2012: € 475 million; 2011: € 1,195 million) in loans and receivables to customers that relate to ‘Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale’. (2)Includes € 74 million relating to AmCredit which was held within ‘Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale’. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 133 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Percentages of loans and receivables to customers by geography and industry sector The following table shows the percentages of loans and receivables to customers by geography and industry sector at 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009, excluding in 2010 and 2009 those held for sale to NAMA but including, in 2010, those within disposal groups and non-currents assets held for sale, that were not classified as discontinued operations (0.1%, Rest of World). 2013 2012 2011 2010 2010 Continuing Discontinued operations operations % % IRELAND Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other Lease financing UNITED KINGDOM Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other x UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services POLAND Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other Lease financing REST OF WORLD Total loans 134 % 2.1 0.3 1.4 17.6 6.3 0.9 0.6 3.5 46.1 4.7 0.4 83.9 0.1 – 0.4 6.2 2.0 0.2 0.2 3.2 3.2 0.5 16.0 – – – – – – 0.1 0.1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – % 1.9 0.4 1.4 17.8 6.5 0.6 0.7 3.5 43.9 4.7 0.5 81.9 0.1 0.1 x0.4 6.9 2.2 0.7 0.2 3.3 3.4 0.5 17.8 – – 0.1 – – – 0.2 0.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 100.0 100.0 % 1.8 0.4 1.6 17.5 6.5 0.6 1.1 3.3 42.4 4.8 0.6 80.6 0.1 0.3 0.5 7.0 2.1 0.7 0.3 3.5 3.4 0.6 1.9 0.7 2.6 16.8 7.4 0.8 1.3 4.0 26.6 5.2 0.7 68.0 0.1 0.3 0.8 7.3 2.4 0.7 0.5 4.4 3.4 0.7 18.5 20.6 – – 0.2 – – – 0.3 0.5 – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 – 0.7 1.9 – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.4 100.0 1.0 91.5 2009 % 1.9 0.8 2.9 14.9 7.7 0.9 1.3 4.4 26.1 5.9 0.9 67.7 0.1 0.3 1.1 6.6 2.5 0.6 0.7 4.6 3.4 0.8 20.7 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 2.4 0.1 0.1 1.0 2.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.4 1.0 0.7 8.2 1.0 100.0 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 0.1 1.0 2.5 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.8 1.0 0.7 8.5 – 8.5 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Risk elements in lending AIB’s loan control and review procedures generally do not include the classification of loans as non-accrual, accruing past due, restructured and potential problem loans, as defined by the SEC. Management has, however, set out in the following table the amount of loans, (including, in the case of 2010 and 2009, those held for sale to NAMA and in 2010 those within discontinued operations)(2), at 31 December, without giving effect to available security and before deduction of provisions, using the SEC’s classification: Loans accounted for on non-accrual basis(1) Ireland .......................................................... United Kingdom ............................................ United States of America ............................ Poland(2)........................................................ Rest of World ................................................ Accruing loans which are contractually past due 90 days or more as to principal or interest 2013 € m 25,319 3,576 16 – – 2012 € m 24,719 4,641 56 – – 2011 € m 21,047 3,725 49 – 12 2010 € m 10,215 2,524 75 587 x68 2009 € m 14,922 1,944 x42 x477 68 28,911 29,416 24,833 13,469 17,453 Ireland .......................................................... United Kingdom ............................................ United States of America ............................ Poland(2)........................................................ x1,046 121 – – 1,190 162 – – 1,371 1,768 74 – – x59 29 x3 ...................................................................... 1,167 1,352 1,445 x1,859 Restructured loans not included above(3) .................. Other real estate and other assets owned ................ 99 – 55 – 75 17 233 12 815 83 – 4 902 140 10 (1)These figures represent AIB’s impaired loans before provisions. Total interest income that would have been recorded during the year ended 31 December 2013 had interest on gross impaired loans been included in income amounted to € 763 million (2012: € 771 million; 2011: € 528 million; 2010: € 462 million; 2009: € 235 million) - € 661 million for Ireland, € 102 million for the United Kingdom and Nil for the United States. Of the total figure of € 763 million above, € 373 million (2012: € 392 million; 2011: € 236 million; 2010: € 296 million; 2009: € 172 million) was included in income for the year ended 31 December 2013 for interest on impaired loans (net of provisions). (2)For 2010, Poland is classified as a discontinued operation. (3)In certain circumstances as part of a loan restructure, AIB will convert part of the debt to equity and if the residual loan is viable will reclassify this residual debt as performing. The restructured loans figure above solely relates to the residual loan element of these restructures which is deemed to be performing (i.e. non impaired) following the restructure event. The value of equity held in the statement of financial position as at 31 December 2013 from such transactions was € 6 million (2012: € 19 million) and the amount of debt resulting from such transactions and held in performing grades was € 27 million (2012: € 9 million ). AIB generally expects that loans, where known information about possible credit problems causes management to have serious doubt as to the ability of borrowers to comply with loan repayment terms, would be included under its definition of impaired loans and would therefore have been reported in the above table. In AIB loans are typically reported as impaired when interest thereon is 90 days or more past due or where a specific provision is raised, except: (i) where there is sufficient evidence that repayment in full, including all interest up to the time of repayment (including costs) will be made within a reasonable and identifiable time period, either from realisation of security, refinancing commitment or other sources; or (ii) where there is independent evidence that the balance due, including interest, is adequately secured. Upon impairment, the accrual of interest income based on the original terms of the claim is discontinued but the increase of the present value of impaired claims due to the passage of time is reported as interest income. 135 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Impaired loans and receivables to customers by geography and industry sector* The following table presents an analysis of AIB Group’s impaired loans and receivables to customers by geography and industry sector at 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009. Loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA are analysed on page 148: IRELAND Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other Lease financing UNITED KINGDOM Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Other services POLAND Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services .................................................... Personal – Residential mortgages – Other Lease financing REST OF WORLD TOTAL 2013 2012 2011 € m € m € m 2010 2010 Continuing Discontinued operations operations € m € m 327 62 264 10,699 2,618 154 211 724 8,788 1,345 127 25,319 11 – 127 2,455 408 2 19 181 295 78 3,576 4 – – – – 12 16 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 322 32 319 10,856 2,812 113 219 706 7,856 1,345 139 24,719 12 1 153 2,908 630 244 26 307 274 86 4,641 3 – 40 – – 13 56 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 299 34 303 9,467 2,499 113 168 628 6,138 1,253 145 21,047 11 1 132 2,389 557 14 23 323 193 82 3,725 3 1 43 2 – – 49 – – – – – – – – – – – – 193 7 293 5,510 1,505 77 61 384 1,013 777 135 9,955 10 – 75 1,408 240 2 15 117 115 61 2,043 1 – 40 22 12 – 75 – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 68 28,911 29,416 24,833 12,141 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 1 62 264 57 15 2 23 19 97 35 587 – 587 2009 € m 105 11 134 2,275 x846 34 x70 206 475 x556 96 4,808 4 2 66 x449 229 x2 85 168 x56 x40 1,101 x– 11 8 – – 23 042 x10 x2 x74 194 x52 8 1 13 13 75 35 477 68 6,496 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 136 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Impaired loans and receivables to customers by geography and industry sector* (continued) 2013 Group impaired loans were € 28,911 million at 31 December 2013 and now represent 35% of loans and receivables down from € 29,416 million or 33% at 31 December 2012. Ireland Impaired loans in Ireland were € 25,319 million representing 36% of group loans and receivables in Ireland, up from € 24,719 million or 34% at December 2012. There were € 932 million of new impairments in residential mortgages reflecting the continued weak economic environment in Ireland. Significant impaired loan movements in other sectors are as follows: property (down € 157 million); distribution (hotels, licensed premises, retail) (down € 194 million). United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, impaired loans decreased by € 1,065 million to € 3,576 million primarily in the following sectors: property (down € 453 million); distribution (down € 222 million); and other services (down € 126 million). United States of America Impaired loans in the United States of America were € 16 million, down on the 2012 level of € 56 million and are primarily related to borrowers in energy and other services sectors. 2012 Group impaired loans were € 29,416 million at 31 December 2012 and now represent 33% of loans and receivables up from € 24,833 million or 25% at 31 December 2011. Ireland Impaired loans in Ireland were € 24,719 million representing 34% of total group loans and receivables, up from € 21,047 million or 27% at December 2011. 85% or € 3,107 million of this increase relates to residential mortgages and property loans and reflects the continuing weak economic environment in Ireland with high unemployment, low level of activity in the property sector and muted consumer spending impacting impaired loans in most sectors but particularly the following: property (up € 1,389 million); distribution (hotels, licensed premises, retail) (up € 313 million); and residential mortgage (up € 1,718 million). United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, impaired loans increased by € 916 million to € 4,641 million primarily in the following sectors: property (up € 519 million); transport (up € 230 million); and residential mortgages (up € 81 million). The increase reflects the ongoing stress in the economic environment, particularly in the North of England and Northern Ireland. United States of America Impaired loans in the United States of America were € 56 million, up on the 2011 level of € 49 million and are primarily related to borrowers in the property sector. Rest of World Impaired loans in the rest of world reduced to Nil from € 12 million in 2011 as a result of the sale of AmCredit during the year. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 137 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables (both to banks and customers)* The following table presents an analysis of provisions for impairment on loans and receivables (both to banks and customers) at 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009. Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA are analysed separately on page 148: 2013 2012 2011 € m € m € m 2010 2010 Continuing Discontinued operations operations € m € m IRELAND Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services .................................................... Personal – Residential mortgages – Other Lease financing 242 35 189 6,671 1,622 108 130 520 3,204 1,038 125 225 26 224 6,205 1,723 91 160 486 2,589 1,006 133 192 25 184 5,332 1,442 78 137 387 1,718 854 121 13,884 12,868 10,470 UNITED KINGDOM Agriculture Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Other services Distribution Transport POLAND Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other Lease financing REST OF WORLD TOTAL SPECIFIC PROVISIONS TOTAL IBNR PROVISIONS TOTAL PROVISIONS 8 52 1,443 209 1 11 105 129 54 2,012 – – – 9 – – 9 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8 76 1,469 290 124 12 158 110 58 2,305 3 – 7 6 – – 16 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 7 66 1,130 256 12 9 180 67 50 1,777 3 1 7 – – – 11 – – – – – – – – – – – – 3 15,905 1,185 17,090 15,189 1,343 16,532 12,261 2,684 14,945 100 5 128 2,310 678 44 49 200 212 479 109 4,314 5 30 525 121 1 3 49 30 35 799 – – 14 – 2 6 22 – – – – – – – – – – – – 23 5,158 2,145 7,303 138 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 7 1 29 68 28 7 1 13 8 77 20 259 – 259 85 344 2009 € m 44 4 58 557 286 20 53 90 81 302 67 1,562 1 29 178 88 2 35 61 16 24 434 – – 2 4 – – 6 7 1 24 45 23 4 1 8 6 58 11 188 24 2,214 777 2,991 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Movements in provisions for impairment on loans and receivables (includes loans and receivables within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale)(1) Total provisions at beginning of period .................. Transfers (out)/in .................................................. Acquisition of subsidiaries .................................... Disposal of subsidiaries ........................................ Disposal of loans and receivables ........................ Transferred from/(to) NAMA .................................. Exchange translation adjustments ........................ Recoveries of loans previously charged off .......... 2013 € m 16,532 (14) – – (136) – (76) 2 2012 € m 14,945 34 – – (263) 4 47 4 2011 € m 7,976 – 738 (360) – (570) 74 4 Years ended 31 December 2009 € m 2010 € m 7,156 (6) – – – (4,569) 40 48 2,294 (10) – – – – 31 6 .................................................................. 16,308 14,771 7,862 2,669 2,321 Amounts charged off Ireland ............................................................ United Kingdom ............................................ United States of America ............................ Poland............................................................ Rest of World ................................................ Net provision movement(2) Ireland United Kingdom United States of America Poland Rest of World ................................................ Recoveries of loans previously charged off(2) Ireland .............................................................. United Kingdom ................................................ United States of America .................................. Poland................................................................ (794) (330) (10) – – (399) (269) (2) – (3) (1,134) (673) 1,730 186 2 – – 1,897 541 – – – (481) (253) (37) (2) (29) (802) 6,457 1,371 25 24 12 (490) (236) (20) (52) (15) (813) (287) (149) (15) (57) (12) (520) 5,312 4,671 705 30 110 11 530 10 117 33 1,918 2,438 7,889 6,168 5,361 (1) (1) – – (2) (2) (2) – – (4) (2) (2) – – (4) (3) (39) (1) (5) (48) (1) (1) – (4) (6) Total provisions at end of period 17,090 16,532 14,945 7,976 7,156 Provisions at end of period Specific .......................................................... IBNR .............................................................. .................................................................. Amounts include: 15,905 1,185 17,090 15,189 1,343 16,532 12,261 2,684 14,945 Loans and receivables to banks .................... 7 4 4 Loans and receivables to customers .............. 17,083 16,406 14,932 Loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA Loans and receivables of discontinued operations Loans and receivables of disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale .............. – – – – – 122 – – 9 .................................................................. 17,090 16,532 14,945 5,646 2,330 7,976 4 7,287 329 344 12 7,976 5,798 1,358 7,156 4 2,987 4,165 – – 7,156 (1)Provisions for loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA are included in 2009 and 2010. (2)The aggregate of these sets of figures represents the total provisions for impairment charged to income. Commentary on the movements is detailed on page 137 (impaired loans), on pages 140 to142 (provisions for impairment) and page 144 (net loans charged off). 139 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables The following table reconciles the total provisions for impairment charged to income for the years ended 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009 as shown in (A), the table on page 139 relating to ‘Movements in provisions for impairment of loans and receivables’, with that shown in (B), AIB Group’s ‘Consolidated statement of income’. (A) Net provision movement Recoveries of loans previously charged off Total charged to income (B) Provisions for impairment 2013 € m 1,918 (2) 1,916 2012 € m 2,438 (4) 2,434 2011 € m 7,889 (4) x7,885 2010 € m 6,168 (48) 6,120 2009 € m 5,361 (6) 5,355 1,916 2,434 x7,885 6,120 5,355 The following table sets out the provisions charged to income and net loans charged off as a percentage of average loans for the years ended 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009. The 2010 and 2009 figures include provisions for loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA and loans and receivables included within discontinued operations. The 2011 figures include the provision charge for loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA. Total provisions charged to income ...................... Net loans charged off.............................................. 2013 % 2.24 1.33 2012 % 2.57 0.71 2011 % 7.33 0.71 2010 % 4.97 0.62 2009 % 4.05 0.40 Commentary on provisions for impairment in 2013 The provision for impairment charge to income on loans and receivables to customers of € 1,913 million or 2.24% of average advances for the year ended 31 December 2013 compared with € 2,434 million or 2.57% of average advances at 31 December 2012. The reduction in the provision for impairment in the year of € 521 million reflects the reduction in overall impaired loans in the year of 2% compared with an 18% increase in 2012. The provision for impairment in 2013 was also impacted by the release of IBNR provisions of € 145 million compared with a release of €1,322 million in 2012. The movement in IBNR provisions of € 145 million was due to the level of specific provisions raised during 2013 which had largely been provided in IBNR provisions at 31 December 2012, based on management’s view of the incurred loss inherent in the portfolio at that time, as evidenced by the level of arrears, requests for forbearance and vulnerable loans. The portfolios most impacted were the property and construction portfolio where the release was € 93 million due in particular to the level of specific provisions raised in 2013 in the property investment sub-sector, and a charge of €117 million for the residential mortgage portfolio mainly due to an increase in the emergence period for ROI. IBNR provisions were reduced by € 128 million, € 22 million and € 19 million in the SME/other commercial, other personal and corporate portfolios respectively. Ireland The impairment charge was € 1,726 million and included a specific charge of € 1,766 million and a release of IBNR of € 40 million, compared with € 1,895 million in 2012. Included in the overall specific provision charge of € 1,766 million was € 662 million or 37% relating to residential mortgage loans reflecting the increased level of arrears due to pressure on borrowers caused by continued high unemployment and reduced incomes. A further € 613 million (35%) of the specific charge related to loans in the property and construction sector, influenced by a continued low level of activity. € 143 million or 8% of the specific charge was for consumer loans and the remaining € 348 million (20%) related to SME/other commercial borrowers (€ 307 million) and corporate borrowers (€ 41 million), both of whom are dependent on the Irish economy which remained weak throughout 2013. The release of IBNR provision of € 40 million in 2013 was influenced mainly by the residential mortgage portfolio where there was an IBNR charge of € 160 million and which was offset by releases in the other sectors. Most notably, SME/other commercial (€ 110 million of a release) and property and construction (€ 59 million of a release). 140 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Commentary on provisions for impairment in 2013 (continued) United Kingdom The impairment charge in the United Kingdom was € 185 million compared with € 539 million in 2012 and included a specific charge of € 290 million and an IBNR release of € 105 million. € 204 million of the specific impairment charge of € 290 million above related to borrowers in the property and construction sector reflecting the continued pressure on this sector, in both the land and development and property investment sub-sectors and while there have been signs of improvement in prime markets, such as London and the South East, the secondary markets still remain relatively illiquid. In addition, there was a specific impairment charge of € 42 million related to SME/other commercial and € 34 million related to residential mortgages. There was a release of € 105 million IBNR provisions in the AIB Bank UK which was primarily driven by lower than anticipated loss rates in the ‘low start’ mortgage portfolio and land and development property exposures in FTB, and interest only property and business loans in AIB GB. United States The impairment charge was € 2 million compared with nil to December 2012, and related to Corporate cases. Commentary on provisions for impairment in 2012 The provision for impairment charge to income on loans and receivables of € 2,434 million or 2.57% of average advances for the year ended 31 December 2012 compared with € 7,885 million 7.33% of average advances at 31 December 2011. The significant reduction in the provision for impairment in the year of € 5,451 million reflects the slowdown in the pace of cases downgraded to impaired status requiring provision during 2012 at 18% in 2012 compared with 105% in 2011. The provision for impairment in 2012 was also impacted by the release of IBNR provisions of € 1,322 million compared with a charge of € 179 million in 2011. The movement in IBNR provisions of € 1,322 million was due to the level of specific provisions raised during 2012 which had largely been provided in IBNR provisions at 31 December 2011, based on management’s view of the incurred loss inherent in the portfolio at that time, as evidenced by the level of arrears, requests for forbearance and vulnerable loans. The portfolios most impacted were the property and construction portfolio where the release was € 659 million due in particular to the level of specific provisions raised in 2012 in the property investment sub-sector, and € 369 million for the residential mortgage portfolio which largely resulted from specific provisions being taken during the year, particularly for mortgages in forbearance. IBNR provisions were reduced by € 205 million, € 84 million and € 5 million in the SME/other commercial, other personal and corporate portfolios respectively. Since all eligible loans have now transferred to NAMA there was no provision charge in 2012 compared to € 87 million in 2011. Ireland The impairment charge was € 1,895 million and included a specific charge of € 3,014 million and a release of IBNR of € 1,119 million. Included in the overall specific provision charge of € 3,014 million was € 1,070 million or 36% relating to residential mortgage loans reflecting the increased level of arrears due to pressure on borrowers caused by continued high unemployment and reduced incomes. A further € 1,043 million (35%) of the specific charge related to loans in the property and construction sector, influenced by a continued low level of activity. € 286 million or 9% of the specific charge was for consumer loans and the remaining € 615 million (20%) related to SME/other commercial borrowers and corporate borrowers, both of whom are dependent on the Irish economy which remained weak throughout 2012. The release of IBNR provision of € 1,119 million in 2012 was influenced mainly by the residential mortgage and the property and construction sectors. Within residential mortgages, the release of IBNR related to specific provisions that had been raised for cases, particularly those in forbearance, and which had been allocated IBNR provisions at December 2011. IBNR provisions relating to the property sector were released at 31 December 2012. These IBNR provisions were initially raised at year end December 2011 to take account of continued pressure on rental cash flows and uncertainty over the timing of a recovery in this sector, and have now been reflected in specific provisions. The remainder of the IBNR provision release was largely spread across the consumer and distribution (includes hotels, icensed premises, retail) sectors. The IBNR stock of provisions (statement of financial position) was € 1,078 million, € 306 million of which has been allocated to the property portfolio, € 196 million to SME/commercial portfolios which have been impacted by reduced consumer demand as a result of continued high unemployment and lower disposable incomes and € 77 million for large borrower connections in the corporate portfolio with the remaining € 499 million allocated to residential mortgages and consumer portfolios. 141 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Commentary on provisions for impairment in 2012 United Kingdom The impairment charge in the United Kingdom was € 539 million compared with € 1,318 million in 2011 (excluding € 51 million relating to NAMA). In AIB Bank UK, the majority of the provision for impairment related to borrowers in the property and construction sector (€ 209 million) reflecting the continued pressure on this sector, in both the land and development and property investment sub-sectors and while there have been signs of improvement in prime markets, such as London and the South East, the secondary markets still remain relatively illiquid. There was a release of € 193 million IBNR provisions in the AIB Bank UK which reflected lower than anticipated loss rates in the ‘low start’ mortgage and land and development property exposures in FTB and interest only property and business loans in AIB GB. The statement of financial position IBNR provisions was € 244 million at 31 December 2012 and was allocated to the following portfolios: € 117 million to the property portfolio, € 73 million in relation to the residential mortgage portfolio and € 55 million to SME/other commercial and consumer portfolios. In addition to the AIB Bank UK charge outlined above, there was an impairment charge of € 208 million related primarily to large corporates in the property and transport sectors. The statement of financial position IBNR provisions was € 21 million at 31 December 2012. United States The impairment charge was Nil compared with € 25 million to December 2011. The reduction is due to a smaller book as a result of disposals under the deleveraging programme. Additional information on provisions for impairment The following table presents additional information with respect to the statement of financial position provisions as at 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009. The 2010 and 2009 figures include provisions for impairment on loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA and the 2010 figure also includes provisions for impairment on loans and receivables included within discontinued operations. Provisions as a percentage of total loans, less unearned income, at end of period Specific provisions .................................................... IBNR provisions ........................................................ .................................................................................. Provisions are raised as outlined on pages 81 to 86. 2013 % 2012 % 2011 % 19.19 1.43 20.62 16.90 1.49 18.39 12.42 2.72 15.14 2010 % 5.40 2.23 7.63 2009 % 4.46 1.04 5.50 The increase in provisions from 18.39% to 20.62% reflects the continuing impact of the challenging economic conditions on borrowers’ ability to repay facilities, particularly in Ireland. Specific provisions as a percentage of loans increased from 16.90% to 19.19% and are allocated to individual impaired loans (€ 28,911 million down from € 29,416 million for 2012). The IBNR provisions as a percentage of loans decreased from 1.49% at December 2012 to 1.43% at December 2013. The reduction reflects a release of € 145 million in the year was due to a release of IBNR provisions raised in previous periods which have now been reflected in specific provisions, and which was offset by an increase in IBNR in relation to the mortgage portfolio where there was a change in the emergence period from 6 to 9 months. The outcomes of independent reviews of certain higher risk portfolios helped inform management’s view of the incurred loss remaining in the performing book and the appropriate level of IBNR provisions required. 142 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Loans charged off and recoveries of previously charged off loans The following table presents an analysis of loans charged off and recoveries of previously charged off loans for the years ended 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, and 2009. This table includes loans and receivables to customers of continuing operations, loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA, and loans and receivables included within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale(1). Loans charged off Recoveries of loans previously charged off 2013 € m 2012 € m 2011 € m 2010 € m 2009 € m 2013 € m 2012 € m 2011 € m 2010 € m 2009 € m IRELAND Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other Lease financing UNITED KINGDOM Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Other services POLAND(1) REST OF WORLD TOTAL 2.9 0.3 40.3 158.9 291.4 57.0 38.2 47.3 v66.7 91.3 – 5.2 2.2 23.3 112.2 44.7 5.6 27.2 29.9 50.1 93.4 5.6 5.2 2.4 8.2 1.3 1.7 8.1 – – 64.9 31.7 38.3 0.1 152.3 202.2 135.6 67.9 2.7 23.1 48.0 19.4 91.4 3.8 58.0 5.2 31.0 35.5 24.2 (76.5 16.2 15.3 1.5 26.7 5.8 9.5 28.9 15.6 794.3 399.4 481.1 490.0 287.0 0.2 – 18.6 128.0 106.7 1.7 0.4 54.7 10.6 8.9 0.1 – 21.9 97.9 53.1 11.2 4.3 65.4 6.0 9.2 0.2 – 25.2 117.0 34.9 0.3 0.3 63.0 4.3 7.3 0.1 – 11.8 46.7 43.1 29.7 54.0 42.0 2.6 5.9 0.1 – 5.7 40.9 63.2 0.3 0.5 33.6 0.5 4.0 – – – 0.1 – – 0.8 – 1.0 – – – 0.4 0.1 – 0.3 – – – 329.8 5269.1 7252.5 235.9 148.8 0.8 2.4 – 6.6 0.4 – 0.1 9.5 – – – 0.9 – – – 0.6 1.5 – 0.9 22.8 5.0 6.8 2.1 0.3 2.1 7.5 1.4 – 9.1 8.2 1.4 5.3 – – – 37.6 20.4 14.9 – 2.2 51.8 57.0 2.7 28.6 14.7 12.3 – – – – – – – – – 1,133.6 672.7 802.0 812.8 520.0 1.8 (1)For 2010, Poland is classified as a discontinued operation, all other amounts relate to continuing operations. – – 0.1 0.2 – – – 0.1 – 0.7 0.1 1.2 – – – 0.6 0.2 – – 0.3 – 0.9 2.0 0.1 0.2 – – – – – 0.3 – 0.6 0.2 1.4 – – 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 – 0.6 2.0 0.2 0.2 – – – – – – – – – – 0.7 – – 0.1 – – – 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.3 2.5 – – – 37.9 0.3 – – 0.3 – 0.4 38.9 0.5 0.1 – – – – 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.2 – – – – – – – – 0.6 0.2 1.0 – – – – 0.2 – – 0.1 – 0.2 0.5 – – – – – – – 5.5 4.1 – 0.1 3.5 – – 0.3 3.6 47.8 – 5.6 143 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Loans charged off and recoveries of previously charged off loans (continued) Net loans charged off 2013 Group – net loans charged off at 1.3% (€ 1,132 million) of average advances for the year to December 2013 compared with 0.71% or € 669 million at December 2012. Ireland – net loans charged off were € 793 million. The largest sector was distribution which accounted for € 291 million or 37%. Property and construction was € 159 million (20%), other personal of € 91 million (11%) and residential mortgages of € 67 million (8%). United Kingdom – net loans charged off were € 329 million of which € 128 million or 39% related to property and construction. Distribution accounted for € 107 million or 32% and other services of € 55 million or 17%. United States – net loans charged off were € 10 million and related to borrowers in the property and construction, energy and distribution sectors. Net loans charged off 2012 Group – net loans charged off at 0.71% (€ 669 million) of average advances for the year to December 2012 compared with 0.71% or € 798 million at December 2011. Ireland – net loans charged off were € 398 million. The main sectors were property and construction (which accounted for € 112 million or 28%), other personal (€ 93 million and 23%), residential mortgages (€ 50 million and 13%) and distribution (€ 45 million and 11%). The remaining € 98 million or 25% was spread across a range of sectors. United Kingdom – net loans charged off were € 267 million. The main sectors were property and construction at € 97 million, other services at € 65 million, and distribution at € 53 million. United States – net loans charged off were € 1 million and related to borrowers in the manufacturing and other services sectors. Rest of World – net loans charged off were € 3 million relating to residential mortgages in AmCredit. 144 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Analysis of loans and receivables to customers by contractual residual maturity and interest rate sensitivity The following tables analyse gross loans and receivables to customers by contractual residual maturity and interest rate sensitivity. Overdrafts, which in the aggregate represent approximately 3% of the portfolio at 31 December 2013, are classified as repayable within one year. Approximately 6% of AIB Group’s loan portfolio is provided on a fixed rate basis. Fixed rate loans are defined as those loans for which the interest rate is fixed for the full term of the loan. The interest rate risk exposure is managed within agreed policy parameters. The analysis of loans and receivables to customers for both NAMA and disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale are shown separately below. Loans and receivables to customers Fixed rate € m Variable rate Total € m € m Ireland ..........................................4,375 ..............65,133 ..............69,508 United Kingdom ..............................839 ..............12,369 ..............13,208 United States of America ....................– ..................108 ..................108 Total loans by maturity 5,214 77,610 82,824 Fixed rate € m Variable rate € m Total € m Ireland ..........................................6,933 ..............66,505 ..............73,438 United Kingdom ..............................905 ..............14,781 ..............15,686 United States of America ..................16 ..................257 ..................273 Total loans by maturity 7,854 81,543 89,397 Fixed rate € m Variable rate € m Total € m Ireland ..........................................8,339 ..............70,631 ..............78,970 United Kingdom ..........................1,157 ..............17,007 ..............18,164 United States of America ..................49 ..................309 ..................358 Total loans by maturity 9,545 87,947 97,492 Fixed rate € m 8,136 Variable rate € m Total € m 61,638 69,774 Ireland United Kingdom ..........................2,430 ..............18,664 ..............21,094 United States of America ................169 ................1,799 ................1,968 Rest of World ....................................82 ..................886 ..................968 year Within 1 After 1 year but within 5 years € m € m 30,579 5,468 86 36,133 Within 1 year € m 31,465 7,484 106 39,055 Within 1 year € m 24,711 7,443 73 32,227 Within 1 year € m 20,490 7,580 740 295 5,452 2,817 20 8,289 After 1 year but within 5 years € m 5,582 2,596 141 8,319 After 1 year but within 5 years € m 8,342 3,905 220 12,467 After 1 year but within 5 years € m 12,732 5,604 1,058 538 19,932 Total loans by maturity 10,817 82,987 93,804 29,105 After 5 years € m 33,477 4,923 2 38,402 After 5 years € m 36,391 5,606 26 42,023 After 5 years € m 45,917 6,816 65 52,798 After 5 years € m 36,552 7,910 170 135 44,767 2013 Total € m 69,508 13,208 108 82,824 2012 Total € m 73,438 15,686 273 89,397 2011 Total € m 78,970 18,164 358 97,492 2010 Total € m 69,774 21,094 1,968 968 93,804 145 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Analysis of loans and receivables to customers by contractual residual maturity and interest rate sensitivity (continued) Loans and receivables to customers Ireland Fixed rate € m 9,463 Variable rate € m 62,680 Total € m 72,143 United Kingdom ..............................914 ..............21,175 ..............22,089 United States of America ................147 ................2,394 ................2,541 Poland(1) ......................................1,245 ................7,483 ................8,728 Rest of World ....................................90 ................1,016 ................1,106 Within 1 year € m 19,143 6,391 1,125 3,150 107 After 1 year but within 5 years € m 21,516 6,606 1,204 3,467 799 After 5 years € m 31,484 9,092 212 2,111 200 2009 Total € m 72,143 22,089 2,541 8,728 1,106 Total loans by maturity 11,859 94,748 106,607 29,916 33,592 43,099 106,607 (1)At 31 December 2011, AIB’s investment in BZWBK (its Polish operation) was held for sale as a discontinued operation and was sold in April 2011 (note 18). Loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA for the years ended 31 December 2010 and 2009 Ireland Fixed rate € m 32 Variable rate € m 701 Total € m 733 United Kingdom ................................16 ................1,499 ................1,515 United States of America ....................– ......................– ......................– Total loans by maturity 48 2,200 2,248 Fixed rate € m Variable rate € m Total € m Ireland ............................................444 ..............19,000 ..............19,444 United Kingdom ..................................– ................3,722 ................3,722 United States of America ....................– ....................29 ....................29 Total loans by maturity 444 22,751 23,195 Within 1 year € m 568 1,038 – 1,606 After 1 year but within 5 years € m 90 348 – 438 Within 1 year € m 16,528 2,433 29 18,990 After 1 year but within 5 years € m 1,812 679 – 2,491 After 5 years € m 75 129 – 204 After 5 years € m 1,104 610 – 1,714 2010 Total € m 733 1,515 – 2,248 2009 Total € m 19,444 3,722 29 23,195 Loans and receivables held within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale for the years ended 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010 Ireland Total loans by maturity Fixed rate € m – – Variable rate € m 28 28 Within 1 year After 1 year but within 5 years € m – – € m – – Total € m 28 28 After 5 years € m 28 28 2013 Total € m 28 28 146 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Analysis of loans and receivables to customers by contractual residual maturity and interest rate sensitivity (continued) Ireland United Kingdom Total loans by maturity Ireland United Kingdom United States of America Fixed rate € m _ – – Fixed rate € m – – 39 Variable rate € m 97 378 475 Variable rate € m 531 45 191 Total € m 97 378 475 Total € m 531 45 230 Rest of World ....................................80 ..................309 ..................389 Total loans by maturity 119 1,076 1,195 Fixed rate € m Variable rate € m Total € m Poland ..........................................1,209 ................7,432 ................8,641 Rest of World ......................................– ....................74 ....................74 Total loans by maturity 1,209 7,506 8,715 Within 1 year After 1 year but within 5 years € m 14 240 254 € m 8 18 26 Within 1 year € m After 1 year but within 5 years € m 79 – 78 141 298 426 11 115 119 671 Within 1 year € m 3,155 – 3,155 After 1 year but within 5 years € m 3,334 – 3,334 After 5 years € m 75 120 195 After 5 years € m 26 34 37 129 226 After 5 years € m 2,152 74 2,226 2012 Total € m 97 378 475 2011 Total € m 531 45 230 389 1,195 2010 Total € m 8,641 74 8,715 147 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Analysis of loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA by geography and industry sector The following table analyses loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA by geography and industry sector at 31 December 2010 and 31 December 2009 showing: (i) gross loans; (ii) specific provisions for impairment; and (iii) impaired loans. There were no loans held for sale to NAMA at 31 December 2013, 2012 or 2011. IRELAND Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other UNITED KINGDOM Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Loans and receivables € m – – – 567 43 1 – 27 86 8 – 3 15 Specific provisions for impairment € m – – – 38 8 – – 3 1 2 – – – Property and construction 1,351 176 Distribution Financial Other services Personal – Residential mortgages – Other UNITED STATES Property and construction 92 27 17 – 11 – – – 1 – – – 2010 Impaired Loans Loans and receivables Specific provisions for impairment € m 5 8 3 € m 24 64 37 18,055 3,245 602 19 16 200 138 289 1 4 16 79 – – 11 6 35 – – – 3,523 189 85 20 57 6 10 29 – 2 1 – – – 2009 Impaired loans € m 15 23 10 9,684 228 – 1 33 17 103 – – – 833 – 3 6 – 1 – € m – – – 167 36 – – 15 37 5 – – – 450 13 – 15 – 3 – Total 2,248(1) 229(2) 741 23,195(1) 3,584(2) 10,957 (1)€ 1,919 million net of provisions of € 329 million (2009: € 19,030 million net of provisions of € 4,165 million). (2)Total provisions of € 329 million including IBNR provisions of € 100 million (2009: total provisions of € 4,165 million including IBNR provisions of € 581 million). 148 3.1 Credit risk – Analysis of credit risk – 5 year summaries Cross-border outstandings Cross-border outstandings, which exclude finance provided within AIB Group, are based on the country of domicile of the borrower and comprise placings with banks and money at call and short notice, loans to customers (including those classified as held for sale to NAMA in 2009 and 2010 and those held within discontinued operations in 2010), finance lease receivables and installment credit, acceptances and other monetary assets, including non-local currency claims of overseas offices on local residents. AIB Group monitors geographic breakdown based on the country of the borrower and the guarantor of ultimate risk. The more significant cross border outstandings are shown in the following table: 31 December 2013 France .................................................... United Kingdom...................................... United States of America........................ Netherlands ............................................ Spain ...................................................... Germany ................................................ Italy ........................................................ Portugal .................................................. Greece .................................................. 31 December 2012 United Kingdom...................................... United States of America........................ France .................................................... Spain ...................................................... Germany ................................................ Italy ........................................................ Portugal .................................................. Greece .................................................. 31 December 2011 United Kingdom...................................... United States of America........................ France .................................................... Spain ...................................................... Germany ................................................ Italy ........................................................ Portugal .................................................. Greece .................................................. 31 December 2010 United Kingdom...................................... United States of America........................ Spain ...................................................... France .................................................... Germany ................................................ Italy ........................................................ Portugal .................................................. Greece .................................................. 31 December 2009 United States of America........................ United Kingdom...................................... Spain ...................................................... France .................................................... Germany ................................................ Italy ........................................................ Portugal .................................................. Greece .................................................. As % of total assets(1) 2.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.1 – 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.2 0.1 – 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 5.7 3.7 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.4 0.1 4.7 2.9 2.1 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.1 Total € m 2,798 1,602 1,499 1,364 946 980 263 89 – 1,877 1,447 1,950 1,616 781 230 149 – 2,492 2,199 1,925 1,824 1,118 287 250 52 8,313 5,329 2,941 2,527 1,760 1,428 530 119 8,193 5,093 3,610 3,013 2,065 1,643 469 158 other financial institutions Banks and Government Commercial, industrial and other private sector € m and official institutions € m € m 1,061 511 191 783 270 314 21 – – 589 93 485 474 294 – 21 – 684 50 447 575 630 – 54 – 730 403 900 705 892 405 206 67 1,127 1,186 1,585 1,974 1,300 665 138 – 784 519 – 505 – 568 228 6 – 575 28 715 – 306 221 25 – 572 307 731 30 277 175 98 16 870 658 340 989 361 824 246 41 1,303 695 117 480 294 625 201 42 953 572 1,308 76 676 98 14 83 – 713 1,326 750 1,142 181 9 103 – 1,236 1,842 747 1,219 211 112 98 36 6,713 4,268 1,701 833 507 199 78 11 5,763 3,212 1,908 559 471 353 130 116 (1)Assets, consisting of total assets as reported in the consolidated statement of financial position, totalled € 117,734 million at 31 December 2013 (2012: € 122,501 million restated, 2011: € 136,651 million; 2010: € 145,222 million; 2009: € 174,314 million). 149 Risk management – 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk - Financial investments available for sale The following table analyses the carrying value (fair value) of financial investments available for sale by major classifications together with the unrealised gains and losses at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Debt securities* Irish Government securities Euro government securities Non Euro government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Collateralised mortgage obligations Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Non Euro bank securities Euro corporate securities Non Euro corporate securities Other investments Total debt securities Equity securities Equity securities – NAMA subordinated bonds Equity securities – other Total equity securities Total financial investments available for sale Unrealised gross gains € m 2012 Unrealised gross losses € m Fair value € m 10,328 1,968 608 3,092 – 535 3,671 34 – 3 12 20,251 73 44 117 2013 Unrealised Unrealised gross gains gross losses € m € m 910 110 54 29 – 1 59 – – – – 1,163 26 12 38 – (1) – (6) – (54) (7) – – – – (68) – (7) (7) Fair value € m 7,588 1,754 712 1,682 22 920 3,070 161 87 193 12 608 153 95 55 – 1 176 3 6 17 – 16,201 1,114 47 96 143 – 16 16 (1) (4) – – (6) (140) (11) (5) (3) – – (170) – (10) (10) 20,368 1,201 (75) 16,344 1,130 (180) The following tables analyse the available for sale portfolio by geography at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Government securities* Republic of Ireland United Kingdom Italy Austria France Germany Portugal Netherlands Rest of World 2013 Non Euro Government governments governments € m Euro Irish € m € m Irish Euro Government governments € m € m 10,328 – – – – – – – – – – 228 155 753 271 6 505 50 10,328 1,968 – 519 – – – – – – 89 608 7,588 – – – – – – – – – – 221 160 683 281 25 358 26 7,588 1,754 2012 Non Euro governments € m – 621 – – – – – – 91 712 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 150 3.1 Credit risk - Financial investments available for sale (continued) Asset backed securities* Republic of Ireland United Kingdom United States of America Spain Rest of World Bank securities* Republic of Ireland United Kingdom United States of America Australia Austria France Germany Portugal Netherlands Spain Sweden Belgium Denmark Rest of World 2013 Total € m – 69 74 322 70 535 Euro € m 903 425 35 – 21 464 75 20 344 441 24 52 35 231 3,070 2012 Total € m 37 95 84 545 181 942 2012 Non Euro € m 35 10 – – – – 6 – – – 110 – – – 161 Euro € m 2013 Non Euro € m 484 486 – 221 – 741 77 – 486 437 192 53 75 419 3,671 – – – – – – – – – – 34 – – – 34 The cumulative credit to available for sale securities reserves relating to bank securities is € 52 million (2012: credit of € 163 million) which is gross of hedging and taxation. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 151 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.1 Credit risk - Financial investments available for sale (continued) Debt securities Debt securities Available for sale (“AFS”) debt securities have increased from a fair value of € 16.2 billion at 31 Dec 2012 to € 20.3 billion at 31 December 2013. Sales and maturities of € 2.9 billion were offset by purchases of € 6.6 billion and an increase in fair value of € 0.2 billion. The overall increase in the portfolio was driven by a decision to increase holdings of fixed rate instruments for the purposes of reducing volatility in earnings from interest free liabilities. Purchases have been concentrated in assets which assist the group in achievement of the Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) and Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”). Increases in holdings have been mainly in Irish Sovereign Debt (up € 2.7 billion), European Government Agencies (up € 1.4 billion) and highly rated European Covered Bonds (up € 0.6 billion). Sales in the period included Asset Backed Securities (down € 0.4 billion), and the Corporate Bond Portfolio (down € 0.3 billion). The external ratings profile of the portfolio improved in 2013 with all except € 20.5 million of holdings being rated investment grade. The breakdown by rating was AAA - 23% (2012 26%), AA - 19% (2012 11%), A - 2% (2012 7%), BBB – 55% (2012 54%), and sub-investment grade 0% (2012 2%). There are no credit provisions, specific or IBNR against the AFS portfolio as at 31 December 2013 (2012 € 60 million IBNR). Equity securities NAMA subordinated bonds are included within available for sale equity securities. The fair value of these bonds at 31 December 2013 increased to € 73 million as the fair value price estimate was increased from 10 (2012) to 15.5. Asset backed securities The Asset Backed Securities portfolio was reduced during the year with sales of Spanish residential mortgage backed securities (€ 0.3 billion) and smaller holdings of Irish and Portuguese (€ 0.1 billion combined). The sales included a sub portfolio of assets which were subject to close credit monitoring and against which an IBNR provision of € 50 million had been held as at 31 December 2012. Bank securities by geography and currency At 31 December 2013, the bank bond fair value of € 3.7 billion (31 Dec 2012: € 3.2 billion) included € 2.8 billion of covered bonds (31 December 2012: € 1.7 billion); € 0.4 billion of government guaranteed senior bank debt (31 December 2012: € 0.8 billion); and € 0.5 billion of senior unsecured bank debt (31 December 2012: € 0.6 billion). All subordinated bank debt holdings € 0.1 billion) were sold during 2013 and the IBNR of € 10 million held as at 31 December 2012 was released. Republic of Ireland The fair value of Irish debt securities in the AFS category amounted to € 10.8 billion at 31 December 2013 (31 December 2012: € 8.6 billion) and consisted of sovereign debt € 10.3 billion (31 December 2012: € 7.6 billion); government guaranteed senior bank debt of € 0.4 billion (31 December 2012: € 0.7 billion); covered bonds of € 0.1 billion (31 December 2012: € 0.2 billion). In addition to Irish Government securities outlined above, NAMA senior debt amounting to € 15.8 billion nominal (31 December 2012: € 17.7 billion), which is guaranteed by the Irish Government (note 28). Spain The fair value of Spanish debt securities at 31 December 2013 was € 0.7 billion (31 December 2012 € 1 billion) and included asset backed securities of € 0.3 billion (2012 € 0.5 billion) and covered bonds of € 0.4 billion (2012 € 0.5 billion). The Spanish asset backed securities at 30 December 2013 were all residential mortgage backed securities which had been rated AAA at origination. The weighted average market bid price for this portfolio was 88.02 (31 December 2012: 78.19).In addition, Spanish debt of € 0.12 billion (31 December 2012: € 0.5 billion) is included within loans and receivables to customers (note 25). Italy The fair value of Italian debt securities of € 0.2 billion at 31 December 2013 comprised solely of sovereign debt (2012 € 0.2 billion sovereign, € 2 million corporate). Portugal The fair value of Portuguese debt securities at 31 December 2013 was € 59 million (31 December 2012: € 131 million). It comprised sovereign debt of € 6 million (31 December 2012: € 25 million); asset backed securities of € 53 million (31 December 2012: € 83 million). In 2012, the Group also had holdings of senior bank debt of € 20 million and corporate debt of € 3 million. 152 3.2 Liquidity risk* Liquidity Risk is the risk that the Group will not be able to fund its assets and meet its payment obligations as they come due, without incurring unacceptable costs or losses. The objective of liquidity management is to ensure that, at all times, the Group holds sufficient funds to meet its contracted and contingent commitments to customers and counterparties at an economic price. Risk identification and assessment Liquidity risk is assessed by modelling cashflows of the Group over a series of maturity bands. Behavioural assumptions are applied to those assets and liabilities whose contractual repayment dates are not reflective of their inherent stability. Both contractual and behaviourally adjusted cashflows are compared against the Group’s stock of unencumbered liquid assets to determine, by maturity bands, the adequacy of the Group’s liquidity position. In addition, the Group monitors and manages the funding support provided by its deposit base to its loan book through a series of measures including the Basel III liquidity ratios i.e. the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) and Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”) as required by the 2013 Capital Requirements Regulation (“CRR”) and the Capital Requirements Directive (“CRD”). Risk management and mitigation AIB has a comprehensive Funding and Liquidity Framework for managing the Group’s liquidity risk. The Funding and Liquidity Framework is designed to comply with evolving regulatory standards and ensure that the Group maintains sufficient financial resources of appropriate quality for the Group’s funding profile. The Funding and Liquidity Framework is delivered through a combination of policy formation, review and governance, analysis, stress testing and limit setting and monitoring. The Group’s liquidity management policy seeks to ensure AIB’s compliance with “Principles for the Sound Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision” as set out by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (September 2008) and the Central Bank of Ireland’s “Requirements for the Management of Liquidity Risk” – June 2009 and in doing so ensures that it has sufficient liquidity to meet its current requirements. AIB is required to comply with the liquidity requirements of the Central Bank of Ireland (“CBI”) and also with the requirements of local regulators overseas which include regulatory restrictions on the transfer of liquidity within the Group. In addition, it operates a funding strategy designed to anticipate additional funding requirements based upon projected balance sheet movements and to maintain a diversified funding base with an emphasis on high quality, stable customer deposit funding whilst maintaining an appropriate balance between short term and long term funding sources at an appropriate cost. The liquidity and funding requirements of the Group are managed by the Treasury function. Euro and sterling are the most important currencies to the Group from a liquidity and funding perspective. The Group manages its liquidity in a number of ways: – Firstly, through the active management of its liability maturity profile, it aims to ensure a balanced spread of repayment obligations with a key focus on 0 – 8 day and 9 day – 1 month time periods. Monitoring ratios also apply to longer periods for long term funding stability; – Secondly, the Group aims to maintain a stock of high quality liquid assets to meet its obligations as they fall due. Discounts are applied to these assets based upon their cash-equivalence and price sensitivity; and – Finally, net inflows and outflows are monitored on a daily basis. Risk monitoring and reporting In common with other areas of risk management, the Group operates a “three lines of defence” model. Liquidity risk management is undertaken in Treasury which reports to the Director of Products with reporting and monitoring carried out by Treasury ALM which reports to the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO)”). These areas comprise the first line. Second line control and assurance is provided by Financial Risk reporting to the Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”), and Group Internal Audit comprises the third line. The Group liquidity and funding position is reported regularly to the Group Asset and Liability Committee (“ALCo”), the Executive Risk Committee (“ERC”) and the Board Risk Committe (“BRC”). In addition, the Leadership Team and the Board are briefed on liquidity and funding on an on-going basis. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 153 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.2 Liquidity risk* At 31 December 2013, the Group held € 42 billion in qualifying liquid assets/contingent funding (excluding liquid assets in AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. that are subject to transfer restrictions) of which approximately € 28 billion was used in repurchase or secured loan agreements. The available Group liquidity pool comprises the remainder and is held to cover contractual and stress outflows. As at 31 December 2013, the Group liquidity pool was € 14 billion (2012: € 13 billion). During 2013, the month-end liquidity pool ranged from € 11 billion to € 14 billion and the month-end average balance was € 13 billion. Composition of the Group liquidity pool as at 31 December 2013 Cash and deposits with central banks Total Government bonds Other: Agencies and agency mortgage-backed securities Other including NAMA senior bonds Total other Total Liquidity pool € bn Liquidity pool available (ECB eligible) € bn 2013 Liquidity pool of which Basel III LCR eligible Level 1 € bn Level 2 € bn 0.3 3.4 0.3 9.7 10.0 13.7 – 3.4 0.3 9.7 10.0 13.4 2.0 3.5 – 4.1 4.1 9.6 – – 0.1 – 0.1 0.1 Level 1 High Quality Liquidity Assets (“HQLA”) include amongst others: domestic currency (euro) denominated bonds issued or guaranteed by EEA sovereigns; other very highly rated sovereign bonds; certain very highly rated covered bonds; and unencumbered cash at central banks. Level 2 HQLA include highly rated sovereign bonds, very highly rated covered bonds and certain other strongly rated securities. The CRD rules for HQLA are not yet finalised, however, the above is based on recent European Banking Authority (“EBA”) recommendations. Management of the Group liquidity pool AIB manages the liquidity pool on a centralised basis. The composition of the liquidity pool is subject to limits set by the Board and the independent Risk functions. These assets primarily comprise government guaranteed bonds. AIB improved its liquidity buffer during the course of 2013 by € 1 billion. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 154 3.2 Liquidity risk* Other contingent liquidity The Group has access to other unencumbered assets which provide a source of contingent liquidity. These are not in the Group’s liquidity pool, however, these assets may be monetised in a stress scenario to generate liquidity through use as collateral for secured funding or outright sale. Liquidity regulation The Group is required to comply with the liquidity requirements of the CBI and also with the requirements of local regulation overseas. The Group also monitors its current and forecast position against anticipated BaseI III liquidity metrics – the LCR and the NSFR. The LCR is designed to promote short term resilience of a bank’s liquidity risk profile by ensuring that it has sufficient high quality liquid resources to survive an acute stress scenario lasting for 30 days. The NSFR has a time horizon of one year and has been developed to promote a sustainable maturity structure of assets and liabilities. The minimum LCR requirement is to be introduced in January 2015 at 60%, rising to 100% by January 2018. The minimum NSFR requirement is expected to be introduced in January 2018 at 100%. Based on the current Basel standards, as at 31 December 2013, the Group had an estimated Basel III LCR of c.105% and an estimated NSFR of c.95%. Based on revised Basel standards and their EU implementation through the Capital Requirements Directives and Regulations of June 2013, the Group is on a clear path of compliance with these ratios. Liquidity risk stress testing Stress testing is a key component of the liquidity risk management framework. The Group undertakes liquidity stress testing and has established the Liquidity Contingency Plan (“LCP”) which is designed to ensure that the Group can manage its business in stressed liquidity conditions and emerge from a temporary liquidity crisis as a creditworthy institution.The LCP is determined with reference to net contractual and contingent outflows under a variety of stress scenarios and is used to size liquidity pool requirements. Stress tests include both “firm” specific and systemic risk events and a combination of both. Stressed assumptions are applied to the Group’s liquidity buffer and liquidity risk drivers. These scenario events are reviewed in the context of the Group’s LCP, which details corrective action options under various levels of stress events. EBA prescribed stress scenarios are also measured. A stress scenario for one month of stress is measured which assumes outflows consistent with a firm-specific stress for the first two weeks of the stress period, followed by relatively lower outflows consistent with a market-wide stress for the remainder of the stress period. Survival periods of various durations are measured as part of Liquidity Stress testing. The purpose of these actions is to ensure the continued stability of the Group’s liquidity position, within the Group’s pre-defined liquidity risk tolerance levels. These results are reported to ALCo, the Leadership Team and Board, and to other committees. Once Board approved survival limits are breached, the LCP will be activated. The LCP can also be activated by management decision independently of the stress tests. Under normal market conditions, the liquidity pool is managed to be at least 100% of anticipated net outflows under each of the stress scenarios. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 155 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.2 Liquidity risk* Internal and regulatory liquidity stress tests comparison (unaudited) The LCP stress scenarios, including the EBA prescribed stress scenarios and Basel III LCR are all broadly comparable short term stress scenarios in which the adequacy of defined liquidity resources are assessed against contractual and contingent stress outflows. The EBA stress scenarios and the Basel III ratios provide an independent assessment of the Group’s liquidity risk profile. Stress test Time horizon Calculation EBA Liquidity Stress Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) Basel III Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) 1 month 30 days 1 year Liquid assets to net cash outflows Liquid assets to net cash outflows Stable funding resources to stable funding requirements As at December 2013, the Group held liquid assets in excess of minimum required levels for EBA stress measurement purposes and the Basel III LCR requirement. Internal stress testing also considers stress periods of between 1 month and 1 year, breaches of which will trigger the LCP. Compliance with internal regulatory stress tests as at 31 December 2013 Liquidity pool as a percentage of anticipated net cash flows 1 month EBA liquidity stress requirement € bn 137% Basel III LCR € bn 105% The Basel III LCR is an estimate. Financial institutions employ a wide range of interpretations and assumptions to calculate the Basel III Liquidity ratios. These interpretations and assumptions are subject to change prior to the implementing of the January 2015 LCR minimum requirement. Funding structure The Group’s funding strategy is to deliver a sustainable, diversified and robust customer deposit base at economic pricing and to rebuild a strong wholesale funding franchise with appropriate access to term markets to support core lending activities. The strategy aims to deliver a solid funding structure that complies with internal and regulatory policy requirements and reduces the probability of a liquidity stress, i.e. an inability to meet funding obligations as they fall due. Sources of funds Customer accounts Deposits by central banks and banks - secured - unsecured Certificates of deposit and commercial paper Covered bonds Securitisation Senior debt Capital Total source of funds Other 31 December 2013 % € bn 31 December 2012 % € bn 31 December 2011 % € bn 65.7 22.6 0.5 0.1 3.3 1.0 4.3 11.8 109.3 8.1 117.4 60 21 – – 3 1 4 11 100 63.6 28.1 0.3 – 3.2 1.1 6.3 12.5 115.1 7.3 122.4 55 24 – – 3 1 6 11 100 60.7 35.9 1.0 0.3 3.8 0.9 10.7 15.0 128.3 7.8 136.1 47 28 1 – 3 1 8 12 100 145 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 156 3.2 Liquidity risk* The Group maintains access to a variety of sources of wholesale funds, including those available from money markets, repo markets and term investors. Customer deposits represent the largest source of funding for the Group, and the core retail franchises and accompanying deposit base in both Ireland and the UK provide a stable and reasonably predictable source of funds. During the year, AIB completed its withdrawal from the offshore locations of Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Although the deposit base in these locations has been wound down, the loss of liquidity for AIB has been minimal as the majority of the liquidity had been previously ‘trapped’ offshore as a result of local regulations. Customer accounts have increased by € 2 billion in the full year 2013, with increases in current account balances and repos with customers being partially offset by outflows of rate sensitive funds as margins were managed downwards as planned. The Irish Government Eligible Liabilities Guarantee (“ELG”) scheme, which played an important role in underpinning the funding position of the Group, terminated for new liabilities as of 28 March 2013. This withdrawal of the ELG scheme has had a negligible overall effect on deposit balances. (Details of the ELG scheme are included in note 54 to the financial statements). Wholesale funding markets saw significant improvement in sentiment towards Ireland and towards AIB in 2013. During 2013, the Group issued € 2 billion of term funding, comprising: € 0.5 billion senior unsecured debt+; – € 1 billion covered bond (ACS) issuance++; and – € 0.5 billion credit card issuance++. – +Improved market sentiment towards AIB facilitated the issuance in November 2013 of AIB’s first unguaranteed unsecured issuance for almost 5 years, a € 500 million Medium Term Note (“MTN”) with a 3 year maturity. ++The Group continues to engage with the markets in a measured and consistent manner extending the duration of funding transactions. It also continues to develop the capability to create collateral pools from its loan assets aimed at market investors with a € 500 million credit card funding deal in October 2013 (the first by an Irish bank) and further ACS issuances in January and September 2013, with € 500 million in each tranche. Senior debt funding of € 4 billion at 31 December 2013, decreased from € 6 billion at 31 December 2012, due to maturing bonds. The performance of the economy will drive credit demand and the retention and gathering of stable customer accounts in a challenging and increasingly competitive market environment, plus continued access to unsecured wholesale term markets will be the key factors influencing the Group’s capacity for asset growth and the future shape of the Group. Coupled with actions to be undertaken for the purpose of restructuring stressed assets, this is paramount to increasing the Group’s pool of available liquid assets and to the Group’s overall funding/liquidity strategy. While the Group continues to have significant dependence on Central Bank/ECB support, 2013 saw a reduction of € 9 billion in ECB funding. Central Bank/ECB support amounted to € 13 billion at 31 December 2013, down from € 22 billion at 31 December 2012. Central Bank drawings include €11 billion in the ECB’s 3 year Long-Term Refinancing Operations (“LTRO”) which are due to mature in Quarter 1 2015. Reducing the reliance on ECB funding will continue to be a key objective of the Group. The strong deposit growth and lower customer loan balances contributed to an improved Group loan to deposit ratio. The Group’s loan to deposit ratio decreased from 115% at 31 December 2012 to 100% at 31 December 2013. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 157 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.2 Liquidity risk* Composition of wholesale funding As at 31 December 2013, total wholesale funding outstanding was € 33 billion (2012: € 40 billion). € 12 billion of wholesale funding matures in less than one year (2012: € 20 billion) and € 21 billion of wholesale funding had a residual maturity of over one year, including € 11 billion of LTRO drawings (2012: € 20 billion). As at 31 December 2013, outstanding wholesale funding comprised € 27 billion of secured funding (2012: € 32 billion) and € 6 billion of unsecured funding (2012: € 8 billion). Not more than 1 month € bn 7.9 0.1 – – – 8.0 7.4 0.6 8.0 13.5 0.3 13.8 Deposits from banks Certificate of deposits and commercial paper Senior unsecured Covered bonds/ABS Subordinated liabilities Total 31 December 2013 Of which: Secured Unsecured Secured Unsecured Total 31 December 2012 Over 1 month but not Over 3 months but not Over 6 months but not more than more than more than 1 year 6 months 3 months € bn € bn € bn 3.2 – – – – 3.2 3.2 – 3.2 3.1 2.4 5.5 – – – – – – – – – 1.0 – 1.0 0.1 – 0.8 – – 0.9 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.1 – 0.1 Total less than 1 year Total over 1 year € bn 11.2 0.1 0.8 – – € bn 11.9 – 3.5 4.3 1.4 2013 Total € bn 23.1 0.1 4.3 4.3 1.4 12.1 21.1 33.2 10.7 1.4 12.1 17.7 2.7 20.4 16.2 4.9 21.1 14.6 5.4 20.0 26.9 6.3 33.2 2012 32.3 8.1 40.4 Currency composition of wholesale debt As at 31 December 2013, 97% of wholesale funding was in euro. A negligible balance is held in other currencies, mainly GBP and USD. AIB manages cross-currency refinancing risk to foreign-exchange cash-flow limits. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 158 3.2 Liquidity risk* Encumbrance An asset is defined as encumbered if it has been pledged as collateral against an existing liability, and as a result is no longer available to the Group to secure funding,satisfy collateral needs or be sold to reduce the funding requirement. In addition, for the purposes of liquidity management, AIB regards liquidity unavailable to the Group because of overseas regulatory restrictions as encumbered. AIB funds a portion of portfolio assets and other securities through repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowings and pledges a portion of customer loans and receivables as collateral in securitisation, covered bond and other similar secured structures. AIB monitors the mix of secured and unsecured funding sources within the Group’s funding plan and seeks to efficiently utilise available collateral to raise secured funding and meet other collateralised obligations. Over the past 18 months, the proportion of term funding requirements satisfied through secured funding has increased, increasing the encumbrance of loans and receivables to customers. Encumbrance of loans and receivables to customers is expected to moderately increase through additional term secured funding, however, this is not expected to materially impact the overall proportion of assets that are encumbered. Economic improvements coupled with sovereign and bank credit rating upgrades will in time reduce the collateral the Group requires to raise funding. As at 31 December 2013, € 42.5 billion of the Group’s assets on the statement of financial position were encumbered (excluding reverse repurchase agreements), which primarily related to Group financing of available for sale assets, NAMA senior bonds and funding secured against loans and receivables to customers. Cash and balances at central banks Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Property plant and equipment Other assets Total 2013 Unencumbered assets Assets Encumbered assets € bn € bn Readily available € bn 4.1 1.6 2.0 65.7 15.6 20.4 0.3 8.0 117.7 2.1 – 1.9 11.0 11.4 16.1 – – 42.5 2.0 – – 14.4 4.2 4.3 – – 24.9 Other € bn – 1.6 0.1 40.3 – – 0.3 8.0 50.3 Of the unencumbered assets, € 24.9 billion are classified as readily available for use as collateral to generate liquidity. In addition to the Group liquidity pool this includes unencumbered assets which provide a source of contingent liquidity. Though the additional assets are not relied on in the event of a stress, a portion of these assets may be monetised in a stress scenario to generate liquidity through use as collateral for secured funding or through outright sale. Loans and receivables to customers are only classified as readily available if they are already in a form such that they can be used to raise funding without further management actions. This includes excess collateral already in secured funding vehicles and collateral pre-positioned at central banks and available for use in secured financing transactions. All other loans and receivables are conservatively classified as not readily available, however, a proportion would be suitable for use in secured funding structures, this portion increasing as economic conditions improve and as the Group restructures its stressed loan assets. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 159 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.2 Liquidity risk* Asset encumbrance of loans and receivables to customers The following table analyses the asset encumbrance of loans and receivables to customer as at 31 December 2013: Mortgages (residential mortgage backed securities) Retail and SME (credit card issuance) Total Assets € bn 24.7 0.7 25.4 Externally issued notes € bn Other secured funding € bn 4.3 – 4.3 2.5 0.5 3.0 2013 Retained € bn 6.8 – 6.8 AIB issues asset backed securities (“ABS”), covered bonds and other similar secured instruments that are secured primarily over customer loans and receivables. Notes issued under these programmes are also used in repurchase agreements with market counterparts and in central bank facilities. As at 31 December 2013, € 25.4 billion of customer loans and receivables were transferred to these and other asset backed funding programmes or utilised to secure funding from central bank facilities. These assets were used to support € 4.3 billion of externally issued notes and a further € 2.5 billion of retained notes and non-securitised loan collateral were used in repurchase agreements with market counterparts and at central bank facilities. In addition, as at 31 December 2013, the Group had excess collateral within its asset backed funding programmes that can readily be used to issue additional retained bonds of € 2.1 billion. Retained notes are also available to raise secured funding. Firm financing repurchase agreements The following table analyses the firm financing repurchase agreements as at 31 December 2013: Maturity profile Less than 1 month € bn 1 month to 3 months € bn Over 3 months € bn 10 6 12 2013 Total € bn 28 Credit ratings The Group’s debt ratings as at 4 March 2014 for all debt/deposits not covered by the ELG scheme are as follows: – S&P long-term "BB" and short-term "B"; – Fitch long-term "BBB" and short-term "F2"; and – Moody's long-term "Ba3" for deposits and "B1" for senior unsecured debt and short-term "Not Prime" for deposits and senior unsecured debt. Bank and sovereign rating downgrades have the potential to adversely affect the Group’s liquidity position and this has been factored into the Group’s stress tests. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 160 3.2 Liquidity risk* Financial assets and financial liabilities by contractual residual maturity Repayable 3 months or less 1 year or less but over on demand but not repayable 3 months on demand € m € m € m 5 years or less but over 1 year € m 2013 Total Over 5 years € m € m Financial assets Financial assets of disposal groups(1)(2)(4) Trading portfolio financial assets(2) Derivative financial instruments(3) Loans and receivables to banks(4) Loans and receivables to customers(4) NAMA senior bonds(5) Financial investments available for sale(2) Other financial assets Financial liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Derivative financial instruments(3) Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other financial liabilities Financial assets Financial assets of disposal groups(1)(2)(4) Trading portfolio financial assets(2) Derivative financial instruments(3) Loans and receivables to banks(4) Loans and receivables to customers(4) NAMA senior bonds(5) Financial investments available for sale(2) Other financial assets Financial liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Derivative financial instruments(3) Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other financial liabilities – – – 1,680 31,854 – 3 – 33,537 218 27,646 – – – 526 28,390 Repayable on demand € m 237 – – 2,083 32,619 – 4 5 34,948 337 25,896 – – – 534 26,767 – – 33 373 871 15,598 246 559 17,680 10,860 21,929 80 139 – 2 – – 210 2 3,408 – 937 – 4,557 143 11,654 143 828 – – – – 900 – 28 1 486 – 8,289 38,402 – – 11,357 7,708 – – 28 1 1,629 2,055 82,824 15,598 20,251 559 20,546 46,625 122,945 11,900 4,438 666 6,918 1,316 – – – 1,071 874 23,121 65,667 1,960 8,759 36 – 1,352 528 33,010 12,768 25,238 1,981 101,387 3 months or less but not repayable on demand € m 1 year or less but over 3 months € m 5 years or less but over 1 year € m 2012 Total Over 5 years € m € m – 2 248 748 1,675 17,387 283 517 20,860 16,605 19,009 223 2,350 – 3 17 – 263 87 4,761 – 956 – 6,084 – 12,522 205 984 – – 26 15 1,364 – 195 5 960 – 8,319 42,023 – – 8,610 6,348 – – 475 22 2,835 2,918 89,397 17,387 16,201 522 18,334 49,531 129,757 11,500 5,194 962 6,413 1,237 – – 989 1,866 28,442 63,610 3,256 919 10,666 34 – 1,271 537 38,190 13,711 25,306 3,808 107,782 (1)Only disposal groups that contain financial assets and financial liabilities have been included. (2)Excluding equity shares. (3)Shown by maturity date of contract. (4)Shown gross of provisions for impairment, unearned income and deferred costs. (5)New notes will be issued at each maturity date, with the next maturity date being 1 March 2014. Upon maturity, the issuer has the option to settle in cash or issue new notes and to date has issued new notes. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 161 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.2 Liquidity risk* Financial liabilities by undiscounted contractual maturity The balances in the table below include the undiscounted cash flows relating to principal and interest on financial liabilities and as such will not agree directly with the balances on the consolidated statement of financial position. All derivative financial instruments with the exception of interest rate swaps have been included in the ‘3 months or less but not repayable on demand’ category at their mark to market value. Interest rate swaps have been analysed based on their contractual maturity undiscounted cash flows. In the daily management of liquidity risk, the Group adjusts the contractual outflows on customer deposits to reflect inherent stability of these deposits. Offsetting the liability outflows are cash inflows from the assets on the statement of financial position. Additionally, the Group holds a stock of high quality liquid assets, which are held for the purpose of covering unexpected cash outflows. The following table analyses, on an undiscounted basis, financial liabilities by remaining contractual maturity: 1 year or less but over 3 months 5 years or less but over 1 year Over 5 years 2013 Total Financial liabilities Derivative financial instruments Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other financial liabilities Financial liabilities Derivative financial instruments Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other financial liabilities Repayable on demand € m – 218 27,653 – – 526 28,397 Repayable on demand € m – 337 25,921 – – 534 26,792 3 months or less but not repayable on demand € m 406 10,865 22,138 258 – 2 3 months or less but not repayable on demand € m 572 16,614 19,299 2,539 – 3 33,669 13,549 1 year or less but over 3 months 5 years or less but over 1 year Over 5 years 2012 Total € m 323 146 11,897 1,023 160 – € m 480 2 12,918 1,177 160 – € m € m € m 884 12,079 4,846 7,399 1,920 – 27,128 977 – – 892 121 – 2,590 23,308 66,534 9,572 2,201 528 1,990 104,733 € m € m € m 1,584 11,763 5,674 7,005 2,080 – 28,106 1,722 – 1,048 942 123 – 4,358 28,716 64,860 11,663 2,363 537 3,835 112,497 39,027 14,737 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 162 3.2 Liquidity risk* Financial liabilities by undiscounted contractual maturity (continued) The undiscounted cash flows potentially payable under guarantees and similar contracts, included below within contingent liabilities, are classified on the basis of the earliest date the facilities can be called. The Group is only called upon to satisfy a guarantee when the guaranteed party fails to meet its obligations. The Group expects that most guarantees it provides will expire unused. The Group has given commitments to provide funds to customers under undrawn facilities. The undiscounted cash flows have been classified on the basis of the earliest date that the facility can be drawn. The Group does not expect all facilities to be drawn, and some may lapse before drawdown. Contingent liabilities Commitments Contingent liabilities Commitments Payable on demand € m 1,353 8,236 9,589 Payable on demand € m 1,561 8,974 10,535 3 months or less but not repayable on demand € m 1 year or less but over 3 months 5 years or less but over 1 year Over 5 years € m € m € m – – – – – – – – – – – – 3 months or less but not repayable on demand € m 1 year or less but over 3 months 5 years or less but over 1 year Over 5 years € m € m € m – – – – – – – – – – – – 2013 Total € m 1,353 8,236 9,589 2012 Total € m 1,561 8,974 10,535 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 163 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.3 Market risk* Market risk is the risk relating to the uncertainty of returns attributable to fluctuations in market factors. Where the uncertainty is expressed as a potential loss in earnings or value, it represents a risk to the income and capital position of the Group. The Group is primarily exposed to market risk through interest rate and credit spread risk factors and to a lesser extent through foreign exchange, equity and inflation rate risk factors. The Group assumes market risk as a result of its banking book and trading book activities. Interest rate risk in the banking book (IRRBB) is the current or prospective risk to both the earnings and capital of the Group as a result of adverse movements in interest rates being applied to positions held in the banking book. Credit spread risk is the exposure of the Group’s financial position to adverse movements in the credit spreads of bonds held in the trad- ing or available for sale (“AFS”) securities portfolio. Credit spreads are defined as the difference between bond yields and interest rate swap rates of equivalent maturity. The AFS bond portfolio is the principal source of credit spread risk. The Group also assumes market risk through its trading book activities which relate to all positions in financial instruments (principally derivatives) that are held with trading intent or in order to hedge positions held with trading intent. The Group’s Treasury function is responsible for managing all market risk in the Group. This includes a mandate to trade on its own account in selected wholesale markets. Risk identification and assessment Market risk is identified and assessed using portfolio sensitivities, Value at Risk (“VaR”) and stress testing. Interest rate gaps and sensitivities to various risk factors are measured and reported on a daily basis. In addition, market risk is measured using the VaR technique. VaR is calculated to a 95% confidence level using a one day holding period and is based on one year of historic data. VaR is augmented using stress testing where various portfolios are revalued using a range of severe but plausible market rate scenarios. The Group Asset and Liability Management function (“ALM”) reporting to the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), is responsible for identifying, measuring and reporting the Group’s aggregate market risk profile and managing the Group’s financial instruments valuation processes. The Financial Risk function, reporting to the Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”), is responsible, for exercising independent risk oversight and control over the Group’s total market risk. It provides assurance that the risk dimensions of the business activity are understood and escalates any limit excesses as they arise. It proposes and maintains the Market Risk Management Framework and Policies as the basis of the Group’s control architecture for market risk activities, including the annual agreement of market risk limits (subject to the Board approved Risk Appetite Statement). Risk management and mitigation All market risk in the Group is transferred to and managed by Treasury, subject to Asset and Liability Committee (“ALCo”) oversight. Treasury proactively manages the market risk on the Group’s balance sheet as well as providing risk management solutions to the core customers of the Group. Within Treasury, AFS credit spread risk, IRRBB and trading risk are managed by distinct business units. The ALCo is the primary governance committee for market risk and is supported by the Group’s Market Risk Committee (“MRC”). The MRC is a subcommittee of ALCo and is chaired by the Head of Products. Its membership includes representatives from Treasury, Financial Risk and ALM. Market risk is managed against a range of limits approved at ALCo, both forward looking, such as VaR limits and stress test limits, and financial, such as ‘stop loss’ limits. These limits align with the Group’s business strategy through the articulation of an annual financial plan and Risk Appetite Statement. Market risk is managed subject to the Market Risk Management Framework and its associated policies. Credit risk issues inherent in the market risk portfolios are also subject to the credit risk framework that was described in the previous section. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 164 3.3 Market risk* (continued) Risk monitoring and reporting Quantitative and qualitative information is used at all levels of the organisation, up to and including the Board, to identify, assess and respond to market risk. The actual format and frequency of risk reporting depends on the audience and purpose and ranges from transaction-level control and activity reporting to enterprise level risk profiles. For example, front office and risk functions receive the full range of daily control and activity, valuation, sensitivity and risk measurement reports, while committees such as MRC and ALCo receive a monthly market risk commentary and summary risk profile. Market risk exposures are reported to the Executive Risk Committee (“ERC”) and Board Risk Committee (“BRC”) on a monthly basis through the CRO Report. Market risk profile The table below shows the sensitivity of the Group’s banking book to a hypothetical immediate and sustained 100 basis point (“bp”) movement in interest rates on 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012 and the impact on net interest income over a twelve month period. Sensitivity of projected net interest income to interest rate movements + 100 basis point parallel move in all interest rates – 100 basis point parallel move in all interest rates 31 December 2013 € m (50) 8 2012 € m (19) (3) The above analysis is subject to certain simplifying assumptions such as all interest rate movements occur simultaneously and in a parallel manner, additionally is it assumed that that no management action is taken in response to the rate movements. The following table summarises Treasury’s VaR profile for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 2012, measured in terms of Value at Risk. For interest rate risk positions, the table also differentiates between Treasury’s banking book (arising principally from its holdings of AFS securities) and trading book positions. For VaR measurement, AIB employs a 95% confidence interval, a 1-day holding period and a 1-year sample period. Interest rate risk 1 day holding period: Average High Low 31 December VaR (trading book) VaR (banking book) Total VaR 2013 € m 2012 € m 2013 € m 2012 € m 2013 € m 2012 € m 0.1 0.6 – 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.5 3.9 1.0 2.9 4.6 7.7 2.0 2.2 1.5 3.9 0.9 2.7 4.6 7.7 2.0 2.2 The lower VaR on average in 2013 is explained by smaller interest rate positions and also by a smaller rate shift being applied in the VaR measurement. The smaller rate shifts reflect the fact that interest rates were very stable throughout 2013. The following table sets out the VaR for foreign exchange rate and equity risk for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 2012: 1 day holding period: Average High Low 31 December Foreign exchange rate risk VaR (trading book) 2012 € m 2013 € m Equity risk VaR (trading book) 2013 € m 2012 € m – 0.1 – 0.1 0.1 0.1 – – 0.4 0.7 – – 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 In terms of foreign exchange and equity VaR, the level of overall exposure remains low with very little open position risk being run. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 165 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.4 Structural foreign exchange risk* Structural foreign exchange risk is the exposure of the Group’s consolidated ratios to changes in exchange rates and results from net investment in subsidiaries, associates and branches, the functional currencies of which are currencies other than euro. The Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk as it translates foreign currencies into euro at each reporting period and the currency profile of the Group’s capital may not necessarily match that of its assets and risk-weighted assets. Exchange differences on structural exposures are recognised in ‘other income’ in the financial statements. The Hedging Committee monitors structural foreign exchange risk and reports to Group ALCo on the foreign exchange sensitivity of consolidated capital ratios. This impact is measured in terms of basis points sensitivities using scenario analysis. The amount of structural foreign exchange risk is not material to the Group. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 166 3.5 Operational risk* Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. It includes legal risk, but excludes strategic and business risk. In essence, operational risk is a broad canvas of individual risk types which include information technology, business continuity, health and safety risks, and legal risk. Operational risk operating model AIB’s operating model for operational risk is designed to ensure the framework outlined below is embedded and executed robustly across the Group. The key principles of the model are: – A strong operational risk function, appropriately staffed and clearly independent of the first line of defence; – Technology in place to support assessment and mitigation of operational risks; and – Greater control effectiveness testing by operational risk. Risk identification and assessment Risk and Control Self-Assessment (‘self-assessment’) is a core process in the identification and assessment of operational risk across the enterprise. The process serves to ensure that key operational risks are proactively identified, evaluated, monitored and reported, and that appropriate action is taken. Self-assessment of risks is completed at business unit level and these are incorporated into the Operational Risk Self Assessment Risk template (“SART”) for the business unit. SARTs are regularly reviewed and updated by business unit management. A matrix is in place to enable the scaling of risks and plans must be developed to introduce mitigants for the more significant risks. Monitoring processes are in place at business and support level and a central Operational Risk Team undertakes risk based reviews to ensure the completeness and robustness of each business unit’s self-assessment, and that appropriate attention is given to the more significant risks. Risk management and mitigation Each business area is primarily responsible for managing its own operational risks. An overarching Operational Risk Management (“ORM”) framework is in place, designed to establish an effective and consistent approach to operational risk management across the enterprise. The ORM framework is also supported by a range of specific policies addressing issues such as information security and business continuity management. An important element of the Group’s operational risk management framework is the on-going monitoring through self-assessment of risks, control deficiencies and weaknesses, including the tracking of incidents and loss events. The role of Operational Risk is to review and coordinate operational risk management activities across the Group including setting policy and promoting best practice disciplines, augmented by an independent assurance process. The Group requires all business areas to undertake risk assessments and establish appropriate internal controls in order to ensure that all components, taken together, deliver the control objectives of key risk management processes. In addition, an insurance programme is in place, including a self insured retention, to cover a number of risk events which would fall under the operational risk umbrella. These include financial lines policies (comprehensive crime/computer crime; professional indemnity/civil liability; employment practices liability; directors and officers liability) and a suite of general insurance policies to cover such things as property and business interruption, terrorism, combined liability and personal accident. Risk monitoring and reporting The primary objective of the operational risk management reporting and control process within the Group is to provide timely, pertinent operational risk information to the appropriate management level so as to enable appropriate corrective action to be taken and to resolve material incidents which have already occurred. A secondary objective is to provide a trend analysis on operational risk and incident data for the Group. The reporting of operational incidents and trend data, as required, at the Executive Risk and Board Risk Committees supports these two objectives. In addition, the Board, Group Audit Committee and the Executive Risk Committee receive summary information on significant operational incidents on a regular basis. Business units are required to review and update their assessment of their operational risks on a regular basis. Operational risk teams undertake review and challenge assessments of the business unit risk assessments. In addition, quality assurance teams, which are independent of the business, undertake reviews of the operational controls in the retail branch networks as part of a combined regulatory/compliance/operational risk programme. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 167 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.6 Regulatory compliance risk* Regulatory compliance risk is defined as the risk of regulatory sanctions, material financial loss or loss to reputation which the Group may suffer as a result of failure to comply with all applicable laws, regulations, rules, standards and codes of conduct applicable to its activities. Regulatory Compliance is an enterprise-wide function which operates independently of the business. The function is responsible for identifying compliance obligations arising in each of the Group’s operating markets. Regulatory Compliance work closely with management in assessing compliance risks and provide advice and guidance on addressing these risks. Risk-based monitoring of compliance by the business with regulatory obligations is undertaken. Risk identification and assessment The Regulatory Compliance function is specifically responsible for independently identifying and assessing current and forward looking ‘conduct of business’ compliance obligations, as well as Financial Crime regulation and regulation on privacy and data protection. The identification, interpretation and communication roles relating to other legal and regulatory obligations have been assigned to functions with specialist knowledge in those areas. For example, employment law is assigned to Human Resources, taxation law to Group Taxation and prudential regulation to the Finance and Risk functions, with input and advice from a prudential regulatory unit. Regulatory Compliance undertakes a periodic detailed assessment of the key conduct of business and prudential compliance risks and associated mitigants. The Regulatory Compliance function operates a risk framework approach that is used in collaboration with business units to identify, assess and manage key compliance risks at business unit level. These risks are incorporated into the SARTs for the relevant business unit. Risk management and mitigation The Board, operating through the Audit Committee, approves the Group’s compliance policy and the mandate for the Regulatory Compliance function. Management is responsible for ensuring that the Group complies with its regulatory responsibilities. The Leadership Team’s responsibilities in respect of compliance include the establishment and maintenance of the framework for internal controls and the control environment in which compliance policy operates. They ensure that Regulatory Compliance is suitably independent from business activities and that it is adequately resourced. The primary role of the Regulatory Compliance function is to provide direction and advice to enable management to discharge its responsibility for managing the Group’s compliance risks. The principal compliance risk mitigants are risk identification, assessment, measurement and the establishment of suitable controls at business level. In addition, the Group has insurance policies that cover a number of risk events which fall under the regulatory compliance umbrella. Risk monitoring and reporting Regulatory Compliance undertakes risk-based monitoring of compliance with relevant policies, procedures and regulatory obligations. Monitoring can be undertaken by either dedicated compliance monitoring teams, or in collaboration with other control functions such as Group Internal Audit or Operational risk. Risk prioritised annual compliance monitoring plans are prepared based on the risk assessment process. Monitoring is undertaken both on a business unit and a process basis. The annual monitoring plan is reviewed regularly, and updated to reflect changes in the risk profile from emerging risks, changes in risk assessments and new regulatory ‘hotspots’. Issues emerging from compliance monitoring are escalated for management attention, and action plans and implementation dates are agreed. The implementation of these action plans is monitored by Regulatory Compliance. Regulatory Compliance report to the Chief Risk Officer, business unit management teams and independently to the Board of Directors, through the Audit Committee, on the effectiveness of the processes established to ensure compliance with laws and regulations within its scope. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 168 3.7 Pension risk* Pension risk is the risk that the funding position of the Group’s defined benefit schemes would deteriorate to such an extent that the Group would be required to make additional contributions to cover its pension obligations towards current and former employees. Furthermore, IAS pension deficits as reported are now a deduction from capital under CRD IV which came into force on 1 January 2014 (see “The Group’s business activities must comply with increasing levels of regulation” within Risk factors on page 60). The Group maintains a number of defined benefit pension schemes for current and former employees, further details of which are included in note 12 to the financial statements. These defined benefit schemes were closed to future accrual from the 31 December 2013. Approval was received from the Pensions Board in 2013 in relation to a funding plan up to January 2018 with regard to regulatory Minimum Funding Standard requirements of the AIB Group Irish Pension Scheme. In the UK the Group has provided an asset backed funding vehicle to provide the required regulatory funding to the UK Scheme. While the Group has taken certain risk mitigating actions, a level of volatility associated with pension funding remains due to financial market fluctuations and changes to pension and accounting regulations. This volatility can be classified as market risk and actuarial risk. Market risk arises because the estimated market value of the pension scheme assets may decline or their investment returns may reduce due to market movements. Actuarial risk arises due to the risk that the estimated value of the pension scheme liabilities may increase due to changes in actuarial assumptions. The ability of the pension schemes to meet the projected pension payments is managed by the Trustees through the dynamic diversification of the investment portfolios across geographies and asset classes. As the schemes are closed to future accrual, each Trustee Board has commenced a process of de-risking their investment strategy to reduce market risk. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 169 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.8 Parent company risk information Credit risk – Maximum exposure to credit risk – Collateral – Loans and receivables to customers by geographic location and industry sector – Internal credit ratings – Impaired loans by geographic location and industry sector – Aged analysis of contractually past due but not impaired gross loans – Provisions for impairment by geographic location and industry sector – External credit ratings of financial assets – Leveraged debt by geographic location and industry sector Liquidity risk – Financial assets and financial liabilities by contractual residual maturity – Financial liabilities by undiscounted contractual residual maturity – contingent liabilities and commitments Market risk profile 170 3.8 Parent company risk information – Credit risk The following table sets out the maximum exposure to credit risk that arises within Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. and distinguishes between those assets that are carried in the statement of financial position at amortised cost and those carried at fair value at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Maximum exposure to credit risk* Balances at central banks(1) Items in course of collection Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale(2) Trading portfolio financial assets(4) Derivative financial instruments(5) Loans and receivables to banks(6) Loans and receivables to customers(7) NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale(8) Other assets: Trade receivables Accrued interest(7) Financial guarantees Loan commitments and other credit related commitments Amortised cost(9) € m Fair value(10) € m 659 79 28(3) – – 23,856 31,603 15,598 – – – 1 1,653 – – – – 20,049 2013 Total € m 659 79 28 1 1,653 23,856 31,603 15,598 20,049 Amortised cost(9) € m Fair value(10) € m 558 95 353 – – 31,284 37,234 17,082 – – – 22 2,768 – – – – 14,829 2012 Total € m 558 95 353 22 2,768 31,284 37,234 17,082 14,829 23 450 – – 23 450 28 391 – – 28 391 72,296 21,703 93,999 87,025 17,619 104,644 924 7,154 8,078 – – – 924 1,095 7,154 8,078 7,690 8,785 – – – 1,095 7,690 8,785 Total 80,374 21,703 102,077 95,810 17,619 113,429 (1)Included within cash and balances at central banks of € 1,215 million (2012: € 1,076 million). (2)Non-financial assets and equity investments within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale are not included above (note c). (3)Comprises loans and receivables to banks and customers measured at amortised cost (note c). (4)Excluding equity shares of € 1 million (2012: € 2 million). (5)Exposures to subsidiary undertakings of € 163 million (2012: € 293 million) have been included. (6)Exposures to subsidiary undertakings of € 22,848 million (2012: € 29,709 million) have been included. (7)Exposures to subsidiary undertakings of € 10,175 million (2012: € 11,891 million) have been included. (8)Excluding equity shares of € 80 million (2012: € 101 million). (9)Exposures to subsidiary undertakings of € 8 million (2012: € 12 million) have been included. (10)All amortised cost items are ‘loans and receivables’ per IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement definitions. (11)All items measured at fair value except financial investments available for sale and cash flow hedging derivatives are classified as ‘fair value through profit or loss’. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 171 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.8 Parent company risk information – Credit risk (continued) Collateral Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. takes collateral as a secondary source of repayment in the event of a borrower’s default. The nature of collateral taken is set out on page 76. Set out below is the fair value of collateral accepted by Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012 in relation to financial assets detailed in the maximum exposure to credit risk table on page 171: Loans and receivables to banks Interbank placings, including central banks, are largely carried out on an unsecured basis apart from reverse repurchase agreements. At 31 December 2013, Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. had received collateral with a fair value of € 16 million on loans with a carrying value of € 16 million (2012: € 61 million and € 61 million respectively). Loans and receivables to customers The following table shows the fair value of collateral held for residential mortgages at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Neither past due nor impaired € m Past due but not impaired € m Impaired 2013 Total € m € m Neither past due nor impaired € m Past due but not impaired € m Impaired 2012 Total € m € m Fully collateralised(1) Loan-to-value ratio: Less than 50% 50% - 70% 71% - 80% 81% - 90% 91% - 100% Partially collateralised Collateral value relating to loans over 100% loan-to-value Total collateral value Gross residential mortgages Statement of financial position specific provisions Statement of financial position IBNR provisions Net residential mortgages 132 122 85 88 109 536 688 1,224 1,455 4 6 3 2 7 9 14 13 13 69 22 118 145 142 101 103 185 676 20 42 50 247 365 447 955 1,631 1,952 118 134 81 89 126 548 794 1,342 1,653 3 5 2 4 6 20 23 43 50 7 10 9 8 51 85 235 320 407 128 149 92 101 183 653 1,052 1,705 2,110 (194) (194) (125) (125) (28) 253 1,730 (22) 282 1,963 (1)The fair value of collateral held for residential mortgages which are fully collateralised has been capped at the carrying value of the loans outstanding at each year end. For residential mortgages, the Group takes collateral in support of lending transactions for the purchase of residential property. Collateral valuations are required at the time of origination of each residential mortgage. The Group adjusts open market property values to take account of the costs of realisation and any discount associated with the realisation of collateral. The fair value at 31 December 2013 is based on property values at origination or date of latest valuation and applying the CSO (Ireland) index to these values to take account of price movements in the interim. Non-mortgage portfolios Details of collateral in relation to the non mortgage portfolio are set out on pages 77 to 88. NAMA senior bonds Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. holds a guarantee from the Irish Government in respect of NAMA senior bonds which at 31 December 2013 have a carrying value of € 15,598 million (2012: € 17,082 million) Financial investments available for sale At 31 December 2013, government guaranteed senior bank debt amounting to € 381 million (2012: € 495 million) was held within the available for sale portfolio. 172 3.8 Parent company risk information – Credit risk (continued) The information contained in this note relates only to third party exposures arising within Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Loans and receivables to customers by geographic location and industry sector at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012* 2013 Of which Republic of Ireland United United States of America Kingdom Rest of the World Total Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal Residential mortgages Other Unearned income Deferred costs Provisions Total € m 1,739 236 859 14,325 5,068 645 432 2,483 1,952 3,858 31,597 (68) 2 (11,111) 20,420 € m – 18 61 359 344 64 21 222 – – 1,089 (7) – (143) 939 € m € m – 5 – – – – 4 99 – – 108 (1) – (10) 97 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Republic of Ireland United United States of America Kingdom Rest of the World Total Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal Residential mortgages Other Unearned income Deferred costs Provisions Total € m 1,722 298 1,074 15,673 5,633 502 582 2,849 2,110 4,211 € m – 113 58 599 409 528 19 247 – – 34,654 1,973 (74) 2 (10,825) 23,757 (5) – (285) 1,683 € m € m – 19 4 40 1 22 2 186 – – 274 (1) – (17) 256 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – (1) Excludes intercompany balances of € 10,175 million (2012: € 11,891 million). *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements Loans and receivables to customers € m 1,739 231 920 14,684 5,412 709 457 2,804 1,952 3,858 € m 1,739 259 920 14,684 5,412 709 457 2,804 1,952 3,858 32,794 32,766 (76) 2 (76) 2 (11,264) (11,264) 21,456 21,428(1) Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale € m – 28 – – – – – – – – 28 – – – 28 2012 Of which Loans and receivables to customers € m 1,722 342 1,136 16,312 6,043 679 603 3,268 2,110 4,211 € m 1,722 430 1,136 16,312 6,043 1,052 603 3,282 2,110 4,211 36,901 36,426 (80) 2 (80) 2 (11,127) (11,005) 25,696 25,343(1) Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale € m – 88 – – – 373 – 14 – – 475 – – (122) 353 173 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.8 Parent company risk information – Credit risk (continued) Internal credit ratings Internal credit ratings of loans and receivables to customers* The internal credit ratings profile of loans and receivables to customers by asset class at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012 is as follows: Neither past due nor impaired Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable Total Past due but not impaired Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable Total Total impaired Total gross loans and receivables Unearned income Deferred costs Impairment provisions Total Neither past due nor impaired Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable Total Past due but not impaired Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable Total Total impaired Total gross loans and receivables Unearned income Deferred costs Impairment provisions Total Residential mortgages € m Other Property and construction € m personal € m SME/other commercial € m 582 582 147 144 1,455 1 3 10 36 50 447 1,952 190 1,667 165 190 2,212 2 106 45 148 301 1,345 3,858 82 2,072 767 449 3,370 – 92 71 319 482 10,832 14,684 83 3,127 749 600 4,559 1 116 87 281 485 3,923 8,967 Residential mortgages € m Other personal € m Property and construction € m SME/other commercial € m 390 941 161 163 1,655 2 6 10 30 48 407 2,110 881 1,234 200 206 2,521 40 91 78 136 345 1,345 4,211 29 3,116 750 572 4,467 – 202 164 332 698 11,147 16,312 130 3,362 765 648 4,905 2 177 140 297 616 4,044 9,565 Corporate € m 579 1,954 87 197 2013 Total € m 1,516 9,402 1,915 1,580 2,817 14,413 2 20 – 18 40 476 3,333 6 337 213 802 1,358 17,023 32,794 (76) 2 (11,264) 21,456 2012 (unaudited) Total Corporate € m € m 938 2,673 131 149 2,368 11,326 2,007 1,738 3,891 17,439 – 20 – – 20 792 4,703 44 496 392 795 1,727 17,735 36,901 (80) 2 (11,127) 25,696 Details of the rating profiles and lending classifications are set out on page 127. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 174 3.8 Parent company risk information – Credit risk (continued) Impaired loans by geographic location and industry sector* The following table presents an analysis of impaired loans and receivables to customers for Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012. 2013 Of which Republic of Ireland United United States of America Kingdom Rest of the World Total Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal: Residential mortgages Other Total € m 327 62 261 10,577 2,611 154 211 722 447 1,345 16,717 € m – – 2 255 6 – – 27 – – 290 € m € m – 4 – – – – – 12 – – 16 – – – – – – – – – – – Republic of Ireland United United States of America Kingdom Rest of the World Total Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal: Residential mortgages Other Total € m 322 32 313 10,732 2,807 104 219 703 407 1,345 16,984 € m – – – 375 54 237 – 29 – – 695 € m € m – 3 – 40 – – – 13 – – 56 – – – – – – – – – – – 17,023 17,023 Loans and receivables to customers € m 327 66 263 10,832 2,617 154 211 761 447 1,345 Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale € m – – – – – – – – – – – 2012 Of which Loans and receivables to customers € m 322 35 313 11,147 2,861 104 219 745 407 1,345 Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale € m – – – – – 237 – – – – € m 327 66 263 10,832 2,617 154 211 761 447 1,345 € m 322 35 313 11,147 2,861 341 219 745 407 1,345 17,735 17,498 237 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 175 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.8 Parent company risk information – Credit risk (continued) Aged analysis of contractually past due but not impaired gross loans* The following table presents by industry sector an aged analysis of contractually past due but not impaired loans and receivables to customers for Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012. 2013 Of which 1 – 30 days 31 – 60 days 61 – 90 days 91 + days Total Loans and receivables to customers € m 61 1 18 133 58 6 1 69 19 32 109 507 € m 13 1 4 37 11 1 1 10 7 9 21 115 € m 17 – 1 21 12 – – 11 6 6 17 91 € m 58 2 29 291 87 6 2 45 18 5 102 645 € m 149 4 52 482 168 13 4 135 50 52 249 € m 149 4 52 482 168 13 4 135 50 52 249 1,358 1,358 Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal: Residential mortgages Credit cards Other Total As a percentage of total loans(1) 1.55% 0.35% 0.28% 1.97% 4.14% 4.14% Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale € m – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2012 Of which 1 – 30 days 31 – 60 days 61 – 90 days 91 + days Total Loans and receivables to customers Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal: Residential mortgages Credit cards Other Total € m 53 6 17 159 68 6 1 61 17 37 71 496 As a percentage of total loans(1) 1.3% € m 8 – 3 74 30 5 1 19 9 11 28 € m 15 – 2 58 16 1 6 13 4 9 38 188 0.5% 162 0.4% € m 59 2 16 407 127 19 8 74 18 6 145 881 € m 135 8 38 698 241 31 16 167 48 63 282 € m 135 8 38 698 241 31 16 167 48 63 282 1,727 1,727 2.4% 4.7% 4.7% (1)Total loans (excluding intercompany) are gross of impairment provisions and unearned income. Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale € m – – – – – – – – – – – – – *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 176 3.8 Parent company risk information – Credit risk (continued) Provisions for impairment by geographic location and industry sector* The following table presents an analysis of provisions for impairment on loans and receivables to customers for Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012. Republic of Ireland United United States of America Kingdom Rest of the World Total Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal: Residential mortgages Other Specific IBNR Total € m 241 35 189 6,640 1,614 108 123 518 194 1,038 10,700 411 11,111 € m – – – 111 6 – – 5 – – 122 21 143 € m € m – – – – – – – 9 – – 9 1 10 – – – – – – – – – – – – – € m 241 35 189 6,751 1,620 108 123 532 194 1,038 10,831 433 11,264 Republic of Ireland United United States of America Kingdom Rest of the World Total Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Property and construction Distribution Transport Financial Other services Personal: Residential mortgages Other Specific IBNR Total € m 225 26 221 6,163 1,717 88 157 482 125 1,004 10,208 617 10,825 € m – – – 99 37 122 – 6 – – 264 21 285 € m € m – 3 – 7 – – – 6 – – 16 1 17 – – – – – – – – – – – – – € m 225 29 221 6,269 1,754 210 157 494 125 1,004 10,488 639 11,127 2013 Of which Loans and receivables to customers € m 241 35 189 6,751 1,620 108 123 532 194 1,038 10,831 433 11,264 Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale € m – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2012 Of which Loans and receivables to customers € m 225 29 221 6,269 1,754 88 157 494 125 1,004 10,366 639 11,005 Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale € m – – – – – 122 – – – – 122 – 122 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 177 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.8 Parent company risk information – Credit risk (continued) External credit ratings of financial assets* The external credit ratings profile of loans and receivables to banks, NAMA senior bonds, trading portfolio financial assets (excluding equity securities) and financial investments available for sale (excluding equity shares) for Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012 is as follows: AAA/AA A BBB+/BBB/BBB- Sub investment Unrated Total AAA/AA A BBB+/BBB/BBB- Sub investment Unrated Total Bank(1) € m Corporate € m Sovereign € m Other € m 2,861 1,091 710 – 63 4,725 – – 14 – 1 15 5,417 – 25,957(2) 6 – 31,380(3) Bank(1) € m Corporate € m Sovereign € m 1,535 1,476 723 86 76 3,896 3 15 60 99 115 292 3,835 221 24,274(2) 26 – 28,356(3) 304 133 85 14 – 536 Other € m 583 223 79 79 – 964 2013 Total € m 8,582 1,224 26,766 20 64 36,656 2012 Total € m 5,956 1,935 25,136 290 191 33,508 (1)Excludes loans to subsidiaries of € 22,848 million (2012: € 29,709 million). (2)Includes NAMA senior bonds which do not have an external credit rating and to which the Group has attributed a rating of BBB+ (2012 :BBB+) i.e. the external rating of the Sovereign. (3)Includes supranational banks and government agencies. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 178 3.8 Parent company risk information – Credit risk (continued) Leveraged debt by geographic location and industy sector* Leveraged lending (including the financing of management buy-outs, buy-ins and private equity buy-outs) is conducted primarily through specialist lending teams. The leveraged loan book is held as part of the loans and receivables to customers portfolio. Specific impairment provisions of € 0.5 million (2012: € 29 million) are currently held against impaired exposures of € 14 million (2012: € 60 million). The unfunded element below includes off-balance sheet facilities and the undrawn element of facility commitments. The portfolio continues to reduce, in large part due to AIB’s deleveraging activities. Leveraged debt by geographic location United Kingdom Rest of Europe United States of America Rest of World Funded leveraged debt by industry sector* Agriculture Property and construction Distribution Energy Financial Manufacturing Transport Other services Funded € m 2013 Unfunded € m Funded € m 2012 Unfunded € m 44 20 52 – 116 3 1 20 – 24 84 39 154 31 308 2013 € m – – 22 _ – 38 26 30 116 24 4 50 – 78 2012 € m – – 62 28 5 117 6 90 308 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 179 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.8 Parent company risk information – Liquidity risk (continued) Financial assets and financial liabilities by contractual residual maturity* Repayable on demand but not repayable on demand € m 3 months or less 1 year or less 5 years or less but over 1 year € m but over 3 months € m € m 2013 Total Over 5 years € m € m Financial assets Financial assets of disposal groups(1)(3) Trading portfolio financial assets(1) Derivative financial instruments(2) Loans and receivables to banks(3) Loans and receivables to customers(3) NAMA senior bonds(4) Financial investments available for sale(1) Other financial assets Financial liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Derivative financial instruments(2) Debt securities in issue(5) Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other financial liabilities – – – 23,841 29,126 – 3 – 52,970 7,683 25,593 – – – 279 – – 63 20 531 15,598 246 473 16,931 10,486 18,870 139 75 – – – – 155 2 2,590 – 937 – 3,684 143 6,157 148 753 – – – – 945 – 4,818 – 11,357 – 28 1 490 – 5,876 – 7,506 – 28 1 1,653 23,863 42,941 15,598 20,049 473 17,120 13,901 104,606 10,800 2,490 1,031 2,443 1,316 – – 2 1,086 – 36 – 29,112 53,112 2,404 3,271 1,352 279 33,555 29,570 7,201 18,080 1,124 89,530 Financial assets Financial assets of disposal groups(1)(3) Trading portfolio financial assets(1) Derivative financial instruments(2) Loans and receivables to banks(3) Loans and receivables to customers(3) NAMA senior bonds(4) Financial investments available for sale(1) Other financial assets Financial liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Derivative financial instruments(2) Debt securities in issue(5) Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other financial liabilities Repayable on demand € m 237 – – 16,794 24,195 – 4 – 41,230 7,179 21,653 – – – 330 29,162 3 months or less but not repayable on demand € m 1 year or less 5 years or less but over 1 year € m but over 3 months € m 2012 Total Over 5 years € m € m – 2 202 5,373 5,326 17,082 157 418 28,560 17,973 16,326 171 2,368 – – 17 – 261 1,140 3,540 – 637 – 5,595 2,219 8,343 223 – – – 26 15 1,270 7,734 5,224 – 7,912 – 195 5 1,035 247 10,031 – 6,119 – 475 22 2,768 31,288 48,316 17,082 14,829 418 22,181 17,632 115,198 11,948 2,412 1,266 2,774 1,237 – 70 17 1,881 – 34 – 39,389 48,751 3,541 5,142 1,271 330 36,838 10,785 19,637 2,002 98,424 (1)Excluding equity shares. (2)Shown by maturity date of contract. (3)Shown gross of provisions for impairment and unearned income. (4))New notes will be issued at each maturity date, with the next maturity date being 1 March 2014. Upon maturity, the issuer has the option to settle in cash or issue new notes and to date has issued new notes. (5)Includes Nil securities issued to subsidiary companies in 2013 and € 46 million issued to subsidiary companies in both 2012 and 2011. The balances shown above for Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. include exposures to subsidiary undertakings. *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 180 3.8 Parent company risk information – Liquidity risk (continued) Financial liabilities by undiscounted contractual maturity – contingent liabilities and commitments* The undiscounted cash flows potentially payable under guarantees and similar contracts, included below within contingent liabilities, are classified on the basis of the earliest date they can be called. The Company is only called upon to satisfy a guarantee when the guaranteed party fails to meet its obligations. The Company expects that most guarantees it provides will expire unused. The Company has given commitments to provide funds to customers under undrawn facilities. The undiscounted cash flows have been classified on the basis of the earliest date that the facility can be drawn. The Company does not expect all facilities to be drawn, and some may lapse before drawdown. Contingent liabilities(1) Commitments Contingent liabilities(1) Commitments Payable on demand € m 924 7,154 8,078 Payable on demand € m 1,095 7,690 8,785 3 months or less but not repayable on demand € m 1 year or less but over 3 months € m 5 years or less but over 1 year € m Over 5 years € m – – – – – – – – – – – – 3 months or less but not repayable on demand € m 1 year or less but over 3 months € m 5 years or less but over 1 year € m Over 5 years € m – – – – – – – – – – – – 2013 Total € m 924 7,154 8,078 2012 Total € m 1,095 7,690 8,785 (1)Included in exposure are amounts relating to Group subsidiaries of Nil (2012: € 27 million). *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 181 Risk management - 3. Individual risk types 3.8 Parent company risk information – Market risk profile Market risk profile* The following table sets out the VaR for Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Interest rate risk 1 day holding period: Average High Low 31 December VaR (trading book) VaR (banking book) Total VaR 2013 € m 2012 € m 2013 € m 2012 € m 2013 € m 2012 € m 0.1 0.6 – 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.4 3.8 1.0 2.9 4.5 7.7 2.0 2.2 1.4 3.8 0.9 2.7 4.6 7.7 2.0 2.2 The following table sets out the VaR for foreign exchange rate and equity risk for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: 1 day holding period: Average High Low 31 December Foreign exchange rate risk VaR (trading book) 2012 € m 2013 € m Equity risk VaR (trading book) 2013 € m 2012 € m – 0.3 – – 0.1 0.3 – – 0.4 0.7 – – 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements 182 Governance and oversight 1. The Board and Executive Officers 2. Report of the Directors 3. Corporate Governance statement 4. Supervision and Regulation 4.1 Current climate of regulatory change 4.2 Ireland 4.3 United Kingdom 4.4 United States 4.5 Other locations Page 184 187 189 201 201 205 207 208 183 Governance and oversight – 1. The Board and Executive Officers Certain information in respect of the Directors and Executive Officers is set out below. David Hodgkinson – Chairman - Non-Executive Director Mr Hodgkinson was Group Chief Operating Officer for HSBC Holdings plc from May 2006 until his retirement from the company in December 2008. During his career with HSBC, he held a number of senior management positions in the Middle and Far East, and Europe, including as Managing Director of The Saudi British Bank, and CEO of HSBC Bank Middle East. Mr Hodgkinson, who joined HSBC in 1969, has also served as Chairman of HSBC Bank Middle East Limited, HSBC Bank A S Turkey, Arabian Gulf Investments (Far East) Limited and HSBC Global Resourcing (UK) Ltd. He was a Director of HSBC Bank Egypt SAE, The Saudi British Bank, Bank of Bermuda Limited, HSBC Trinkaus Burkhardt and British Arab Commercial Bank. Mr Hodgkinson joined the Board as Executive Chairman on 27 October 2010 and became Non-Executive Chairman with effect from 12 December 2011. He has been a member of the Remuneration Committee and Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee since January 2011. (Age 63) Simon Ball BSc (Economics), FCA – Non-Executive Director and Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee Chairman Mr Ball is currently the Non-Executive Deputy Chairman and Senior Independent Director of Cable & Wireless Communications plc, a Non-Executive Director of Tribal Group plc, and a Non-Executive Director of Commonwealth Games England. Prior to this, Mr Ball served as Group Finance Director of 3i Group plc and the Robert Fleming Group, held a series of senior finance and operational roles at Dresdner Kleinwort Benson, and was Director General, Finance for the HMG Department for Constitutional Affairs. Mr Ball joined the Board in October 2011 and has been a member of the Board Risk Committee since November 2011 and a member of the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee since February 2013. He was appointed Chairman of the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee in June 2013. (Age 53) Bernard Byrne* FCA – Director Personal, Business and Corporate Banking Mr Byrne joined AIB in May 2010 as Group Chief Financial Officer and member of the Leadership Team. He took up the role of Director of Personal & Business Banking in May 2011. He was appointed to his current post in July 2012 when responsibility for corporate clients was added to the role. He began his career as a Chartered Accountant with PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) in 1988 and joined ESB International in 1994, where he was the Commercial Director for International Investments. In 1998, he took up the post of Finance Director with IWP International plc. He moved to ESB in 2004 where he held the post of Group Finance and Commercial Director until he left to join AIB. Mr Byrne joined the Board in June 2011. He was appointed Non-Executive Director of EBS Limited in July 2011. (Age 45) David Duffy* B.B.S., MA – Chief Executive Officer Mr Duffy joined AIB in December 2011 as Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the Leadership Team. He has held a number of senior roles in the international banking industry including, most recently, the position of Chief Executive Officer at Standard Bank International covering Asia, Latin America, the UK and Europe. He was previously Head of Global Wholesale Banking Network of ING Group and President and Chief Executive Officer of the ING franchises in the US and Latin America. He worked with Goldman Sachs International in various senior positions including Head of Human Resources Europe. Mr Duffy joined the Board in December 2011. (Age 52) Peter Hagan BSc, Dip BA – Non-Executive Director Mr Hagan is former Chairman and CEO of Merrill Lynch’s US commercial banking subsidiaries, he was also a director of Merrill Lynch International Bank (London), Merrill Lynch Bank (Swiss), ML Business Financial Services and FDS Inc. Over a period of 35 years he has held senior positions in the international banking industry, including as Vice Chairman and Representative Director of the Aozora Bank (Tokyo, Japan). During 2011 and until Sept 2012, he was a director of each of the US subsidiaries of IBRC. He is presently a consultant in the fields of financial service litigation and regulatory change. He is currently a Director and Treasurer of 170 East 70th Corp. and a Director of the Thomas Edison State College Foundation. Mr Hagan joined the Board in July 2012 and is a member of the Board Risk Committee, Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee and the Remuneration Committee. (Age 65) Tom Foley BComm, FCA – Non-Executive Director Mr Foley is a former Executive Director of KBC Bank Ireland and has held a variety of senior management and board positions with KBC, including in Corporate Finance, Treasury, Business Banking, Private and Mortgage Banking as well as KBC's UK Division. He was a member of the Nyberg Commission of Investigation into the Banking Sector during 2010 and 2011 and the Department of Finance (Cooney) Expert Group on Mortgage Arrears and Personal Debt during 2010. He qualified as a Chartered Accountant with PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) and is a former senior executive with Ulster Investment Bank and is a Non-Executive Director of BPV Finance (International) plc, and IntesaSanPaolo Life Limited. Mr Foley joined the Board in September 2012 and is a member of the Audit Committee and Remuneration Committee. He was appointed Non-Executive Director of EBS Limited in November 2012. (Age 60) 184 Governance and oversight – 1. The Board and Executive Officers Jim O’Hara – Non-Executive Director and Remuneration Committee Chairman Mr O'Hara is a former Vice President of Intel Corporation and General Manager of Intel Ireland, where he was responsible for Intel’s technology and manufacturing group in Ireland. He is a Non-Executive Director of Fyffes plc, a board member of Enterprise Ireland, and Chairman of a number of indigenous technology start up companies. He is a past President of the American Chamber of Commerce in Ireland. Mr O’Hara joined the Board in October 2010 and has been a member of the Audit Committee, Remuneration Committee and Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee since January 2011, and was appointed Chairman of the Remuneration Committee in July 2012. He was appointed Non-Executive Director of EBS Limited in June 2012. (Age 62) Dr Michael Somers BComm, M.Econ.Sc, Ph.D – Non-Executive Director, Deputy Chairman and Board Risk Committee Chairman Dr Somers is former Chief Executive of the National Treasury Management Agency. He is Chairman of Goodbody Stockbrokers, a Non- Executive Director of Fexco Holdings Limited, Willis Group Holdings plc, Hewlett-Packard International Bank plc, the Institute of Directors, St. Vincent's Healthcare Group Ltd, and President of the Ireland Chapter of the Ireland-US Council. He has previously held the posts of Secretary, National Debt Management, in the Department of Finance, and Secretary, Department of Defence. He is a former Chairman of the Audit Committee of the European Investment Bank and Director of the European Investment Bank and former Member of the EC Monetary Committee. Dr Somers was Chairman of the group that drafted the National Development Plan 1989-1993 and of the European Community group that established the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. He was formerly a member of the Council of the Dublin Chamber of Commerce. He joined the Board in January 2010 as a nominee of the Minister for Finance under the Government's National Pensions Reserve Fund Act 2000 (as amended) and has been Chairman of the Board Risk Committee since November 2010. (Age 71) Dick Spring BA, BL – Non-Executive Director Mr Spring is a former Tánaiste (Deputy Prime Minister) of the Republic of Ireland, Minister for Foreign Affairs and leader of the Labour Party. He is a Non-Executive Director of Fexco Holdings Ltd., Repak Ltd, The Realta Global Aids Foundation Ltd and Chairman of the Diversification Strategy Fund p.l.c.. He is Chairman of International Development Ireland Ltd., Altobridge Ltd. and Alder Capital Ltd. Mr Spring joined the Board in January 2009 as a nominee of the Minister for Finance under the CIFS Scheme. He has been a member of the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee since April 2009 and the Board Risk Committee since November 2010. (Age 63) Thomas Wacker MBA (International Business and Finance) - Non-Executive Director Mr Wacker was a Non-Executive Director of the USA Rugby Board and is the former Chief Executive Officer of the International Rugby Board. He was a Non-Executive Director and former Chief Executive Officer of Belmont Advisors (UK) Limited and was a former Chief Executive of IFG Group plc's offshore business and Non-Executive Director of the parent company. Prior to this, Mr Wacker held senior management roles with Royal Trust Company of Canada, Bank of Montreal, Citibank, and Citigroup Investment Banking Group. Mr Wacker joined the Board in October 2011 and has been a member of the Audit Committee since November 2011. (Age 70) Catherine Woods BA, Mod (Econ) – Non-Executive Director and Audit Committee Chairman Ms Woods is a Non-Executive Director of AIB Mortgage Bank, and Chairman of EBS Limited (from 12 February 2013). She is the Finance Expert on the adjudication panel established by the Government to oversee the rollout of the National Broadband scheme and is a former Vice President and Head of the European Banks Equity Research Team, JP Morgan, where her mandates included the recapitalisation of Lloyds’ of London and the re-privatisation of Scandinavian banks. Ms Woods is a former director of An Post, and a former member of the Electronic Communications Appeals Panel. She joined the Board in October 2010, has been a member of the Audit Committee and Board Risk Committee since January 2011, and was appointed Chairman of the Audit Committee in July 2011. (Age 51) * Executive Directors Board Committees Information concerning membership of the Board’s Audit, Risk, Nomination and Corporate Governance, and Remuneration Committees is given in the Corporate Governance statement on pages 189 to 200. Executive Officers (in addition to Executive Directors above) Helen Dooley LLB – Group General Counsel Ms Dooley was appointed to her current role and the Leadership Team in October 2012, having previously held the role of Head of Legal in EBS Limited. Prior to this, she held a number of other senior roles in EBS including Head of Regulatory Compliance and Company Secretary. Ms Dooley began her career in 1992 working principally as a banking and restructuring lawyer with Wilde Sapte solicitors in London, moving to Hong Kong in 1998 to work for Johnson Stokes & Master solicitors and returning to Ireland in 2001 to work for A&L Goodbody solicitors. (Age 45) 185 Governance and oversight – 1. The Board and Executive Officers Enda Johnson – Head of Corporate Affairs and Strategy Mr Johnson joined AIB as Head of Strategy in May 2012 and was appointed to his current role and the Leadership Team in July 2012. He worked previously as a senior analyst with the National Treasury Management Agency, including a secondment at the Department of Finance. Before joining the National Treasury Management Agency in 2010, he worked with Merrill Lynch for seven years in New York, London and California, in their investment banking and equity capital markets divisions. Mr Johnson has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics and Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering from Brown University. (Age 34) Orlagh Hunt BA, FCIPD – Group HR Director Ms Hunt was appointed to her current role and the Leadership Team in September 2012. She joined AIB from RSA (formerly Royal & Sun Alliance) where she was Group HR and Customer Director, based in London with responsibility for driving the HR agenda in 28 countries across the UK, Asia, Middle East, Latin America and Canada. Ms Hunt began her career in HR with Tesco and moved subsequently to Walker Snack Foods. She was appointed Head of Human Resources at AXA Life Assurance in 2000 prior to joining RSA in 2003. (Age 41) Fergus Murphy BSc (Mgt), MA, DABS, AMCT, FIBI – Director of Products Mr Murphy was appointed to the Leadership Team in July 2011, in his former role as Managing Director of EBS Limited, following the acquisition of EBS by AIB, and was subsequently appointed Group Services and Transformation Director in December 2011. He was appointed to his current role in July 2012. Before joining EBS Building Society as Chief Executive in January 2008, he held a number of senior positions including Chief Executive of ACC Bank plc, Chief Executive of Rabobank Asia, Global Treasurer and Global Head Investment Book Rabobank International and Managing Director of Rabobank Ireland plc. He is former Chairman of Financial Services Ireland. (Age 49) Brendan O’Connor BA, MBA – Head of Financial Solutions Group Mr O’Connor was appointed to his current role and the Leadership Team in February 2013. He joined AIB in 1984. From 1988 to 2009 he worked in AIB Group Treasury in New York and Dublin before moving to AIB Corporate Banking in 2009. He has held a number of senior roles throughout the organisation including Head of AIB Global Treasury Services and Head of Corporate Banking International. Prior to his most recent appointment he was Head of AIB Business Banking. (Age 48) Peter Rossiter BBS, FCA – Chief Risk Officer Mr Rossiter was appointed to his current role and the Leadership Team in May 2012. He joined AIB from Irish Bank Resolution Corporation Ltd (IBRC) where he was Chief Risk Officer since November 2009. Previously, he spent 27 years with Citigroup in a range of roles, including senior risk positions in Warsaw, Moscow, Istanbul, London and Brussels. (Age 57) Steve Reid FCIOBS, MSFA - Managing Director, AIB Group (UK) plc Mr Reid was appointed to his current role and the Leadership Team in July 2013. Prior to this he worked with National Australia Group Europe where he held a number of senior roles including Retail Banking Director. He also held a number of senior roles in Barclays and Woolwich banks during a career spent exclusively in financial services. (Age 50) Myles O'Grady FCCA - Acting Chief Financial Officer Mr O'Grady joined AIB in June 2006 and was appointed to his current role in August 2013. Prior to his current role he held positions in AIB as Group Financial Controller and Head of Financial Strategy and Planning. Before joining AIB, he held a number of senior finance and business restructuring positions in Bord Gais Energy and Citibank. In the early part of his career, Mr O'Grady worked for Dresdner Kleinwort Benson and AIB in a range of financial control roles. (Age 44) 186 Governance and oversight - 2. Report of the Directors for the year ended 31 December 2013 The Directors of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (‘the Company’) present their report and the audited financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2013. A Statement of the Directors’ responsibilities in relation to the financial statements is shown on page 403. Results The Group’s loss attributable to the ordinary shareholders of the Company amounted to € 1,597 million and was arrived at as shown in the consolidated income statement on page 236. Dividend There was no dividend paid to ordinary shareholders in 2013. Going concern The financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2013 have been prepared on a going concern basis as the Directors are satisfied, having considered the risks and uncertainties impacting the Group, that it has the ability to continue in business for the period of assessment. In making its assessment, the Directors have considered a wide range of information relating to present and future conditions. These have included financial plans prepared in November 2013 covering the period 2014 to 2016, the restructuring plan submitted to the European Commission in September 2012, liquidity and funding forecasts, and capital resources projections, all of which have been prepared under base and stress scenarios. In addition, the Directors have considered the commitment of support provided to AIB by the Irish Government. Furthermore, the Directors have considered the outlook for the Irish, the eurozone and UK economies. Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 The Directors have a duty to have regard to the matters set out in the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 (‘the Act’). This duty is owed by the Directors to the Minister for Finance of Ireland (‘the Minister’) on behalf of the State and, to the extent of any inconsistency, takes priority over any other duties of the Directors. Under the terms of the Act, the Minister may, in certain circumstances, direct the Company to undertake actions, which may impact on the pre-existing legal and contractual rights of shareholders. Such directions may include the dis-application of shareholder pre-emption rights, an increase in the Company’s authorised share capital, the issue of shares to the Minister or to another person nominated by the Minister, or amendments to the Company’s Memorandum and Articles of Association. Capital Information on the structure of the Company’s share capital, including the rights and obligations attaching to each class of shares, is set out in note 41 and in the Schedule on pages 407 and 411 to 413. On 13 May 2013, arising from the non-payment of a dividend amounting to € 280 million on the 2009 Preference Shares, the NPRFC became entitled to bonus shares in lieu and the Company issued 4,144,055,254 new ordinary shares by way of a bonus issue to the NPRFC. As at 31 December 2013, some 35.7 million shares (0.007% of issued ordinary shares), purchased in previous years were held as Treasury Shares; see note 42. Accounting policies The principal accounting policies, together with the basis of preparation of the financial statements, are set out on pages 209 to 235. Review of activities The Statement by the Chairman on page 4 to 5 and the review by the Chief Executive Officer on pages 6 to 8 and the Management Report on pages 23 to 46 contain a review of the development of the business of the Company during the year, of recent events, and of likely future developments. Directors There were no changes to the Board during 2013. The names of the Directors, together with a short biographical note on each Director, are shown on pages 184 to 185. The appointment and replacement of Directors, and their powers, are governed by law and the Articles of Association, and information on these is set out on pages 408 to 409. 187 Governance and oversight – 2. Report of the Directors for the year ended 31 December 2013 Directors’ and Secretary’s Interests in the Share Capital The interests of the Directors and Secretary in the share capital of the Company are shown in note 53. Directors’ Remuneration The Company’s policy with respect to Directors’ remuneration is included in the Corporate Governance Statement on page 196. Details of the total remuneration of the Directors in office during 2013 and 2012 are shown in note 53. Substantial Interests in the Share Capital The following substantial interests in the Ordinary Share Capital (excluding shares held as Treasury Shares) had been notified to the Company at 13 May 2013: – National Pensions Reserve Fund Commission 99.8% Corporate Governance The Directors’ Corporate Governance Statement appears on pages 189 to 200 and forms part of this Report. Additional information is included in the Schedule to the Report of the Directors on pages 407 to 409. Political Donations The Directors have satisfied themselves that there were no political contributions during the year, which require disclosure under the Electoral Act 1997. Books of Account The measures taken by the Directors to secure compliance with the Company’s obligation to keep proper books of account are the use of appropriate systems and procedures, including those set out in the Internal Control section of the Corporate Governance Statement on pages 198 and 199, and the employment of competent persons. The books of account are kept at the Company’s Registered Office, Bankcentre, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland; at the principal offices of the Company’s main subsidiary companies, as shown on page 432; and at the Company’s other principal offices, as shown on those pages. Principal Risks and Uncertainties Information concerning the principal risks and uncertainties facing the Company, as required under the terms of the European Accounts Modernisation Directive (2003/51/EEC) (implemented in Ireland by the European Communities (International Financial Reporting Standards and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005), is set out in the Risk Management section on pages 61 to 66. Branches outside the State The Company has established branches, within the meaning of EU Council Directive 89/666/EEC (implemented in Ireland by the European Communities (Branch Disclosures) Regulations 1993), in the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Auditor The Auditor, Deloitte & Touche, has signified willingness to continue in office in accordance with Section 160(2) of the Companies Act 1963. Following the completion of the tender process to appoint an Auditor in 2013, the Board recommended that Deloitte & Touche be appointed as Auditor of the Group. This recommendation was approved by the Shareholders at the 2013 Annual General Meeting on 20 June 2013 and Deloitte & Touche took office effective from that date. David Hodgkinson Chairman David Duffy Chief Executive Officer 4 March 2014 188 Governance and oversight – 3. Corporate Governance statement Corporate Governance practices Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (“AIB”) is subject to the provisions of the Central Bank of Ireland’s Corporate Governance Code for Credit Institutions and Insurance Undertakings (‘the Central Bank Code’)(the Central Bank Code is available on www.centralbank.ie), including compliance with requirements which specifically relate to ‘major/high impact institutions’, which imposes minimum core standards upon all credit institutions and insurance undertakings licensed or authorised by the Central Bank of Ireland. AIB believes it has robust governance arrangements, which include a clear organisational structure with well defined, transparent and consistent lines of responsibility, effective processes to identify, manage, monitor and report the risks to which it is or might be exposed, and adequate internal controls, including sound administrative and accounting procedures, IT systems and controls. The system of governance is subject to regular internal review. AIB’s corporate governance practices also reflect Irish company law and, in relation to the UK businesses, UK company law, the Listing Rules of the Enterprise Securities Market of the Irish Stock Exchange, and certain provisions of the US Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. The Board of Directors The Board is responsible for corporate governance, encompassing leadership, direction and control of AIB and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as ‘AIB’ or the ‘Group’), and is accountable to shareholders for financial performance. There is a comprehensive range of matters specifically reserved for decision by the Board. At a high level these include: – appointing the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Senior Executives, and addressing related succession planning; – determining the Group’s strategic objectives; – monitoring progress towards achievement of the Group’s objectives, and overseeing the management of the business, including control systems and risk management; and – approving annual operating and capital budgets, major acquisitions and disposals, and monitoring and reviewing financial performance. The Board is responsible for approving high level policy and strategic direction in relation to the nature and scale of risk that AIB is prepared to assume in order to achieve its strategic objectives. The Board ensures that an appropriate system of internal controls is maintained and reviews its effectiveness. Specifically the Board: – sets the Group’s Risk Appetite, incorporating risk limits; – approves Risk Frameworks, incorporating risk strategies, policies, and principles; – approves stress testing and capital plans under the Group’s Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (“ICAAP”); and – approves other high-level risk limits as required by Credit, Capital, Liquidity and Market policies. The Board receives regular updates on the Group’s risk profile through the Chief Executive Officer’s monthly report, and relevant updates from the Chairman of the Board Risk Committee. An overview of the Committee’s activities is detailed on pages 194 and 195. The Board is also responsible for endorsing the appointment of individuals who may have a material impact on the risk profile of the Group and monitoring on an ongoing basis their appropriateness for the role. The removal from office of the head of a ’Control Function’, as defined in the Central Bank Code, is also subject to Board approval. AIB has received significant support from the Irish State (‘the State’) in the context of the financial crisis because of its systemic importance to the Irish financial system. As a result of the State support measures, the State holds c. 99.8% of the ordinary shares of the Company. The relationship between AIB and the State as shareholder is governed by a relationship framework (‘the Framework’). Within the Framework, the Board retains full responsibility and authority for all of the operations and business of the Group in accordance with its legal and fiduciary duties and retains responsibility and authority for ensuring compliance with the regulatory and legal obligations of the Group. Chairman The Chairman’s responsibilities include the leadership of the Board, ensuring its effectiveness, setting its agenda, ensuring that the Directors receive adequate, accurate and timely information, facilitating the effective contribution of the Non-Executive Directors, ensuring the proper induction of new directors, the ongoing training and development of all directors, and reviewing the performance of individual directors. Mr David Hodgkinson was appointed Executive Chairman on 27 October 2010 and Non-Executive Chairman with effect from 12 December 2011, following the appointment of Mr David Duffy as Chief Executive Officer. The role of the Chairman is separate from the role of the Chief Executive Officer, with clearly-defined responsibilities attaching to each; these are set out in writing and agreed by the Board. 189 Governance and oversight - 3. Corporate Governance statement Chief Executive Officer The Chief Executive Officer is responsible for the day-to-day running of the Group, ensuring an effective organisation structure, the appointment, motivation and direction of senior executive management, and for the operational management of all the Group’s businesses. Mr David Duffy was appointed Chief Executive Officer on 12 December 2011. Company Secretary The Directors have access to the advice and services of the Company Secretary, Mr David O’Callaghan, who is responsible for ensuring that Board procedures are followed and that applicable rules and regulations are complied with. Board meetings The Chairman sets the agenda for each Board meeting. The Directors are provided with relevant papers in advance of the meetings to enable them to consider the agenda items, and are encouraged to participate fully in the Board’s deliberations. Executive management attend Board meetings and make regular presentations. The Board held eleven scheduled meetings during 2013, and four additional out-of-course meetings or briefings. Attendance at Board meetings and meetings of Committees of the Board is reported on below. During a number of Board meetings, the Non-Executive Directors met in the absence of the Executive Directors, in accordance with good governance standards. In addition to their attendance at Board and Committee meetings, Non-Executive Directors attended Board meetings of AIB Group (UK) p.l.c., AIB Mortgage Bank and EBS Limited and held consultative meetings with the Chairman. Board membership It is the policy of the Board that a majority of the Directors should be Non-Executive. At 31 December 2013, there were 9 Non-Executive Directors and 2 Executive Directors. The Board deems the appropriate number of Directors to meet the requirements of the business to be between 10 and 14. Non-Executive Directors are appointed so as to maintain an appropriate balance on the Board, and to ensure a sufficiently wide and relevant mix of backgrounds, skills and experience to provide strong and effective leadership and appropriate challenge to executive management. The names of the Directors, with brief biographical notes, are shown on pages 184 and 185. In the performance of their functions, the Directors have a duty to have regard to the matters mentioned in section 4 of the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 (‘the Act’). The duty imposed by the Act is owed by the Directors to the Minister for Finance on behalf of the Irish State, and takes priority over any other duty of the Directors to the extent of any inconsistency. Thereafter, all Directors are required to act in the best interests of the Group, and to bring independent judgement to bear in discharging their duties as Directors. There is a procedure in place to enable the Directors to take independent professional advice, at the Group’s expense. The Group holds insurance cover to protect Directors and Officers against liability arising from legal actions brought against them in the course of their duties. Performance evaluation During 2013, the Board undertook an internal evaluation of its performance, which involved completion of questionnaires by Directors, one-to-one discussions between the Chairman and each Director, presentation of the overall findings to the Board for its consideration and action, and development of objectives for the Board for the following year. The evaluation covers areas such as strategy setting and oversight of execution, stewardship, Board process and performance against objectives, Board composition and professional development. In accordance with corporate governance best practice, the Board has commissioned an external service provider to undertake an independent review of the performance of the Board during the first half of 2014. The Chairman meets annually with each Director individually to review their performance. These reviews include discussion of, inter alia, the Directors’ individual contributions and performance at the Board and relevant Board Committees, the conduct of Board meetings, the performance of the Board as a whole and its committees, compliance with the Director-specific provisions of the Central Bank Code, the requirements of the Central Bank of Ireland’s Fitness and Probity Regulations, and other specific matters which the Chairman and/or Directors may wish to raise. Attendance at Board and Committee meetings is one of a number of important factors considered in evaluating Directors’ performance, and a table showing each Board Member’s attendance at such meetings is shown below and separately within the commentary on each of the Board Committees on the following pages. 190 Attendance at scheduled Board and Board Committee Meetings Name Directors Simon Ball Bernard Byrne David Duffy Tom Foley Peter Hagan David Hodgkinson Jim O’Hara Dr Michael Somers Dick Spring Tom Wacker Catherine Woods Board B 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 A 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 Audit Committee A B Board Risk Committee Remuneration Committee A 11 B 11 A B 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee A 6 10 10 10 6 10 B 6 10 10 10 5 9 Column A indicates the number of scheduled meetings held during 2013 which the Director was eligible to attend; Column B indicates the number of meetings attended by each Director during 2013. The Board held eleven scheduled meetings during 2013, and four additional out-of-course meetings or briefings. Terms of appointment Non-Executive Directors are generally appointed for a three-year term, with the possibility of renewal for a further three years; the term may be further extended, in exceptional circumstances, on the recommendation of the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. Mr Dick Spring was appointed Non-Executive Director in 2009 as a nominee of the Minister for Finance under the Irish Government’s Credit Institutions (Financial Support) Scheme 2008 (S.I. No. 411 of 2008). Dr Michael Somers was appointed Non-Executive Director in 2010 as a nominee of the Minister for Finance under the Irish Government’s National Pensions Reserve Fund Act 2000 (as amended) for a three year term to 31 December 2012. Dr Somers was reappointed a Non-Executive Director, under the same regime, for a further period of one year with effect from 1 January 2013, and for a further two years with effect from 1 January 2014. Following appointment, in accordance with the requirements of the Articles of Association, Directors are required to retire at the next Annual General Meeting (“AGM”), and may go forward for reappointment, and are subsequently required to make themselves available for re-appointment at intervals of not more than three years. Since 2005, all Directors have retired from office at the AGM and have offered themselves for reappointment with the exception of Messrs Somers and Spring. Under the terms of the Government’s preference share investment, Messrs Somers and Spring are not required to stand for election or regular re-election by shareholders. Letters of appointment, as well as dealing with appointees’ responsibilities, stipulate that a specific time commitment is required from Directors. A copy of the standard terms of the letter of appointment of Non-Executive Directors is available on request from the Company Secretary. The Board has determined that all Non-Executive Directors in office in December 2013, namely Mr Simon Ball, Mr Tom Foley, Mr Peter Hagan, Mr David Hodgkinson, Mr Jim O’Hara, Dr Michael Somers, Mr Dick Spring, Mr Tom Wacker and Ms Catherine Woods are independent in character and judgement and free from any business or other relationship with the Company or the Group that could affect their judgement. In 2011, the Central Bank of Ireland confirmed that Messrs Somers and Spring should be considered independent for the purposes of the Central Bank Code. Induction and professional development There is an induction process for new directors. Its content varies between Executive and Non-Executive Directors. In respect of the latter, the induction is designed to familiarise Non-Executive Directors with the Group and its operations, and comprises the provision of relevant briefing material, including details of the Group’s strategic and operational plans, and a programme of meetings with the Chief Executive Officer and the Senior Management of businesses and support and control functions. A programme of targeted and continuous professional development is in place for Non-Executive Directors. 191 Governance and oversight - 3. Corporate Governance statement Board Committees The Board is assisted in the discharge of its duties by a number of Board Committees, whose purpose it is to consider, in greater depth than would be practicable at Board meetings, matters for which the Board retains responsibility. The composition of such Committees is reviewed annually by the Board. A description of these Committees, each of which operates under Terms of Reference approved by the Board, and their membership, is given later in this section. The minutes of all meetings of Board Committees are circulated to all Directors, for information, with their Board papers, and are formally noted by the Board. This provides an opportunity for Directors who are not members of those Committees to seek additional information or to comment on issues being addressed at Committee level. The Terms of Reference of the Audit Committee, the Board Risk Committee, the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee and the Remuneration Committee are available on AIB’s website: www.aibgroup.com. In carrying out their duties, the Board Committees are entitled to take independent professional advice, at the Group’s expense, where deemed necessary or desirable by the Committee Members. Audit Committee Current Members: Ms Catherine Woods, Chairman; Mr Tom Foley; Mr Jim O’Hara; Mr Tom Wacker. Member attendance during 2013: Tom Foley Jim O’Hara Tom Wacker Catherine Woods Current Member Current Member Current Member Current Member A 11 11 11 11 B 11 11 11 11 Column A indicates the number of Committee meetings held during 2013; Column B indicates the number of meetings attended by each Member during 2013. The Audit Committee comprises four Non-Executive Directors whom the Board has determined have the collective skills and relevant financial experience to enable the Committee to discharge its responsibilities. The Audit Committee has oversight responsibility for: – – – – the quality and integrity of the Group’s accounting policies, financial statements and disclosure practices; compliance with relevant laws, regulations, codes of conduct and “conduct of business” rules; the independence and performance of the External Auditor (“the Auditor”) and the Group Internal Auditor; and the adequacy and performance of systems of internal control and the management of financial and non-financial risks. These responsibilities are discharged through its meetings with and receipt of reports from management, the Auditor, the Chief Financial Officer, the Group Internal Auditor, the Chief Risk Officer and the Head of Compliance. The following attend the Committee’s meetings by invitation: the Auditor, the Acting Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Risk Officer, the Group Internal Auditor, and the Head of Compliance. Other senior executives also attend by invitation where appropriate. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that the Audit Committee membership includes an “audit committee finance expert”, as defined in related SEC rules. The Board has determined that Ms Catherine Woods is an “independent audit committee financial expert” for these purposes. Ms Woods has accepted this determination on the understanding that she has not thereby agreed to undertake additional responsibilities beyond those of a member and Chairman of the Audit Committee. During 2013, the Audit Committee met on eleven occasions. The following, whilst not intended to be exhaustive, is a summary of the activities undertaken by the Committee in the discharge of its responsibilities. The Committee: – reviewed the Group’s annual and interim financial statements prior to approval by the Board, including: the Group’s accounting policies and practices; the minutes of the Group Disclosure Committee (an Executive Committee whose role is to ensure the compliance of AIB Group financial information with legal and regulatory requirements prior to external publication); reports on compliance; effectiveness of internal controls; and the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the Auditor and Group Internal Auditor; in the context of reviewing the financial statements, the Committee engaged with management in respect of accounting matters, the most significant of which related to: – – the assessment that the preparation of the financial statements on a going concern basis remained appropriate; the level of provisions for impairment of loans and receivables as at 31 December 2013 represented management’s best estimates of the losses incurred at that date; the basis of recognition of Deferred Tax Assets in Ireland and the UK; and the adoption of new accounting standards during 2013, including International Accounting Standard 19 Employee Benefits (Revised). – – – A detailed analysis of the significant matters is provided in the critical accounting policies and estimates (on pages 50 to 53). In addition, the following matters were also considered: the enhancement of an accounting policy with regard to the acquisition of a subsidiary exclusively with a view to resale, the impact of new operating segments, other areas where management judgement was 192 important to the results and financial position of the Group. Following review of reports from, and discussions with, management the Committee satisfied itself that the estimates, judgements and disclosures were appropriate and in compliance with financial reporting standards. The Committee also: – – received reports from the Auditor on their work; provided advice to the Board in respect of the Annual Financial Report, confirming that the Committee is satisfied that the annual report and accounts for the year ended 31 December 2013, taken as a whole, is fair, balanced and understandable and provides the information necessary for shareholders to assess the Company’s performance, business model and strategy; reviewed the scope of the independent audit, and the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the Auditor; satisfied itself through regular reports from the Group Internal Auditor, the Acting Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Risk Officer, the Auditor and the Head of Compliance that the system of internal controls over financial reporting was effective; received regular updates from Group Internal Audit, including monthly reports detailing Internal Audit reports issued during the previous month, control issues identified and related remediating actions, and rolling quarterly updates on related progress; received rolling updates from the Chief Risk Officer and the Head of Compliance to satisfy itself that the Group was in compliance with all regulatory and compliance obligations and considered key developments and emerging issues, the operation of the Speak-Up process and key interactions with regulators in the various jurisdictions; reviewed the minutes of all meetings of subsidiary companies’ Audit Committees, requesting and receiving further clarification on issues when required, and met with, and received annual reports from, the subsidiary Audit Committee chairmen; and held formal confidential consultations during the year separately with the Auditor, the Acting Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Risk Officer and the Group Internal Auditor, in each case with only Non-Executive Directors present. – – – – – – Internal Audit The Committee provided assurance regarding the independence and performance of the Group Internal Audit function, and considered and approved the Internal Audit annual audit plan and the adequacy of resources allocated to the function. The Committee is responsible for making recommendations in relation to the Group Internal Auditor, including appointment, replacement, and remuneration, in conjunction with the Remuneration Committee, and confirming the Group Internal Auditor’s independence. The Committee met with the Group Internal Auditor in confidential session once during 2013, in the absence of management. The Chairman of the Committee, Ms Catherine Woods, met with the Group Internal Auditor between scheduled meetings of the Committee throughout the year to discuss forthcoming agendas for Committee meetings and material issues arising. The Group Internal Auditor has unrestricted access to the Chairman of the Audit Committee. External Audit The Committee provided oversight in relation to the Auditor’s effectiveness and relationship with the Group, including agreeing the Auditor’s terms of engagement, remuneration, and considering audit plans, and monitoring the independence and objectivity of the Auditor, including approving, within pre-determined limits approved by the Board, the range and nature of non-audit services provided and related fees (see note 16 on page 263). The Committee considered and agreed the detailed audit plan in respect of the annual and interim financial statements, and the Auditor’s findings, conclusions and recommendations arising from the interim review and annual audit. The Committee, through consideration of the work undertaken, and based on feedback received from management in respect of the audit process, satisfied itself with regard to the Auditor’s effectiveness. The Committee met with the Auditor in confidential session twice during 2013, in the absence of management, and the Chairman of the Committee, Ms Catherine Woods, met with the Auditor between scheduled meetings of the Committee to discuss material issues arising. External Audit Tender At the request of the Board, the Committee undertook an external audit tender for the 2013 Audit. Notifications seeking expressions of interest from suitably qualified accounting firms were placed in the press during the second half of 2012, and the Committee established an Audit Tender Selection Committee, which comprised Ms Catherine Woods, Non-Executive Director and Chairman of the Audit Committee, Mr Tom Foley, Non-Executive Director and Member of the Audit Committee, Mr Bernard Byrne, Executive Director, the Acting Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Risk Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, the Group Internal Auditor and the Head of Finance, AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. The Audit Tender Selection Committee, with the technical support of Finance and Procurement, received and evaluated proposals and presentations from firms which had submitted tenders. In March 2013, the Committee and Board considered the deliberations of the Audit Tender Selection Committee, including, inter alia, the tenure of the incumbent Auditor, KPMG, and concluded that a change of Auditor was appropriate. Accordingly, the approval of shareholders was received at the 2013 Annual General Meeting to appoint Deloitte & Touche as Auditor to the Company. 193 Governance and oversight - 3. Corporate Governance statement Board Risk Committee Current Members: Dr Michael Somers, Chairman; Mr Simon Ball; Mr Peter Hagan, Mr Dick Spring; and Ms Catherine Woods. Member attendance during 2013: Simon Ball Peter Hagan Dr Michael Somers Dick Spring Catherine Woods Current member Current member Current member Current member Current member A 11 11 11 11 11 B 11 11 11 11 11 Column A indicates the number of Committee meetings held during 2013 which the Member was eligible to attend; Column B indicates the number of meetings attended by each Member during 2013. The Board Risk Committee assists the Board in proactively fostering sound risk governance within the Group through ensuring that risks are appropriately identified and managed, and that the Group’s strategy is informed by, and aligned with, the Board approved risk appetite. The Board Risk Committee comprises five Non-Executive Directors whom the Board has determined have the collective skills and relevant experience to enable the Committee to discharge its responsibilities. To ensure co-ordination of the work of the Board Risk Committee with the risk related considerations of the Audit Committee, the Chairman of the Audit Committee is also a member of the Board Risk Committee. The Board Risk Committee has responsibility for: – providing oversight and advice to the Board in relation to current and potential future risks facing the Group and risk strategy in that regard, including the Group’s risk appetite and tolerance; the effectiveness of the Group’s risk management infrastructure; – – monitoring and reviewing the Group’s risk profile, risk trends, risk concentrations and risk policies; – considering and acting upon the implications of reviews of risk management undertaken by Group Internal Audit and/or external third parties. The responsibilities of the Committee are discharged through its meetings, receiving, commissioning and considering reports from the Chief Risk Officer, the Chief Credit Officer, the Acting Chief Financial Officer, the Group Internal Auditor and other members of management. The following attend the Committee’s meetings by invitation: the Auditor, the Chief Executive Officer, the Acting Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Risk Officer, the Chief Credit Officer, and the Group Internal Auditor. Other senior executives also attend where appropriate. During 2013, the Board Risk Committee met on eleven occasions. The following, while not intended to be exhaustive, is a summary of the key items considered, reviewed and/or approved or recommended by the Committee during the year: − monthly reports from the Chief Risk Officer which provided an overview of key risks including liquidity and funding, capital adequacy, credit risk, market risk, regulatory risk, business risk, and related mitigants; − periodic reports and presentations from management and the Chief Credit Officer regarding the credit quality, performance, provision levels and outlook of key credit portfolios within the Group; − items of a risk related nature, including: (a) the governance, organisational and delegated authority framework; (b) the risk appetite framework and risk appetite statement; (c) the funding and liquidity strategy and related stress tests; (d) risk frameworks and policies, including those relating to (i) credit risk, (ii) operational risk, (iii) financial risk, including market and pension risk, and (iv) compliance; (e) the code of conduct and conflict of interest policy for employees; and (f) capital planning, including consideration of the Group ICAAP reports and related firm wide stress test scenarios; − reports from management on a number of specific areas in order to ensure that appropriate management oversight and control was evident, including: (a) arrangements for dealing with customers in difficulty, including customer forbearance policies and debt settlement strategies; (b) significant operational risk events, potential risks, and the Group’s business continuity planning arrangements; (c) credit risk performance and trends, including days past due and monthly overview of significant credit transactions; and (d) regulatory developments and business preparedness for changes to regulatory codes and directives, including Consumer Protection Code, Code of Conduct on Mortgage Arrears, Single Euro Payment Area (SEPA), European Market Infrastructure Regulation, and Anti-Money Laundering/Financial Sanctions; 194 − presentations from the individual businesses on their high level risks and related mitigants; − management’s plans and progress in meeting the actions required in the Central Bank of Ireland’s Risk Mitigation Programme; and − the Group’s Risk Management infrastructure including actions taken to strengthen the Group’s risk management governance, people skills and system capabilities, and to address the risk management related recommendations arising from the Central Bank of Ireland’s Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process. The Committee is also responsible for making recommendations in relation to the Chief Risk Officer, including appointment, replacement, and remuneration, in conjunction with the Remuneration Committee, and confirming the Chief Risk Officer’s independence; the Committee meets with the Chief Risk Officer in confidential session, in the absence of management. The Chief Risk Officer has unrestricted access to the Chairman of the Board Risk Committee. Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee Current Members: Mr Simon Ball, Chairman, (from 13 June 2013); Mr David Hodgkinson; Mr Jim O’Hara, Mr Peter Hagan; Dr Michael Somers (from 30 May 2013) and Mr Dick Spring. Member attendance during 2013: Simon Ball Peter Hagan David Hodgkinson Jim O’Hara Dr Michael Somers Dick Spring Current member Current member Current member Current member Current member Current member A 6 10 10 10 6 10 B 6 10 10 10 5 9 Column A indicates the number of Committee meetings held during 2013 which the Member was eligible to attend; Column B indicates the number of meetings attended by each Member during 2013. The Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee’s responsibilities include: recommending candidates to the Board for appointment as Directors; reviewing the size, structure and composition of the Board and the Board Committees, reviewing succession planning, and monitoring the Group’s responsibilities and activities concerning staff, the marketplace (including customers, products and suppliers), the environment and the community. The search for suitable candidates for the Board is a continuous process, and recommendations for appointment are made, based on merit and objective criteria, following an appraisal process and interviews. The Committee is also responsible for approving corporate-giving budgets and any substantial philanthropic donations, and reviewing the Group’s corporate governance policies and practices. The Committee met ten times during 2013. Remuneration Committee Members: Mr Jim O’Hara (Chairman); Mr Tom Foley; Mr Peter Hagan; and Mr David Hodgkinson. Member attendance during 2013: Tom Foley Peter Hagan David Hodgkinson Jim O’Hara Current member Current member Current member Current member A 8 8 8 8 B 8 8 8 8 Column A indicates the number of Committee meetings held during 2013 which the Member was eligible to attend; Column B indicates the number of meetings attended by each Member during 2013. AIB’s remuneration policies are set and governed by the Remuneration Committee whose purpose, duties and membership are set by its Terms of Reference which may be viewed on the website www.aibgroup.com. The scope of the Committee’s activities is broad based, ranging from setting pay policy to determining appropriate pension arrangements. The Remuneration Committee’s responsibilities include recommending to the Board: Group remuneration policies and practices; the remuneration of the Chairman of the Board (which matter is considered in his absence); and, performance-related and share-based incentive schemes when appropriate. The Committee also determines the remuneration of the Chief Executive Officer, and, in consultation with the Chief Executive Officer, the remuneration of other Executive Directors, when in office, and the other members of the Leadership Team, under advice to the Board. Details of the total remuneration of the Directors in office during 2013 and 2012 are shown in note 53. The Remuneration 195 Governance and oversight - 3. Corporate Governance statement Committee is also required to review the remuneration components of Identified Staff who are individuals classified by AIB as ‘material risk takers’ in accordance with the Remuneration Guidelines of the European Banking Authority (“EBA”). Remuneration matters of a significant nature are also considered by the Board. The Committee met eight times during 2013. Remuneration Policy and Governance A key objective of AIB’s remuneration policies and practices is to provide employees with fair and competitive remuneration which supports the long term performance and strategic objectives of the Group. The Board recognises the need to ensure that remuneration policies provide a clear link between performance and reward in attracting and retaining the right people and skills to support the Group’s future success and growth. The Board also recognises the need to ensure that remuneration policies and practices do not encourage excessive risk taking and support the capital and liquidity of the Group. AIB’s Remuneration Policy is governed by the Remuneration Committee on behalf of the Board and encompasses all financial benefits available to employees across the Group. The Remuneration Policy was reviewed by the Remuneration Committee in February 2013 and updated to incorporate the roles and responsibilities of AIB’s control functions in the design and implementation of the Policy. The Policy will be further updated in 2014 to incorporate the provisions of the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD IV) which came into effect on 1 January 2014. AIB published its Remuneration Disclosure Report 2012 in June 2013 as part of its Pillar 3 Disclosures. The Disclosure Report summarised AIB’s principal remuneration policies and practices and included the aggregate remuneration of Identified Staff for 2012, being those individuals whose professional activities were considered to have a material impact on AIB’s risk profile. In doing so, consideration was given to the extent of individuals’ reporting lines and the degree to which individuals’ decision making was subject to control and approval through credit committees or trading limits. The Remuneration Disclosure Report 2013 will be published during 2014 and will be available on AIB’s website. Remuneration policy, in general, is strongly influenced by the Group’s significant reliance on State support and the commitments provided by AIB under the Subscription and Placing Agreements. There was, therefore, no scope in practice during 2013 to implement the design requirements of incentive schemes contained in AIB’s Remuneration Policy. AIB did not operate any incentive schemes during 2013. Mercer Review In March 2013, The Mercer Report, prepared on behalf of the Department of Finance, was published. Key findings of the report in respect of AIB included a significant reduction in total remuneration costs between 2008 and 2012, including that of the Chief Executive Officer, Senior Executives and employees in continued employment by the Group since 2008. These reductions arose through reduced manpower numbers, the elimination of incentive based compensation and reductions applied to pay and benefits under the Pay and Benefits Review implemented on 1 September 2012. The report also noted the comparison of salaries between covered institutions and the external market. Changes to Terms and Conditions of Employment On 1 July 2013, the Labour Court and Labour Relations Commission issued a number of recommendations on pay, pensions and future working hours. These recommendations brought to a conclusion long standing negotiations with staff representatives on these issues. The recommendations entailed changes to the terms and conditions of employment for all AIB staff and were subsequently accepted by both AIB and the staff representatives. Under the terms of the recommendations, previously existing fixed performance related pay and salary increments ceased to facilitate the introduction of future pay arrangements. It is intended that new pay arrangements will be aligned to the future financial performance of the Group, cost of living, market movements and individual performance. In addition, with effect from 31 December 2013, the Group’s defined benefit pension schemes closed to future accrual, all current members were transferred to a defined contribution scheme while working hours were increased on a phased basis to 36 hours per week from 1 October 2013 and will increase to 37 hours per week from 1 April 2014. In recognition of these changes, AIB agreed to make a single payment, equal to 4% of annual salary, to all AIB Republic of Ireland employees below manager grade. In addition, legacy increments and fixed merit pay increases due in respect of the period from 2010 to 2013 were paid to UK based staff. 196 Severance schemes Following the introduction of a Voluntary Severance Programme in 2012, which included both an early retirement scheme and a voluntary severance scheme, AIB continued to manage staff exits in a structured and controlled manner to minimise exit risk to the organisation. During the year to 31 December 2013, total exits under the programme and exits associated with the closure of off-shore locations amounted to 1,370 (FTE), comprising 168 through early retirement and 1,202 through voluntary severance. This brought total exits under the programme since its introduction in quarter 3 2012 and from the closure of off-shore locations to 3,002. Remuneration review AIB’s remuneration levels in 2013 continued to be closely managed in line with the Group’s financial performance. There were no general salary increases awarded. Out of course salary increases were managed within tight budgetary parameters, the increases being primarily restricted to retaining key staff and skills or to instances where staff stepped up to expanded roles in light of restructuring or staff departures. Under the terms of the Pay and Benefits Review, introduced in 2012, reductions of up to 7.5% in salaries and benefits, relative to market benchmarks, were applied to managers with effect from 1 January 2013. The salaries of senior executives within the Group were managed by the Remuneration Committee in accordance with the obligations of the Subscription and Placing Agreements. The prohibition on bonus and share incentive schemes continued through 2013. Directors’ remuneration Details of the total remuneration of the Directors in office during 2013 and 2012 are shown in note 53. Relations with shareholders The Group has a number of procedures in place to allow its shareholders and other stakeholders to stay informed about matters affecting their interests. In addition to this Annual Financial Report, which is only sent to those shareholders who request it, the following communication tools are used by the Group: Shareholders’ Report The Shareholders Report (“the Report”) is a summary version of AIB’s Annual Financial Report. This Report, which covers AIB’s performance in the previous year, is sent to shareholders who have opted to receive it instead of the full Annual Financial Report. This summary report does not form part of the Annual Financial Report or Form 20-F and is referred to for reference purposes only. Website The website, www.aibgroup.com, contains, for the previous five years, the Annual Financial Report, the Interim Report/Half-yearly Financial Report, and the Annual Financial Report on Form 20-F. The Group’s presentation to fund managers and analysts of annual and interim financial results are available on the internet, and may be accessed on the Company’s website: www.aibgroup.com. Since 2009, the Annual Financial Report and the Annual Report on Form 20-F have been combined in the form of this Annual Financial Report. None of the information on the website is incorporated in, or otherwise forms part of, this Annual Financial Report. Annual General Meeting (“AGM”) All shareholders are invited to attend the AGM and to participate in the proceedings. At the AGM, it is practice to give a brief update on the Group’s performance and developments of interest for the year to date. Separate resolutions are proposed on each separate issue and voting is conducted by way of poll. The votes for, against, and withheld, on each resolution, including proxies lodged, are subsequently published on AIB’s website. Proxy forms provide the option for shareholders to direct their proxies to withhold their vote. It is usual for all Directors to attend the AGM and to be available to meet shareholders before and after the meeting. The Chairmen of the Board Committees are available to answer questions about the Committees’ activities. A help desk facility is available to shareholders attending. The Company’s 2014 AGM is scheduled to be held on 19 June 2014, at the Company’s Head Office at Bankcentre, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, and it is intended that the Notice of the Meeting will be posted to shareholders at least 21 clear days before the meeting, in line with the requirements of Irish Company law. 197 Governance and oversight - 3. Corporate Governance statement Accountability and Audit Accounts and Directors’ Responsibilities The Statement concerning the responsibilities of the Directors in relation to the financial statements appears on page 403. Going Concern The Group’s activities are subject to risk factors and uncertainties as set out on pages 61 to 66. Nothwithstanding these risk factors and uncertainties, the Directors have prepared the financial statements on a going concern basis. In making its assessment, the Directors have considered a wide range of information relating to present and future conditions. These have included financial plans prepared in November 2013 covering the period 2014 to 2016, the restructuring plan submitted to the European Commission in September 2012, liquidity and funding forecasts, and capital resources projections, all of which have been prepared under base and stress scenarios. In addition, the Directors have considered the commitment of support provided to AIB by the Irish Government. Furthermore, the Directors have considered the outlook for the Irish, the eurozone and UK economies. Internal Controls The Directors acknowledge that they are responsible for the Group’s system of internal control. They acknowledge that systems of internal control are designed to manage, rather than eliminate, the risk of failure to achieve business objectives, and can provide only reasonable and not absolute assurance against material mis-statement or loss. The Group’s system of internal control is based on the following: Governance and oversight – AIB Board has ultimate responsibility for the governance of all risk taking activity across the Group. The Board is supported by a number of sub-committees including a Board Risk Committee (“BRC”), an Audit Committee, a Remuneration Committee and a Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. – The BRC evaluates material risks and risk management across the Group and risk disclosures made by the Group. – At the executive level, a Leadership Team is in place with responsibility for establishing business strategy, risk appetite, enterprise risk management and control. – The Executive Risk Committee (“ERC”) which is a sub-committee of the Leadership Team reviews the effectiveness and application of the Group’s risk frameworks and policies, risk profile, risk concentrations and all breaches of Board approved risk appetite and limits. – The Group Audit Committee of the Board reviews various aspects of internal control, including the design and operating effectiveness of the financial reporting framework in compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Group’s statutory accounts and other published financial statements and information. It also ensures that no restrictions are placed on the scope of the statutory audit or the independence of the Internal Audit and Regulatory Compliance functions. – The Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”) and the Group Internal Auditor are involved in all meetings of the Audit Committee and BRC. – The Group operates a three lines of defence framework in the delineation of accountabilities for risk governance. – AIB’s remuneration policies are set and governed by the Remuneration Committee whose purpose, duties and membership are to ensure that remuneration policies and practices are consistent with and promote effective risk management. – There is an independent Group Internal Audit (“GIA”) function which is responsible for independently assessing the effectiveness of the Group’s corporate governance, risk management and internal controls and which reports directly to the Chair of the Audit Committee. – Risk management committees are in place with approved terms of reference (“ToR”) that operate under delegated authority from the Board and Executive level. 198 Risk Management – A Board approved Risk Appetite Statement (“RAS”) sets the limits of risk appetite associated with the Group’s strategic objectives. The RAS is reviewed at least annually by the Board and more frequently if required. Risk policies and procedures are updated, where appropriate, to reflect the limits of the risk appetite. – AIB’s approach to managing risk and compliance matters is set out in a suite of policy documents that forms part of the AIB policy framework which are aligned with the RAS and are Board approved. – AIB has adopted an Enterprise Risk Management approach to identifying, assessing and managing risks which builds on the three lines of defence governance framework and is supported by a comprehensive risk management framework and policy architecture. – The Group’s risk management framework is also supported by the underlying Group Risk committees, comprising Executive Risk Committee (“ERC”), Asset and Liability Committee (“ALCo”) (and its sub-committees Capital Committee and Product Pricing Committee), Strategic Credit Forum (“SCF”), Group Credit Committee (“GCC”) and Products and Conducts Committee (“PCC”). – A comprehensive annual budgeting and financial reporting system is in place, which incorporates clearly-defined and communicated common accounting policies and financial control procedures, including those relating to authorisation limits, capital expenditure and investment procedures. – Roles and responsibilities for management and staff are outlined via a clearly-defined organisational management structure, with defined lines of authority and accountability. – AIB’s Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (“ICAAP”) determines the adequacy and appropriateness of capital levels based on the Group’s identification and assessment of the material risks to which it is exposed. Risk identification – Key internal and external risks are identified and assessed throughout AIB through a combination of top-down and bottom-up risk assessment processes. The key risks to the organisation are defined within the AIB risk universe and are periodically updated reflecting the current operating and risk environment. – The Group’s risk identification and assessment framework is supported by a framework of stress testing, scenario analysis and sensitivity analysis. The Group undertakes a regular program of stress testing across all of the material risks to meet internal and regulatory requirements. Risk control and monitoring – There is a centralised risk control function which incorporates the Compliance function, headed by the CRO who is responsible for ensuring that risks are identified, measured, monitored and reported on, and for reporting on risk mitigation actions. – The Risk function is responsible for establishing and embedding risk management frameworks, ensuring that material risk policies are reviewed, and reporting on adherence to risk limits as set by the Board of Directors. – The Group’s risk profile is measured against its risk appetite on a monthly basis and exceptions are reported to the ERC and BRC via the monthly CRO report. Material breaches of risk appetite are escalated to the Board and the Central Bank of Ireland (‘the Central Bank’). – The centralised Credit function is headed by a Chief Credit Officer who reports to the CRO. – There is an independent Compliance function which provides advisory services to the Group and which monitors and reports on prudential, conduct of business and financial crime compliance and forthcoming regulations across the Group, and on management’s focus on compliance matters. – AIB staff who perform Pre-Approved Controlled functions/Controlled functions meet the required standards as outlined in AIB’s Fitness and Probity programme. Taking the above into account, the Directors are satisfied that: – – – – – – there is a clear organisational structure in place with well defined, transparent and consistent lines of responsibility; effective processes are in place to identify, manage, monitor and report on risks; adequate internal control mechanisms, including sound administrative and accounting procedures, IT systems and controls are in place; the remuneration policies and practices are consistent with and promote sound and effective risk management both on an individual and Group level; the system of governance promotes and communicates an appropriate risk and compliance culture at all levels of the Group; and the system of governance is subject to regular internal review. 199 Governance and oversight - 3. Corporate Governance statement Additional requirements in the United States Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the US Exchange Act). Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Group’s internal control over financial reporting as at 31 December 2013, based on the criteria set forth by the US Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission in their publication ‘Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992)’. Based on this assessment, management believes that, as at 31 December 2013, the Group’s internal control over financial reporting is effective. There have been no changes in the Group’s internal control over financial reporting during 2013 that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect the Group’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition to the need for such internal controls over financial reporting, the SEC has adopted somewhat broader requirements designed to ensure that reporting companies, such as AIB, have adequate ‘disclosure controls and procedures’ in place. As at 31 December 2013, the Group carried out an evaluation, under the supervision of and with the participation of the Group’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Group’s disclosure controls and procedures. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon, and as at the date of the Group’s evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective in all material respects to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports which the Group files and submits under the US Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarised and reported within the time frame specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Code of Conduct In June 2012, the Group adopted a Code of Conduct that applies to all employees. This replaced the previous code of business ethics. A copy of the Code is available on the Group website at www.aibgroup.com/investorrelations. (The information on this website is not incorporated by reference into this document). The Code of Conduct sets out the key standards for behaviour and conduct that apply to all employees, and includes particular requirements regarding responsibilities of management for ensuring that business and support activities are carried out to the highest standards of behaviour. The application of the Code of Conduct is underpinned by policies, practices and training which are designed to ensure that the Code is understood and that all employees act in accordance with it. As part of the Code implementation, AIB encourages its employees to raise any concerns of wrongdoing through a number of channels, both internal and external. One such channel includes a confidential external helpline. Employees are assured that if they raise a concern in good faith, AIB will not tolerate any victimisation or unfair treatment of the employee as a result. The Code of Conduct and supporting policies are subject to annual review and update to the Board. 200  Governance and oversight - 4. Supervision and Regulation 4.1 Current climate of regulatory change There has been significant change in the structure, focus and modus operandi of regulators globally in recent years. Many reforms proposed as a result of the financial crisis have now been finalised and are being implemented. In the banking sector, the focus has been on supporting the stability of the banking system and ensuring appropriate resolution and recovery mechanisms are in place. In particular, in the EU, Heads of State and Governments committed to a banking union in 2012. One of the main pillars of the banking union is the Single Supervisory Mechanism (“SSM”) which was agreed in 2013. Under the SSM, the ECB will become the lead supervisor of significant banks in the EU, including AIB. This is expected to take place during 2014. 4.2 Ireland Overview of financial services legislation The Central Bank Reform Act 2010 (as amended) was brought into operation by the Irish Minister for Finance (‘the Minister’) on 1 October 2010. The Central Bank Reform Act 2010 (as amended) created a single, fully-integrated Central Bank of Ireland (‘Central Bank’) with a unitary board, the Central Bank Commission, chaired by the Governor of the Central Bank. The Central Bank (Supervision and Enforcement) Act was enacted in July 2013. The main purposes of the Act are to (a) provide enhanced powers to the Central Bank for the supervision of regulated financial service providers and (b) provide enhanced powers to the Central Bank for the enforcement of financial services legislation. The Central Bank is responsible for the: – prudential supervision and regulation of a range of banking and financial services entities in Ireland, including credit institutions, investment firms, stockbroking firms, payment institutions, insurance companies and credit unions; conduct of business of such financial services entities, including the protection of consumer interests; and overall stability of the financial system. – – The Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland Act 2004 established the Financial Services Ombudsman’s Bureau to deal with certain complaints about financial institutions. The Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 was signed into law on 21 December 2010.The Act provides the legislative basis for the reorganisation and restructuring of the Irish banking system as agreed in the joint EU/IMF Programme for Ireland. The Act empowers the Minister, following consultation with the Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland, to propose any of a number of Stabilisation Orders that the Minister believes is necessary to stabilise a particular relevant institution (including its group companies). A proposed Stabilisation Order must be confirmed by the Irish High Court. The Act also imposes new duties on the directors of an institution and sets out matters to which directors must have regard in the performance of their functions. These include protecting the interests of the taxpayers, restoring confidence in the banking sector and facilitating the availability of credit in the economy of the State. The provisions of the Act were to cease to have effect on 31 December 2012 unless otherwise extended. The Act was extended and remains in effect until the end of 2014, unless further extended in due course. The Central Bank and Credit Institutions (Resolution) Act came into force in 2011. It provides a framework for the resolution of Irish banks and other Irish credit institutions encountering financial difficulties and not covered under the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act, 2010. The Central Bank of Ireland (‘the Central Bank’) The Central Bank has a wide range of statutory powers to enable it to effectively regulate and supervise the activities of financial institutions in Ireland including the power to carry out inspections. Features of the regulatory regime include prudential regulation and codes of conduct, each of which is addressed in more detail below. The Central Bank also has wide-ranging powers of inspection: inspectors appointed by the Central Bank may enter the relevant premises, take documents or copies, require persons employed in the business to provide information and order the production of documents. In cases of extreme concern, the Central Bank may direct a licence-holder to suspend its business activity for a specified period and may also intervene in the management or operation of an entity. The Central Bank Reform Act 2010 contains a number of provisions which impact the regulation of credit institutions, including powers for the Central Bank to regulate sensitive or influential appointments in financial institutions. This includes the power to prevent the appointment of a person from performing a ‘controlled function’ (as defined) or to remove or suspend a person from the performance of a controlled function, where the Central Bank is satisfied that the person is not a fit and proper person to perform such a function. The Fitness and Probity Regime is currently regulated by the Fitness and Probity Standards 2011 (Code issued under Section 50 of the Central Bank Reform Act 2010) which apply to all persons occupying Controlled Functions in credit institutions and insurance undertakings from 1 December 2012, including Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. and a number of its subsidiary companies. A revised and updated Corporate Governance Code for Credit Institutions and Insurance Undertakings was published in December 2013. This revised Code applies to relevant institutions with effect from 1 January 2015. Institutions will continue to be subject to the 201 Governance and oversight - 4. Supervision and Regulation existing Corporate Governance Code requirements until 1 January 2015. The Central Bank has extensive enforcement powers including the ability to impose administrative sanctions directly on financial institutions for failure to comply with regulatory requirements (including codes of conduct and practice), subject to a right of appeal to the Irish Financial Services Appeals Tribunal by the affected institution and a further appeal to the Irish High Court. Such administrative sanctions may include a caution or reprimand, financial penalties (not exceeding € 10 million in the case of a firm or € 1 million in the case of an individual) and a direction disqualifying a person from being concerned in the management of a regulated financial service provider. Banking legislation The banking regulatory code in Ireland is comprised principally of the Central Bank Acts; regulations made under the European Communities Act 1972 (as amended); and regulatory notices and codes of conduct issued by the Central Bank. Various Statutory Instruments and regulations made by the relevant Government minister and regulatory notices made by the Central Bank implement in Ireland the substantial range of European Union directives relating to banking supervision and regulation, including the Capital Requirements Directive (“CRD”). To the extent that areas of banking activity in Ireland are the subject of EU regulations or directives, the provisions of Irish banking law reflect the requirements of those EU instruments. The Central Bank Acts regulate the conduct of banking business in Ireland and provide that banking business may only be carried on by the holder of a banking licence or an EU/European Economic Area entity which exercises ‘passport rights’ to carry on business in Ireland. Every Irish licensed bank is obliged to draw up and publish its annual financial statements in accordance with the European Communities (Credit Institutions: Accounts) Regulations 1992 (as amended by the European Communities (Credit Institutions) (Fair Value Accounting)) Regulations 2004). As a listed entity, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. is required to prepare its financial statements in accordance with IFRS endorsed by the European Union (as applied by the European Communities (International Financial Reporting Standards and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 and European Union (International Financial Reporting Standards) Regulations 2012) and with those parts of the Companies Acts 1963 to 2013 that are applicable to companies reporting under IFRS; and with article 4 of the EU Council Regulation 1606/2002 of 19 July 2002. Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. holds a banking licence and is authorised as a credit institution. AIB Mortgage Bank holds a banking licence and is registered as a designated mortgage credit institution. There are no conditions attached to AIB’s licences or authorisations that are not market standard conditions. EBS Limited (“EBS”) became a wholly owned subsidiary of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. on 1 July 2011. EBS holds a banking licence and is authorised as a credit institution. EBS Mortgage Finance, a wholly owned subsidiary of EBS, holds a banking licence and is registered as a designated mortgage credit institution. There are no conditions attached to EBS’ licences or authorisations that are not market standard conditions. Capital requirements The Group is subject to applicable European Union (“EU”) directives, including those that relate to capital adequacy. The most recent of these is the new Capital Requirements Directive (“CRD IV”), which implements Basel III rules in the EU. These proposed rules focus on enhancing capital adequacy and addressing solvency and governance issues. Their initial elements came into force on 1 January 2014. Full implementation will be achieved by 1 January 2019. CRD IV consists of two components - a Directive and a Regulation. The Directive provides the overall approach to the implementation of the capital requirements, allowing Member States, through their local competent authorities, to exercise certain discretions in the implementation of its provisions. The Regulation contains the detailed prudential implementation requirements for credit institutions and investment firms. The principal change relates to enhancing capital adequacy through the introduction of new buffers to protect against both short and long term financial stresses. Other changes are designed to reduce, control and make more transparent the underlying risks in individual financial institutions and across the financial services sector. These address areas such as liquidity standards, leverage ratios, corporate governance, remuneration, sanctions, transparency, regulatory reporting and the role of credit rating agencies. The introduction of a SSM in 2014, which will act with and through national competent authorities such as the Central Bank, will see the progressive migration of prudential supervision towards a single EU authority. The Central Bank has powers to enforce the CRD Regulations and to agree specific derogations and discretions in relation to its implementation on behalf of the SSM and the Irish Government. AIB is undertaking a full implementation process to ensure the timely alignment with the new requirements. 202 Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (“MiFID”) MiFID was transposed into Irish law by the Markets in Financial Instruments and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 2007 and the European Communities (Markets in Financial Instruments) Regulations 2007, (as amended) (together the MiFID Regulations).The MiFID Regulations regulate the provision of MiFID Services in respect of financial instruments and apply both to credit institutions and to investment firms. MiFID Services include the provision of investment advice, portfolio management, execution of client orders and others. A number of financial services that do not come within the definition of MiFID Services (such as the administration of collective investment schemes) are subject to the requirements of the Investment Intermediaries Act 1995 (“IIA”). Each relevant Group company ensures that it fulfils its obligations under MiFID, the MiFID Regulations and the IIA, as appropriate, on an on-going basis and ensures that it holds the appropriate authorisation for its business at all times. AIB Corporate Finance Ltd is authorised as an investment firm under the MiFID Regulations. Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. also complies with the MiFID Regulations where it provides MiFID Services. A revised MiFID Directive is expected to be agreed at European level in 2014. Other financial services companies In addition to the companies listed above, the Group includes a number of other financial services companies regulated by the Central Bank. AIB Mortgage Bank is a designated mortgage credit institution under the Asset Covered Securities Acts, 2001 and 2007 (as amended), and is permitted to issue mortgage covered securities which are secured by a statutory preference over covered assets (principally, residential mortgage loans) comprised in a cover-assets pool. In addition to the role of the Central Bank, the activities of a credit institution that is designated for the purposes of the Asset Covered Securities Act, 2001 (as amended) are subject to close oversight by an independent cover-assets monitor appointed by the credit institution and approved by the Central Bank. The principal role of the cover-assets monitor is to ensure that the assets maintained in the covered assets pool are sufficient to provide adequate security to the holders of the asset covered securities. AIB Leasing Ltd. is authorised as a retail credit firm under the Central Bank Act, 1997. AIB Insurance Services Ltd. is authorised as an insurance intermediary under the Investment Intermediaries Act, 1995. On 1 July 2011, AIB acquired EBS Limited including EBS Mortgage Finance and Haven Mortgages Limited, both of which are 100% owned subsidiaries of EBS. EBS Limited is authorised as a credit institution. EBS Mortgage Finance is a designated mortgage credit institution under the Asset Covered Securities Act, 2001 (as amended). Haven Mortgages Limited is authorised as a retail credit firm under the Central Bank Act, 1997. AIB held a 24.99% interest in Aviva Life Holdings Limited (“ALH”) which it disposed of in March 2013. AIB then acquired a 100% interest in Ark Life Assurance Company Limited (“Ark Life”) which is now held for sale. It is expected that Ark Life will be sold in 2014. In addition, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. indirectly owns 30% of Aviva Health Insurance Ireland Ltd., a regulated non-life insurance undertaking. These undertakings must comply with the provisions of legislation including the Insurance Acts 1909 to 2009 and the European Communities (Life Assurance) Framework Regulations 1994 (as amended) or European Communities (Non-Life Assurance) Framework Regulations 1994 (as amended), as relevant. Further, the European Communities (Insurance Mediation) Regulations 2005 (as amended) have implemented the EU Directive on Insurance Mediation and lay down rules for undertaking insurance and reinsurance mediation, as well as prescribing registration requirements for persons who wish to carry out insurance mediation business or act as an insurance intermediary or as a reinsurance intermediary. Codes of conduct including Consumer Protection Code The Central Bank has issued a number of codes of conduct, codes of practice and other requirements applicable to credit institutions and other regulated financial services entities (including investment firms, insurance undertakings and intermediaries). These codes address a substantial range of requirements including supervisory and reporting, corporate governance, conduct of business, advertising, disclosure and record retention requirements. The Central Bank introduced a revised Consumer Protection Code, effective 1 January 2012. This Code imposes detailed rules on regulated financial services entities operating in Ireland in relation to non-MiFID investment, insurance and banking services provided. In addition, the Central Bank has imposed statutory Codes of Conduct in relation to business lending to small and medium-sized enterprises, dealing with residential mortgage arrears and lending to related parties. Consumer legislation The provision of credit to consumers is regulated in Ireland by the Consumer Credit Regulations and the Consumer Credit Act 1995 (the “1995 Act”).The Consumer Credit Regulations and the 1995 Act are relevant to the Group to the extent that any of its Group companies provide credit to consumers. The 1995 Act is also relevant to the Group to the extent that any of its Group companies provide credit in the form of housing loans. The Consumer Credit Regulations, which transposed into Irish law the provisions of the Consumer Credit Directive (Directive 2008/48/EC), prescribe a range of detailed requirements to be included in pre-contractual information and consumer 203 Governance and oversight - 4. Supervision and Regulation credit agreements to be provided to consumers and impose a number of obligations on the provider of such credit. Where the provision of a particular type of credit does not fall within the scope of the Consumer Credit Regulations, it may fall within the scope of the 1995 Act. The 1995 Act prescribes a range of detailed requirements to be included in consumer credit agreements to be provided to consumers and imposes a number of obligations on the provider of such credit. The 1995 Act also imposes a requirement on all credit institutions to notify the Central Bank in advance of imposing on a customer any new charge in relation to the provision of certain specified services; increasing any charge previously notified; or imposing any charge that does not comply with a direction from the Central Bank. Irish law contains a wide range of consumer protection provisions, such as the European Communities (Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts) Regulations 1995 (as amended), the Consumer Protection Act 2007 and other measures regulating the content of face-to-face and distance marketing contracts made with a consumer. Deposit protection and investor compensation Under the European Communities (Deposit Guarantee Schemes) Regulations 1995 (as amended) which implement in Ireland the Deposit Guarantee Schemes Directive (Directive 94/19/EC), the Central Bank operates a deposit protection scheme under which each licensed bank must contribute to the deposit protection account held by the Central Bank. Currently, the level of contribution required is 0.2 per cent of deposits (in whatever currency) held at all branches of the licensed bank in the EEA, including deposits on current accounts but excluding certain funds and commitments such as interbank deposits, negotiable certificates of deposit, debt securities issued by the same institution and promissory notes. The maximum amount of deposit protected is € 100,000 per depositor per institution. The Investor Compensation Act 1998 (the ‘1998 Act’) (as amended) provided for the establishment of the Investor Compensation Company Limited (the “ICCL”) to administer and supervise an investor compensation scheme. The 1998 Act requires authorised investment firms to pay the ICCL such contribution to the fund maintained by the ICCL as the ICCL may from time to time specify. The maximum amount payable under the investor compensation scheme is 90% of the amount lost by an eligible investor subject to a maximum compensation payment of € 20,000. European Markets Infrastructure Regulation (“EMIR”) EMIR is intended to increase the stability and transparency of derivative markets and is being introduced in a phased manner over 2013-2015. It imposes requirements on all undertakings which transact derivatives, including clearing and margining, reporting to trade repositories, and risk mitigation techniques. In 2013, AIB introduced processes to comply with regulatory obligations concerning timely confirmations and portfolio reconciliation and dispute resolution, and also took appropriate steps to comply with clearing and reporting requirements due in 2014. AIB is working with affected customers to assist them in recognising, and achieving compliance with, their obligations under the regulation in 2014. Anti-money laundering and sanctions Anti-money laundering (“AML”) The third EU Anti-Money Laundering Directive (2005/60/EC) was transposed into Irish Law by the Criminal Justice (Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing) Act 2010 (the “2010 Act”). Persons designated under the 2010 Act (including credit institutions, financial institutions, investment firms, IIA firms and life assurance companies) are obliged to take the necessary measures to effectively counteract money laundering and terrorist financing in accordance with the provisions of the 2010 Act. Core guidelines were published by the Department of Finance in February 2012 and the Central Bank will have regard to these guidelines in assessing compliance by designated persons with the Act. Further amendments were made to the 2010 Act in 2013. The 2013 CJA (Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing) Bill was signed into law as the Criminal Justice Act 2013 (Act No. 19 of 2013) on 12 June 2013 (the ’2013 Act’). Part 2 of the 2013 Act sets out the amendments to the 2010 Act and the majority of the provisions of Part 2 took effect from 14 June 2013. The 2010 Act introduced, inter alia, an obligation on designated persons to (i) apply customer due diligence procedures to their customers; (ii) identify and take risk based and adequate measures to verify beneficial ownership; and (iii) identify and apply enhanced customer due diligence requirements to non-resident politically exposed persons. The 2010 Act amended reporting requirements where a suspicious transaction report is necessitated. The 2010 Act also introduced a requirement for the authorisation of trust or company service providers. Analogously, Ireland, by means including the Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act 2005, applies EU and United Nations mandated restrictions on financial transfers with designated individuals and regimes and imposes criminal penalties for participating in the financing of terrorism. The key provisions introduced by the 2013 Act which impact on financial and credit institutions cover enhanced requirements in respect of: – Politically Exposed Persons (“PEPs”) and other higher risk situations; – – amendment to the record-keeping provisions under the 2010 Act to allow for records to be stored outside Ireland; and additional requirements in respect of matters that must be included in a designated person’s policies and procedures to detect and prevent money laundering. In addition further clarification was provided in respect of the application of Simplified Customer Due Diligence. 204 Sanctions The Central Bank is the regulatory authority in respect of compliance with sanctions regulations. Sanctions take the form of restrictive/coercive measures against targeted individuals, entities, countries, governments and industries that are imposed by bodies such as the United Nations (“UN”) through UN Security Council Resolutions, the European Union (“EU”) through EU Regulations, the US Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) through orders issued by the US Treasury Department, and/or legislation passed by individual countries (together the ‘Sanctions Regulations’). Sanctions Regulations can include financial restrictions or asset freezes, arms or trade embargoes, specific or general trade restrictions (import and export bans) or travel bans which seek to change the behaviour of a targeted country or regime or deprive terrorists/ criminals from access to funds. AIB has implemented Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing (“AML/CTF “) and Sanctions Frameworks which aim to ensure that AIB Group and its employees adhere to the applicable AML/CTF and Sanctions obligations. Data protection The main laws dealing with data protection are the Data Protection Acts 1988 and Data Protection (Amendment) Act 2003 (“DPAs”). These DPAs regulate the processing, disclosure and use of personal data relating to individual customers. They also require that certain categories of “data controllers” and “data processors”, including financial institutions and insurance companies which process personal data, are required to register with the Office of the Data Protection Commissioner in Ireland (“ODPC”). The European Communities (Electronic Communications Networks and Services) (Data Protection and Privacy) Regulations 2003 (as amended) transpose the EU Electronic Privacy Directive (2002/58/EC) into law and regulate marketing by electronic and other means. The ePrivacy Regulations 2011 (S.I. 336) deal with data protection for phone, email, SME and internet use. A Personal Data Security Breach Code of Practice is- sued by the ODCP sets out the requirements relating to the reporting of data security breaches and addresses situations where per- sonal data has been put at risk of unauthorised disclosure, loss, destruction or alteration. Each relevant Group company has implemented and monitors appropriate policies and procedures to ensure compliance with its obligations under the DPAs. 4.3 United Kingdom Regulation of AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. is a company incorporated in Northern Ireland and is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”) and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) and the PRA under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“FSMA”) to carry on a wide range of regulated activities (including accepting deposits). It carries on business under the trading names ‘Allied Irish Bank (GB)’, ‘Allied Irish Bank (GB) Savings Direct’ and ‘First Trust Bank’ in Great Britain and Northern Ireland, respectively. The FSMA is the principal piece of legislation governing the establishment, supervision and regulation of financial services and markets in the United Kingdom. The PRA is responsible for prudential regulation, including rules relating to capital adequacy, limits on large ex- posures and liquidity. The FCA is responsible for conduct of business regulation, market conduct (including market abuse), financial crime and enhancing competition. On 1 April 2014, regulatory responsibility for Consumer Credit, which is currently regulated by the Office of Fair Trading (the “OFT”), will transfer to the FCA making it, in effect, the single UK regulator on conduct of business issues. AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. has the statutory power to issue bank notes as local currency in Northern Ireland (it does this under the name ‘First Trust Bank’). In this connection, it is subject to the provisions of the Bank Charter Act 1844, the Bankers (Northern Ireland) Acts 1845 and 1928, the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928, the Allied Irish Banks Act 1981, the Allied Irish Banks Act 1993 and the Allied Irish Banks Act 1996. AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. subscribes to the Lending Code of the Lending Standards Board which is a self-regulatory code setting minimum standards of good practice in relation to lending, including loans, credit cards and current account overdrafts. First Trust Financial Services Ltd (formerly known as First Trust Independent Financial Advisers Limited) (a company incorporated in Northern Ireland) is authorised by the FCA to advise on and arrange certain investments, including pensions, life policies, securities and non-investment insurance contracts. The FCA is responsible both for the prudential supervision and for the general supervision of First Trust Financial Services Ltd’s business in the United Kingdom. First Trust Financial Services Ltd. ceased providing financial advice in December 2012. First Trust Bank has entered into an arrangement with Legal and General whereby financial advice will be provided to the bank’s customers under an appointed representative arrangement. Regulation of AIB Branches in the UK Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. is incorporated and has its head office in Ireland, and is licensed as a credit institution in Ireland by the Central Bank of Ireland. Pursuant to the Banking Consolidation Directive (Directive 2006/48/EC (the “BCD”)), Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has exercised its EU ‘passport’ rights to provide banking, treasury and corporate treasury services in the United Kingdom on a cross-border basis and through the establishment of branches (in the name of AIB). 205 Governance and oversight - 4. Supervision and Regulation In accordance with the BCD, the ‘Home State’ regulator (here, the Central Bank of Ireland) has primary responsibility for the prudential supervision of credit institutions incorporated in Ireland. However, credit institutions exercising their ‘passport’ rights must comply with certain requirements (in particular, conduct of business rules) set by the ‘Host State’ regulator (here, the FCA). In addition, the PRA has a responsibility to co-operate with the Central Bank of Ireland in ensuring that branches of Irish credit institutions in the United Kingdom maintain adequate liquidity and take sufficient steps to cover risks arising from their open positions on financial markets in the United Kingdom. Regulation of other AIB Group entities Certain other AIB Group entities are authorised to carry on regulated activities by way of the right to provide cross-border services into the United Kingdom under the EU passport; however, they carry on an insignificant amount of business in the United Kingdom at present. Market in Financial Instruments Directive (“MiFID”) MiFID was implemented in the United Kingdom on 1 November 2007.The requirements of MiFID apply to all regulated AIB Group entities in the European Union that carry out a MiFID investment service or activity, for example, arranging deals in financial instruments, dealing as agent or principal in financial instruments, providing investment advice and conducting portfolio management activities. A revised MiFID Directive is expected to be agreed at European level in 2014. Insurance mediation Dealing as agent, arranging deals in, making arrangements with a view to transactions in, assisting in the administration and performance of, advising on non-investment insurance contracts and agreeing to carry on any of these activities (‘Insurance Mediation Activities’) are (subject to applicable exemptions) regulated activities under the FSMA. These insurance mediation activities have been implemented in the UK pursuant to the Insurance Mediation Directive (2002/92/EC). Each of AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. and First Trust Financial Services Ltd is authorised by the FCA to carry on all insurance mediation activities. In July 2012, the European Commission published a proposal for a recast Insurance Mediation Directive which, if adopted, will enhance the regulation of insurance intermediaries in the EU. Mortgage regulation Entering into as lender, arranging, advising on and administering regulated mortgage contracts, and agreeing to carry on any of these activities, are (subject to applicable exemptions) regulated activities under the FSMA. AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. is authorised by the FCA to enter into as lender, arrange and administer (but not advise on) regulated mortgage contracts. In preparation for the implementation of the Mortgage Market Review in April 2014, an application for permission to advise on regulated mortgage contracts has been made. Deposit protection and investor compensation The Financial Services Compensation Scheme (“FSCS”) is the UK’s compensation fund of last resort for customers of authorised financial services firms and protects claims in respect of deposits, insurance policies, insurance broking (for business on or after 14 January 2005), investment business and home finance (e.g. mortgage advising and arranging) (for business on or after 31 October 2004). FSCS may pay compensation, subject to its rules, if a firm is unable or likely to be unable to meet its financial obligations. However, there are limits to the protection available under the FSCS. The deposit compensation limit is Stg£ 85,000 per eligible claimant, per firm. Eligible investment business and home finance mediation claimants against firms declared in default on or after 1 January 2010 are entitled to receive 100 per cent. compensation for financial loss up to Stg£ 50,000 per person, per firm. Compensation under the FSCS in respect of claims against insurance mediation firms is calculated on the basis of (i) claims in respect of liabilities subject to compulsory insurance, 100 per cent. of the claim and (ii) other insurance claims, 100 per cent. of the first Stg£ 2,000 and 90 per cent. of the remainder of the claim against firms declared in default before 1 January 2010 and the maximum level of compensation for claims against firms declared in default on or after 1 January 2010 is 90 per cent. of the claim with no upper limit. Both AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. and First Trust Financial Services Ltd are covered by the FSCS. Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c., as a bank operating in the United Kingdom under its EU passport, is not covered by the FSCS but, in accordance with the Deposit Guarantee Schemes Directive (Directive 94/19/EC), is covered by its home state (Ireland) deposit protection scheme. Consumer credit The Consumer Credit Act 1974, as amended (“CCA”) regulates unsecured and certain secured consumer loan businesses, consumer hire and ancillary credit businesses such as credit brokerage and debt collecting. A credit agreement is regulated by the CCA where (a) the borrower is or includes an ‘individual’ as defined in the CCA; (b) if the agreement was made before the removal of the CCA financial limit, the amount of credit provided is Stg£ 25,000 or less and (c) the credit agreement is not an exempt agreement under the CCA, for example, it is a regulated mortgage contract (as defined by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001). At present, the OFT is responsible for the issue of licences under, and the superintendence of the working and the enforcement of, the CCA and other consumer protection legislation, although regulatory responsibility will transfer to the FCA in April 206 2014. Both Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. and AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. hold current CCA licences. The EU Consumer Credit Directive (2008/48/EC) was implemented into UK legislation via, inter alia; the Consumer Credit (EC Directive) Regulations 2010 (SI 2010/1010).The majority of the provisions came into force on 1 February 2011, with a small number having come into force on 30 April 2010. The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 (the ‘Unfair Terms Regulations’) apply to certain contracts for goods and services entered into with consumers, including mortgages and related products and services. The main effect of the Unfair Terms Regulations is that a non-negotiated contractual term covered by the Unfair Terms Regulations which is ‘unfair’ will not be enforceable against a consumer. The Unfair Terms Regulations will not generally affect terms which set out the subject matter of the contract, or concern the adequacy of price or remuneration for its goods and services sold, provided they are written in plain and intelligible language and are adequately drawn to the consumer’s attention. Anti-money laundering The third EU Anti-Money Laundering Directive (2005/60/EC) adopted by the European Union in October 2005 was implemented in the UK on 15 December 2007 via the Money Laundering Regulations 2007.Practical assistance in the interpretation and application of the UK Money Laundering Regulations is provided by the guidance published by the Joint Money Laundering Steering Group (“JMLSG”) which comprises several major trade bodies from within the financial services industry. The Money Laundering Regulations 2007 provide detailed obligations for designated persons, which includes credit institutions, financial institutions, legal professionals and estate agents. For example, in relation to customer due diligence there is an explicit requirement for firms to undertake ongoing monitoring of business relationships and for firms to identify not just their customer but also the ultimate beneficial owner of the customer(s) on a risk sensitive basis. Enhanced due diligence is expected to be carried out where a customer poses a higher risk of money laundering or terrorist financing. In addition to the Money Laundering Regulations 2007, other acts of the UK Parliament such as the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, Terrorism Act 2000 and the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 are designed to combat money laundering/ counter terrorist financing in the UK. On 5 February 2013, the European Commission adopted a legislative proposal for a new Money Laundering Directive, which once passed into law will replace the current Money Laundering Directive (2005/60/EC). Data protection The Data Protection Act 1998 (“UKDPA”) is the primary legislation regarding the collection, use and disclosure of personal data relating to individuals in the United Kingdom. The UKDPA imposes a number of obligations on ‘data controllers’, including a requirement to notify the UK Information Commissioner’s Office that it is a ‘data controller’ processing personal information in an automated form and comply with eight data protection principles. Each relevant AIB Group company has implemented and monitored appropriate procedures to ensure compliance with its obligations under the UKDPA. Civil and criminal sanctions apply for contraventions of the UKDPA. These include the issuance of monetary penalty notices to a maximum of Stg£ 500,000 by the UK Information Commissioner for serious contraventions of the UKDPA. The UKDPA and the Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 are the main laws which regulate the use of personal data for marketing purposes by electronic means and automated calling system in the United Kingdom. However, on 25 January 2012, the European Commission published a proposal for a new data protection regulation, which, if adopted, would provide the basis for a new EU wide date protection regulatory framework. 4.4 United States Nature of the AIB Group’s activities AIB is subject to federal and state banking and securities law supervision and regulation in the United States as a result of the banking activities conducted by its branch in New York and AIB's ongoing U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) reporting obligations under the Exchange Act. Applicable federal and state banking laws and regulations Under the US International Banking Act of 1978, as amended (the “IBA”), AIB is a foreign banking organisation and is treated as a bank holding company, as such terms are defined in the statute, and, as such, is subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve Board (“FRB”). As a bank holding company that has not elected to be a ‘financial holding company’, AIB is generally required to limit its direct and indirect activities in the United States to banking activities and activities that the FRB has determined to be ‘so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto’. AIB continues to conduct limited corporate lending, treasury and other operations through its New York branch. AIB’s New York branch is supervised by the FRB and the New York State Department of Financial Services. Under the IBA, the FRB may terminate the activities of any US branch or agency in certain specified circumstances. Also, under the New York Banking Law, the New York State Department of Financial Services may take possession of the business and property of a New York state-licensed branch under circumstances generally including violations of law, unsafe or unsound practices or insolvency. 207 Governance and oversight - 4. Supervision and Regulation Under US federal banking laws, state-licensed branches (such as AIB’s New York branch) may not, as a general matter, engage as a principal in any type of activity not permissible for their federally licensed counterparts, unless the FRB determines that the additional activity is consistent with sound banking practices. US federal and state banking laws also generally subject state branches to the same single-borrower lending limits that apply to federal branches or agencies, which are substantially similar to the lending limits applicable to national banks. These single-borrower lending limits are based on the worldwide capital of the entire foreign bank. Anti-money laundering, anti-terrorism and economic sanctions regulations have become a major focus of US government policy relating to financial institutions and are rigorously enforced. Regulations applicable to AIB and its affiliates impose obligations to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering. In particular, Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act, as amended, requires financial institutions operating in the United States to (i) give special attention to correspondent and payable-through bank accounts, (ii) implement enhanced due diligence and ‘know your customer’ standards for private banking and correspondent banking relationships, (iii) scrutinise the beneficial ownership and activity of certain non-US and private banking customers (especially for so-called politically exposed persons) and (iv) develop new anti-money laundering programmes, due diligence policies and controls to ensure the detection and reporting of money laundering. Such required compliance programmes are intended to supplement any existing compliance programmes under the Bank Secrecy Act and Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) regulations. OFAC administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions against targeted foreign countries, terrorists and international narcotics traffickers to carry out US foreign policy and national security objectives. Generally, the regulations require blocking of accounts and other property of specified countries, entities and individuals, and the prohibition of certain types of transactions (unless OFAC issues a licence) with specified countries, entities and individuals. Banks, including US branches of foreign banks, are expected to establish and maintain appropriate OFAC compliance programmes to ensure compliance with OFAC regulations. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programmes to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution. Applicable federal and state securities laws and regulations Although AIB delisted its ordinary shares from the New York Stock Exchange in August 2011, it continues to be subject to regulation and supervision by the SEC. Like other registrants, AIB files reports and other information required under the Exchange Act with the SEC, including Annual Reports on Form 20-F and Current Reports on Form 6-K. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act imposes significant requirements on AIB and other SEC registrants. These include requirements with respect to the composition of AIB’s Audit Committee, the supervision of AIB’s auditors (and the services that may be provided by such auditors) and the need for personal certification by the chief executive officer and chief (principal) financial officer of Annual Reports on Form 20-F, as well as the financial statements included in such reports and related matters. Although subject to such requirements, the Exchange Act and related SEC rules and regulations afford foreign private issuers, including AIB, relief from a number of requirements applicable to US registrants and, in certain respects, defers to the home country requirements of the company in question. AIB’s Annual Reports on Form 20-F include disclosure of executive compensation and other disclosures applicable to AIB under Irish law, but these disclosures are not fully comparable with disclosure requirements applicable to US registrants. In addition, the SEC’s rules under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are, in some respects, less burdensome on AIB and other foreign private issuers than they are on similarly situated US registrants. AIB’s Annual Reports on Form 20-F also reflect compliance with the internal control and auditor attestation requirements applicable to AIB by virtue of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Other more recent federal laws and regulations, including the Dodd Frank Act of 2010, include provisions that place potentially significant limitations on non-US banks operating in the United States, and also impact on activity conducted outside the US. AIB has complied with requirements under Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act 2010 (Dodd-Frank) with respect to OTC Derivatives Reform and is monitoring ongoing business activities to ensure continued compliance. AIB’s swap trading activity as at 31 December 2013 was below the thresholds required for registration as a Swap Dealer or Major Swap Participant. In addition, the New York branch has submitted its initial Resolution Plan under Section 165(d) of Dodd-Frank. Final Rules for implementing Section 619 of Dodd-Frank (the "Volcker Rule") which implements restrictions on both (i) proprietary trading and (ii) private equity and hedge fund activity by financial institutions were issued in December 2013 by regulatory authorities. AIB is considering the implications of this rule for the bank and its subsidiaries. Banking organizations covered by Section 619 will be required to fully confirm their activities and investments by 21 July 2015. 4.5 Other locations Smaller operations are undertaken in other locations that are also subject to the regulatory environment in those jurisdictions. In addition, discontinued operations are subject to the regulatory environment in which they operate. 208 Accounting policies* 1 Reporting entity 2 Statement of compliance 3 Basis of preparation 4 Basis of consolidation 5 6 7 Foreign currency translation Interest income and expense recognition Fee and commission income 8 Net trading income 9 Dividend income 10 Operating leases 11 Employee benefits 12 Non-credit risk provisions 13 Income tax, including deferred income tax 14 Impairment of property, plant and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets 15 Impairment of financial assets 16 Determination of fair value of financial instruments 17 Valuation of NAMA senior bonds 18 Financial assets 19 Financial liabilities 20 Property, plant and equipment 21 Intangible assets 22 Derivatives and hedge accounting 23 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations 24 Collateral and netting 25 Financial guarantees 26 Sale and repurchase agreements (including stock borrowing and lending) 27 Leases 28 Shareholders’ equity 29 Insurance and investment contracts 30 Segment reporting 31 Cash and cash equivalents 32 Prospective accounting changes *Forms an integral part of the audited financial statements. 209 Accounting policies (continued) The significant accounting policies that the Group applied in the preparation of the financial statements are set out in this section. 1 Reporting entity Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (‘the parent company’ or ‘the Company’) is a company domiciled in Ireland. The address of the Company’s registered office is Bankcentre, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland. The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (the parent company) and its subsidiary undertakings, collectively referred to as the ‘Group’, where appropriate, including certain special purpose entities and are prepared to the end of the financial year. The Group is and has been primarily involved in retail and corporate banking. 2 Statement of compliance The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standards and International Financial Reporting Standards (collectively “IFRSs”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the European Union (“EU”) and applicable for the year ended 31 December 2013. The accounting policies have been consistently applied by Group entities and are consistent with the previous year, unless otherwise described. The financial statements also comply with the Companies Acts 1963 to 2013 and the European Communities (Credit Institutions: Accounts) Regulations, 1992 (as amended) and the Asset Covered Securities Acts 2001 and 2007. The parent company financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the IASB and International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the EU as applicable for the year ended 31 December 2013 and with Irish Statute. In publishing the parent company financial statements together with the Group financial statements, AIB has taken advantage of the exemption in paragraph 2 of Regulation 5 of the European Communities (Credit Institutions: Accounts) Regulations, 1992 not to present its parent company income statement, statement of comprehensive income and related notes that form part of these approved financial statements. 3 Basis of preparation Functional and presentation currency The financial statements are presented in euro, which is the functional currency of the parent company and a significant number of its subsidiaries, rounded to the nearest million. Basis of measurement The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost basis, with the exception of the following assets and liabilities which are stated at their fair value: derivative financial instruments, financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss, certain hedged financial assets and financial liabilities and financial assets classified as available-for-sale. The financial statements comprise the consolidated income statement, the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, the consolidated and parent company statements of financial position, the consolidated and parent company statements of cash flows, and the consolidated and parent company statements of changes in equity together with the related notes. These notes also include financial instrument related disclosures which are required by IFRS 7 and revised IAS 1, contained in the Financial review and the Risk management sections of this Annual Financial Report. The relevant information on those pages is identified as forming an integral part of the audited financial statements. Use of estimates and judgements The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of certain assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. The estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since management’s judgement involves making estimates concerning the likelihood of future events, the actual results could differ from those estimates. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an on-going basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised and in any future period affected. The estimates that have a significant effect on the financial statements and estimates with a significant risk of material adjustment in the next year are in the areas of loan impairment and impairment of other financial instruments; the recoverability of deferred tax; determination of the fair value of certain financial assets and financial liabilities; and retirement benefit obligations. In addition, the designation of financial assets and financial liabilities has a significant impact on their income statement treatment and could have a significant impact on reported income. A description of these estimates and judgements is set out within Financial review - Critical accounting policies and estimates. This section is identified as forming an integral part of the audited financial statements. 210 3 Basis of preparation (continued) Going concern The financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2013 have been prepared on a going concern basis as the Directors are satisfied, having considered the risks and uncertainties impacting the Group, that it has the ability to continue in business for the period of assessment. The period of assessment used by the Directors is twelve months from the date of approval of these annual financial statements. In making its assessment, the Directors have considered a wide range of information relating to present and future conditions. These have included financial plans covering the period 2014 to 2016 approved by the Board in December 2013, the restructuring plan submitted to the European Commission in September 2012, liquidity and funding forecasts, and capital resources projections, all of which have been prepared under base and stress scenarios. In addition, the Directors have considered the commitment of support provided to AIB by the Irish Government. The Directors have also considered the risk factors which could materially affect the Group’s future business performance and profitability and which are outlined on pages 61 to 66. Furthermore, the Directors have considered the outlook for the Irish economy, taking into account such factors as the successful exit by the Irish Government from the three-year bailout programme in December 2013 without a back-up credit line, the forecast expansion of the economy and the forecast fall in unemployment rates, in 2014. The forecast turnaround in the economy is supported by various economic indicators such as a modest growth in economic output and reduced unemployment levels together with increasing consumer confidence and a stabilisation of house prices, particularly in Dublin, during 2013. The Directors have also considered the outlook for the eurozone and UK economies which are slowly emerging from recession. In the EU, following the sovereign and bank debt crises, the actions taken at an EU level lead to a marked easing of the crises and improvement of conditions in eurozone financial markets since the second half of 2012. The various support measures adopted for the euro since the beginning of 2011 and the pronouncements of the ECB demonstrate the strong commitment of EU institutions and the euro area Member States to do whatever is necessary to preserve the euro. In addition, the UK economy in which the Group has significant interests has returned to growth following a period of stagnation similar to the eurozone. The Irish Government, as AIB’s principal shareholder, has confirmed its recognition of AIB as a ‘Pillar Bank’, given its key role in supporting the Irish economy. In support of this role, it has ensured that AIB has been sufficiently capitalised to meet the capital targets set by the Central Bank through its 2011 PCAR and PLAR assessment. The Directors have reviewed the capital and financial plans for the period of assessment, and believe that the capital resources are sufficient to ensure that the Group is adequately capitalised both in a base and stress scenario. The Group’s regulatory capital resources are detailed on pages 47 to 49. In relation to liquidity and funding, the Directors are satisfied, based on AIB’s position as one of the two ‘Pillar Banks’ that in all reasonable circumstances, the required liquidity and funding from the Central Bank/ECB will be available to the Group during the period of assessment.The Group’s funding and liquidity profile are outlined on pages 153 to 163. Conclusion On the basis of the above, the Directors believe that it is appropriate to prepare the financial statements on a going concern basis having concluded that there are no material uncertainties related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern over the period of assessment. Adoption of new accounting standards The following standards/amendments to standards have been adopted by the Group and the Company during the year ended 31 December 2013. The impact of these amendments on the financial statements are set out in note 60. Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Items in Other Comprehensive Income These amendments are effective from 1 July 2012. The amendments require companies preparing financial statements in accordance with IFRSs to group together items within other comprehensive income that may be reclassified to the profit or loss section of the income statement. The amendments also reaffirm existing requirements that items in other comprehensive income and profit or loss should be presented as either a single statement or two consecutive statements. The adoption of these amendments has resulted in a change in the presentation of other comprehensive income. 211 Accounting policies (continued) 3 Basis of preparation (continued) IAS 19 Employee Benefits This revised standard is effective from 1 January 2013. The amendments result in significant changes to accounting for defined benefit pension plans. The revised standard eliminates the option to defer recognition of gains and losses (this option had not been adopted by AIB in the past). Actuarial gains and losses are now required to be recognised in other comprehensive income and are excluded permanently from profit or loss. The expected returns on plan assets will no longer be recognised in profit or loss. The expected return and the interest cost are replaced by recording net interest in profit or loss. Net interest is calculated using the discount rate used to measure the pension obligation. Unvested past service costs can no longer be deferred and recognised over the future vesting period. Instead, all past service costs will be recognised at the earlier of when the amendment/curtailment occurs and when the entity recognises related restructuring or termination costs. Consolidation standards IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements This standard which is effective from 1 January 2013 replaces the consolidation guidance in IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements and SIC-12 Consolidation – Special Purpose Entities. It introduces a single consolidation model for all entities based on control, irrespective of the nature of the investee. IFRS 10 builds on the existing principles by identifying the concept of control as the determining factor in which an entity should be included within the consolidated financial statements of the parent company. The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on the financial position or performance of the Group. IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements This standard is effective from 1 January 2013. IFRS 11 introduces new accounting requirements for joint arrangements, replacing IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures, by focusing on the rights and obligations of the arrangement, rather than its legal form. The option to apply the proportional consolidation method when accounting for jointly controlled entities is removed. The adoption of this standard did not have any impact on the financial position or performance of the Group. IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities This standard which is effective from 1 January 2013 sets out the required disclosures for entities reporting under the two new standards, IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements and IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements; it also replaces the disclosure requirements in IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures. The required disclosures aim to provide information to enable users to evaluate the nature of, and risks associated with, an entity’s interests in other entities and the effects of those interests on the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows. This basic principle is further supported by more detailed disclosure objectives and requirements. This new standard impacts the disclosures required for the Group’s subsidiaries and associates as well as unconsolidated structured entities. IAS 27 Separate Financial Statements (revised 2011) The revised standard is effective from 1 January 2013. The requirements relating to separate financial statements are unchanged and are included in the revised IAS 27. The other sections of IAS 27 are replaced by IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements. IAS 27 is renamed ‘Separate Financial Statements’ and is now a standard dealing solely with separate financial statements. The existing guidance and disclosure requirements for separate financial statements are unchanged. The adoption of this standard has not had an impact on Group reporting. IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures (revised 2011) This standard which is effective from 1 January 2013 prescribes the accounting for investments in associates and sets out the requirements for the application of the equity method when accounting for investments in associates and joint ventures. IAS 28 (revised 2011) does not include any disclosure requirements; these are now included in IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities. The adoption of this standard did not have any impact on the financial position or performance of the Group. IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement This standard which is effective from 1 January 2013 establishes a single source of guidance for fair value measurements under IFRSs. IFRS 13 defines fair value, provides guidance on its determination and introduces consistent requirements for disclosures on fair value measurements. The standard requires entities to disclose information about the valuation techniques and inputs used to measure fair value, as well as information about the uncertainty inherent in fair value measurements. This information is required for both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. The adoption of this standard has resulted in additional disclosures. 212 3 Basis of preparation (continued) IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures on Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities These amendments to IFRS 7 are effective from 1 January 2013. The amendments introduce new disclosure requirements for offsetting financial instruments that aim to improve the comparability of financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS and US GAAP. The amendments require more extensive disclosures at the year end which focus on quantitative information about recognised financial instruments that are offset in the statement of financial position, as well as those recognised financial instruments that are subject to master netting or similar arrangements, irrespective of whether they are offset. The adoption of this standard has resulted in additional disclosures. Other amendments, resulting from improvements to IFRSs which the Group adopted in 2013, did not have any impact on the accounting policies, financial position or performance of the Group. Changes to accounting policies Arising from the adoption of the IFRSs set out above, the following accounting policies were revised effective from 1 January 2013: – Basis of consolidation – Employee benefits – Determination of fair value of financial instruments – Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations 4 Basis of consolidation Subsidiary undertakings A subsidiary undertaking is an investee controlled by the Group. The Group controls an investee when it has power over the investee, is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Subsidiaries are consolidated in the Group’s financial statements from the date on which control commences until the date that control ceases. The Group reassesses whether it controls a subsidiary when facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more elements of control. Loss of control If the Group loses control of a subsidiary, the Group: (i) derecognises the assets (including any goodwill) and liabilities of the former subsidiary at their carrying amounts at the date control is lost; (ii) derecognises the carrying amount of any non-controlling interests in the former subsidiary at the date control is lost (including any attributable amounts in other comprehensive income); (iii) recognises the fair value of any consideration received and any distribution of shares of the subsidiary; (iv) recognises any investment retained in the former subsidiary at its fair value at the date when control is lost; and (v) recognises any resulting difference of the above items as a gain or loss in the income statement. The Group subsequently accounts for any investment retained in the former subsidiary in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, or when appropriate, IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures. Structured entities A structured entity is an entity designed so that its activities are not governed by way of voting rights. The Group assesses whether it has control over such an entity by considering factors such as the purpose and design of the entity; the nature of its relationship with the entity; and the size of its exposure to the variability of returns of the entity. Business combinations The Group accounts for the acquisition of businesses using the acquisition method except for those businesses under common control. Under the acquisition method, the consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of: – – – the acquisition date fair value of assets transferred by the Group; liabilities incurred by the Group to the former owners of the acquiree; and the equity interests issued by the Group in exchange for control of the acquiree. Acquisition related costs are recognised in the income statement as incurred. 213 Accounting policies (continued) 4 Basis of consolidation (continued) Business combinations Goodwill is measured as the excess of the sum of: – – – – the fair value of the consideration transferred; the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree; and the fair value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree, if any; less the net of the acquisition date fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Group commonly acts as trustee and in other fiduciary capacities that result in the holding or placing of assets on behalf of individuals, trusts, retirement benefit plans and other institutions. These assets, and income arising thereon, are excluded from the financial statements, as they are not assets of the Group. Non-controlling interests For each business combination, the Group recognises any non-controlling interest in the acquiree either: – – at fair value; or at their proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. For changes in the Group’s interest in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control, the Group adjusts the carrying amounts of the controlling and non-controlling interests to reflect the changes in their relative interests in the subsidiary. The difference between the change in value of the non-controlling interest and the fair value of the consideration paid or received is recognised directly in equity and attributed to the equity holders of the parent. Common control transactions The Group accounts for the acquisition of businesses or investments in subsidiary undertakings between members of the Group at carrying value at the date of the transaction unless prohibited by company law or IFRS. This policy also applies to the acquisition of businesses by the Group of other entities under the common control of the Irish Government. Where the carrying value of the acquired net assets exceeds the fair value of the consideration paid, the excess is accounted for as a capital contribution (accounting policy number 28 Shareholders’ equity - capital contributions in the Annual Financial Report 2013). On impairment of the subsidiary in the parent company’s separate financial statements, an amount equal to the impairment charge net of tax in the income statement is transferred from capital contribution reserves to revenue reserves. The entire capital contribution is transferred to revenue reserves on final sale of the subsidiary. For acquisitions under common control, comparative data is not restated. The consolidation of the acquired entity is effective from the acquisition date with intercompany balances eliminated at a Group level on this date. Associated undertakings An associated undertaking is an entity over which the Group has significant influence, but not control, over the entity’s operating and financial policy decisions. If the Group holds 20% or more of the voting power of an entity, it is presumed that the Group has significant influence, unless it is clearly demonstratable that this is not the case. Investments in associated undertakings are initially recorded at cost and increased (or decreased) each year by the Group’s share of the post acquisition net income (or loss), and other movements reflected directly in other comprehensive income of the associated undertaking. Goodwill arising on the acquisition of an associated undertaking is included in the carrying amount of the investment. When the Group’s share of losses in an associate has reduced the carrying amount to zero, including any other unsecured receivables, the Group does not recognise further losses, unless it has incurred obligations to make payments on behalf of the associate. Where the Group continues to hold more than 20% of the voting power in an investment but ceases to have significant influence, the investment is no longer accounted for as an associate. On the loss of significant influence, the Group measures the investment at fair value and recognises any difference between the carrying value and fair value in profit or loss and accounts for the investment in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. The Group’s share of the results of associated undertakings after tax reflects the Group’s proportionate interest in the associated undertaking and is based on financial statements made up to a date not earlier than three months before the period end reporting date, adjusted to conform with the accounting policies of the Group. 214 4 Basis of consolidation (continued) Associated undertakings Since goodwill that forms part of the carrying amount of the investment in an associate is not recognised separately, it is, therefore, not tested for impairment separately. Instead, the entire amount of the investment in an associate is tested for impairment as a single asset when there is objective evidence that the investment in an associate may be impaired. Transactions eliminated on consolidation Intra-group balances and any unrealised income and expenses, arising from intra-group transactions are eliminated on consolidation. Unrealised losses are eliminated in the same way as unrealised gains, but only to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment. Unrealised gains and losses on transactions with associated undertakings are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s interest in the investees. Consistent accounting policies are applied throughout the Group for the purposes of consolidation. 5 Foreign currency translation Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using their functional currency, being the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. Transactions and balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the respective entity’s functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are re-translated at the rate prevailing at the period end. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the re-translation at period end exchange rates of the amortised cost of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in the income statement. Exchange differences on equities and similar non-monetary items held at fair value through profit or loss are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. Exchange differences on equities classified as available for sale financial assets, together with exchange differences on a financial liability designated as a hedge of the net investment in a foreign operation are reported in other comprehensive income. Foreign operations The results and financial position of all Group entities that have a functional currency different from the euro are translated into euro as follows: – assets and liabilities including goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on consolidation of foreign operations are translated at the closing rate; income and expenses are translated into euro at the average rates of exchange during the period where these rates approximate to the foreign exchange rates ruling at the dates of the transactions; foreign currency translation differences are recognised in other comprehensive income; and since 1 January 2004, the Group’s date of transition to IFRS, all such exchange differences are included in the foreign currency translation reserve within shareholders’ equity. When a foreign operation is disposed of in full, the relevant amount of the foreign currency translation reserve is transferred to the income statement. When a subsidiary is partly disposed of, the foreign currency translation reserve is re-attributed to the non-controlling interest. – – – 6 Interest income and expense recognition Interest income and expense is recognised in the income statement for all interest-bearing financial instruments using the effective interest method. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability (or group of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability. The application of the method has the effect of recognising income receivable and expense payable on the instrument evenly in proportion to the amount outstanding over the period to maturity or repayment. In calculating the effective interest rate, the Group estimates cash flows (using projections based on its experience of customers’ behaviour) considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but excluding future credit losses. The calculation takes into account all fees, including those for any expected early redemption, and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and all other premiums and discounts. All costs associated with mortgage incentive schemes are included in the effective interest rate calculation. Fees and commissions payable to third parties in connection with lending arrangements, where these are direct and incremental costs related to the issue of a financial instrument, are included in interest income as part of the effective interest rate. 215 Accounting policies (continued) 6 Interest income and expense recognition (continued) Interest income and expense presented in the consolidated income statement includes:- Interest on financial assets and financial liabilities at amortised cost on an effective interest method; Interest on financial investments available for sale on an effective interest method; – – – Net interest income and expense on qualifying hedge derivatives designated as cash flow hedges or fair value hedges which are recognised in interest income or interest expense; and Interest income and funding costs of trading portfolio financial assets, excluding dividends on equity shares. – 7 Fee and commission income Fees and commissions are generally recognised on an accruals basis when the service has been provided, unless they have been included in the effective interest rate calculation. Loan syndication fees are recognised as revenue when the syndication has been completed and the Group has retained no part of the loan package for itself or retained a part at the same effective interest rate as applicable to the other participants. Portfolio and other management advisory and service fees are recognised based on the applicable service contracts. Asset management fees relating to investment funds are recognised over the period the service is provided. The same principle is applied to the recognition of income from wealth management, financial planning and custody services that are continuously provided over an extended period of time. Commitment fees, together with related direct costs, for loan facilities where drawdown is probable are deferred and recognised as an adjustment to the effective interest rate on the loan once drawn. Commitment fees in relation to facilities where drawdown is not probable are recognised over the term of the commitment on a straight line basis. Other credit related fees are recognised as the service is provided except for arrangement fees where it is likely that the facility will be drawn down and which are included in the effective interest rate calculation. 8 Net trading income Net trading income comprises gains less losses relating to trading assets and trading liabilities and includes all realised and unrealised fair value changes. 9 Dividend income Dividend income is recognised when the right to receive dividend income is established. Usually this is the ex-dividend date for equity securities. 10 Operating leases Payments made under operating leases are recognised in the income statement on a straight line basis over the term of the lease. Lease incentives received and premiums paid at inception of the lease are recognised as an integral part of the total lease expense over the term of the lease. 11 Employee benefits Retirement benefit obligations The Group provides employees with post retirement benefits mainly in the form of pensions. The Group provides a number of retirement benefit schemes including defined benefit and defined contribution as well as a hybrid scheme that has both defined benefit and defined contribution elements. In addition, the Group contributes, according to local law in the various countries in which it operates, to governmental and other schemes which have the characteristics of defined contribution schemes. The majority of the defined benefit schemes are funded. Full actuarial valuations of defined benefit schemes are undertaken every three years and are updated to reflect current conditions at each year-end reporting date. Scheme assets are measured at fair value determined by using current bid prices. Scheme liabilities are measured on an actuarial basis by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned for their service in current and prior periods and discounting that benefit at the market yield on a high quality corporate bond of equivalent term and currency to the liability. The calculation is performed by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. The difference between the fair value of the scheme assets and the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the year-end reporting date is recognised in the statement of financial position. Schemes in surplus are shown as assets and schemes in deficit, together with unfunded schemes, are shown as liabilities. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised immediately in other comprehensive income. Changes with regard to benefits payable to retirees which represent a constructive obligation under IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets are accounted for as a negative past service cost. These are recognised in the income statement. 216 11 Employee benefits (continued) The cost of providing defined benefit pension schemes to employees, comprising the service cost and net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset), calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability (asset), is charged to the income statement within personnel expenses. Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability (asset), comprising actuarial gains and losses and the return on scheme assets are recognised in other comprehensive income. Amounts recognised in other comprehensive income in relation to remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability (asset) will not be reclassified to profit or loss in a subsequent period. The Group recognises the effect of an amendment to a defined benefit scheme when the plan amendment occurs, which is when the Group introduces or withdraws a defined benefit scheme, or changes the benefits payable under existing defined benefit schemes. A curtailment is recognised when a significant reduction in the number of employees covered by a defined benefit scheme occurs. Gains or losses on plan amendments and curtailments are recognised in the income statement as a past service cost. The costs of managing the defined benefit scheme assets are deducted from the return on scheme assets. All costs of running the defined benefit schemes are recognised in profit or loss when they are incurred. The cost of the Group’s defined contribution schemes is charged to the income statement in the accounting period in which it is incurred. Any contributions unpaid at the year-end reporting date are included as a liability. The Group has no further obligation under these schemes once these contributions have been paid. Short-term employee benefits Short-term employee benefits, such as salaries and other benefits, are accounted for on an accruals basis over the period during which employees have provided services. Bonuses are recognised to the extent that the Group has a legal or constructive obligation to its employees that can be measured reliably. The cost of providing subsidised staff loans is charged within personnel expenses. Termination benefits Termination benefits are recognised as an expense at the earlier of when the Group can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits and when the Group recognises costs for a restructuring under IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, which includes the payment of termination benefits. For termination benefits payable as a result of an employee’s decision to accept an offer of voluntary redundancy, which is not within the scope of IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, the Group recognises the expense at the earlier of when the employee accepts the offer and when a restriction on the Group’s ability to withdraw the offer takes effect. 12 Non-credit risk provisions Provisions are recognised for present legal or constructive obligations arising as consequences of past events where it is probable that a transfer of economic benefit will be necessary to settle the obligation, and it can be reliably estimated. When the effect is material, provisions are determined by discounting expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. Payments are deducted from the present value of the provision, and interest at the relevant discount rate, is charged annually to interest expense using the effective interest method. Changes in the present value of the liability as a result of movements in interest rates are included in other financial income. The present value of provisions is included in other liabilities. When a leasehold property ceases to be used in the business, provision is made, where the unavoidable costs of future obligations relating to the lease are expected to exceed anticipated income. The provision is calculated using market rates of interest to reflect the long-term nature of the cash flows. Before the provision is established, the Group recognises any impairment loss on the assets associated with the lease contract. Restructuring costs Where the Group has a formal plan for restructuring a business and has raised valid expectations in the areas affected by the restructuring by starting to implement the plan or announcing its main features, provision is made for the anticipated cost of restructuring, including retirement benefits and redundancy costs, when an obligation exists. The provision raised is normally utilised within twelve months. Future operating costs are not provided for. Legal claims and other contingencies Provisions are made for legal claims where the Group has present legal or constructive obligations as a result of past events and it is more likely than not that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated. 217 Accounting policies (continued) 12 Non-credit risk provisions (continued) Contingent liabilities are possible obligations whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence of uncertain future events or present obligations where the transfer of economic benefit is uncertain or cannot be reliably estimated. Contingent liabilities are not recognised but are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements unless the possibility of the transfer of economic benefit is remote. A provision is recognised for a constructive obligation where a past event has led to an obligating event. This obligating event has left the Group with little realistic alternative but to settle the obligation and the Group has created a valid expectation in other parties that it will discharge the obligation. 13 Income tax, including deferred income tax Income tax comprises current and deferred tax. Income tax is recognised in the income statement except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income, in which case it is recognised in other comprehensive income. Income tax relating to items in equity is recognised directly in equity. Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. Deferred income tax is provided, using the financial statement liability method, on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates based on legislation enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date and expected to apply when the deferred tax asset is realised or the deferred tax liability is settled. Deferred income tax assets are recognised when it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary differences will be utilised. The deferred tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and the carrying amount is reduced to the extent that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all of the asset to be recovered. The tax effects of income tax losses available for carry forward are recognised as an asset when it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which these losses can be utilised. Deferred and current tax assets and liabilities are only offset when they arise in the same tax reporting group and where there is both the legal right and the intention to settle the current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The principal temporary differences arise from depreciation of property, plant and equipment, revaluation of certain financial assets and financial liabilities including derivative contracts, provisions for pensions and other post retirement benefits, and in relation to acquisitions, on the difference between the fair values of the net assets acquired and their tax base. Deferred income tax is provided on temporary differences arising from investments in subsidiaries and associates, except where the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the Group and it is probable that the difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. In addition, the following temporary differences are not provided for: goodwill, the amortisation of which is not deductible for tax purposes, and assets and liabilities the initial recognition of which, in a transaction that is not a business combination, affects neither accounting nor taxable profit. Income tax payable on profits, based on the applicable tax law in each jurisdiction, is recognised as an expense in the period in which the profits arise. 14 Impairment of property, plant and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets Annually, or more frequently where events or changes in circumstances dictate, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are assessed for indications of impairment. If indications are present, these assets are subject to an impairment review. Goodwill and intangible assets not yet available for use are subject to an annual impairment review. The impairment review comprises a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset or cash generating unit with its recoverable amount. Cash-generating units are the lowest level at which management monitors the return on investment in assets. The recoverable amount is determined as the higher of fair value less costs to sell of the asset or cash generating unit and its value in use. Fair value less costs to sell is calculated by reference to the amount at which the asset could be disposed of in an arm's length transaction evidenced by an active market or recent transactions for similar assets. Value in use is calculated by discounting the expected future cash flows obtainable as a result of the asset's continued use, including those resulting from its ultimate disposal, at a market-based discount rate on a pre-tax basis. For intangible assets not yet available for use, the impairment review takes into account the cash flows required to bring the asset into use. The carrying values of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are written down by the amount of any impairment and this loss is recognised in the income statement in the period in which it occurs. A previously recognised impairment loss may be reversed in part or in full when there is an indication that the impairment loss may no longer exist and there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the asset will only be increased up to the amount that it would have been had the original impairment not been recognised. Impairment losses on goodwill are not reversed. 218 15 Impairment of financial assets It is Group policy to make provisions for impairment of financial assets to reflect the losses inherent in those assets at the reporting date. Impairment The Group assesses at each reporting date whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or a portfolio of financial assets is impaired. A financial asset or portfolio of financial assets is impaired and impairment losses are incurred if, and only if, there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more loss events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset and on or before the reporting date (‘a loss event’), and that loss event or events has had an impact such that the estimated present value of future cash flows is less than the current carrying value of the financial asset, or portfolio of financial assets. Objective evidence that a financial asset or a portfolio of financial assets is impaired includes observable data that comes to the attention of the Group about the following loss events: a) significant financial difficulty of the issuer or obligor; b) a breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments; c) d) e) f) the granting to the borrower of a concession, for economic or legal reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty that the Group would not otherwise consider; it becomes probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation; the disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties; or observable data indicating that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows from a portfolio of financial assets since the initial recognition of those assets, although the decrease cannot yet be identified with the individual financial assets in the portfolio, including: i adverse changes in the payment status of borrowers in the portfolio; and ii national or local economic conditions that correlate with defaults on the assets in the portfolio. Incurred but not reported The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists individually for financial assets that are individually significant, and individually or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant (i.e. individually insignificant). If the Group determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset, whether significant or not, it includes the asset in a group of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics and includes these performing assets under the collective incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) assessment. An IBNR impairment provision represents an interim step pending the identification of impairment losses on an individual asset in a group of financial assets. As soon as information is available that specifically identifies losses on individually impaired assets in a group, those assets are removed from the group. Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is, or continues to be, recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment. Collective evaluation of impairment For the purpose of collective evaluation of impairment (individually insignificant impaired assets and IBNR), financial assets are grouped on the basis of similar risk characteristics. These characteristics are relevant to the estimation of future cash flows for groups of such assets by being indicative of the counterparty’s ability to pay all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the assets being evaluated. Future cash flows in a group of financial assets that are collectively evaluated for impairment are estimated on the basis of the contractual cash flows of the assets in the group and historical loss experience for assets with credit risk characteristics similar to those in the group. Historical loss experience is adjusted on the basis of current observable data to reflect the effects of current conditions that did not affect the period on which the historical loss experience is based and to remove the effects of conditions in the historical period that do not currently exist. The methodology and assumptions used for estimating future cash flows are reviewed regularly to reduce any differences between loss estimates and actual loss experience. Impairment loss For loans and receivables and assets held to maturity, the amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate. The amount of the loss is recognised using an allowance account and is included in the income statement. Following impairment, interest income is recognised using the original effective rate of interest which was used to discount the future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss. If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed by adjusting the allowance account. The amount of the reversal is recognised in the income statement. When a loan has been subjected to a specific provision and the prospects of recovery do not improve, a time will come when it may be concluded that there is no real prospect of recovery. When this point is reached, the amount of the loan which is considered to be 219 Accounting policies (continued) 15 Impairment of financial assets (continued) beyond the prospect of recovery is written off against the related provision for loan impairment. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off decrease the amount of the provision for loan impairment in the income statement. Collateralised financial assets – Repossessions The calculation of the present value of the estimated future cash flows of a collateralised financial asset reflects the cash flows that may result from foreclosure, costs for obtaining and settling the collateral, and whether or not foreclosure is probable. For loans which are impaired, the Group may repossess collateral previously pledged as security in order to achieve an orderly realisation of the loan. AIB will then offer this repossessed collateral for sale. However, if the Group believes the proceeds of the sale will comprise only part of the recoverable amount of the loan with the customer remaining liable for any outstanding balance, the loan continues to be recognised and the repossessed asset is not recognised. However, if the Group believes that the sale proceeds of the asset will comprise all or substantially all of the recoverable amount of the loan, the loan is derecognised and the acquired asset is accounted for in accordance with the applicable accounting standard. Any further impairment of the repossessed asset is treated as an impairment of the relevant asset and not as an impairment of the original loan. Past due loans When a borrower fails to make a contractually due payment, a loan is deemed to be past due. ‘Past due days’ is a term used to describe the cumulative numbers of days that a missed payment is overdue. Past due days commence from the close of business on the day on which a payment is due but not received. In the case of overdrafts, past due days are counted once a borrower: – – – has breached an advised limit; has been advised of a limit lower than the then current outstandings; or has drawn credit without authorisation. When a borrower is past due, the entire exposure is reported as past due, rather than the amount of any excess or arrears. Financial investments available for sale In the case of equity securities classified as available for sale, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost is considered in determining whether impairment exists. Where such evidence exists, the cumulative net loss that had previously been recognised in other comprehensive income is recognised in the income statement as a reclassification adjustment. Reversals of impairment of equity securities are not recognised in the income statement and increases in the fair value of equity securities after impairment are recognised in other comprehensive income. In the case of debt securities classified as available for sale, impairment is assessed on the same criteria as for all other debt financial assets. Impairment is recognised by transferring the cumulative loss that has been recognised directly in other comprehensive income to the income statement. Any subsequent increase in the fair value of an available for sale debt security is included in other comprehensive income unless the increase in fair value can be objectively related to an event that occurred after the impairment was recognised in the income statement, in which case the impairment loss or part thereof is reversed. Loans renegotiated and forbearance From time to time, the Group will modify the original terms of a customer’s loan either as part of the on-going relationship with the customer or arising from changes in the customer’s circumstances such as when that customer is unable to make the agreed original contractual repayments. Forbearance A forbearance agreement is entered into where the customer is in financial difficulty to the extent that they are unable to repay both the principal and interest on their loan in accordance with their original contract. Following an assessment of the customer’s repayment capacity, a potential solution will be determined from the options available. There are a number of different types of forbearance options including interest and/or arrears capitalisation, interest rate adjustments, payment holidays, term extensions and equity swaps. These are detailed in the Credit Risk section 3.1. A request for a forbearance solution acts as a trigger for an impairment test. All loans that are assessed for a forbearance solution are tested for impairment under IAS 39 and where a loan is deemed impaired, an appropriate provision is raised to cover the difference between the loan’s carrying value and the present value of estimated future cashflows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. Where, having assessed the loan for impairment and the loan is not deemed to be impaired, it is included within the collective assessment as part of the IBNR provision calculation. 220 15 Impairment of financial assets (continued) Forbearance mortgage loans, classified as impaired, may be upgraded from impaired status, subject to a satisfactory assessment by the appropriate credit authority as to the borrower’s continuing ability and willingness to repay and confirmation that the relevant security held by the Group continues to be enforceable. In this regard, the borrower is required to display a satisfactory performance following the restructuring of the loan in accordance with new agreed terms, comprising typically, a period of twelve months of consecutive payments of full principal and interest and, the upgrade would initially be to Watch/Vulnerable grades. In some non-mortgage cases, based on assessment by the relevant credit authority, the upgrade out of impaired to performing status may be earlier than twelve months, as the debt may have been reduced to a sustainable level. Where upgraded out of impaired, loans are included in the Group’s collective assessment for IBNR provisions Where the terms on a renegotiated loan which has been subject to an impairment provision differ substantially from the original loan terms either in a quantitative or qualitative analysis, the original loan is derecognised and a new loan is recognised at fair value. Any difference between the carrying amount of the loan and the fair value of the new renegotiated loan terms is recognised in the income statement. Interest accrues on the new loan based on the current market rates in place at the time of the renegotiation. Where a loan has been subject to an impairment provision and the renegotiation leads to a customer granting equity to the Group in exchange for any loan balance outstanding, the new instrument is recognised at fair value with any difference to the loan carrying amount recognised in the income statement. Non-forbearance renegotiation Occasionally, the Group may temporarily amend the contractual repayments terms on a loan (e.g. payment moratorium) for a short period of time due to a temporary change in the life circumstances of the borrower. Because such events are not directly linked to repayment capacity, these amendments are not considered forbearance. The changes in expected cash flows are accounted for under IAS 39 paragraph AG8 i.e. the carrying amount of the loan is adjusted to reflect the revised estimated cash flows which are discounted at the original effective interest rate. Any adjustment to the carrying amount of the loan is reflected in the income statement. However, where the terms on a renegotiated loan differ substantially from the original loan terms either in a quantitative or qualitative analysis, the original loan is derecognised and a new loan is recognised at fair value. Any difference arising between the derecognised loan and the new loan is recognised in the income statement. Where a customer’s request for a modification to the original loan agreement is deemed not to be a forbearance request (i.e. the customer is not in financial difficulty to the extent that they are unable to repay both the principal and interest), these loans are not disaggregated for monitoring/reporting or IBNR assessment purposes. 16 Determination of fair value of financial instruments The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date in the principal, or in its absence, the most advantageous market to which the Group has access at that date. The Group considers the impact of non-performance risk when valuing its financial liabilities. Financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value and, with the exception of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, the initial carrying amount is adjusted for direct and incremental transaction costs. In the normal course of business, the fair value on initial recognition is the transaction price (fair value of consideration given or received). If the Group determines that the fair value at initial recognition differs from the transaction price and the fair value is determined by a quoted price in an active market for the same financial instrument, or by a valuation technique which uses only observable market inputs, the difference between the fair value at initial recognition and the transaction price is recognised as a gain or loss. If the fair value is calculated by a valuation technique that features significant market inputs that are not observable, the difference between the fair value at initial recognition and the transaction price is deferred. Subsequently, the difference is recognised in the income statement on an appropriate basis over the life of the financial instrument, but no later than when the valuation is supported by wholly observable inputs; the transaction matures; or is closed out. Subsequent to initial recognition, the methods used to determine the fair value of financial instruments include quoted prices in active markets where those prices are considered to represent actual and regularly occurring market transactions. Where quoted prices are not available or are unreliable because of market inactivity, fair values are determined using valuation techniques. These valuation techniques maximise the use of relevant observable inputs and minimise the use of unobservable inputs. The valuation techniques used incorporate the factors that market participants would take into account in pricing a transaction. Valuation techniques include the use of recent orderly transactions between market participants, reference to other similar instruments, option pricing models, discounted cash flow analysis and other valuation techniques commonly used by market participants. 221 Accounting policies (continued) 16 Determination of fair value of financial instruments (continued) Quoted prices in active markets Quoted market prices are used where those prices are considered to represent actual and regularly occurring market transactions for financial instruments in active markets. Valuations for negotiable instruments such as debt and equity securities are determined using bid prices for asset positions and offer prices for liability positions. Where securities are traded on an exchange, the fair value is based on prices from the exchange. The market for debt securities largely operates on an ‘over the counter’ basis which means that there is not an official clearing or exchange price for these security instruments. Therefore, market makers and/or investment banks (‘contributors’) publish bid and offer levels which reflect an indicative price that they are prepared to buy and sell a particular security. The Group’s valuation policy requires that the prices used in determining the fair value of securities quoted in active markets must be sourced from established market makers and/or investment banks. Valuation techniques In the absence of quoted market prices, and in the case of over-the-counter derivatives, fair value is calculated using valuation techniques. Fair value may be estimated using quoted market prices for similar instruments, adjusted for differences between the quoted instrument and the instrument being valued. Where the fair value is calculated using discounted cash flow analysis, the methodology is to use, to the extent possible, market data that is either directly observable or is implied from instrument prices, such as interest rate yield curves, equities and commodities prices, credit spreads, option volatilities and currency rates. In addition, the Group considers the impact of own credit risk and counterparty risk when valuing its derivative liabilities. The valuation methodology is to calculate the expected cash flows under the terms of each specific contract and then discount these values back to a present value. The assumptions involved in these valuation techniques include: – The likelihood and expected timing of future cash flows of the instrument. These cash flows are generally governed by the terms of the instrument, although management judgement may be required when the ability of the counterparty to service the instrument in accordance with the contractual terms is in doubt. In addition, future cash flows may also be sensitive to the occurrence of future events, including changes in market rates; and – Selecting an appropriate discount rate for the instrument, based on the interest rate yield curves including the determination of an appropriate spread for the instrument over the risk-free rate. The spread is adjusted to take into account the specific credit risk profile of the exposure. All adjustments in the calculation of the present value of future cash flows are based on factors market participants would take into account in pricing the financial instrument. Certain financial instruments (both assets and liabilities) may be valued on the basis of valuation techniques that feature one or more significant market inputs that are not observable. When applying a valuation technique with unobservable data, estimates are made to reflect uncertainties in fair values resulting from a lack of market data, for example, as a result of illiquidity in the market. For these instruments, the fair value measurement is less reliable. Inputs into valuations based on non-observable data are inherently uncertain because there is little or no current market data available from which to determine the price at which an orderly transaction between market participants would occur under current market conditions. However, in most cases there is some market data available on which to base a determination of fair value, for example historical data, and the fair values of most financial instruments will be based on some market observable inputs even where the non-observable inputs are significant. All unobservable inputs used in valuation techniques reflect the assumptions market participants would use when fair valuing the financial instrument. The Group tests the outputs of the valuation model to ensure that it reflects current market conditions. The calculation of fair value for any financial instrument may require adjustment of the quoted price or the valuation technique output to reflect the cost of credit risk and the liquidity of the market, if market participants would include one, where these are not embedded in underlying valuation techniques or prices used. The choice of contributors, the quality of market data used for pricing, and the valuation techniques used are all subject to internal review and approval procedures. Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy The Group recognises transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period during which the change occurred. 222 17 Valuation of NAMA senior bonds NAMA senior bonds were received as consideration for financial assets transferred to NAMA and also as part of the ‘Anglo’ and ‘EBS’ transactions. These bonds are designated as loans and receivables and are separately disclosed in the statement of financial position as ‘NAMA senior bonds’. The bases for measurement, interest recognition and impairment are the same as those for loans and receivables (see accounting policy numbers 6, 15 and 18). At initial recognition, the bonds were measured at fair value. The bonds carry a guarantee of the Irish Government, however, they are not marketable instruments. The only secondary market activity in the instruments is their sale and repurchase (‘repo’) to the European Central Bank (“ECB”) within the regular Eurosystem open market operations. The bonds are not traded in the market and there are no comparable bonds trading in the market. The fair value on initial recognition was determined using a valuation technique. The absence of quoted prices in an active market required increased use of management judgement in the estimation of fair value. This judgement included but was not limited to: evaluating available market information; evaluating relevant features of the instruments which market participants would factor into an appropriate valuation technique; determining the cash flows generated by the instruments including cash flows from assumed repo transactions; identifying a risk free discount rate; and applying an appropriate credit spread. 18 Financial assets The Group classifies its financial assets into the following categories: - financial assets at fair value through profit or loss; loans and receivables; and available for sale financial assets. Purchases and sales of financial assets are recognised on trade date, being the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the assets. Loans are recognised when cash is advanced to the borrowers. Interest is calculated using the effective interest method and credited to the income statement. Dividends on available for sale equity securities are recognised in the income statement when the entity’s right to receive payment is established. Impairment losses and translation differences on the amortised cost of monetary items are recognised in the income statement. Financial assets are derecognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or when the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss This category can have two sub categories: - Financial assets held for trading; and those designated at fair value through profit or loss at inception. A financial asset is classified in this category if it is acquired principally for the purpose of selling in the near term; part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit taking; or if it is so designated at initial recognition by management, subject to certain criteria. The assets are recognised initially at fair value and transaction costs are taken directly to the income statement. Interest and dividends on assets within this category are reported in interest income, and dividend income, respectively. Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are included directly in the income statement within net trading income. Derivatives are also classified in this category unless they have been designated as hedges or qualify as financial guarantee contracts. Loans and receivables Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market and which are not classified as available for sale. They arise when the Group provides money or services directly to a customer with no intention of trading the loan. Loans and receivables are initially recognised at fair value adjusted for direct and incremental transaction costs and are subsequently carried on an amortised cost basis. Available for sale Available for sale financial assets are non-derivative financial investments that are designated as available for sale and are not categorised into any of the other categories described above. Available for sale financial assets are those intended to be held for an indefinite period of time, which may be sold in response to needs for liquidity or changes in interest rates, exchange rates or equity prices. Available for sale financial assets are initially recognised at fair value adjusted for direct and incremental transaction costs. They are subsequently held at fair value. Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are included in other comprehensive income until sale or impairment when the cumulative gain or loss is transferred to the income statement as a recycling adjustment. Assets reclassified from the held for trading category are recognised at fair value. 223 Accounting policies (continued) Parent Company financial statements: Investment in subsidiary and associated undertakings The Company accounts for investments in subsidiary and associated undertakings that are not classified as held for sale at cost less provisions for impairment. If the investment is classified as held for sale, the Company accounts for it at the lower of its carrying value and fair value less costs to sell. Dividends from a subsidiary or an associated undertaking are recognised in the income statement, when the Company’s right to receive the dividend is established. 19 Financial liabilities Issued financial instruments or their components are classified as liabilities where the substance of the contractual arrangement results in the Group having a present obligation to either deliver cash or another financial asset to the holder, to exchange financial instruments on terms that are potentially unfavourable or to satisfy the obligation otherwise than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of equity shares. Financial liabilities are initially recognised at fair value, being their issue proceeds (fair value of consideration received), net of transaction costs incurred. Financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost, with any difference between the proceeds net of transaction costs and the redemption value recognised in the income statement using the effective interest method. Where financial liabilities are classified as trading they are also initially recognised at fair value with the related transaction costs taken directly to the income statement. Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are recognised directly in the income statement within net trading income. Preference shares which carry a mandatory coupon, are classified as financial liabilities. The dividends on these preference shares are recognised in the income statement as interest expense using the effective interest method. The Group derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged, cancelled or expired. Any gain or loss on the extinguishment or remeasurement of a financial liability is recognised in profit or loss. 20 Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, or deemed cost, less accumulated depreciation and provisions for impairment, if any. Additions and subsequent expenditures are capitalised only to the extent that they enhance the future economic benefits expected to be derived from the asset. No depreciation is provided on freehold land. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated on a straight line basis over their estimated useful economic lives. Depreciation is calculated based on the gross carrying amount, less the estimated residual value at the end of the assets’ economic lives. The Group uses the following useful lives when calculating depreciation: Freehold buildings and long-leasehold property 50 years Short leasehold property life of lease, up to 50 years Costs of adaptation of freehold and leasehold property Branch properties Office properties Computers and similar equipment Fixtures and fittings and other equipment up to 10 years(1) up to 15 years(1) 3 – 7 years 5 – 10 years The Group reviews its depreciation rates regularly, at least annually, to take account of any change in circumstances. When deciding on useful lives and methods, the principal factors that the Group takes into account are the expected rate of technological developments and expected market requirements for, and the expected pattern of usage of, the assets. When reviewing residual values, the Group estimates the amount that it would currently obtain for the disposal of the asset, after deducting the estimated cost of disposal if the asset was already of the age and condition expected at the end of its useful life. Gains and losses on disposal of property, plant and equipment are included in the income statement. It is Group policy not to revalue its property, plant and equipment. (1)Subject to the maximum remaining life of the lease. 21 Intangible assets Goodwill Goodwill may arise on the acquisition of subsidiary and associated undertakings. The excess arising on the fair value of the consideration paid in a business combination over the acquired interests in the fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities at the date of acquisition is capitalised as goodwill. For the purpose of calculating goodwill, fair values of acquired assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities are determined by reference to market values or by discounting expected future cash flows to present value. This discounting is performed either using market rates or by using risk-free rates and risk adjusted expected future cash flows. 224 21 Intangible assets (continued) Goodwill is capitalised and reviewed annually for impairment, or more frequently when there are indications that impairment may have occurred. Goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units for the purpose of impairment testing. Goodwill arising on the acquisition of an associated undertaking is included in the carrying amount of the investment in the consolidated financial statements. Gains or losses on the disposal of an entity include the carrying amount of the goodwill relating to the entity sold. Goodwill previously written off to reserves under Irish GAAP has not been reinstated and will not be included in calculating any subsequent profit or loss on disposal. Computer software and other intangible assets Computer software and other intangible assets are stated at cost, less amortisation on a straight line basis and provisions for impairment, if any. The identifiable and directly associated external and internal costs of acquiring and developing software are capitalised where the software is controlled by the Group, and where it is probable that future economic benefits that exceed its cost will flow from its use over more than one year. Costs associated with maintaining software are recognised as an expense when incurred. Capitalised computer software is amortised over 3 to 7 years. Other intangible assets are amortised over the life of the asset. Computer software and other intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. Intangible assets not yet available for use are reviewed for impairment on an annual basis. 22 Derivatives and hedge accounting Derivatives, such as interest rate swaps, options and forward rate agreements, currency swaps and options, and equity index options are used for trading purposes while interest rate swaps, currency swaps, cross currency interest rate swaps and credit derivatives are used for hedging purposes. The Group maintains trading positions in a variety of financial instruments including derivatives. Trading transactions arise both as a result of activity generated by customers and from proprietary trading with a view to generating incremental income. Non-trading derivative transactions comprise transactions held for hedging purposes as part of the Group’s risk management strategy against assets, liabilities, positions and cash flows. Derivatives Derivatives are measured initially at fair value on the date on which the derivative contract is entered into and subsequently remeasured at fair value. Fair values are obtained from quoted market prices in active markets, including recent market transactions, and from valuation techniques using discounted cash flow models and option pricing models as appropriate. Derivatives are included in assets when their fair value is positive, and in liabilities when their fair value is negative, unless there is the legal ability and intention to settle an asset and liability on a net basis. The best evidence of the fair value of a derivative at initial recognition is the transaction price (i.e. the fair value of the consideration given or received) unless the fair value of that instrument is evidenced by comparison with other observable current market transactions in the same instrument (i.e. without modification or repackaging) or based on a valuation technique whose variables include only data from observable markets. Profits or losses are only recognised on initial recognition of derivatives when there are observable current market transactions or valuation techniques that are based on observable market inputs. Embedded derivatives Some hybrid contracts contain both a derivative and a non-derivative component. In such cases, the derivative component is termed an embedded derivative. Where the economic characteristics and risks of embedded derivatives are not closely related to those of the host contract, and the hybrid contract itself is not carried at fair value through profit or loss, the embedded derivative is treated as a separate derivative, and reported at fair value with gains and losses being recognised in the income statement. Hedging All derivatives are carried at fair value and the accounting treatment of the resulting fair value gain or loss depends on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument, and if so, the nature of the item being hedged. Where derivatives are held for risk management purposes, and where transactions meet the criteria specified in IAS 39 ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement’, the Group designates certain derivatives as either: – – – hedges of the fair value of recognised assets or liabilities or firm commitments (‘fair value hedge’); or hedges of the exposure to variability of cash flows attributable to a recognised asset or liability, or a highly probable forecasted transaction (‘cash flow hedge’); or hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation. When a financial instrument is designated as a hedge, the Group formally documents the relationship between the hedging instrument and hedged item as well as its risk management objectives and its strategy for undertaking the various hedging transactions. The Group also documents its assessment, both at hedge inception and on an ongoing basis, of whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items. 225 Accounting policies (continued) 22 Derivatives and hedge accounting (continued) The Group discontinues hedge accounting when: it is determined that a derivative is not, or has ceased to be, highly effective as a hedge; the derivative expires, or is sold, terminated, or exercised; the hedged item matures or is sold or repaid; or a) b) c) d) a forecast transaction is no longer deemed highly probable. To the extent that the changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative differ from changes in the fair value of the hedged risk in the hedged item; or the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedging derivative differs from the cumulative change in the fair value of expected future cash flows of the hedged item, ineffectiveness arises. The amount of ineffectiveness, (taking into account the timing of the expected cash flows, where relevant) provided it is not so great as to disqualify the entire hedge for hedge accounting, is recorded in the income statement. In certain circumstances, the Group may decide to cease hedge accounting even though the hedge relationship continues to be highly effective by no longer designating the financial instrument as a hedge. Fair value hedge accounting Changes in fair value of derivatives that qualify and are designated as fair value hedges are recorded in the income statement, together with changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk. If the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the fair value hedging adjustment cumulatively made to the carrying value of the hedged item is, for items carried at amortised cost, amortised over the period to maturity of the previously designated hedge relationship using the effective interest method. For available for sale financial assets, the fair value adjustment for hedged items is recognised in the income statement using the effective interest method. If the hedged item is sold or repaid, the unamortised fair value adjustment is recognised immediately in the income statement. Cash flow hedge accounting The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is initially recognised directly in other comprehensive income and included in the cash flow hedging reserve in the statement of changes in equity. The amount recognised in other comprehensive income is reclassed to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment in the same period as the hedged cash flows affect profit or loss, and in the same line item in the statement of comprehensive income. Any ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised in the income statement immediately. When a hedging instrument expires or is sold, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income from the time when the hedge was effective remains in equity and is reclassified to the income statement as a reclassification adjustment as the forecast transaction affects profit or loss. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss that was recognised in other comprehensive income from the period when the hedge was effective is reclassified to the income statement. Net investment hedge Hedges of net investments in foreign operations, including monetary items that are accounted for as part of the net investment, are accounted for similarly to cash flow hedges. The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the income statement. The cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in other comprehensive income is recognised in the income statement on the disposal or partial disposal of the foreign operation. Hedges of net investments may include non-derivative liabilities as well as derivative financial instruments. Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting Certain derivative contracts entered into as economic hedges do not qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of these derivative instruments are recognised immediately in the income statement. 23 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations Discontinued operations A discontinued operation is a component of the Group’s business that represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, or is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale, that has been disposed of, has been abandoned or that meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale. Discontinued operations are presented in the income statement (including comparatives) as a separate amount, comprising the total of the post tax profit or loss of the discontinued operations for the period together with any post-tax gain or loss recognised on the measurement of relevant assets to fair value less costs to sell, or on disposal of the assets/disposal groups constituting discontinued operations. In presenting interest income and interest expense and various expenses relating to discontinued operations, account is taken of the continuance or otherwise of these income statement items post disposal of the discontinued operation. Corporate 226 23 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations (continued) overhead, which was previously allocated to the business being disposed of, is considered to be part of continuing operations. In the statement of financial position, the assets and liabilities of discontinued operations are shown within the caption ‘Disposal groups and non-current assets/(liabilities) held for sale’ separate from other assets and liabilities. On reclassification as discontinued operations, there is no restatement in the statement of financial position of prior periods for assets and liabilities held for sale. Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale A non-current asset or a disposal group comprising assets and liabilities is classified as held for sale if it is expected that its carrying amount will be recovered principally through sale rather than through continuing use, it is available for immediate sale and sale is highly probable within one year. For the sale to be highly probable, the appropriate level of management must be committed to a plan to sell the asset or disposal group. On initial classification as held for sale, generally, non-current assets and disposal groups are measured at the lower of previous carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell with any adjustments taken to the income statement. The same applies to gains and losses on subsequent remeasurement. However, financial assets within the scope of IAS 39 continue to be measured in accordance with that standard. Impairment losses subsequent to classification of assets as held for sale are recognised in the income statement. Subsequent increases in fair value less costs to sell of assets that have been classified as held for sale are recognised in the income statement to the extent that the increase is not in excess of any cumulative impairment loss previously recognised in respect of the asset. Assets classified as held for sale are not depreciated. Gains and losses on remeasurement and impairment losses subsequent to classification as disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale are shown within continuing operations in the income statement, unless they qualify as discontinued operations. Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale which are not classified as discontinued operations are presented separately from other assets and liabilities on the statement of financial position. Prior periods are not reclassified. Acquisition of a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to its resale A subsidiary that is acquired and held exclusively for disposal and meets the definition of an asset held for sale is not excluded from consolidation. However, it is measured and accounted for under IFRS 5 Non-Current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations, initially at fair value less costs to sell. It is consolidated but the results of the subsidiary are treated as a discontinued operation. AIB acquired its investment in Ark Life in March 2013 with a view to its resale. Accordingly, AIB has adopted the approach set out in IFRS 5 implementation guidance, example 13, in accounting for its investment in Ark Life at the acquisition date and at subsequent reporting dates. This requires the entity being disposed of to be valued at the lower of its carrying value and its fair value less costs to sell at each reporting date. Individual assets and liabilities of the entity acquired with a view to resale are not fair valued. For presentation purposes in the statement of financial position, the entity’s identifiable liabilities are measured at fair value and this amount is added to the fair value less costs to sell figure to ascertain the value of the assets to be disclosed. Separate analysis of individual assets and liabilities is not required in the notes to the financial statements. Inter-company assets and liabilities are eliminated against the carrying amount of the disposal group where applicable. Inter-company interest income/expense of the continuing group is recorded in the consolidated income statement. Hedge accounting for deposits accepted by AIB from Ark Life was discontinued with effect from the acquisition date of Ark Life. 24 Collateral and netting The Group enters into master netting agreements with counterparties, to ensure that if an event of default occurs, all amounts outstanding with those counterparties will be settled on a net basis. Collateral The Group obtains collateral in respect of customer receivables where this is considered appropriate. The collateral normally takes the form of a lien over the customer’s assets and gives the Group a claim on these assets for both existing and future customer liabilities. The collateral is, in general, not recorded on the statement of financial position. The Group also receives collateral in the form of cash or securities in respect of other credit instruments, such as stock borrowing contracts and derivative contracts in order to reduce credit risk. Collateral received in the form of securities is not recorded on the statement of financial position. Collateral received in the form of cash is recorded on the statement of financial position with a corresponding liability. Therefore, in the case of cash collateral, these amounts are assigned to deposits received from banks or other counterparties . Any interest payable or receivable arising is recorded as interest expense or interest income respectively. 227 Accounting policies (continued) 24 Collateral and netting (continued) In certain circumstances, the Group will pledge collateral in respect of its own liabilities or borrowings. Collateral pledged in the form of securities or loans and receivables continues to be recorded on the statement of financial position. Collateral paid away in the form of cash is recorded in loans and receivables to banks or customers. Any interest payable or receivable arising is recorded as interest expense or interest income respectively. Netting Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the statement of financial position if, and only if, there is a currently enforceable legal right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. This is not generally the case with master netting agreements, therefore, the related assets and liabilities are presented gross on the statement of financial position. 25 Financial guarantees Financial guarantees are given to banks, financial institutions and other bodies on behalf of customers to secure loans, overdrafts and other banking facilities (‘facility guarantees’) and to other parties in connection with the performance of customers under obligations relating to contracts, advance payments made by other parties, tenders, retentions and the payment of import duties. In its normal course of business, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (the parent company) issues financial guarantees to other Group entities. Financial guarantees are initially recognised in the financial statements at fair value on the date that the guarantee is given. Subsequent to initial recognition, the Group’s liabilities under such guarantees are measured at the higher of the initial measurement, less amortisation calculated to recognise in the income statement the fee income earned over the period, and the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle any financial obligation arising as a result of the guarantees at the year-end reporting date. Any increase in the liability relating to guarantees is taken to the income statement in provisions for undrawn contractually committed facilities and guarantees. 26 Sale and repurchase agreements (including stock borrowing and lending) Financial assets may be lent or sold subject to a commitment to repurchase them (‘repos’). Such securities are retained on the statement of financial position when substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership remain with the Group. The liability to the counterparty is included separately on the statement of financial position. Similarly, when securities are purchased subject to a commitment to resell (‘reverse repos’), or where the Group borrows securities, but does not acquire the risks and rewards of ownership, the transactions are treated as collateralised loans, and the securities are not usually included in the statement of financial position. The difference between the sale and repurchase price is accrued over the life of the agreements using the effective interest method. Securities lent to counterparties are also retained in the financial statements. The exception to this is where these are sold to third parties, at which point the obligation to repurchase the securities is recorded as a trading liability at fair value and any subsequent gain or loss included in trading income. 27 Leases Lessor Assets leased to customers are classified as finance leases if the lease agreements transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, with or without ultimate legal title. When assets are held subject to a finance lease, the present value of the lease payments, discounted at the rate of interest implicit in the lease, is recognised as a receivable. The difference between the total payments receivable under the lease and the present value of the receivable is recognised as unearned finance income, which is allocated to accounting periods under the pre-tax net investment method to reflect a constant periodic rate of return. Assets leased to customers are classified as operating leases if the lease agreements do not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. The leased assets are included within property, plant and equipment on the statement of financial position and depreciation is provided on the depreciable amount of these assets on a systematic basis over their estimated useful lives. Lease income is recognised on a straight line basis over the period of the lease unless another systematic basis is more appropriate. Lessee Operating lease rentals payable are recognised as an expense in the income statement on a straight line basis over the lease term unless another systematic basis is more appropriate. 28 Shareholders’ equity Issued financial instruments, or their components, are classified as equity where they meet the definition of equity and confer on the holder a residual interest in the assets of the Group. On extinguishment of equity instruments, gains or losses arising are recognised net of tax directly in the statement of changes in equity. 228 28 Shareholders’ equity (continued) Share capital Share capital represents funds raised by issuing shares in return for cash or other consideration. Share capital comprises ordinary shares, deferred shares and preference shares of the entity. Share premium When shares are issued at a premium whether for cash or otherwise, the excess of the amount received over the par value of the shares is transferred to share premium. Share issue costs Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares or options are charged, net of tax, to the share premium account. Dividends and distributions Dividends on ordinary shares are recognised in equity in the period in which they are approved by the Company’s shareholders, or in the case of the interim dividend when it has been approved for payment by the Board of Directors. Dividends declared after the year-end reporting date are disclosed in note 62. Dividends on preference shares accounted for as equity are recognised in equity when approved for payment by the Board of Directors. Capital reserves Capital reserves represent transfers from retained earnings in accordance with relevant legislation. Revaluation reserves Revaluation reserves represent the unrealised surplus, net of tax, which arose on revaluation of properties prior to the implementation of IFRS at 1 January 2004. Capital redemption reserves These reserves arose from the renominalisation of the ordinary shares of the company. Each ordinary share was subdivided into one ordinary share of € 0.01 each and thirty one deferred shares of € 0.01 each. The deferred shares were acquired by AIB and immediately cancelled. Following cancellation, the amount standing to the credit of the deferred shares account was transferred to a capital redemption reserves account. Available for sale securities reserves Available for sale securities reserves represent the net unrealised gain or loss, net of tax, arising from the recognition in the statement of financial position of available for sale financial investments at fair value. Cash flow hedging reserves Cash flow hedging reserves represent the net gains or losses, net of tax, on effective cash flow hedging instruments that will be reclassified to the income statement when the hedged transaction affects profit or loss. Capital contributions Capital contributions represent the receipt of non-refundable considerations arising from transactions with the Irish Government (note 54). These contributions comprise both financial and non-financial net assets. The contributions are classified as equity and may be either distributable or non-distributable. Capital contributions are distributable if the assets received are in the form of cash or another asset that is readily convertible to cash, otherwise, they are treated as non-distributable. Capital contributions arose during 2011 from (a) EBS transaction; (b) Anglo transaction; (c) issue of contingent capital notes; and (d) non-refundable receipts from the Irish Government and the NPRFC. The capital contribution from the EBS transaction is treated as non-distributable as the related net assets received are largely non-cash in nature. In the case of the Anglo transaction the excess of the assets over the liabilities comprised of NAMA senior bonds. On initial recognition, this excess was accounted for as a non-distributable capital contribution. However, according as NAMA repays these bonds, the proceeds received will be deemed to be distributable and the relevant amount will be transferred from the capital contribution account to revenue reserves. AIB issued contingent convertible capital notes to the Irish Government (note 40) where the proceeds of issue amounting to €1.6 billion exceeded the fair value of the instruments issued. This excess has been accounted for as a capital contribution and will be treated as distributable according as the fair value adjustment on the notes amortises to the income statement. 229 Accounting policies (continued) 28 Shareholders’ equity (continued) The non-refundable receipts of € 6,054 million from the Irish Government and the NPRFC are distributable. These are included in revenue reserves. Revenue reserves Revenue reserves represent retained earnings of the parent company, subsidiaries and associated undertakings. It is shown net of the cumulative deficit within the defined benefit pension schemes and other appropriate adjustments. Foreign currency translation reserves The foreign currency translation reserves represent the cumulative gains and losses on the retranslation of the Group’s net investment in foreign operations, at the rate of exchange at the year-end reporting date net of the cumulative gain or loss on instruments designated as net investment hedges. Treasury shares Where the Company or other members of the consolidated Group purchase the Company’s equity share capital, the consideration paid is deducted from total shareholders’ equity as treasury shares until they are cancelled. Where such shares are subsequently sold or re-issued, any consideration received is included in shareholders’ equity. Share based payments reserves The share based payment expense charged to the income statement is credited to the share based payment reserve over the vesting period of the shares and options. Upon grant of shares and exercise and lapsing of options, the amount in respect of the award credited to the share based payment reserves is transferred to revenue reserves. Non-controlling interests Non-controlling interests comprise both equity and other equity interests. Equity interests relate to the interests of outside shareholders in consolidated subsidiaries. Other equity interests relate to non-cumulative perpetual preferred securities issued by a subsidiary. 29 Insurance and investment contracts The Group accounted for its Long Term business in Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited (“ALH”) in accordance with IFRS 4 ‘Insurance Contracts’ up to the date on which it was classified as held for sale (accounting policy 23). Insurance contracts are those contracts containing significant insurance risk. In the case of life contracts, insurance risk exists if the amount payable on the occurrence of an insured event exceeds the assets backing the contract, or could do so in certain circumstances, and the product of the probability of the insured event occurring and the excess amount payable has commercial substance. In particular, guaranteed equity bonds which guarantee a return of the original premium irrespective of the current value of the backing assets are deemed to be insurance contracts notwithstanding that at the year-end reporting date there may be no excess of the original premium over the backing assets. Investment contracts are contracts that do not have significant insurance risk. Insurance contracts The Group accounts for its insurance contracts using the Market Consistent Embedded Value Principles (“MCEV”), published by the CFO Forum. The embedded value comprises two components: the net assets attributable to the Group and the present value of the in-force business (“VIF”). The change in the VIF before tax is accounted for as revenue. The value is estimated as the net present value of future cash flows attributable to the Group before tax, based on the market value of the assets at the year-end reporting date, using assumptions that reflect experience and a long-term outlook for the economy and then discounting at an appropriate risk free yield curve rate. Insurance contract liabilities are calculated on a statutory basis. Premiums are recognised as revenue when due from the policyholder. Claims, which together with the increase in insurance contract liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise, are the cost of all claims arising during the period. Investment contracts Investment contracts are primarily unit-linked. Unit linked liabilities are deemed equal to the value of units attaching to contracts at the year-end reporting date. The liability is measured at fair value, which is the bid value of the assets held to match the liability. Increases in investment contract liabilities are recognised in the income statement as they arise. Revenue in relation to investment management services is recognised as the services are provided. Certain upfront fees and charges have been deferred and are recognised as income over the life of the contract. Premiums and claims are accounted for directly in the statement of financial position as adjustments to the investment contract liability. 230 30 Segment reporting An operating segment is a component of the Group that engages in business activities from which it earns revenues and incurs expenses. The Group has identified reportable segments on the basis of internal reports about components of the Group that are regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in order to allocate resources to the segment and assess its performance. Based on this identification, the reportable segments are the operating segments within the Group, the head of each being a member of the Leadership Team. The Leadership Team is the CODM and it relies primarily on the management accounts to assess performance of the reportable segments and when making resource allocation decisions. Transactions between operating segments are on normal commercial terms and conditions, with internal charges and transfer pricing adjustments reflected in the performance of each operating segment. Revenue sharing agreements are used to allocate external customer revenues to an operating segment on a reasonable basis. Geographical segments provide products and services within a particular economic environment that is subject to risks and rewards that are different to those components operating in other economic environments. The geographical distribution of profit before taxation is based primarily on the location of the office recording the transaction. In addition, geographic distribution of loans and related impairment is also based on the location of the office recording the transaction. 31 Cash and cash equivalents For the purposes of the cash flow statement, cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits, and cash equivalents comprise highly liquid investments that are convertible into cash with an insignificant risk of changes in value and with original maturities of less than three months. 231 Accounting policies (continued) 32 Prospective accounting changes The following new accounting standards and amendments to existing standards approved by the IASB, but not early adopted by the Group, will impact the Group’s financial reporting in future periods. The Group is currently considering the impacts of these amendments. The new accounting standards and amendments which are more relevant to the Group are detailed below. Pronouncement Nature of change Amendments to IAS 32 Financial instruments: Presentation on Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities The amendments to IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation clarify that the right of set-off must be currently available and legally enforceable for all counterparties in the normal course of business, as well as in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy. Amendments to IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements, IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities and IAS 27 Separate Financial Statements on Investment Entities In October 2012, the IASB issued Investment Entities (Amendments to IFRS 10, IFRS 12 and IAS 27). The amendments provide an exception for investment entities to consolidate particular subsidiaries. These subsidiaries should be measured at fair value through profit and loss. The amendments also set out the disclosure requirements for investment entities. IASB effective date IAS 32: Annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2014 Annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2014 Amendments to IAS 36 Impairment of Assets on Recoverable Amount Disclosures for Non-Financial As part of the development of IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement, the IASB amended IAS 36 to require disclosures about the Annual periods beginning on or after recoverable amount of impaired assets. The amendments published 1 January 2014 Assets in May 2013 clarify that the scope of these disclosures is limited to the recoverable amount of impaired assets that is based on fair value less costs of disposal. The amendments require an entity to disclose: – the level of the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value of the asset is categorised; – a description of the valuation technique(s) used to measure the fair value less costs of disposal, where the fair value measurement is categorised within Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy; – the key assumptions which management has based its determination of fair value less costs of disposal, where the fair value measurement is categorised within Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy; and – the discount rates used to determine current and previous impairments where the recoverable amount of impaired assets, based on fair value less costs of disposal, was measured using a present value technique. The amendment is still subject to EU endorsement. Amendments to IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement on Novation of Derivatives and Continuation of The amendment to IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement provides an exception to the requirement to discontinue hedge accounting where a hedging derivative is novated, provided Annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2014 certain criteria are met. The amendment applies to novations: Hedge Accounting – which arise due to laws or regulations, or the introduction of laws or regulations; – where the parties to the hedging instrument agree that one or more clearing counterparties replace their original counterparty to become the new counterparty to each of the parties; and – that did not result in changes to the terms of the original derivative except the changes directly attributable to the change in counterparty to achieve clearing. All of the above criteria must be met to continue hedge accounting under this exception. The amendment is still subject to EU endorsement. 232 32 Prospective accounting changes (continued) Pronouncement Nature of change IASB effective date Annual improvements to IFRSs 2010–2012 cycle In December 2013, the IASB issued Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2010 – 2012 Cycle. The amendments to standards under the annual improvements process are primarily to remove inconsistencies and clarify wording. Annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2014 The amendments are to seven International Financial Reporting Standards. The more relevant amendments are: IFRS 2 Share-based payments The amendment clarifies the definition of ‘vesting conditions’ by defining a ‘performance condition’ and a ‘service condition’. IFRS 3 Business Combinations The amendments clarify that: – a contingent consideration is assessed as either a liability or an equity instrument only on the basis of IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation; – contingent consideration that is within the scope of IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement is measured at fair value at each reporting date and changes in fair value are recognised in profit or loss in accordance with IAS 39; and – contingent consideration that is not within the scope of IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement is measured at fair value at each reporting date and changes in fair value are recognised in profit or loss. IFRS 8 Operating Segments The amendment requires an entity to disclose the judgements made by management to identify the entity’s reportable segments when operating segments are aggregated. The amendment clarifies that a reconciliation of the total of the reportable segments’ assets to the entity’s assets should be disclosed, if that amount is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement The amendment clarifies that amendments to IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement by IFRS 13 did not remove the ability to measure short -term receivables and payables with no stated interest rate at invoice amounts without discounting, when the effect of not discounting is immaterial. None of the above amendments is expected to have a significant impact on reported results or disclosures. The amendments are still subject to EU endorsement. 233 Accounting policies (continued) 2 Prospective accounting changes (continued) Pronouncement Nature of change IASB effective date Annual improvements to IFRSs 2011-2013 Cycle In December 2013, the IASB issued Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2011– 2013 Cycle. The amendments to standards under the annual improvements process are primarily to remove inconsistencies and clarify wording. The more relevant amendments to AIB Group are: Annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2014 IFRS 3 Business Combinations The amendment clarifies that the accounting for the formation of a joint arrangement in the financial statements of the joint arrangement itself is not within the scope of IFRS 3. IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement The amendment clarifies that the scope of the portfolio exception defined in paragraph 52 of IFRS 13 includes all contracts accounted for within the scope of IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement or IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, irrespective of whether they meet the definition of financial assets or financial liabilities as defined in IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation. None of the above amendments is expected to have a significant impact on reported results or disclosures. The amendments are still subject to EU endorsement. IFRS 9 Financial Instruments IFRS 9 will ultimately replace IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. This project consists of three main phases: Annual periods beginning 1 January 2018 Phase 1: Classification and measurement In November 2009, the IASB issued IFRS 9 Financial Instruments covering classification and measurement of financial assets. The new standard aims to enhance the ability of investors and other users of financial information to understand the accounting for financial assets and to reduce complexity. IFRS 9 uses a single approach to determine whether a financial asset is measured at amortised cost or fair value. The basis of classification depends on how an entity manages its financial instruments (its business model) and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets. The IASB reissued IFRS 9 in October 2010. The revised standard incorporated new requirements on accounting for financial liabilities, and carried over the requirements for derecognition of financial assets and liabilities from IAS 39. Phase 2: Impairment methodology The IASB published the Exposure Draft Financial Instruments: Expected Credit Losses in March 2013. The comment period closed on 5 July 2013 and redeliberations are on-going. Phase 3: Hedge accounting In November 2013, the IASB issued an update to IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Hedge Accounting and amendments to IFRS 9, IFRS 7 and IAS 39). This includes new hedge accounting requirements and some related amendments to IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures. 234 32 Prospective accounting changes (continued) Pronouncement Nature of change IASB effective date IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (continued) This phase replaces the rule-based hedge accounting requirements in IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement to more closely align the accounting with risk management activities. The objective of this phase is to improve the ability of investors to understand risk management activities and to assess the amounts, timing and uncertainty of future cash flows. This update to IFRS 9 does not deal with macro hedging which is scheduled for a Discussion Paper in 2014. The main areas of change to hedge accounting are as follows: – Risk component – this may be designated as the hedged item, for both financial and non-financial items, if the risk component is separately identifiable and reliably measurable; – Hedge effectiveness testing – the 80-125% range is replaced by an objectives-based test which focuses on the economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument and the effect of credit risk on the economic relationship; – Costs of hedging – the time value of an option, the forward element of a forward contract and any foreign currency basis spread may be excluded from the designation of a financial instrument as the hedging instrument and accounted for as costs of hedging; – Groups of items – more designations of groups of items as the hedged item are possible; – Disclosures – more extensive disclosures are required. IFRS 9 (2013) also includes a change resulting from other phases of the IASB’s financial instruments project: – IFRS 9 requires that changes in the fair value of an entity’s own debt caused by changes in its own credit quality to be recognised in other comprehensive income rather than in profit or loss. Under a ‘fast-track’ option, entities can apply these requirements of IFRS 9 early without applying the other IFRS 9 requirements at the same time. Since some significant aspects of the standard have yet to be finalised, namely, impairment and macro hedging, it is impracticable for the Group to quantify the impact of IFRS 9 at this stage. However, the implementation and the impact of the standard are likely to be significant. The new standard is subject to EU endorsement. Amendments to IAS 19 Employee Benefits In November 2013, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 19 dealing Annual periods with ‘Defined Benefit Plans – Employee Contributions’. These beginning on or after amendments will not impact AIB Group as all the defined benefit 1 July 2014 schemes were closed to future accrual with effect from 31 December 2013. 235  Consolidated income statement for the year ended 31 December 2013 Continuing operations Interest and similar income Interest expense and similar charges Net interest income Dividend income Fee and commission income Fee and commission expense Net trading income/(loss) Gain on redemption/remeasurement of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Loss on disposal/transfer of loans and receivables Other operating income Other income/(loss) Total operating income Administrative expenses Impairment and amortisation of intangible assets Impairment and depreciation of property, plant and equipment Total operating expenses Operating profit/(loss) before provisions (Provisions) for impairment on loans and receivables (Provisions)/writeback of provisions for liabilities and commitments Notes 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 32 33 27 39 Writeback/(provisions) for impairment on financial investments available for sale 13 2013 € m 3,321 (1,973) 1,348 4 414 (36) 102 – (226) 104 362 1,710 (1,359) (73) (51) (1,483) 227 (1,916) (17) 9 Operating loss Associated undertakings Profit/(loss) on disposal of property Profit on disposal of businesses Loss before taxation from continuing operations Income tax credit from continuing operations Loss after taxation from continuing operations Discontinued operations Profit after taxation from discontinued operations Loss for the year Attributable to: Owners of the parent: Loss from continuing operations Profit from discontinued operations Loss for the year attributable to owners of the parent Non-controlling interests: Profit from discontinued operations Profit for the year attributable to non-controlling interests Basic (loss)/earnings per share Continuing operations Discontinued operations Diluted (loss)/earnings per share Continuing operations Discontinued operations 30 14 15 17 18 19(a) 19(a) 19(b) 19(b) Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m 3,916 (2,810) 1,106 1 396 (29) (100) – (803) 50 (485) 621 4,429 (3,079) 1,350 4 470 (29) (113) 3,277 (686) 67 2,990 4,340 (1,716) (1,636) (60) (60) (1,836) (1,215) (2,434) (9) (86) (1,697) (3,744) 7 2 1 (1,687) 90 (1,597) 10 2 3 (3,729) 172 (3,557) – – (1,597) (3,557) (1,597) (3,557) – – (1,597) (3,557) – – – – (66) (49) (1,751) 2,589 (7,861) 416 (283) (5,139) (37) (1) 38 (5,139) 1,193 (3,946) 1,628 (2,318) (3,946) 1,608 (2,338) 20 20 (1,597) (3,557) (2,318) (0.3c) – (0.3c) (0.3c) – (0.3c) (0.7c) – (0.7c) (0.7c) – (0.7c) (1.6c) 0.7c (0.9c) (1.6c) 0.7c (0.9c) *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). David Hodgkinson, Chairman; David Duffy, Chief Executive Officer; Catherine Woods, Director; David O’Callaghan, Company Secretary. 236 Consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December 2013 Loss for the year Other comprehensive income – continuing operations Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss: Net change in property revaluation reserves Net actuarial losses in retirement benefit schemes, net of tax Total items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss: Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: Net change in foreign currency translation reserves Net change in cash flow hedges, net of tax Net change in fair value of available for sale securities, net of tax Share of other comprehensive income of associates, net of tax Notes 17 17 17 Total items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax from continuing operations Other comprehensive income – discontinued operations Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: Net change in foreign currency translation reserves Net change in cash flow hedges, net of tax Net change in fair value of available for sale securities, net of tax Total items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax, from discontinued operations Total other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax Total comprehensive income for the year Attributable to: Owners of the parent: Continuing operations Discontinued operations Non-controlling interests: Discontinued operations Total comprehensive income for the year *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 2013 € m Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m (1,597) (3,557) (2,318) (1) 251 250 (9) (18) 513 – 486 736 – – – – – 736 (861) (861) – (861) – (861) (2) (716) (718) 34 (162) 1,295 – 1,167 449 – – – – – 449 – (438) (438) (11) (209) 112 4 (104) (542) (134) 1 (74) (207) (207) (749) (3,108) (3,067) (3,108) – (3,108) (4,488) 1,409 (3,079) – 12 (3,108) (3,067) David Hodgkinson, Chairman; David Duffy, Chief Executive Officer; Catherine Woods, Director; David O’Callaghan, Company Secretary. 237  Consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 December 2013 Assets Cash and balances at central banks Items in course of collection Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Interests in associated undertakings Intangible assets Property, plant and equipment Other assets Current taxation Deferred taxation Prepayments and accrued income Retirement benefit assets Total assets Liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Disposal groups held for sale Derivative financial instruments Debt securities in issue Current taxation Other liabilities Accruals and deferred income Retirement benefit liabilities Provisions for liabilities and commitments Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity Share capital Share premium Reserves Notes 52 21 22 23 24 25 28 29 30 32 33 34 12 35 36 21 23 37 38 12 39 40 41 41 Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 2013 € m 4,132 164 2,782 2 1,629 2,048 65,713 15,598 20,368 58 176 301 242 1 3,828 609 83 Restated* 2012 € m 4,047 192 562 24 2,835 2,914 72,972 17,387 16,344 52 187 333 239 9 3,845 559 – 117,734 122,501 23,121 65,667 3,593 1,960 8,759 48 1,321 943 177 299 1,352 28,442 63,610 – 3,256 10,666 2 1,627 1,260 762 250 1,271 107,240 111,146 5,248 2,848 2,398 5,206 2,890 3,259 10,494 11,355 117,734 122,501 David Hodgkinson, Chairman; David Duffy, Chief Executive Officer; Catherine Woods, Director; David O’Callaghan, Company Secretary. 238  Consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended 31 December 2013 Reconciliation of loss before taxation to net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities Loss for the year from continuing operations before taxation (1,687) (3,729) (5,139) Notes 2013 € m Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m Adjustments for: Gain on redemption/remeasurement of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Profit on disposal of businesses (Profit)/loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment Loss on disposal/transfer of loans and receivables Dividend income Associated undertakings Impairment of associated undertakings Loss on disposal of associated undertaking Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables Provisions/(writeback of provisions) for liabilities and commitments 15 14 8 30 30 30 27 39 (Writeback)/provisions for impairment on financial investments available for sale 13 Change in other provisions Retirement benefits – defined benefit (credit)/expense Termination benefits Contributions to defined benefit pension schemes Depreciation, amortisation and impairment Interest on subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments (Profit)/loss on disposal of financial investments available for sale Remeasurement of NAMA senior bonds Amortisation of premiums and discounts Change in prepayments and accrued income Change in accruals and deferred income 12 12 32 & 33 3 9 28 – (1) (2) 226 (3) (16) 8 1 – (3) (2) 803 (14) (15) 5 – 1,916 2,434 17 (9) 84 (131) (3) (234) 124 241 (41) (62) (57) (51) (316) 9 86 175 (123) 132 (236) 120 223 (31) – (128) 114 153 (3,277) (38) 1 686 (5) 1 36 – 7,861 (416) 283 80 60 – (216) 115 168 28 – (60) (11) 71 Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities before changes in operating assets and liabilities 4 (27) 228 Change in deposits by central banks and banks Change in customer accounts(1) Change in loans and receivables to customers(2) Change in NAMA senior bonds Change in loans and receivables to banks Change in trading portfolio financial assets/liabilities Change in derivative financial instruments Change in items in course of collection Change in debt securities in issue Change in notes in circulation Change in other assets Change in other liabilities Effect of exchange translation and other adjustments Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating assets and liabilities Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities before taxation Taxation refund Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities Investing activities (note a) Financing activities (note b) Change in cash and cash equivalents Opening cash and cash equivalents Effect of exchange translation adjustments Closing cash and cash equivalents (5,309) (8,456) 3,397 5,078 1,916 567 21 259 26 2,654 6,798 2,438 265 33 (769) 13 (17,696) (9,796) 11,617 891 1,869 (63) 385 76 (1,875) (4,996) (3,174) (50) (5) (264) 78 3,839 3,843 40 3,883 (3,827) (160) (104) 5,926 (92) 5,730 9 254 (102) (31) (1,890) (1,917) 42 1 (212) (87) (405) (16,594) (16,366) 15 (1,875) (16,351) 546 (160) (1,489) 7,373 42 5,926 6,684 11,302 1,635 5,712 26 7,373 *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 239 Consolidated statement of cash flows (continued) for the year ended 31 December 2013 (a) Investing activities Net cash outflow on acquisition of business combinations Purchase of financial investments available for sale Proceeds from sales and maturity of financial investments available for sale Additions to property, plant and equipment Disposal of property, plant and equipment Additions to intangible assets Proceeds of disposal of investment in associated undertaking Proceeds of disposal of investment in businesses and subsidiaries Dividends received from associated undertakings Cash flows from investing activities (b) financing activities Proceeds of issue of CCNs Proceeds of issue of share capital to NPRFC Capital contributions from the Minister for Finance and the NPRFC Redemption of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Cost of redemption of capital instruments Interest paid on subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Cash flows from financing activities Notes 18 & 31 29 9 &29 33 14 & 33 32 30 40 44 7 2013 € m Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m (325)(3) (6,666) – (5,059) (3,420) (1,760) 3,040 5,685 8,738 (32) 15 (62) 10 190(4) 3 (3,827) – – – – – (37) 3 (71) – 11 14 546 – – – – – (160) (160) (160) (160) (17) 2 (33) – 3,169(5) 5 6,684 1,600 5,000 6,054 (1,120) (9) (223) 11,302 (1)Includes deposits placed by the NTMA € 6,683 million (2012: € 1,127 million; 2011: € 27 million). (2)Also includes loans and receivables to customers within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale. (3)Acquisition of Ark Life Assurance Company Limited. (4)Disposal of Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited. (5)Includes net proceeds on the disposal of BZWBK (note 18) and proceeds on the disposal of businesses (note 15). *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 240 Consolidated statement of changes in equity for the year ended 31 December 2013 At 1 January 2013 as reported Change in accounting policy As restated Total comprehensive income for the year Loss for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income for the year Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity Contributions by and distributions to owners of the Group Capital contributions (note 43) Ordinary shares issued in lieu of dividend (note 41) Share based payments Other movements Total contributions by and distributions to owners of the Group At 31 December 2013 Share capital Share premium Capital Revaluation reserves reserves € m 5,206 – 5,206 – – – – 42 – – 42 € m 2,890 – 2,890 – – – € m 2,638 – 2,638 – – – – (219) (42) – – – – 178 (42) (41) 5,248 2,848 2,597 € m 24 – 24 – (1) (1) – – – (5) (5) 18 2 4 1 Attributable to equity holders of parent Available for sale securities reserves € m Cash flow hedging reserves Revenue reserves € m € m Foreign currency translation reserves € m 292 – 292 – 513 513 – – – 67 – 67 – (18) (18) – – – (164) (14) (164) 641 (14) 35 996 114 1,110 (1,597) 251 (1,346) 219 – 10 5 234 (2) Treasury shares € m (462) – (462) – – – – – – – – Share based payments reserves € m 23 – 23 – – – – – (10) – (10) 13 Total € m 11,241 114 11,355 (1,597) 736 (861) – – – – – 10,494 (433) – (433) – (9) (9) – – – – – (442) (462) 2 4 2 Consolidated statement of changes in equity for the year ended 31 December 2012 Attributable to equity holders of parent Share capital Share premium Capital reserves Capital Revaluation reserves redemption reserves € m € m 5,170 4,926 € m 2,885 € m 3,958 Available Cash flow hedging reserves for sale securities reserves € m At 1 January 2012 Total comprehensive income for the year Loss for the year Other comprehensive income* Total comprehensive income for the year Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity Contributions by and distributions to owners of the Group Capital contributions (note 43) Reduction of capital (notes 41and 43) Ordinary shares issued in lieu of dividend (note 41) Share based payments Total contributions by and distributions – – – – – 36 – – – – – – – – – – – (2,000) (36) – (247) – – – (247) 2,638 – (3,958) – – (3,958) to owners of the Group 36 (2,036) At 31 December 2012 - restated 5,206 2,890 *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). – 24 292 67 Revenue reserves € m (822) (3,557) (716) (4,273) 247 5,958 – – 6,205 1,110 Foreign currency translation reserves € m (467) Treasury shares € m (462) Share based payments reserves € m Restated* Total € m 23 14,463 – 34 34 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – (3,557) 449 (3,108) – – – – – (433) (462) 23 11,355 € m 229 – (162) (162) – – – – – € m 26 – (2) (2) – – – – – (1,003) – 1,295 1,295 – – – – – Notes to the financial statements Interest expense and similar charges 35 Deposits by central banks and banks Note Segmental information Interest and similar income Dividend income Net fee and commission income Net trading income/(loss) Gain on redemption/remeasurement of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments 8 Loss on disposal/transfer of loans and receivables Other operating income Administrative expenses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 Note 33 Property, plant and equipment 34 Deferred taxation 36 Customer accounts 37 Debt securities in issue 38 Other liabilities 39 40 Provisions for liabilities and commitments Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments 41 Share capital 42 Own shares 43 Capital reserves and capital redemption reserves Share-based compensation schemes 44 Contributions from the Minister for Finance 12 Retirement benefits and the NPRFC 13 Writeback/(provisions) for impairment on 45 Offsetting financial assets and financial financial investments available for sale liabilities 14 15 16 17 Profit/(loss) on disposal of property Profit on disposal of businesses Auditor’s fees Taxation 18 Discontinued operations 19 Earnings per share 20 Distributions on equity shares 21 Disposal groups and non-current assets 46 Memorandum items: contingent liabilities and commitments, and contingent assets 47 Off-balance sheet arrangements 48 49 50 51 52 Subsidiaries and consolidated structured entities Transfer of financial assets Fair value of financial instruments Interest rate sensitivity Statement of cash flows held for sale 53 Report on directors’ remuneration and 22 Trading portfolio financial assets 23 Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers 24 25 26 interests 54 Related party transactions 55 Commitments 56 Employees Amounts receivable under finance leases 57 Regulatory compliance and hire purchase contracts 27 Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables 28 NAMA senior bonds 58 59 60 Financial and other information Average balance sheets and interest rates Impact of adopting new accounting standards 61 Non-adjusting events after the reporting 29 30 31 32 Financial investments available for sale Interests in associated undertakings period 62 Dividends Interest in Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited 63 Approval of financial statements Intangible assets 243 Notes to the financial statements 1 Segmental information Following a review of the organisation’s structure, a new operating structure was implemented in 2013 and the Group’s operations are now reported under the following segments: – Domestic Core Bank (“DCB”); – AIB UK; – Financial Solutions Group (“FSG”); and – Group. Consequently, the restated full year to December 2012 has been presented in the new operating structure. These segments reflect the internal reporting structure which is used by management to assess performance and allocate resources. A comprehensive description of each segment is available on pages 11 to 14 within the business overview section. 244 1 Segmental information (continued) Operations by business segment Net interest income Other income Total operating income Personnel expenses General and administrative expenses Depreciation, impairment and amortisation Total operating expenses Operating profit/(loss) before provisions Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables Writeback/(provisions) for liabilities and commitments Writeback/(provisions) for impairment on financial investments available for sale Total provisions Operating loss Associated undertakings Profit on disposal of property Profit on disposal of business DCB € m AIB UK € m FSG € m Group € m 973 460 1,433 (452) (244) (54) (750) 683 (853) – 10 (843) (160) 8 1 – 177 68 245 (109) (56) (6) (171) 74 (166) 10 – (156) (82) 2 – – 190 25 215 (128) (32) (1) (161) 54 (897) (8) (1) (906) (852) (3) – – 5 17 22 (162) (187) (39) (388) (366) – 1 – 1 – – 1 (365) (1,459) Loss from continuing operations before exceptional items (151) (80) (855) (364) Loss on disposal of loans Profit/(loss) on transfer of financial instruments to NAMA Termination benefits Retirement benefit curtailment Restructuring and restitution expenses Interest rate hedge volatility Gain on disposal of ALH Total exceptional items Loss before taxation 2013 Total € m 1,345 570 1,915 (851) (519) (100) (1,470) 445 (1,916) 3 9 (1,904) 7 1 1 (1,450) (201) (25) (86) 240 (184) 9 10 (237) (1,687) 245 Notes to the financial statements 1 Segmental information (continued) DCB € m AIB UK € m FSG € m Group € m Restated* 2012 Total € m 1,106 318 1,424 (1,041) (589) (118) (1,748) (324) (2,434) (9) (86) (2,529) 27 (50) (23) (246) (196) (47) (489) (512) – – – – (512) (2,853) – 2 – 10 2 3 102 67 169 (110) (86) (11) (207) (38) (97) – – (97) (135) 2 – – 230 (45) 185 (168) (69) (6) (243) (58) (2,135) (5) (2) (2,142) (2,200) (5) – 2 (133) (2,203) (510) (2,838) (962) 159 (164) 204 (128) – (891) (3,729) 747 346 1,093 (517) (238) (54) (809) 284 (202) (4) (84) (290) (6) 13 – 1 8 Operations by business segment Net interest income Other income Total operating income Personnel expenses General and administrative expenses Depreciation, impairment and amortisation Total operating expenses Operating profit/(loss) before provisions Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables Provisions for liabilities and commitments Provisions for impairment on financial investments available for sale Total provisions Operating profit/(loss) Associated undertakings Profit on disposal of property Profit on disposal of business Profit/(loss) from continuing operations before exceptional items Loss on disposal of loans Profit on transfer of financial instruments to NAMA Termination benefits Retirement benefit curtailment Restructuring and restitution expenses Interest rate hedge volatility Total exceptional items Total *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 246 1 Segmental information (continued) Other amounts – statement of financial position Loans and receivables to customers Loans and receivables held for sale Interests in associated undertakings Total assets Customer accounts Total liabilities(2) Capital expenditure Loans and receivables to customers Loans and receivables held for sale Interests in associated undertakings Interests in associated undertakings held for sale Total assets Customer accounts Total liabilities(2) Capital expenditure DCB € m 44,251 – 44 89,080 53,605 90,083 89 AIB UK € m 11,225 – 14 15,636 10,918 12,420 3 FSG € m 10,237 28 – 13,018(1) 1,144 4,737(1) 2 Group € m – – – – – – – 2013 Total € m 65,713 28 58 117,734 65,667 107,240 94 Restated* 31 December 2012 DCB € m AIB UK € m FSG € m 46,021 8,341 18,407 Group € m 203 – 40 – 90,363 51,188 97,331 97 – 12 – 13,174 10,864 12,257 4 353 – 12 18,761 1,289 1,289 7 – – – 203 269 269 – Total € m 72,972 353 52 12 122,501 63,610 111,146 108 (1)Includes total disposal groups and non-current assets and liabilities held for sale (note 21). (2)The fungible nature of liabilities within the banking industry inevitably leads to allocations of liabilities to segments, some of which are necessarily subjective. Accordingly, the directors believe that the analysis of total assets is more meaningful than the analysis of liabilities. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 247 Notes to the financial statements 1 Segmental information (continued) Geographic information - continuing operations(1)(2) Net interest income Other income/(loss)(3) Republic of Ireland € m United Kingdom € m North America € m Rest of the World € m 1,130 369 220 2 (2) (9) – – Geographic information - continuing operations(1) Net interest income Other income/(loss)(3) Republic of Ireland € m 934 (716) United Kingdom € m 174 309 North America € m Rest of the World € m (2) (70) – (8) Geographic information - continuing operations(1) Net interest income Other income/(loss)(3) Republic of Ireland € m 1,131 3,347 United Kingdom € m 199 (315) North America € m Rest of the World € m 18 (17) 2 (25) Geographic information Non-current assets(4) Geographic information Non-current assets(4) Geographic information Non-current assets(4) Republic of Ireland € m United Kingdom € m North America € m Rest of the World € m 454 22 1 – Republic of Ireland € m 489 United Kingdom € m 30 North America € m 1 Rest of the World € m – Republic of Ireland € m 493 United Kingdom € m 41 North America € m 2 Rest of the World € m – 2013 Total € m 1,348 362 2012 Total € m 1,106 (485) 2011 Total € m 1,350 2,990 2013 Total € m 477 2012 Total € m 520 2011 Total € m 536 Revenue from external customers comprises interest and similar income (note 2) which is included within ‘Net interest income’ above and all other items of income (notes 4 to 9) which are included within ‘Other income/(loss)’ above. (1)The geographical distribution of net interest income and other income/(loss) is based primarily on the location of the office recording the transaction. (2)For details of significant geographic concentrations, see the Risk management section. (3)Loss on disposal of financial assets to NAMA is recorded within the Republic of Ireland and United Kingdom. (4)Non-current assets comprise intangible assets, and property, plant and equipment. 248 2 Interest and similar income Interest on loans and receivables to customers Interest on loans and receivables to banks Interest on trading portfolio financial assets Interest on NAMA senior bonds Interest on financial investments available for sale 2013 € m 2,520 19 – 130 652 2012 € m 2,976 31 1 329 579 2011 € m 3,418 69 2 348 592 3,321 3,916 4,429 Interest income includes a credit of € 138 million (2012: credit of € 217 million; 2011: credit of € 199 million) removed from other comprehensive income in respect of cash flow hedges. Total interest income calculated using the effective interest method reported above that relates to financial assets not carried at fair value through profit or loss is € 3,321 million (2012: € 3,915 million; 2011: € 4,427 million). Interest income recognised on impaired loans amounts to € 373 million (2012: € 392 million; 2011: € 236 million). 3 Interest expense and similar charges Interest on deposits by central banks and banks Interest on customer accounts Interest on debt securities in issue Interest on subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments 2013 € m 123 1,265 344 241 1,973 2012 € m 252 1,823 512 223 2,810 2011 € m 600 1,700 611 168 3,079 Interest expense includes a charge of € 133 million (2012: charge of € 128 million; 2011: charge of € 66 million) removed from other comprehensive income in respect of cash flow hedges. Included within interest expense is € 173 million (2012: € 388 million; 2011: € 488 million) in respect of the Irish Government’s Eligible Liabilities Guarantee (“ELG”) Scheme. Total interest expense calculated using the effective interest method reported above that relates to financial liabilities not carried at fair value through profit or loss is € 1,973 million (2012: € 2,810 million; 2011: € 3,079 million). 4 Dividend income Dividend income relates to income from equity shares held as financial investments available for sale and amounts to € 4 million (2012: € 1 million; 2011: € 4 million). 5 Net fee and commission income Retail banking customer fees Credit related fees Asset management and investment banking fees Insurance commissions Fee and commission income Fee and commission expense(1) 2013 € m 348 31 5 30 414 (36) 378 2012 € m 321 33 14 28 396 (29) 367 2011 € m 336 50 58 26 470 (29) 441 (1)Fee and commission expense includes ATM expenses of € 5 million (2012: € 8 million; 2011: € 12 million) and credit card commissions of € 23 million (2012: € 12 million; 2011: € 11 million). 249 Notes to the financial statements 6 Net trading income/(loss) Foreign exchange contracts Debt securities and interest rate contracts Credit derivative contracts Equity securities and index contracts 2013 € m 37 53 – 12(1) 2012 € m 45 (75) (38) (32)(2) 102 (100) 2011 € m 52 (91) (71) (3)(2) (113) (1)Includes a gain of € 10 million arising on disposal of ALH (note 31). (2)The mark to market loss on put options, held by AIB and Aviva for the sales of ALH and Ark Life respectively, amounted to € 32 million in 2012 and € 8 million in 2011 (note 18). The total hedging ineffectiveness on cash flow hedges reflected in the income statement amounted to a credit of € 7 million (2012: charge of € 7 million; 2011: charge of € 3 million) and is included in net trading income. 7 Gain on redemption/remeasurement of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments 2013 and 2012 There were no redemptions of subordinated liabilities or other capital instruments in either 2013 or 2012. 2011 The Group was involved in a number of initiatives to increase its core tier 1 capital from 2009 onwards. In this regard, in January and June 2011, the Group completed offers to purchase for cash certain capital instruments. In addition, the date for settlement of three further instruments was 22 July 2011. These offers to purchase for cash, accounted for under IAS 39, met the requirements to be treated as an extinguishment of the original instruments. January This transaction comprised a tender offer by AIB for cash for certain of its tier 2 capital instruments denominated in various currencies. These instruments were purchased at 30% of their face value. It resulted in a total gain of € 1,534 million (€ 1,534 million after taxation) all of which was recorded in the income statement. June On 14 April 2011, the High Court issued a Subordinated Liabilities Order under section 29 of the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 (the “SLO”), with the consent of AIB. The SLO changed the terms of all outstanding instruments resulting in a gain for AIB. On 13 May 2011, AIB launched a tender offer for cash for all its outstanding subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments. Under this offer, AIB agreed to purchase the instruments at 10% to 25% of their face value. Following completion of the offer and where a certain percentage (a quorum) of the holders agreed to accept the offer, AIB had an option to redeem or purchase all of the remaining outstanding instruments at an option price of 0.001% of the nominal amount, which it exercised. In relation to instruments settled on or before 30 June 2011 a gain amounting to € 1,343 million (€ 1,312 million after taxation) was recognised in the income statement and a gain amounting to € 387 million (€ 344 million after taxation) was recognised directly in equity. At 30 June 2011, balances remained outstanding on six instruments. Since the terms of these instruments changed arising from the SLO which was effective from 22 April 2011, the original liabilities were derecognised and new liabilities recognised, with their remeasurement based on fair value. A gain of € 396 million arising on derecognition of the original liabilities/initial recognition of the new liabilities was recognised in the income statement. Three of the remaining instruments were settled on 22 July 2011. The subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments of the Group are set out in note 40. 250 7 Gain on redemption/remeasurement of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments (continued) The table below sets out the gain on redemption/remeasurement of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments in the year to 31 December 2011. Carrying value of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments at redemption/remeasurement Carrying value of other equity interests and non-controlling interests at redemption Consideration paid on redemption of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Consideration paid on redemption of other equity interests and non-controlling interests Costs Fair value on remeasurement of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Gain on redemption/remeasurement Of which recognised in: Income statement Equity (1) € 3,246 million after taxation. (2) € 344 million after taxation. Redemption € m Remeasurement € m 4,286 428 4,714 (1,079) (41) (9) – (1,129) 3,585 108 – 108 – – – (29) (29) 79 2011 Total € m 4,394 428 4,822 (1,079) (41) (9) (29) (1,158) 3,664 3,277(1) 387(2) 3,664 8 Loss on disposal/transfer of loans and receivables The following table sets out details of the (loss)/profit on disposal/transfer of loans and receivables: (Loss) on disposal of loans and receivables to customers (Loss)/profit on transfer of loans and receivables to NAMA Total 2013 € m (201) (25) (226) 2012 € m (962) 159 (803) 2011 € m (322) (364) (686) Loss on disposal of loans and receivables to customers includes the impact of deleveraging non-core assets of € 193 million (2012: loss € 962 million; 2011: loss € 322 million). In February 2010, AIB was designated a participating institution under the NAMA Act and following the enactment of legislation in November 2009, financial instruments transferred to NAMA during 2010 and 2011. Whilst these transfers were practically complete at 31 December 2011, a provision was made in respect of adjustments to transfers which had not settled at that date (note 39). Subsequently, NAMA resolved certain issues in relation to loans and receivables which had transferred in 2010 and 2011. This resulted in the profit/(loss) set out above. The following table analyses the overall impact of financial instruments, both transferred and held for sale to NAMA(1) in the consolidated income statement: Included within (Loss)/profit on disposal/transfer of loans and receivables Administrative expenses (note 10) Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables Release of surplus provision 2013 € m 2012 € m (25) – – – (25) 159 (3) – – 156 (1)Excludes amounts relating to interest income, related funding and other income on the underlying financial instruments. 2011 € m (364) (28) (87) 433 (46) 251 Notes to the financial statements 9 Other operating income Profit/(loss) on disposal of available for sale debt securities Profit on disposal of available for sale equity securities Effect of re-estimating the timing of cash flows on NAMA senior bonds Miscellaneous operating income(1) (1)Miscellaneous operating income includes: – Foreign exchange gains € 1 million (2012: Nil; 2011: credit of € 40 million). 2013 € m 30 11 62 1 104 2012 € m 25 6 – 19 50 2011 € m (36) 8 – 95 67 – Legal proceedings Nil (2012: Nil; 2011: credit of € 61 million). – Nil charge relating to terminated cash flow hedges which has been removed from equity (2012: charge of € 2 million; 2011: charge of € 18 million). 10 Administrative expenses Personnel expenses: Wages and salaries Termination benefits(1) Retirement benefits(2) (note 12) Social security costs Other personnel expenses Total personnel expenses General and administrative expenses(3) 2013 € m 653 86 (112) 77 – 704 655 1,359 Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m 786 171 (102) 85 68 1,008 708 1,716 757 – 79 80 50 966 670 1,636 (1)On 21 May 2012, AIB announced the specific terms of a voluntary severance programme which includes both an early retirement scheme and a voluntary severance scheme. At 31 December 2013, a charge of € 86 million (2012: € 164 million*) has been made to the income statement in respect of termination benefits arising from the voluntary severance programme. This amount comprises € 23 million (2012: € 140 million*) in respect of past service costs relating to the early retirement scheme and € 92 million (2012: € 38 million*) relating to the voluntary severance scheme (note 12) and a credit of € 29 million (2012: € 14 million*) in respect of a pension curtailment gain for voluntary severance employees. In addition, a provision of Nil (2012: € 7 million) has been made in respect of other termination benefits, principally, in the Isle of Man/Channel Islands. (2)Comprises a credit of € 131 million relating to defined benefit expense (2012: credit of € 123 million*; 2011: charge of € 60 million*), a defined contribution expense charge of € 13 million (2012: € 13 million; 2011: € 12 million) and a long term disability payments expense charge of € 6 million (2012: € 8 million; 2011: € 7 million) (note 12). (3)Includes external costs relating to the transfer of financial instruments to NAMA that amounted to Nil (2012: € 3 million; 2011: € 28 million) (note 8). Employee numbers by segment are set out in note 56. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 252 11 Share-based compensation schemes The Group operates a number of share-based compensation schemes as outlined in this note on terms approved by the shareholders. The share-based compensation schemes which AIB Group operates in respect of ordinary shares in Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c., are: (i) The AIB Group Share Option Scheme; (ii) Employees’ Profit Sharing Schemes; (iii) AIB Save As You Earn (SAYE) Share Option Scheme UK; and (iv) AIB Group Performance Share Plan 2005. At 31 December 2013, the ordinary shares of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. were trading at € 0.11 per share, accordingly, there is no expectation that outstanding options will be exercised. (i) AIB Group Share Option Scheme The following disclosures regarding the ‘AIB Group Share Option Scheme’ (the ‘2000 Scheme’) relate to both AIB Group and to Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.. Options were last granted under this scheme in 2005, and these options vested in 2008 based on the 2007 earnings per share out-turn, and are exercisable up to 2015, however, as these options are deeply out of the money, there is no expectation that they will be exercised. The following table summarises the share option scheme activity over each of the years ended 31 December 2013, 2012 and 2011. Number of options ’000 5,746.50 – (2,255.80) 3,490.70 3,490.70 2013 Weighted average exercise price € Number of options ’000 2012 Weighted average exercise price € Number of options ’000 13.64 8,353.7 13.62 10,910.0 – 13.30 13.85 13.85 – (2,607.2) 5,746.5 5,746.5 – 13.58 13.64 13.64 – (2,556.3) 8,353.7 8,353.7 2011 Weighted average exercise price € 13.27 – 12.13 13.62 13.62 Outstanding at 1 January Exercised Forfeited/lapsed Outstanding at 31 December Exercisable at 31 December (ii) Employees’ Profit Sharing Schemes The Company operates the ‘AIB Approved Employees’ Profit Sharing Scheme 1998’ (‘the Scheme’) on terms approved by the shareholders at the 1998 Annual General Meeting. All employees, including executive directors of the Company and certain subsidiaries are eligible to participate, subject to minimum service periods and being in employment on the date on which an invitation to participate is issued. The Directors, at their discretion, may set aside each year, for distribution under the Scheme, a sum not exceeding 5% of eligible profits of participating companies. No shares have been awarded under this Scheme since 2008. A Share Ownership Plan (‘the Plan’) operates in the UK in place of a profit sharing scheme whereby employees may be awarded free shares. When the Plan was set up in 2002, it was on the basis that it would operate for a maximum period of 10 years. As this 10 year period has now come to an end, no further share awards or purchases can be made under the Plan. No shares have been awarded since 2008 under the Free Share category. 253 Notes to the financial statements 11 Share-based compensation schemes (continued) The following table summarises activity in the Free Share category during 2013, 2012 and 2011. Outstanding at 1 January Granted Forfeited Vested Outstanding at 31 December 2013 Number of shares ’000 195.1 – – 2012 Number of shares ’000 464.1 – – (195.1) (269.0) – 195.1 2011 Number of shares ’000 725.1 – (1.6) (259.4) 464.1 (iii) AIB Save As You Earn (SAYE) Share Option Scheme UK The Company operated a Save As You Earn Share Option Scheme (‘the Scheme’) in the UK. The Scheme was open to all employees of AIB Group in the UK who had completed six months continuous service at the date of grant. Options were last granted under this scheme in 2008. All outstanding options under the scheme were either forfeited or lapsed during 2011 and 2012. There were no options outstanding at 31 December 2012. (iv) AIB Group Performance Share Plan 2005 This Plan was approved by the shareholders at the 2005 AGM. Conditional grants of awards of ordinary shares are made to employees. There were no conditional grants outstanding at the end of December 2012 and there were no awards of performance shares in 2013. Income statement expense The total expense arising from share-based payment transactions amounted to Nil for the year ended 31 December 2013 (2012: Nil; 2011: Nil). Limitations on share-based payment schemes The Company complies with guidelines issued by the Irish Association of Investment Managers in relation to shares of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. issued under the above schemes. 254 12 Retirement benefits The Group operates a number of pension and retirement benefit schemes for employees. These include both defined benefit and defined contribution schemes. A hybrid scheme in operation includes elements of a defined benefit scheme and a defined contribution scheme. Defined benefit schemes All defined benefit schemes operated by the Group closed to future accrual with effect from 31 December 2013 and staff transferred to defined contribution schemes. Of the defined benefit schemes operated by the Group, the most significant are the AIB Group Irish Pension Scheme (‘the Irish scheme’) and the AIB Group UK Pension Scheme (‘the UK scheme’). The Irish scheme and the UK scheme were closed to new members from December 1997. Staff joining the Group in the Republic of Ireland between December 1997 and December 2007 became members of the Irish Defined Contribution (“DC”) scheme. A hybrid pension arrangement was introduced in Ireland in December 2007 and members of the Irish DC scheme had the option at that time to switch to the hybrid pension arrangement. Staff joining the Group in the Republic of Ireland between 1 December 2007 and 31 December 2013 automatically joined the hybrid pension arrangement. Members of the hybrid arrangement became members of the Irish scheme in respect of their basic annual salary up to a certain limit. Those members whose salaries exceeded the limit also became members of the DC scheme in respect of that part of their basic annual salary above the limit. Retirement benefits for the defined benefit schemes are calculated by reference to service and Final Pensionable Salary at 31 December 2013. The Final Pensionable Salary used in the calculation of this benefit for staff is based on their average pensionable salary in the period between 30 June 2009 and 31 December 2013. This calculation of benefit for each staff member will revalue between 1 January 2014 and retirement date in line with the statutory requirement to revalue deferred benefits. There is no link to any future changes in salaries. Voluntary Severance Programme On 21 May 2012, the Group announced the specific terms of a voluntary severance programme which included an early retirement scheme. During 2013, 180 employees left AIB under the Group’s early retirement scheme. The Group has recognised a past service cost in the income statement and an increase in the benefit obligation of € 23 million (31 December 2012: € 140 million*) for the Group’s early retirement scheme. The amount recognised relates to employees who accepted the offer of early retirement during 2013. During 2013, a curtailment gain of € 29 million (31 December 2012: € 14 million*) was recognised in the income statement in relation to employees who left under the voluntary severance scheme and who were members of Group defined benefit pension schemes. Pay and Benefits Review The Group announced a Pay and Benefits Review on 14 June 2012. The main proposed change as outlined above was the closure of all defined benefit pension schemes to future accrual and the transfer of all employees who are currently members of a defined benefit pension scheme (including hybrid arrangements) to a DC scheme. This change would have no impact on the benefits accrued up to the date of the transfer. Negotiations between AIB and the staff union, the IBOA regarding proposals to alter terms and conditions of employment of staff as part of a restructuring programme, including the closure of all defined benefit pension schemes to future accrual, were protracted and as a result the matter was referred to the Labour Relations Commission (“LRC”) for review and recommendation. Final agreement could not be reached on certain issues and these were referred to the Labour Court for investigation and recommendation. On 8 July 2013, the Labour Court and the LRC issued their recommendations as a proposed compromise solution. These recommendations included: – – the closure of the defined benefit pension schemes across the Group to future accrual from 31 December 2013; and the introduction of a new DC scheme for all staff from 1 January 2014. These recommendations were subsequently accepted by both AIB and the IBOA. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 255 Notes to the financial statements 12 Retirement benefits (continued) Pay and Benefits Review (continued) At 31 December 2013, all defined benefit pension schemes operated by the Group closed to future accrual. This led to a reduction of € 231 million in the defined benefit obligation and a credit to the income statement as a curtailment. In addition, under the Pay and Benefits Review, the payment of retirees’ club subscriptions and the provision of a preferential interest rate on retirees’ and future retirees’ deposit accounts ceased. A liability of € 24 million previously recognised for these benefits was released to the income statement in 2012. In 2012, the Group affirmed its approach to the funding of the Irish pension scheme. This led to a reduction in the defined benefit obligation of € 204 million and a credit to the income statement as a negative past service cost. Contributions The Irish scheme was funded by a normal contribution rate of 16.0 per cent. of pensionable salaries in 2013. As the scheme closed to future accrual on 31 December 2013, no further normal contributions are due. Furthermore, payments totalling € 122 million, were made to the scheme in 2013 as required by regulation as part of the Scheme’s Minimum Funding Standard regulatory funding plan. During 2013, AIB transferred € 22 million into the Irish scheme to fund the Irish early retirement scheme as part of AIB’s voluntary severance programme cost saving initiative. In addition, AIB also transferred € 4 million into the UK scheme to fund the UK early retirement scheme. The UK scheme was funded by a normal contribution rate of 30.8 per cent. of pensionable salaries in 2013. As the scheme closed to future accrual on 31 December 2013 no further normal contributions are due.The Group agreed with the Trustee of the UK scheme in 2013, as part of the UK regulatory funding plan, that it will fund the UK deficit through an asset backed special purpose vehicle (note 49). A payment of £18 million was made to the defined benefit schemes operated in offshore companies on the cessation of operations in these locations. The total contributions to all the defined benefit pension schemes operated by the Group in 2014 is estimated to be € 85 million. Pension Levy The Irish Finance (No 2) Act 2011 which was signed into law in June 2011, introduced a stamp duty levy of 0.6% on the market value of assets under management in Irish pension schemes, for the years 2011 to 2014 (inclusive). The levy is based on the market value of the assets at the 30 June in each relevant year. In 2013, a levy of € 21 million was paid in respect of the Irish defined benefit scheme and a levy of € 2 million was paid in respect of the Irish DC scheme. The payment of the levy in respect of the Irish defined benefit scheme was incorporated into the return on pension scheme assets. Valuations Independent actuarial valuations for the main Irish and UK schemes are carried out on a triennial basis by the Schemes’ actuary, Mercer. The last such valuations of the Irish and UK schemes were carried out as at 30 June 2012 and 31 December 2011 respectively using Projected Unit Methods. The next actuarial valuations in respect of the Irish and UK schemes are due no later than 30 June 2015 and 31 December 2014 respectively. Actuarial valuations are available for inspection by the members of the schemes. Regulatory framework In Ireland, the Pensions Act provisions set out the requirement for a defined benefit scheme that fails the Minimum Funding Standard (“MFS”) to have a funding plan in place and approved by the Pensions Board. The objective of an MFS funding plan is to set out the necessary corrective action to restore the funding of the scheme over a reasonable time period and enable the scheme to meet the MFS standard at a future date. The AIB MFS funding proposal, which was agreed in 2013 under these legal requirements with the Pensions Board and Trustees of the Irish Scheme, has remaining average contributions of € 57 million per annum over the next five years. As noted previously, the Irish Scheme along with all other defined benefit schemes in the Group closed to future accrual which generated a credit to the Group’s income statement of € 231 million. 256 12 Retirement benefits (continued) Responsibilities for governance The Trustees of each Group pension scheme are ultimately responsible for the governance of the schemes. Risks Details of the Pension risk to which the Group is exposed are set out in the Risk section on page 169 of this report. Maturity of the defined benefit obligation The weighted average duration of the Irish scheme at 31 December 2013 is 19 years and of the UK scheme at 31 December 2013 is 20 years. Asset liability matching strategies The Irish Scheme has commenced a review of its investment strategies which includes a consideration of the nature and duration of its liabilities. The current Minimum Funding Standard regulatory funding plan requires that the scheme’s investment strategy takes account of the liabilities by the completion of the plan in 2018. It is expected that this will result in approximately 65% of the assets being invested in liability matching investments by 2018. The UK Scheme has implemented an investment strategy that includes the elimination of equity investments and approximately 35% of the assets invested in liability matching investments. It is expected that this percentage of assets invested in liability matching investments will increase over time. Funding arrangements and policy In addition to the funding arrangement set out in the Regulatory framework section, AIB executed a series of agreements on 22 October 2013 to give effect to an asset backed funding plan for the UK scheme which replaced the previous funding plan. Based on the results of the 31 December 2011 valuation, the asset backed funding plan grants the scheme a regular income of £22.4 million per annum, which will be payable quarterly from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2032. In addition, if the 31 December 2032 actuarial valuation of the scheme reveals a deficit, the scheme will receive a termination payment equal to the lower of that deficit or £60 million (note 49). Change in estimate During the year, the Group, with input from its actuary, refined its estimate of the discount rate used for the computation of the UK scheme. The discount rate for the UK scheme for 2012 would have been 4.7% under the refined methodology, an increase of 0.2%. This change in discount rate at 31 December 2012, would have resulted in a decrease in the present value of the UK scheme’s liabilities of € 50 million. IAS 19 Employee Benefits (revised) On 16 June 2011, the IASB published an amended IAS 19 Employee Benefits. The changes are effective from 1 January 2013. The application of this amended standard is retrospective. The impact of adopting IAS 19 Employee Benefits (revised) is set out in note 60. The main changes are as follows: – Introduction of enhanced disclosures about defined benefit plans; – Disaggregation of defined benefit costs into various components; – Changes as regards the recognition of curtailments, past service costs and termination costs; – Replacement of interest cost and expected return on assets with a net interest cost on the net defined benefit liability (asset); and – Recognition of all administration expenses, with the exception of costs associated with management of scheme assets, in profit or loss. 257 Notes to the financial statements 12 Retirement benefits (continued) Financial assumptions The following table summarises the financial assumptions adopted in the preparation of these financial statements in respect of the main schemes at 31 December 2013 and 2012. The assumptions have been set based upon the advice of the Group’s actuary. Financial assumptions Irish scheme Rate of increase in salaries(1) Rate of increase of pensions in payment Discount rate Inflation assumptions UK scheme Rate of increase in salaries(1) Rate of increase of pensions in payment Discount rate Inflation assumptions (RPI) Other schemes Rate of increase in salaries(1) Rate of increase of pensions in payment Discount rate Inflation assumptions 2013 % – 1.70(2) 3.90 2.00 – 3.30 4.70 3.30 2012 % 3.00 1.60 4.00 2.00 2.90 2.90 4.50 2.90 – 3.00 – 3.50 0.00 – 3.10 0.00 – 3.00 3.90 – 5.00 4.00 – 4.50 2.00 – 3.40 2.00 – 2.90 (1)The rate of increase in salaries is not applicable in 2013, due to the closure of defined benefit schemes to future accrual. In 2012, the rate of increase in salaries included the impact of salary scale improvements. (2)Nil for the next 4 years and 2% per annum thereafter. Mortality assumptions The life expectancies underlying the value of the scheme liabilities for the Irish and UK schemes at 31 December 2013 and 2012 are shown in the following table: Retiring today age 63 Retiring in 10 years at age 63 Males Females Males Females Life expectancy - years Irish scheme UK scheme 2013 2012 2013 2012 24.7 26.0 26.0 27.2 25.2 26.7 26.6 27.8 26.3 28.5 27.4 29.7 26.2 28.4 27.3 29.6 The mortality assumptions for the Irish scheme were updated in 2013 to reflect emerging market experience following a review of mortality undertaken by the Society of Actuaries in 2013. The table shows that a member of the Irish scheme retiring at age 63 on 31 December 2013 is assumed to live on average for 24.7 years for a male (26.3 years for the UK scheme) and 26.0 years for a female (28.5 years for the UK scheme). There will be variation between members but these assumptions are expected to be appropriate for all members. The table also shows the life expectancy for members aged 53 on 31 December 2013 who will retire in ten years. Younger members are expected to live longer in retirement than those retiring now, reflecting a decrease in mortality rates in future years due to advances in medical science and improvements in standards of living. 258 12 Retirement benefits (continued) Movement in defined benefit obligation and scheme assets The following table sets out the movement in the defined benefit obligation and scheme assets during 2013 and 2012: Defined Fair value benefit of scheme obligation € m 2013 Net defined benefit assets liability (asset) € m € m Restated* 2012 Net defined benefit assets liability (asset) € m € m Defined Fair value benefit of scheme obligation € m 5,536 (4,774) 762 4,562 (3,799) At 1 January Included in profit or loss Current service cost Past service cost: – Termination benefits – Other Interest cost (income) Curtailment – Termination – Other Administration costs Included in other comprehensive income Remeasurements loss (gain): Actuarial loss (gain) arising from: Experience adjustments Changes in demographic assumptions Changes in financial assumptions Return on scheme assets excluding interest income(1) Translation adjustment on non-euro schemes Other Contributions by employer Contributions by employees Benefits paid 78 23 2 221 (29) (240) – 55 8 (130) 101 – (27) (48) – 16 (223) (207) – – – (195) – – 3 (192) – – – (271) 23 (248) (234) (16) 222 (28) At 31 December 5,336 (5,242) Recognised on the statement of financial position as: Retirement benefit assets – UK scheme – Other schemes Total retirement benefit assets Retirement benefit liabilities – Irish scheme – UK scheme – EBS scheme – Other schemes Total retirement benefit liabilities Net pension deficit (1)Includes payment of pension levy. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 78 140 (218) 223 (14) (8) – 201 36 224 751 – 22 1,033 – 20 (280) (260) – – – (200) – – 2 (198) – – – (181) (25) (206) (830) (20) 279 (571) 5,536 (4,774) 78 23 2 26 (29) (240) 3 (137) 8 (130) 101 (271) (4) (296) (234) – (1) (235) 94 69 14 83 129 – 37 11 177 94 763 78 140 (218) 23 (14) (8) 2 3 36 224 751 (181) (3) 827 (830) – (1) (831) 762 – – – 650 26 62 24 762 762 259 Notes to the financial statements 12 Retirement benefits (continued) Scheme assets The following table sets out an analysis of the schemes assets at 31 December 2013 and 2012: Cash and cash equivalents Equity instruments Quoted equity instruments: Basic materials Consumer goods Consumer services Energy Financials Healthcare Industrials Technology Telecoms Utilities Other Total quoted equity instruments Unquoted equity instruments Total equity instruments Debt instruments Quoted debt instruments Corporate bonds Government bonds Total quoted debt instruments Unquoted debt instruments Corporate bonds Government bonds Total unquoted debt instruments Total debt instruments Real estate(1) Derivatives(2) Investment funds Quoted investment funds Alternatives Bonds Cash Equity Fixed interest Forestry Liability driven Multi-asset Property Total quoted investment funds Unquoted investment funds Total investment funds Mortgage backed securities(3) Fair value of schemes assets at 31 December (1)Located in Europe. (2)Amount relates to foreign exchange derivatives. (3)A quoted market price in an active market is not available for mortgage backed securities. 260 2013 € m 278 81 181 144 125 306 128 172 134 55 44 – 1,370 6 1,376 685 542 1,227 49 28 77 2012 € m 81 91 169 124 127 277 107 150 119 52 44 250 1,510 6 1,516 541 779 1,320 42 29 71 1,304 1,391 187 7 13 316 22 241 64 33 547 320 1 1,557 5 1,562 528 5,242 186 7 11 89 1 645 51 32 – 169 18 1,016 5 1,021 572 4,774 12 Retirement benefits (continued) Sensitivity analysis for principal assumptions used to measure scheme liabilities There are inherent uncertainties surrounding the financial assumptions adopted in calculating the actuarial valuation of the pension schemes. Set out in the table below is a sensitivity analysis of the key assumptions for the Irish scheme and the UK scheme. Note that the changes in assumptions are independent of each other i.e. the effect of the reflected change in the discount rate assumes that there has been no change in the rate of mortality assumption and vice versa. Discount rate (0.25% movement) Inflation (0.25% movement) Future mortality (1 year movement) Irish scheme defined benefit obligation Decrease € m Increase € m UK scheme defined benefit obligation Decrease € m Increase € m (181) 169 110 194 (158) (110) (49) 50 25 52 (47) (25) Defined contribution schemes The Group operates a number of defined contribution schemes. From 1 January 2014, all staff transferred to a new defined contribution arrangement with a standard employer contribution of 10% plus an additional matched employer contribution, subject to limits based on age bands, of 12%, 15% or 18%. In 2014 and 2015, the employer contribution will be 12%, 15% or 18% for each employee irrespective of whether the staff member makes a contribution. Members of the DC scheme in Ireland were offered the option to join the hybrid arrangement when it was introduced in December 2007. Employees joining in Ireland after December 2007 joined on a hybrid basis. The standard contribution rate to the Irish DC scheme was 8% during 2013 and 10% in respect of the defined contribution element of the hybrid arrangement. In 2013, the UK DC scheme had employer contributions ranging from 5%. to 20%, increasing as the employee gets older. The member contribution rate also increases with age. All members of the UK DC scheme also accrued benefits under S2P (the UK State Second Pension). The total cost in respect of the Irish DC scheme, the EBS DC schemes and the UK DC schemes for 2013 was € 13 million (2012: € 13 million; 2011: € 12 million). The cost in respect of defined contributions is included in administrative expenses (note 10). Long-term disability payments AIB provides an additional benefit to employees who suffer prolonged periods of sickness. It provides for the partial replacement of income in event of illness or injury resulting in the employee’s long term absence from work. In 2013, the Group contributed € 6 million (2012: € 8 million; 2011: € 7 million) towards insuring this benefit. This amount is included in administrative expenses (note 10). 261 Notes to the financial statements 13 Writeback/(provisions) for impairment on financial investments available for sale Debt securities (note 29) Equity securities (note 29) (1)Of which Nil (2012: € 82 million; 2011: € 106 million) relates to NAMA subordinated bonds. 2013 € m 18 (9)(1) 9 2012 € m – (86)(1) (86) 2011 € m (164) (119) (283) 14 Profit/(loss) on disposal of property 2013 The sale of properties surplus to requirements and cessation of business gave rise to profit on disposal of € 2 million. 2012 Release of deferred profit on sale of property € 2 million. 2011 The sale of properties which were surplus to business requirements gave rise to a loss on disposal of € 1 million. 15 Profit on disposal of businesses 2013 The Group received an additional consideration of € 1 million which had been deferred in 2012 following the disposal of an offshore subsidiary. 2012 In November 2011, AIB entered into an agreement to sell its investment in AIB Asset Management Holdings (Ireland) Limited and related companies. AIB's investment was derecognised in May 2012, following regulatory approval for the disposal. This resulted in a profit of € 2 million before tax (tax charge: Nil). The sale of an offshore subsidiary also gave rise to a profit of € 1 million (tax charge Nil). 2011 On 30 June 2011, AIB announced that it had signed an agreement to sell its investment in AIB International Financial Services Limited and related companies. AIB’s investment was derecognised at 30 November 2011, following regulatory approval for the disposal. This resulted in a profit of € 27 million before tax (tax charge: Nil). The Group also completed the disposal of an offshore subsidiary, AIB Jerseytrust Limited, on 30 September 2011. This disposal resulted in a profit before tax of € 10 million (tax charge: Nil). The Group received an additional € 1 million consideration which had been deferred in 2010 on the disposal of Goodbody Holdings Limited. 262 16 Auditor’s fees On 7 June 2013, KPMG Ireland resigned as Auditor of the Group, and on 20 June 2013, Deloitte and Touche was appointed. The disclosure of Auditor’s fees are in accordance with (SI 220)(1) which mandates the disclosure of fees in particular categories and that fees paid to the Group Auditor only (Deloitte & Touche Ireland) for services to the parent company and Group be disclosed in this format. All years presented are on that basis. Current Auditor Auditor’s fees (excluding VAT): Audit Other assurance services Taxation advisory services Other non-audit services 2013 € m 1.9 0.3 – 0.1 2.3 Included in the above are amounts paid to the Group Auditor, Deloitte & Touche Ireland from date of appointment, for services provided to other Group companies: – – – – audit € 100,000; other assurance services Nil; taxation advisory services € 13,150; and other non–audit services Nil. Other assurance services include fees for additional assurance issued by the firm outside of the audit of the statutory financial statements of the Group and subsidiaries. These fees include assignments where the Auditor, in Ireland, provides assurance to third parties. The Group policy on the provision of non-audit services to the parent and its subsidiary companies includes the prohibition on the provision of certain services and the pre-approval by the Audit Committee of the engagement of the Auditor for non-audit work. The Audit Committee has reviewed the level of non-audit services fees and is satisfied that it has not affected the independence of the Auditor. It is Group policy to subject all large consultancy assignments to competitive tender, where appropriate. The following table shows fees paid to overseas auditors (excluding Deloitte & Touche Ireland) Auditor’s fees excluding Deloitte & Touche Ireland (excluding VAT): 2013 € m 3.2(1) (1)In conjunction with the Prudential Regulatory Authority in the UK, Deloitte LLP were appointed to undertake a Section 166 Review in AIB Group (UK) plc in 2012. Since 20 June 2013, the date Deloitte & Touche were appointed Group Auditor, €2.8 million has been paid to Deloitte LLP as this review has continued throughout 2013. Former Auditor Auditor’s fees (excluding VAT): Audit Other assurance services Taxation advisory services Other non-audit services 2013 € m 2012 € m – 1.0 0.1 – 1.1 2.1 1.5 0.2 – 3.8 2011 € m 2.3 1.0 0.3 – 3.6 Included in the above are amounts paid to the former Group Auditor, KPMG Ireland up to date of resignation, for services provided to other Group companies: – – – – audit Nil (2012: € 90,000; 2011: € 100,000); other assurance services Nil (2012: € 187,500; 2011: € 113,510); taxation advisory services Nil (2012: € 17,835; 2011: € 10,750); and other non–audit services Nil (2012: Nil; 2011: Nil). The following table shows fees paid to overseas auditors (excluding KPMG Ireland) Auditor’s fees excluding KPMG Ireland (excluding VAT): (1)SI 220 is titled the European Communities (Statutory Audits) (Directive 2006/43/EC) Regulations 2010. 2013 € m – 2012 € m 0.8 2011 € m 1.0 263 Notes to the financial statements 17 Taxation Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. and subsidiaries Corporation tax in Republic of Ireland Current tax on income for the year Adjustments in respect of prior years Double taxation relief Foreign tax Current tax on income for the year Adjustments in respect of prior years Deferred taxation Origination and reversal of temporary differences Adjustments in respect of prior years Total tax credit for the year Effective tax rate 2013 € m Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m – 17 17 – 17 (32) 1 (31) (14) 88 16 104 90 – (2) (2) – (2) 14 (12) 2 – 159 13 172 172 4 (1) 3 – 3 24 13 37 40 1,172 (19) 1,153 1,193 5.3% 4.6% 23.2% Factors affecting the effective tax rate The effective income tax rate for 2013 is 5.3% (2012: 4.6%; 2011: 23.2%). The following table explains the differences between the Group’s weighted average statutory corporation tax rates across its geographic locations and its effective income tax rate: Weighted average corporation tax rate Effects of: Expenses not deductible for tax purposes Exempted income, income at reduced rates and tax credits Income taxed at higher rates Deferred tax assets not recognised/reversal of amounts previously not recognised Other differences Change in tax rates(3) Tax on associated undertakings Adjustments to tax charge in respect of previous years Effective income tax rate 2013 % 14.2 (1.8) 0.8 (1.6) (2.8) 0.3 (4.5) – 0.7 5.3 Restated* 2012 % Restated* 2011 % 14.3(1) 16.7 (0.3) 0.1 – (7.2) (0.4) (1.8) – (0.1) 4.6 (0.3) 7.9(2) (0.7) 0.3 0.8 (1.4) – (0.1) 23.2 (1)The change in the weighted average corporation tax rate in 2012* was primarily driven by reduced tax losses in the UK tax jurisdiction as a proportion of the overall loss compared to the previous year. (2)Exempted income substantially relates to the gain on redemption of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments (note 7). (3)Change in the UK tax rate. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). ` 264 17 Taxation (continued) Analysis of selected other comprehensive income Continuing operations Foreign currency translation reserves Change in foreign currency translation reserves Total Cash flow hedging reserves Fair value (gains) transferred to income statement Fair value (losses) taken to other comprehensive income Total Available for sale securities reserves Fair value (gains)/losses transferred Gross € m Tax € m 2013 Net € m Gross € m Tax € m 2012 Net € m Gross € m Tax € m 2011 Net € m (9) (9) (5) (15) (20) – – – 2 2 (9) (9) 34 34 (5) (87) (13) (18) (98) (185) – – 10 13 23 34 34 (11) (11) – – (11) (11) (77) (115) 14 (101) (85) (162) (127) (242) 19 33 (108) (209) to income statement (51) 10 (41) 55 7 62 443 (54) 389 Fair value gains/(losses) taken to other comprehensive income Total 631 580 (77) (67) 554 513 1,412 1,467 (179) 1,233 (298) (172) 1,295 145 21 (33) (277) 112 Discontinued operations Foreign currency translation reserves Transferred to income statement on disposal of foreign operation Change in foreign currency translation reserves Total Cash flow hedging reserves Fair value losses transferred to income statement Fair value (losses) taken to other comprehensive income Total Available for sale securities reserves Fair value (gains) transferred to income statement Fair value (losses) taken to other comprehensive income Total Gross € m Tax € m 2013 Net € m Gross € m Tax € m 2012 Net € m Gross € m Tax € m – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – (106) (28) (134) 4 (3) 1 (82) (17) (99) – – – (1) 1 – 16 9 25 2011 Net € m (106) (28) (134) 3 (2) 1 (66) (8) (74) Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss are analysed in notes 12 and 34. 265 Notes to the financial statements 18 Discontinued operations 2013 Disposal of Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited and acquisition of Ark Life Assurance Company Limited Following the exercise of put options in January 2012, AIB’s investment in Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited (“ALH”) was held for sale within ‘Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale’ at 31 December 2012. This was designated as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss (notes 21, 30, and 31). The sale was completed on 8 March 2013, resulting in a gain on disposal of € 10 million and a tax charge of nil. This gain is reported in ‘Net trading income/(loss)’ (note 6). AIB then acquired a 100% interest in Ark Life Assurance Company Limited (‘Ark Life’) for a consideration of € 325 million. The put option which required AIB to acquire Ark Life had a negative valuation of € 23 million at the date of acquisition (note 48). 2012 There were no discontinued operations in the year to 31 December 2012. 2011 Arising from the Prudential Capital Assessment Review (“PCAR”) 2010 requirement to raise additional capital, the Group announced that its investments in BZWBK, M&T Bank Corporation and Bulgarian American Credit Bank AD (“BACB”) were to be disposed of. The disposal of M&T Bank Corporation was completed on 4 November 2010. The sale of BZWBK was agreed on 10 September 2010 subject to regulatory approval and completed on 1 April 2011 and the sale of BACB completed on 17 June 2011. The following tables set out income statement analysis of discontinued operations: Profit after taxation from discontinued operations BZWBK Bulgarian American Credit Bank AD Total Notes (A) (B) 2011 € m 1,628 – 1,628 266 18 Discontinued operations (continued) (A) - BZWBK On 1 April 2011, AIB completed the sale of its entire shareholding in BZWBK and in BZWBK Asset Management. The proceeds of the sale amounted to € 3.1 billion giving rise to a profit on disposal of € 1.5 billion which was recorded in the income statement. BZWBK had been accounted for as a discontinued business, the results of which are set out below to the disposal date 1 April 2011. Prior to classification as held for sale, BZWBK was accounted for as a subsidiary undertaking. Profit from discontinued operations Net interest income Net fee and commission income Net trading income Other operating income Other income Total operating income Total operating expenses Operating profit before provisions Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables and other financial instruments Operating profit Profit before taxation from discontinued operations Income tax expense from discontinued operations Profit after taxation from discontinued operations Profit on disposal(1) Profit for the period after taxation from discontinued operations . Profit on disposal Gross proceeds from sale Less: costs of disposal Net proceeds Carrying value at date of disposal(1) Reclassification of currency translation reserves to the income statement Reclassification of available for sale and cash flow hedging reserves to the income statement (net of deferred tax) Profit on disposal(3) To date of disposal 1 April 2011 € m 126 86 9 5 100 226 (103) 123 (24) 99 99 (17) 82 1,546 1,628(2) 1 April 2011 € m 3,112 (13) 3,099 1,722 1,377 106 63 1,546 (1)The carrying value of € 1,722 million at the date of disposal reflects third party assets of € 2,293 million (adjusted for intercompany liabilities due by BZWBK amounting to € 58 million) and non-controlling interests of € 513 million. (2)€ 1,608 million of the profit from discontinued operations of € 1,628 million was attributable to the owners of the parent with € 20 million attributable to non-controlling interests. (3)No tax charge arises on this disposal. 267 Notes to the financial statements 18 Discontinued operations (continued) Gross assets and liabilities of BZWBK at disposal date At the date of disposal on 1 April 2011, gross assets amounted to € 13,774 million and gross liabilities (excluding intercompany balances) amounted to € 11,481 million. Effect of disposal on cash flows of the Group Consideration received satisfied in cash less: costs of disposal Cash and cash equivalents disposed of (note 52) Net cash inflow The following cash flows relate to the discontinued operations of BZWBK: Profit after taxation Income tax Profit before taxation Net movement in non cash items from operating activities Net cash outflow from operating assets and liabilities Taxation paid Net cash flows from operating activities Net cash flows from investing activities Net cash flows from financing activities Decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents disposed of Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at date of disposal 2011 € m 3,112 (13) (673) 2,426 Period to 1 April 2011 € m 1,628 17 1,645 (1,573) (87) (34) (49) (38) – (87) 767 (673) (7) – (B) - Bulgarian American Credit Bank AD On 16 May 2011, the Group announced that it had signed an agreement to sell its 49.99% shareholding in Bulgarian American Credit Bank AD. The sale completed on 17 June 2011 resulting in a gain of € 0.1 million. 268 19 Earnings per share The calculation of basic earnings per unit of ordinary/convertible non-voting (“CNV”) shares is based on the profit/(loss) attributable to ordinary/CNV shareholders divided by the weighted average of ordinary/CNV shares in issue, excluding treasury shares and own shares held. The diluted earnings per share is based on the profit/(loss) attributable to ordinary/CNV shareholders divided by the weighted average ordinary/CNV shares in issue excluding treasury shares and own shares held, adjusted for the effect of dilutive potential ordinary shares. (a) Basic Loss attributable to equity holders of the parent from continuing operations Gain on redemption of RCI and LPI recognised in equity (note 7) Loss attributable to ordinary/CNV shareholders 2013 € m (1,597) – Restated* 2012 € m (3,557) – Restated* 2011 € m (3,946) 344 from continuing operations (1,597) (3,557) (3,602) Profit attributable to ordinary/CNV shareholders from discontinued operations – – 1,608 Number of shares (millions) Weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue during the year 519,761.0 515,789.0 226,533.5 Weighted average number of CNV shares in issue during the year Contingently issuable shares Weighted average number of shares – –(2) – –(2) 2,787.7 599.9(1) 519,761.0 515,789.0 229,921.1 Loss per share from continuing operations – basic EUR (0.3c) EUR (0.7c) EUR (1.6c) Earnings per share from discontinued operations – basic – – EUR 0.7c *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 269 Notes to the financial statements 19 Earnings per share (continued) (b) Diluted Loss attributable to ordinary/CNV shareholders from continuing operations (note 19 (a)) Dilutive effect of CCNs’ interest charge Profit attributable to ordinary/CNV shareholders from discontinued operations 2013 € m Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m (1,597) (3,557) (3,602) – – – – (1,597) (3,557) – 1,608 (1,994) Adjusted loss attributable to ordinary/CNV shareholders from continuing operations (1,597) (3,557) (3,602) Adjusted profit attributable to ordinary/CNV shareholders from discontinued operations – – 1,608 Number of shares (millions) Weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue during the year 519,761.0 515,789.0 226,533.5 Weighted average number of CNV shares in issue during the year Dilutive effect of options outstanding Dilutive effect of CCNs Contingently issuable shares – – – –(2) – – – –(2) 2,787.7 – – 599.9(1) Potential weighted average number of shares 519,761.0 515,789.0 229,921.1 Loss per share from continuing operations – diluted EUR (0.3c) EUR (0.7c) EUR (1.6c) Earnings per share from discontinued operations – diluted – – EUR 0.7c (1)Arising from the ‘dividend stopper’ which came into effect in 2009 and remained effective until April 2011, AIB was required to issue ordinary shares in lieu of dividend on the 2009 Preference Shares. The contingently issuable shares relate to the number of shares (on a time apportioned basis) that would issue to the National Pension Reserve Fund Commission (“NPRFC”), if the annual coupon on the € 3.5 billion Preference Shares was not paid in cash. (2)The SLO, which came into effect on 14 April 2011, superseded the ‘dividend stopper’, with distributions now being payable by AIB in its sole discretion. Accordingly, there were no contingently issuable shares during 2012 or 2013. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). – On 27 July 2011, AIB issued 500 billion ordinary shares to the NPRFC. – Bonus shares in lieu of the dividend on the 2009 Preference Shares were issued to the NPRFC in 2013, 2012 and 2011 amounting to: 4,144,055,254; 3,623,969,972; and 1,247,273,565 shares respectively. These bonus shares have been included in the weighted average number of shares in issue prospectively from the date of issue as they represent a dilution of earnings per share from that date. – The incremental shares from assumed conversion of options are not included in calculating the diluted per share amounts because they are anti-dilutive. – In July 2011, AIB issued € 1.6 billion in convertible capital notes (“CCNs”). These notes are mandatorily redeemable and will convert to AIB ordinary shares at a conversion price of € 0.01 per share (note 40) if the Core Tier 1 capital ratio breaches 8.25%. These incremental shares have not been included in calculating the diluted per share amounts because they are anti-dilutive. Both the ordinary and CNV shares are included in the weighted average number of shares on a time apportioned basis. 270 20 Distributions on equity shares No dividends were paid on equity shares in 2013, 2012 or 2011. 21 Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale At 31 December 2013, disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale include loans and receivables, and the Group’s subsidiary, Ark Life Assurance Company Limited (‘Ark Life’) which is held as a subsidiary acquired exclusively for resale. Details of Ark Life are set out in note 48. Disposal groups and non-current assets/liabilities are shown as single line items in the statement of financial position with no re-presentation of comparatives. An analysis of the components of these single line items is set out below: 2013 2012 Assets € m Liabilities € m Assets € m Liabilities € m Loans and receivables(1): Customers Associated undertakings(2) (note 30) Other: Equity investment at fair value through profit or loss(3) Other Discontinued operations: Ark Life(4) 28 – – 7 7 – – – – – 2,747 3,593 Total disposal groups and non-current assets and liabilities held for sale 2,782 3,593 353 12 196 1 197 – 562 – – – – – – – (1)Loans and receivables held for sale are net of provisions of Nil (31 December 2012: € 122 million) (note 27). (2)Associated undertakings include LaGuardia Hotel € 12 million at 31 December 2012. This investment was disposed of during 2013. (3)On 1 July 2012, AIB designated its investment in ALH as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss. The sale of this investment completed on 8 March 2013 (note 31). (4)Intercompany balances of € 1,148 million between AIB and Ark Life (which includes deposits of € 1,011 million) have been eliminated on consolidation Further details of loans and receivables held for sale are set out in the Risk management section of this report. 271 Notes to the financial statements 22 Trading portfolio financial assets Debt securities Equity securities Of which listed: Debt securities Equity securities Of which unlisted: Equity securities 2013 € m 1 1 2 2013 € m 1 – 1 2 2012 € m 22 2 24 2012 € m 22 1 1 24 During 2008, trading portfolio financial assets reclassified to financial investments available for sale, in accordance with the amended IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, amounted to € 6,104 million. The fair value of reclassified assets at 31 December 2013 was € 467 million (2012: € 1,025 million; 2011: € 1,410 million; 2010: € 2,538 million; 2009: € 4,104 million; 2008: € 5,674 million). As of the reclassification date, effective variable interest rates on reclassified trading portfolio financial assets ranged from 4% to 10% with expected gross recoverable cash flows of € 7,105 million. If the reclassification had not been made, the Group’s income statement for the year ended 31 December 2013 would have included unrealised fair value gains on reclassified trading portfolio financial assets of € 112 million (2012: gains € 136 million; 2011: gains € 91 million). After reclassification, the reclassified assets contributed the following amounts to the income statement: Interest on financial investments available for sale Provisions for impairment of financial investments available for sale 2013 € m 11 – 2012 € m 32 – 2011 € m 58 (27) Up to the date of reclassification in 2008, € 55 million of unrealised losses on the reclassified trading portfolio financial assets were recognised in the income statement (year ended December 2007: € 111 million). 272 23 Derivative financial instruments Derivatives are used to service customer requirements, to manage the Group’s interest rate, exchange rate, equity and credit exposures and for trading purposes. Derivative instruments are contractual agreements whose value is derived from price movements in underlying assets, interest rates, foreign exchange rates or indices. The majority of the Group’s derivative activities are undertaken at the parent company level (Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.) and the following discussion applies equally to the parent company and Group. Market risk is the exposure to potential loss through holding interest rate, exchange rate and equity positions in the face of absolute and relative price movements, interest rate volatility, movements in exchange rates and shifts in liquidity. Credit risk is the exposure to loss should the counterparty to a financial instrument fail to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract. While notional principal amounts are used to express the volume of derivative transactions, the amounts subject to credit risk are much lower because derivative contracts typically involve payments based on the net differences between specified prices or rates. Credit risk in derivative contracts is the risk that the Group’s counterparty in the contract defaults prior to maturity at a time when the Group has a claim on the counterparty under the contract (i.e. contracts with a positive fair value). The Group would then have to replace the contract at the current market rate, which may result in a loss. For risk management purposes, consideration is taken of the fact that not all counterparties to derivative positions are expected to default at the point where the Group is most exposed to them. The following table presents the total notional principal amount of interest rate, exchange rate, equity and credit derivative contracts for 2013 and 2012 together with the positive fair value attaching to those contracts where relevant: Interest rate contracts(1) Notional principal amount Positive fair value Exchange rate contracts(1) Notional principal amount Positive fair value Equity contracts(1) Notional principal amount Positive fair value Credit derivatives(1) Notional principal amount Positive fair value Total notional principal amount Positive fair value(2) 2013 € m 2012 € m 104,072 1,443 104,431 2,643 4,314 35 2,390 151 – – 7,485 71 3,848 121 114 – 110,776 115,878 1,629 2,835 (1)Interest rate, exchange rate and credit derivative contracts are entered into for both hedging and trading purposes. Equity contracts are entered into for trading purposes only. (2)72% of fair value relates to exposures to banks (2012: 65%). 273 Notes to the financial statements 23 Derivative financial instruments (continued) The Group uses the same credit control and risk management policies in undertaking all off-balance sheet commitments as it does for on balance sheet lending including counterparty credit approval, limit setting and monitoring procedures. In addition, derivative instruments are subject to the market risk policy and control framework as described in the Risk Management section. The following table analyses the total notional principal amount of interest rate, exchange rate, equity and credit derivative contracts together with the positive fair value attaching to these contracts where relevant by residual maturity: < 1 year 1 < 5 years € m € m 5 years + € m 2013 Total € m < 1 year € m 1 < 5 years € m 5 years + € m 2012 Total € m Residual maturity Notional principal amount 53,863 44,558 12,355 110,776 67,989 Positive fair value 243 900 486 1,629 511 34,955 1,364 12,934 115,878 960 2,835 AIB Group has the following concentration of exposures in respect of notional principal amount and positive fair value of interest rate, exchange rate, equity and credit derivative contracts. The concentrations are based primarily on the location of the office recording the transaction. Republic of Ireland United Kingdom United States of America Notional principal amount 2012 € m 2013 € m Positive fair value 2012 € m 2013 € m 107,557 111,194 2,833 386 4,080 604 110,776 115,878 1,253 358 18 1,629 2,205 595 35 2,835 274 23 Derivative financial instruments (continued) Trading activities The Group maintains trading positions in a variety of financial instruments including derivatives. These derivative financial instruments include interest rate, foreign exchange, equity and credit derivatives. Most of these positions arise as a result of activity generated by corporate customers while the remainder represent trading decisions of the Group’s derivative and foreign exchange traders with a view to generating incremental income. All trading activity is conducted within risk limits approved by the Board. Systems are in place which measure risks and profitability associated with derivative trading positions as market movements occur. Independent risk control units monitor these risks. The risk that counterparties to derivative contracts might default on their obligations is monitored on an ongoing basis and the level of credit risk is minimised by dealing with counterparties of good credit standing and by the use of Credit Support Annexes and ISDA Master Netting Agreements. As the traded instruments are recognised at market value, these changes directly affect reported income for the period. Exposure to market risk is managed in accordance with risk limits approved by the Board through buying or selling instruments or entering into offsetting positions. The Group undertakes trading activities in interest rate contracts with the Group being a party to interest rate swap, forward, future, option, cap and floor contracts. The Group’s largest activity is in interest rate swaps. The two parties to an interest rate swap agree to exchange, at agreed intervals, payment streams calculated on a specified notional principal amount. Forward rate agreements are also used by the Group in its trading activities. Forward rate agreements settle in cash at a specified future date based on the difference between agreed market rates applied to a notional principal amount. Risk management activities In addition to meeting customer needs, the Group’s principal objective in holding or issuing derivatives for purposes other than trading is the management of interest rate and foreign exchange rate risks. The operations of the Group are exposed to interest rate risk arising from the fact that assets and liabilities mature or reprice at different times or in differing amounts. Derivatives are used to modify the repricing or maturity characteristics of assets and liabilities in a cost-efficient manner. This flexibility helps the Group to achieve liquidity and risk management objectives. Similarly, foreign exchange derivatives can be used to hedge the Group’s exposure to foreign exchange risk. Derivative prices fluctuate in value as the underlying interest rate or foreign exchange rates change. If the derivatives are purchased or sold as hedges of statement of final position items, the appreciation or depreciation of the derivatives will generally be offset by the unrealised depreciation or appreciation of the hedged items. To achieve its risk management objectives, the Group uses a combination of derivative financial instruments, particularly interest rate swaps, cross currency interest rate swaps, forward rate agreements, futures, options and currency swaps, as well as other contracts. The notional principal and fair value amounts for instruments held for risk management purposes entered into by the Group at 31 December 2013 and 2012, are presented within this note. 275 Notes to the financial statements 23 Derivative financial instruments (continued) The following table shows the notional principal amount and the fair value of derivative financial instruments analysed by product and purpose as at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012. A description of how the fair values of derivatives are determined is set out in note 50. Notional principal amount € m 2013 Fair values Assets Liabilities € m € m Notional principal amount € m 2012 Fair values Assets Liabilities € m € m Derivatives held for trading Interest rate derivatives – over the counter (“OTC”) Interest rate swaps Cross-currency interest rate swaps Interest rate options Total interest rate derivatives – OTC Interest rate derivatives – exchange traded Interest rate futures Total interest rate derivatives – exchange traded 14,748 720 794 16,262 121 121 762 47 6 815 – – (761) (43) (6) (810) – – 27,040 1,435 (1,691) 1,826 1,013 80 9 (68) (9) 29,879 1,524 (1,768) 124 124 – – – – Total interest rate derivatives 16,383 815 (810) 30,003 1,524 (1,768) Foreign exchange derivatives – OTC Foreign exchange contracts Currency options bought and sold Total foreign exchange derivatives Equity derivatives – OTC Equity index options Total equity derivatives Credit derivatives – OTC Credit derivatives Total credit derivatives 4,130 185 4,315 2,390 2,390 – – 32 3 35 151 151 – – (32) (2) (34) (79) (79) – – 7,266 219 7,485 3,848 3,848 69 69 69 2 71 121 121 – – (19) (2) (21) (124) (124) (20) (20) Total derivatives held for trading 23,088 1,001 (923) 41,405 1,716 (1,933) Derivatives held for hedging Derivatives designated as fair value hedges – OTC Interest rate swaps Cross currency interest rate swaps 16,433 – Total derivatives designated as fair value hedges 16,433 Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges – OTC Interest rate swaps Cross currency interest rate swaps Credit default swaps 68,100 3,155 – Total derivatives designated as cash flow hedges 71,255 532 – 532 81 15 – 96 (590) – (590) (367) (80) – (447) Total derivatives held for hedging Total derivative financial instruments 87,688 110,776 628 1,629 (1,037) (1,960) 15,399 38 15,437 56,621 2,370 45 59,036 74,473 115,878 788 – 788 308 23 – 331 (792) (3) (795) (433) (94) (1) (528) 1,119 2,835 (1,323) (3,256) 276 23 Derivative financial instruments (continued) Cash flow hedges The table below sets out the hedged cash flows which are expected to occur in the following periods: Forecast receivable cash flows Forecast payable cash flows Forecast receivable cash flows Forecast payable cash flows Within 1 year € m 91 31 Between 1 and 2 years € m Between 2 and 5 years € m More than 5 years € m 73 38 232 95 240 111 Within 1 year € m 65 15 Between 1 and 2 years € m Between 2 and 5 years € m More than 5 years € m 6 10 24 35 25 32 2013 Total € m 636 275 2012 Total € m 120 92 The table below sets out the hedged cash flows, including amortisation of terminated cashflow hedges, which are expected to impact the income statement in the following periods: Forecast receivable cash flows Forecast payable cash flows Forecast receivable cash flows Forecast payable cash flows Within 1 year € m 91 72 Between 1 and 2 years € m Between 2 and 5 years € m More than 5 years € m 73 72 232 179 240 117 Within 1 year € m 65 64 Between 1 and 2 years € m Between 2 and 5 years € m More than 5 years € m 6 57 24 128 25 67 2013 Total € m 636 440 2012 Total € m 120 316 For AIB Group, the ineffectiveness reflected in the income statement that arose from cash flow hedges is a credit of € 7 million (2012: a charge of € 7 million). The pay fixed cash flow hedges are used to hedge the cash flows on variable rate liabilities, primarily floating rate notes. The receive fixed cash flow hedges are used to hedge the cash flows on variable rate assets, primarily the variable rate loan portfolio. The total amount recognised in other comprehensive income net of tax during the year in respect of cash flow hedges was a charge of € 18 million (2012: a charge of € 162 million). Fair value hedges Fair value hedges are entered into to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of recognised assets or liabilities arising from changes in interest rates, primarily available for sale securities and fixed rate liabilities. The fair values of financial instruments are set out in note 50. The net mark to market on fair value hedging derivatives, excluding accrual and risk adjustments is negative € 56 million (2012: negative € 37 million) and the net mark to market on the related hedged items is positive € 54 million (2012: positive € 37 million). Netting financial assets and financial liabilities Derivative financial instruments are shown on the statement of financial position at their fair value, those with a positive fair value are reported as assets and those with a negative fair value are reported as liabilities. Details on offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities are set out in note 45. 277 Notes to the financial statements 24 Loans and receivables to banks Funds placed with central banks Funds placed with other banks Provision for impairment Amounts include: Reverse repurchase agreements Loans and receivables to banks by geographical area(1) Republic of Ireland United Kingdom United States of America 2013 € m 656 1,399 (7) 2012 € m 692 2,226 (4) 2,048 2,914 16 61 2013 € m 478 1,566 4 2,048 2012 € m 699 2,210 5 2,914 (1)The classification of loans and receivables to banks by geographical area is based primarily on the location of the office recording the transaction. Loans and receivables to banks include cash collateral of € 798 million placed with derivative counterparties in relation to net derivative positions and placed with repurchase agreement counterparties (2012: € 1,208 million) (notes 23 and 45). Under reverse repurchase agreements, the Group has accepted collateral that it is permitted to sell or repledge in the absence of default by the owner of the collateral. The fair value of collateral received amounted to € 16 million (2012: € 61 million). The collateral received consisted of government securities of Nil (2012: € 61 million) and non-government available for sale securities (bank bonds) with a fair value of € 16 million (31 December 2012: Nil). The fair value of collateral sold or repledged amounted to Nil (2012: Nil). These transactions were conducted under terms that are usual and customary to standard reverse repurchase agreements. 25 Loans and receivables to customers Loans and receivables to customers Amounts receivable under finance leases and hire purchase contracts (note 26) Unquoted debt securities Provisions for impairment (note 27) Of which repayable on demand or at short notice Amounts include: Due from associated undertakings 2013 € m 81,680 965 151 2012 € m 88,123 1,017 238 (17,083) (16,406) 65,713 31,853 72,972 32,619 – – The unwind of the discount on the carrying amount of impaired loans amounted to € 373 million (2012: € 392 million) and is included in the carrying value of loans and receivables to customers. This has been credited to interest income. Loans and receivables to customers include € 27 million (2012: € 23 million) cash collateral placed with derivative counterparties and placed with repurchase agreement counterparties. 278 26 Amounts receivable under finance leases and hire purchase contracts The following balances principally comprise of leasing arrangements involving vehicles, plant, machinery and equipment. Gross receivables Not later than 1 year Later than one year and not later than 5 years Later than 5 years Unearned future finance income Deferred costs incurred on origination Total Present value of minimum payments analysed by residual maturity Not later than 1 year Later than one year and not later than 5 years Later than 5 years Present value of minimum payments Provision for uncollectible minimum payments receivable(1) Unguaranteed residual values accruing to the benefit of the Group Net investment in new business (1)Included in the provisions for impairment on loans and receivables to customers (note 27). 2013 € m 361 627 24 1,012 (50) 3 965 361 583 21 965 223 – 329 2012 € m 362 691 15 1,068 (53) 2 1,017 362 643 12 1,017 231 1 267 279 Notes to the financial statements 27 Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables The following table shows provisions for impairment on loans and receivables (both to banks and customers) and also includes provision on loans and receivables within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale. The classification of loans and receivables below aligns to the asset classes disclosed in the ‘Risk management’ section. Residential mortgages € m Other Property and construction € m personal € m SME/Other commercial € m 3,206 – 20 813 (87) – 1,139 (4) – 125 (114) – – 1 3,952 1,147 3,333 619 3,952 1,092 55 1,147 8,104 (44) (34) 724 (296) (16) – 8,438 8,114 324 8,438 3,500 (23) – 224 (456) – 1 3,246 3,138 108 3,246 Corporate € m 583 (5) – 30 (181) (120) – 307 228 79 307 At 1 January 2013 Exchange translation adjustments Other(1) Charge against income statement Amounts written off Disposals Recoveries of amounts written off in previous years At 31 December 2013 Total provisions are split as follows: Specific IBNR Amounts include: Loans and receivables to banks (note 24) Loans and receivables to customers (note 25) At 1 January 2012 Exchange translation adjustments Other(1) Charge against income statement Amounts written off Disposals Recoveries of amounts written off in previous years Provisions on loans and receivables returned by NAMA At 31 December 2012 Total provisions are split as follows: Specific IBNR Residential mortgages € m Other personal € m Property and construction € m SME/Other commercial € m 2,681 5 14 749 (59) (184) – – 1,063 3 – 219 (103) (44) 1 – 7,568 26 – 781 (237) (34) – – 3,097 11 20 518 (152) (1) 3 4 Corporate € m 536 2 – 167 (122) – – – 3,206 1,139 8,104 3,500 583 16,532 2,699 507 3,206 1,064 75 1,139 7,681 423 8,104 3,260 240 3,500 485 98 583 2013 Total € m 16,532 (76) (14) 1,916 (1,134) (136) 2 17,090 15,905 1,185 17,090 7 17,083 17,090 2012 Total € m 14,945 47 34 2,434 (673) (263) 4 4 15,189 1,343 16,532 4 16,406 122 16,532 Amounts include: Loans and receivables to banks (note 24) Loans and receivables to customers (note 25) Loans and receivables of disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale (note 21) (1)Includes transfers (to)/from provisions for liabilities and commitments. 280 28 NAMA senior bonds During 2010 and 2011, AIB received NAMA senior bonds and NAMA subordinated bonds as consideration for loans and receivables transferred to NAMA. The senior bonds carry a guarantee of the Irish Government with interest payable semi-annually each March and September at a rate of six month Euribor. The interest reset date is the second business day prior to the start of each interest period. The bonds were issued from 1 March 2010 and all bonds issued on or after 1 March in any year will mature on or prior to 1 March in the following year. NAMA may, with the consent of the Group, settle the bonds by issuing new bonds with the same terms and conditions and a maturity date of up to 364 days. The following table provides a movement analysis of the NAMA senior bonds: At 1 January Net returns Amortisation of discount Repayments Effect of re-estimating the timing of cash flows At 31 December 2013 € m 2012 € m 17,387 19,856 – 65 (136) 105 (1,916) (2,438) 62 – 15,598 17,387 On initial recognition of the NAMA senior bonds, AIB made certain assumptions as to the timing of expected repayments. Arising from the subsequent pattern of repayments, AIB reviewed its initial assumptions and revised its expectations during 2013. Based on the revised estimated timing of cash flows, AIB has adjusted the carrying amount of the bonds by discounting the revised timing of expected cash flows at the original effective interest rate. The adjustment to the carrying amount has resulted in the recognition of a gain of € 62 million in note 9 ‘Other operating income’. The estimated fair value of the bonds at 31 December 2013 is € 15,767 million (31 December 2012: € 17,446 million). The nominal value of the bonds is € 15,820 million (31 December 2012: € 17,737 million). Whilst these bonds do not have an external credit rating, the Group has attributed to them a rating of BBB+ (31 December 2012: BBB+) i.e. the external rating of the Sovereign. At 31 December 2013, € 12,435 million (31 December 2012: € 14,911 million) of NAMA senior bonds have been pledged to central banks and banks (note 35). 281 Notes to the financial statements 29 Financial investments available for sale The following table sets out at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012, the carrying value (fair value) of financial investments available for sale by major classifications together with the unrealised gains and losses. Fair value € m Unrealised gross gains € m Unrealised gross losses € m Net unrealised gains/ (losses) € m 10,328 1,968 608 3,092 535 3,671 34 3 12 910 110 54 29 1 59 – – – – (1) – (6) (54) (7) – – – 910 109 54 23 (53) 52 – – – Tax effect € m (113) (14) (6) (3) 7 (4) – – – 2013 Net ater tax € m 797 95 48 20 (46) 48 – – – 20,251 1,163 (68) 1,095 (133) 962 73 44 117 26 12 38 – (7) (7) 26 5 31 (3) – (3) 23 5 28 20,368 1,201 (75) 1,126 (136) 990 Unrealised gross gains € m Unrealised gross losses € m Net unrealised gains/ (losses) € m Tax effect € m Fair value € m 7,588 1,754 712 1,682 22 920 3,070 161 87 193 12 608 153 95 55 – 1 176 3 6 17 – (1) (4) – – (6) (140) (11) (5) (3) – – 16,201 1,114 (170) 47 96 143 – 16 16 – (10) (10) 2012 Net after tax € m 531 131 83 48 (5) (122) 144 (2) 2 13 – (76) (18) (12) (7) 1 17 (21) – (1) (4) – (121) 823 – (1) (1) – 5 5 607 149 95 55 (6) (139) 165 (2) 3 17 – 944 – 6 6 16,344 1,130 (180) 950 (122) 828 Debt securities Irish Government securities Euro government securities Non Euro government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Non Euro bank securities Non Euro corporate securities Other investments Total debt securities Equity securities Equity securities – NAMA subordinated bonds Equity securities – other Total equity securities Total financial investments available for sale Debt securities Irish Government securities Euro government securities Non Euro government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Collateralised mortgage obligations Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Non Euro bank securities Euro corporate securities Non Euro corporate securities Other investments Total debt securities Equity securities Equity securities – NAMA subordinated bonds Equity securities – other Total equity securities Total financial investments available for sale 282 29 Financial investments available for sale (continued) Analysis of movements in financial investments available for sale Debt securities € m Equity securities € m 2013 Total € m Debt securities € m Equity securities € m 2012 Total € m At 1 January 16,201 143 16,344 15,145 244 15,389 Reclassification to disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale (note 21) Exchange translation adjustments Purchases Return of NAMA subordinated bonds Sales Maturities Writeback/(provisions) for impairment Amortisation of discounts net of premiums Movement in unrealised gains At 31 December Of which: Listed Unlisted – (45) 6,639 – (1,795) (1,122) 18 (8) 363 20,251 20,239 12 20,251 – – 27 – (79) – (9) – 35 117 12 105 117 – (45) 6,666 – (1,874) (1,122) 9 (8) 398 20,368 20,251 117 20,368 – 17 5,045 – (2,981) (2,654) – 23 1,606 16,201 16,189 12 16,201 Debt securities analysed by remaining contractual maturity Due within one year After one year, but within five years After five years, but within ten years After ten years (18) – 14 (3) (28) – (86) – 20 (18) 17 5,059 (3) (3,009) (2,654) (86) 23 1,626 143 16,344 58 85 143 16,247 97 16,344 2013 € m 1,186 11,357 6,606 1,102 20,251 2012 € m 1,243 8,610 4,715 1,633 16,201 283 Notes to the financial statements 29 Financial investments available for sale (continued) The following table sets out at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012, an analysis of the securities portfolio with unrealised losses, distinguishing between securities with continuous unrealised loss positions of less than 12 months and those with continuous unrealised loss positions for periods in excess of 12 months. Investments with Investments with unrealised losses unrealised losses of more than 12 months € m of less than 12 months € m 2013 Debt securities Euro government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Total debt securities Equity securities Equity securities – other Total – 909 – 1,293 2,202 2 2,204 62 50 513 160 785 – 785 Investments with unrealised losses of less than 12 months € m Investments with unrealised losses of more than 12 months € m 2012 Debt securities Irish Government securities Euro government securities Collateralised mortgage obligations Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Non Euro bank securities Euro corporate securities Non Euro corporate securities Total debt securities Equity securities Equity securities – other Total 25 – – 1 148 – 7 11 192 4 196 Fair value Total € m 62 959 513 1,453 2,987 2 2,989 Fair value Total € m 274 188 22 910 442 42 37 19 249 188 22 909 294 42 30 8 1,742 1,934 37 1,779 41 1,975 Unrealised losses of less than 12 months € m – (6) – (5) (11) – (11) Unrealised losses of less than 12 months € m – – – – – – – – – (8) (8) Unrealised losses Total Unrealised losses of more than 12 months € m € m (1) (1) – (54) (2) (57) (7) (64) (6) (54) (7) (68) (7) (75) Unrealised losses Total Unrealised losses of more than 12 months € m € m (1) (4) (6) (140) (11) (5) (3) – (1) (4) (6) (140) (11) (5) (3) – (170) (170) (2) (172) (10) (180) Available for sale financial investments with unrealised losses have been assessed for impairment based on the credit risk profile of the counterparties involved. Impairment losses on debt securities of Nil (2012: Nil) and € 9 million (2012: € 86 million) on equity securities have been recognised as set out in note 13. 284 30 Interests in associated undertakings Included in the income statement is the contribution from investments in associated undertakings as follows: Income statement Share of results of associated undertakings(1) Impairment of associated undertakings Loss on disposal of investment in associated undertakings Loss recognised on the remeasurement to fair value less costs to sell of disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Share of net assets including goodwill At 1 January Exchange translation adjustments Additions Disposals(3) Designation of associate as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss(4) Income for the year – Continuing operations Dividends received from associates Impairment on associated undertakings – Continuing operations At 31 December(5) Disclosed in the statement of financial position within: Interests in associated undertakings Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale (note 21) Of which listed on a recognised stock exchange 2013 € m 2012 € m 16 (8) (1) – 7 15 – – (5) 10 2013 € m 64 (1) – (10) – 16 (3) (8) 58 58 – 58 – 2011 € m (1) (36) – – (37) 2012 € m 246 – 18(2) – (196) 15 (14) (5) 64 52 12 64 – (1)Includes AIB Merchant Services € 10 million profit (2012: € 14 million profit; 2011: € 13 million profit), Aviva Health Insurance Ireland Limited € 6 million (2012: Nil; 2011:Nil), Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited Nil (2012: Nil; 2011: €17 million loss) and Other associates Nil (2012: € 1 million profit; 2011: € 3 million profit). (2)Additions (LaGuardia Hotel) relate to transfers from financial investments available for sale arising from debt/equity restructuring. (3)LaGuardia Hotel was disposed of during 2013 with € 1 million loss on disposal. (4)Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited was designated as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss with effect from 1 July 2012. No profit or loss arose on designation as it had been held at fair value (note 31). (5)Includes the Group’s investments in AIB Merchant Services and Aviva Health Insurance Ireland Limited (31 December 2012: AIB Merchant Services, Aviva Health Insurance Ireland Limited and LaGuardia Hotel). 285 Notes to the financial statements 30 Interests in associated undertakings (continued) The following are the principal associates of the Group at 31 December 2013: Name of associate Principal activity Place of incorporation and operation Proportion of ownership interest and voting power held by the Group at 31 December 2013 % 2012 % (A) Aviva Health Insurance Transaction of health 1 Park Place Ireland Limited insurance business within Hatch Street, Dublin 2 the Republic of Ireland Ireland 30 30 (B) Zoltar Services Limited Provider of merchant Registered Office: Unit 6, trading as AIB Merchant Services payment solutions Belfield Business Park Clonskeagh, Dublin 4 Ireland 49.9 49.9 (C)Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Manufacturer and 1 Park Place Limited(1) distributor of life and Hatch Street, Dublin 2 pension products Ireland – 24.99 (1) AIB’s investment in Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited was designated as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss with effect from 1July 2012. Prior to this, it had been accounted for as an associate undertaking. It was held within ‘disposal groups and non–current assets held for sale’ at 31 December 2012 and until its disposal on 8 March 2013 (notes 18 and 31). All of the associates, apart from Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited as outlined above, are accounted for using the equity method in these consolidated financial statements. In accordance with the European Communities (Credit Institutions: Accounts) Regulations, 1992, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. will annex a full listing of associated undertakings to its annual return to the Companies Registration Office. There was no unrecognised share of losses of associates in 2013 or 2012. Change in the Group’s ownership interest in associates There was no change in the ownership interest in associates, apart from the disposal of Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited as outlined above. Significant restrictions There is no significant restriction on the ability of associates to transfer funds to the Group in the form of cash or dividends, or to repay loans or advances made by the Group. 286 31 Interest in Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited At 31 December 2011, AIB considered that it was highly probable that its investment in Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited (“ALH”), an associated undertaking, would be disposed of within twelve months following the cancellation in December 2011 of the distribution agreement between AIB and ALH and the conditions that existed in the shareholder agreement. Accordingly, ALH was classified as held for sale and included within ‘Disposal Groups and non-current assets held for sale’ (note 21). An impairment loss of € 36 million on remeasurement of the disposal group to the lower of its carrying amount and its fair value less costs to sell was recognised in associated undertakings in the consolidated income statement in 2011. Arising from the exercise, in January 2012, of put options held by AIB and Aviva and the subsequent protracted negotiations between the parties to finalise the sales process of ALH and Ark Life respectively, it became increasingly obvious that AIB was no longer in the position to exercise significant influence over its investment in ALH. Accordingly, AIB designated this investment in ALH as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss with effect from 1 July 2012. There was no profit or loss recognised on the date of designation as the investment had been held at fair value. There was nil contribution from ALH in the six months to 30 June 2012. The sales process was completed on 8 March 2013, resulting in a gain on disposal of € 10 million and a tax charge of Nil. This gain is reported in net trading income/(loss) (note 6). In 2012, the mark to market of the related put options was negative € 40 million (2011: negative € 8 million) (note 6). The contribution of ALH for the year ended 31 December 2011 is included within share of results of associated undertakings as follows: Share of loss of ALH Impairment Amortisation of intangible assets Share of loss before taxation Taxation attributable to policyholder returns Loss attributable to shareholders before taxation Taxation Included within associated undertakings 2011 € m (12) (36) (4) (52) (1) (53) – (53) In addition to the amounts included within share of results of associated undertakings, the Group recognised fee income on the sale of ALH life insurance and investment products through its distribution channels, amounting to Nil up to the date of disposal (2012: € 11 million, 2011: € 23 million). On 8 March 2013, following disposal of ALH, AIB acquired a 100% interest in Ark Life Assurance Company Limited (‘Ark Life’) (note 48). 287 Notes to the financial statements 32 Intangible assets Cost At 1 January Additions – internally generated – externally purchased Amounts written off(1) At 31 December Amortisation/impairment At 1 January Amortisation for the year Impairment for the year Amounts written off(1) At 31 December Net book value at 31 December Software € m Other € m 689 52 10 (43) 708 502 58 15 (43) 532 176 3 – – – 3 3 – – – 3 – 2013 Total € m 692 52 10 (43) 711 505 58 15 (43) 535 176 Software € m Other € m 631 62 9 (13) 689 455 58 2 (13) 502 187 3 – – – 3 3 – – – 3 – 2012 Total € m 634 62 9 (13) 692 458 58 2 (13) 505 187 (1)Relates to assets which are no longer in use with a nil carrying value. Internally generated intangible assets under construction amounted to: € 35 million (2012: € 45 million). Internally generated software amounted to: € 398 million (2012: € 375 million). 288 33 Property, plant and equipment Freehold Long leasehold Property Leasehold under 50 years € m Equipment Total € m € m Cost At 1 January 2013 Additions Disposals Amounts written off(1) Exchange translation adjustments At 31 December 2013 Depreciation/impairment At 1 January 2013 Depreciation charge for the year Impairment charge for the year Disposals Amounts written off(1) Exchange translation adjustments At 31 December 2013 Net book value at 31 December 2013 Cost At 1 January 2012 Reclassification to disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Other reclassifications Additions Disposals Amounts written off(1) Exchange translation adjustments At 31 December 2012 Depreciation/impairment At 1 January 2012 Reclassification to disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Depreciation charge for the year Impairment for the year Disposals Amounts written off(1) Exchange translation adjustments At 31 December 2012 Net book value at 31 December 2012 € m 191 1 (17) (1) (1) 173 68 5 6 (9) (1) (1) 68 105 € m 102 1 (4) – – 99 30 2 2 (2) – – 32 67 (2) 1 2 (1) – 1 191 53 (1) 6 9 – – 1 68 123 – (1) – – – – 102 27 – 3 – – – – 30 72 141 13 (6) (5) (1) 142 93 8 3 (5) (5) (1) 93 49 – – 9 (20) (2) 1 141 486 17 (19) (13) (2) 469 396 25 – (17) (13) (2) 389 80 484 – – 26 (23) (2) 1 486 101 389 – 13 – (20) (2) 1 93 48 – 29 – (21) (2) 1 396 90 920 32 (46) (19) (4) 883 587 40 11 (33) (19) (4) 582 301 930 (2) – 37 (44) (4) 3 920 570 (1) 51 9 (41) (4) 3 587 333 190 103 153 (1)Relates to assets which are no longer in use with a Nil carrying value. The net book value of property occupied by the Group for its own activities was € 216 million (2012: € 240 million), excluding those held as disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale. Property leased to others by AIB Group had a book value of € 2 million (2012: € 2 million). Property and equipment includes € 10 million for items in the course of construction (2012: € 2 million). 289 Notes to the financial statements 34 Deferred taxation Deferred tax assets: Provision for impairment of loans and receivables Retirement benefits Assets leased to customers Unutilised tax losses Amortised income Other Total gross deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Cash flow hedges Amortised income on loans Assets used in business Available for sale securities Total gross deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax assets Represented on the balance sheet as follows: Deferred tax assets 2013 € m 11 12 17 Restated* 2012 € m 3 91 17 3,871 3,904 2 76 – 32 3,989 4,047 (3) (45) (23) (90) (161) 3,828 (5) (149) (24) (24) (202) 3,845 3,828 3,845 For each of the years ended 31 December 2013 and 2012, full provision has been made for capital allowances and other temporary differences. Analysis of movements in deferred taxation At 1 January Exchange translation and other adjustments Deferred tax through other comprehensive income Income statement (note 17) At 31 December 2013 € m 3,845 (15) (106) 104 Restated* 2012 € m 3,692 18 (37) 172 3,828 3,845 Comments on the basis of recognition of deferred tax assets on unused tax losses are included in ‘Critical accounting policies and estimates’ on pages 50 to 53 Comments on the prospective regulatory capital treatment of deferred tax assets are included in ‘Risk factors’ on page 65. At 31 December 2013, recognised deferred tax assets on tax losses and other temporary differences, net of deferred tax liabilities, totalled € 3,828 million (2012: € 3,845 million*). The most significant tax losses arise in the Irish tax jurisdiction and their utilisation is dependent on future taxable profits. Temporary differences recognised in other comprehensive income consist of deferred tax on available for sale securities, cash flow hedges and actuarial gains/losses on retirement benefit schemes. Temporary differences recognised in the income statement consist of provision for impairment on loans and receivables, amortised income, assets leased to customers, and assets used in the course of business. Net deferred tax assets of € 3,773 million (2012: € 3,845 million*) are expected to be recovered after more than 12 months. For AIB’s principal UK subsidiary, the Group has concluded that the recognition of deferred tax assets be limited to the amount projected to be realised within a time period of 15 years. This is the timescale within which the Group believes that it can asses the likelihood of its profits arising as being more likely than not. For certain other subsidiaries and branches, the Group has concluded that it is more likely than not that there will be insufficient profits to support full recognition of deferred tax assets. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 290 34 Deferred taxation (continued) As a result, the Group has not recognised deferred tax assets in respect of Irish tax on unused tax losses of € 269 million (2012: € 309 million) and overseas tax (UK and USA) on unused tax losses of € 1,675 million (2012: € 1,539 million), and foreign tax credits, for Irish tax purposes, of € 5 million (2012: € 4 million). Of these tax losses totalling € 1,944 million for which no deferred tax is recognised, € 46 million expires in 2031, € 62 million in 2032 and € 24 million in 2033. The aggregate amount of temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, branches and associates for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognised amounted to Nil (2012: Nil). The net deferred tax asset on items recognised directly in other comprehensive income amounted to € 86 million (2012: € 64 million*). Analysis of income tax relating to other comprehensive income Loss for the year Exchange translation adjustments Net change in cash flow hedge reserves Net change in fair value of available for sale securities Net actuarial gains in retirement benefit schemes Net change in property revaluation reserves Total comprehensive income for the year Attributable to: Owners of the parent € m (1,687) (9) (20) 580 292 (1) (845) (845) Gross Tax Net of tax 2013 Net amount attributable to owners of the parent € m € m € m 90 – 2 (67) (41) – (16) (16) (1,597) (1,597) (9) (18) 513 251 (1) (861) (9) (18) 513 251 (1) (861) (861) (861) Loss for the year Exchange translation adjustments Net change in cash flow hedge reserves Net change in fair value of available for sale securities Net actuarial gains in retirement benefit schemes Net change in property revaluation reserves Total comprehensive income for the year Attributable to: Owners of the parent *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). Gross Tax Net of tax € m (3,729) 34 (185) 1,467 (830) – (3,243) € m 172 – 23 (172) 114 (2) 135 Restated* 2012 Net amount attributable to owners of the parent € m € m (3,557) (3,557) 34 (162) 1,295 (716) (2) 34 (162) 1,295 (716) (2) (3,108) (3,108) (3,243) 135 (3,108) (3,108) 291 Notes to the financial statements 34 Deferred taxation (continued) Analysis of income tax relating to other comprehensive income Gross Tax Net of tax Continuing operations Loss for the year Exchange translation adjustments Net change in cash flow hedge reserves Net change in fair value of available for sale securities Net actuarial losses in retirement benefit schemes Recognised gains in associated undertakings € m (5,139) (11) (242) 145 (503) 4 € m 1,193 – 33 (33) 65 – € m (3,946) (11) (209) 112 (438) 4 Total comprehensive income for the year (5,746) 1,258 (4,488) Attributable to: Owners of the parent (5,746) 1,258 (4,488) Discontinued operations Profit for the year Exchange translation adjustments Net change in cash flow hedge reserves Net change in fair value of available for sale securities Total comprehensive income for the year Attributable to: Owners of the parent Non-controlling interests 1,645 (134) 1 (99) 1,413 1,401 12 1,413 (17) – – 25 8 8 – 8 1,628 (134) 1 (74) 1,421 1,409 12 1,421 Restated* 2011 Net amount attributable to owners of the parent € m Non- controlling interests net of tax € m – – – – – – – – 20 (5) – (3) 12 – 12 12 (3,946) (11) (209) 112 (438) 4 (4,488) (4,488) 1,608 (129) 1 (71) 1,409 1,409 – 1,409 292 35 Deposits by central banks and banks Central banks Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Other borrowings Banks Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Other borrowings Of which: Domestic offices Foreign offices Amounts include: Due to associated undertakings 2013 € m 2012 € m 12,725 22,220 – – 12,725 22,220 9,136 1,260 10,396 23,121 22,915 206 23,121 5,636 586 6,222 28,442 28,113 329 28,442 – – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (note 49), (with the exception of € 11.25 billion (2012: € 11.25 billion) funded through the ECB three year Long Term Refinancing Operation (“LTRO”)) mature within six months and are secured by Irish Government bonds, NAMA senior bonds, other marketable securities and eligible assets. The Group has securitised certain of its mortgage and loan portfolios as outlined below in relation to AIB Mortgage Bank and EBS Mortgage Finance. These securities, other than issued to external investors, have been pledged as collateral in addition to other securities held by the Group. Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has granted a floating charge over certain residential mortgage pools, the drawings against which were Nil at 31 December 2013 (2012: € 90 million). A subsidiary of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has also granted a floating charge over certain residential mortgage pools, the drawings against which were Nil at 31 December 2013 (2012: Nil). Deposits by central banks and banks include cash collateral of € 200 million (2012: € 321 million) received from derivative counterparties in relation to net derivative positions (note 23) and also from repurchase agreement counterparties. Financial assets pledged under existing agreements to repurchase, and providing access to future funding facilities with central banks and banks are detailed in the following table: Central banks € m Total carrying value of financial assets pledged 14,662 Of which: Government securities(1) Other securities (1)Includes NAMA senior bonds. 12,048 2,614 Banks € m 9,938 6,441 3,497 2013 Total € m 24,600 18,489 6,111 Central banks € m 25,720 14,887 10,833 Banks € m 6,295 4,152 2,143 2012 Total € m 32,015 19,039 12,976 293 Notes to the financial statements 36 Customer accounts Current accounts Demand deposits Time deposits(1) Securities sold under agreements to repurchase(2) Of which: Non-interest bearing current accounts Domestic offices Foreign offices Interest bearing deposits, current accounts and short-term borrowings Domestic offices Foreign offices Amounts include: Due to related party 2013 € m 18,274 9,372 32,238 5,783 65,667 13,147 2,237 41,238 9,045 65,667 2012 € m 16,366 9,460 37,690 94 63,610 11,633 2,053 39,889 10,035 63,610 150 1,270(3) (1)Following the acquisition of Ark Life in March 2013, deposits amounting to € 1,011 million placed by Ark Life with AIB have been eliminated on consolidation at 31 December 2013. At 31 December 2012, these deposits amounted to € 1,257 million and are included above. (2)The Group pledged government available for sale securities with a fair value of € 5,814 million (31 December 2012: Nil) and non-government available for sale securities with a fair value of € 284 million (31 December 2012: € 105 million) as collateral for these facilities (see note 45 for further information). (3)These amounts were substantially due to a subsidiary of ALH (Ark Life as noted above), and whilst the investment in ALH amounted to 24.99% of the ordinary share capital, it was accounted for as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss with effect from 1 July 2012. The investment in ALH was disposed of in March 2013 (note 31). At 31 December 2013, the Group’s 5 largest customer deposits amounted to 5% of total customer accounts. 37 Debt securities in issue Bonds and medium term notes: European medium term note programme Bonds and other medium term notes Other debt securities in issue: Commercial paper Commercial certificates of deposit 2013 € m 4,346 4,334 8,680 79 – 79 2012 € m 6,268 4,363 10,631 – 35 35 8,759 10,666 Debt securities issued during the year amounted to € 3,510 million (31 December 2012: € 851 million) of which € 1,000 million relates to a covered bond issuance, a € 500 million EMTN bond issuance with the balance relating to issuances under the short-term commercial paper programme. Debt securities matured amounted to € 5,421 million (31 December 2012: € 5,871 million). 38 Other liabilities Notes in circulation Items in transit Creditors Fair value of hedged liability positions Other 294 2013 € m 417 213 12 330 349 2012 € m 467 157 8 565 430 1,321 1,627 39 Provisions for liabilities and commitments NAMA(1) provisions Onerous(2) contracts Legal claims Liabilities and charges € m 21 34 – – At 1 January Transfers in Transfers out Exchange translation adjustments Amounts charged to income € m 31 – – – statement 28(4) 18(1) Amounts released to income statement Provisions utilised At 31 December (11)(4) – 72 (14)(1) – 35 provisions Other(3) Voluntary severance scheme € m € m 156 1 (4) (4) 89 (29) (70) 139 6 – – – 3 – (6) 3 € m € m 27 – (2) – 20 (1) (8) 36 9 4 – – 4 (2) (1) 14 At 1 January Transfers out Exchange translation adjustments Amounts charged to income statement Amounts released to income statement Provisions utilised At 31 December Liabilities and charges € m 24 (8) – 10(4) (1)(4) (4) 21 NAMA(1) provisions Onerous(2) contracts Legal claims Other(3) provisions € m 407 – 2 19(1) (155)(1) (242) 31 € m 13 – – 16 (1) (1) 27 € m 10 – – 4 (4) (1) 9 € m 60 – 1 121 (7) (19) 156 Voluntary severance scheme* € m – – – 45 – (39) 6 2013 Total € m 250 39 (6) (4) 162 (57) (85) 299 Restated* 2012 Total € m 514 (8) 3 215 (168) (306) 250 The total provisions for liabilities and commitments expected to be settled within one year amount to € 110 million (2012: € 187 million*). (1)NAMA provisions represent amounts due to NAMA in respect of adjustments to transfers which had not been settled at 31 December 2011. At 31 December 2013, € 14 million (2012: € 155 million) of this provision was released to the income statement. This followed the resolution with NAMA of certain issues relating to transfers which had taken place in earlier periods. In addition, € 18 million (2012: € 19 million) was charged to the income statement in respect of Section 93 claims i.e. new claims under the NAMA Act. (2)Provisions for the unavoidable costs expected to arise from branch closures. (3)Includes € 6 million (2012: € 52 million) provisions for refunds to customers in respect of payment protection insurance in both Ireland and the UK, provisions of € 96 million (2012: € 49 million) in respect of interest rate hedge products in the UK and provisions for restructuring and reorganisation costs. (4)Included in charge/(writeback) of provisions for liabilities and commitments in income statement. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 295 Notes to the financial statements 40 Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Notes 2013 € m 2012 € m Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. € 1.6bn Contingent Capital Tier 2 Notes due 2016 Proceeds of issue Fair value adjustment on initial recognition Amortisation to date Dated loan capital – European Medium Term Note Programme: € 500m Callable Step-up Floating Rate Notes due October 2017 (maturity extended to 2035 as a result of the SLO) Stg£ 368m 12.5% Subordinated Notes due June 2019 (maturity extended to 2035 as a result of the SLO) Stg£ 500m Callable Fixed/Floating Rate Notes due March 2025 (maturity extended to 2035 as a result of the SLO) (a) (b) (c) (d) Maturity of dated loan capital Dated loan capital outstanding is repayable as follows: 5 years or more 1,600 (447) 163 1,316 1,600 (447) 84 1,237 8 28 – 36 7 27 – 34 1,352 1,271 2013 € m 2012 € m 36 34 Following on the liability management exercises in 2011 and the SLO in April 2011, residual balances remained outstanding on the dated loan capital instruments above. The SLO, which was effective from 22 April 2011, changed the terms of all outstanding instruments. The original liabilities were derecognised and new liabilities were recognised, with their initial measurement based on the fair value at the SLO effective date. The contractual maturity date changed to 2035 as a result of the SLO, with coupons to be payable at the option of AIB (note 7). € 1.6bn Contingent Capital Tier 2 Notes due 2016 (a) On 26 July 2011, AIB issued € 1.6 billion in nominal value of Contingent Capital Tier 2 Notes (‘CCNs’) to the Minister for Finance of Ireland (‘the Minister’) for cash consideration of € 1.6 billion. The fair value of these notes at initial recognition was € 1,153 million with € 447 million being accounted for as a capital contribution from the Minister (note 44). Interest is payable annually in arrears on the nominal value of the notes at a fixed rate of 10% per annum. The interest rate may increase up to 18% at the behest of the Minister but with effect only from the date that the CCNs are sold to a third party external to a State entity. The notes are due to mature on 28 July 2016. The CCNs are unsecured and subordinated obligations of AIB. They rank: (i) junior to the claims of all holders of unsubordinated obligations of AIB; (ii) pari passu with the claims of holders of all other subordinated obligations of AIB which qualify as consolidated Tier 2 capital of the Group for regulatory capital purposes or which rank, or are expressed to rank, pari passu with the CCNs; and (iii) senior to the claims of holders of all other subordinated obligations of AIB which rank junior to the CCNs including any subordinated obligations of AIB which qualify as Tier 1 capital of the Group for regulatory purposes. While the CCNs are outstanding, if the Core Tier 1 capital ratio (the CET Ratio after the CRD IV implementation date) falls below the Trigger ratio of 8.25%, the CCNs are immediately and mandatorily redeemable and will convert to ordinary shares of AIB at a conversion price of € 0.01 per share. Dated loan capital The dated loan capital in this section issued under the European Medium Term Note Programme is subordinated in right of payment to the ordinary creditors, including depositors, of the Group. During 2010, the Group redeemed certain of these capital instruments, and in 2011, all outstanding amounts were either purchased for cash or derecognised following a Subordinated Liabilities Order (“SLO”), details of which are set out in note 54(g). 296 40 Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments (continued) Dated loan capital Residual balances remained outstanding on the instruments set out below following redemption/derecognition as follows: (b) In relation to the € 500 million Callable Subordinated Step-Up Floating Rate Notes, the Group redeemed € 332.5 million of these in March 2010, leaving € 167.5 million outstanding. Of this outstanding amount, € 142 million was purchased for cash during 2011 with the remainder being derecognised following the introduction of the SLO. A new instrument was subsequently recognised and measured at a fair value of € 7 million (note 7). (c) Of the Stg£ 368 million Subordinated Notes, Stg£ 289 million was purchased for cash during 2011 with the remainder, amounting to Stg£ 79 million, being derecognised following the introduction of the SLO. A new instrument was subsequently recognised and measured at a fair value of Stg£ 20 million (note 7). (d) The Stg£ 500 million Subordinated Callable Fixed/Floating Rate Notes were partially redeemed (Stg£ 481 million) in March 2010, leaving Stg£ 19 million outstanding. Of this outstanding amount, Stg£ 18 million was purchased for cash during 2011, with the remainder amounting to Stg£ 1 million being derecognised following the introduction of the SLO. A new instrument was subsequently recognised and measured at a fair value of Stg£ 0.3 million (note 7). 297 Notes to the financial statements 41 Share capital Ordinary share capital Ordinary shares of € 0.01 each Preference share capital Authorised 2012 m 2013 m 2013 m Issued 2012 m 702,000.0 702,000.0 521,296.8 517,152.8 2009 Non cumulative preference shares of € 0.01 each 3,500.0 3,500.0 3,500.0 3,500.0 Deferred share capital Deferred shares of € 0.01 each 403,775.2 403,775.2 – – Ordinary share capital/share premium 2013 On 13 May 2013, arising from the non-payment of dividend amounting to € 280 million on the 2009 Preference Shares, the National Pensions Reserve Fund Commission (“NPRFC”) became entitled to bonus shares in lieu and the Company issued 4,144,055,254 ordinary shares of € 0.01 each by way of a bonus issue to the NPRFC. This number of shares is equal to the aggregate cash amount of the annual dividend of € 280 million on the NPRFC’s holding of € 3.5 billion 2009 Non Cumulative Preference Shares, divided by the average price per share in the 30 trading days prior to 13 May 2013. In accordance with the Company’s Articles of Association, an amount of € 42 million, equal to the nominal value of shares issued, was transferred from share premium to ordinary shares. 2012 (i) On 1 May 2012, the Irish High Court confirmed an application by AIB for a reduction of the share premium account by € 2,000 million in addition to a reduction of € 3,958 million of its capital redemption reserves (note 43). This resulted in a transfer from these reserve accounts to revenue reserves. (ii) On 14 May 2012, arising from the non-payment of dividend amounting to € 280 million on the 2009 Preference Shares, the National Pensions Reserve Fund Commission (“NPRFC”) became entitled to bonus shares in lieu and the Company issued 3,623,969,972 new ordinary shares of € 0.01 each by way of a bonus issue to the NPRFC in settlement of the dividend. In accordance with the Company’s Articles of Association, an amount of € 36 million, equal to the nominal value of the shares issued, was transferred from share premium to ordinary share capital. Preference share capital - 2009 Preference Shares On 13 May 2009, in implementing the Government’s recapitalisation of AIB, the Company issued: (i) € 3.5 billion of core tier 1 securities in the form of non-cumulative redeemable preference shares (the ‘2009 Preference Shares’) and (ii) 294,251,819 warrants over ordinary shares (the ‘2009 Warrants’), to the NPRFC for an aggregate subscription price of € 3.5 billion. The Government’s national pensions reserve fund, is controlled by the NPRFC and managed by the National Treasury Management Agency (“NTMA”). The 2009 Preference Shares carry a fixed non cumulative dividend at a rate of 8% per annum, payable annually in arrears at the discretion of AIB. If a cash dividend is not paid, AIB must issue bonus ordinary shares to the holders of the 2009 Preference Shares by capitalising its reserves. The issue of bonus shares can be deferred by AIB, but the holders of 2009 Preference Shares will acquire voting rights at general meetings of AIB equivalent to the voting rights that would have attached to the bonus shares if they had been issued. The dividend may not be deferred beyond the date on which AIB (a) pays a cash dividend on the 2009 Preference Shares or on the ordinary shares; or (b) redeems or purchases any of the 2009 Preference Shares, or ordinary shares. Arising from this provision, AIB issued ordinary shares in lieu of dividend due to the NPRFC in 2010, in 2011, in 2012 and on 13 May 2013. In accordance with the Company’s Articles of Association, an amount of € 42 million (2012: € 36 million), equal to the nominal value of the shares issued, was transferred from the share premium to the ordinary share capital account (see below). The 2009 Preference Shares may be purchased or redeemed at the option of AIB, in whole or in part, from distributable profits and/or the proceeds of an issue of shares constituting core tier 1 capital, for the first five years after the date of issue for the subscription price of € 1.00 per share and thereafter at redemption or purchase price of 125 per cent. of the subscription price, subject at all times to the consent of the Central Bank of Ireland. 298 41 Share capital (continued) Preference share capital - 2009 Preference Shares The 2009 Preference Shares give the Minister the right, while any such preference shares are outstanding, to appoint directly 25 per cent. of the directors of AIB and has voting rights equal to 25 per cent. of all votes capable of being cast by shareholders on a poll at a general meeting of the Company on shareholder resolutions relating to: (i) the appointment, reappointment or removal of Directors; and (ii) a change of control of AIB or a sale of all or substantially all of its business. In relation to item (i) above, the 25 per cent. voting rights entitlement is inclusive of the voting rights of all Government entities in respect of any ordinary shares they may hold. To the extent that the NPRFC holds ordinary shares, it is not restricted from exercising its voting rights in respect of such ordinary shares at a general meeting of the Company. The 2009 Preference Shares are freely transferable in minimum lots of 50,000 shares. However, the voting rights attaching to the 2009 Preference Shares, the right to appoint directors to the board of AIB and the veto over certain share capital-related resolutions are not transferable, as those rights are exercisable only by a Government Preference Shareholder. The following tables show the movements in share capital in the statement of financial position during the year: Issued share capital At 1 January Ordinary shares in lieu of dividend on 2009 Preference Shares At 31 December Of which: Ordinary shares 2009 Preference shares Share premium At 1 January Transfer to ordinary share capital in respect of ordinary shares issued in lieu of dividend on 2009 Preference Shares Reduction and transfer to revenue reserves At 31 December Structure of the Company’s share capital as at 31 December 2013 Class of share Ordinary share capital 2009 Preference Shares Deferred shares The following table shows the Group’s capital resources at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Capital resources Shareholders’ equity Contingent capital notes (note 40) Dated capital notes (note 40) Total capital resources *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 2013 € m 5,206 42 5,248 5,213 35 5,248 2013 € m 2,890 (42) – 2,848 2012 € m 5,170 36 5,206 5,171 35 5,206 2012 € m 4,926 (36) (2,000) 2,890 Authorised Issued share capital share capital % % 63.3 0.3 36.4 99.3 0.7 – 2013 € m 10,494 1,316 36 11,846 Restated* 2012 € m 11,355 1,237 34 12,626 299 Notes to the financial statements 42 Own shares The details of ordinary shares previously purchased under shareholder authority and held as Treasury Shares are as follows: Treasury shares At 31 December 2013 2012 35,680,114 35,680,114 Since 2008, the company has not reissued any ordinary shares from its pool of Treasury Shares. Employee share schemes and trusts The Group sponsors a number of employee share plans whereby purchases of shares are made in the open market to satisfy commitments under the schemes. At 31 December 2013, 1.5 million shares (2012: 1.5 million) were held by trustees with a book value of € 23 million (2012: € 23 million), and a market value of € 0.1 million (2012: € 0.1 million). The book value is deducted from revenue reserves while the shares continue to be held by the Group. The Group sponsors SAYE schemes for eligible employees in the UK, the Isle of Man and Channel Islands. The trustees of the schemes have borrowed funds from Group companies, interest free, to enable them to purchase Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. ordinary shares in the open market. These shares are used to satisfy commitments arising under the schemes. The cost of providing these shares is charged to the income statement on a systematic basis over the period that the employees are expected to benefit. At 31 December 2013, 1.5 million shares (2012: 1.5 million) were held by the trustees with a book value of € 22.4 million (2012: € 22.9 million) and a market value of € 0.1 million (2012: € 0.1 million). The book value is deducted from revenue reserves. In 2001, the AIB Group Employee Share Trust was established to satisfy commitments arising under the AIB Group Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”). Funds were provided to the trustees to enable them to purchase Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. ordinary shares in the open market. The trustees have waived their entitlement to dividends. At 31 December 2013, 0.01 million shares (2012: 0.01 million shares) were held by the trustees with a book value of € 0.1 million (2012: € 0.1 million) and a market value of € 0.001 million (2012: € 0.001 million). 300 43 Capital reserves and capital redemption reserves Capital reserves At 1 January Transfer to revenue reserves: Anglo business transfer CCNs issuance (note 40) Other movement(1) At 31 December Capital contribution reserves € m Other capital reserves € m 2,385 253 (140) (79) (219) 178 – – – – 2013 Total € m 2,638 (140) (79) (219) 178 2,344 253 2,597 Capital contribution reserves € m Other capital reserves € m 2012 Total € m 2,632 253 2,885 (187) (60) (247) – 2,385 – – – – (187) (60) (247) – 253 2,638 (1)The capital contribution recognised at a Group level with regard to the EBS acquisition on 1 July 2011 amounted to € 777 million. This reflected, in part, negative available for sale securities reserves and cash flow hedge reserves of € 178 million at the date of acquisition. Given that the underlying portfolio has since largely matured or has been sold at fair value to Allied Irish Banks p.l.c., a transfer of € 178 million, being the original negative reserves, has taken place at Group level from capital contribution reserves to available for sale securities reserves/cash flow hedging reserves. The capital contribution reserves which arose from the acquisition of Anglo deposit business and EBS and the issue of the CCNs were non-distributable on initial recognition but may become distributable as outlined in accounting policy number 28 in the Annual Financial Report 2013. The transfers to revenue reserves relate to the capital contributions being deemed distributable. Capital redemption reserves On 26 July 2011, the ordinary shares of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. were renominalised which resulted in the creation of ordinary shares of € 0.01 each, totalling € 127 million and deferred shares of € 0.01 each, totalling € 3,958 million. The deferred shares were acquired by AIB for Nil consideration and immediately cancelled which resulted in € 3,958 million transferring from share capital to capital redemption reserves (note 41). On 1 May 2012, the Irish High Court confirmed an application by AIB for a reduction of its capital redemption reserve fund, accordingly, € 3,958 million was transferred to revenue reserves from this account. 44 Contributions from the Minister for Finance and the NPRFC On 28 July 2011, the Minister for Finance (‘the Minister’) and the NPRFC agreed to contribute € 2,283 million and € 3,771 million respectively (total € 6,054 million) as capital contributions to AIB for Nil consideration. These capital contributions constitute core tier 1 capital for regulatory purposes and are included within ‘Revenue reserves’. Neither the Minister nor the NPRFC has an entitlement to seek repayment of these capital contributions. 301 Notes to the financial statements 45 Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities The disclosures set out in the tables below include financial assets and financial liabilities that: – – of whether they are offset in the statement of financial position. are offset in the Group’s statement of financial position; or are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement that covers similar financial instruments, irrespective The similar agreements include derivative clearing agreements, global master repurchase agreements and global master securities lending agreements. Similar financial instruments include derivatives, sales and repurchase agreements, reverse sale and repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing and lending agreements. Financial instruments such as loans and receivables and customer accounts are not included in the tables below unless they are offset in the statement of financial position. The Group has a number of ISDA Master Agreements (netting agreements) in place which allow it to net the termination values of derivative contracts upon the occurrence of an event of default with respect to its counterparties. The enforcement of netting agreements would potentially reduce the statement of financial position carrying amount of derivative assets and liabilities by € 957 million (2012: € 1,539 million). The Group’s sale and repurchase and reverse sale and repurchase transactions and securities borrowing and lending are covered by netting agreements with terms similar to those of ISDA Master Agreements. Additionally, the Group has agreements in place which may allow it to net the termination values of cross currency swaps upon the occurrence of an event of default. The ISDA Master Agreements and similar master netting arrangements do not meet the criteria for offsetting in the statement of financial position as they create a right of set-off of recognised amounts that become enforceable only following an event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Group or the counterparties. In addition, the Group and its counterparties do not intend to settle on a net basis or to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously. The Group provides and accepts collateral in the form of cash and marketable securities in respect of the following transactions: – – – – derivatives sale and repurchase agreements reverse sale and repurchase agreements securities lending and borrowing Collateral is subject to the standard industry terms of Credit Support Annexes (‘CSAs’), which enable the Group to pledge or sell securities received during the term of the transaction. The collateral must be returned on the maturity of the transaction. The terms also give each counterparty the right to terminate the related transactions where the counterparty fails to post collateral. The Credit Support Annexes (“CSAs”) in place provide collateral for derivative contracts. At 31 December 2013, € 820 million (2012: € 1,260 million) of CSAs are included within financial assets and € 188 million (2012: € 361 million) of CSAs are included within financial liabilities. Additionally, the Group has agreements in place which may allow it to net the termination values of cross currency swaps upon the occurrence of an event of default. 302 45 Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities (continued) The disclosures set out in the tables below include financial assets and financial liabilities that: – – are offset in AIB Group’s statement of financial position; or are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement that covers similar financial instruments, irrespective of whether they are offset in the statement of financial position. The following tables show financial assets and financial liabilities subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements and similar agreements at 31 December 2013: Gross Net amounts of amounts of financial recognised financial assets presented liabilities amounts of offset in the in the statement statement recognised financial of financial of financial position € m assets € m Gross Related amounts not offset in the statement of financial position Financial collateral (including cash collateral) received € m Financial position instruments € m € m 1,177 16 1,193 – – – 1,177 (957) (188) 16 1,193 (16) (973) – (188) Gross Net amounts of amounts of financial recognised financial liabilities presented assets amounts of offset in the in the statement statement recognised financial of financial of financial position liabilities € m € m Gross Related amounts not offset in the statement of financial position Financial collateral (including cash collateral) received € m Financial position instruments € m € m 2013 Net amount € m 32 – 32 2013 Net amount € m Financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks – Note 23 Reverse repurchase agreements 24 Total Financial liabilities Note Deposits by central banks and banks – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Customer accounts – 35 21,861 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Derivative financial instruments 36 23 Total 5,783 1,819 29,463 – – – – 21,861 (22,782) 8 (913) 5,783 1,819 (6,098) (957) 29,463 (29,837) (1) (820) (813) (316) 42 (1,187) 303  Notes to the financial statements 45 Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities (continued) The following tables show financial assets and financial liabilities subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements and similar agreements at 31 December 2012: Gross amounts of recognised financial liabilities offset in the statement of financial position € m – – – Net amounts of financial assets presented in the statement of financial position € m Related amounts not offset in the statement of financial position Financial collateral (including cash collateral) received € m Financial instruments € m 2,105 (1,539) (361) 61 (61) 2,166 (1,600) – (361) Gross amounts of recognised financial assets € m 2,105 61 2,166 Gross amounts of recognised financial assets offset in the statement of financial position € m Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position € m Related amounts not offset in the statement of financial position Financial collateral (including cash collateral) received € m Financial instruments € m Gross amounts of recognised financial liabilities € m 2012 Net amount € m 205 – 205 2012 Net amount € m Financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks – Note 23 Reverse repurchase agreements 24 Total Financial liabilities Note Deposits by central banks and banks – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Customer accounts – 35 27,856 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Derivative financial instruments 36 23 Total 94 2,973 30,923 – – – – 27,856 (30,087) 33 (2,198) 94 2,973 (105) (1,539) 30,923 (31,731) – (1,260) (1,227) (11) 174 (2,035) The gross amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities and their net amounts as presented in the statement of financial position that are disclosed in the above tables are measured on the following bases: – – – – derivative assets and liabilities – fair value; loans and receivables to banks – amortised cost; deposits by central banks and banks – amortised cost; and customer accounts – amortised cost The amounts in the above tables that are offset in the statement of financial position are measured on the same basis. 304 45 Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities (continued) The following tables reconcile the ‘Net amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position’, as set out in the previous pages, to the line items presented in the statement of financial position at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Net amounts of financial assets presented in the statement of financial position € m Line item in statement of financial position 1,177 Derivative financial instruments Financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks – Reverse repurchase agreements 16 Loans and receivables to banks Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position € m Line item in statement of financial position Financial liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Customer accounts – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Derivative financial instruments 21,861 Deposits by central banks and banks 23,121 1,260 5,783 1,819 Customer accounts Derivative financial instruments 65,667 1,960 59,884 141 Net amounts of financial assets presented in the statement of financial position € m Line item in statement of financial position 2,105 Derivative financial instruments Financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks – Reverse repurchase agreements 61 Loans and receivables to banks Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position € m Line item in statement of financial position Financial liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Customer accounts – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Derivative financial instruments 2,973 Derivative financial instruments 94 Customer accounts 27,856 Deposits by central banks and banks 28,442 586 Carrying amount in statement of financial position € m 1,629 2,048 2013 Financial assets not in scope of offsetting disclosures € m 452 2,032 Carrying amount in statement of financial position € m 2013 Financial liabilities not in scope of offsetting disclosures € m Carrying amount in statement of financial position € m 2,835 2,914 Carrying amount in statement of financial position € m 2012 Financial assets not in scope of offsetting disclosures € m 730 2,853 2012 Financial liabilities not in scope of offsetting disclosures € m 63,610 3,256 63,516 283 305 Notes to the financial statements 46 Memorandum items: contingent liabilities and commitments, and contingent assets In the normal course of business, the Group is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of customers. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk which are not reflected in the consolidated statement of financial position. Credit risk is defined as the possibility of sustaining a loss because the other party to a financial instrument fails to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract. The Group’s maximum exposure to credit loss under contingent liabilities and commitments to extend credit, in the event of non-performance by the other party where all counterclaims, collateral or security prove valueless, is represented by the contractual amounts of those instruments. The Group uses the same credit control and risk management policies in undertaking off-balance sheet commitments as it does for on balance sheet lending. The following tables give the nominal or contract amounts of contingent liabilities and commitments: Contingent liabilities(1) – credit related Guarantees and assets pledged as collateral security: Guarantees and irrevocable letters of credit Other contingent liabilities Commitments(2) Documentary credits and short-term trade-related transactions Undrawn formal standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments to lend: Less than 1 year(3) 1 year and over(4) Contract amount 2012 € m 2013 € m 796 557 1,353 980 581 1,561 17 27 6,552 1,667 8,236 9,589 6,977 1,970 8,974 10,535 (1)Contingent liabilities are off-balance sheet products and include guarantees, standby letters of credit and other contingent liability products such as performance bonds. (2)A commitment is an off-balance sheet product, where there is an agreement to provide an undrawn credit facility. The contract may or may not be cancelled unconditionally at any time without notice depending on the terms of the contract. (3)An original maturity of up to and including 1 year or which may be cancelled at any time without notice. (4)With an original maturity of more than 1 year. Contingent liabilities Commitments 2013 € m 745 429 179 2012 € m 822 492 247 1,353 1,561 2013 € m 7,164 1,045 27 8,236 2012 € m 7,784 1,149 41 8,974 Concentration of exposure Republic of Ireland United Kingdom United States of America Total 306 46 Memorandum items: contingent liabilities and commitments, and contingent assets (continued) The credit ratings of contingent liabilities and commitments as at 31 December 2013 and 2012 are set out in the following table. Details of the Group’s rating profiles are set out in the ‘Risk management’ section of this report. Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable Impaired Unrated Total 2013 € m 2,491 3,937 381 255 669 1,856 9,589 2012 € m 3,681 2,895 556 182 1,138 2,083 10,535 Legal proceedings AIB Group in the course of its business is frequently involved in litigation cases. However, it is not, nor has been involved in, nor are there, so far as the Company is aware, pending or threatened by or against AIB Group any legal or arbitration proceedings, including governmental proceedings, which may have, or have had during the previous twelve months, a material effect on the financial position, profitability or cashflows of AIB Group. Contingent liability/contingent asset - NAMA (a) Transfers of financial assets to NAMA are complete. However, NAMA continues to finalise certain value to transfer adjustments and the final consideration payable on tranches which have already transferred. Accordingly, the Group has maintained a provision for the amount of the expected outflow in respect of various adjustments. If the actual amounts provided prove to be lower or higher than the provision, an inflow or outflow of economic benefits may result to the Group (note 49). (b) The Group has provided NAMA with a series of indemnities relating to transferred assets. Any indemnity payment would result in an outflow of economic benefit for the Group. (c) On dissolution or restructuring of NAMA, the Minister may require that a report and accounts be prepared. If NAMA shows that an aggregate loss has been incurred since its establishment which is unlikely to be made good, the Minister may impose a surcharge on the participating institution. This will involve apportioning the loss on the participating institution, subject to certain restrictions, on the basis of the book value of the assets acquired from that institution in relation to the total book value of assets acquired from all participating institutions. Participation in TARGET 2 - Ireland AIB migrated to the TARGET 2 system during 2008. TARGET 2, being the wholesale payment infrastructure for credit institutions across Europe, is a real time gross settlement system for large volume interbank payments in euro. The following disclosures relate to the charges arising as a result of the migration to TARGET 2: By Deeds of Charge made on 15 February 2008, AIB created first floating charges in favour of the Central Bank of Ireland (‘Central Bank’) over all of AIB’s right, title, interest and benefit, present and future, in and to: (i) (ii) the balances then or at any time standing to the credit of Payment Module accounts held by AIB with a Eurosystem central bank; and each of the eligible securities included from time to time in the Eligible Securities Schedule furnished by AIB to the Central Bank in each case, a ‘Charged Property’, for the purpose of securing all present and future liabilities of AIB in respect of AIB’s participation in TARGET 2, arising from the Deeds of Charge and the Terms and Conditions for participation in TARGET 2 – Ireland (adopted from time to time by the Central Bank), including, without limitation, liabilities to the Central Bank, the European Central Bank, or any national central bank of a Member State that has adopted the euro. The Deeds of Charge contain a provision whereby during the subsistence of the security, otherwise than with the prior written consent of the Central Bank, AIB shall not: (a) create or attempt to create or permit to arise or subsist any encumbrance on or over the Charged Property or any part thereof; or (b) otherwise than in the ordinary course of business, sell, transfer, lend or otherwise dispose of the Charged Property or any part thereof or attempt or agree to do so whether by means of one or a number of transactions related or not and whether at one time or over a period of time. 307 Notes to the financial statements 47 Off-balance sheet arrangements Under IFRS, transactions and events are accounted for and presented in accordance with their substance and economic reality and not merely their legal form. As a result, the substance of transactions with a special purpose entity (“SPE”) forms the basis for their treatment in the Group’s financial statements. An SPE is consolidated in the financial statements when the substance of the relationship between the Group and the SPE indicates that the SPE is controlled by the entity and meets the criteria set out in IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements. The primary form of SPE utilised by the Group are securitisations and employee compensation trusts. Securitisations The Group utilises securitisations primarily to support the following business objectives: as an investor, the Group has used securitisation as part of the management of its interest rate and liquidity risks through Treasury; – – as an investor, securitisations have been utilised by the Group to invest in transactions that offered an appropriate risk-adjusted return opportunity; – as an originator of securitisations, to meet customer demand to offer a full range of investment opportunities by making available opportunities to invest in AIB-managed Collateralised Debt Obligations (“CDOs”) and Collateralised Bond Obligations (“CBOs”); and – as an originator of securitisations to support the funding activities of the Group. AIB has primarily been an investor in securitisations issued by other credit institutions. The most significant investment in securitisations has been through Treasury’s purchases of senior tranches of predominantly AAA-rated Covered Bond holdings. This portfolio is held as part of Treasury’s primary interest rate and liquidity management objective, subject to qualifying criteria, including loan-to-value (“LTV”), seasoning, location and quality of originator. At 31 December 2013, the Group also has a small residual portfolio of investments in securitisations which are classified as non-core. The portfolio consists of both cash and synthetic structures across a variety of asset classes, including Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (“RMBS”), Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities (“CMBS”) and CDOs. AIB controls certain special purpose vehicles which were set-up to support the funding activities of the Group. Details of these special purpose vehicles are set out in note 49 ‘Transfer of financial assets’ under the heading ‘Securitisations’. AIB also controls two special purpose vehicles set up in relation to the funding of the Group Pension Schemes which are also detailed in note 12. Stock borrowing and lending securities borrowed are not recognised in the financial statements, unless these are sold to third parties, at which point the obligation to repurchase the securities is recorded as a trading liability at fair value and any subsequent gain or loss included in trading income. Employee compensation trusts AIB and some of its subsidiary companies use trust structures to benefit employees and to facilitate the ownership of the Group’s equity by employees. The Group consolidates these trust structures where the risks and rewards of the underlying shares have not been transferred to the employees. Details of these schemes are provided in note 11 ‘Share-based compensation schemes’ to the consolidated financial statements. . 308 Notes to the financial statements 48 Subsidiaries and consolidated structured entities Subsidiaries The following are the material companies of AIB Group at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Name of subsidiary Principal activity Place of incorporation Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. The parent company of the majority Republic of Ireland of the subsidiaries within the Group. Its activities include banking and financial services – a licensed bank Proportion of ownership interest and voting power held by the Group 31 December 2013 100% 2012 100% AIB Mortgage Bank Issue of mortgage covered securities Republic of Ireland 100% 100% Tier 1 – a licensed bank Total Capital EBS Limited Mortgages and savings Republic of Ireland 100% 100% Tier 1 AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. trading Banking and financial services Northern Ireland 100% 100% – a licensed bank as Allied Irish Bank (GB) in – a licensed bank Great Britain and First Trust Bank in Northern Ireland Total Capital Tier 1 Total Capital(1) Minimum capital requirements 31 December 2013 2012 Tier 1 Total Capital 4% 8% 4% 8% 4% 8% 4% 8% 4% 8% 4% 8% 4% 8% 4% 8% (1)Additional capital requirements are imposed by the Prudential Regulation Authority in excess of the 8% minimum total capital requirement. In addition, as outlined below, AIB acquired a 100% interest in Ark Life Assurance Company Limited (“Ark Life”) following the disposal in March 2013 of its 24.99% interest in Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited (note 31). Ark Life is accounted for as a discontinued operation as it was acquired exclusively with a view to its subsequent disposal (note 21). All subsidiaries of AIB are wholly owned and there are no non-controlling interests in these subsidiaries. Practically all subsidiaries of AIB Group are involved in the provision of financial services or ancillary services. Significant restrictions Each of the subsidiaries listed above which is a licensed bank is required by their respective financial regulator to maintain capital ratios above a certain minimum level as detailed. These minimum ratios restrict the payment of dividend by the subsidiary and, where the ratios fall below the minimum requirement, will require the parent company to inject capital to make up the shortfall. Guarantees Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. (the parent company) has guaranteed a number of its subsidiary companies. These companies are listed in note L to the parent company’s financial statements. 3 0 9 Notes to the financial statements 48 Subsidiaries and consolidated structured entities (continued) Consolidated structured entities The Group has acted as sponsor and invested in a number of special purpose vehicles in order to generate funding for the Group’s lending activities (with the exception of AIB PFP Scottish Limited Partnership). The Group considers itself a sponsor of a structured entity when it facilitates the establishment of the structured entity. The following special purpose vehicles are consolidated by the Group: – Emerald Mortgages No. 4 Public Limited Company; – Emerald Mortgages No. 5 Limited; – Mespil 1 RMBS Limited; – Tenterden Funding p.l.c.; – Goldcrest Funding No. 1 Limited ; and – AIB PFP Scottish Limited Partnership. Further details on these special purpose vehicles are set out in note 49. There are no contractual arrangements that could require Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. or its subsidiaries to provide financial support to the consolidated structured entities listed above. During the year, neither Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. nor any of its subsidiaries provided financial support to a consolidated structured entity and there is no current intention to provide financial support. The Group has no interest in unconsolidated structured entities. Acquisition of Ark Life Assurance Company Limited Arising from the exercise in January 2012 of put options held by AIB and Aviva and the subsequent negotiations between the parties for the disposal of ALH and the acquisition of Ark Life Assurance Company Limited (‘Ark Life’) (note 31), AIB acquired a 100% interest in Ark Life for a consideration of € 325 million. The put option which required AIB to acquire Ark Life had a negative valuation of € 23 million at the date of acquisition. The investment in Ark Life was initially measured at a fair value less costs to sell of € 302 million being a market related valuation of Ark Life, primarily taking account of Ark Life’s market consistent embedded value (“MCEV”) of € 447 million. The fair value of the liabilities acquired amounted to € 3.8 billion, while the fair value of the assets acquired amounted to € 4.1 billion. Acquisition related costs for Ark Life amounted to € 3 million and are included in ‘Administrative expenses’ (note 10). Since Ark Life was acquired exclusively with a view to its subsequent disposal, it was classified on acquisition date as a discontinued operation in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations. Management’s plans to dispose of Ark Life are well advanced and a sale is expected to complete in early 2014. The investment is accounted for in accordance with the accounting policy set out on pages 226 and 227. Accordingly, the disposal group is reported at the lower of its carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell at each reporting date. The fair value is equal to or greater than the carrying value at 31 December 2013. However, no income has been recognised in the period in accordance with the accounting policy for a subsidiary acquired exclusively for resale. Further details on AIB’s principal subsidiaries are set out in note L to the parent company’s financial statements. 310 49 Transfer of financial assets The Group enters into transactions in the normal course of business in which it transfers previously recognised financial assets. Transferred financial assets may, in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement: (i) continue to be recognised in their entirety; or (ii) be derecognised in their entirety but the Group retains some continuing involvement. The most common transactions where the transferred assets are not derecognised in their entirety are sale and repurchase agreements, issuance of covered bonds and securitisations. (i) Transferred financial assets not derecognised in their entirety Sale and repurchase agreements Sale and repurchase agreements are transactions in which the Group sells a financial asset to another party, with an obligation to repurchase it at a fixed price on a certain later date. The Group continues to recognise the financial assets in full in the statement of financial position as it retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. The Group’s sale and repurchase agreements are both with central banks, banks and customers. The obligation to pay the repurchase price is recognised within ‘Deposits by central banks and banks’ (note 35) and ‘Customer accounts’ (note 36). As the Group sells the contractual rights to the cash flows of the financial assets, it does not have the ability to use or pledge the transferred assets during the term of the sale and repurchase agreement. The Group remains exposed to credit risk and interest rate risk on the financial assets sold. Details of sale and repurchase activity are set out in notes 35 and 36. The obligation arising as a result of sale and repurchase agreements together with the carrying value of the financial assets pledged are set out in the table below. Issuance of covered bonds Covered bonds, which the Group issues, are debt securities backed by cash flows from mortgages for the purpose of financing loans secured on residential property through its wholly owned subsidiaries, AIB Mortgage Bank and EBS Mortgage Finance. The Group retains all the risks and rewards of these mortgage loans and therefore, the loans continue to be recognised on the Group’s statement of financial position with the related covered bonds included within ‘Debt securities in issue’ (note 37). The Group remains exposed to credit risk and interest rate risk on the financial assets sold. As the Group sells the contractual rights to the cash flows of the financial assets it does not have the ability to use the transferred assets during the term of the arrangement. However, of the total debt securities issued amounting to € 10.8 billion, internal Group companies hold € 7.6 billion which are eliminated on consolidation. These internally issued bonds are used by AIB Group as part of sale and repurchase agreements with the Central Bank of Ireland as outlined above. Securitisations Securitisations are transactions in which the Group sells loans and receivables to customers (mainly mortgages and credit card receivables), to special purpose entities (“SPEs”), which, in turn, issue notes or deposits to external investors. The notes or deposits issued by the SPEs are on terms which result in the Group retaining the majority of ownership risks and rewards and therefore, the loans continue to be recognised on the Group’s statement of financial position. The Group remains exposed to credit risk, interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk on the loans sold. The liability in respect of the cash received from the external investors is included within ‘Debt securities in issue’ (note 37) or in ‘Deposits by central banks and banks’ (note 35). Under the terms of the securitisations, the rights of the investors are limited to the assets in the securitised portfolios and any related income generated by the portfolios, without recourse to the Group. The Group does not have the ability to use the assets transferred as part of securitisation transactions during the term of the arrangement. In 2012, the Group securitised € 533 million of its residential mortgage portfolio held in the AIB UK segment. These mortgages were transferred to a securitisation vehicle, Tenterden Funding p.l.c. (‘Tenterden’). In order to fund the acquired mortgages, Tenterden issued class A notes to external investors and class B notes to an AIB subsidiary. The transferred mortgages have not been derecognised as the Group retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continue to be reported in the Group’s statement of financial position. Tenterden is consolidated into the Group’s financial statements with the class B notes being eliminated on consolidation. The liability in respect of cash received by Tenterden from the external investors is included within ‘Debt securities in issue’ (note 37) on the statement of financial position. At 31 December 2013, the carrying amount of the assets which the Group continues to recognise is € 380 million (2012: € 467 million) and the carrying amount of the associated liabilities is € 237 million (2012: € 316 million). 311 Notes to the financial statements 49 Transfer of financial assets (continued) In 2013, the Group securitised € 675 million of its credit card receivables held in the Domestic Core Bank segment. These credit card receivables were transferred to a securitisation vehicle, Goldcrest Funding No.1 Limited (‘Goldcrest’). In order to fund the acquired receivables, Goldcrest received senior loan facility proceeds from external investors secured on these and future credit card receivables and junior loan facility proceeds from AIB p.l.c.. The transferred receivables have not been derecognised as the Group retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and the credit card receivables continue to be reported in the Group’s statement of financial position. Goldcrest is consolidated into the Group’s financial statements with the junior loan facility being eliminated on consolidation. The liability in respect of cash received by Goldcrest from external investors is included within ‘Deposits by central banks and banks’ (note 35) on the statement of financial position. Arising from the acquisition of EBS on 1 July 2011, the Group controls three special purpose entities which had previously been set up by EBS: Emerald Mortgages No. 4 Public Limited Company; Emerald Mortgages No. 5 Limited; and Mespil 1 RMBS Limited. Emerald Mortgages No. 4 Public Limited Company The total carrying value of the original residential mortgages transferred by EBS Limited to Emerald Mortgages No. 4 Public Limited Company (‘Emerald 4’) as part of the securitisation amounts to € 1,500 million. The amount of transferred secured loans that the Group has recognised at 31 December 2013 is € 823 million (2012: € 868 million). The carrying amount of the bonds issued by Emerald 4 to third party investors amounts to € 815 million (2012: € 846 million) and is included within ‘Debt securities in issue’ (note 37). Emerald Mortgages No. 5 Limited The total carrying amount of original residential mortgages transferred by EBS Limited to Emerald Mortgages No.5 Limited (‘Emerald 5’) as part of the securitisation amounted to € 2,500 million. The amount of transferred secured loans that the Group has recognised at 31 December 2013 is € 1,708 million (2012: € 1,716 million). Bonds were issued by Emerald 5 to EBS but these are not shown in the Group’s financial statements, as these bonds are eliminated on consolidation. Mespil 1 RMBS Limited The total carrying amount of secured loans that the Group has recognised as at 31 December 2013 is € 903 million (2012: € 955 million) in relation to the transfers from EBS Limited and Haven Mortgages Limited to Mespil 1 RMBS Limited. The bonds issued by Mespil 1 RMBS Limited to EBS are not shown in the Group’s financial statements, as these bonds are eliminated on consolidation. 312 49 Transfer of financial assets (continued) The following table summarises at the 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012, the carrying value and fair value of financial assets which did not qualify for derecognition together with their associated financial liabilities: Carrying amount of transferred assets Carrying amount of associated liabilities held by third parties € m € m Carrying amount of associated liabilities held by Group companies € m Sale and repurchase agreements 30,698(1) 27,644(2) Covered bond programmes Residential mortgage backed Securitisations 6,478 1,886 3,315 1,557 – – 321 Carrying amount of transferred assets Carrying amount of associated liabilities held by third parties € m € m Carrying amount of associated liabilities held by Group companies € m Sale and repurchase agreements 32,120(1) 27,950(2) Covered bond programmes Residential mortgage backed Securitisations (1)Includes NAMA senior bonds. (2)See notes 35 and 36. 5,584 1,335 3,315 1,162 – – 151 Fair value of transferred assets Fair value of associated liabilities held by third parties € m 30,833 5,551 1,801 € m 27,644 3,537 1,394 Fair value of associated liabilities held by Group companies € m – – 321 Fair value of transferred assets Fair value of associated liabilities held by third parties € m 32,166 4,635 1,206 € m 27,950 3,434 709 Fair value of associated liabilities held by Group companies € m – – 151 2013 Net fair value position € m 3,189 2,014 86 2012 Net fair value position € m 4,216 1,201 346 AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. Pension Scheme interest in the AIB PFP Scottish Limited Partnership In December 2013, the Group agreed with the Trustee of the AIB UK Defined Benefit Pension Scheme (“the UK scheme”) a restructure of the funding of the deficit in the UK scheme. The future funding period has been extended from 8 to 16 years, commencing in 2016 with the implementation of an asset backed funding arrangement. The Group established a pension funding partnership, AIB PFP Scottish Limited Partnership (“SLP”) under which a portfolio of loans were transferred to the SLP from another Group entity, AIB UK Loan Management Limited (“UKLM”) for the purpose of ring-fencing the repayments on these loans to fund future deficit payments of the UK scheme. Assets ring fenced for this purpose entitles the UK Defined Benefit Pension Scheme to expected annual payments of Stg£ 22.4 million (range of Stg£ 15 million to Stg£ 35 million) from 2016 until 2033, with a potential termination payment in 2032 of up to Stg£ 60 million. The general partner in the partnership, AIB PFP (General Partner) Limited, which is an indirect subsidiary of Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. has controlling power over the partnership. In addition, the majority of the risks and rewards will be borne by AIB Group as the pension scheme has a priority right to the cash flows from the partnership, such that the variability in recoveries is expected to be borne by AIB Group through UKLM’s junior partnership interest. As UKLM continues to bear substantially all the risks and rewards of the loans, the loans are not derecognised from UKLM’s balance sheet and accordingly, the Group has determined that the SLP should be consolidated into AIB Group. 313 Notes to the financial statements 49 Transfer of financial assets (continued) (ii) Transferred financial assets derecognised in their entirety but the Group retains some continuing involvement AIB has a continuing involvement in transferred financial assets where it retains any of the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred financial assets. Set out below are transactions in which AIB has a continuing involvement in assets transferred. Pension scheme On 31 July 2012, AIB entered into a Contribution Deed with the Trustee of the AIB Group Irish Pension Scheme (‘the Irish scheme’), whereby it agreed to make contributions to the scheme to enable the Trustee ensure that the regulatory Minimum Funding Standard position of non-pensioner members of the pension scheme was not affected by the agreed early retirement scheme. These contributions amounting to € 594 million were settled through the transfer to the Irish scheme of interests in a Special Purpose Vehicle (“SPV”) owning loans and receivables previously transferred at fair value from the Group. The loans and receivables were derecognised in the Group’s financial statements as all of the risks and rewards of ownership had transferred. A subsidiary company of the Group was appointed as a service provider for the loans and receivables transferred. Under the servicing agreement, the Group subsidiary company collects the cash flows on the transferred loans and receivables on behalf of the pension scheme in return for a fee. The fee is based on an annual rate of 0.125% of the principal balance outstanding of all transferred loans and receivables on the last day of each calendar month. The Group has not recognised a servicing asset/liability in relation to this servicing arrangement, as the fee is considered to be a market rate. Under the servicing agreement, the Irish scheme has the right to replace the Group subsidiary company as the service provider with an external third party. In 2013, the Group recognised € 1.5 million (cumulative € 2 million) (2012: € 0.5 million (cumulative € 0.5 million)) in the income statement for the servicing of the loans and receivables transferred. NAMA During 2010 and 2011, AIB transferred financial assets with a net carrying value of € 15,428 million to NAMA. All assets transferred were derecognised in entirety. As part of this transaction, the Group has provided NAMA with a series of indemnities relating to the transferred assets. Also, on the dissolution or restructuring of NAMA, the Irish Minister for Finance (‘the Minister’) may require a report and accounts to be prepared. If NAMA reports an aggregate loss since its establishment and this is unlikely to be made good, the Minister may impose a surcharge on the participating institution. This will involve apportioning the loss on the participating institution, subject to certain restrictions, on the basis of the book value of the assets transferred by the institution in relation to the total book value of assets transferred by all participating institutions. At this stage, it is not possible to quantify the maximum exposure to loss which may arise on the dissolution or restructuring of NAMA. In addition, the Group has been appointed by NAMA as a service provider for the loans and receivables transferred, for which it receives a fee. The fee is based on the lower of actual costs incurred or 0.1% of the value of the financial assets transferred. The Group has not recognised a servicing asset/liability in relation to this servicing arrangement. In 2013, the Group recognised € 16 million (cumulative € 53 million) (2012: € 16 million (cumulative € 37 million)) in the income statement for the servicing of financial assets transferred to NAMA. 314 50 Fair value of financial instruments The term ‘financial instruments’ includes both financial assets and financial liabilities. The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date in the principal, or in its absence, the most advantageous market to which the Group has access at that date. The Group’s accounting policy for the determination of fair value of financial instruments is set out in accounting policy number 16. This accounting policy has changed with effect from 1 January 2013 to reflect the requirements of IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement. Readers of these financial statements are advised to use caution when using the data in the following table to evaluate the Group’s financial position or to make comparisons with other institutions. Fair value information is not provided for items that do not meet the definition of a financial instrument. These items include intangible assets such as the value of the branch network and the long-term relationships with depositors, premises and equipment and shareholders’ equity. These items are material and accordingly, the fair value information presented does not purport to represent, nor should it be construed to represent, the underlying value of the Group as a going concern at 31 December 2013. The valuation of financial instruments, including loans and receivables, involves the application of judgement and estimation. Market and credit risks are key assumptions in the estimation of the fair value of loans and receivables. During the year, AIB has continued to observe adverse changes in the credit quality of its borrowers, with increasing delinquencies and defaults across a range of sectors. The volatility in financial markets and the illiquidity that is evident in these markets has reduced the demand for many financial instruments and this creates a difficulty in estimating the fair value for loans to customers. AIB has estimated the fair value of its loans to customers taking into account market risk and the changes in credit quality of its borrowers. Fair values are based on observable market prices where available, and on valuation models or techniques where the lack of market liquidity means that observable prices are unavailable. The fair values of financial instruments are measured according to the following fair value hierarchy: Level 1 – financial assets and liabilities measured using quoted market prices from an active market (unadjusted). Level 2 – financial assets and liabilities measured using valuation techniques which use quoted market prices from an active market or measured using quoted market prices unadjusted from an inactive market. Level 3 – financial assets and liabilities measured using valuation techniques which use unobservable market data. All financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value. Financial instruments held for trading and financial instruments in fair value hedge relationships are subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss. Available for sale securities and cash flow hedge derivatives are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. All valuations are carried out within the Finance function of the Group and valuation methodologies are validated by the independent Risk function within the Group. The methods used for calculation of fair value in 2013 are as follows: Financial instruments measured at fair value in the financial statements Trading portfolio financial instruments The fair value of trading debt securities, together with quoted equity shares is based on quoted prices or bid/offer quotations sourced from external securities dealers, where these are available on an active market. Where securities and equities are traded on an exchange, the fair value is based on prices from the exchange. Derivative financial instruments Where derivatives are traded on an exchange, the fair value is based on prices from the exchange. The fair value of over the counter derivative financial instruments is estimated based on standard market discounting and valuation methodologies which use reliable observable inputs including yield curves and market rates. These methodologies are implemented by the Finance function and validated by the Risk function. Where there is uncertainty around the inputs to a derivatives’ valuation model, the fair value is estimated using inputs which provide the Group’s view of the most likely outcome in a disposal transaction between willing counterparties in a functioning market. Where an unobservable input is material to the outcome of the valuation, a range of potential outcomes from favourable to unfavourable is estimated. Counterparty credit is an input into the valuation of uncollateralised customer derivatives. Own credit is also an input into the valuation of uncollateralised customer derivatives. 315 Notes to the financial statements 50 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Counterparty credit or credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”) An adjustment, known as a CVA, is made to the valuation of uncollateralised customer derivatives to reflect the credit worthiness of the counterparty. The CVA applied is based on the estimated replacement cost of the derivative, the estimated probability of default of the counterparty and the estimated loss given default of the counterparty. Where there are no Credit Default Swaps (“CDS”) quoted in the market for the counterparty to the derivative, a CDS index for a similar credit grade and industry is used to estimate the probability of default. Debit valuation adjustment (“DVA”) In valuing OTC derivative liabilities, an adjustment, known as a DVA, is made by the Group to the valuation to reflect, within fair value, the entity’s own credit risk. The DVA applied is a similar calculation to the CVA using a BB rated financial CDS index to calculate probability of default. Where the DVA calculation is larger than the CVA calculation for a derivative, the Group has applied a DVA equal to the CVA due to a view that this is the most likely price which would be achieved in the sale or transfer of the derivative. Financial investments available for sale The fair value of available for sale debt securities and equities has been estimated based on expected sale proceeds. The expected sale proceeds are based on screen bid prices which have been analysed and compared across multiple sources for reliability. Where screen prices are unavailable, fair values are estimated using valuation techniques using observable market data for similar instruments. Where there is no market data for a directly comparable instrument, management judgement, on an appropriate credit spread to similar or related instruments with market data available, is used within the valuation technique. This is supported by cross referencing other similar or related instruments. Financial instruments not measured at fair value but with fair value information presented separately in the notes to the financial statements Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale The fair value of loans and receivables held for sale has been estimated based on expected sale proceeds. Available for sale equity securities and equity securities designated as at fair value through profit or loss have been included at their carrying value. The fair value of certain other assets within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale has not been included, as these are not financial assets. Loans and receivables to banks The fair value of loans and receivables to banks is estimated using discounted cash flows applying either market rates, where practicable, or rates currently offered by other financial institutions for placings with similar characteristics. Loans and receivables to customers The Group provides lending facilities of varying rates and maturities to corporate and personal customers. Valuation techniques are used in estimating the fair value of loans, primarily using discounted cash flows and applying market rates where practicable. In addition to the assumptions set out above under valuation techniques regarding cash flows and discount rates, a key assumption for loans and receivables is that the carrying amount of variable rate loans (excluding mortgage products) approximates to market value where there is no significant credit risk of the borrower. The fair value of variable rate mortgage products including tracker mortgages is calculated by discounting expected cash flows using discount rates that reflect the interest rate risk in the portfolio. For fixed rate loans, the fair value is calculated by discounting expected cash flows using discount rates that reflect the interest rate risk in that portfolio. For the overall loan portfolio, an adjustment is made for credit risk which at 31 December 2013 took account of the Group’s expectations on credit losses over the life of the loans. NAMA senior bonds The Group’s holding of NAMA Senior Bonds is classified as loans and receivables measured at amortised cost. For disclosure purposes, the fair value of the NAMA senior bonds has been estimated using a valuation technique since there in no active market for these bonds. The valuation technique requires an increased use of management judgement which includes, but is not limited to, evaluating available market information, determining the amount and timing of cash flows generated by the instruments, identifying a risk free discount rate and applying an appropriate credit spread. Deposits by central banks and banks and customer accounts The fair value of current accounts and deposit liabilities which are repayable on demand, or which re-price frequently, approximates to their book value. The fair value of all other deposits and other borrowings is estimated using discounted cash flows applying either market rates, where applicable, or interest rates currently offered by the Group. 316 50 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Debt securities in issue The estimated fair value of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments, and debt securities in issue, is based on quoted prices where available, or where these are unavailable, are estimated using valuation techniques using observable market data for similar instruments. Where there is no market data for a directly comparable instrument, management judgement, on an appropriate credit spread to similar or related instruments with market data available, is used within the valuation technique. This is supported by cross referencing other similar or related instruments. Other financial assets and other financial liabilities This caption includes accrued interest receivable and payable and the carrying amount is considered representative of fair value. Commitments pertaining to credit-related instruments Details of the various credit-related commitments and other off-balance sheet financial guarantees entered into by the Group are included in note 46. Fees for these instruments may be billed in advance or in arrears on an annual, quarterly or monthly basis. In addition, the fees charged vary on the basis of instrument type and associated credit risk. As a result, it is not considered practicable to estimate the fair value of these instruments because each customer relationship would have to be separately evaluated. Financial instruments measured at fair value in the financial statements at 31 December 2012 The term ‘financial instruments’ includes both financial assets and financial liabilities. At December 2012, financial instruments were measured in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. Under IAS 39, the fair value of a financial instrument is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction. This standard was superseded in 2013 by IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement as outlined above and for the purpose of December 2013 financial statements, AIB Group’s accounting policy has now been changed to reflect this (pages 221 and 222). There has been no restatement of comparative data for 2012 under the new policy. The following table sets out the carrying amount and fair value of financial instruments across the three levels of the fair value hierarchy at 31 December 2013: 317 3 1 8 50 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) At fair value through profit and loss Held for trading € m Fair value hedge derivatives € m Carrying amount in statement of financial position At fair value through At amortised cost equity Total Fair value hierarchy 2013 Cashflow hedge derivatives € m Available for sale securities € m Loans and receivables Other Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total € m € m € m Financial assets measured at fair value Trading portfolio financial assets Debt securities Equity securities Derivative financial instruments Interest rate derivatives Exchange rate derivatives Equity derivatives Financial investments available for sate 1 1 815 35 151 Government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Asset backed securities Bank securities Corporate securities Other investments Equity securities 532 – – 96 – – 12,904 3,092 535 3,705 3 12 117 1,003 532 96 20,368 21,999 20,035 1,429 Financial assets not measured at fair value Cash and balances at central banks Items in the course of collection Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Loans and receivables Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers Mortgages(2) Non-mortgages NAMA senior bonds Other financial assets (1)Comprises cash on hand. (2)Includes residential and commercial mortgages. 3,536 164 28 2,048 37,144 28,569 15,598 – 87,087 596(1) 559 1,155 4,132 164 28 2,048 37,144 28,569 15,598 559 88,242 596 3,536 656 596 4,192 1 1 1,443 35 151 1 – – – – – 1 1,024 35 151 – – 419 – – 1 1 1,443 35 151 12,904 12,690 214 – 12,904 3,092 535 3,705 3 12 117 3,092 535 3,705 – – 12 – – – 3 – 1 – – – – 12 104 535 – 164 28 1,392 31,976 28,114 15,767 559 78,000 3,092 535 3,705 3 12 117 21,999 4,132 164 28 2,048 31,976 28,114 15,767 559 82,788 At fair value through profit and loss Carrying amount in statement of financial position At amortised cost At fair value through equity Cashflow hedge derivatives € m Other € m 447 – – – 447 50 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Held for trading € m Fair value hedge derivatives € m 810 34 79 – 923 590 – – – 590 Financial liabilities measured at fair value Derivative financial instruments Interest rate derivatives Exchange rate derivatives Equity derivatives Credit derivatives Financial liabilities not measured at fair value Deposits by central banks and banks Other borrowings Securities sold under agreements to reepurchase Customer accounts Current accounts Demand deposits Time deposits Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Debt securities in issue Bonds and medium term notes Other debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other financial liabilities 3 1 9 Total € m 1,847 34 79 – 1,960 1,260 1,260 21,861 21,861 18,274 9,372 32,238 5,783 8,680 79 1,352 528 99,427 18,274 9,372 32,238 5,783 8,680 79 1,352 528 99,427 Fair value hierarchy 2013 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total – – – – – – – – 8,571 79 1,722 34 79 – 1,835 125 – – – 125 1,847 34 79 – 1,960 1,260 1,260 12,725 9,136 21,861 – – – 74 – 18,274 9,372 32,878 18,274 9,372 32,878 5,783 5,783 269 – – 528 8,914 79 1,775 528 – 1,775 8,650 14,574 77,500 100,724 3 2 0 Notes to the financial statements 50 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) The following table analyses the carrying amounts of the financial assets and liabilities by category as defined in IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement and by statement of financial position heading together with the related fair value. At fair value through profit and loss Carrying amount At fair value through equity At amortised cost At fair value through profit and loss € m Fair value hedge derivatives € m Cashflow hedge derivatives € m Available for sale securities € m Loans and receivables € m – – 196(2) 24 1,716 – – – – 1,936 – – 1,933 – – – – – – – – – – – 788 331 – – – – 788 – – 795 – – – – – – – 331 – – 528 – – – 1,933 795 528 – – – – – – – – 16,344 16,344 – – – – – – – 3,481 192 353 – – 2,914 72,972 17,387 – 97,299 – – – – – – – Other € m 566(1) – – – – – – – – Total carrying amount € m 4,047 192 549 24 2,835 2,914 72,972 17,387 16,344 566 117,264 28,442 63,610 – 10,666 1,271 565 28,442 63,610 3,256 10,666 1,271 565 104,554 107,810 2012 Total fair value € m 4,047 192 435 24 2,835 2,914 64,138 17,446 16,344 28,442 64,435 3,256 11,019 1,650 – Financial assets Cash and balances at central banks Items in the course of collection Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Financial liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Derivative financial instruments Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Fair value of hedged liability positions (1)Comprises cash on hand. (2)Designated on initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. All other financial assets/financial liabilities in this column are held for trading. 50 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) The following table sets out the carrying value of financial instruments measured at fair value across the three levels of the fair value hierarchy at 31 December 2012: Financial assets Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Derivative financial instruments Financial investments available for sale – debt securities – equity securities Financial liabilities Derivative financial instruments Level 1 € m Level 2 € m Level 3 € m – 23 – 16,128 58 16,209 _ – – 1 2,835 61 1 2,898 3,236 3,236 196 – – 12 84 292 20 20 2012 Total € m 196 24 2,835 16,201 143 19,399 3,256 3,256 Significant transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy The following table shows significant transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Group Transfer into Level 1 from Level 2 Transfer into Level 2 from Level 1 Financial assets Trading portfolio € m Debt securities € m – – 13 3 2013 Total € m 13 3 Financial assets Trading portfolio € m Debt securities € m – – 908 – 2012 Total € m 908 – Transfers into Level 1 from Level 2 occurred due to increased availability of reliable quoted market prices which were not previously available. Reconciliation of balances in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy The following table shows a reconciliation from the beginning balances to the ending balances for fair value measurements in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for 2013 and 2012: Financial assets Financial liabilities 2013 Available for sale Total Derivatives Total Group Disposal groups Derivatives and non-current assets held for sale € m € m Debt securities € m Equity securities € m At 1 January 2013 Transfers into Level 3(1) Total gains or (losses) in: Profit or loss – Net trading loss – Provisions for impairment on financial investments available for sale – Other operating loss Other comprehensive income – Net change in fair value of financial investments available for sale Purchases Sales At 31 December 2013 196 – (6) (6) – – – – – (190) – – 630 (211) (211) – – – – – – 12 – – – – – – – – – 419 12 84 – (9) – (9) – 27 27 6 (4) 104 € m 292 630 (226) (217) (9) – 27 27 6 (194) 535 € m 20 161 (36) (36) – – – – – (20) 125 € m 20 161 (36) (36) – – – – – (20) 125 321 Notes to the financial statements 50 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Financial assets Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale € m Derivatives € m At 1 January 2012 Designated to fair value through profit or loss Transfers out of level 3(1) Total gains or losses in: Profit or loss – Net trading loss – Provisions for impairment on financial investments available for sale – Other operating loss Other comprehensive income – Net change in fair value of financial investments available for sale Net NAMA subordinated bonds Purchases Sales Settlements At 31 December 2012 22 196 – (2) – – (2) (7) (7) – – (13) – 196 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Available for sale Debt securities € m Equity securities € m 12 180 – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – (18) (86) – (86) – 5 5 (3) 8 (2) – 84 Financial liabilities Total Derivatives Total 2012 € m 214 196 (18) (88) – (86) (2) (2) (2) (3) 8 (15) – 292 € m 109 – – 39 39 – – – – – – – € m 109 – – 39 39 – – – – – – – (128) 20 (128) 20 (1)Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognised at the end of the reporting period during which the change occurred. Transfers out of Level 3 occurred because of increased observability in the market prices of these instruments. Reconciliation of balances in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy Total gains or losses included in profit or loss that is attributable to the change in unrealised gains or losses relating to those assets and liabilities held at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Net trading loss Provisions for impairment on financial investments available for sale Total 2013 € m (34) (9) (43) 2012 € m (6) (85) (91) 322 50 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Significant unobservable inputs The table below sets out information about significant unobservable inputs used at the year ended 31 December 2013 in measuring financial instruments categorised as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy: Type of financial instrument Fair value at 31 December 2013 Valuation technique Significant unobservable inputs Range of estimates Fair value measurement sensitivity to unobservable inputs Uncollateralised Assets: € 419 million Counterparty valuation 1. Loss given default (“LGD”) 1. 44.8% to 79.5% (Base 58.7%) 1. Negative € 13 million to customer derivatives Liabilities: € 125 million adjustment (“CVA”); 2. Customer probability of 2. 0.815% - 1.96% (Base 1.52% 1 yr PD) positive € 9 million Total CVA negative default (“PD”) 3. As above with greater impact due to 2. Negative € 11 million to € 36 million 3. Combination LGD and combination of PD and LGD positive € 17 million PD change changes 3. Negative € 27 million to positive € 21 million Uncollateralised Assets: € 419 million Debit valuation Own credit i.e. PD The PD is shifted from 2.13% to 0.38% 1. Negative € 5 million to customer derivatives Liabilities: € 125 million adjustment (“DVA”); in the unfavourable scenario. In the positive € 4 million Total DVA positive € 11 million favourable scenario, the capping of DVA at CVA level is removed NAMA subordinated Asset: € 73 million Discounted cash flows NAMA profitability i.e. The estimates range from NAMA Negative € 48 million i.e. 5.26% bonds ability to generate cash making a single payment only under of nominal only to positive € 111 flow for repayment. the bonds i.e. 5.26% of nominal to a full million i.e. 39% being full repayment repayment of the bonds at maturity. discounted at 15%. Counterparty Valuation Adjustment ("CVA") and Debit Valuation Adjustment ("DVA") are applied to all uncollateralised over the counter derivatives. CVA and DVA are calculated as: (Option replacement cost x PD x LGD). PDs are derived from market based Credit Default Swap ("CDS") information. As most counterparts do not have a quoted CDS, PDs are derived by mapping each counterparty to an index CDS by industry sector and credit grade. For DVA, a BB Financial CDS curve is used to derive own PD. LGDs are based on the specific circumstances of the counterparty and take into account valuation of offsetting security where applicable. For unsecured counterparts, an LGD of 60% is applied. The DVA is capped at the CVA level for all derivatives i.e. where DVA (always a positive adjustment) is higher than CVA (always a negative adjustment), the net adjustment made is zero. This is due to an internal management view that a net positive adjustment is unlikely to be achieved in an external transaction to exit the derivative position. In the favourable scenario, the cap is removed creating a more positive DVA. Within the range of estimates and fair value sensitivity measurements, an adverse and a favourable scenario have been selected for PDs and LGDs for CVA. The adverse scenario for customer PDs is a single rating downgrade. The favourable scenario for customer PDs is based on internal models which analyse historical default levels by credit grade. Customer LGDs are shifted according to estimates of improvement in value of security compared with potential derivatives’ market values. Within the combination of LGD and PD, both are shifted together. An A rated Financial CDS curve is used to derive own PD in the adverse DVA scenario. The favourable scenario for DVA is the removal of the cap at CVA level. As it is common market practice to apply 60% as the LGD for financial institutions in CDS calculations, no range is applied to LGD for DVA. A number of other derivatives are subject to valuation methodologies which use unobservable inputs. As the variability of the valuation is not greater than € 1 million in any individual case or collectively, the detail is not disclosed here. 3 2 3 Notes to the financial statements 50 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Sensitivity of Level 3 measurements The implementation of valuation techniques involves a considerable degree of judgement. While the Group believes its estimates of fair value are appropriate, the use of different measurements or assumptions could lead to different fair values. The following table sets out the impact of using reasonably possible alternative assumptions in the valuation methodology: Classes of financial assets Derivative financial instruments Financial investments available for sale – equity securities Total Classes of financial liabilities Derivative financial instruments Total Classes of financial assets Financial investments available for sale – equity securities Total Classes of financial liabilities Derivative financial instruments Total Level 3 2013 Effect on income statement Favourable Unfavourable € m € m Effect on other comprehensive income Favourable Unfavourable € m € m 23 – 23 17 17 (39) (48) (87) (9) (9) – 111 111 – – – – – – – 2012 Level 3 Effect on income statement Favourable Unfavourable € m € m Effect on other comprehensive income Favourable Unfavourable € m € m – – 3 3 (47) (47) (3) (3) 146 146 – – – – – – In relation to the investment in ALH which was designated as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss (and categorised as held for sale) this sale was concluded in March 2013 (note 31). Day 1 gain or loss: No difference existed between the fair value at initial recognition of financial instruments and the amount that was determined at that date using a valuation technique incorporating significant unobservable data. 51 Interest rate sensitivity The net interest rate sensitivity of the Group at 31 December 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009 is illustrated in the following tables. The tables set out details of those assets and liabilities whose values are subject to change as interest rates change within each contractual repricing time period. Details regarding assets and liabilities which are not sensitive to interest rate movements are included within non-interest bearing or trading captions. The tables show the sensitivity of the statement of financial position at one point in time and are not necessarily indicative of positions at other dates. In developing the classifications used in the tables it has been necessary to make certain assumptions and approximations in assigning assets and liabilities to different repricing categories. The fair value of derivative financial instruments is included within other assets and other liabilities as interest rate insensitive. However, some derivative instruments are derived from interest sensitive financial instruments, and are shown separately below each year’s table. For 2010, assets and liabilities of ‘Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale’ have been shown as interest rate insensitive since the sale of a substantial element of these, (BZWBK), had been agreed. Non-interest bearing amounts relating to financial assets held for sale to NAMA, loans and receivables to banks and loans and receivables to customers include provisions for impairment. 324 51 Interest rate sensitivity (continued) 2013 0<1 Month € m 1<3 Months € m 3<12 Months € m 1<2 Years € m 2<3 Years € m 3<4 Years € m 4<5 Years € m 5 years + Non-interest bearing € m € m Trading Total € m € m Assets Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Other assets Total assets Liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other liabilities Shareholders’ equity – – 1,616 68,166 – 986 3,469 74,237 19,182 28,122 908 – – – – – 5 6,716 15,598 947 – 23,266 3,390 8,406 406 – – – 28 – 2 1,877 – 798 – 2,705 43 9,498 774 – – – – – – 1,150 – 2,749 – 3,899 – 1,676 3,406 – – – – – – 890 – 2,611 – 3,501 500 1,236 1,000 1,316 – – – – – 367 – 2,797 – 3,164 – 1,052 1,675 – – – – – – 279 – 2,462 – 2,741 – 291 500 – – – Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 48,212 12,202 10,315 5,082 4,052 2,727 791 Derivatives affecting interest rate sensitivity 6,122 7,731 (12,040) (2,901) (1,157) 313 1,262 Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap (Euro currency amounts) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 19,903 19,903 € m 19,582 19,582 3,333 23,236 € m 1,694 21,276 4,430 27,666 € m 3,097 24,373 1,718 29,384 € m 1,365 25,738 606 29,990 € m 484 26,222 124 30,114 688 30,802 € m € m 32 26,254 623 26,877 (US$ in euro equivalents) US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 408 408 432 840 (51) 789 – 789 – 789 – 789 – 789 – – – 3,351 – 6,911 – 2,754 – 425 (17,083) – 107 6,753 – 2 – – – – 1,001 2,782 2 2,048 65,713 15,598 20,368 11,223 10,262 (7,044) 1,003 117,734 – 2 90 36 – – 128 670 9,464 40,266 € m 7,215 34,092 US$ m – 789 6 15,384 – – 7,418 10,494 33,302 – (40,346) (80) € m (29,387) 4,705 – – – – 923 – 23,121 65,667 8,759 1,352 8,341 10,494 923 117,734 – – 80 – € m 61 4,766 US$ m US$ m (521) 268 2 270 (Stg£ in euro equivalents) Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap (24) (24) 1,207 1,183 1,327 2,510 353 2,863 122 2,985 92 3,077 65 3,142 2,249 5,391 (10,973) (5,582) 17 (5,565) (Other currencies in euro equivalents) Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap (63) (63) – (63) 57 (6) – (6) – (6) – (6) – (6) – (6) 535 529 – 529 3 2 5 3<4 Years € m 4<5 Years € m 5 years + Non-interest bearing € m € m Trading Total € m € m 2012 3 2 6 51 Interest rate sensitivity (continued) Assets Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Other assets Total assets Liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other liabilities Shareholders’ equity 0<1 Month € m 1<3 Months € m 3<12 Months € m 323 – 2,367 75,011 – 943 3,285 81,929 25,906 27,035 – 7 – – 100 – 15 7,485 17,387 1,123 – 26,110 2,528 5,759 2,461 – – – 52 – – 2,591 – 785 – 3,428 – 13,174 1,031 – – – 1<2 Years € m – – – 1,332 – 1,478 – 2,810 – 1,733 849 – – – 2<3 Years € m – – – 967 – 2,913 – 3,880 – 709 3,658 – – – – – – 574 – 2,148 – 2,722 – 955 – 1,237 – – – – – 260 – 1,550 – 1,810 – 521 1,675 – – – Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 52,948 10,748 14,205 2,582 4,367 2,192 2,196 Derivatives affecting interest rate sensitivity 1,318 13,152 (14,277) (927) (243) (147) (2,053) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 27,663 27,663 2,210 29,873 3,500 33,373 1,155 34,528 (244) 34,284 677 34,961 1,667 36,628 (Euro currency amounts) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap (US$ in euro equivalents) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap € m 17,843 17,843 US$ m 1,143 1,143 € m 2,027 19,870 US$ m (572) 571 € m 3,660 23,530 US$ m (23) 548 € m 1,250 24,780 US$ m 3 551 € m (310) 24,470 US$ m – 551 € m 144 24,614 € m 1,575 26,189 US$ m US$ m (5) 546 9 555 – – – 1,158 – 5,257 – 6,415 – 38 992 27 – – 1,057 3,177 2,181 38,809 € m 1,919 28,108 US$ m 14 569 87 – 532 (16,406) – 147 7,297 – 24 – – – – 1,716 562 24 2,914 72,972 17,387 16,344 12,298 (8,343) 1,740 122,501 8 13,686 – – 5,224 11,355 30,273 – (38,616) 193 € m (29,323) (1,215) – – – 28,442 63,610 10,666 – 1,933 1,271 7,157 – 11,355 1,933 122,501 – – (193) – € m 249 (966) US$ m US$ m (809) (240) (7) (247) (Stg£ in euro equivalents) Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 8,470 8,470 654 9,124 (201) 8,923 (114) 8,809 46 8,855 538 9,393 76 9,469 248 9,717 (8,533) 1,184 (425) 759 (Other currencies in euro equivalents) Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 207 207 101 308 64 372 16 388 20 408 – 408 7 415 – 415 49 464 (10) 454 N o t e s t o t h e f i n a n c a i l s t a t e m e n t s 51 Interest rate sensitivity (continued) Assets Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Other assets Total assets Liabilities Disposal groups held for sale Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other liabilities Shareholders’ equity 0<1 Month € m 1<3 Months € m 3<12 Months € m 428 – 5,284 79,457 – 1,761 2,344 89,274 – 34,243 27,232 2,451 – – – 585 – 50 6,691 19,856 2,259 – 29,441 – 2,647 5,974 2,695 – – – 41 – 12 3,199 – 593 – 3,845 – – 8,406 2,081 – – – 1<2 Years € m 64 – – 2,957 – 1,093 – 4,114 – – 4,392 2,870 – – – Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 63,926 11,316 10,487 7,262 Derivatives affecting interest rate sensitivity (9,358) 21,089 (9,724) (2,944) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 34,706 34,706 (2,964) 31,742 3,082 34,824 (204) 34,620 (Euro currency amounts) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap (US$ in euro equivalents) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap € m 29,008 29,008 US$ m (272) (272) € m (2,957) 26,051 US$ m (128) (400) € m 3,053 29,104 US$ m 55 (345) € m (369) 28,735 US$ m 87 (258) 2<3 Years € m – – – 1,457 – 2,430 – 3,887 – – 1,421 750 – – – 2,171 1,126 590 35,210 € m 487 29,222 US$ m 3<4 Years € m 4<5 Years € m 5 years + Non-interest bearing € m € m Trading € m 2011 Total € m 22 – – 846 – 1,257 – 2,125 – – 553 3,017 – – – 3,570 (1,886) 441 35,651 – – – 629 – 1,410 – 2,039 – – 743 – 1,177 – – 1,920 (17) 136 35,787 € m € m 137 29,359 43 29,402 US$ m US$ m – – – 2,236 – 4,342 – 6,578 – – 41 1,790 32 – – 1,863 1,714 3,001 38,788 € m 1,278 30,680 US$ m 282 – 372 (14,932) – 244 7,396 – 56 – – – – 1,930 1,422 56 5,718 82,540 19,856 15,389 11,670 (6,638) 1,986 136,651 3 – 11,912 – – 5,328 14,463 31,706 – (38,344) 444 € m (26,565) 4,115 – – – – – 2,430 – 3 36,890 60,674 15,654 1,209 7,758 14,463 2,430 136,651 – – (444) – € m 947 5,062 US$ m US$ m 13 (245) 1 (244) 14 (230) 28 (202) (2,570) (2,772) (56) (2,828) (Stg£ in euro equivalents) Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 5,794 5,794 32 5,826 (111) 5,715 49 5,764 68 5,832 279 6,111 76 6,187 1,689 7,876 (8,796) (920) (1,400) (2,320) (Other currencies in euro equivalents) Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Other m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 3 2 7 176 176 89 265 85 350 29 379 22 401 24 425 3 428 6 434 (413) 21 65 86 3 2 8 51 Interest rate sensitivity (continued) 0<1 Month € m 1<3 Months € m 3<12 Months € m 1<2 Years € m 2<3 Years € m 3<4 Years € m 4<5 Years € m 1,233 950 36 1 20 7 Assets Financial assets held for sale to NAMA Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Other assets Total assets Liabilities Disposal groups held for sale Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities & capital instruments Other liabilities Shareholders’ equity – – 2,558 66,825 – 3,585 3,086 77,287 – 40,578 31,851 1,973 376 – – – – 2 10,620 7,869 4,260 – 23,701 – 9,143 5,783 4,249 242 – – – – 1 3,811 – 2,041 – 5,889 – 148 6,273 835 – – – – – – 2,230 – 1,944 – 4,175 – – 789 1,272 – – – – – – 1,822 – 1,013 – 2,855 – – 396 2,820 – – – Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 74,778 19,417 7,256 2,061 3,216 Derivatives affecting interest rate sensitivity 5,934 9,758 (10,553) (661) (2,563) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap (3,425) (3,425) (5,474) (8,899) 9,186 287 2,775 3,062 (Euro currency amounts) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap € m € m € m € m (10,413) (10,413) (5,143) (15,556) 7,716 (7,840) 2,326 (5,514) 2,202 5,264 € m 1,863 (3,651) (2,738) (2,591) 1,663 10,975 13,424 1,925 145,222 5 years + Non-interest Trading Total 2010 € m 1 – – – 6,488 – 4,486 – bearing € m € m € m (326) 15 1,937 13,911 – 382 (7,248) – 314 6,391 – 33 – – – – 1,877 13,911 33 2,943 86,350 7,869 20,825 11,354 – – 316 1,765 3,645 – – 5,726 (2,152) 7,401 13,884 € m 5,693 3,102 11,548 – 6,264 – – 5,523 3,659 – – – – – 2,239 – 11,548 49,869 52,389 15,664 4,331 7,762 3,659 26,994 2,239 145,222 – (13,570) 314 – (314) – – € m € m (5,041) (227) (1,939) (2,166) – – – – 850 – 813 – – – 343 2,000 68 – – 2,411 (919) 171 6,483 € m 147 – – – 952 – 2,369 – 3,328 – – 374 750 – – – 1,124 1,156 1,048 6,312 € m 913 (US$ in euro equivalents) US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m US$ m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 972 972 (479) 493 255 748 (244) 504 78 582 24 606 6 612 64 676 (875) (199) (89) (288) (Stg£ in euro equivalents) Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 5,845 5,845 (71) 5,774 1,011 6,785 665 7,450 229 7,679 92 7,771 2 7,773 1,617 9,390 (8,649) 741 26 767 (Other currencies in euro equivalents) PLN m PLN m PLN m PLN m PLN m PLN m PLN m PLN m PLN m PLN m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 16 16 – 16 – 16 – 16 – 16 – 16 – 16 – 16 586 602 (158) 444 N o t e s t o t h e f i n a n c a i l s t a t e m e n t s 51 Interest rate sensitivity (continued) 0<1 Month € m 1<3 Months € m 3<12 Months € m Assets Financial assets held for sale to NAMA Trading portfolio financial assets Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers Financial investments available for sale Financial investments held to maturity Other assets Total assets Liabilities Financial liabilities held for sale to NAMA Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Trading portfolio financial liabilities Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities & capital instruments Other liabilities Shareholders’ equity 12,969 – 8,218 73,705 5,423 – 3,569 103,884 – 13,522 52,322 – 9,047 846 – – 9,669 – 508 16,520 6,485 77 – 33,259 – 11,813 12,865 – 9,891 454 – – 133 – 2 4,430 1,980 1,509 – 8,054 – 7,990 9,263 – 7,191 – – – Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 75,737 35,023 24,444 Derivatives affecting interest rate sensitivity 11,917 9,771 (16,873) 1<2 Years € m 129 – – 2,594 3,153 – – 5,876 – 8 548 – 39 – – – 595 309 2<3 Years € m 41 – – 2,114 1,932 – – 4,087 – – 429 – 3<4 Years € m 47 – – 1,435 534 – – 2,016 – – 339 – 1,000 1,000 – – – – – – 4<5 Years € m 44 – – 903 1,104 – – 2,051 – – 341 – 746 – – – 5 years + Non-interest bearing € m € m Trading 2009 Total € m € m 163 – – 4,627 4,398 – – 9,188 – – 163 – 1,740 3,286 – – (4,108) – 365 (2,987) 327 – 7,247 125 19,212 296 296 – 9,093 – 103,341 25,336 – 1,586 – 15,450 4,634 844 5,055 174,314 – – 7,683 – – – 3 – – 23 – – 6,193 10,709 4,860 – 3 33,333 83,953 23 30,654 4,586 11,053 10,709 1,429 1,339 1,087 5,189 24,585 4,886 174,314 (744) (1,660) (34) (2,686) – – – 169 – Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 16,230 16,230 (11,535) 4,695 483 5,178 4,972 10,150 3,402 13,552 2,337 15,889 998 16,887 6,685 23,572 (23,741) (169) (Euro currency amounts) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap (US$ in euro equivalents) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap € m 16,672 16,672 US$ m (5,051) (5,051) € m € m (12,369) 4,303 (1,066) 3,237 € m 4,110 7,347 US$ m US$ m US$ m (2,258) (7,309) (10) (7,319) 235 (7,084) € m 2,779 10,126 US$ m 33 (7,051) € m € m 1,962 12,088 872 12,960 US$ m US$ m 75 (6,976) 43 (6,933) (Stg£ in euro equivalents) Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Stg£ m Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap (Other currencies in euro equivalents) Interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap 6,283 6,283 PLN m (2,039) (2,039) 3,746 10,029 PLN m (906) (2,945) 445 10,474 PLN m 1,426 (1,519) 325 10,799 PLN m 241 (1,278) 289 11,088 144 11,232 (3) 11,229 PLN m PLN m PLN m 250 (1,028) 102 (926) 70 (856) € m 5,729 18,689 US$ m 80 (6,853) Stg£ m 819 12,048 PLN m 23 (833) € m € m (17,356) 1,333 (1,251) 82 US$ m US$ m (734) (7,587) (88) (7,675) Stg£ m Stg£ m (5,398) 6,650 55 6,705 PLN m PLN m (363) (1,196) 991 (205) 3 2 9 Notes to the financial statements 52 Statement of cash flows Analysis of cash and cash equivalents For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash equivalents comprise the following balances with less than three months maturity from the date of acquisition: Cash and balances at central banks Loans and receivables to banks 2013 € m 4,132 1,598 5,730 2012 € m 4,047 1,879 5,926 2011 € m 2,934 4,439 7,373 The Group is required to maintain balances with the Central Bank of Ireland which at 31 December 2013 amounted to € 115 million (2012: € 107 million; 2011: € 142 million). The Group is required by law to maintain reserve balances with the Bank of England and during 2011 was also required to maintain balances with central banks in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. At 31 December 2013, these amounted to € 542 million (2012: € 586 million; 2011: € 1,676 million). There are certain regulatory restrictions on the ability of subsidiaries to transfer funds to the parent company in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances. The impact of such restrictions is not expected to have a material effect on the Group’s ability to meet its cash obligations. Cash flows in respect of acquisitions The aggregate net outflow of cash arising from the acquisition of Anglo deposit business and EBS in 2011 is as follows: Cash consideration paid on acquisition of Anglo business Cash and cash equivalent acquired on acquisition of EBS Net cash outflow on acquisitions 2011 € m (3,779) 359 (3,420) 330 53 Report on directors’ remuneration and interests Commentary on the Company’s policy with respect to directors’ remuneration is included in the corporate governance statement on pages 195 to 197. Directors’ remuneration The following tables detail the total remuneration of the Directors in office during 2013 and 2012: Remuneration Executive Directors Bernard Byrne David Duffy Non-Executive Directors Simon Ball Tom Foley Peter Hagan David Hodgkinson(1(a)) (Chairman) Jim O’Hara Dr Michael Somers(1(b)) (Deputy Chairman) Dick Spring Tom Wacker Catherine Woods Former Directors Declan Collier(5) Kieran Crowley(6) Stephen L Kingon(6) Anne Maher(7) David Pritchard(6) Other(8) Total Directors’ fees Parent and Irish subsidiary companies(1) Directors’ fees Non-Irish subsidiary companies(2) Salary Annual taxable contribution(4) benefits(3) Pension 2013 Total € 000 € 000 € 000 € 000 € 000 € 000 361 425 786 30 – 30 99 64 163 85 104 87 275 127 150 77 63 159 1,127 31 35 35 35 47 58 94 490 489 979 85 104 87 275 127 150 77 98 159 1,162 35 47 58 31 94 41 2,447 331 Notes to the financial statements 53 Report on directors’ remuneration and interests (continued) Remuneration Executive Directors Bernard Byrne* David Duffy* Non-Executive Directors Simon Ball Declan Collier (resigned as Director on 28 June 2012) Tom Foley (appointed 13 September 2012) Peter Hagan (appointed 26 July 2012) David Hodgkinson (Chairman) Jim O’Hara Dr Michael Somers (Deputy Chairman) Dick Spring Tom Wacker Catherine Woods Former Directors Kieran Crowley Stephen L Kingon Anne Maher David Pritchard Other Total Directors’ fees Parent and Irish subsidiary companies € 000 Directors’ fees Non-Irish subsidiary companies € 000 Salary Annual taxable benefits Pension contribution 2012 Total € 000 € 000 € 000 € 000 399 475 874 44 – 44 110 71 553 546 181 1,099 61 40 21 27 275 92 150 66 83 173 988 50 25 25 49 46 99 61 40 21 27 275 92 150 66 108 173 1,013 49 46 50 99 104 2,460 *A reduction of 15% in total remuneration was applied to Bernard Byrne and David Duffy with effect from 1 September 2012. 332 53 Report on directors’ remuneration and interests (continued) (1) Fees paid to Non-Executive Directors in 2013 were as follows: (a) Mr David Hodgkinson, Non-Executive Chairman, was paid a non-pensionable flat fee of €275,000 which includes remuneration for all services as a director of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.; (b) Dr Michael Somers, Deputy Chairman and Chairman of the Board Risk Committee, was paid a non-pensionable flat fee of €150,000 which includes remuneration for all services as a director of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.; and (c) All other Non-Executive Directors were paid a basic, non-pensionable fee in respect of service as a Director, of €27,375 (voluntarily reduced from €36,500 between December 2008 and February 2009), and additional non-pensionable remuneration (subject also to an equivalent reduction) paid to any Non-Executive Director who: is the Chairman of the Audit Committee, the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee or the Remuneration Committee; is the Senior Independent Director, or performs additional services, such as through membership of Board Committees or the board of a subsidiary company; (2) Current or former Non-Executive Directors of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. who also serve as Directors of AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. (“AIB UK”) are separately paid non-pensionable flat fee, which is independently agreed and paid by AIB UK, in respect of their service as a Director of that company; a (3) ‘Annual taxable benefits’ represents a reduced non-pensionable cash allowance in lieu of company car, medical insurance and other contractual benefits following the internal review of Pay and Benefits in 2012 (see Remuneration Review, Corporate Governance Statement, page 197); (4) ’Pension contribution’ represents agreed payments to a defined contribution scheme to provide post-retirement pension benefits for Executive Directors from normal retirement date. The fees of the Chairman, Deputy Chairman and Non-Executive Directors are non-pensionable; (5) Mr Declan Collier a former Government appointed Non-Executive Director of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c., was appointed a Non-Executive Director of AIB UK on 13 March 2013, in respect of which he earns fees as outlined at (2) above. The fees received by Mr Collier during 2013 include an amount of € 11,776 in respect of services to the company prior to his formal appointment as a director; (6) Mr Kieran Crowley, Mr Stephen L. Kingon and Mr David Pritchard are former Non-Executive Directors of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. who have, since their resignations, continued as Non-Executive Directors of AIB UK, of which Mr Pritchard is Chairman; they continue to earn fees as outlined at (2) above; (7) Ms Anne Maher is a former Non-Executive Director of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. who has, since her resignation, continued as a Director of the Corporate Trustee of the AIB Irish Pension Scheme and of the AIB Defined Contribution Scheme, in respect of which she earned fees as quoted; (8) ’Other’ represents the payment of pensions to former Directors or their dependants granted on an ex-gratia basis and are fully provided for in the Statement of Financial Position. (9) As a result of the internal review of pay and benefits in 2012 (see Remuneration Review, Corporate Governance Statement, page 197) and following consultation with the Department of Finance, a revised fee structure for Non-Executive Directors was implemented from 1 Jan 2014, the effect of which is a further reduction in the fees payable from that date. 333 Notes to the financial statements 53 Report on directors’ remuneration and interests (continued) Interests in shares The beneficial interests of the Directors and the Secretary in office at 31 December 2013, and of their spouses and minor children, in the Company’s ordinary shares are as follows: Ordinary shares Directors: Simon Ball Bernard Byrne David Duffy Tom Foley Peter Hagan David Hodgkinson Jim O’Hara Dr Michael Somers Dick Spring Tom Wacker Catherine Woods Secretary: David O’Callaghan *or date of appointment, if later 31 December 2013 1 January 2013* – – – – – – 100 100 – – – – – – 13,437 13,437 – – – – – – 7,490 7,490 Throughout 2013, the Directors were prohibited from trading in the Company’s shares due to significant ongoing corporate activity and close periods in advance of public disclosures. The following table sets forth the beneficial interests of the Directors and Leadership Team members of AIB as a group (including their spouses and minor children) at 31 December 2013. Title of class Identity of person or group Ordinary shares Directors and Leadership Team members of AIB as a group Number owned Percent of class 18,368 * * The total shares in issue at 31 December 2013, excluding 35,680,114 treasury shares, was 521,261,151,503. 334 53 Report on directors’ remuneration and interests (continued) Share options There were no options to subscribe for ordinary shares outstanding in favour of the Executive Directors at 31 December 2013. Details of the Secretary’s options to subscribe for ordinary shares are given below. Information on the Share Option Schemes is given in note 11. The vesting of these options is dependent on Earnings Per Share (“EPS”) targets being met. Subject thereto, the options outstanding at 31 December 2013 are exercisable up to April 2014. Details are shown in the Register of Directors’ and Secretary’s Interests, which may be inspected by shareholders at the Company’s Registered Office. Secretary: David O’Callaghan Date of grant Number Option Price € of shares Vested/ unvested Exercise period 28.04.2004 2,500 12.60 Vested 28.04.2007 - 2014 No share options were granted or exercised during 2013. The Chairman and the Non-Executive Directors do not participate in the share options plans. The aggregate number of share options outstanding at 31 December 2013 in the names of Executive Directors and members of the Leadership Team (‘Senior Executive Officers’), was 7,000 as follows: Outstanding as at 31 December 2012: Add: Options held by Senior Executive Officers appointed during 2013 Add: Options granted during 2013 Less: Options exercised during 2013 Less: Options lapsed during 2013 Less: Options held by Senior Executive Officers who left office during 2013 Options outstanding as at 31 December 2013 40,000 10,500 – – (3,500) (40,000) 7,000 Performance shares There were no conditional grants of awards of ordinary shares outstanding to Executive Directors or the Secretary at 31 December 2013. Apart from the interests set out above, the Directors and Secretary in office at year-end, and their spouses and minor children, have no other interests in the shares of the Company. There were no changes in the Directors’ and Secretary’s interests shown above between 31 December 2013 and 4 March 2014. The year-end closing price, on the Enterprise Securities Market of the Irish Stock Exchange, of the Company’s ordinary shares was € 0.11 per share; during the year, the price ranged from € 0.05 to € 0.15. Service contracts There are no service contracts in force for any Director with the Company or any of its subsidiaries. 335 Notes to the financial statements 54 Related party transactions Related parties of the Group and Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (“AIB”) include subsidiary undertakings, associate undertakings and joint arrangements post-employment benefits, Key Management Personnel and connected parties. The Irish Government is also considered a related party by virtue of its effective control of AIB. (a) Transactions with subsidiary undertakings AIB is the ultimate parent company of the Group. Banking transactions are entered into by AIB with its subsidiaries in the normal course of business. These include loans, deposits, provision of derivative contracts, foreign currency transactions and the provision of guarantees on an ‘arms length’ basis. Balances between AIB and its subsidiaries are detailed in notes g, j, l, p and q to the parent company financial statements. In accordance with IFRS10 Consolidated Financial Statements, transactions with subsidiaries have been eliminated on consolidation. (b) Associated undertakings and joint arrangements From time to time, the Group provides certain banking and financial services for associated undertakings. These transactions are made in the ordinary course of business on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons and do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavourable features. Details of loans to associates are set out in note g to the parent company financial statements, while deposits from associates are set out in note q. (c) Sale and leaseback of Blocks E, F, G and H Bankcentre to Aviva Life and Pensions Ireland Limited (“ALP”) Following the disposal of the Group’s 24.99% share in Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited in March 2013, the transaction involving the sale and leaseback of the above properties is no longer a related party transaction. (d) Provision of banking and related services and funding to Group Pension schemes The Group provides certain banking and financial services including money transmission services for the AIB Group Pension schemes. Such services are provided in the ordinary course of business, on substantially the same terms, including interest rates, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons. During 2013, the Group established a pension funding partnership, AIB PFP Scottish Limited Partnership (“SLP”) in the UK. Following this, a subsidiary of AIB transferred loans to the SLP for the purpose of ring-fencing the repayments of these loans to fund future deficit payments of the AIB UK Defined Benefit Pension Scheme (note 49). During 2012, AIB agreed to make certain contributions to the pension scheme which were settled through the transfer to the AIB Group Irish Pension Scheme of interests in a Special Purpose Vehicle (“SPV”) owning loans and receivables previously transferred at fair value from the Group. A subsidiary of AIB was appointed as a service provider for the loans and receivables transferred in return for a servicing fee at a market rate (note 49). (e) Compensation of Key Management Personnel The following disclosures are made in accordance with the provisions of IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures, in respect of the compensation of Key Management Personnel. Under IAS 24, Key Management Personnel are defined as comprising Executive and Non-Executive Directors together with Senior Executive Officers, namely, the members of the Leadership Team (see pages 184 to 186). The figures shown below include the figures separately reported in respect of Directors’ remuneration in the ‘Report on Directors’ Remuneration and Interests’ in note 53: Short-term compensation(1) Post-employment benefits(2) Termination benefits Total 2013 € m 5.8 0.5 0.4 6.7 Group 2012 € m Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. 2012 € m 2013 € m 6.2 0.7 0.5 7.4 5.5 0.5 0.4 6.4 5.3 0.5 0.5 6.3 (1)Comprises (a) in the case of Executive Directors and Senior Executive Officers: salary and a non-pensionable cash allowance in lieu of company car, medical insurance and other contractual benefits following the internal review of pay and benefits in 2012 (see Remuneration Review, Corporate Governance Statement, page 197); and (b) in the case of Non-Executive Directors: Directors’ fees and travel and subsistence expenses incurred in the performance of the duties of their office, which are paid by the Company. (2)Comprises payments to defined benefit or defined contribution pension schemes, in accordance with actuarial advice, to provide post-retirement pensions. The defined benefit scheme closed for future accruals with effect from 31 December 2013 and all future employee pension benefits will accrue under the defined contribution scheme. 336 54 Related party transactions (continued) (f) Transactions with Key Management Personnel At 31 December 2013, deposit and other credit balances held by Key Management Personnel, namely Executive and Non-Executive Directors and Senior Executive Officers, in office during the year amounted to € 5.04 million (2012: € 10.0 million). Loans to Key Management Personnel are made in the ordinary course of business on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons of similar standing not connected with the Group, and do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavourable features. Loans to Executive Directors and Senior Executive Officers are also made in the ordinary course of business, on terms available to other employees in the Group generally, in accordance with established policy, within limits set on a case by case basis. Details of transactions with Key Management Personnel, and connected parties where indicated, for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 2012 are as follows: (i) Current Directors David Duffy: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2013 Maximum debit balance during 2013 Tom Foley: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2013 Maximum debit balance during 2013 Jim O’Hara: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2013 Maximum debit balance during 2013 Dr Michael Somers: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2013 Maximum debit balance during 2013 Dick Spring: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2013 Maximum debit balance during 2013 Balance at 31 December 2012 € 000 Amounts advanced during 2013 € 000 Amounts repaid during 2013 € 000 Currency movements € 000 1,348 3 1,351 – – – – – – – 1 1 – 9 9 – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a 87 n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a 2013 Balance at 31 December 2013 € 000 1,261 12 1,273 16 1,382 – – – – 6 – – – – 12 – – – – 4 – 4 4 – 17 *Amounts advanced and repaid are not shown for overdraft/credit card facilities as such facilities are revolving in nature (i.e. they may be drawn, repaid and redrawn up to their limit over the course of the year). 337 Notes to the financial statements 54 Related party transactions (continued) (i) Current Directors Catherine Woods: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2013 Maximum debit balance during 2013 Balance at 31 December 2012 € 000 Amounts advanced during 2013 € 000 Amounts repaid during 2013 € 000 Currency movements € 000 2013 Balance at 31 December 2013 € 000 97 – 97 – n/a n/a 9 n/a n/a – n/a n/a 88 – 88 1 97 As at 31 December 2013, guarantees entered into by Catherine Woods in favour of the Group amounted to € 0.1 million. Simon Ball, Bernard Byrne, Peter Hagan, David Hodgkinson and Tom Wacker had no facilities with the Group during 2013. (ii) Former Directors who were in office during the year There were no changes to the Board during the year (iii) Senior Executive Officers in office during the year (Aggregate of 7 persons (2012: 14)): Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2013 Maximum debit balance during 2013 Balance at 31 December 2012 € 000 Amounts advanced during 2013 € 000 Amounts repaid during 2013 € 000 1,841 17 1,858 – n/a n/a 237 n/a n/a Currency movements € 000 – n/a n/a 2013 Balance at 31 December 2013 € 000 1,604 27 1,631 51 1,885 (iv) Aggregate amounts outstanding at year-end Directors (2013: 6 persons; 2012: 6 persons) Senior Executive Officers (2013: 7 persons; 2012: 9 persons) Loans, overdrafts/credit cards 31 December 2013 € 000 31 December 2012 € 000 1,365 1,631 2,996 1,458 1,858 3,316 As at 31 December 2013, guarantees entered into by 1 Director and 1 Senior Executive Officers in favour of the Group amounted to € 0.72 million in aggregate (2012: € 1.4 million by 1 Director and 2 Senior Executive Officers). (v) Connected persons The aggregate of loans to connected persons of Directors in office as at 31 December 2013, as defined in Section 26 of the Companies Act 1990, are as follows (aggregate of 18 persons; 2012: 18 persons): Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2013 Maximum debit balance during 2013 Balance at 31 December 2012 € 000 Amounts advanced during 2013 € 000 Amounts repaid during 2013 € 000 831 22 853 56 n/a n/a 51 n/a n/a Currency movements € 000 – n/a n/a 2013 Balance at 31 December 2013 € 000 836 62 898 33 981 No impairment charges or provisions have been recognised in respect of any of the above loans or facilities detailed in (i) to (v) and all interest that has fallen due on all of these loans or facilities has been paid. *Amounts advanced and repaid are not shown for overdraft/credit card facilities as such facilities are revolving in nature (i.e. they may be drawn, repaid and redrawn up to their limit over the course of the year). 338 54 Related party transactions (continued) (i) Directors in office during 2012 Balance at 31 December 2011 € 000 Amounts advanced during 2012 € 000 Amounts repaid during 2012 € 000 Currency movements € 000 David Duffy: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2012 Maximum debit balance during 2012 Tom Foley: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2012 Maximum debit balance during 2012 Jim O’Hara: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2012 Maximum debit balance during 2012 Dr Michael Somers: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2012 Maximum debit balance during 2012 Dick Spring: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2012 Maximum debit balance during 2012 Catherine Woods: Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2012 Maximum debit balance during 2012 1,432 1 1,433 – 5 5 – – – – 2 2 – 7 7 106 – 106 – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a 84 n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a 9 n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a – n/a n/a 2012 Balance at 31 December 2012 € 000 1,348 3 1,351 21 1,468 – – – – 6 – – – 1 36 – 1 1 – 3 – 9 9 – 17 97 – 97 2 106 As at 31 December 2012, guarantees entered into by Catherine Woods in favour of the Group amounted to € 0.1 million. Simon Ball, Bernard Byrne, Peter Hagan, David Hodgkinson and Tom Wacker had no facilities with the Group during 2012. *Amounts advanced and repaid are not shown for overdraft/credit card facilities as such facilities are revolving in nature (i.e. they may be drawn, repaid and redrawn up to their limit over the course of the year). 339 Notes to the financial statements 54 Related party transactions (continued) (ii) Former Directors who were in office during 2012 Declan Collier had no facilities with the Group during 2012. (iii) Senior Executive Officers in office during 2012 (Aggregate of 14 persons (2011: 9)): Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2012 Maximum debit balance during 2012 Balance at 31 December 2011 € 000 Amounts advanced during 2012 € 000 Amounts repaid during 2012 € 000 1,739 74 1,813 51 n/a n/a 234 n/a n/a Currency movements € 000 – n/a n/a 2012 Balance at 31 December 2012 € 000 1,556 39 1,595 56 1,905 (iv) Aggregate amounts outstanding at year-end Directors (2012: 6 persons; 2011: 5 persons) Senior Executive Officers (2012: 9 persons; 2011: 9 persons) Loans, overdrafts/credit cards 31 December 2012 € 000 31 December 2011 € 000 1,458 1,595 3,053 1,563 2,377 3,940 As at 31 December 2012, guarantees entered into by 1 Director and 2 Senior Executive Officers in favour of the Group amounted to € 1.4 million in aggregate (2011: € 1.9 million by 1 Director and 3 Senior Executive Officers). As at 31 December 2012, one Senior Executive Officer had entered into a foreign exchange forward contract for £120,000. (v) Connected persons The aggregate of loans to connected persons of Directors in office as at 31 December 2012, as defined in Section 26 of the Companies Act 1990, are as follows (aggregate of 18 persons; 2011: 17 persons): Loans Overdraft/Credit card* Total Interest charged during 2012 Maximum debit balance during 2012 Balance at 31 December 2011 € 000 Amounts advanced during 2012 € 000 Amounts repaid during 2012 € 000 1,055 107 1,162 – n/a n/a 224 n/a n/a Currency movements € 000 – n/a n/a 2012 Balance at 31 December 2012 € 000 831 22 853 34 1,183 No impairment charges or provisions have been recognised in respect of any of the above loans or facilities detailed in (i) to (v) and all interest that has fallen due on all of these loans or facilities has been paid. *Amounts advanced and repaid are not shown for overdraft/credit card facilities as such facilities are revolving in nature (i.e. they may be drawn, repaid and redrawn up to their limit over the course of the year). 340 54 Related party transactions (continued) (g) Summary of relationship with the Irish Government The Irish Government, as a result of both its investment in AIB’s 2009 Preference shares and AIB’s participation in Government guarantee schemes, became a related party of AIB in 2009. Following the various ordinary/CNV share issues to the NPRFC during 2010 and 2011, AIB is under the control of the Irish Government. AIB enters into normal banking transactions with the Irish Government and many of its controlled bodies on an arm’s length basis. In addition, other transactions include the payment of taxes, pay related social insurance, local authority rates, and the payment of regulatory fees as appropriate. Following the crisis in the Irish banking sector and the stabilisation measures adopted since 2008, the involvement of the Irish Government in AIB and in other Irish banks has been and continues to be considerable. This involvement is outlined below. Rights and powers of the Irish Government and the Central Bank of Ireland The Irish Minister for Finance (‘the Minister’) and the Central Bank of Ireland (“the Central Bank”) have significant rights and powers over the operations of AIB (and other financial institutions) arising from the various stabilisation measures. These rights and powers relate to, inter alia: – The acquisition of shares in other institutions; – Maintenance of solvency ratios and compliance with any liquidity and capital ratios that the Central Bank, following consultation with the Minister, may direct; – The appointment of non-executive directors and board changes; – The appointment of persons to attend meetings of various committees; – Restructuring of executive management responsibilities, strengthening of management capacity and improvement of governance; – Declaration and payment of dividends; – Restrictions on various types of remuneration; – Buy-backs or redemptions by the Group of its shares; – The manner in which the Group extends credit to certain customer groups; and – Conditions regulating the commercial conduct of AIB, having regard to capital ratios, market share and the Group’s balance sheet growth. In addition, various other initiatives such as strategies/codes of conduct for dealing with mortgage and other consumer/business loan arrears are set out in the Risk section of this report. The relationship of the Irish Government with AIB is outlined under the following headings: – Capital investments; – Guarantee schemes; – NAMA; – Funding support; – PCAR/PLAR; – Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010: (i) Direction Order; (ii) Transfer Order; (iii) Subordinated Liabilities Order; – Central Bank and Credit Institutions (Resolution) Act 2011; and – Relationship framework which was signed in March 2012 Since 31 December 2012, there have been no significant changes to the various aspects of this relationship. 341 Notes to the financial statements 54 Related party transactions (continued) (g) Summary of relationship with the Irish Government – Capital investments Ordinary shares At 31 December 2013, the Irish Government, through the NPRFC, held 99.8% of the ordinary share capital in AIB (2012: 99.8%). However, the number of shares held increased by 4.1 billion since 2012 through the non-payment of the dividend of € 280 million on the preference share capital as noted below. The NPRFC now holds 520.4 billion ordinary shares (31 December 2012: 516.2 billion shares). See note 41 for details of the Government’s investment in the ordinary shares of AIB. 2009 Preference Shares At 31 December 2013, the Irish Government, through the NPRFC, held € 3.5 billion capital (2012: €3.5 billion) in the form of non-cumulative preference shares (“2009 Preference Shares”). The annual cash dividend amounting to € 280 million was not paid in either 2013 or 2012, however, the dividend entitlement was satisfied by way of a Bonus issue of 4.1 billion ordinary shares (2012: 3.624 billion). The terms and conditions attaching to the 2009 Preference Shares are outlined in note 41. Contingent capital notes On 27 July 2011, AIB issued € 1.6 billion of contingent capital notes at par to the Minister. Details of this transaction are set out in note 40. Capital contributions On 28 July 2011, the Minister and the NPRFC made capital contributions totalling € 6.054 billion to AIB for nil consideration. For further details, see note 44. – Guarantee schemes The European Communities (Deposit Guarantee Schemes) Regulations 1995 have been in operation since 1995. These regulations guarantee certain retail deposits up to a maximum of € 100,000. In addition, since September 2008, the Irish Government has guaranteed relevant deposits and debt securities of AIB through the Credit Institutions (Financial Support) Scheme 2008 (“the CIFS scheme”) which expired in September 2010 and the Credit Institutions (Eligible Liabilities Guarantee) Scheme 2009 (“ELG Scheme”) which expired on 28 March 2013 for all new liabilities and is outlined below. ELG Scheme The ELG Scheme was a temporary measure which was introduced in response to the financial crisis. On 21 January 2010, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c., including its international branches and subsidiaries, AIB Group (UK) p.l.c., AIB Bank (CI) Limited and Allied Irish Banks North America Inc., became participating institutions for the purposes of the ELG Scheme. The Minister stands as guarantor of all guaranteed liabilities of a participating institution. The ELG Scheme was intended to facilitate the ability of participating credit institutions in Ireland to issue certain debt securities and take deposits with a maturity of up to five years for pre-defined periods. On 28 March 2013, the ELG Scheme ended for all new liabilities. After this date, no new liabilities are guaranteed under this scheme. Eligible liabilities under the ELG Scheme comprised the following: – all deposits to the extent not covered by deposit protection schemes in Ireland or in any other jurisdiction; – – – – senior unsecured certificates of deposit; senior unsecured commercial paper; other senior unsecured bonds and notes; and other forms of senior unsecured debt which may be specified by the Minister consistent with European Union State aid rules and the European Commission’s Banking Communication (2008/C 270/02) and subject to prior consultation with the European Commission. Dated subordinated debt and asset-covered securities issued after a covered institution joined the ELG Scheme were not guaranteed under the ELG Scheme.The total liabilities guaranteed under the ELG Scheme at 31 December 2013 amounted to € 7.8 billion (€ 34 billion at 31 December 2012). Participating institutions must pay a fee to the Minister in respect of each liability guaranteed under the ELG Scheme. Details of the total charge for 2013, 2012 and 2011 are set out in note 3. Participating institutions are also required to indemnify the Minister for any costs and expenses of the Minister and for any payments made by the Minister under the ELG Scheme which relate to the participating institution’s guarantee under the ELG Scheme. AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. and AIB Offshore commenced withdrawal from the ELG Scheme effective 18 August 2012 and 30 August, 2012, respectively. However, deposits opened before these dates have been guaranteed for the remainder of their maturity. 342 54 Related party transactions (continued) (g) Summary of relationship with the Irish Government – NAMA AIB was designated a participating institution under the NAMA Act in February 2010. Under this Act, AIB transferred financial assets to NAMA for which it received consideration from NAMA in the form of NAMA senior bonds and subordinated NAMA bonds which are detailed in notes 8, 28 and 29. In addition, AIB acquired NAMA senior bonds in 2011 as part of the Anglo transaction (€ 11,854 million fair value at acquisition date) and the EBS transaction (€ 301 million carrying value at acquisition date). AIB also acquired € 6 million in subordinated NAMA bonds, as part of the EBS transaction. The NAMA senior bonds are guaranteed by the Irish Government. Following on the transfer of financial assets to NAMA, a contingent liability/contingent asset arises in relation to: – – – Details of the contingent liability/asset are set out in note 46. final settlement amounts with NAMA on assets transferred; a series of indemnities which AIB has provided to NAMA on transferred assets; a possible requirement for AIB to share NAMA losses on dissolution of NAMA. Investment in National Asset Management Agency Investment Ltd (“NAMAIL”) In March 2010, a then subsidiary of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. made an equity investment in 17 million “B” shares of NAMAIL, a special purpose entity established by NAMA. The total investment amounted to € 17 million, of which € 12 million was invested on behalf of the AIB Group pension scheme (fair value at 31 December 2013 of € 6 million), with the remainder invested on behalf of clients. – Funding support Throughout the financial crisis, the Irish Government has provided guarantees under the CIFS (expired September 2010) and ELG schemes as outlined above. In addition, through the Central Bank, the Irish Government has provided direct funding as follows: – AIB has borrowings from the Central Bank as part of Eurosystem. These borrowings are under ECB Monetary Policy Operation Sale and Repurchase Agreements and amount to € 12.7 billion (2012: € 22.2 billion). At 31 December 2013, AIB had no borrowings from the Central Bank under non-standard liquidity facilities (2012: Nil). The interest rate on these facilities is set by the Central Bank and advised to AIB on each rollover date and at 31 December 2013 was 0.25%, being the current ECB refinancing rate. The facilities were for maturities of between 7 days and 3 months, apart from the € 11.25 billion (2012: € 11.25 billion) in the three year LTRO (note 35) which will mature in January and February 2015. At 31 December 2013, the amounts outstanding, totalling € 12.7 billion (2012: € 22.2 billion) are included within Deposits by central banks and banks in the table below. See note 35 for details of collateral. These facilities, together with other assets and liabilities with Irish Government entity counterparties, are set out below. – PCAR/PLAR On 31 March 2011, the Central Bank published the ‘Financial Measures Programme Report’ which detailed the outcome of its review of the capital (PCAR) and funding requirements (PLAR) of the domestic Irish banks. The PCAR/PLAR assessments followed the announcement of the EU-IMF Programme for Ireland in November 2010, in which the provision of an overall amount of € 85 billion in financial support for the sovereign was agreed in principle. Up to € 35 billion of this support was earmarked for the banking system, € 10 billion of which was for immediate recapitalisation of the banks with the remaining € 25 billion to be provided on a contingency basis. Arising from the 2011 PCAR and PLAR assessments, AIB, including EBS, was required to raise € 14.8 billion in total capital (including €1.6 billion in contingent capital), all of which was subsequently raised. – Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 The Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 was passed into Irish law on 21 December 2010. The Act provides the legislative basis for the reorganisation and restructuring of the Irish banking system agreed in the joint EU/IMF Programme for Ireland (‘the Programme’). This allows the Minister to take the actions required to bring about a domestic retail banking system that is proportionate to and focused on the Irish economy. The Act provides broad powers to the Minister (in consultation with the Governor of the Central Bank) to act on financial stability grounds to effect the restructuring actions and recapitalisation measures envisaged in the Programme. The Act applies to banks which have received financial support from the State, building societies and credit unions. Given the exceptional nature of the powers contained in the Act, the powers are time-limited and were scheduled to expire on 31 December 2012. However, in January 2013, the Minister extended the period of effectiveness of the Act for a further period of two years until 31 December 2014. The powers provided in the Act allow the Minister to implement key aspects of the agreed Programme for bank restructuring and include the issue of direction orders, special management orders, subordinated liabilities orders and transfer of assets and liabilities orders. In addition, the Act gives the Minister broad powers in relation to directors and officers and their appointment/removal/duties. Various other terms are also imposed on relevant financial institutions as a condition for financial support. 343 Notes to the financial statements 54 Related party transactions (continued) (g) Summary of relationship with the Irish Government – Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 Since the enactment of this legislation, the Minister has invoked certain of his powers under the Act in relation to AIB as follows: (i) Direction Order On 23 December 2010, the Irish High Court, on application from the Minister, directed AIB, inter alia, to increase its authorised share capital; to issue ordinary and CNV shares to the NPRFC; to cancel its listing on the Main Securities Market and to apply for listing on the Enterprise Securities Market (“ESM”) of the Irish Stock Exchange; and to complete the sale of its Polish interests to Banco Santander. Arising from this Order, on 23 December 2010, AIB issued ordinary and CNV shares to the NPRFC for net proceeds of € 3.7 billion. (ii) Transfer Order On 24 February 2011, following an application by the Minister, the Irish High Court issued a transfer order for the immediate transfer of certain deposits and corresponding assets from Anglo Irish Bank Corporation to AIB. (iii) Subordinated Liabilities Order On 14 April 2011, following an application by the Minister under section 29 of the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010, the Irish High Court issued a Subordinated Liabilities Order (the “SLO”) in relation to all outstanding subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments (including certain tier 1 capital instruments), with the consent of AIB. The Irish High Court declared the SLO effective as of 22 April 2011. The effect of the SLO was to amend the terms of certain subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments (note 40). Acquisition of EBS Limited (“EBS”) On 31 March 2011, the Minister proposed the combination of AIB and EBS (formerly EBS Building Society) to form one of the two Pillar banks. On 26 May 2011, AIB entered into an agreement with EBS, the Minister and the NTMA to acquire EBS for a consideration of € 1 (one euro). The acquisition was effective from 1 July 2011. – Central Bank and Credit Institutions (Resolution) Act 2011 The Central Bank and Credit Institutions (Resolution) Act 2011 was signed into law on 20 October 2011 and became effective on 28 October 2011. This legislation provides the Central Bank with additional powers to achieve an effective and efficient resolution regime for credit institutions that are failing or likely to fail and that is effective in protecting the Exchequer and the stability of the financial system and the economy. The Act gives the Central Bank power to take control of banks, appoint managers to run them and remove directors, staff and consultants, and to move their deposits and loans to other banks. On 28 September 2012, the Minister made the Credit institutions Resolution Fund Levy Regulations, 2012 providing for contributions, by authorised credit institutions, to a Credit Institutions Resolution Fund pursuant to Section 15 of the Central Bank and Credit Institutions (Resolution) Act 2011. This Resolution Fund has been designed to provide a source of funding for the resolution of financial instability in, or of an imminent serious threat to the financial stability of an authorised credit institution. The Act provides for the establishment of “Bridge-Banks” for the purpose of holding assets or liabilities which have been transferred under a transfer order. Bridge-Banks are only intended to hold such assets or liabilities on a temporary basis pending onward transfer as soon as possible. The Central Bank is empowered to make special management orders in relation to an authorised credit institution, or in relation to a subsidiary or holding company of the authorised credit institution in certain circumstances. The Act also provides powers to the Central Bank regarding the liquidation of authorised credit institutions. Authorised credit institutions may also be directed to prepare a recovery plan setting out actions that could be taken to facilitate the continuation or secure the business or part of the business of that institution. The legislation which provides for a permanent statutory regime under which the Central Bank may exercise intervention powers when a relevant credit institution is in difficulty is expected, in due course, to replace the temporary emergency provisions of the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010 outlined above. – Relationship framework In order to comply with contractual commitments imposed on AIB in connection with its recapitalisation by the Irish State and with the requirements of EU state aid applicable in respect of that recapitalisation, a relationship framework was entered into between the Minister and AIB in March 2012. This provides the framework under which the relationship between the Minister and AIB is governed. Under the relationship framework, the authority and responsibility for strategy and commercial policies (including business plans and budgets) and conducting AIB's day-to-day operations rest with the Board of AIB and its management team. However, the Board is required to obtain the prior written consent of the Minister, or to consult with the Minister, in respect of certain material matters, such as material disposals. 344 54 Related party transactions (continued) (g) Summary of relationship with the Irish Government Balances held with the Irish Government and related entities The following table outlines the balances held with Irish Government entities(1) at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012, together with the highest balances held at any point during the year. Assets Cash and balances at central banks Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Total assets Liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Derivative financial instruments Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Total liabilities a b c d e f g Balance 2013 Highest(2) Balance Note balance held € m € m 2012 Highest(2) balance held € m 4,250 112 5,019 4 19,860 7,697 € m 118 107 107 4 17,387 7,635 25,358 258 10 115 29 15,598 10,401 26,411 2,143 111 116 31 17,406 10,660 Balance 2013 Highest(2) Balance 2012 Highest(2) balance held € m € m balance held € m € m 12,725 6,818 34 1,316 20,893 23,230 6,884 34 1,316 22,220 1,220 53 1,237 24,730 37,836 1,493 80 1,237 (1)Includes all departments of the Irish Government located in the State and embassies, consulates and other institutions of the Irish Government located outside the State. The Post Office Savings Bank (“POSB”) and the National Treasury Management Agency (“NTMA”) are included. (2)The highest balance during the year, together with the outstanding balance at the end of each year, is considered the most meaningful way of representing the amount of transactions that have occurred between AIB and the Irish Government. Substantially all of the above balances relate to Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.. a Cash and balances at the central banks represent the minimum reserve requirements which AIB is required to hold with the Central Bank. Balances on this account can fluctuate significantly due to the reserve requirement being determined on the basis of the institution’s average daily reserve holdings over a one month maintenance period. The Group is required to maintain a monthly average Primary Liquidity balance which at 31 December 2013 was € 515 million (31 December 2012: € 552 million). b The balances on loans and receivables to banks include statutory balances with the Central Bank as well as overnight funds placed. c NAMA senior bonds were received as consideration for loans transferred to NAMA and as part of the Anglo and EBS transactions. d Financial investments available for sale comprise € 10,328 million (2012: € 7,588 million) in Irish Government securities held in the normal course of business and NAMA subordinated bonds which have a fair value at 31 December 2013 of € 73 million (31 December 2012: € 47 million) detailed above under ‘NAMA’. This relates to funding received from the Central Bank which is detailed under ‘Funding Support’ above. Includes € 5,117 million received from an Irish Government body under a repurchase agreement (note 36). The Group has pledged e f Irish Government securities with a fair value of € 5,405 million for this borrowing. g On 27 July 2011, AIB issued € 1.6 billion of contingent capital notes at par to the Minister for Finance, the fair value of these notes at initial recognition was € 1,153 million (note 40). All other balances, both assets and liabilities are carried out in the ordinary course of banking business on normal terms and conditions. 345 Notes to the financial statements 54 Related party transactions (continued) (g) Summary of relationship with the Irish Government Local government(1) During 2013 and 2012, AIB entered into banking transactions in the normal course of business with local government bodies. These transactions include the granting of loans and the acceptance of deposits, and clearing transactions. Commercial semi-state bodies(2) During 2013 and 2012, AIB entered into banking transactions in the normal course of business with semi-state bodies. These transactions principally include the granting of loans and the acceptance of deposits as well as derivative transactions and clearing transactions. (1)This category includes local authorities, borough corporations, county borough councils, county councils, boards of town commissioners, urban district councils, non-commercial public sector entities, public voluntary hospitals and schools. (2)Semi-state bodies is the name given to organisations within the public sector operating with some autonomy. They include commercial organisations or companies in which the State is the sole or main shareholder. Financial institutions under Irish Government control/significant influence Certain financial institutions are related parties to AIB by virtue of the Government either controlling or having a significant influence over these institutions. The following institution is controlled by the Irish Government: – Permanent tsb plc The Government controlled entity, Irish Bank Resolution Corporation Limited (In Special Liquidation) which went into special liquidation during 2013, remains a related party for the purpose of this disclosure. Irish Life Group was a related party to AIB until its disposal in July 2013. In addition, the Irish Government is deemed to have significant influence over Bank of Ireland. Transactions with these institutions are normal banking transactions entered into in the ordinary course of cash management business under normal business terms. The transactions constitute the short-term placing and acceptance of deposits, derivative transactions, investment in available for sale debt securities and repurchase agreements. At 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012, the following balances were outstanding in total to these financial institutions: Assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks(1) Financial investments available for sale(2) Liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks(3) Derivative financial instruments Customer deposits(4) 2013 Balance € m 2012 Balance € m 48 – 413 172 23 39 78 80 845 58 47 114 (1)The highest balance in loans and receivables to banks amounted to € 77 million in respect of funds placed during the year (2012: € 616 million). (2)Includes equity securities issued in lieu of debt of Nil (2012: € 37 million). (3)The highest balance in deposits by central banks and banks amounted to € 872 million in respect of funds received during the year (2012: € 842 million). (4)The highest balance in customer deposits amounted to € 331 million in respect of funds received during the year (2012: € 121 million). In connection with the acquisition by AIB Group of certain assets and liabilities of the former Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Limited (now Irish Bank Resolution Corporation Limited (in Special Liquidation)) “IBRC”, IBRC had indemnified AIB Group for certain liabilities pursuant to a Transfer Support Agreement dated 23 February 2011. AIB Group had made a number of claims on IBRC pursuant to the indemnity prior to IBRC’s Special Liquidation on 7 February 2013. AIB Group has since served notice of claim and set-off on the Joint Special Liquidators of IBRC in relation to the amounts claimed pursuant to the indemnity and certain other amounts that were owing to AIB by IBRC as at the date of the Special Liquidation (c. € 81.3 million in aggregate). Given AIB’s aggregate liability to IBRC at the date of Special Liquidation exceeded these claims, no financial loss is expected to occur. 346 54 Related party transactions (continued) (h) Indemnities Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has indemnified the Directors of Allied Irish Banks Pensions Limited and AIB DC Pensions (Ireland) Limited, the trustees of the Group’s Republic of Ireland defined benefit pension scheme and defined contribution pension scheme, respectively, against any actions, claims or demands arising out of their actions as Directors of the trustee companies, other than by reason of wilful default. (i) ALH investment AIB disposed of its 24.99% interest in ALH in March 2013 and acquired a 100% interest in Ark Life which is now consolidated as a subsidiary acquired exclusively for resale. Accordingly, ALH is no longer a related party of AIB Group (note 31). 55 Commitments Capital expenditure Estimated outstanding commitments for capital expenditure not provided for in the financial statements Capital expenditure authorised but not yet contracted for 2013 € m 25 26 Operating lease rentals The total of future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases are set out in the following table. One year One to two years Two to three years Three to four years Four to five years Over five years Total 2013 € m 66 62 61 58 315 196 758 2012 € m 7 29 2012 € m 73 68 67 64 60 507 839 Following a programme of sale and leaseback transactions, the Group holds a number of significant operating lease arrangements in respect of branches and the headquarter locations. AIB Group leases the Bankcentre campus in Ballsbridge, Dublin 4 under three separate lease arrangements. The minimum lease terms remaining on the most significant leases vary from 1 years to 17 years. The average lease length outstanding until a break clause in the lease arrangements is approximately 8 years with the final contractual remaining terms ranging from 3 years to 34 years. There are no contingent rents payable and all lease payments are at market rates. The total of future minimum sublease payments expected to be received under non-cancellable subleases at the reporting date were € 3 million (2012: € 8 million). Operating lease payments recognised as an expense for the year were € 80 million (2012: € 94 million). Sublease income amounted to € 4 million (2012: € 6 million). 347 Notes to the financial statements 56 Employees The following table shows the geographical analysis of average employees for 2013 and 2012 as follows: Republic of Ireland United Kingdom United States of America Rest of World Total See also page 424 in Additional information. 2013 10,559 2,034 55 – 12,648 2012 12,094 2,523 66 25 14,708 A new operating structure was implemented in 2013, with staff numbers reported under the new segments. Prior period numbers have not been restated under the new segments as significant restructuring has taken place following the departure of staff under the voluntary severance programme. The average number of employees by segment for 2013 is set out below (excluding employees on career breaks and other unpaid long term leaves). The figures for Group segment include the following centralised functions: Chief Financial Office; Chief Risk Office; Corporate Affairs and Marketing; Office of Law Agent; and Office of Group Internal Audit. Continuing operations DCB AIB UK FSG Group Total 2013 6,085 1,490 1,512 3,561 12,648 Continuing operations PBB CICB AIB UK EBS Group Discontinued operations BZWBK 2012 2011 6,285 1,620 2,234 604 3,965 6,017 1,752 2,282 288 3,943 14,708 14,282 – 14,708 2,434 16,716 Employee numbers as at 31 December 2013, for Ark Life total 146. This subsidiary was acquired in March 2013, and is held for sale as a discontinued operation (note 18). The employee numbers above, do not include Ark Life employees. The 12 month average of 12,648 employees is lower than the average figure for December 2012 of 14,708 due to the high level of voluntary severance and early retirements in the period. Actual FTEs fell to the 31 December 2013 level of 11,431 from 13,429 at 31 December 2012, also reflecting the high level of voluntary severance and early retirements in the period. 348 57 Regulatory compliance During 2012, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. was in breach of the 25% limit for ECB repo funding. These breaches were due to the difficult funding environment and the Central Bank was advised as appropriate. In January 2013, no breaches of this limit occurred. Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. ("AIB") received a fine of €490,000 and a reprimand from the Central Bank of Ireland (‘the Central Bank’) on entering a settlement agreement with the Central Bank in relation to four contraventions of the Central Bank's Requirements for the Management of Liquidity Risk. The contraventions took place at various times between 2007 and 2013. The contraventions related to liquidity reporting and documentation. They did not cause AIB to breach the liquidity ratios imposed by the Central Bank. AIB has taken appropriate remedial steps to rectify the contraventions and the matter is now closed. 58 Financial and other information Operating ratios Operating expenses/operating income Operating expenses/operating income before exceptional items Other income/operating income Other income/operating income before exceptional items 2013 Restated* 2012 Restated* 2011 86.7% 76.8% 21.2% 29.8% 295.7% 122.8% (78.1%) 22.3% 40.3% 96.1% 68.9% 24.5% Rates of exchange € /US$ Closing Average € /Stg£ Closing Average Currency information Euro Other *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note 60). 1.3791 1.3282 0.8337 0.8494 Assets 2012 € m 99,095 23,406 1.3194 1.2850 0.8161 0.8110 1.2939 1.3924 0.8353 0.8682 Liabilities and equity 2013 € m 99,597 18,137 2012 € m 102,753 19,748 2013 € m 97,292 20,442 117,734 122,501 117,734 122,501 349  Notes to the financial statements 59 Average balance sheets and interest rates(1) The following table shows interest rates prevailing at 31 December 2013 together with average prevailing interest rates, gross yields, spreads and margins for the years ended 31 December 2013, 2012 and 2011. Interest rates Ireland AIB Group’s prime lending rate European inter-bank offered rate One month euro Three month euro United Kingdom AIB Group’s base lending rate London inter-bank offered rate One month sterling Three month sterling United States Prime rate Gross yields, spreads and margins(2) Gross yield(3) Group Domestic Foreign Interest rate spread(4) Group Domestic Foreign Net interest margin(5) Group Domestic Foreign Average interest earning assets Group Domestic Foreign As at 31 December 2013 % Average interest rates for Years ended 31 December 2012 % 2011 % 2013 % 0.75 0.23 0.29 0.50 0.49 0.53 3.25 0.63 0.13 0.22 0.50 0.49 0.51 3.25 2.82 2.88 2.48 0.75 0.73 1.04 1.21 1.14 1.62 0.85 0.33 0.58 0.50 0.62 0.83 3.25 2.98 3.07 2.58 0.25 0.24 0.57 0.91 0.78 1.47 1.69 1.18 1.12 0.50 0.65 0.88 3.25 3.22 3.16 2.97 0.66 0.49 1.25 1.03 0.73 2.17 2013 € m 111,120 94,071 17,049 2012 € m 122,200 99,580 22,620 2011 € m 131,038 103,539 27,499 (1)The average balance sheet and gross yields, spreads and margins are presented on a continuing operations basis. (2)The gross yields, spreads and margins presented in this table are extracted from the average balance sheets and interest rates on the following pages and this breakdown into domestic and foreign has been compiled on the basis of location of office. (3)Gross yield represents the average interest rate earned on interest earning assets. (4)Interest rate spread represents the difference between the average interest rate earned on interest earning assets and the average interest rate paid on interest bearing liabilities. (5)Net interest margin represents net interest income as a percentage of average interest earning assets. 350 59 Average balance sheets and interest rates (continued) The following tables show the average balances and interest rates of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities for the years ended 31 December 2013, 2012 and 2011. The calculation of average balances include daily and monthly averages for reporting units. The average balances used are considered to be representative of the operations of the Group. Assets Trading portfolio financial assets Domestic offices Foreign offices Loans and receivables to banks Domestic offices Foreign offices Loans and receivables to customers Domestic offices Foreign offices NAMA senior bonds Domestic offices Financial investments available for sale Domestic offices Foreign offices Average interest earning assets Domestic offices Foreign offices Net interest on swaps Year ended 31 December 2013 Average Interest Average rate balance % € m € m Year ended 31 December 2012 Average Interest Average rate balance % € m €m Year ended 31 December 2011 Average Interest Average rate balance % € m € m – 14 1,054 4,670 – – 4 15 57,829 12,189 1,930 399 – 2.9 0.4 0.3 3.3 3.3 14 23 1,349 6,344 – 1 7 24 65,268 2,161 15,735 540 2.5 3.7 0.5 0.4 3.3 3.4 28 24 2,712 5,123 1 1 33 36 68,015 2,380 20,555 697 2.5 4.4 1.2 0.7 3.5 3.4 16,743 130 0.8 18,957 329 1.7 17,980 348 1.9 18,445 176 644 8 94,071 17,049 2,708 422 36 3.5 4.4 2.9 2.5 13,992 518 560 19 99,580 3,057 22,620 584 130 4.0 3.7 3.1 2.6 14,804 1,797 508 84 103,539 3,270 27,499 818 137 3.4 4.7 3.2 3.0 Total average interest earning assets 111,120 3,166 2.9 122,200 3,771 3.1 131,038 4,225 3.2 Non-interest earning assets 9,635 9,767 6,723 Total average assets 120,755 3,166 2.6 131,967 3,771 2.9 137,761 4,225 3.1 Percentage of assets applicable to foreign activities 15.5 18.5 21.2 351 Notes to the financial statements 59 Average balance sheets and interest rates (continued) Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Due to central banks and banks Domestic offices Foreign offices Due to customers Domestic offices Foreign offices Other debt issued Domestic offices Foreign offices Subordinated liabilities Domestic offices Foreign offices Average interest earning liabilities Domestic offices Foreign offices Total average interest earning liabilities Non-interest earning liabilities Total average liabilities Shareholders’ equity Total average liabilities and Average balance € m 25,987 255 42,420 9,308 8,347 276 1,311 – 78,065 9,839 87,904 22,031 2013 2012 Interest Average Average Interest Average rate % balance € m rate % € m € m 2011 Average Interest Average rate balance % € m € m 123 – 978 132 334 10 241 – 1,676 142 1,818 0.5 0.1 2.3 1.4 4.0 3.5 – 2.1 1.4 2.1 33,060 462 251 1 39,110 1,445 11,524 233 12,027 267 500 12 223 – 0.8 0.2 3.7 2.0 4.2 4.5 42,121 870 593 7 40,421 1,296 11,173 200 15,342 296 597 14 172 (4) 18.4 1,240 – 18.0 – 1,810 295 85,437 2,419 12,253 246 97,690 2,665 20,899 2.8 2.0 2.7 99,694 2,658 12,634 217 112,328 2,875 15,248 1.4 0.8 3.2 1.8 3.9 4.8 9.5 (1.4) 2.7 1.7 2.6 109,935 1,818 1.7 118,589 2,665 2.2 127,576 2,875 2.3 10,820 13,378 10,185 shareholders’ equity 120,755 1,818 1.5 131,967 2,665 2.0 137,761 2,875 2.1 Percentage of liabilities applicable to foreign operations 11.9 13.1 12.6 352 59 Average balance sheets and interest rates (continued) The following table allocates changes in net interest income between volume and rate for the year ended 31 December 2013 compared with the year ended 31 December 2012 and the year ended 31 December 2012 compared with the year ended 31 December 2011. Volume and rate variances have been calculated based on the movements in average balances over the year and changes in interest rates on average interest earning assets and average interest bearing liabilities respectively. Changes due to a combination of volume and rate are allocated ratably to volume and rate. December 2013 over December 2012 increase/(decrease) due to changes in Net Change € m Average Rate € m Average Volume € m December 2012 over December 2011 increase/(decrease) due to changes in Net Change € m Average Rate € m Average Volume € m Interest earning assets Trading portfolio financial assets Domestic offices .................................... Foreign offices ...................................... Loans and receivables to banks Domestic offices ................................. Foreign offices ..................................... Loans and receivables to customers Domestic offices ................................... Foreign offices ...................................... NAMA senior bonds – (1) (1) (6) (246) (122) – – (2) (3) 15 (19) – (1) (3) (9) (231) (141) (1) – (17) 10 (96) (162) – – (9) (22) (123) 5 (1) – (26) (12) (219) (157) Domestic offices .............................. (38) (161) (199) 19 (38) (19) (94) 1 84 (11) (24) (60) 76 (5) 52 (65) (263) (511) (331) (116) (447) Financial investments available for sale Domestic offices .................................... Foreign offices ...................................... Total interest income .................................. Interest bearing liabilities Due to central banks and banks .................. Domestic offices .................................... Foreign offices ...................................... Due to customers Domestic offices .................................... Foreign offices ...................................... Other debt issued 178 (12) (248) (54) (1) 122 (45) Domestic offices .................................... (153) Foreign offices ...................................... Subordinated liabilities Domestic offices .................................... Foreign offices ...................................... – 13 – (74) – (589) (56) (13) (2) 5 – (128) (1) (467) (101) (166) (2) 18 – Total interest expense................................ (118) (729) (847) Net interest income Domestic offices .................................... Foreign offices ...................................... Net interest income (interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities) .... (35) (95) .... (130) 429 37 466 Net interest on swaps Net interest income 394 (58) 336 (94) 242 (127) (4) (41) 6 (128) – (53) 4 (343) 230 (218) (215) (2) 190 27 31 (2) 104 – 133 (204) (45) (342) (6) 149 33 (97) (2) 51 4 (210) 26 (263) 12 (249) (237) (7) (244) 353 Notes to the financial statements 60 Impact of adopting new accounting standards As outlined in the Basis of preparation on page 212, from 1 January 2013, the Group adopted ‘IAS 19 Employee Benefits (Revised). This standard is required to be applied retrospectively, and accordingly, the Group has restated previously published comparative periods as set out below: Published € m IAS 19R € m 2012 Restated € m (1,716) (3,729) 172 (3,557) (3,557) (0.68c) (0.68c) Published € m IAS 19R € m (1,605) (5,108) 1,188 (3,920) (2,292) (1.6c) (1.6c) (31) (31) 5 (26) (26) – – 2011 Restated € m (1,636) (5,139) 1,193 (3,946) (2,318) (1.6c) (1.6c) (3,557) (2,292) (26) (2,318) Consolidated income statement (selected lines) Administrative expenses Loss before taxation from continuing operations Income tax credit from continuing operations Loss after taxation from continuing operations Loss for the year Basic loss per share Diluted loss per share Consolidated statement of comprehensive income (selected lines) Loss for the year Net actuarial losses in retirement benefit schemes, net of tax Total items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax from continuing operations Total other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax Total comprehensive income for the year Consolidated statement of financial position (selected lines) Assets Deferred taxation Total assets Liabilities Retirement benefit liabilities Provisions for liabilities and commitments Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity Reserves Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity Consolidated statement of cash flows (selected lines) Loss from continuing operations before taxation Retirement benefits - defined benefit expense Termination benefits Closing cash and cash equivalents Consolidated statement of changes in equity (selected lines) At 1 January Loss for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income for the year At 31 December (1,817) (3,830) 183 (3,647) (3,647) (0.7c) (0.7c) (3,647) (740) (742) 425 425 (3,222) 3,860 122,516 789 352 111,275 3,145 11,241 122,516 (3,830) (151) 261 5,926 14,463 (3,647) 425 (3,222) 11,241 354 101 101 (11) 90 90 0.02c 0.02c 90 24 24 24 24 114 (716) (718) (464) (464) 449 (568) 449 (3,108) (775) (3,067) (15) (15) 3,845 122,501 3,692 136,651 (27) (102) (129) 114 114 (15) 101 28 (129) – – 90 24 114 114 762 250 763 514 111,146 122,188 3,259 11,355 4,367 14,463 122,501 136,651 (3,729) (123) 132 5,926 14,463 (3,557) 449 (3,108) 11,355 (5,108) 29 – 7,373 4,349 (2,292) (775) (3,067) 14,463 26 26 26 26 – – – – – – – – – (31) 31 – – – (26) 26 – – (438) (438) (542) (749) (3,067) 3,692 136,651 763 514 122,188 4,367 14,463 136,651 (5,139) 60 – 7,373 4,349 (2,318) (749) (3,067) 14,463 60 Impact of adopting new accounting standards (continued) The adoption of IAS 19 (Revised) increased the retirement benefit charge in the consolidated income statement for 2012 by € 28 million and for 2011 by € 31 million. The termination benefit charge recognised in 2012 decreased by € 129 million due to a change in the recognition criteria for termination benefits. The change to the recognition criteria for termination benefits under IAS 19 (Revised) required the restatement by € 42 million of a past service cost recognised in 2012 in relation to employees expected to leave under the early retirement scheme in 2013 and a curtailment gain restatement of € 15 million recognised in 2012 in relation to employees expected to leave in 2013 under the voluntary severance scheme. This has resulted in a net reduction of € 27 million in retirement benefit liabilities for 2012. In addition, a provision of € 108 million, recognised in 2012, in relation to employees expected to leave in 2013 under the voluntary severance scheme has been restated and this has resulted in a reduction in the provision for liabilities and commitments by € 102 million. There was no impact in 2011 on the statement of financial position. 61 Non-adjusting events after the reporting period No significant non-adjusting events have taken place since 31 December 2013. 62 Dividends No final dividend will be paid in respect of the year ended 31 December 2013. 63 Approval of financial statements The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors on 4 March 2014. 355 Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Parent company financial statements and notes Statement of financial position Statement of cash flows Statement of changes in equity Accounting policies Note a b c d e f g h i j k l Administrative expenses Retirements benefits Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers Amounts receivable under finance leases and hire purchase contracts Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Investments in Group undertakings m Intangible assets n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Property, plant and equipment Deferred taxation Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Debt securities in issue Other liabilities Provisions for liabilities and commitments Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Share capital Capital reserves and capital redemption reserves Contributions from the Minister for Finance and the NPRFC Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities Memorandum items: Contingent liabilities and commitments, and contingent assets Transfer of financial assets Fair value of financial instruments Statement of cash flows ad Related party transactions ae Commitments af Impact of adopting new accounting standards 356 Statement of financial position – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. as at 31 December 2013 Assets Cash and balances at central banks Items in course of collection Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Interests in associated undertakings Investments in Group undertakings Intangible assets Property, plant and equipment Other assets Current taxation Deferred taxation Prepayments and accrued income Total assets Liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Derivative financial instruments Debt securities in issue Current taxation Other liabilities Accruals and deferred income Retirement benefit liabilities Provisions for liabilities and commitments Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity Share capital Share premium Reserves Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note af). Notes ac c d e f g j k l m n o p q e r s b t u v v 2013 € m Restated* 2012 € m 1,215 1,076 79 336 2 1,653 23,856 31,603 15,598 20,129 3 4,859 159 252 145 1 2,839 533 95 561 24 2,768 31,284 37,234 17,082 14,930 3 2,735 168 267 110 6 2,919 469 103,262 111,731 29,112 53,112 2,404 3,271 17 380 635 141 215 1,352 90,639 5,248 2,848 4,527 39,389 48,751 3,541 5,142 14 520 826 667 199 1,271 100,320 5,206 2,890 3,315 12,623 11,411 103,262 111,731 David Hodgkinson, Chairman; David Duffy, Chief Executive Officer; Catherine Woods, Director; David O’Callaghan, Company Secretary. 357 Statement of cash flows – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. for the year ended 31 December 2013 Reconciliation of profit/(loss) before taxation to net cash outflow from operating activities Profit/(loss) for the year from continuing operations before taxation Adjustments for: Gain on redemption/remeasurement of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments (Profit) on disposal of businesses (Profit)/loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment Loss on disposal/transfer of loans and receivables Dividend income Impairment of associated undertakings (Writeback)/impairment of subsidary undertakings Gain on designation of associate as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables Provisions/(writeback of provisions) for liabilities and commitments (Writeback)/provisions for impairment on financial investments available for sale Change in other provisions Retirement benefits – defined benefit (credit)/expense Termination benefits Contributions to defined benefit pension schemes Depreciation, amortisation and impairment Interest on subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments (Profit)/loss on disposal of financial investments available for sale Remeasurement of NAMA senior bonds Amortisation of premiums and discounts Change in prepayments and accrued income Change in accruals and deferred income Net cash (outflow)/inflow from operating activities before changes in operating assets and liabilities Change in deposits by central banks and banks Change in customer accounts(1) Change in loans and receivables to customers(2) Change in NAMA senior bonds Change in loans and receivables to banks Change in trading portfolio financial assets/liabilities Change in derivative financial instruments Change in items in course of collection Change in debt securities in issue Change in other assets Change in other liabilities Effect of exchange translation and other adjustments Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating assets and liabilities Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities before taxation Taxation refund Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities Investing activities (note a) Financing activities (note b) Change in cash and cash equivalents Opening cash and cash equivalents Effect of exchange translation adjustments Closing cash and cash equivalents *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note af). 358 Notes 2013 € m Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m 497 (1,590) (4,539) l i b b b – – (1) 197 (9) 2 (1,351) – 1,005 17 (18) 5 (98) (2) (194) 104 241 (38) (62) (48) (65) (192) (10) (10,067) 4,547 4,450 1,611 6,740 21 257 16 – (1) (2) 209 (280) 5 (136) (184) 1,353 9 79 88 (137) 94 (187) 95 223 74 – (125) 103 81 (229) (6,993) 1,871 4,224 2,395 4,707 33 (655) 4 (3,154) – 1 689 (2,205) – 3,813 – 5,306 (129) 275 35 45 – (73) 101 172 42 – (65) (18) 37 333 (27,895) (9,784) 15,781 886 9,747 (22) 593 34 (1,846) (4,765) (2,783) (35) (186) 71 5,579 5,569 21 5,590 (5,773) (160) (343) 2,434 (25) 2,066 186 (49) (651) 307 78 42 120 (617) (160) (657) 3,092 (1) 2,434 (139) (36) (221) (13,839) (13,506) 15 (13,491) 1,601 11,333 (557) 3,618 31 3,092 Statement of cash flows – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (continued) for the year ended 31 December 2013 (a) Investing activities Net cash outflow on acquisition of business combinations Purchase of financial investments available for sale Proceeds from sales and maturity of financial investments available for sale Additions to property, plant and equipment Disposal of property, plant and equipment Additions to intangible assets Disposal of investment in associated undertakings Investment in Group undertakings(3) Dividends received from subsidiary companies Disposal/redemption of investment in businesses and subsidiaries Dividends received from associated undertakings Cash flows from investing activities (b) Financing activities Proceeds of issue of CCNs Proceeds of issue of share capital to NPRFC Capital contributions from the Minister for Finance and the NPRFC Redemption of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Cost of redemption of capital instruments Interest paid on subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Cash flows from financing activities Notes k k n m l u x 2013 € m (325) (7,367) Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m – (4,522) (3,779) (2,378) 2,556 4,320 8,251 (30) 15 (57) 10 (773) 6 190 2 (32) 2 (68) – (600) 264 10 9 (16) 2 (31) – (2,660) 2,205(4) 7 – (5,773) (617) 1,601 – – – – – – – – – – (160) (160) (160) (160) 1,600 5,000 6,054 (1,089) (9) (223) 11,333 (1)Includes deposits placed by the NTMA € 6,683 million (2012: € 1,127 million; 2011: € 27 million). (2)Includes loans and receivables to customers within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale and in 2011, loans and receivables held for sale to NAMA. (3)Additions to investment in Group undertakings of € 773 million (2012: € 600 million ; 2011: € 3,637 million) (note l) include non-cash transactions of Nil (2012: Nil; 2011: € 977 million in relation to investments in EBS Limited and Anglo Irish Bank Corporation (International) plc.) (4)Dividends include € 2,180 million from AIB European Investments Limited, which was the holding company of BZWBK. The proceeds of sale of BZWBK were remitted by AIB European Investments Limited to Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. by way of dividend. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note af). 359 3 6 0 Statement of changes in equity – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. for the year ended 31 December 2013 Share capital Share premium Capital Revaluation reserves reserves Cash flow hedging reserves Revenue reserves At 1 January 2013 as reported Change in accounting policy As restated Total comprehensive income for the year Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income for the year Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity Contributions by and distributions to owners Capital contributions (note w) Ordinary shares issued in lieu of dividend (note v) Share based payments Total contributions by and distributions to owners At 31 December 2013 € m 5,206 – € m 2,890 – 5,206 2,890 – – – – 42 – 42 – – – – (42) – (42) 5,248 2,848 € m 1,764 – 1,764 – – – (219) – – (219) 1,545 Available for sale securities reserves € m 269 – 269 – 485 485 – – – – € m 13 – 13 – (1) (1) – – – – Foreign currency translation reserves € m (70) – (70) – (3) (3) – – – – Treasury shares € m (549) – (549) – – – – – – – (73) (549) Share based payments reserves € m 36 – 36 – – – – – (10) (10) 26 Total € m 11,323 88 11,411 529 683 1,212 – – – – 12,623 € m 1,799 88 1,887 529 198 727 219 – 10 229 2,843 € m (35) – (35) – 4 4 – – – – 12 754 (31) Statement of changes in equity – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. for the year ended 31 December 2012 Share capital Share premium Capital reserves Capital Revaluation reserves redemption reserves Available Cash flow hedging reserves for sale securities reserves Revenue reserves Foreign currency translation reserves Treasury shares Share based payments reserves Restated* Total At 1 January 2012 Total comprehensive income for the year Loss for the year* Other comprehensive income* Total comprehensive income for the year Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity Contributions by and distributions to owners Capital contributions (note w) Reduction of capital (notes v and w) Ordinary shares issued in lieu of dividend (note v) Total contributions by and distributions to owners € m 5,170 € m 4,926 € m 2,011 € m 3,958 – – – – – 36 36 – – – – (2,000) (36) – – – (247) – – – – – – (3,958) – (2,036) (247) (3,958) € m 15 – (2) (2) – – – – € m (948) – 1,217 1,217 – – – – € m 122 – (157) (157) – – – – At 31 December 2012 – restated 5,206 2,890 1,764 – 13 269 (35) € m (2,355) (1,350) (613) (1,963) 247 5,958 – 6,205 1,887 € m (68) – (2) (2) – – – – € m (549) € m 36 € m 12,318 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – (1,350) 443 (907) – – – – (70) (549) 36 11,411 *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note af). 3 6 1 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Accounting policies Where applicable, the accounting policies adopted by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. are the same as those of AIB Group as set out on pages 209 to 239. a Administrative expenses Personnel expenses: Wages and salaries Termination benefits(1) Retirement benefits(2) Social security costs Other personnel expenses General and administrative expenses(3) 2013 € m Restated* 2012 € m Restated* 2011 € m 535 65 (85) 58 (57) 516 381 897 630 129 (123) 68 7 711 424 1,135 610 – 58 64 (5) 727 471 1,198 (1)On 21 May 2012, AIB announced the specific terms of a voluntary severance programme which included both an early retirement scheme and a voluntary severance scheme. At 31 December 2013, a charge of € 65 million (2012: € 128 million*) has been recognised in the income statement in respect of termination benefits arising from the voluntary severance programme. This amount comprises € 20 million (2012: € 107 million*) in respect of past service costs relating to the early retirement scheme and € 69 million (2012: € 35 million*) relating to the voluntary severance scheme (notes b and t) and a credit of € 24 million (2012: € 14 million*) in respect of a pension curtailment gain. In addition, a provision of Nil (2012: € 1 million) has been made in respect of termination benefits in Allied Irish America. (2)Comprises a credit of € 98 million relating to defined benefit expense (2012: a credit of € 137 million*; 2011: charge of € 45 million*), a defined contribution expense of € 7 million (2012: € 7 million; 2011: € 6 million) and a long term disability payments expense of € 6 million (2012: € 7 million; 2011: € 7 million) (see note b). (3)Includes external costs relating to the transfer of financial instruments to NAMA that amounted to Nil (2012: € 3 million; 2011: € 28 million). *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note af). 362 b Retirement benefits Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. operates a number of pension and retirement benefit schemes for employees. These include both defined benefit and defined contribution schemes. A hybrid scheme includes elements of a defined benefit scheme and a defined contribution scheme. All defined benefit schemes operated by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. closed to future accrual with effect from 31 December 2013 and all staff transferred to defined contribution schemes. This led to a reduction of € 186 million in the defined benefit obligation and a credit to the income statement as a curtailment. Defined benefit schemes Of the defined benefit schemes operated by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c., the most significant is the AIB Group Irish Pension Scheme (‘the Irish scheme’), further details of which are provided in the Group’s retirement benefits note (note 12). Financial and mortality assumptions The financial and mortality assumptions adopted in the preparation of these financial statements are the same as those adopted in the preparation of the Group’s financial statements. See note 12 for further details. Sensitivity analysis for principal assumptions used to measure scheme liabilities There are inherent uncertainties surrounding the financial assumptions adopted in calculating the actuarial valuation of the Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. pension schemes. A sensitivity analysis of the key assumptions for the Irish scheme is set out in the Group’s retirement benefits note (note 12). Movement in defined benefit obligation and scheme assets The following table sets out the movement in the defined benefit obligation and scheme assets during 2013 and 2012: Defined Fair value benefit of scheme obligation € m 2013 Net defined benefit assets liability (asset) € m € m Restated* 2012 Net defined benefit assets liability (asset) € m € m Defined Fair value benefit of scheme obligation € m 4,179 (3,512) 667 3,422 (2,628) At 1 January Included in profit or loss Current service cost Past service cost: – Termination benefits – Other Interest cost (income) Curtailment – Termination – Other Included in other comprehensive income Remeasurements loss (gain): – Actuarial loss (gain) arising from: – Experience adjustments – Changes in demographic assumptions – Changes in financial assumptions – Return on scheme assets excluding interest income(1) Translation adjustment on non-euro schemes Other Contributions by employer Contributions by employees Benefits paid 64 20 2 164 (24) (186) 40 54 (115) 79 – (1) 17 – 14 (179) (165) – – – (142) – – (142) – – – (247) 1 (246) (194) (14) 178 (30) At 31 December 4,071 (3,930) (1)Includes payment of pension levy. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note af). 64 20 2 22 (24) (186) (102) 54 (115) 79 (247) – (229) (194) – (1) (195) 141 62 108 (218) 169 (14) (8) 99 10 125 716 – (1) 850 – 17 (209) (192) – – – (143) – – (143) – – – (151) – (151) (781) (17) 208 (590) 4,179 (3,512) 794 62 108 (218) 26 (14) (8) (44) 10 125 716 (151) (1) 699 (781) – (1) (782) 667 363 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. b Retirement benefits (continued) Scheme assets The following table sets out an analysis of the schemes assets at 31 December 2013 and 2012: Cash and cash equivalents Equity instruments Quoted equity instruments: Basic materials Consumer goods Consumer services Energy Financials Healthcare Industrials Technology Telecoms Utilities Total quoted equity instruments Unquoted equity instruments Total equity instruments Debt instruments Quoted debt instruments Corporate bonds Government bonds Total quoted debt instruments Unquoted debt instruments Corporate bonds Government bonds Total unquoted debt instruments Total debt instruments Real estate(1) Derivatives(2) Investment funds Quoted investment funds Bonds Equity Forestry Multi asset Total quoted investment funds Unquoted investment funds Total investment funds Mortgage backed securities(3) 2013 € m 257 81 181 144 125 306 128 172 134 55 44 1,370 6 1,376 152 541 693 49 28 77 770 187 7 288 159 33 320 800 5 805 528 2012 € m 56 91 169 124 127 277 107 150 119 52 44 1,260 6 1,266 104 681 785 42 27 69 854 186 7 29 336 32 169 566 5 571 572 Fair value of schemes assets at 31 December 3,930 3,512 (1)Located in Europe. (2)Amount relates to foreign exchange derivatives. (3)A quoted market price in an active market is not available for mortgage backed securities. 364 b Retirement benefits (continued) Defined contribution schemes Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. operates a defined contribution (“DC”) scheme, further details of which are provided in the Group’s retirement benefits note (note 12). The total cost in respect of the DC scheme for 2013 was € 7 million (2012: € 7 million; 2011: € 6 million). The cost in respect of defined contributions is included in administrative expenses (note a). Long-term disability payments Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. provides an additional benefit to employees who suffer prolonged periods of sickness. It provides for the partial replacement of income in event of illness or injury resulting in the employee’s long term absence from work. In 2013, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. contributed € 6 million (2012: € 7 million; 2011: € 7 million) towards insuring this benefit. This amount is included in administrative expenses (note a). . 365 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. c Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale At 31 December 2013, disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale include loans and receivables, and Ark Life Assurance Company Limited (‘Ark Life’) which is held as a subsidiary acquired exclusively for resale. Disposal groups and non-current assets/liabilities are shown as single line items in the statement of financial position with no re-presentation of comparatives. An analysis of the components of these single line items is set out below: Loans and receivables(1): Customers Associated undertakings(2)(3) Other: Equity investment at fair value through profit or loss(3) Other Discontinued operations: Ark Life Total disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Assets € m 2013 Liabilities € m Assets € m 2012 Liabilities € m 28 – – 6 6 302(4) 336 – – – – – – – 353 12 196 – 196 – 561 – – – – – – – (1)Loans and receivables held for sale are net of provisions of Nil (31 December 2012: € 122 million) (note i). (2)Associated undertakings include LaGuardia Hotel € 12 million at 31 December 2012. (3)On 1 July 2012, AIB designated its investment in ALH as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss.The sale of this investment completed on 8 March 2013 (note 31 to the consolidated financial statements). (4)Following the disposal of ALH, AIB acquired a 100% interest in Ark Life Assurance Company Limited. This subsidiary was acquired exclusively with a view to its subsequent disposal, accordingly, it was classified on acquisition date as a discontinued operation in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations (note 21 to the consolidated financial statements). Further details of loans and receivables held for sale are set out in the Risk management section of this report. d Trading portfolio financial assets Debt securities Equity securities Of which listed: Debt securities Equity securities Of which unlisted: Equity securities 366 2013 € m 1 1 2 2013 € m 1 – 1 2 2012 € m 22 2 24 2012 € m 22 1 1 24 e Derivative financial instruments Details of derivative transactions entered into and their purpose are described in note 23 to the consolidated financial statements. The following table presents the notional principal amount together with the positive fair value of interest rate, exchange rate, equity and credit derivative contracts for 2013 and 2012. Interest rate contracts(1) Notional principal amount Positive fair value Exchange rate contracts(1) Notional principal amount Positive fair value Equity contracts(1) Notional principal amount Positive fair value Credit derivatives(1) Notional principal amount Positive fair value Total notional principal amount Positive fair value 2013 € m 2012 € m 137,851 1,447 132,053 2,576 4,328 35 3,611 171 – – 7,539 71 3,833 121 114 – 145,790 143,539 1,653 2,768 (1)Interest rate, exchange rate and credit derivative contracts are entered into for both hedging and trading purposes. Equity contracts are entered into for trading purposes only. The following table analyses the notional principal amount and positive fair value of interest rate, exchange rate, equity and credit derivative contracts by residual maturity: < 1 year 1 < 5 years € m € m 5 years + € m 2013 Total € m < 1 year € m 1 < 5 years € m 5 years + € m 2012 Total € m Residual maturity Notional principal amount 57,300 52,679 35,811 145,790 71,897 Positive fair value 218 945 490 1,653 463 36,529 1,270 35,113 143,539 1,035 2,768 Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has the following concentration of exposures in respect of notional principal amount and positive fair value of interest rate, exchange rate, equity and credit derivative contracts. The concentrations are based primarily on the location of the office recording the transaction. Republic of Ireland United Kingdom United States of America Notional principal amount Positive fair value 2013 € m 2012 € m 143,795 140,364 1,609 386 2,571 604 145,790 143,539 2013 € m 1,399 236 18 1,653 2012 € m 2,356 377 35 2,768 367 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. e Derivative financial instruments (continued) The following table shows the notional principal amount and the fair value of derivative financial instruments analysed by product and purpose as at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012. A description of how the fair values of derivatives are determined is set out in note 23 to the consolidated financial statements. Notional principal amount € m 2013 Fair values Assets Liabilities € m € m Notional principal amount € m 2012 Fair values Assets Liabilities € m € m Derivatives held for trading Interest rate derivatives – over the counter (“OTC”) Interest rate swaps Cross-currency interest rate swaps Interest rate options 44,194 1,047 (1,089) 24,987 1,383 (1,623) 720 800 47 6 (43) (6) 1,826 1,015 80 9 (68) (9) Total interest rate derivatives – OTC 45,714 1,100 (1,138) 27,828 1,472 (1,700) Interest rate derivatives – exchange traded Interest rate futures Total interest rate derivatives -exchange traded 121 121 – – – – 124 124 – – – – Total interest rate derivatives 45,835 1,100 (1,138) 27,952 1,472 (1,700) Foreign exchange derivatives – OTC Foreign exchange contracts Currency options bought and sold Total foreign exchange derivatives Equity derivatives – OTC Equity index options Total equity derivatives Credit derivatives – OTC Credit derivatives Total credit derivatives 4,143 185 4,328 3,611 3,611 – – 32 3 35 171 171 – – (33) (2) (35) (174) (174) – – 7,320 219 7,539 3,833 3,833 69 69 69 2 71 121 121 – – (19) (2) (21) (123) (123) (20) (20) Total derivatives held for trading 53,774 1,306 (1,347) 39,393 1,664 (1,864) Derivatives held for hedging Derivatives designated as fair value hedges – OTC Interest rate swaps 13,110 Total derivatives designated as fair value hedges 13,110 Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges – OTC Interest rate swaps Cross currency interest rate swaps Credit default swaps 75,751 3,155 – Total derivatives designated as cash flow hedges 78,906 Total derivatives held for hedging 92,016 222 222 110 15 – 125 347 (588) (588) (389) (80) – (469) 34,110 34,110 67,621 2,370 45 70,036 352 352 729 23 – 752 (732) (732) (850) (94) (1) (945) (1,057) 104,146 1,104 (1,677) Total derivative financial instruments 145,790 1,653(1) (2,404)(2) 143,539 2,768(1) (3,541)(2) (1)Includes exposure to subsidiary undertakings of € 163 million (2012: € 293 million). (2)Includes amounts due to subsidiary undertakings of € 403 million (2012: € 485 million) . 368 e Derivative financial instruments (continued) Cash flow hedges The table below sets out the hedged cash flows which are expected to occur in the following periods: Forecast receivable cash flows Forecast payable cash flows Forecast receivable cash flows Forecast payable cash flows Within 1 year € m 91 31 Between 1 and 2 years € m Between 2 and 5 years € m More than 5 years € m 73 38 232 95 240 111 Within 1 year € m 82 18 Between 1 and 2 years € m Between 2 and 5 years € m More than 5 years € m 25 16 71 78 36 41 2013 Total € m 636 275 2012 Total € m 214 153 The table below sets out the hedged cash flows, including amortisation of terminated cashflow hedges, which are expected to impact the income statement in the following periods: Forecast receivable cash flows Forecast payable cash flows Forecast receivable cash flows Forecast payable cash flows Within 1 year € m 91 56 Between 1 and 2 years € m Between 2 and 5 years € m More than 5 years € m 73 56 232 134 240 116 Within 1 year € m 82 48 Between 1 and 2 years € m Between 2 and 5 years € m More than 5 years € m 25 45 71 126 36 57 2013 Total € m 636 362 2012 Total € m 214 276 369 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. f Loans and receivables to banks Funds placed with central banks Funds placed with other banks Provision for impairment (note i) Of which: Due from third parties Due from subsidiary undertakings(1) Amounts include: Reverse repurchase agreements Loans and receivables to banks by geographical area(2) Republic of Ireland United Kingdom United States of America 2013 € m 95 2012 € m 89 23,768 31,199 (7) (4) 23,856 31,284 1,008 22,848 23,856 1,575 29,709 31,284 16 61 2013 € m 22,949 903 4 2012 € m 29,530 1,750 4 23,856 31,284 (1)Amounts due from subsidiary undertakings may include repurchase agreements. (2)The classification of loans and receivables to banks by geographical area is based primarily on the location of the office recording the transaction. Loans and receivables to banks include cash collateral of € 795 million (2012: € 1,186 million) placed with derivative counterparties in relation to net derivative positions (note e). g Loans and receivables to customers Loans and receivables to customers Amounts receivable under finance leases and hire purchase contracts (note h) Unquoted debt securities Provisions for impairment (note i) Of which: Due from third parties Due from subsidiary undertakings(1) Of which repayable on demand or at short notice Amounts include: Due from associated undertakings (1)Amounts due from subsidiary undertakings may include repurchase agreements. 2013 € m 2012 € m 42,292 47,559 438 137 456 224 (11,264) (11,005) 31,603 37,234 21,428 10,175 31,603 29,126 25,343 11,891 37,234 24,195 – – 370 h Amounts receivable under finance leases and hire purchase contracts The following balances principally comprise of leasing arrangements involving vehicles, plant, machinery and equipment. Gross receivables Not later than 1 year Later than one year and not later than 5 years Later than 5 years Unearned future finance income Deferred costs incurred on origination Total Present value of minimum payments analysed by residual maturity Not later than 1 year Later than one year and not later than 5 years Later than 5 years Present value of minimum payments Provision for uncollectible minimum payments receivable(1) Net investment in new business (1)Included in the provisions for impairment on loans and receivables to customers (note i). 2013 € m 2012 € m 133 336 11 480 (45) 3 438 133 296 9 438 98 199 131 362 11 504 (50) 2 456 130 317 9 456 104 155 371 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. i Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables The following table shows provisions for impairment on loans and receivables (both to banks and customers) and also includes loans and receivables within disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale. The classification of loans and receivables below aligns to the asset classes disclosed in the ‘Risk management’ section. Residential mortgages € m Other Property and construction € m personal € m SME/Other commercial € m 146 – – 84 (9) – – 221 194 27 221 1,066 (3) – 134 (109) – 1 1,089 1,038 51 1,089 6,534 (4) (33) 545 (92) (7) – 6,943 6,751 192 6,943 2,811 (12) – 212 (300) – – 2,711 2,626 85 2,711 At 1 January 2013 Exchange translation adjustments Transfers(1) Charge against income statement Amounts written off Disposals Recoveries of amounts written off in previous years At 31 December 2013 Total provisions are split as follows: Specific IBNR Amounts include: Loans and receivables to banks (note f) Loans and receivables to customers (note g) Residential mortgages € m Other personal € m Property and construction € m SME/Other commercial € m 6,049 2,475 At 1 January 2012 Exchange translation adjustments Transfers(1) Charge against income statement Amounts written off Disposals Recoveries of amounts written off in previous years At 31 December 2012 Total provisions are split as follows: Specific IBNR 174 – (17) (7) (4) – – 985 – – 191 (110) – – (2) 29 557 (99) – – 146 1,066 6,534 125 21 146 1,004 62 1,066 6,269 265 6,534 (4) – 450 (105) (6) 1 2,811 2,618 193 2,811 Amounts include: Loans and receivables to banks (note f) Loans and receivables to customers (note g) Loans and receivables of disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale (note c) (1)Includes transfers (to)/from provisions for liabilities and commitments. 372 Corporate € m 574 (5) – 30 (172) (120) – 307 228 79 307 Corporate € m 527 2 – 162 (117) – – 2013 Total € m 11,131 (24) (33) 1,005 (682) (127) 1 11,271 10,837 434 11,271 7 11,264 11,271 2012 Total € m 10,210 (4) 12 1,353 (435) (6) 1 574 11,131 476 98 574 10,492 639 11,131 4 11,005 122 11,131 j NAMA senior bonds During 2010 and 2011, AIB received NAMA senior bonds and NAMA subordinated bonds as consideration for loans and receivables transferred to NAMA. The following table provides a movement analysis of the NAMA senior bonds: At 1 January Additions(1) Net returns Amortisation of discount Repayments Effect of re-estimating the timing of cash flows At 31 December (1)Acquired from a subsidiary company. 2013 € m 17,082 279 – 65 2012 € m 19,509 – (136) 104 (1,890) (2,395) 62 – 15,598 17,082 k Financial investments available for sale The following table sets out at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012, the carrying value (fair value) of financial investments available for sale by major classifications together with the unrealised gains and losses: Debt securities Irish Government securities Euro government securities Non Euro government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Non Euro bank securities Non Euro corporate securities Other investments Total debt securities Equity securities Equity securities – NAMA subordinated bonds Equity securities – other Total equity securities Total financial investments available for sale Fair value € m 10,114 1,968 608 3,092 535 3,683 34 3 12 Unrealised gross gains € m Unrealised Net unrealised gains/(losses) € m gross losses € m 902 110 54 29 1 42 – – – – (1) – (6) (54) (10) – – – 902 109 54 23 (53) 32 – – – Tax effect € m (113) (14) (6) (3) 7 (4) – – – 2013 Net after tax € m 789 95 48 20 (46) 28 – – – 20,049 1,138 (71) 1,067 (133) 934 70 10 80 25 1 26 – (7) (7) 25 (6) 19 (3) 2 (1) 22 (4) 18 20,129 1,164 (78) 1,086 (134) 952 373 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. k Financial investments available for sale (continued) Debt securities Irish Government securities Euro government securities Non Euro government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Collateralised mortgage obligations Other asset backed securities Euro bank securities Non Euro bank securities Euro corporate securities Non Euro corporate securities Other investments Total debt securities Equity securities Equity securities - NAMA subordinated bonds Equity securities - other Total equity securities Total financial investments available for sale Fair value € m 7,172 1,754 666 1,682 22 920 2,195 126 87 193 12 Unrealised gross gains € m Unrealised gross losses € m Net unrealised gains/(losses) € m Tax effect € m 496 153 95 55 – 1 50 3 6 17 – (1) (4) – – (6) (140) (11) – (3) – – 495 149 95 55 (6) (139) 39 3 3 17 – (62) (18) (12) (7) 1 17 (5) – (1) (4) – 2012 Net after tax € m 433 131 83 48 (5) (122) 34 3 2 13 – 14,829 876 (165) 711 (91) 620 45 56 101 – 4 4 – (8) (8) – (4) (4) – 1 1 – (3) (3) 14,930 880 (173) 707 (90) 617 Available for sale financial investments with unrealised losses have been assessed for impairment based on the credit risk profile of the counterparties involved. Impairment losses on debt securities of Nil (2012: Nil) and Nil (2012: € 79 million) on equity securities have been recognised. Analysis of movements in financial investments available for sale Debt securities € m Equity securities € m 2013 Total € m Debt securities € m Equity securities € m 2012 Total € m At 1 January 14,829 101 14,930 13,132 204 13,336 Reclassification to disposal groups and non- current assets held for sale Exchange translation adjustments Purchases Return of NAMA subordinated bonds Sales Maturities Writeback/(provisions) for impairment Amortisation of discounts net of premiums Movement in unrealised gains At 31 December Of which: Listed Unlisted – (44) 7,346 – (1,758) (681) 18 (17) 356 20,049 20,037 12 20,049 – (1) 21 – (75) – – – 34 80 7 73 80 – (45) 7,367 – (1,833) (681) 18 (17) 390 20,129 20,044 85 20,129 – – 4,516 – (2,249) (2,047) – 21 1,456 14,829 14,817 12 14,829 (18) – 6 (3) (24) – (79) – 15 (18) – 4,522 (3) (2,273) (2,047) (79) 21 1,471 101 14,930 53 48 14,870 60 101 14,930 374 k Financial investments available for sale (continued) Debt securities analysed by remaining contractual maturity Due within one year After one year, but within five years After five years, but within ten years After ten years l Investments in Group undertakings Equity At 1 January Additions(1) Liquidations Reversal of impairment/(impairment) At 31 December Subordinated debt At 1 January Redeemed At 31 December Total Of which: Credit institutions Other Total – all unquoted 2013 € m 1,186 11,357 6,606 900 20,049 2013 € m 2,435 773 – 1,351 4,559 300 – 300 2012 € m 798 7,912 4,715 1,404 14,829 2012 € m 1,691 600 (6) 150 2,435 670 (370) 300 4,859 2,735 4,229 630 4,859 2.348 387 2,735 (1)Additions include € 330 million investment in EBS Limited (2012: € 400 million); € 200 million investment in AIB Mortgage Bank (2012: € 200 million); and € 243 million investment in AIB Holdings (N.I.) Limited. Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. also acquired a 100% investment in Ark Life Assurance Company Limited exclusively with a view to its subsequent resale. This investment is held within ‘Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale’ (note c). The investments in Group undertakings are included in the financial statements on an historical cost basis. Principal subsidiary undertakings incorporated in the Republic of Ireland AIB Mortgage Bank* EBS Limited* *Group interest is held directly by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Nature of business Issue of Mortgage Covered Securities Mortgages and savings The above subsidiary undertakings are incorporated in the Republic of Ireland and are wholly-owned unless otherwise stated. The issued share capital of each undertaking is denominated in ordinary shares. All regulated banking entities are subject to regulations which require them to maintain capital ratios at agreed levels and so govern the availability of funds available for distribution. AIB Mortgage Bank AIB Mortgage Bank is a wholly owned subsidiary of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. Its principal purpose is to issue mortgage covered securities for the purpose of financing loans secured on residential property in accordance with the Asset Covered Securities Acts, 2001 and 2007. On 13 February 2006, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. transferred to AIB Mortgage Bank its Irish branch originated residential mortgage business, amounting to € 13.6 billion in mortgage loans. In March 2006, AIB Mortgage Bank launched a € 15 billion Mortgage Covered Securities Programme. The Programme was subsequently increased to € 20 billion in 2009. 375 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Investments in Group undertakings (continued) l Principal subsidiary undertakings incorporated in the Republic of Ireland (continued) On 25 February 2011, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. transferred substantially all of its mortgage intermediary originated Irish residential loans, related security and related business of approximately € 4.2 billion to AIB Mortgage Bank. The transfer was effected pursuant to the statutory transfer mechanism provided for in the Asset Covered Securities Acts. Under an Outsourcing and Agency Agreement dated 8 February 2006, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c., as Service Agent for AIB Mortgage Bank, originates residential mortgage loans through its retail branch network and intermediary channels in the Republic of Ireland, services the mortgage loans and provides treasury services in connection with financing, as well as a range of other support services. As at 31 December 2013, the total amount of principal outstanding in respect of mortgage covered securities issued was € 8.0 billion (2012: € 10.3 billion) of which € 3.3 billion was held by debt investors (2012: € 3.3 billion), Nil by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (2012: € 1 billion) and € 4.8 billion was self issued to AIB Mortgage Bank (2012: € 6 billion). The bonds issued to Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. and to AIB Mortgage Bank were held by the Central Bank of Ireland under sale and repurchase agreements. The total amount of principal outstanding in the covered assets pool including mortgage loans and cash was € 15.7 billion (2012: € 17.3 billion). EBS Limited (“EBS”) EBS, which is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland, became a wholly owned subsidiary of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. on 1 July 2011. Prior to becoming part of AIB Group, EBS had traded as a building society for over 75 years. In May 2010, EBS was recapitalised by the Minister for Finance (‘the Minister’) in an amount of € 875 million, and, in March 2011, the Minister announced that EBS Building Society was to be merged with AIB Group to form one of the two ‘pillar banks’ in Ireland. Accordingly, on 1 July 2011, EBS Building Society underwent a demutualisation pursuant to an acquisition conversion scheme under the Building Societies Act 1989 (as amended), the effect of which was that the building society became a limited company and obtained a banking licence. The special investment shares that had been invested in EBS Building Society by the Irish Government converted into € 625 million of ordinary shares held by the Minister, who transferred the entire issued share capital (€ 625 million ordinary shares) in EBS to AIB on 1 July 2011. Under and in accordance with the Building Societies Act 1989 (as amended), on the conversion of EBS Building Society to EBS Limited, the business, property, rights and liabilities of EBS Building Society vested in EBS Limited. AIB operates EBS as a standalone, separately branded subsidiary of AIB with its own branch network. EBS will continue to operate as a mortgage and savings business. EBS Group had consolidated total assets of € 14 billion as at 31 December 2013. EBS operates in the Republic of Ireland and has a countrywide network of 54 tied branch agents, 20 agents and a direct telephone based distribution division, EBS Direct. EBS offers residential mortgages and savings products, together with life and property insurance on an agency basis. EBS also distributes mortgages through Haven Mortgages Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary, to independent mortgage intermediaries. It had an 11%. share of outstanding retail mortgage balances. At 31 December 2013, the tier 1 and total capital ratios for EBS were 9.48%. and 10.67%, respectively. In December 2007, EBS established Haven Mortgages Limited (‘Haven’), a wholly owned subsidiary focused on mortgage distribution through the intermediary market which, prior to 2005, had not been part of its target market. Haven is authorised by the Central Bank of Ireland as a retail credit firm under Part V of the Central Bank Act 1997 (as amended). Haven has its own board of directors and the autonomy to grow and establish its business around the needs of its customer (the intermediary). Haven offers a full range of prime mortgages. In December 2008, EBS established EBS Mortgage Finance, a wholly owned subsidiary which is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. EBS Mortgage Finance is a designated mortgage credit institution for the purposes of the Asset Covered Securities Acts 2001 and 2007 (as amended) and also holds a banking licence. Its purpose is to issue Mortgage Covered Securities for the financing of loans secured on residential property in accordance with the Asset Covered Securities legislation. Such loans may be made directly by EBS Mortgage Finance or may be purchased from EBS and other members of the EBS Group or third parties. On 1 December 2008, 1 June 2009, 1 May 2010 and 1 November 2011, EBS transferred to EBS Mortgage Finance certain Irish residential loans and related security held by it and certain of its Irish residential loan business related to such loans and security. The aggregate book value of the Irish residential loans transferred was approximately € 3.41 billion in respect of the transfer on 1 December 2008; € 1.74 billion in respect of the transfer on 1 June 2009; € 803 million in respect of the transfer on 1 May 2010; and € 2.49 billion in respect of the transfer on 1 November 2011. As at 31 December 2013, the total amount of principal outstanding in the covered assets pool, including mortgage loans and cash, was € 5.4 billion (2012: € 5.8 billion). In December 2008, EBS Mortgage Finance launched a € 6 billion Mortgage Covered Securities Programme. As at 31 December 2013, the total amount of principal outstanding in respect of the mortgage covered securities issued was € 2.8 billion (2012: € 3.15 billion) of which € 0.05 billion (2012: € 0.05 billion) was held by debt investors. The remaining € 2.75 billion (2012: € 3.1 billion) was issued to EBS. 376 Investments in Group undertakings (continued) l Principal subsidiary undertakings incorporated in the Republic of Ireland (continued) EBS had set up a number of special purpose entities (“SPEs”) prior to its acquisition by AIB, namely, Emerald Mortgages No. 4 Public Limited Company; Emerald Mortgages No. 5 Limited; and Mespil 1 RMBS Limited. Loans and receivables which were transferred to these securitisation entities are included in the Group’s consolidated loans and receivables and amount to € 3,434 million (2012: € 3,539 million). For further details on these SPEs, see note 49 to the consolidated financial statements. Principal subsidiary undertaking incorporated outside the Republic of Ireland AIB Group (UK) p.l.c. trading as First Trust Bank in Northern Ireland trading as Allied Irish Bank (GB) in Great Britain Registered office: 4 Queen’s Square, Belfast, BT1 3DJ Nature of business Banking and financial services The above subsidiary undertaking is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.. The registered office is located in the principal country of operation. The issued share capital is denominated in ordinary shares. In presenting details of the principal subsidiary undertakings, the exemption permitted by the European Communities (Credit Institutions: Accounts) Regulations, 1992, has been availed of and, in accordance with the regulations, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. will annex a full listing of subsidiary undertakings to its annual return to the Companies Registration Office. Guarantees given to subsidiaries by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Each of the companies listed below, and consolidated into these accounts, have availed of the exemption from filing its individual accounts as set out in Section 17 of the Companies (Amendment) Act 1986. In accordance with the Act, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has irrevocably guaranteed the liabilities of these subsidiaries. AIB Capital Markets plc AIB Corporate Banking Limited AIB Corporate Finance Limited AIB Holdings (Ireland) Limited AIB Finance Limited Allied Irish Leasing Limited AIB International Leasing Limited AIB Leasing Limited AIB Services Limited AIB Venture Capital Limited Allied Combined Trust Limited Allied Irish Banks (Holdings & Investments) Limited Allied Irish Finance Limited Allied Irish Nominees Limited Eyke Limited First Venture Fund Limited Hengram Limited The Hire Purchase Company of Ireland Limited Blogram Limited Sanditon Limited S. & M. (Limerick) Limited AIB International Finance AIB Investment Company General Estates and Trust Company Limited AIB Limited Commdec Limited Dohcar Limited Dohhen Limited Kavwall Limited Traprop Limited Jonent Downs Limited Skonac Skobar Skodell Skovale Skopek Skobio Wallkav Limited Marro Properties Limited Ammonite Limited AIB Capital Exchange Offering 2009 Limited AIB European Investments Limited P B Nominees Limited Alibank Nominees Limited AIB Combined Leasing Limited Radstock Limited Rushwood Holdings Limited The Royal Bank of Ireland Limited The Munster and Leinster Bank Limited Mezzanine Management Limited Fullplex Management Company Limited AIB Investment Services Limited AIB Financial Services Limited AIB Insurance Services Limited AIB 24 Hour Services Limited AIB Telephone Services Limited AIB Commercial Finance Limited AIB Debt Management Limited 377 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Investments in Group undertakings (continued) l Letters of financial support given to subsidiaries by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has provided letters of financial support to the Board of Directors of the following subsidiaries: AIB Mortgage Bank; AIB Group (UK) plc; AIB UK Loan Management Limited. EBS Limited; AIB Holdings (NI) Limited and Impairment losses reversed/recognised in Group undertakings Allied Irish Banks p.l.c.’s (‘the parent company’) investments in Group undertakings are reviewed for impairment at the end of each reporting period if there are indications that impairment may have occurred. In addition, an assessment is carried out where there are indications that impairment losses recognised in prior periods may no longer exist or may have decreased. The impairment testing for possible impairment involves comparing the recoverable amount of the individual investments with their carrying amount. Where the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount, the difference is recognised as an impairment charge in the parent company’s financial statements. For previously impaired investments, where the assessment indicates an increase in the recoverable amount, the impairment loss recognised in earlier periods is reversed. The carrying amount will only be increased up to the amount that it would have been had the original impairment not been recognised. At 31 December 2013, the carrying value of investments in the following subsidiary undertakings of the parent company were reviewed for impairment/reversal of impairment: – AIB Mortgage Bank; – EBS Limited; – AIB Holdings (N. I.) Limited; and – AIB UK Loan Management Limited. In respect of each of the subsidiaries, an impairment reversal/impairment loss was calculated by comparing its carrying value to the recoverable amount based on value-in-use calculations. Each subsidiary was determined to be a cash generating unit. In determining value-in-use, the expected pre-tax cash flows are discounted at an appropriate risk adjusted interest rate, both of which require the exercise of judgement. The discounted cash flows model calculates the present value of estimated future earnings attributable to Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. as the shareholder. The estimation of pre-tax cash flows is sensitive to the periods for which forecasts are available and to assumptions as to long term growth rates. During 2012 and 2013, AIB Group undertook a number of initiatives to improve its funding costs which had a direct impact on the profit projections of certain subsidiaries. In addition, the cost of retail deposits in Ireland reduced significantly in the past year. Furthermore, the expectations as regards future loan impairments in these subsidiaries also improved. Following the recent planning exercise approved by the Board in December 2013, forecasts for both AIB Mortgage Bank and EBS Limited indicated higher levels of profitability. Given that there were indications that the previous impairment provisions may have reversed, a review was undertaken at 31 December 2013 of the assumptions underpinning the previous impairment and to determine the recoverable amount of these subsidiaries. The key assumptions used for determining value-in-use for each subsidiary are as follows: AIB Mortgage Bank The carrying value of AIB Mortgage Bank (“AIBMB”) prior to the 2013 impairment review was € 1,331 million, AIB having invested a further € 200 million during 2013. In 2011, an impairment provision of € 994 million was made against the carrying value. Arising from the initiatives outlined above to improve profitability across the Group and the financial and economic environment that the business now operates in and the outturn of the recent planning exercise, AIB reviewed its investment given that there were strong indications that the previous impairment had reversed. The recoverable amount of the investment was determined using cash flow projections based on financial plans approved by the Board and covering the period 2014 to 2017 and a growth rate of 2% from 2017 into perpetuity. The forecast cash flows were discounted at a rate of 10%. Based on these assumptions, the net present value of the investment was determined to be considerably in excess of the carrying value of € 1,331 million. However, in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets, the impairment reversal was limited to the previous impairment amount of € 994 million. The resultant carrying value at € 2,325 million is approximately 20% lower than the value-in-use valuation above. 378 Investments in Group undertakings (continued) l Impairment losses reversed/recognised in Group undertakings AIB Mortgage Bank (continued) The results of this value-in-use valuation are sensitive to changes in the growth and discount rates. Increasing the discount rate to 12% and reducing the growth rate to 1% from 2017 into perpetuity would reduce the impairment reversal by € 191 million. Reductions to the discount rate combined with an increase in growth rates from 2017 would have no impact on the impairment reversal. EBS Limited (“EBS”) AIB carried out an impairment reversal assessment of its investment in EBS at 31 December 2013. Prior to this assessment, the investment was carried at € 880 million following a capital injection of € 330 million in 2013. At 31 December 2012, this investment was carried at € 550 million (investment of € 1,442 million net of impairment losses of € 892 million). The recoverable amount of the investment was determined using the same methodology as for AIBMB and using the same parameters. Based on these, the net present value of the investment was determined to be € 977 million higher than the carrying value of € 880 million. However, Management introduced an extra layer of conservatism and applied an adjustment factor of 20% to take account of model uncertainty used to derive the recoverable amount. Accordingly, the impairment reversal was limited to € 600 million. The results of this value-in-use valuation are sensitive to changes in the growth and discount rates. Increasing the discount rate to 12% and reducing the growth rate to 1% from 2017 into perpetuity and excluding the layer of conservatism applied above, would reduce the value-in-use to € 1,452 million and would reduce the impairment reversal by € 28 million. However, by including the layer of conservatism, the impairment reversal would reduce by € 318 million. A reduction of 1% in the discount rate combined with a 1% increase in the growth rate from 2017 would result in a full reversal of the previous impairment. AIB Holdings (N.I.) Limited The investment by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. in AIB Holdings (N.I.) Limited amounting to € 767 million was written down to Nil in 2011, driven by the negative asset value in this subsidiary. There was no change to the carrying value arising from the impairment review in 2012. In 2013, AIB provided a further capital injection of € 243 million (Stg£ 205 million) to AIB Holdings (N.I.) Limited and at 31 December 2013 this was fully impaired following an impairment assessment as there remains significant negative shareholder reserves in this company. AIB UK Loan Management Limited The carrying value of the investment in AIB UK Loan Management Limited was written down to Nil in 2011 as it was expected that all assets would be disposed of at a loss and the business would cease, with no residual value. However, the full planned deleveraging did not transpire and while the remaining assets are now being run down in line with their repayment profile, they may still be considered for deleveraging. Arising from an impairment reversal review at 31 December 2013, it was considered that there was uncertainty with regard to sufficient indicators that the impairment loss previously recognised may no longer exist. Accordingly, this investment continues to be carried at Nil value. 379 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. m Intangible assets Cost At 1 January Additions – internally generated – externally purchased Amounts written off(1) At 31 December Amortisation/impairment At 1 January Amortisation for the year Impairment for the year Amounts written off(1) At 31 December Net book value at 31 December Software € m Other € m 2013 Total € m Software € m Other € m 600 47 10 (1) 656 432 51 15 (1) 497 159 3 – – – 3 3 – – – 3 – 603 47 10 (1) 659 435 51 15 (1) 500 159 532 59 9 – 600 378 52 2 – 432 168 3 – – – 3 3 – – – 3 – 2012 Total € m 535 59 9 – 603 381 52 2 – 435 168 (1)Relates to assets which are no longer in use with a nil carrying value. Internally generated intangible assets under construction amounted to: € 32 million (31 December 2012: € 44 million). Internally generated software amounted to: € 357 million (31 December 2012: € 300 million). 380 n Property, plant and equipment Cost At 1 January 2013 Additions Disposals At 31 December 2013 Depreciation/impairment At 1 January 2013 Depreciation charge for the year Impairment charge for the year Disposals At 31 December 2013 Net book value at 31 December 2013 Cost At 1 January 2012 Reclassifications Additions Disposals Amounts written off(1) At 31 December 2012 Depreciation/impairment At 1 January 2012 Depreciation charge for the year Impairment for the year Disposals Amounts written off(1) At 31 December 2012 Net book value at 31 December 2012 (1)Relates to assets which are no longer in use with a Nil carrying value. Freehold Long leasehold € m 126 1 (13) 114 37 3 1 (5) 36 78 € m 84 – (3) 81 22 1 1 (1) 23 58 Freehold Long leasehold € m 125 1 1 (1) – 126 31 4 2 – – 37 89 € m 85 (1) – – – 84 20 2 – – – 22 62 Property Leasehold under 50 years € m 81 13 (1) 93 46 3 2 (1) 50 43 Property Leasehold under 50 years € m 84 – 7 (9) (1) 81 48 8 – (9) (1) 46 35 Equipment Total € m 415 16 (10) 421 334 20 – (6) 348 73 € m 706 30 (27) 709 439 27 4 (13) 457 252 Equipment Total € m 407 – 24 (14) (2) 415 324 25 – (13) (2) 334 81 € m 701 – 32 (24) (3) 706 423 39 2 (22) (3) 439 267 The net book value of property occupied by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. for its own activities was € 166 million (2012: € 185 million). Property and equipment includes € 10 million for items in the course of construction (2012:€ 2 million). 381 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. o Deferred taxation Deferred tax assets: Provision for impairment of loans and receivables Available for sale securities Retirement benefits Cash flow hedges Unutilised tax losses Assessed leased to customers Other Total gross deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Cash flow hedges Assets used in business Available for sale securities Total gross deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax assets Represented on the balance sheet as follows: Deferred tax assets 2013 € m Restated* 2012 € m 1 – 21 6 – – 80 8 2,848 2,800 2 81 – 87 2,959 2,975 – (15) (105) (120) – (15) (41) (56) 2,839 2,919 2,839 2,919 For each of the years ended 31 December 2013 and 2012, full provision has been made for capital allowances and other temporary differences. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note af). Analysis of movements in deferred taxation At 1 January Deferred tax through other comprehensive income Income statement At 31 December 2013 € m 2,919 (96) 16 2012 € m 2,738 (69) 250 2,839 2,919 Comments on the basis of recognition of deferred tax assets on unused tax losses are included in ‘Critical accounting policies and estimates’ on pages 50 to 53. Comments on the prospective regulatory capital treatment of deferred tax assets are included in ‘Risk factors’ on page 65. At 31 December 2013, recognised deferred tax assets on tax losses and other temporary differences, net of deferred tax liabilities, totalled € 2,839 million (2012: € 2,919 million). The most significant tax losses arise in the Irish tax jurisdiction and their utilisation is dependent on future taxable profits. Temporary differences recognised in other comprehensive income consist of deferred tax on available for sale securities, cash flow hedges and actuarial gains/losses on retirement benefit schemes. Temporary differences recognised in the income statement consist of provision for impairment on loans and receivables, amortised income, assets leased to customers, and assets used in the course of business. 382 p Deposits by central banks and banks Central banks Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Other borrowings Banks Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Other borrowings Of which: Due to third parties Due to subsidiary undertakings(1) Amounts include: Due to related party 2013 € m 2012 € m 11,750 19,760 – – 11,750 19,760 9,136 8,226 17,362 29,112 21,640 7,472 29,112 5,414 14,215 19,629 39,389 25,752 13,637 39,389 – – (1)Amounts due to subsidiary undertakings may include repurchase agreements. Details of AIB’s sale and repurchase activity are set out in note 49 to the consolidated financial statements. Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has granted a floating charge over certain residential mortgage pools, the drawings against which were Nil at 31 December 2013 (2012: € 90 million). Financial assets pledged under existing agreements to repurchase, and providing access to future funding facilities with central banks and banks are detailed in the following table: Total carrying value of financial assets pledged 13,523 9,938 23,461 22,984 6,807 29,791 Central banks € m Banks € m 2013 Total € m Central banks € m Banks € m 2012 Total € m Of which: Government securities(1) Other securities (1)Includes NAMA senior bonds. 11,980 1,543 6,441 3,497 18,421 14,795 5,040 8,189 4,835 1,972 19,630 10,161 383 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. q Customer accounts Current accounts Demand deposits Time deposits Securities sold under agreements to repurchase(1) Of which: Non-interest bearing current accounts Domestic offices Foreign offices Interest bearing deposits, current accounts and short-term borrowings Domestic offices Foreign offices Of which: Due to third parties Due to subsidiary undertakings(2) Amounts include: Due to associated undertakings 2013 € m 13,674 6,230 27,425 5,783 53,112 13,149 226 37,808 1,929 53,112 47,456 5,656 53,112 2012 € m 12,193 6,312 30,246 – 48,751 11,633 214 34,631 2,273 48,751 42,363 6,388 48,751 150 1,259 (1)AIB pledged government available for sale securities with a fair value of € 5,814 million (2012: Nil) and non-government available for sale securities with a fair value of € 284 million (2012: Nil) as collateral for these facilities. (2)Amounts due to subsidiary undertakings may include repurchase agreements. r Debt securities in issue Bonds and medium term notes: European medium term note programme Other debt securities in issue: Commercial paper 2013 € m 2012 € m 3,192 5,142 79 3,271 – 5,142 Debt securities issued during the year amounted to € 2,510 million (31 December 2012: Nil) of which € 500 million relates to an EMTN issuance with the balance relating to issuances under the short-term commercial paper programme. Debt securities matured amounted to € 4,390 million (31 December 2012: € 4,767 million). s Other liabilities Items in transit Creditors Fair value of hedged liability positions Other 384 2013 € m 49 7 86 238 380 2012 € m 20 3 165 332 520 t Provisions for liabilities and commitments At 1 January Transfers in Transfers out Exchange translation adjustments Amounts charged to income statement Amounts released to income statement Provisions utilised At 31 December At 1 January Transfers out Exchange translation adjustments Amounts charged to income statement Amounts released to income statement Provisions utilised At 31 December Liabilities and charges € m 21 34 – – 28(4) (11)(4) – 72 Liabilities and charges € m 24 (8) – 10(4) (1)(4) (4) 21 31 December 2013 Total provisions Other(3) Voluntary severance scheme € m € m NAMA(1) provisions Onerous(2) contracts Legal claims € m 21 – – – 18(1) (4)(1) – 35 € m € m 10 – (2) – 18 – (4) 22 5 – – – 2 (2) – 5 142 1 – (4) 8 (24) (45) 78 – – – – 3 – – 3 31 December 2012 Total Voluntary severance scheme* € m NAMA(1) provisions Onerous(2) contracts Legal claims Other(3) provisions € m 298 – – 18(1) (88)(1) (207) 21 € m € m 6 – – 6 (1) (1) 10 5 – – 1 (1) – 5 € m 103 – 1 54 (5) (11) 142 – – – 35 – (35) – € m 199 35 (2) (4) 77 (41) (49) 215 Restated* € m 436 (8) 1 124 (96) (258) 199 The total provisions for liabilities and commitments expected to be settled within one year amount to € 92 million (31 December 2012: € 153 million*). (1)NAMA provisions represent amounts due to NAMA in respect of adjustments to transfers which had not been settled at 31 December 2011. At 31 December 2013, € 4 million (2012: € 88 million) of this provision was released to the income statement. This followed the resolution with NAMA of certain issues relating to transfers which had taken place in earlier periods. In addition, € 18 million (2012: € 18 million) was charged to the income statement in respect of Section 93 claims i.e. new claims under the NAMA Act. (2)Provisions for the unavoidable costs expected to arise from branch closures. (3)Includes provisions for refunds to customers in respect of payment protection insurance, restructuring and reorganisation costs. (4)Included in charge/(writeback) of provisions for liabilities and commitments in income statement. *Restated due to change in accounting policy for employee benefits (note af). u Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments All outstanding subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments of AIB Group are issued by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. and are detailed in note 40 to the consolidated financial statements. 385 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. v Share capital The share capital and share premium of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c., are detailed in note 41 to the consolidated financial statements, all of which relates to Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.. w Capital reserves and capital redemption reserves Capital reserves At 1 January Transfer to revenue reserves: Anglo business transfer CCNs issuance (note v) Capital contribution reserves € m Other capital reserves € m 1,608 156 (140) (79) (219) – – – 2013 Total € m 1,764 (140) (79) (219) At 31 December 1,389 156 1,545 Capital contribution reserves € m Other capital reserves € m 2012 Total € m 1,855 156 2,011 (187) (60) (247) 1,608 – – – (187) (60) (247) 156 1,764 The capital contributions are initially non-distributable but may become distributable as outlined in accounting policy number 28. The transfers to revenue reserves relate to the capital contributions being deemed distributable. Capital redemption reserves All capital redemption reserves are held in Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. and are detailed in note 43 to the consolidated financial statements. x Contributions from the Minister for Finance and the NPRFC Capital contributions from the Minister for Finance and the NPRFC to Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. are detailed in note 44 to the consolidated financial statements. 386 y Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities The disclosures set out in the tables below include financial assets and financial liabilities that: – – are offset in Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.’s statement of financial position; or are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement that covers similar financial instruments, irrespective of whether they are offset in the statement of financial position. Details of these transactions are set out in note 45 to the consolidated financials statements and apply equally to Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. The following tables show financial assets and financial liabilities subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements and similar agreements at 31 December 2013: Financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks – Reverse repurchase agreements Note e f Total Financial liabilities Note Deposits by central banks and banks – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Customer accounts – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Derivative financial instruments p q e Total Gross Net amounts of amounts of financial recognised assets financial presented liabilities amounts of offset in the in the statement statement recognised financial of financial of financial position € m assets € m Gross € m Related amounts not offset in the statement of financial position Financial collateral (including cash collateral) received € m Financial position instruments € m 1,177 16 1,193 – – – 1,177 (957) (188) 16 1,193 (16) (973) – (188) Gross Net amounts of amounts of financial recognised financial liabilities presented assets in the amounts of offset in the statement statement recognised financial of financial of financial position liabilities € m € m Gross € m Related amounts not offset in the statement of financial position Financial collateral (including cash collateral) received € m Financial position instruments € m 2013 Net amount € m 32 – 32 2013 Net amount € m 20,886 5,783 1,819 28,488 – – – – 20,886 (21,711) 8 (817) 5,783 1,819 (6,098) (957) 28,488 (28,766) (1) (820) (813) (316) 42 (1,091) 387 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. y Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities (continued) The following tables show financial assets and financial liabilities subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements and similar agreements at 31 December 2012: Gross amounts of recognised financial liabilities offset in the statement of financial position € m – – – Net amounts of financial assets presented in the statement of financial position € m Related amounts not offset in the statement of financial position Financial collateral (including cash collateral) received € m Financial instruments € m 1,961 (1,539) (289) 61 (61) 2,022 (1,600) – (289) Gross amounts of recognised financial assets € m 1,961 61 2,022 Gross amounts of recognised financial assets offset in the statement of financial position € m Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position € m Related amounts not offset in the statement of financial position Financial collateral (including cash collateral) received € m Financial instruments € m Gross amounts of recognised financial liabilities € m 2012 Net amount € m 133 – 133 2012 Net amount € m 25,174 2,792 27,966 – – – 25,174 2,792 27,966 (27,211) (1,539) (28,750) 33 (2,004) (1,209) (1,176) 44 (1,960) Financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks – Reverse repurchase agreements Note e f Total Financial liabilities Note Deposits by central banks and banks – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Derivative financial instruments p e Total The gross amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities and their net amounts as presented in the statement of financial position that are disclosed in the above tables are measured on the following bases: – – – – derivative assets and liabilities – fair value; loans and receivables to banks – amortised cost; deposits by central banks and banks – amortised cost; and customer accounts – amortised cost The amounts in the above tables that are offset in the statement of financial position are measured on the same basis. 388 y Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities (continued) The following tables reconcile the ‘Net amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position’, as set out in the previous pages, to the line items presented in the statement of financial position at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Net amounts of financial assets presented in the statement of financial position € m Line item in statement of financial position Carrying amount in statement of financial position € m 2013 Financial assets not in scope of offsetting disclosures € m 1,177 Derivative financial instruments 1,653 476 Financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks – Reverse repurchase agreements 16 Loans and receivables to banks 23,856 23,840 Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position € m Line item in statement of financial position Carrying amount in statement of financial position € m 2013 Financial liabilities not in scope of offsetting disclosures € m 20,886 Deposits by central banks and banks 29,112 8,226 5,783 1,819 Customer accounts Derivative financial instruments 53,112 2,404 47,329 585 Financial liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Customer accounts – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Derivative financial instruments Net amounts of financial assets presented in the statement of financial position € m Line item in statement of financial position Carrying amount in statement of financial position € m 2012 Financial assets not in scope of offsetting disclosures € m 1,961 Derivative financial instruments 2,768 807 Financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks – Reverse repurchase agreements 61 Loans and receivables to banks 31,284 31,223 Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position € m Line item in statement of financial position Carrying amount in statement of financial position € m 2012 Financial liabilities not in scope of offsetting disclosures € m Financial liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks – Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 25,174 Deposits by central banks and banks Derivative financial instruments 2,792 Derivative financial instruments 39,389 3,541 14,215 749 389 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. z Memorandum items: contingent liabilities and commitments, and contingent assets Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has given guarantees in respect of the liabilities of certain of its subsidiaries and has also given guarantees to the satisfaction of the relevant regulatory authorities for the protection of the depositors of certain of its banking subsidiaries in the various jurisdictions in which such subsidiaries operate (note L). Details of contingent liabilities and commitments entered into by AIB Group are set out in note 46 to the consolidated financial statements. The commentary on Legal proceedings, Contingent liability/contingent assets and Participation in TARGET 2 – Ireland, as set out in note 46 to the consolidated financial statements, applies also to Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. The following tables give the nominal or contract amounts of contingent liabilities and commitments for Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.: Contingent liabilities - credit related Guarantees and assets pledged as collateral security: Guarantees and irrevocable letters of credit Other contingent liabilities Commitments Documentary credits and short-term trade-related transactions Undrawn formal standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments to lend: Less than 1 year(1) 1 year and over(2) (1)An original maturity of up to and including 1 year or which may be cancelled at any time without notice. (2)With an original maturity of more than 1 year. Contract amount 2012 € m 2013 € m 567 357 924 15 5,907 1,232 7,154 8,078 761 334 1,095 16 6,144 1,530 7,690 8,785 Concentration of exposure Republic of Ireland United Kingdom United States of America Total Contingent liabilities(1) 2013 € m 745 – 179 924 2012 € m 848 – 247 1,095 Commitments 2012 € m 2013 € m 7,011 116 27 7,154 7,517 132 41 7,690 (1)Included in exposures are amounts relating to Group subsidiaries of Nil (2012: € 27 million). Credit ratings The credit ratings of contingent liabilities and commitments as at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012 are set out in the following table. Good upper Good lower Watch Vulnerable Impaired Unrated Total 390 2013 € m 2,427 3,916 121 233 659 722 8,078 2012 € m 3,625 2,854 297 168 1,130 711 8,785 aa Transfer of financial assets Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. enters into transactions in the normal course of business in which it transfers previously recognised financial assets. Transferred financial assets may, in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement: (i) continue to be recognised in their entirety; or (ii) be derecognised in their entirety but Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. retains some continuing involvement. The most common transactions where the transferred assets are not derecognised in their entirety are sale and repurchase agreements and securitisations. Details of these transactions are set out in note 49 to the consolidated financial statements and apply equally to Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.. (i) Transferred financial assets not derecognised in their entirety The following table sets out the carrying value of financial assets which did not qualify for derecognition and their associated financial liabilities: Carrying amount of transferred assets Carrying amount of associated liabilities held by third parties € m € m Carrying amount of associated liabilities held by Group companies € m Sale and repurchase agreements 29,5591) 26,669(2) Securitisations Credit card receivables 675 500 – 175 Carrying amount of transferred assets Carrying amount of associated liabilities held by third parties € m € m Carrying amount of associated liabilities held by Group companies € m Sale and repurchase agreements 29,791(1) 25,174(2) – (1)Includes NAMA senior bonds. (2)See notes P and Q. Fair value of transferred assets Fair value of associated liabilities held by third parties € m 29,694 € m 26,669 675 500 Fair value of associated liabilities held by Group companies € m – 175 Fair value of transferred assets Fair value of associated liabilities held by third parties € m 29,837 € m 25,174 Fair value of associated liabilities held by Group companies € m – 2013 Net fair value position € m 3,025 – 2012 Net fair value position € m 4,663 (ii) Transferred financial assets derecognised in their entirety but Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. retains some continuing involvement Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has a continuing involvement in transferred financial assets where it retains any of the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred financial assets. Set out below are transactions in which Allied Irish Banks p.l.c. has a continuing involvement in financial assets transferred. NAMA Details in relation to the continuing involvement of assets transferred to NAMA by Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. are set out in note 49 to the consolidated financial statements. The carrying value of assets transferred during 2010 and 2011 amounted to € 13,483 million, all of which were derecognised. In 2013, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. recognised € 16 million (cumulative € 53 million) (2012: € 16 million (cumulative € 37 million)) in the income statement for the servicing of all financial assets transferred to NAMA by the Group. AIB Mortgage Bank In 2011, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. transferred substantially all of its mortgage intermediary originated Irish residential loans, related security and related business of approximately € 4.2 billion to AIB Mortgage Bank. Under an Outsourcing and Agency Agreement dated 8 February 2006, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c., as Service Agent for AIB Mortgage Bank, originates residential mortgage loans through its retail branch network and intermediary channels in the Republic of Ireland, services the mortgage loans and provides treasury services in connection with financing, as well as a range of other support services. In 2013, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. recognised € 58 million (cumulative € 338 million) (2012: € 58 million (cumulative € 280 million) in the in- come statement for the provision of services under this agreement. 391 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. ab Fair value of financial instruments Details of the methodologies employed by AIB in measuring fair value are set out in note 50 to the consolidated financial statements. As outlined in this note, the basis of fair value measurement has changed since 2012 arising from the implementation of IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement. Accordingly, the financial statements for 2013 have been prepared under IFRS 13 whilst the 2012 financial statements have preen prepared under IAS 39 measurement basis. Readers of these financial statements are advised to use caution when using the data in the following table to evaluate the financial position of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. or to make comparisons with other institutions. Fair value information is not provided for items that do not meet the definition of a financial instrument. These items include intangible assets such as the value of the branch network and the long-term relationships with depositors, premises and equipment and shareholders’ equity. These items are material and accordingly, the fair value information presented does not purport to represent, nor should it be construed to represent, the underlying value of the Company as a going concern at 31 December 2013. The following tables set out the carrying amount in the statement of financial position of financial assets and financial liabilities distinguishing between those measured at fair value and those measured at amortised cost. In addition, the fair value of all financial assets and financial liabilities is shown setting out the fair value hierarchy as described below into which the fair value measurement is categorised: Level 1 – financial assets and liabilities measured using quoted market prices from an active market (unadjusted). Level 2 – financial assets and liabilities measured using valuation techniques which use quoted market prices from an active market or measured using quoted market prices unadjusted from an inactive market. Level 3 – financial assets and liabilities measured using valuation techniques which use unobservable market data. 392 ab Fair value of financial instruments (continued) At fair value through profit and loss Held for trading € m Fair value hedge derivatives € m Carrying amount in statement of financial position At fair value through At amortised cost equity Total Fair value hierarchy 2013 Cashflow hedge derivatives € m Available for sale securities € m Loans and receivables Other Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total € m € m € m Financial assets measured at fair value Trading portfolio financial assets Debt securities Equity securities Derivative financial instruments(1) Interest rate derivatives Exchange rate derivatives Equity derivatives Financial investments available for sale 1 1 1,100 35 171 Government securities Supranational banks and government agencies Asset backed securities Bank securities Corporate securities Other investments Equity securities 222 – – 125 – – 12,690 3,092 535 3,717 3 12 80 1 1 1,447 35 171 1 – – – – 12,690 12,690 3,092 535 3,717 3 12 80 3,092 535 3,717 – 7 – 1 1,168 35 171 – – – – 3 – 3 – – 279 – – – – – – – 12 70 1 1 1,447 35 171 12,690 3,092 535 3,717 3 12 80 1,308 222 125 20,129 21,784 20,042 1,381 361 21,784 Financial assets not measured at fair value Cash and balances at central banks Items in the course of collection Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Loans and receivables Loans and receivables to banks(3) Loans and receivables to customers(4) NAMA senior bonds Other financial assets 3 9 3 659 79 28 23,856 31,603 15,598 71,823 556(2) 473 1,029 1,215 79 28 23,856 31,603 15,598 473 72,852 556 659 – 79 1,215 79 95 556 754 28 23,761 31,387 15,767 473 71,495 28 23,856 31,387 15,767 473 72,805 3 9 4 ab Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Carrying amount in statement of financial position At amortised cost Total Fair value hierarchy 2013 At fair value through profit and loss Held for trading € m Fair value hedge derivatives € m At fair value through equity Cashflow hedge derivatives € m Other Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total € m € m Financial liabilities measured at fair value Derivative financial instruments(5) Interest rate derivatives Exchange rate derivatives Equity derivatives Financial liabilities not measured at fair value Deposits by central banks and banks(6) Other borrowings Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Customer accounts(7) Current accounts Demand deposits Time deposits Securities sold under agreemnts to repurchase Debt securities in issue(8) Bonds and medium term notes Other debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other financial liabilities 1,138 35 174 1,347 588 – – 588 469 – – 469 2,195 35 174 2,404 – – – – 2,111 35 174 2,320 84 – – 84 2,195 35 174 2,404 8,226 8.226 8,226 8,226 20,886 20,886 11,750 9,136 20,886 13,674 6,230 27,425 13,674 6,230 27,425 13,674 6,230 27,676 13,674 6,230 27,676 5,783 5,783 6,034 6,034 3,192 79 1,352 279 87,126 3,192 79 1,352 279 87,126 3,283 79 – 1,775 – – 279 3,283 79 1,775 279 3,362 13,525 71,255 88,142 (1)Includes exposure to subsidiary undertakings of € 163 million. (2)Comprises cash on hand. (3)Includes exposure to subsidiary undertakings of € 22,848 million. (4)Includes exposure to subsidiary undertakings of € 10,175 million. (5)Includes amounts due to subsidiary undertakings of € 403 million. (6)Includes amounts due to subsidiary undertakings of € 7,472 million. (7))Includes amounts due to subsidiary undertakings of € 5,656 million. (8)Includes amounts due to subsidiary undertakings of Nil. ab Fair value of financial instruments (continued) The following table analyses the carrying amounts of the financial assets and liabilities by category as defined in IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement and by statement of financial position heading together with the related fair value. Carrying amount in statement of financial position At fair value through profit and loss At fair value through equity At amortised cost Financial assets Cash and balances at central banks Items in the course of collection Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers NAMA senior bonds Financial investments available for sale Other financial assets Financial liabilities Deposits by central banks and banks Customer accounts Derivative financial instruments Debt securities in issue Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Other financial liabilities (1)Comprises cash on hand. At fair value through profit and loss € m Fair value hedge derivatives € m Cashflow hedge derivatives € m Available for sale securities € m Loans and receivables € m – – 196(2) 24 1,664 – – – – – 1,884 – – 1,864 – – – – – – – – – – – 352 752 – – – – – 352 – – 732 – – – – – – – – – – 945 – – – – – – – – – – – 14,930 – 558 95 353 – – 31,284 37,234 17,082 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 752 14,930 86,606 1,864 732 945 Other € m 518(1) – – – – – – – – 418 936 39,389 48,751 – 5,142 1,271 330 Total carrying amount € m 1,076 95 549 24 2,768 31,284 37,234 17,082 14,930 418 105,460 39,389 48,751 3,541 5,142 1,271 330 94,883 98,424 2012 Total fair value € m 1,076 95 435 24 2,768 31,337 34,759 17,139 14,930 – 39,439 49,238 3,541 5,207 1,650 – (2)Designated on initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. All other financial assets/financial liabilities in this column are held for trading. 3 9 5 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. ab Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Fair value hierarchy The following table sets out, by financial instrument measured at fair value, the valuation methodologies(1) adopted in the financial statements as at 31 December 2012: Financial assets Disposal groups and non-current assests held for sale Trading portfolio financial assets Derivative financial instruments Financial investments available for sale – debt securities – equity securities Financial liabilities Derivative financial instruments Level 1 € m Level 2 € m Level 3 € m – 23 – 14,753 53 14,829 – – – 1 2,768 64 1 2,834 3,521 3,521 196 – – 12 47 255 20 20 2012 Total € m 196 24 2,768 14,829 101 17,918 3,541 3,541 Significant transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy The following table shows significant transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Financial assets Transfer into Level 1 from Level 2 Transfer into Level 2 from Level 1 Trading portfolio € m Debt securities € m – – 13 3 2013 Total € m 13 3 Trading portfolio € m Debt securities € m – – 908 – 2012 Total € m 908 – Transfers into Level 1 from Level 2 occurred due to increased availability of reliable quoted market prices which were not previously available. 396 ab Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Reconciliation of balances in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy The following tables show a reconciliation from the beginning balances to the ending balances for fair value measurements in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for 2013 and 2012: Financial assets Financial liabilities 2013 Group Disposal groups Derivatives and non-current assets held for sale € m € m At 1 January 2013 Transfers into Level 3(1) Total gains or (losses) in: Profit or loss – Net trading loss – Provisions for impairment on financial investments available for sale – Other operating loss Other comprehensive income – Net change in fair value of financial investments available for sale Purchases Sales At 31 December 2013 – – – – – – – – – – – – 460 (181) (181) – – – – – – 279 Available for sale Total Derivatives Total Debt securities € m 12 – – – – – – – – – 12 Equity securities € m 243 – – – – – 24 24 – € m 255 460 (181) (181) – – 24 24 – (197) 70 (197) 361 € m 20 116 (32) (32) – – – – – (20) 84 € m 20 116 (32) (32) – – – – – (20) 84 2012 Financial assets Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale € m Derivatives € m Available for sale Debt securities € m Equity securities € m At 1 January 2012 Designated at fair value through profit or loss Transfers out of level 3(1) Total gains or losses in: Profit or loss – Net trading loss – Provisions for impairment on financial investments available for sale Other comprehensive income Net NAMA subordinated bonds Settlements At 31 December 2012 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – – – –– – – – – 12 146 196 (18) (78) – (78) – (3) – 243 Financial liabilities Total Derivatives Totall € m 158 196 (18) (78) – (78) – (3) – 255 € m 109 – – 39 39 – – – € m 109 – – 39 39 – – – (128) 20 (128) 20 (1)Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognised at the end of the reporting period during which the change occurred. Transfers out of Level 3 occurred because of increased observability in the market prices of these instruments. 397 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. ab Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Reconciliation of balances in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy Total gains or losses included in profit or loss that is attributable to the change in unrealised gains or losses relating to those assets and liabilities held at 31 December 2013 and 31 December 2012: Net trading loss Provisions for impairment on financial investments available for sale Total 2013 € m (25) – (25) 2012 € m (6) (78) (84) 398 ab Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Significant unobservable inputs The table below sets out information about significant unobservable inputs used at the year ended 31 December 2013 in measuring financial instruments categorised as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy: Type of financial Fair value at instrument 31 December 2013 Valuation technique Significant Range of estimates unobservable inputs Fair value measurement sensitivity to unobservable inputs Uncollateralised Assets: € 279 million Counterparty valuation 1. Loss given default (“LGD”) 1. 44.8% to 79.5% (Base 58.7%) 1. Negative € 11 million to customer derivatives Liabilities: € 84 million adjustment (“CVA”); 2. Customer probability of 2. 0.815% - 1.96% (Base 1.52% 1 yr PD) positive € 7 million Total CVA negative default (“PD”) 3. As above with greater impact due to 2. Negative € 9 million to € 30 million 3. Combination LGD and combination of PD and LGD positive € 14 million PD change changes 3. Negative € 20 million to positive € 19 million Uncollateralised Assets: € 279 million Debit valuation Own credit i.e.PD The PD is shifted from 2.13% to 0.38% 1. Negative € 4 million to customer derivatives Liabilities: € 84 million adjustment (“DVA”); in the unfavourable scenario. In the positive € 4 million Total DVA positive € 9 million favourable scenario, the capping of DVA at CVA level is removed NAMA subordinated Asset: € 70 million Discounted cash flows NAMA profitability i.e. The estimates range from NAMA Negative € 46 million i.e. 5.26% bonds ment ability to generate cash making a single payment only under of nominal only to positive € 106 flow for repayment. the bonds i.e. 5.26% of nominal to a full million i.e. 39% being full repay- repayment of the bonds at maturity. discounted at 15%. Counterparty Valuation Adjustment ("CVA") and Debit Valuation Adjustment ("DVA") are applied to all uncollateralised over the counter derivatives. CVA and DVA are calculated as: (Option replacement cost x PD x LGD). PDs are derived from market based Credit Default Swap ("CDS") information. As most counterparts do not have a quoted CDS, PDs are derived by mapping each counterparty to an index CDS by industry sector and credit grade. For DVA, a BB Financial CDS curve is used to derive own PD. LGDs are based on the specific circumstances of the counterparty and take into account valuation of offsetting security where applicable. For unsecured counterparts, an LGD of 60% is applied. The DVA is capped at the CVA level for all derivatives i.e. where DVA (always a positive adjustment) is higher than CVA (always a negative adjustment), the net adjustment made is zero. This is due to an internal management view that a net positive adjustment is unlikely to be achieved in an external transaction to exit the derivative position. In the favourable scenario, the cap is removed creating a more positive DVA. Within the range of estimates and fair value sensitivity measurements, an adverse and a favourable scenario have been selected for PDs and LGDs for CVA. The adverse scenario for customer PDs is a single rating downgrade. The favourable scenario for customer PDs is based on internal models which analyse historical default levels by credit grade. Customer LGDs are shifted according to estimates of improvement in value of security compared with potential derivatives’ market values. Within the combination of LGD and PD, both are shifted together. An A rated Financial CDS curve is used to derive own PD in the adverse DVA scenario. The favourable scenario for DVA is the removal of the cap at CVA level. As it is common market practice to apply 60% as the LGD for financial institutions in CDS calculations, no range is applied to LGD for DVA. A number of other derivatives are subject to valuation methodologies which use unobservable inputs. As the variability of the valuation is not greater than € 1 million in any individual case or 3 9 9 collectively, the detail is not disclosed here. Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. ab Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Sensitivity of Level 3 measurements The implementation of valuation techniques involves a considerable degree of judgement. While the Company believes its estimates of fair value are appropriate, the use of different measurements or assumptions could lead to different fair values. The following table sets out the impact of using reasonably possible alternative assumptions in the valuation methodology: Level 3 2013 Effect on income statement Favourable Unfavourable € m € m Effect on other comprehensive income Favourable Unfavourable € m € m Classes of financial assets Derivative financial instruments Financial investments available for sale – equity securities Total Classes of financial liabilities Derivative financial instruments Total 14 – 14 5 5 (22) (46) (68) (2) (2) 106 106 – – – – – – 2012 Classes of financial assets Financial investments available for sale – equity securities Total Classes of financial liabilities Derivative financial instruments Total Level 3 Effect on income statement Favourable Unfavourable € m € m Effect on other comprehensive income Favourable Unfavourable € m € m – – 3 3 (45) (45) (3) (3) 140 140 – – – – – – In relation to the investment in ALH which was designated as an equity investment at fair value through profit or loss (and categorised as held for sale) this sale was concluded in March 2013 (note 31 to the consolidated financial statements). Day 1 gain or loss: No difference existed between the fair value at initial recognition of financial instruments and the amount that was determined at that date using a valuation technique incorporating significant unobservable data. ac Statement of cash flows Analysis of cash and cash equivalents For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash equivalents comprise the following balances with less than three months maturity from the date of acquisition: Cash and balances at central banks Loans and receivables to banks 400 2013 € m 1,215 851 2,066 2012 € m 1,076 1,358 2,434 2011 € m 1,067 2,025 3,092 ad Related party transactions Related parties of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (“AIB”) include subsidiary undertakings, associate undertakings and joint undertakings, post-employment benefits, Key Management Personnel and connected parties. The Irish Government is also considered a related party by virtue of its effective control of AIB. Related party transactions are detailed in note 54 to the consolidated financial statements. ae Commitments Capital expenditure Estimated outstanding commitments for capital expenditure not provided for in the financial statements Capital expenditure authorised but not yet contracted for Operating lease rentals 2013 € m 25 26 The total of future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases are set out in the following table. One year One to two years Two to three years Three to four years Four to five years Over five years Total 2013 € m 62 58 52 34 16 140 362 2012 € m 7 29 2012 € m 66 63 62 55 35 149 430 Operating lease payments recognised as an expense for the year were € 62 million (2012: € 67 million). Sublease income amounted to Nil (2012: Nil). Included in the lease payments to other Group subsidiaries is € 37 million (2012: € 41 million). Future minimum lease payments due to subsidiaries of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. amount to € 137 million excluding VAT (2012: € 180 million excluding VAT) and are included in the total of € 362 million in 2013 (2012: € 430 million). Details of the sale and leaseback arrangements of AIB Group are set out in note 55 to the consolidated financial statements. 401 Notes to the financial statements – Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Impact of adopting new accounting standards af As outlined in the Basis of preparation on page 212, from 1 January 2013, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. has adopted ‘IAS 19 Employee Benefits (Revised). This standard is required to be applied retrospectively, and accordingly, previously published comparative periods have been restated as set out below: Published € m IAS 19R € m 2012 Restated € m Published € m IAS 19R € m Statement of financial position (selected lines) Assets Deferred taxation Total assets Liabilities Retirement benefit liabilities Provisions for liabilities and commitments Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity Reserves Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity Statement of cash flows (selected lines) Loss from continuing operations before taxation Retirement benefits – defined benefit expense Termination benefits Closing cash and cash equivalents Statement of changes in equity (selected lines) At 1 January Loss for the year Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income for the year At 31 December 2,931 111,743 690 276 (12) (12) (23) (77) 2,919 111,731 2,738 122,805 667 199 794 436 100,420 (100) 100,320 110,487 3,227 11,323 111,743 (1,668) (160) 195 2,434 12,318 (1,418) 423 (995) 11,323 88 88 3,315 11,411 2,222 12,318 (12) 111,731 122,805 78 23 (101) – – 68 20 88 88 (1,590) (137) 94 2,434 12,318 (1,350) 443 (907) 11,411 (4,516) 22 – 3,092 2,912 (3,674) (642) (4,316) 12,318 – – – – – – – – (23) 23 – – – (20) 20 – – 2011 Restated € m 2,738 122,805 794 436 110,487 2,222 12,318 122,805 (4,539) 45 – 3,092 2,912 (3,694) (622) (4,316) 12,318 Arising from the implementation of IAS 19 Employee Benefits (Revised) a past service cost of € 23 million recognised in 2012 in relation to employees expected to leave under the early retirement scheme in 2013 and a provision of € 77 million recognised in 2012 in relation to employees expected to leave in 2013 under the voluntary severance scheme have been restated due to a change in the recognition criteria for termination benefits. 402  Statement of Directors’ responsibilities in relation to the Financial statements The following statement which should be read in conjunction with the statement of Auditor’s responsibilities set out with their Audit Report, is made with a view to distinguish for shareholders the respective responsibilities of the Directors and of the Auditor in relation to the financial statements. The Directors are responsible for preparing the Annual Report and the Group and Company financial statements, in accordance with applicable law and regulations. Company law requires the Directors to prepare Group and Company financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors are required to prepare the Group financial statements in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the EU and have elected to prepare the Company financial statements in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the EU and as applied in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Acts 1963 to 2013. The Directors have also elected to prepare the Group financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("lASB"). The Group and Company financial statements are required by law and IFRSs as adopted by the EU to present fairly the financial position and performance of the Group and Company: the Companies Acts 1963 to 2013 provide in relation to such financial statements that references in the relevant part of that Act to financial statements giving a true and fair view are references to their achieving a fair presentation. select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently; In preparing each of the Group and Company financial statements, the Directors are required to: – – make judgements and estimates that are reasonable and prudent; – – state that the financial statements comply with IFRS as adopted by the EU and IFRS issued by the IASB; and prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Group and Company will continue in business. The Directors are responsible for keeping proper books of account that disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Company and enable them to ensure that its financial statements comply with the Companies Acts 1963 to 2013.They are also responsible for taking such steps as are reasonably open to them to safeguard the assets of the Group and Company and to prevent and detect fraud and other irregularities. Under applicable law, the Directors are also responsible for preparing a Directors' Report and reports relating to directors' remuneration and corporate governance that comply with that law and Enterprise Securities Market ("ESM") Rules. The Directors are responsible for the maintenance and integrity of the corporate and financial information included on the Company's website. Legislation in Ireland governing the preparation and dissemination of financial statements may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions. The Directors that are listed on page 184 to 185 confirm, to the best of their knowledge and belief, that: – the Group financial statements, prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB and as adopted by the EU, give a true and fair view, in accordance with IFRSs as issued by the IASB and as adopted by the EU, of the state of the Group's affairs as at 31 December 2013 and of its loss for the year then ended; the Company financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS as adopted by the EU, give a true and fair view, in accordance – with IFRSs as adopted by the EU of the state of the Company's affairs as at 31 December 2013 and of its loss for the year then ended; and – the Directors' report and the Financial Review and Risk Management sections, contained in the Annual Report include a fair review of the development and performance of the business and the financial position of the Group, together with a description of the principal risks and uncertainties faced by the Group. On behalf of the Board David Hodgkinson Chairman David Duffy Chief Executive Officer 403 Independent Auditor’s Report Independent Auditor’s Report to the members of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Opinion In our opinion: • the Group financial statements give a true and fair view, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as adopted by the European Union, of the state of the Group’s affairs as at 31 December 2013 and of its result for the year then ended; the parent company financial statements give a true and fair view, in accordance with IFRSs, as adopted by the European Union as applied in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Acts 1963, to 2013, of the state of the parent company’s affairs as at 31 December 2013; and the financial statements have been properly prepared in accordance with the Companies Acts, 1963 to 2013. • • The financial statements comprise the Group Financial Statements: the Consolidated Income Statement, the Consolidated Statement of Recognised Income and Expense, the Consolidated Balance Sheet, the Consolidated Cash Flow Statement and the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity: and the Parent Company Financial Statements: the Company Balance Sheet, the Company Cash Flow Statement, the Company Statement of Changes in Equity; and the related notes. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is Irish law and IFRSs as adopted by the European Union and, as regards the parent company financial statements, as applied in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Acts, 1963 to 2013. Our assessment of risks of material misstatement The assessed risks of material misstatement described below are those that had the greatest effect on our audit strategy, the allocation of resources in the audit and directing the efforts of the engagement team: Risk of material misstatement Loan Impairment The risk that provisions for impairment on loans and Our audit response to the risk We tested credit management processes and controls receivables do not represent an appropriate estimate over both new lending and for restructuring transactions; front of the losses incurred. The determination of appropriate line credit monitoring and assessment; the operations and provisions requires a significant amount of management controls over models; and the work of the credit review function. judgment and relies on available data. We examined both sample loan cases and models challenging the appropriateness of judgments made regarding collateral valuation and realisation time frames; and examined the credit risk functions analysis of data at a portfolio level. Deferred Tax Risk related to the recognition and measurement of deferred We reviewed the plans and the model used by management to taxation. Deferred tax assets are recognised for unused assess the likelihood of future profitability and challenged tax losses to the extent that it is probable that there will be management’s assessment of a range of positive and negative sufficient future taxable profits against which the losses can be evidence for the projection of long-term future profitability. We used. Given the inherent uncertainties associated with projecting reviewed management’s analysis of their consideration of the profitability the assessment of the conditions for the recognition more likely than not test and reviewed the sensitivity analysis of a deferred tax asset is a critical judgement. disclosed. Capital and Funding The risk that the capital and liquidity projections which are We examined the process in place to monitor, forecast and plan fundamental to the continuing presentation of the financial the Group’s funding and capital needs. This included assessing statements on a going concern basis are not appropriate. both the controls in place and assumptions made; establishing whether key assumptions had been validated; and assessing the adequacy of disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit procedures relating to these matters were designed in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole, and not to express an opinion on individual accounts or disclosures. Our opinion on the financial statements is not modified with respect to any of the risks described above, and we do not express an opinion on these individual matters. Our assessment of materiality We define materiality as the magnitude of misstatement that makes it probable that the economic decisions of a reasonably knowledgeable person relying on the financial statements, would be changed or influenced. We use materiality both in planning the scope of our audit work and in evaluating the results of our work. We determined materiality for the Group to be € 75 million, which we set at less than 1% of shareholders equity which we have determined, in our professional judgement, to be one of the principal benchmarks within the financial statements of the Group. We 404 Independent Auditor’s Report (continued) agreed with the Audit Committee that we would report to the Committee all audit differences in excess of € 3.75 million as well as differences below that threshold that, in our view, warranted reporting on qualitative grounds. We also report to the Audit Committee on disclosure matters that we identified when assessing the overall presentation of the financial statements. An overview of the scope of our audit Our Group audit was scoped by obtaining an understanding of the Group and its environment, including Group-wide controls, and assessing the risks of material misstatement at the Group level. Based on that assessment, we focused our Group audit scope primarily on the audit work in six legal entities all of which were subject to a full audit, whilst the remaining legal entities were subject to specified audit procedures, where the extent of our testing was based on our assessment of the risks of material misstatement and of the materiality of the Group’s operations in those entities.In addition, audits are performed for entity statutory purposes for all legal entities. At the parent entity level we also tested the consolidation process and carried out analytical procedures to confirm our conclusion that there were no significant risks of material misstatement of the aggregated financial information of the remaining components not subject to audit or audit of specified account balances. As part of the group audit, the group engagement team issued instructions to all component audit teams, and evaluated the outputs from each audit location. Matters on which we are required to report by the Companies Acts 1963 to 2013 • We have obtained all the information and explanations which we consider necessary for the purposes of our audit; • • • In our opinion proper books of account have been kept by the parent company; The parent company balance sheet is in agreement with the books of account; In our opinion the information given in the Report of the Directors is consistent with the financial statements and the description in the Corporate Governance Statement of the main features of the internal control and risk management systems in relation to the process for preparing the Group financial statements is consistent with the Group financial statements; and The net assets of the parent company, as stated in the parent company balance sheet are more than half of the amount of its called up share capital and, in our opinion, on that basis there did not exist at 31 December 2013 a financial situation which under Section 40 (1) of the Companies (Amendment) Act, 1983 would require the convening of an extraordinary general meeting of the parent company. • Matters on which we are required to report by exception Our duty to read other information in the Annual Report Under International Standards on Auditing (UK and Ireland), we are required to report to you if, in our opinion, information in the annual report is: • materially inconsistent with the information in the audited financial statements; or • apparently materially incorrect based on, or materially inconsistent with, our knowledge of the Group acquired in the course of per forming our audit; or otherwise misleading. • Respective responsibilities of directors and auditors As explained more fully in the Directors’ Responsibilities Statement, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements that give a true and fair view. Our responsibility is to audit and express an opinion on the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and International Standards on Auditing (UK and Ireland). Those standards require us to comply with the Auditing Practices Board’s Ethical Standards for Auditors. This report is made solely to the company’s members, as a body, in accordance with section 193 of the Companies Act 1990. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company’s members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor’s report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company and the company’s members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed. 405 Independent Auditor’s Report (continued) Scope of the audit of the financial statements An audit involves obtaining evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements sufficient to give reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free from material misstatement, whether caused by fraud or error. This includes an assessment of: whether the accounting policies are appropriate to the Group’s and the parent company’s circumstances and have been consistently applied and adequately disclosed; the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by the directors; and the overall presentation of the financial statements. In addition, we read all the financial and non-financial information in the Annual Report to identify material inconsistencies with the audited financial statements and to identify any information that is apparently materially incorrect based on, or materially inconsistent with, the knowledge acquired by us in the course of performing the audit. If we become aware of any apparent material misstatements or inconsistencies we consider the implications for our report. Gerard Fitzpatrick For and on behalf of Deloitte & Touche Chartered Accountants and Statutory Audit Firm Hardwicke House Hatch Street Dublin 2 Ireland 4 March 2014 406  Additional information Schedule to Report of the Directors Information required to be contained in the Directors’ Annual Report by the European Communities (Takeover Bids (Directive 2004/25/EC)) Regulations 2006. As required by these Regulations, the information contained below represents the position as of 31 December 2013. Capital Structure The authorised share capital of the Company is € 11,092,752,297 divided into 702,000,000,000 Ordinary Shares of € 0.01 each (‘Ordinary Shares’), 3,500,000,000 2009 Non-Cumulative Preference Shares of € 0.01 each (‘2009 Preference Shares’) and 403,775,229,679 Deferred Shares of € 0.01 each (‘Deferred Shares’). The issued share capital of the company is 521,296,831,617 Ordinary Shares and 3,500,000,000 2009 Preference Shares. For so long as the National Pensions Reserve Fund Commission (“NPRFC”) holds 2009 Preference Shares, subject to certain exceptions, the consent of the Minster will be required for the passing of certain share capital resolutions of the Company, being resolutions relating to: (i) an increase in the authorised share capital; (ii) a re-issue of Treasury Shares; (iii) the issue of any shares; or (iv) the redemption, consolidation, conversion or sub-division of the share capital. The exceptions referred to above include any issue of shares made for the purposes of redeeming or purchasing the 2009 Preference Shares. Rights and Obligations of Each Class of Share The Rights and Obligations of the Ordinary Shares and the 2009 Preference Shares are contained in a summary of the Memorandum and Articles of Association on pages 410 to 416. Percentage of Total Share Capital Represented by Each Class of Share The Ordinary Shares represent approximately 63.3% of the authorised share capital and approximately 99.3% of the issued share capital of the Company. The 2009 Preference Shares represent approximately 0.3% of the authorised share capital and approximately 0.7% of the issued share capital of the Company. The Deferred Shares represents appromimately 36.4% of the authorised share capital none of which is in issue. Restrictions on the Transfer of Shares Save as set out below there are no limitations in Irish law on the holding of the Ordinary Shares and there is no requirement to obtain the approval of the Company, or of other holders of the Ordinary Shares, for a transfer of Ordinary Shares. (a) The Ordinary Shares are, in general, freely transferable but the Directors may decline to register a transfer of Ordinary Shares upon notice to the transferee, within two months after the lodgement of a transfer with the Company, in the following cases: (i) a lien held by the Company; (ii) in the case of a purported transfer to an infant or a person lawfully declared to be incapable for the time being of dealing with their affairs; or (iii) in the case of a single transfer of shares which is in favour of more than four persons jointly. – Ordinary Shares held in certificated form are transferable upon production to the Company’s Registrars of the Original Share certificate and the usual form of stock transfer duly executed by the holder of the shares. – Shares held in uncertificated form are transferable in accordance with the rules or conditions imposed by the operator of the relevant system which enables title to the Ordinary Shares to be evidenced and transferred without a written instrument and in accordance with the Companies Act 1990 (Uncertificated Securities) Regulations 1996. – The rights attaching to Ordinary Shares remain with the transferor until the name of the transferee has been entered on the Register of Members of the Company. (b) 2009 Preference Shares are freely transferable provided that the minimum number of 2009 Preference Shares transferred to any one person is not less than 50,000. 407 Additional information Exercise of Rights of Shares in Employees’ Share Schemes The AIB Approved Employees’ Profit Sharing Scheme 1998 and the Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Share Ownership Plan (UK) provide that voting rights in respect of shares held in trust for employees who are participants in those schemes are, on a poll, to be exercised only in accordance with any directions in writing by the employees concerned to the Trustees of the relevant scheme. Deadlines for exercising Voting Rights Voting rights at general meetings of the Company are exercised when the chairman puts the resolution at issue to the vote of the meeting. A vote decided under show of hands is taken forthwith. A vote taken on a poll for the election of the Chairman or on a question of adjournment is also taken forthwith and a poll on any other question is taken either immediately, or at such time (not being more than thirty days from the date of the meeting at which the poll was demanded or directed) as the chairman of the meeting directs. Where a person is appointed to vote for a shareholder as proxy, the instrument of appointment must be received by the Company not less than forty-eight hours before the time appointed for holding the meeting or adjourned meeting at which the appointed proxy proposes to vote, or, in the case of a poll, not less than forty-eight hours before the time appointed for taking the poll. Rules Concerning Amendment of the Company’s Articles of Association As provided in the Companies Acts, the Company may, by special resolution, alter or add to its Articles of Association. A resolution is a special resolution when it has been passed by not less than three-fourths of the votes cast by shareholders entitled to vote and voting in person or by proxy, at a general meeting at which not less than twenty-one clear days’ notice specifying the intention to propose the resolution as a special resolution, has been duly given. A resolution may also be proposed and passed as a special resolution at a meeting of which less than twenty-one clear days’ notice has been given if it is so agreed by a majority in number of the members having the right to attend and vote at any such meeting, being a majority together holding not less than ninety per cent in nominal value of the shares giving that right. Rules Concerning the Appointment and Replacement of Directors of the Company – Other than in the case of a casual vacancy, Directors are appointed on a resolution of the shareholders at a general meeting, usually the Annual General Meeting. – No person, other than a Director retiring at a general meeting is eligible for appointment as a Director without a recommendation by the Directors for that person’s appointment unless, not less than forty-two days before the date of the general meeting, written notice by a shareholder, duly qualified to be present and vote at the meeting, of the intention to propose the person for appointment and notice in writing signed by the person to be proposed of willingness to act, if so appointed, shall have been given to the Company. – A shareholder may not propose himself or herself for appointment as a Director. – The Directors have power to fill a casual vacancy or to appoint an additional Director (within the maximum number of Directors fixed by the Company in general meeting) and any Director so appointed holds office only until the conclusion of the next Annual General Meeting following his appointment, when the Director concerned shall retire, but shall be eligible for reappointment at that meeting. – One third of the Directors for the time being (or if their number is not three or a multiple of three, not less than one third), are obliged to retire from office at each Annual General Meeting on the basis of the Directors who have been longest in office since their last appointment. While not obliged to do so, the Directors have, in recent years, adopted the practice of all (wishing to continue in office) offering themselves for re-election at the Annual General Meeting. – A person is disqualified from being a Director, and their office as a Director ipso facto vacated, in any of the following circumstances: – – – – – – – – if at any time the person has been adjudged bankrupt or has made any arrangement or composition with his or her creditors generally; if found to be mentally disordered in accordance with law; if the person be prohibited or restricted by law from being a Director; if, without prior leave of the Directors, he or she be absent from meetings of the Directors for six successive months (without an alternate attending) and the Directors resolve that his or her office be vacated on that account; if, unless the Directors or a court otherwise determine, he or she be convicted of an indictable offence; except in the case of a Government Appointee, if he or she be requested, by resolution of the Directors, to resign his or her office as Director on foot of a unanimous resolution (excluding the vote of the Director concerned) passed at a specially convened meeting at which every Director is present (or represented by an alternate) and of which not less than seven days’ written notice of the intention to move the resolution and specifying the grounds therefore, has been given to the Director; except in the case of a Government Appointee, if he or she has reached an age specified by the Directors as being that at which that person may not be appointed a Director or, being already a Director, is required to relinquish office and a Director who reaches the specified age continues in office until the last day of the year in which he or she reaches that age; or in the case of a Government Appointee, if removed from office by the Government Preference Shareholder pursuant to the Articles of Association. 408 Rules Concerning the Appointment and Replacement of Directors of the Company (continued) – In addition, the office of Director is vacated, subject to any right of appointment or reappointment under the Articles, if: – not being a Director holding for a fixed term an executive office in his or her capacity as a Director, he or she resigns their office by a written notice given to the Company; or being the holder of an executive office other than for a fixed term, the Director ceases to hold such executive office on retirement or otherwise; or the Director tenders his or her resignation to the Directors and the Directors resolved to accept it; or he or she ceases to be a Director pursuant to any provision of the Articles. – – – – Notwithstanding anything in the Articles of Association or in any agreement between the Company and a Director, the Company may, by Ordinary Resolution of which extended notice has been given in accordance with the Companies Acts, remove any Director before the expiry of his or her period of office. – The Minister for Finance has power to nominate such number of non executive directors equal to either (a) 25 per cent of the Directors when the total number of Directors is 15 or less or (b) 4 Directors where the total number of Directors is 16, 17 or 18. The Powers of the Directors Including in Relation to the Issuing or Buying Back by the Company of its Shares Under the Articles of Association, the business of the Company is to be managed by the Directors who may exercise all the powers of the Company subject to the provisions of the Companies Acts, the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company and to any directions given by special resolution of a general meeting. The Articles of Association further provide that the Directors may make such arrangement as may be thought fit for the management, organisation and administration of the Company’s affairs including the appointment of such executive and administrative officers, managers and other agents as they consider appropriate and delegate to such persons (with such powers of sub-delegation as the Directors shall deem fit) such functions, powers and duties as the Directors may deem requisite or expedient. Pursuant to resolution of the shareholders, in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Acts, the Directors are unconditionally authorised until 26 July 2016 to exercise all the powers of the Company to allot relevant securities up to the aggregate nominal amount of € 6,892,692,445. By such authority, the Directors may make offers or agreements which would, or might, require the allotment of such securities after 26 July 2016. Any treasury shares for the time being held by the Company may, by decision of the Directors, be re-issued off market. Where treasury shares are re-issued for the purposes of the AIB Approved Employees’ Profit Sharing Scheme 1998, the Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. Share Ownership Plan (UK), the AIB Group Share Option Scheme or the AIB Group Performance Share Plan 2005, the minimum price at which a treasury share may be re-issued is the issue price as provided for in such a scheme. In all other circumstances the minimum price shall be 95% of the Appropriate Price. The “Appropriate Price” is the average of the closing quotation prices of the Ordinary Shares for the five business days immediately preceding the day on which the treasury share is re-issued, as published in the Irish Stock Exchange Daily Official List (or any successor publication thereto or any equivalent publication for securities admitted to trading on the Enterprise Securities Market). For any business day on which there is no dealing on the Ordinary Shares on that Exchange, the minimum price will be the price equal to (i) the mid-point between the high and low market guide prices and for the Ordinary Shares as published in the Irish Stock Exchange Daily Official List (or any successor publication thereto or any equivalent publication for securities admitted to trading on the Enterprise Securities Market); or (ii) if there is only one such market guide price so published, the price so published. The maximum price at which a treasury share may be re-issued off-market is 120% of the Appropriate Price. 409 Additional information Memorandum and Articles of Association A summary of the Memorandum and Articles of Association of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. is set out below. Objects and Registration Details AIB is a public limited company that was incorporated as a limited company in 1966 and was subsequently re-registered as a public limited company in 1985. Objects and purposes are set out in its Memorandum of Association. The principal objects of AIB are to carry on the business of banking in all or any of its branches and departments and to undertake all manner of financial services. Directors Any Director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or arrangement with AIB must declare his/her interest at a meeting of the Directors at which the question of entering into such contract/arrangement first arises, if his interest then exists, or in any other case at the first meeting of the Directors after he becomes so interested. The Articles of Association also require that a Director may not vote in respect of any such contract or arrangement or any other proposal whatsoever in which he has a material interest. Nothing in the Articles of Association will restrict a Government Appointee from participating fully in any meeting of the Directors or voting on any matter unless the Government Appointee has an interest in the matter which concerns him personally (for example, the fact that he or she was appointed by the Government Shareholder, the fact that a Government Preference Shareholder or a Government Body may have an interest in the matter or the fact that the matter relates to a matter that requires the consent of the Government Preference Shareholder shall not be regarded as giving rise to such an interest). Interests in shares or debentures or other securities of, or otherwise in or through, AIB are disregarded for the purpose. This prohibition on voting is disapplied in respect of resolutions concerning the following matters (amongst others): – where a Director is to be given security or indemnified in respect of money lent or obligations incurred by him for the benefit of AIB or any of its subsidiaries; – – – the giving of security or indemnifying a third party in respect of a debt or obligation of AIB or any of its subsidiaries for which he himself has assumed responsibility in whole or in part under a guarantee or indemnity or by the giving of security; any proposal concerning an offer of shares, debentures or securities of or by AIB or any of its subsidiaries in which a Director is interested as an underwriter or sub-underwriter; regarding any proposal concerning any other company in which a Director is interested, directly or indirectly, provided that he does not hold or is not beneficially interested in 1% or more of any class of the equity share capital of that company (or of any third company through which his interest is derived) or of the voting rights available to members of the relevant company (any such interest being deemed for the purposes of this Article to be a material interest in all circumstances); – any proposal concerning the adoption, modification or operation of any superannuation fund or retirement benefits plan under which he might benefit and which has been approved by or is subject to and conditional upon approval by the Revenue Commissioners; and – relating to any other arrangement for the benefit of employees of AIB or any of its subsidiaries under which a Director benefits or stands to benefit in a similar manner as the employees concerned and which does not accord to any Director as such any privilege or advantage not generally accorded to the employees to whom the arrangement relates. The remuneration of the Directors is determined from time to time by AIB in General Meeting. Any Director while holding the office of Chairman or Deputy Chairman is entitled to such additional remuneration as may be determined from time to time by the Directors. Remuneration granted may be by way of fees, salary, commission, participation in profits, or all or any of such modes, or by such other mode as AIB may from time to time consider appropriate. All remuneration fixed or granted accrues from day to day. Any Director who serves on any Committee or devotes special attention to the business of the Company or who otherwise performs services which in the opinion of the Directors are outside the scope of the ordinary duties of a Director may be paid such extra remuneration by way of salary, commission, participation in profits or otherwise as the Directors may determine. A Director holding an executive office shall receive such remuneration, whether in addition to or in substitution for his ordinary remuneration as a Director and whether by way of salary, commission, participation in profits or otherwise or partly in one way and partly in another, as the Directors may determine. The Directors may exercise all the borrowing powers of AIB and the power to give mortgages and charges over its assets and to issue debentures, debenture stock and other securities whether outright or as security for any debts or liabilities of AIB or any third party. Under the Articles, retirement of Directors, other than Government Appointees, is by rotation at each Annual General Meeting and one-third of the Directors for the time being, or, if their number is not three or a multiple of three, then not less than one-third shall retire from office at each Annual General Meeting. 410 Rights and Restrictions Attaching to Shares The authorised share capital of AIB is € 11,092,752,297 divided into 702,000,000,000 Ordinary Shares, 3,500,000,000 2009 Preference Shares and 403,775,229,679 Deferred Shares. Subject to the Companies Acts and to any special rights of existing shares, any share in the Company may be issued with such preferred, deferred or other special rights or restrictions and unless otherwise determined by the Directors in relation to any particular preference shares prior to allotment, preference shares may be issued on the terms and in such manner as the Company may by Special Resolution determine. Rights and Obligations of Ordinary Shares The following rights attach to the Ordinary Shares: – The right to receive duly declared dividends, in cash or, where offered by the Directors, by allotment of additional Ordinary Shares. – The right to attend and speak, in person or by proxy, at general meetings of the Company. – The right to vote, in person or by proxy, at general meetings of the Company having, in a vote taken by show of hands, one vote, and, on a poll, a vote for each Ordinary Share held. – The right to appoint a proxy, in the required form, to attend and/or vote at general meetings of the Company. – The right to receive, (by post or electronically), twenty-one days at least before the Annual General Meeting, a copy of the Directors’ and Auditor’s reports accompanied by (a) copies of the balance sheet, profit and loss account and other documents required by the Companies Acts to be annexed to the balance sheet or (b) such summary financial statements as may be permitted by the Companies Acts. – The right to receive notice of general meetings of the Company. – In a winding-up of the Company, and subject to payments of amounts due to creditors and to holders of shares ranking in priority to the Ordinary Shares, repayment of the capital paid up on the Ordinary Shares and a proportionate part of any surplus from the realisation of the assets of the Company. There is attached to the Ordinary Shares an obligation for the holder, when served with a notice from the Directors requiring the holder to do so, to inform the Company in writing not more than 14 days after service of such notice, of the capacity in which the shareholder holds any share of the Company and if such shareholder holds any share other than as beneficial owner to furnish in writing, so far as it is within the shareholder’s knowledge, the name and address of the person on whose behalf the shareholder holds such share or, if the name or address of such person is not forthcoming, such particulars as will enable or assist in the identification of such person and the nature of the interest of such person in such share. Where the shareholder served with such notice (or any person named or identified by a shareholder on foot of such notice), fails to furnish the Company with the information required within the time specified, the shareholder shall not be entitled to attend meetings of the Company, nor to exercise the voting rights attached to such share, and, if the shareholder holds 0.25% or more of the issued Ordinary Shares, the Directors will be entitled to withhold payment of any dividend payable on such shares and the shareholder will not be entitled to transfer such shares except by sale through a Stock Exchange to a bona fide unconnected third party. Such sanctions will cease to apply after not more than seven days from the earlier of receipt by the Company of notice that the member has sold the shares to an unconnected third party or due compliance, to the satisfaction of the Company, with the notice served as provided for above. Rights and Obligations of 2009 Preference Shares The following rights attach to the 2009 Preference Shares: – The right to receive a non-cumulative cash dividend at a fixed rate of 8% of the subscription price per annum payable annually, at the discretion of the Directors, in arrears on each anniversary of the date of the issue of the shares. – The right to receive this dividend ranks: (a) (b) (c) pari passu with other shares constituting core tier 1 capital (excluding the Ordinary Shares); junior to certain other preferred securities; and in priority to the Ordinary Shares. – In the event that a dividend on 2009 Preference Shares is not paid in cash, the right to receive a bonus issue of Ordinary Shares (‘Bonus Shares’) calculated by dividing the amount of the unpaid dividend by the average price of an Ordinary Share over the 30 trading days prior to the dividend payment date, subject to an adjustment in circumstances where the Bonus Shares are not issued on the dividend payment date. – Where the issue of Bonus Shares is deferred, the holders of 2009 Preference Shares are granted voting rights at general meetings of the Company equivalent to the voting rights that would have attached to the Bonus Shares if they had been issued on the relevant dividend payment date (‘Provisional Voting Rights’) provided provided these shall not be exercisable to vote: (a) against any Directors’ resolution for the issue of core tier 1 securities to redeem or purchase all or any of the 2009 Preference Shares; or (b) on any resolution on any action by the Company in relation to ‘Preferred Securities’ as defined in the Memorandum and Articles of Association. 411  Additional information – The right to receive copies of the circulars to shareholders but not to attend, speak or vote at general meetings save while held by a Government Body and then only in the following circumstances and the following manner: (a) on a resolution seeking approval for a change of control of the Company or a sale of all or substantially all of its business; and (b) on a resolution to appoint, re-elect or remove directors. – Subject as provided below, on either of the foregoing resolutions (and while held by a Government Body) the right to cast a – – number of votes equal to 25% of all votes capable of being cast by shareholders (including the 2009 Preference Shareholder) on a poll at a general meeting of the Company. If the NPRFC and Government Entities, through their holding of Ordinary Shares (or other securities issued in future), control 25% or more of the total voting rights, then the 2009 Preference Shares will carry no voting rights. If those entities, through their holding of Ordinary Shares (or other securities issued in future), control less than 25% of the total voting rights, then, in respect of resolutions to appoint, re-elect or remove directors and any resolution concerning a proposed change of control of AIB, the 2009 Preference Shares carry the right to “top-up” their total voting rights to 25% of the total voting rights, including the votes attaching to the 2009 Preference Shares. In a winding up of the Company or a return of capital by the Company (other than a redemption or purchase of shares) the right to receive a repayment of the capital (including premium) paid up, rank as follows: (a) (b) (c) pari passu with the repayment of the paid up nominal value on Ordinary Shares; in priority to the payment of any further amount on Ordinary Shares; and junior to the repayment of capital on all other classes of shares that rank ahead of the Ordinary Shares. – The right while held by a Government Body to appoint directly either (a) 25% of the Directors where the total number of Directors is 15 or less or (b) 4 Directors where the total number of Directors is 16, 17 or 18 (in either case including any Directors nominated by the Minister pursuant to the Government Guarantee Schemes). Redemption of 2009 Preference Shares The following terms and conditions apply in relation to the redemption of the 2009 Preference Shares: – The 2009 Preference Shares will not be redeemable at the option of the holder. – The 2009 Preference Shares may be redeemed or purchased, in whole or in part, at any time subject to the consent of Central Bank provided that the redemption or purchase is made up of distributable profits and/or the proceeds of an issue of shares constituting core tier 1 capital. – The redemption price for the first five years shall be € 1.00 per 2009 Preference Share, being the original subscription price including premium of each 2009 Preference Share. Thereafter, the redemption price of each 2009 Preference Share will be € 1.25, including premium. – The Company shall be required to redeem all of the 2009 Preference Shares if there are less than 35,000,000 2009 Preference Shares in issue, subject to the Central Bank’s consent. – The Company may redeem or purchase 2009 Preference Shares which are held by a Government Entity without being required to redeem or purchase any 2009 Preference Shares held by another person. – On redemption or purchase of 2009 Preference Shares, the Company will be required to issue any outstanding Bonus Shares. Rights and Obligations of the Deferred Shares The Deferred Shares have no voting or dividend rights. On a winding-up of the Company or other return of capital (other than a redemption or purchase of shares of any class in the capital of the Company), holders of Deferred Shares have the right to receive the nominal value of those shares only after the holders of Ordinary Shares have received payment of such amount as is paid up or credited as paid up in respect of those Ordinary Shares plus € 10 million per share. The Deferred Shares are not transferable, other than with the prior written consent of the Directors. The Company has, however, the right at any time, without the consent of the holder, to instruct the Company Secretary to acquire the Deferred Shares for nil consideration. The Company acquired and cancelled 395,759,506,824 Deferred Shares on 27 July 2011 resulting from the renominalisation of the ordinary share capital of the Company from € 0.32 each to € 0.01 each following the passing of a Special Resolution to this effect on 26 July 2011. Dividend Rights Under Irish law, and under the Articles, dividends are payable only out of income available for distribution. Holders of the shares of the Company are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared by the Company by Ordinary Resolution provided that the dividend cannot exceed the amount recommended by the Directors. Subject to any preferential or other special rights for the time being attached to any class of shares, the income to be distributed by way of dividend is to be applied in payment of dividends upon the shares of the Company in proportion to the amounts paid up thereon otherwise than in advance of calls. The Company may pay such interim dividends as appear to the Directors to be justified by the income of the Company available for distribution. 412 Under Article 46 the Company may by Ordinary Resolution convert any paid up shares into stock and re-convert any stock into paid-up shares of any denomination. Any dividend which has remained unclaimed for 12 years from the date of its declaration may be forfeited and cease to remain owing by the Company. Voting Rights at General Meetings Voting at any General Meeting is by a show of hands unless a poll is properly demanded. On a show of hands, every member who is present in person or by proxy has one vote regardless of the number of shares held by him. On a poll, every member who is present in person or by proxy has one vote for each share of which he is the holder. A poll may be demanded by the Chairman of the meeting or by at least five members having the right to vote at the meeting or by a member or members representing not less than one-tenth of the total voting rights of all the members having the right to vote at the meeting or by a member or members holding shares in the Company conferring a right to vote at the meeting, being shares on which an aggregate sum has been paid up equal to not less than one-tenth of the total sum paid up on all the shares conferring that right. All business is deemed special that is transacted at an Extraordinary General Meeting. All business that is transacted at an Annual General Meeting is also deemed special with the exception of declaring a dividend, receiving the accounts, statements of financial position and reports of the Directors and Auditors, electing Directors in the place of those retiring, voting additional remuneration for the Directors, appointing Auditors and fixing of the remuneration of the Auditors. No business may be transacted at any General Meeting unless a quorum is present at the time when the meeting proceeds to business. Ten members present in person and entitled to vote at such meeting constitutes a quorum. In the case of an Annual General Meeting or of a meeting for the passing of a Special Resolution or the appointment of a Director, twenty-one clear days’ notice at the least, and in any other case fourteen clear days’ notice at the least, needs to be given in writing in the manner provided for in the Articles to all the members (other than those who, under the provisions of the Articles or the conditions of issue of the shares held by them, are not entitled to receive the notice) and to the Auditors for the time being of the Company. Variation of Class Rights The rights, privileges, limitations or restrictions attached to the 2009 Preference Shares may be varied, altered or abrogated, either whilst the Company is a going concern or during or in contemplation of a winding up, with the written consent of the holders of not less than 662/3% in nominal value of such class of shares or with the sanction of a resolution passed at a class meeting of holders of such classes of shares provided that the holders of not less than 662/3% in nominal value of such class of shares vote in favour of such resolution. Article 7 provides that whenever the capital of the Company is divided into different classes of shares, the special rights attached to any class may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Acts and subject as otherwise provided in the Articles be varied or abrogated, either whilst the Company is a going concern or during or in contemplation of a winding up, with the sanction of a Special Resolution passed at a class meeting of the holders of the shares of the class but not otherwise. Convening of General Meetings AIB must hold a General Meeting in each year as its Annual General Meeting in addition to any other meetings in that year and no more than fifteen months may elapse between the date of one Annual General Meeting and that of the next. The Annual General Meeting will be held at such time and place as the Directors determine. All General Meetings other than Annual General Meetings, are called Extraordinary General Meetings. The Directors may at any time call an Extraordinary General Meeting. Extraordinary General Meetings shall also be convened by the Directors on the requisition of members holding, at the date of the requisition, not less than one-tenth of the paid up capital carrying the right to vote at General Meetings and in default of the Directors within twenty-one clear days, convening such a meeting to be held within two months, the requisitionists (or more then half of them) may but only within three months themselves convene a meeting. Disclosure of Share Ownership Article 13(b) provides that the Directors may by notice in writing sent to any member require such member to inform the Company in writing not more than 14 days after service of the notice of the capacity in which such member holds any share otherwise than as beneficial owner to furnish in writing, so far as it is within the member’s knowledge, the name and address of the person on whose behalf the member holds such share or, such particulars as will enable or assist in the identification of such person and the nature of the interest of such person in such shares. Failure to respond to such notice within the prescribed period of time will result in the member not being entitled to attend meetings of the Company not to exercise the voting rights attached to such share, and, if the member holds 0.25% or more of the issued Ordinary shares of the Company, the Directors are entitled to withhold payment of any dividend payable on such shares and the member shall not be entitled to transfer such shares except by sale through a Stock Exchange to a bona fide unconnected third party. 413 Additional information Material Contracts The following are all the contracts (not being contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business) that have been entered into by members of the AIB Group: (i) within two years immediately preceding the date of this document which are, or may be, material to the Group; or (ii) at any time and contain obligations or entitlements which are, or may be, material to the Group as at the date of this document: 1 The Credit Institutions (Eligible Liabilities Guarantee) Scheme 2009 and the Eligible Liabilities Guarantee Scheme Agreements. On 20 January 2010, the Company and its subsidiaries, AIB Group (UK) p.l.c., AIB CI Limited (formerly AIB Bank (CI) Limited) and Allied Irish Banks North America Inc. each executed an Eligible Liabilities Guarantee Scheme Agreement and on 21 January 2010 were each issued with a Participating Institution Certificate under the Eligible Liabilities Guarantee Scheme. EBS and AIB ISL Limited (formerly AIB International Savings Limited and formerly Anglo Irish Bank Corporation (International) plc and which is an Isle of Man company that was acquired by AIB in February 2011), both also hold a Participating Institution Certificate under the Eligible Liabilities Guarantee Scheme. 2 Arrangements in relation to The National Pensions Reserve Fund Commission (“NPRFC”) (i) The Subscription Agreement (a) Pursuant to the terms of the Subscription Agreement between AIB, the Minster for Finance (the ‘Minister’) and the NPRFC dated 13 May 2009, AIB agreed to issue the 2009 Preference Shares and the 2009 Warrants to the NPRFC at an aggregate subscription price of € 3.5 billion. (b) AIB gave the NPRFC and the Minster certain warranties relating to the business and operation of the Group. These warranties are considered standard for this type of agreement and cover issues such as the Company’s issued share capital, accuracy and completeness of certain information, accuracy of audited financial statements, payment of taxes, possession of all material licences and absence of material litigation. (c) AIB provided various undertakings to the NPRFC and the Minster, including agreeing to commit to the Minster’s ‘Bank Customer Package’. This includes, inter alia, obligations on AIB to: A increase lending capacity to small to medium-sized enterprises by 10 per cent. and provide an additional 30 per cent capacity for lending to first-time buyers during each quarter of the financial year when compared to the corresponding quarter in the year commencing 1 January 2008; B establish a € 100 million fund to support environmentally friendly investment and innovations in clean energy; C comply with the Code of Conduct for Business Lending to Small and Medium Enterprises and the Code of Conduct for Mortgage Arrears published by the Central Bank; D make every effort to avoid repossessions and, in any case, not commence court proceedings for the repossession of a principal private residence within 12 months of arrears appearing, where the customer maintains contact and co-operates reasonably with AIB; E fund and co-operate with an ‘Independent Review of Credit Availability’; and F work closely with the IDA Ireland, Enterprise Ireland and with other Irish state agencies to ensure the supply of appropriate finance to contractors engaged on major projects sponsored by those agencies. In addition, AIB agreed to accept restrictions on the amount of remuneration Directors would receive. AIB also agreed that, on request from the NPRFC, it would undertake all necessary acts in order to facilitate the placing, offering to the public or admission to listing of the 2009 Preference Shares or any Ordinary Shares acquired as a result of the 2009 Warrants or the 2009 Preference Shares. Under the terms of the Subscription Agreement, AIB must consult with the Minister or his nominee prior to taking any material action which may be reasonably expected to have a public interest dimension. (d) On 13 May 2009, the NPRFC paid to AIB € 3.5 billion (less an arrangement fee of € 30 million paid by AIB to the NPRFC) in respect of the issue to it of the 2009 Preference Shares and the 2009 Warrants. (e) AIB undertook in the Subscription Agreement that application would be made in due course for the Warrant Shares and any Bonus Shares to be admitted to trading on a regulated market. (f) In addition to agreeing to allow the Government Entities to make use of any public offer prospectus issued by the Company for the purposes of placing such Ordinary Shares with investors, the Company also undertook to co-operate in the preparation and issue of a public offer prospectus where this is required for the purposes of an offering to the public, a placing or listing of the 2009 Preference Shares or any Ordinary Shares acquired as a result of holding 2009 Preference Shares or 2009 Warrants. 414 (ii) 2010 Placing Agreement (a) Pursuant to the terms of the Placing Agreement between the Minister, the NPRFC, the National Treasury Management Agency (“NTMA”) and AIB, dated 23 December 2010, AIB agreed to issue 675,107,845 new Ordinary Shares to the NPRFC at an aggregate subscription price of € 3,818,438,297. (b) To the extent that the NPRFC subscription for these shares would result in it holding more than 49.9% of the Ordinary Shares in issue, convertible non-voting shares (“CNV Shares”) were to be allotted to the NPRFC so that, following such allotment, the NPRFC did not acquire more than 49.9% of the Ordinary Shares then in issue. In April 2011, AIB converted into ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis the 10,489,899,564 CNV Shares issued to the NPRFC in connection with the 2010 Placing Agreement, following completion of the disposal of AIB’s interests in BZWBK. (c) The obligations of the Minister, the NPRFC and the NTMA were conditional on AIB having complied, and continuing to comply, with letters from the Minister dated 13 and 22 December 2010, stating that the provision of further state funding to AIB was conditional on the Board’s decision not to pay any bonuses to staff no matter when they may have been earned, since AIB could not be in a position to pay without state support, past, present and future save that nothing in the Agreement was to prevent AIB meeting its obligations on foot of a Court Order. (d) The cancellation of the 294,251,819 warrants over new Ordinary Shares held by the NPRFC in return for the payment to it by AIB of approximately € 52 million; (e) AIB gave the Minister, the NPRFC and the NTMA certain warranties relating to the business and operation of the Group. These warranties are considered standard for this kind of agreement and cover issues such as the Company’s issued share capital, accuracy and completeness of certain information, accuracy of audited financial statements, payment of taxes, possession of all material licenses, absence of material litigation and absence of breach of material change of control provisions. (f) AIB entered into various covenants with the Minister, the NPRFC, the NTMA, the National Asset Management Agency or any other state entity to use all reasonable efforts to comply, and procure compliance by the Group, with various commitments including: A Meeting a lending target of € 3 billion per annum for new or increased credit facilities to SMEs in each of the two twelve month periods commencing on 1 January 2011 and 2012. B Providing € 20 million for seed capital to Enterprise Ireland supported ventures and € 100 million for environmental, clean energy and innovation projects (in addition to the commitments under the Subscription Agreement). C Working with Enterprise Ireland and the Irish Bankers Federation to develop sectoral expertise in the modern growth sectors of the economy, and with Enterprise Ireland to develop a range of banking services to meet the needs of Irish SMEs trading internationally. D Taking actions, agreed with the Minister, to develop new credit products in areas where cash flow, rather than property or assets, is the basis for business lending. (g) AIB also agreed to co-operate fully with the Minster and the European Commission in connection with the Commission’s assessment of the Group’s restructuring plan under EU State aid rules and to implement fully the final restructuring plan when approved by the NTMA and the Commission. (h) AIB repeated and extended undertakings in the Subscription Agreement relating to matters concerning the remuneration of its directors, senior executives and employees. (i) AIB undertook various obligations in respect of the CNV Shares, relating to the issue of securities, the modification of rights attaching to securities and the transferability of the CNV Shares. (iii) 2011 Placing Agreement, Capital Contribution and Minister’s Letter (a) Pursuant to the terms of the Placing Agreement between the Minister, the NPRFC, the NTMA and AIB, dated 1 July 2011, AIB agreed to issue 500,000,000,000 new Ordinary Shares to the NPRFC at an aggregate subscription price of € 5 billion. On 28 July 2011, the Minister and the NPRFC agreed to make capital contributions of € 2,283,146,860 and € 3,770,970,659 respectively to AIB for no consideration and AIB is not legally obliged to repay the capital contributions. The capital contributions were made in order to enable AIB to meet its regulatory capital requirements. (b) The Company agreed to give certain covenants and undertakings to the Minister, the NTMA and the NPRFC, including in relation to its reserves, dividends, disclosure of information, matters of public interest, use of proceeds and future material transactions, together with additional covenants and undertakings in relation to the availability of credit, the Group’s 415 Additional information restructuring plan, corporate governance and remuneration. In addition, the Company gave certain representations and warranties and indemnities to the Minister, the NTMA and the NPRFC and the liability of the Company in respect of any breach of those representations, warranties and indemnities is unlimited as to time and amount. (c) The continued provision of State funding and support to AIB is dependent on enforcement by AIB of a wide restriction on payment of employment bonuses by the Group, details of which are contained in a letter from the Minister to AIB dated 25 July 2011. The Minister’s Letter contains undertakings in relation to measures to promote the availability of credit, AIB’s restructuring plan, related party transactions, corporate governance and remuneration and fees payable to directors, senior executives, employees and service providers of AIB. (iv) Contingent Capital Note Purchase Agreement (a) Pursuant to the terms of the Note Purchase Agreement between the Minister and AIB, dated 26 July 2011, AIB agreed to issue € 1.6 billion of contingent tier 2 capital notes to the Minister, issued at par with a five year and one day maturity, with an aggregated principal amount of € 1.6 billion. (b) The Contingent Capital Notes will convert mandatorily in their entirety into Ordinary Shares in the event that the core tier 1 capital ratio of AIB falls below 8.25% or (following implementation of the Capital Requirements Directive IV in Ireland), AIB’s common equity tier 1 ratio falls below 8.25% or, if the Central Bank, in its sole discretion, notifies AIB that it has determined that the Group’s financial and solvency condition is deteriorating in such a way that a fall below the ratios described above is likely to occur in the short term and AIB is incapable of restoring the Group’s capital ratio to a level above 8.25% during the following 90 days. The Contingent Capital Notes will also convert immediately and mandatorily into Ordinary Shares in the event that a non-viability event occurs (including in the event of the Group becoming insolvent, bankrupt, unable to pay its debts as they fall due, ceases to carry on its business or fails to meet minimum capital adequacy requirements). (c) Following a conversion event, the Contingent Capital Notes will be immediately converted into a fixed number of Ordinary Shares that is determined by dividing the principal amount of each Contingent Capital Note by the conversion price of € 0.01 per Ordinary Share. The Contingent Capital Notes also include certain anti-dilution adjustments. (d) The Contingent Capital Notes carry a fixed annual mandatory interest rate of 10% of the principal amount. The Minister may, where it remains the holder of 100% of the Contingent Capital Notes, in order to facilitate the sale of the Contingent Capital Notes to third party investors, at any time (but becoming effective only from the date of such sale being completed and settled) increase the interest rate to a new level determined by an independent remarketing agent nominated by the Minister, but not exceeding 18%. per annum. In addition, AIB will provide, at the request of the Minister, sufficient disclosure to allow for the Contingent Capital Notes to be listed and to be sold to third party investors. AIB will have the option, prior to any such sale of the Contingent Capital Notes being completed and settled, to source third party investors at a potentially lower interest rate, but only if it has sourced sufficient investors to purchase an amount equal to the principal amount paid by the Minister for the Contingent Capital Notes on overall better terms. The Minister will have discretion as to whether or not to sell to any such investors. Admission of the Contingent Capital Notes to the Official List of the Irish Stock Exchange and to trading on its Global Exchange Market, an exchange-regulated market, occurred on 27 October 2011. (e) The Contingent Capital Notes constitute direct, unsecured and subordinated obligations of the Group and rank junior to unsubordinated obligations of the Group and pari passu without any preference among themselves and equally with all other dated subordinated obligations of the Group which rank or are expressed to rank equally with the Contingent Capital Notes (if any). The Contingent Capital Notes rank senior to other obligations of the Group that are expressed to rank junior to the Contingent Capital Notes. (v) Relationship Framework In order to comply with contractual commitments imposed on AIB in connection with its recapitalisation by the Irish State and with the requirements of EU State aid applicable in respect of that recapitalisation, a relationship framework was entered into between the Minister and AIB in March 2012. This provides the framework under which the relationship between the Minister and AIB is governed. Under the relationship framework, the authority and responsibility for strategy and commercial policies (including business plans and budgets) and conducting AIB's day-to-day operations rest with the Board of AIB and its management team. However, the Board is required to obtain the prior written consent of the Minister, or to consult with the Minister, in respect of certain material matters, such as material disposals. (vi) EU Restructuring Plan AIB also agreed to submit a restructuring plan to the Minster, including an assessment of AIB’s business model’s viability and details of how AIB intends to repay the State aid provided. This restructuring plan, which was prepared by the Group, has now been submitted to the European Commission by the Government. 416 Reporting currency and exchange rates AIB Group publishes consolidated financial statements in euro (€). In this Annual Financial Report, references to ‘US dollars’, ‘dollars’, ‘US$’, ‘cents’ or ‘¢’ are to United States currency, references to ‘EUR’, ‘euro’, ‘€’ or ‘c’ are to euro currency, references to ‘sterling’ or ‘Stg£’ are to British currency, references to ‘zloty’, ‘PLN’ or ‘zl’ are to Polish currency and references to ‘Yen’ are to Japanese currency. The following table shows, for the periods and dates indicated, certain information regarding the noon buying rate, expressed in US dollars per euro. Year ended 31 December 2009 Year ended 31 December 2010 Year ended 31 December 2011 Year ended 31 December 2012 Year ended 31 December 2013 Period end(1) 1.4332 1.3269 1.2973 1.3186 1.3779 Average rate(2) 1.3936 1.3302 1.3946 1.2921 1.3298 High 1.5100 1.4536 1.4875 1.3463 1.3816 Low 1.2547 1.1959 1.2926 1.2062 1.2774 (1)The noon buying rate at such dates differed from the rates used in the preparation of AIB Group’s consolidated financial statements, which were US$ 1.4406, US$ 1.3362, US$ 1.2939, US$ 1.3194 and US$ x to € 1.00 at 31 December 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. (2)The average rate for each period is the average of the noon buying rates on the last day of each month during that period. On 21 February 2014 the noon buying rate was € 1.00 = US$ 1.3722 The accounting policy in respect of the translation of gains and losses arising in foreign locations is set out on page 215. Details of the exchange rates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are set out in note 58 of this report. 417 Additional information Offer and listing details Trading market for Ordinary shares of AIB 0n 26 January, 2011 AIB ordinary shares commenced trading on the Enterprise Securities Market ("ESM") of the Irish Stock Exchange (“ISE”). This followed a direction to AIB by the Irish High Court on 23 December 2010, under the Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Act 2010, to apply to cancel its listing of ordinary shares on the Main Securities Market of the ISE (‘Irish Main Market Delisting’) and to apply for admission to trading on the ESM of the ISE. The High Court also directed AIB to apply to cancel the admission of its ordinary shares to the Official List maintained by the UK Financial Services Authority and to cancel trading on the main market of the London Stock Exchange (‘UK Delisting’). AIB traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) in the form of American Depositary Shares (“ADS”). Each ADS, which comprised 10 ordinary shares, traded under the symbol “AIB” and was evidenced by an American Depositary Receipt (“ADR”). On 25 August 2011, AIB delisted from the NYSE, from which time AIB’s ADSs were no longer traded on the NYSE. At 31 December 2013, AIB had outstanding 521,296,831,617 ordinary shares of € 0.01 each, of which 35,680,114 were held as Treasury Shares (notes 41 and 42). 500 billion shares were issued at € 0.01 per share. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices of the ordinary shares during the periods indicated, based on mid-market prices at close of business on the Irish Stock Exchange and the high and low sales prices for ADS, as reported on the NYSE composite tape. Year ended 31 December 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Calendar year 2012 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter 2013 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Ordinary shares(1) American Depositary Shares(2) High Low High Low (Euro) (Dollars) 3.37 1.79 0.33 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.15 0.27 0.27 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.09 9.84 4.95 4.48 0.76 0.83 0.41 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – (1)On 26 July 2011, the nominal value of each ordinary share was reduced from € 0.32 to € 0.01 per share. (2)An ADS represented two ordinary shares up to 22 February 2011. On 23 February 2011, AIB changed the ratio whereby one ADS represents ten ordinary shares. Bonus Issue On 13 May 2013, Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (“AIB”) issued and allotted 4,144,055,254 ordinary shares to the National Pensions Reserve Fund Commission (“NPRFC”) by way of bonus issue. This number of shares is equal to the aggregate cash amount of the annual dividend of € 280 million on the NPRFC’s holding of € 3.5 billion 2009 Non-Cumulative Preference Shares, divided by the average price per share in the 30 trading days prior to 13 May 2013. The total number of AIB ordinary shares in issue post this bonus issue is 521,261,151,503*. The Irish State, through the NPRFC, owns 99.8% of the ordinary shares of AIB. *Excludes treasury shares 418 American Depositary Receipts Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (“AIB”) listing of its ordinary shares, in the form of American Depository Shares (“ADS”), was obtained on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) effective 28 November 1990. Each ADS, which comprised two ordinary shares, traded under the symbol “AIB” and was evidenced by an American Depository Receipt (“ADR”). The ADR depositary is The Bank of New York Mellon (‘the Depositary’). On 7 February 2011, AIB announced its intention to change the ratio of one ADS representing two ordinary shares to one ADS representing ten ordinary shares. The effective date of this change was 23 February 2011. On 4 August 2011, AIB announced that its Board of Directors had resolved to delist its ADSs, each representing ten ordinary shares, par value € 0.01 per share, from the NYSE, terminate the deposit agreement governing the ADSs (‘the Deposit Agreement’) with the Depositary and, in due course, terminate the registration of AIB’s securities with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (‘the SEC’) under the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (‘the Exchange Act’), in each case after the completion of the required legal steps. The Board of Directors of AIB made the decision in light of the increase in the Irish Government’s shareholding (through the NPRFC) to 99.8% on 27 July 2011, following the issue of 500,000,000,000 shares at € 0.01 per share, and the savings in costs and administrative efforts that would result from the delisting and any subsequent deregistration under the Exchange Act. AIB filed the related Form 25 with the SEC on 15 August 2011. The delisting became effective at the close of business on 25 August 2011, from which time AIB’s ADSs were no longer traded on the NYSE. On 10 October 2011, AIB terminated the ADS facility by terminating the Deposit Agreement between AIB and the Depositary. In April 2012, the Depositary commenced the sale of the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs on the ESM. Because of the limited liquidity in the ordinary shares on the ESM this disposal process has extended over a significant period and is continuing. While at 31 December 2013, 26,513,561 ADSs were still outstanding, as a result of the ongoing sale process each ADS is now backed by approximately 3.5 ordinary shares and a cash amount which has been accumulated following sales to date completed by the Depositary. On completion of the sale of the remaining ordinary shares underlying the ADSs (approximately 93 million) by the Depositary, the outstanding ADSs will be cancelled, cash will be remitted to the ADS holders and AIB will terminate the registration of its securities. AIB has not arranged for listing and/or registration on another US national securities exchange or for quotation of its securities in a US quotation medium, but expects that its ordinary shares will continue to trade on the ESM of the Irish Stock Exchange. 419 Additional information Taxation This is a summary of the principal tax consequences for Irish resident individual holders and Eligible United States (“US”) Holders, as defined below, of AIB Ordinary Shares or American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) representing such Ordinary Shares, held as capital assets. It also covers Irish Dividend Withholding Tax (“DWT”) in general. It is not a comprehensive analysis of all potential tax consequences and does not cover all categories of investors. Investors are advised to consult their own tax advisors in relation to the tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposal of AIB Ordinary Shares or ADSs, including any foreign, state or local tax law. Underlying this summary is the Double Taxation Convention between Ireland and the US (‘the Tax Treaty’) and the tax laws, judicial decisions, regulations and administrative rulings and practices of Ireland and the US currently in effect, which are subject to change at any time. Irish Dividend Withholding Tax (“DWT”) - General In general, DWT is deducted from dividends paid by Irish resident companies at the standard rate of income tax (currently 20%). Certain classes of shareholders are exempt from DWT provided they return a properly completed declaration (certified as required) to AIB’s Registrar, prior to the relevant dividend payment record date. Potentially-exempt shareholders include Irish resident companies, pension schemes, charities and certain non-resident persons. For a full exemption listing see the Irish Revenue website http://www.revenue.ie/en/tax/dwt/exemptions.html Declaration forms to claim exemption may be obtained either from AIB’s Registrar at: Computershare Investor Services (Ireland) Ltd, Heron House, Corrig Road, Sandyford Industrial Estate, Dublin 18, Ireland. Telephone: +353-1-2475411. Facsimile: +353-1-2163151. Website: http://www.computershare.com or from the Irish Revenue Commissioners at: Dividend Withholding Tax Unit, Collector General’s Division, Government Offices, Nenagh, Co. Tipperary, Ireland. Telephone: +353-67-63400. Facsimile: +353-67-33822. Email: infodwt@revenue.ie Website: http://www.revenue.ie/en/tax/dwt/index.html Taxation of Irish Resident Individual Shareholders: Taxation of Dividends (i) Irish Income Tax and Dividend Withholding Tax Credit Shareholders who are individuals are liable to Irish income tax at their marginal rate on the amount of the dividend before deduction of DWT, and the DWT is available either for offset against the income tax liability, or for repayment, where it exceeds the total income tax liability. Such shareholders will normally also be liable to PRSI contribution (if regarded as ‘self-employed’ or a ‘modified PRSI rate payer’) and to the Universal Social Charge. All shareholders will be liable to PRSI contribution from 1 January 2014. (ii) Back-up Withholding Tax An Irish resident holder of ADSs is subject to US withholding tax at the rate of 15% with respect to dividends paid on ADSs or the proceeds of sale of ADSs. Unless the holder has provided to the withholding agent the applicable completed Form W-8 (‘Certificate of Foreign Status’) the dividends or the proceeds of sale of the ADSs may be subject to US back-up withholding tax which will increase the total withholding tax to 28%. Irish Capital Gains Tax When shares are disposed of a capital gain may result if the sales proceeds less selling costs are greater than the base cost of the shares sold and allowable deductions. Capital gains tax is charged at 33% on chargeable gains arising on disposals. Stamp Duty The Irish stamp duty implications of transactions in shares or ADSs are the same as for Eligible US Holders. See ‘Irish Stamp Duty’ in the ‘Taxation of Eligible US Holders’ section. 420 Taxation of a gift or an inheritance Capital acquisitions tax (“CAT”), comprising gift tax and inheritance tax, is charged in Ireland where the value of the aggregate taxable gifts and inheritances received by an individual on or after 5 December 1991 exceeds the tax free threshold applicable. The tax free threshold applicable is determined by the relationship between the parties. Amounts in excess of the threshold are taxed at 33%. Taxation of Eligible US Holders: An ‘Eligible US Holder’, for the purpose of this discussion, is a beneficial owner of ordinary shares or ADSs who is (a) a resident of the United States for the purposes of US federal income tax, (b) not a resident of Ireland for the purposes of Irish taxes and (c) not engaged in trade or business in Ireland through a permanent establishment, and (d) eligible for benefits under the Tax Treaty. Eligible US Holders of ADSs are treated as the owners, as appropriate, of the underlying ordinary shares for US federal income tax purposes and for the purposes of the Tax Treaty. Irish Tax (i) Irish Income Tax An Eligible US Holder is not liable to Irish income tax on dividends paid by AIB where the recipient is: – a person, other than a company, who is not ordinarily resident in Ireland in a year of assessment; or – a company that is not under the control (direct or indirect) of a person or persons who are Irish resident; or – a company, the principal class of shares of which (or of its 75% parent or of a collection of companies which own 100% of that company) are substantially and regularly traded on a recognised stock exchange. (ii) Irish Dividend Withholding Tax and Related Tax Treaty Provisions Generally an exemption from Irish DWT is available where the Eligible US Holder provides AIB’s Registrar with the relevant declaration, certified as required and, in the case of an individual, is not ordinarily resident in Ireland. For further detail in relation to claims for exemption, see above under Irish Dividend Withholding Tax (“DWT”) – General. Eligible US Holders who have DWT deducted from their dividend may, subject to certain conditions, be entitled to a refund by making an application to the Irish Revenue Commissioners at the address shown above. Where entitlement to repayment under Irish domestic law cannot be established, the provisions of the Tax Treaty may apply. The provisions of the Tax Treaty can limit the Irish tax liability of an Eligible US Holder, who is unable to claim repayment of the full DWT deducted from the dividend, to 15% of the aggregate of the cash dividend and related DWT (the ‘gross amount’). In such circumstances, the Eligible US Holder may claim repayment from the Irish Revenue Commissioners under the provisions of the Tax Treaty of the amount of DWT in excess of 15% of the gross amount of the dividend. (iii) Gains on Sale, Exchange or Other Disposal A gain realised on the sale, exchange or other disposal of the AIB ordinary shares or ADSs by an Eligible US Holder who is not ordinarily resident in Ireland for Irish tax purposes is not subject to Irish capital gains tax. (iv) Irish Stamp Duty In the case of a transfer or sale of AIB ordinary shares, stamp duty will generally be charged at the rate of 1% of the value of the shares. The surrender of ADSs to the Depositary in return for ordinary shares, where the surrender does not relate to a sale or contemplated sale or mortgage of such AIB ordinary shares, will generally not be chargeable to the 1% stamp duty. Where there is a surrender of the ADSs to the Depositary in return for ordinary shares which is done as a conveyance on sale or in contemplation of sale, then stamp duty is payable at the rate of 1% of the value of the shares. (v) Taxation of a gift or an inheritance Capital acquisitions tax (“CAT”), comprising gift tax and inheritance tax, applies to gifts and bequests of Irish situate assets. CAT may also apply to non-Irish situate assets depending on the tax residence, ordinary residence and domicile positions of the donor and the successor or donee. As such, CAT applies to gifts and bequests of AIB ordinary shares. It is not entirely clear whether ADSs representing ordinary shares are regarded as non-Irish situate assets. As such, CAT may also apply to gifts and bequests of ADSs representing ordinary shares regardless of the residence, ordinary residence or domicile of the donor and successor or donee. For further details of CAT see ‘Taxation of Irish Shareholders - Taxation of a Gift or an Inheritance’. US Tax (i) US Federal Income Taxation An Eligible US Holder is subject to US Federal income taxation on the gross amount of any dividend paid by AIB out of AIB’s current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for US federal income tax purposes). Dividends received by individuals that constitute qualified dividend income, are taxed at a maximum federal tax rate of 20%, subject to certain holding requirements. Holders of Ordinary Shares or ADSs must have held their shares for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date. 421 Additional information Dividends paid by AIB with respect to ordinary shares or ADSs will be qualified dividend income for US tax purposes if AIB was not in the year prior to the year in which the dividend was paid, and is not, in the year in which the dividend was paid, a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”). Based on our current and projected financial data, we believe AIB should not be treated as a PFIC for US federal income tax purposes with respect to tax years 2012 and 2013 and we do not anticipate that AIB would be treated as a PFIC for the 2014 year. Dividends paid by AIB to US corporate stockholders with respect to ordinary shares and ADSs, will not qualify for the dividend received deduction otherwise generally allowed to such stockholders. The amount of the dividend to be included in income will be the US dollar value of the euro payment made, determined at the spot US dollar/euro exchange rate on the date of actual or constructive receipt by the Eligible US Holder in the case of ordinary shares, or by the Depositary in the case of ADSs, regardless of whether the payment is actually converted into US dollars. Any gain or loss recognised by an Eligible US Holder on the sale or disposal of euros as a result of currency exchange fluctuations during the period from the date the dividend payment is includable in income to the date the payment is converted into US Dollars will be treated as ordinary income or loss and will not be eligible for the special tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income. Distributions in excess of current or accumulated earnings and profits would be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the Eligible US Holder’s basis in his AIB ordinary shares or ADSs and would reduce the US Holder’s basis in his AIB ordinary shares or ADSs. Any remaining excess would be treated for US federal tax purposes as capital gains, provided the AIB ordinary shares or ADSs are capital assets in the hands of such Eligible US Holder. Subject to various limitations, Eligible US Holders who have Irish DWT applied to their dividend may be entitled to a credit against their US federal income tax liability. Under US tax law, the limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to separate classes of income. Dividends paid by AIB are foreign source “passive category income” or “general category income” depending on the holder’s circumstances. In either case, foreign tax credits allowable with respect to each category of income cannot exceed the US federal income tax otherwise payable with respect to such category of income. No foreign tax credit is allowed to the extent a refund of DWT is available to the Eligible US Holder. (ii) US Withholding Tax A holder of ADSs may, under certain circumstances, be subject to US backup withholding tax with respect to dividends paid on ADSs or the proceeds of sale of ADSs. A US holder of ADSs is subject to backup withholding tax unless such holder: (i) is a corporation or comes within the certain other exempt categories and, when required, certifies this fact; or (ii) provides a correct tax- payer identification number (“TIN”), certifies that such holder is not subject to backup withholding tax and otherwise complies with applicable requirements of the backup withholding tax rules. Subject to certain limitations, amounts withheld under the US backup withholding tax rules may be creditable against the holder’s US federal income tax liability. (iii) US State and local taxes State and local taxes may apply to distributions received by holders of AIB ordinary shares or ADSs. (iv) Gains on sale, exchange or other disposal Upon the sale, exchange or other disposal of AIB ordinary shares or ADSs, a US Holder will recognise a gain or loss, if any, equal to the difference between the amount realised upon the sale, exchange, or disposal and the US Holder’s tax basis. Generally, a holder’s tax basis in AIB ordinary shares or ADSs will be the US Holder’s cost. Such gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss. Capital gains recognised by non-corporate US Holders on shares held longer than one year, are taxed at a maximum rate of 20%. Any gain will generally be treated as income from sources within the US for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. Effective 10 October 2011, AIB terminated its ADR facility. A US Holder of ADSs could surrender their ADSs and receive underlying AIB ordinary shares. A US Holder does not recognise gain or loss on the surrender of ADSs and receipt of AIB ordinary shares. The US Holder’s tax basis in the ordinary shares received is equal to the tax basis in the ADSs surrendered. A US Holder that does not surrender their ADSs ultimately will receive proceeds in connection with the termination and, at that point, under current law, would be treated as having sold their shares, recognising gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realised and the US Holder’s tax basis. As discussed above such gain or loss would generally be capital gain or loss. (v) Taxation of a gift or an inheritance The 1951 estate tax convention between Ireland and the US is accepted by both countries’ revenue authorities as applying to Irish inheritance tax, but not gift tax. Under this convention and US tax law any such inheritance tax payable in Ireland generally will be allowed as a credit, subject to certain limitations, against so much of the US federal estate tax as is payable on the same property. Transfers of AIB ordinary shares or ADSs upon death may be subject to US federal estate tax subject to certain threshold exemptions. US federal gift tax may apply to gifts of AIB ordinary shares or ADSs subject to certain thresholds and exemptions. No credit is allowable against Federal gift tax for Irish gift tax paid on the same property. 422 Exchange controls Under Article 63 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, all restrictions on the movements of capital between member states of the European Union and between such member states and third countries are prohibited. Under Article 66 of the Treaty where, in exceptional circumstances, movements of capital to or from third countries cause, or threaten to cause, serious difficulties for the operation of economic and monetary union, the Council of the European Union, on a proposal from the European Commission, and after consulting the European Central Bank, may take safeguard measures with regard to third countries for a period not exceeding six months if such measures are strictly necessary. Under Article 75 of the Treaty, where is necessary to prevent and combat terrorism and related activities, the European Parliament and the Council, acting by means of regulations are to define a framework for administrative measures with regard to capital movements and payments, such as the freezing of funds, financial assets or economic gains belonging to, or owned or held by, natural or legal persons, groups or non-State entities. There are no restrictions under AIB’s Articles of Association or under Irish law, as currently in force, that limit the right of non-resident or foreign owners, as such, to hold securities of AIB freely or, when entitled, to vote such securities freely. There are currently no restrictions under Irish law, decrees, or regulations affecting the remittance of dividends or other payments to non-resident holders of AIB securities except in respect of United Nations and/or European Union sanctions. 423 Additional information Employees At year end December 2013, AIB Group had 11,431(1) full time equivalent staff in payment (end of month staff in payment full time equivalent, excluding career breaks and other unpaid long-term leaves) on a worldwide basis, mainly in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Great Britain and United States of America. AIB Group offers a wide range of employee relations programmes in each of the areas in which it operates. In 2013, AIB, and the Irish Bank Officials' Association ("IBOA") which is the principal recognised trade union for bank employees, reaffirmed their commitment to agreed principles underpinning a positive and constructive approach to employee and industrial relations. The AIB Code of Conduct, sets out the standards of conduct and behaviour required from staff and is supported by a number of detailed policies which are subject to regular review. AIB encourages its staff to raise any concerns of wrongdoing through a number of channels, both internal and external. One such channel, the AIB Speak-Up policy, includes a confidential external helpline. Staff are assured that if they raise a concern in good faith, AIB will not tolerate any victimisation or unfair treatment of the staff member as a result. AIB’s remuneration levels in 2013 continued to be closely managed in line with the Group’s financial performance. There were no general salary increases awarded. Out of course salary increases were managed within tight budgetary parameters, the increases being primarily restricted to retaining key staff and skills or to instances where staff stepped up to expanded roles in light of restructuring or staff departures under the voluntary severance programme. Under the terms of the Pay and Benefits Review, introduced in 2012, reductions of up to 7.5% in salaries and benefits, relative to market benchmarks, were applied to managers with effect from 1 January 2013. The salaries of senior executives within the Group were managed by the Remuneration Committee in accordance with the obligations of the Subscription and Placing Agreements. There were no bonuses schemes or share incentive schemes in operation. The average number of employees by new operating segment for 2013 and by market segment for 2012 and 2011 (excluding employees on career breaks, long term absences or any other unpaid leaves) are described in the table below. See also note 56 to the consolidated financial statements. Employee numbers as at 31 December 2013, for Ark Life total 146. This subsidiary was acquired in March 2013, and is held for sale as a discontinued operation (note 21). The employee numbers above, do not include Ark Life employees. Continuing operations DCB AIB UK FSG Group(2) Total 2013 6,085 1,490 1,512 3,561 12,648(1) Continuing operations PBB CICB AIB UK EBS(3) Group(2) Discontinued operations BZWBK(5)(6) 2012 2011 6,285 1,620(4) 2,234 604 3,965 6,017 1,752 2,282 288 3,943 14,708 14,282 – 14,708 2,434 16,716 (1)The 12 month average of 12,648 employees is lower than the average figure for December 2012 of 14,708 due to the high level of voluntary severance and early retirements in the period. Actual FTEs fell to the 31 December 2013 level of 11,431 from 13,429 at 31 December 2012, also reflecting the high level of voluntary severance and early retirements in the period. (2)The figures for Group include the following centralised functions: Chief Financial Office; Chief Risk Office; Corporate Affairs and Strategy; Office of the Group General Counsel, Human Resources, Chief Operating Office and Office of Group Internal Audit. (3) EBS was acquired on 1 July 2011, accordingly, staff numbers have been time apportioned in 2011. (4)AIB Investment Managers was disposed of on 1 June 2012, data has been included for January to May 2012. (5)Central and Eastern Europe division ceased operations in 2010, following the classification of BZWBK and BACB as a discontinued operation during the year. (6)BZWBK includes all staff in BZWBK and its subsidiaries, excluding assignees from AIB. 424 Description of property As of 31st December 2013, AIB operated from an estate of 261 branches/outlets, and 22 office locations. These are held principally in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Great Britain, Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands. The estate is held under a combination of freehold/long leasehold and short lease tenures. AIB also holds a large number of ATM locations under lease and licence agreements. Over the course of 2013, AIB undertook another significant branch consolidation programme. This resulted in the closure of a further 17 branches and sub offices in the Republic of Ireland. This brings to 63 the total number of properties closed since January 2012. These properties, depending on tenure, will be sold or surrendered back to landlords over the course of the year. AIB is headquartered at Bankcentre, Ballsbridge Dublin 4. This is a large campus style complex of interlinked office buildings on a site of approximately 14 acres. The complex houses most of AIB’s support functions, in addition to car parking, meeting and staff welfare facilities. AIB holds this site under a number of separate lease arrangements. As part of a major Head Office Consolidation Programme, AIB exited leases at a number of key locations around Dublin City. Included in this programme were offices at AIB International Centre in the IFSC, No.85 Pembroke Road, Hume House and the Sweepstakes Centre. Ashford House and Stack B, Trade were also exited in the latter part of the year, with property negotiations ongoing. The Consolidation Programme will continue over 2014 to reduce the Bank’s occupancy costs across the Estate and maximise the potential of the remaining portfolio. In addition, AIB has a number of other head office properties in principal towns nationwide including Dublin, Naas, Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Galway. The AIB estate in the Channel Islands was also reviewed over the course of 2013 with a number of key transactions taking place. AIB approved the sub-letting of the Esplanade Building in St. Helier, Jersey as well as placing the residence at Sunnyholm on the market for sale. Negotiations were also successfully completed to exit Finch Road and the Jubilee Buildings, in Douglas, Isle of Man. In Northern Ireland, AIB’s First Trust Bank is headquartered at First Trust Centre, 92 Ann Street, Belfast and has a branch network comprising 32 locations. There were 10 branch closures over the course of 2013 with 8 property disposals completed. There are another 5 properties on the market for sale which will continue into 2014. AIB’s UK headquarters is located at Tenterden Street, West End London which is held under lease. In addition, AIB GB has a further 10 leasehold properties in and around London and the South East as well as 12 leasehold and one freehold location nationwide. A further 5 closed premises are held under management. 2013 saw the surrender of 5 closed premises over the course of the year. EBS is largely accommodated across the AIB Bankcentre campus. The former EBS headquarters, at 2 Burlington Road, Dublin 4, is now an integrated part of the AIB head office estate. This is a modern 80,000 square foot facility held under lease. The branch estate comprises 62 outlets which are leased or owned by EBS with a further 24 locations held by tied agents and franchises. Other shareholder information 1. Internet-based Shareholder Services Ordinary Shareholders with access to the internet may: register for electronic communications on the following link, www.computershare.com/register/ie; – – check their shareholdings on the Company’s Share Register; – – check past dividend payment details; update your information online on the following link: www.investorcentre.com/ie/changeaddress; and – download standard forms required to initiate changes in details held by the Registrar, by accessing AIB’s website at www.aibgroup.com, clicking on the Investor Relations, Shareholder Information and Personal Shareholder Details option, and following the on-screen instructions. When prompted, the Shareholder Reference Number (shown on the shareholder’s share certificate, dividend counterfoil and personalised circulars) should be entered. These services may also be accessed via the Registrar’s website at www.computershare.com. Shareholders may also use AIB’s website to access the Company’s Annual Financial Report. 2. Stock Exchange Listings Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. is an Irish-registered company. Its ordinary shares are traded on the Enterprise Securities Market (“ESM”) of the Irish Stock Exchange. 425 Additional information 3. Registrar The Company’s Registrar is: Computershare Investor Services (Ireland) Ltd., Heron House, Corrig Road, Sandyford Industrial Estate, Dublin 18. Telephone: +353-1-247 5411. Facsimile: +353-1-216 3151. Website: www.computershare.com or www.investorcentre.com/ie/contactus 4. Shareholding analysis The National Pensions Reserve Fund Commission hold 520,381,418,976 ordinary shares of € 0.01 each in the share capital of Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c.. Financial calendar Annual General Meeting: 19 June 2014, at the Company’s Head office at Bankcentre, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Interim results The unaudited Half-Yearly Financial Report 2014 will be announced towards the end of July/early August 2014 and will be available on the Company’s website – www.aibgroup.com. Shareholder’s enquires regarding Ordinary Shares should be addressed to: Computershare Investor Services (Ireland) Ltd., Heron House, Corrig Road, Sandyford Industrial Estate, Dublin 18, Ireland. Telephone: +353 1 247 5411 Facsimile: +353 1 216 3151 Website: www.computershare.com or www.investorcentre.com/ie/contactus or www.aibgroup.com 426  Glossary of terms ABS Asset backed securities are securities that represent an interest in an underlying pool of referenced assets. They are typically structured in tranches of differing credit qualities. Some common types of asset backed securities are those backed by credit card receivables, home equity loans and car loans. Within this report, ABS which are backed by an underlying pool of residential mortgage loans are referred to as “RMBS” – see below. Arrears Arrears relates to any interest or principal on a loan which was due for payment, but where payment has not been received. Customers are said to be in arrears when they are behind in fulfilling their obligations with the result that an outstanding loan is unpaid or overdue. Banking book A regulatory classification to support the regulatory capital treatment that applies to all exposures which are not in the trading book. Banking book positions tend to be structural in nature and, typically, arise as a consequence of the size and composition of a Bank's balance sheet. Examples include the need to manage the interest rate risk on fixed rate mortgages or rate insensitive current account balances. The Banking Book portfolio will also include all transactions/positions which are accounted for on an interest accruals basis or, in the case of financial instruments, on an available for sale or hold to maturity basis (e.g. AFS Securities portfolios). Basis point One hundredth of a per cent (0.01%), so 100 basis points is 1%. Used in quoting movements in interest rates or yields on securities. Basis risk A type of market risk that refers to the possibility that the change in the price of an instrument (e.g. asset, liability, derivative, etc) may not match the change in price of the associated hedge, resulting in losses arising in the Group's portfolio of financial instruments. Buy- to- let A residential mortgage loan approved for the purpose of purchasing a residential investment property to rent out. CBOs/CDOs A collateralised bond obligation (“CBO”)/collateralised debt obligation (“CDO”) is an investment vehicle (generally an SPE) which allows third party investors to make debt and/or equity investments in a vehicle containing a portfolio of loans and bonds with certain common features. In the case of synthetic CBOs/CDOs, the risk is backed by credit derivatives instead of the sale of assets (cash CBOs/CDOs). CET 1 ratio Common equity tier 1 – A measurement of a bank’s core equity capital compared with its total risk-weighted assets. Collectively Impairment assessment on a collective basis for portfolios of loans that are not considered individually significant for specific assessed impairment provisioning. In addition, portfolios of performing loans are assessed on a collective basis to estimate the amount of losses incurred, but which have yet to be individually identified (IBNR provisions). Commercial Commercial paper is similar to a deposit and is a relatively low-risk, short-term, unsecured promissory note traded on money paper markets issued by companies or other entities to finance their short-term expenses. In the USA, commercial paper matures within 270 days maximum, while in Europe, it may have a maturity period of up to 365 days; although maturity is commonly 30 days in the USA and 90 days in Europe. Commercial Commercial property lending focuses primarily on the following property segments: property a) Apartment complexes; b) Develop to sell; c) Office projects; d) Retail projects; e) Hotels; and f) Selective mixed-use projects and special purpose properties. Concentration Concentration risk is the risk of loss from lack of diversification, investing too heavily in one industry, one geographic area or one risk type of security. Contractual The period when a scheduled payment is due and payable in accordance with the terms of a financial instrument. maturity Core tier 1 capital Called-up share capital, share premium and eligible reserves plus equity non-controlling interests, less goodwill, intangible assets and supervisory deductions as specified by the Central Bank of Ireland. CRD Capital requirements directives (‘CRD’): Capital adequacy legislation implemented by the European Union and adopted by member states. They are designed to ensure the financial soundness of credit institutions and certain investment firms. Credit default An agreement between two parties whereby one party pays the other a fixed coupon over a specified term. The other party makes swaps no payment unless a specified credit event, such as a default, occurs, at which time a payment is made and the swap terminates. Credit default swaps are typically used by the purchaser to provide credit protection in the event of default by a counterparty. Credit derivatives Financial instruments where credit risk connected with loans, bonds or other risk-weighted assets or market risk positions is transferred to counterparties providing credit protection. The credit risk might be the exposure inherent in a financial asset such as a loan or might be generic credit risk such as the bankruptcy risk of an entity. 427  Glossary of terms Credit risk The risk that one party to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss to the other party by failing to discharge an obligation. Credit risk mitigation Credit risk spread Techniques by lenders used to reduce the credit risk associated with an exposure by the application of credit risk mitigants. Examples include: collateral; guarantee; and credit protection. Credit spread can be defined as the difference in yield between a given security and a comparable benchmark government security, or the difference in value of two securities with comparable maturity and yield but different credit qualities. It gives an indication of the issuer’s or borrower’s credit quality. Criticised loans Loans requiring additional management attention over and above that normally required for the loan type. Customer accounts A liability of the Group where the counterparty to the financial contract is typically a personal customer, a corporation (other than a financial institution) or the government. This caption includes various types of deposits and credit current accounts, all of which are unsecured. Debt This is the process whereby customers in arrears, facing cash flow or financial distress, renegotiate the terms of their loan restructuring agreements in order to improve the likelihood of repayment. Restructuring may involve altering the terms of a loan agreement including a partial write down of the balance. In certain circumstances, the loan balance may be swapped for equity in the counterparty. Debt securities Assets on the Group’s balance sheet representing certificates of indebtedness of credit institutions, public bodies and other undertakings. Debt securities Liabilities of the Group which are represented by transferable certificates of indebtedness of the Group to the bearer of the in issue certificates. Default When a customer breaches a term and/or condition of a loan agreement, a loan is deemed to be in default for case management purposes. Depending on the materiality of the default, if left unmanaged it can lead to loan impairment. Default is also used in Basel II context when a loan is either 91+ days past due or impaired, and may require additional capital to be set aside. Economic capital The amount of capital which the Group needs to protect against extreme losses from a material risk it is running (e.g. credit risk, market risk). It is based on internally developed calculation methodologies and estimates, as opposed to regulatory capital, which uses a methodology determined by the Basel Accord and imposed by the Regulator. Eurozone The eurozone consists of the following eighteen European Union countries that have adopted the euro as their common currency: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. In addition, Bulgaria and Romania became members of the eurozone on 1 January 2014. Exposure at Exposure at default (“EAD”) is the expected or actual amount of exposure to the borrower at the time of default. Default First/second Where a property or other security is taken as collateral for a loan, first lien holders are paid before all other claims on the property. lien Second lien holders are subordinate to the rights of first lien holders to a property security. Forbearance Forbearance is the term that is used when repayment terms of a loan contract have been renegotiated in order to make repayment terms more manageable for borrowers. Forbearance techniques have the common characteristic of rescheduling principal or interest repayments, rather than reducing them. Standard forbearance techniques employed by the Group include: - interest only; a reduction in the payment amount; a temporary deferral of payment (a moratorium); extending the term of the mortgage; and capitalising arrears amounts and related interest. Sub-headings under forbearance include: Split mortgages A split mortgage is one of the forbearance solutions that may be offered to customers in arrears whose mortgages are unsustainable. The loan is split in to two parts, a sustainable element and an unsustainable element which are subject to separate repayment schedules. Negative equity trade down A forbearance solution which allows a customer to sell their residential property and subsequently purchase a new property and transfer the negative equity portion to a new loan secured on the new property. Voluntary sale for loss A forbearance solution which may be offered to residential mortgage customers in financial difficulty. This operates on a voluntary basis whereby the customer agrees to sell the mortgage property and repay any residual debt outstanding. 428  Glossary of terms Funded/ unfunded exposures Funded: Loans, advances and debt securities where funds have been given to a debtor with an obligation to repay at some future date and on specific terms. Unfunded: Unfunded exposures are those where funds have not yet been advanced to a debtor, but where a commitment exists to do so at a future date or event. Guarantee An undertaking by the Group/other party to pay a creditor should a debtor fail to do so. Home loan A loan secured by a mortgage on the primary residence or second home of a borrower. ICAAP Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (“ICAAP”): The Group’s own assessment, through an examination of its risk profile from regulatory and economic capital perspectives, of the levels of capital that it needs to hold. Impaired loans Loans are typically reported as impaired when interest thereon is 91 days or more past due or where a provision exists in anticipation of loss, except: (i) where there is sufficient evidence that repayment in full, including all interest up to the time of repayment (including costs) will be made within a reasonable and identifiable time period, either from realisation of security, refinancing commitment or other sources;or (ii) where there is independent evidence that the balance due, including interest, is adequately secured. Upon impairment the accrual of interest income based on the original terms of the claim is discontinued but the increase of the present value of impaired claims due to the passage of time is reported as interest income. IRBA The Internal Ratings Based Approach (“IRBA”) allows banks, subject to regulatory approval, to use their own estimates of certain risk components to derive regulatory capital requirements for credit risk across different asset classes. The relevant risk components are: Probability of Default (“PD”); Loss Given Default (“LGD”); and Exposure at Default (“EAD”). ISDA Master Agreements Standardised contracts, developed by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”), used as an umbrella under which bilateral derivatives contracts are entered into. LCR Liquidity Coverage Ratio: The ratio of the stock of high quality liquid assets to expected net cash outflows over the next 30 days under a stress scenario. CRD IV requires that this ratio exceed 60% on 1st January 2015 and 100% on 1st January 2018. Leveraged lending Leverage ratio Leveraged lending involves lending to entities by leveraging off their equity structures having considered the cash generating capacity of the business and its capacity to repay any associated debt. Leveraging structures are typically used in management and private equity buy-outs, mergers and acquisitions. Leverage lending typically is to non-investment grade borrowers and carries commensurate rates of return. To prevent an excessive build-up of leverage on institutions’ balance sheets, Basel III introduces a non risk- based leverage ratio to supplement the risk-based capital framework of Basel II. It is defined as the ratio of tier 1 capital to total exposures. Total exposures include on-balance sheet items, off-balance sheet items and derivatives, and should generally follow the accounting measure of exposure. LGD Loss Given Default (“LGD”) is the expected or actual loss in the event of default, expressed as a percentage of ‘exposure at default’. Liquidity risk The risk that Group does not have sufficient financial resources to meet its obligations as they fall due, or will have to do so at an excessive cost. This risk arises from mismatches in the timing of cash flows. Loans past due When a borrower fails to make a contractually due payment, a loan is deemed to be past due. ‘Past due days’ is a term used to describe the cumulative number of days that a missed payment is overdue. Past due days commence from the close of business on the day on which a payment is due but not received. In the case of overdrafts, past due days are counted once a borrower: – has breached an advised limit; – has been advised of a limit lower than the then current amount outstanding; or – has drawn credit without authorisation. When a borrower is past due, the entire exposure is reported as past due, rather than the amount of any excess or arrears. Loan to deposit This is the ratio of loans and receivables to customers as presented in the statement of financial position compared to customer ratio accounts. Loan workout Loan workout is the process whereby once an advance is deemed to be criticised (i.e. ‘Watch’, ‘Vulnerable’ or ‘Impaired’), the Group monitors and reviews the advance regularly with the objective of working with the customer to resolve their financial difficulties, which may include restructuring, in order to maximise the level of recovery by the Group. LTV Loan to value (“LTV) is an arithmetic calculation that expresses the amount of the loan as a percentage of the value of security/collateral. A high LTV indicates that there is less of a cushion to protect the lender against collateral price falls or increases in the loan carrying amount if repayments are not made and interest is capitalised onto the outstanding loan balance. 429  Glossary of terms MCEV Market consistent embedded value (“MCEV") of a life insurance company represents the shareholders' interests in the earnings distributable from assets allocated to the covered business after sufficient allowance for the aggregate risks in the covered business has been made. Medium term Medium term notes (“MTNs”) are notes issued by the Group across a range of maturities under European Medium Term Note notes NAMA Programme. National Asset Management Agency (“NAMA”) was established in 2009 as one of a number of initiatives taken by the Irish Government to address the serious problems which arose in Ireland’s banking sector as the result of excessive property lending. Net interest The amount of interest received or receivable on assets net of interest paid or payable on liabilities. income Net interest margin NIM Net interest margin (“NIM”) is a measure of the difference between the interest income generated on average interest earning financial assets (lendings) and the amount of interest paid on average interest bearing financial liabilities (borrowings) relative to the amount of interest-earning assets. Net interest margin (NIM) is a measure of the difference between the interest income generated on financial assets (lendings) and the amount of interest paid on financial liabilities (borrowings) relative to the amount of interest-earning assets. NSFR Net Stable Funding Ratio: The ratio of available stable funding to required stable funding over a 1 year time horizon. Optionality A type of market risk associated with option features that are embedded within assets or liabilities on the Group's balance sheet. risk The embedded option features can significantly change the cash flows (and/or redemption) of the contract and can, therefore, effect its duration, yield and pricing. Examples include bonds with early call provisions or prepayment risk on a mortgage portfolio. Where these risks are left unhedged, it can result in losses arising in the Group's portfolio. OUBBs Own-use bank bonds (“OUBBs”): Banks issue government-guaranteed bonds to themselves and use these bonds as collateral to procure funding from the European Central Bank. PCA Principal components analysis (“PCA”) is a tool used to analyse the behaviour of correlated random variables. It is especially useful in explaining the behaviour of yield curves. Principal components are linear combinations of the original random variables, chosen so that they explain the behaviour of the original random variables, and so that they are independent of each other. Principal components can, therefore, be thought of as just unobservable random variables. For yield curve analysis, it is usual to perform PCA on arithmetic or logarithmic changes in interest rates. Often the data is “de-meaned”; adjusted by subtracting the mean to produce a series of zero mean random variables. When PCA is applied to yield curves, it is usually the case that the majority (> 95%) of yield curve movements can be explained using just three principal components (i.e. a parallel change, a rotation and a change of the curvature ). PCA is a very useful tool in reducing the dimensionality of a yield curve analysis problem and, in particular, in projecting stressed rate scenarios. PD Probability of Default (“PD”) is the likelihood that a borrower will default on an obligation to repay. Prime loan A loan in which both the criteria used to grant the loan (loan-to-value, debt-to-income, etc.) and to assess the borrower’s history (no past due reimbursements of loans, no bankruptcy, etc.) are sufficiently conservative to rank the loan as high quality and low-risk. Re-pricing risk Re-pricing risk is a form of interest rate risk (i.e. a type of market risk) that occurs when asset and liability positions are mismatched in terms of re-pricing (as opposed to final contractual) maturity. Where these interest rate gaps are left unhedged, it can result in losses arising in the Group’s portfolio of financial instruments. Repo ing RWAs Repurchase Agreement (“Repo”) is a short-term funding agreement that allows a borrower to create a collateralised loan by selling a financial asset to a lender. As part of the agreement, the borrower commits to repurchase the security at a date in the future repay- the proceeds of the loan. For the counterparty to the transaction it is termed a reverse repurchase agreement or a reverse repo. Risk weighted assets (“RWAs”) are a measure of assets (including off-balance sheet items converted into asset equivalents e.g. credit lines) which are weighted in accordance with prescribed rules and formulas as defined in the Basel Accord to reflect the risks inherent in those assets. RMBS Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) are debt obligations that represent claims to the cash flows from pools of mortgage loans, most commonly on residential property. Securitisation Securitisation is the process of aggregation and repackaging of non-tradable financial instruments such as loans and receivables, or company cash flow into securities that can be issued and traded in the capital markets. SME Small and medium enterprises SPE/SPV Special purpose entity (“SPE”) is a legal entity which can be a limited company or a limited partnership created to fulfil narrow or specific objectives. A company will transfer assets to the SPE for management or use by the SPE to finance a large project thereby achieving a narrow set of goals without putting the entire firm at risk. This term is used interchangeably with SPV (special purpose vehicle). 430  Glossary of terms Structured securities This involves non-standard lending arrangements through the structuring of assets or debt issues in accordance with customer and/or market requirements. The requirements may be concerned with funding, liquidity, risk transfer or other needs that cannot be met by an existing off the shelf product or instrument. To meet this requirement, existing products and techniques must be engineered into a tailor-made product or process. Sub-prime Extension of credit to borrowers who, at the time of the loans’ origination, exhibit characteristics indicating a significantly higher risk of default than traditional bank lending customers. Tier 1 capital A measure of a bank’s financial strength defined by the Basel Accord. It captures core tier 1 capital plus other tier 1 securities in issue, but is subject to deductions relating to the excess of expected loss on the IRBA portfolios over the IFRS provision on the IRBA portfolios, securitisation positions and material holdings in financial companies. Tier 2 capital Broadly includes qualifying subordinated debt and other tier 2 securities in issue, eligible collective impairment provisions, unrealised available for sale equity gains and revaluation reserves. It is subject to deductions relating to the excess of expected loss on the IRBA portfolios over the accounting impairment provisions on the IRBA portfolios, securitisation positions and material holdings in financial companies. Tracker mortgage A mortgage with a variable interest rate which tracks the European Central Bank (“ECB”) rate, at an agreed margin above the ECB rate and will increase or decrease within five days of an ECB rate movement. VaR The Group’s core risk measurement methodology is based on an historical simulation application of the industry standard Value at Risk (“VaR”) technique. The methodology incorporates the portfolio diversification effect within each standard risk factor (interest rate, credit spread, foreign exchange, equity, as applicable). The resulting VaR figures, calculated at the close of business each day, are an estimate of the probable maximum loss in fair value over a one day holding period that would arise from an adverse movement in market rates. This VaR metric is derived from an observation of historical prices over a period of one year and assessed at a 95% statistical confidence level (i.e. the VaR metric may be exceeded at least 5% of the time). Vulnerable loans Loans where repayment is in jeopardy from normal cash flow and may be dependent on other sources for repayment. Watch loan Loans exhibiting weakness but with the expectation that existing debt can be fully repaid from normal cash flow. Yield curve risk A type of market risk that refers to the possibility that an interest rate yield curve changes its shape unexpectedly (e.g. flattening, steepening, non-parallel shift), resulting in losses arising in the Group's portfolio of interest rate instruments. 431 USA AIB Corporate Banking North America 1166 Avenue of the Americas, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10036. Telephone: + 1 212 339 8000 Facsimile: + 1 212 515 6710 AIB Customer Treasury Services 1166 Avenue of the Americas, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10036. Telephone: + 1 212 339 8000 Facsimile: + 1 212 339 8006 AIB Commercial Finance Limited AIB Bankcentre, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 667 0233 Facsimile: + 353 1 667 0250 AIB Corporate Banking Britain St Helen’s, 1 Undershaft, London EC3A 8AB. Telephone: + 44 207 090 7130 Facsimile: + 44 207 090 7100 EBS Limited The EBS Building, 2 Burlington Road, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 665 9000 Facsimile: + 353 1 874 7416 AIB Financial Solutions Group Bankcentre, PO Box 452, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 660 0311 AIB Arrears Support Unit Bankcentre, PO Box 452, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 660 0311 AIB Third Party Servicing Bankcentre, PO Box 452, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 660 0311 Principal addresses Ireland & Britain Group Headquarters Bankcentre, PO Box 452, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 660 0311 Website: http://www.aibgroup.com AIB Bank - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking Bankcentre, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 660 0311 Facsimile: + 353 1 660 3063 First Trust Bank First Trust Centre, 92 Ann Street, Belfast BT1 3HH. Telephone: + 44 28 9032 5599 From RoI: 048 9032 5599 Allied Irish Bank (GB) 4 Tenterden Street, Off Hanover Square, London W1S 1TE. Telephone: + 44 20 7647 3300 Facsimile: + 44 20 7629 2376 AIB Corporate Banking AIB Bankcentre, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 660 0311 Facsimile: + 353 1 660 4018 AIB Finance and Leasing AIB Bankcentre, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 660 0311 Facsimile: + 353 1 641 6529 AIB Customer Treasury Services AIB Bankcentre, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 660 0311 Facsimile: + 353 1 641 2201 AIB Business Banking AIB Bankcentre, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Telephone: + 353 1 660 0311 Facsimile: + 353 1 7721221 All numbers are listed with international codes. To dial a location from within the same jurisdiction, drop the country code after the + sign and place a 0 before the area code. This does not apply to calls to First Trust from Ireland (Republic). 432 Index A Accounting policies Administrative expenses Annual General Meeting Allied Irish Banks, p.l.c. (Parent company) financial statements and notes Approval of financial statements Associated undertakings Audit Committee Auditor’s fees Average balance sheets and interest rates Aviva Life Holdings Ireland Limited B Board Committees Board and Executive Officers Businesses of AIB Group C Capital adequacy information Capital management Capital reserves Capital redemption reserves Chairman’s statement Chief Executive’s review Commitments Company secretary Contingent liabilities and commitments Contributions from the Minister for Finance and the NPRFC Corporate Governance Statement Corporate Social Responsibility Credit ratings Credit risk Critical accounting policies Currency information Customer accounts D Debt securities in issue Deferred taxation Deposits by central banks and banks Derivative financial instruments Directors Directors’ interests Directors’ remuneration Discontinued operations Disposal groups and non-current assets held for sale Disposal of businesses Distributions on equity shares 209 252 426 356 355 285 192 263 350 266 192 184 16 49 47 301 301 4 6 347 190 306 301 189 9 127 71 50 417 294 294 290 293 273 184 334 331 266 271 262 271 Dividend income Dividends 249 355 E Earnings per share Employees Exchange controls Exchange rates 269 348 and 424 423 417 F Fair value of financial instruments Finance leases and hire purchase contracts Financial and other information Financial assets and financial liabilities by contractual residual maturity 315 279 349 161 426 Financial calendar Financial investments available for sale 150 and 282 Financial liabilities by undiscounted contractual maturity Financial review Foreign exchange risk Forward looking information G Gain on redemption/remeasurement of subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Glossary Going concern Group Internal Audit I Income statement Independent auditor’s report Intangible assets and goodwill Interest income Interest expense Interest rate risk (non-trading) Interest rate sensitivity Internal controls Investments in Group undertakings Irish Government 162 15 166 2 250 427 211 69 236 404 288 249 249 164 324 198 375 341 L Liquidity risk Loans and receivables to banks Loans and receivables to customers Loss on disposal/transfer of loans and receivables 153 278 278 251 M Management report Market risk Memorandum and articles of association N NAMA senior bonds NAMA subordinated bond Net fee and commission income Net trading income Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee Non-adjusting events after the reporting period Notes to the financial statements O Off balance sheet arrangements Offer and listing details Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities Operational risk Other liabilities Other operating income Own shares P Parent company risk information Pension risk Principal addresses Profit/(loss) on disposal of property Property, plant and equipment Prospective accounting changes Provision for impairment on financial investments available for sale Provisions for impairment on loans and receivables Provisions for liabilities and commitments 23 164 410 281 282 249 250 195 355 243 308 418 302 167 294 252 300 170 169 432 262 289 232 262 280 295 433 Index (continued) R Regulatory compliance Regulatory compliance risk Related party transactions Remuneration committee Report of the Directors Retirement benefits Risk appetite Risk framework Risk governance and risk management organisation Risk identification and assessment process Risk management S Schedule to Report of the Directors Segmental information Share-based compensation schemes Share capital Statement of cash flows Statement of comprehensive income Statements of changes in equity Statement of Directors’ responsibilities Statement of financial position Subordinated liabilities and other capital instruments Subsidiaries and consolidated structured entities Supervision and regulation 349 168 336 195 187 255 67 67 67 69 60 407 244 253 298 239 237 241 403 238 296 309 201 T Taxation 264 and 420 Trading portfolio financial assets Transfer of financial assets W Website 272 311 426 434 

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